{"slug":"tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1","title":"Excerpta ex Hieronymi libris de aliquot Palaestinae locis cum tabula geographica","title_source":"Excerpta ex Hieronymi libris de aliquot Palaestinae locis cum tabula geographica","author":"Anonymous","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:21:56Z","cost_usd":0.005936},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp434/tmp434/tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":12,"english_words":2199,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":8921,"commentary_units":71,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":23,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Excerpta ex Hieronymi libris de aliquot Palaestinae locis cum tabula geographica is an anonymous compilation of geographical excerpts drawn from Jerome's works, accompanied by a map. It survives in a single manuscript tradition, often appended to Jerome's Onomasticon. The work was likely assembled between the 6th and 8th centuries for practical reference by medieval pilgrims and mapmakers. The map is frequently missing or damaged, complicating reconstruction. The excerpts preserve Jerome's Vulgate spellings of place names, but the selection and map are later additions. This edition lacks a critical apparatus for the map and does not collate all manuscript variants.","historical_context":"The compilation was produced in the Latin West, likely in a monastic or scholarly community that valued biblical geography for exegesis and pilgrimage. The date is uncertain, but the 6th–8th century range places it in the early medieval period, when Jerome's Onomasticon was widely copied and excerpted. The work's transmission is tied to that of the Onomasticon, and it was used by later encyclopedists such as Isidore of Seville and Bede. The map, now often lost, reflects a tradition of schematic Holy Land cartography. The compiler remains anonymous, and the work's attribution to Jerome is conventional but incorrect; the excerpts are genuine, but the selection and map are later additions. The text's survival in a single manuscript tradition limits our knowledge of its original form and circulation.","significance":"The Excerpta is important as a witness to early medieval reception of Jerome's geographical work and to the practical use of biblical topography. It influenced later encyclopedias and pilgrimage guides, and its map, though poorly preserved, represents an early attempt at Holy Land cartography. The work also illustrates how late antique scholarship was adapted for medieval audiences.","timeline":[{"date":"ca. 390–420","event":"Jerome writes his Onomasticon and other geographical works, which later provide the source material for the Excerpta."},{"date":"6th–8th century","event":"Anonymous compiler assembles the Excerpta ex Hieronymi libris de aliquot Palaestinae locis cum tabula geographica, likely in a Latin monastic setting."},{"date":"7th–8th century","event":"Isidore of Seville and Bede cite geographical material derived from Jerome, possibly including excerpts from this compilation."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"The work is used by pilgrims and mapmakers as a source for biblical geography; the map is frequently damaged or lost in transmission."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, often appended to Jerome's Onomasticon, and is edited without a critical apparatus for the map."}],"relations":[{"work":"Onomasticon (Jerome)","relation":"The Excerpta is often appended to this work and draws on it for geographical excerpts.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Etymologiae (Isidore of Seville)","relation":"Isidore cites similar geographical material, possibly derived from this compilation or its sources.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"De locis sanctis (Bede)","relation":"Bede uses geographical excerpts from Jerome, likely including material from this tradition.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Itinerarium Burdigalense","relation":"Both works are early sources for Holy Land geography, though the Excerpta is a later compilation.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Madaba Map","relation":"The map in the Excerpta represents a similar tradition of schematic Holy Land cartography, though less detailed.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of compilation is uncertain; the 6th–8th century range is a scholarly estimate.","The work is not by Jerome; attribution is conventional but incorrect.","The map is frequently missing or damaged in manuscripts, complicating reconstruction.","Place names reflect Jerome's Vulgate spellings, not contemporary local usage.","This edition lacks a critical apparatus for the map and does not collate all manuscript variants."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000526,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:21:56Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp434/tmp434/tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp434.tmp434.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":12,"translated":12,"commentary_passages":12,"commentary_units":71,"english_words":2199,"source_letters":8921,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a compilation of geographical excerpts from Jerome, accompanied by a map. It is not a single original treatise but a derivative collection, likely assembled for practical reference.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Survives in a single manuscript tradition, often appended to Jerome's Onomasticon. The map is frequently missing or damaged in copies, complicating reconstruction of the original layout.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Used by medieval pilgrims and mapmakers as a source for biblical geography. Its excerpts were cited in later encyclopedic works, such as those by Isidore of Seville and Bede.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The original compilation date is uncertain, likely 6th–8th century. Attribution to Jerome is conventional; the excerpts are genuine but the selection and map are later additions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include a critical apparatus for the map, nor does it collate all known manuscript variants. The map is reproduced from a single witness without stemmatic analysis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Place names in the excerpts may reflect Jerome's Vulgate spellings, not contemporary local usage. Readers should consult the Onomasticon for Jerome's original context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 12 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":12},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"EX HIERONYMI LIBRIS EXCERPTA DE ALIQUOT PALAESTINAE LOCIS.\n\nAdadremmon urbs est juxta Jezraelem 1, quae hoc olim vocabulo nuncupata est, et hodie vocatur Maximianopolis, in campo Mageddon, in quo Josias rex a Pharaone cognomento Nechao vulneratus est (Zach. XII).\n\nAhila. Mare Rubrum, in cujus littore Ahila posita est, ubi nunc moratur legio, et praesidium Romanorum (Ezech. XLVII).\n\nAnathot est viculus in tertio milliario ab urbe (Jerusalem) situs (Prooem. in lib. I Comment. in Osee) contra septentrionem Jerusalem in tertio milliario (Jerem. I).\n\nApedno. Figat tabernaculum suum in Apedno juxta Nicopolin, quae prius Emmaus vocabatur, ubi incipiunt montana Judaeae consurgere (Dan. XI).\n\nArabia. Rex Babylonis... egredietur quidem uno itinere Chaldaeorum, sed cum venerit per desertum et solitudinem ad bivium terrae Arabiae, quae appellatur filiorum Ammon. quarum una via Jerusalem ducit ad dexteram partem, sinistra vero ad Rabbath filiorum Ammon, quae est civitas metropolis, et hodie Philadelphia nominatur, etc. (Ezech. XXI).","english":"Excerpts from the Books of Jerome on Some Places in Palestine.\n\nAdadremmon is a city near Jezrael, which was once called by this name, and today is called Maximianopolis, in the plain of Mageddon, where King Josiah was wounded by Pharaoh, surnamed Nechao (Zech. XII).\n\nAhila. The Red Sea, on whose shore Ahila is situated, where now a legion and a garrison of the Romans reside (Ezek. XLVII).\n\nAnathot is a small village located in the third milestone from the city (Jerusalem) (Preface to Book I of the Commentary on Hosea), opposite the north of Jerusalem in the third milestone (Jer. I).\n\nApedno. Let him pitch his tent in Apedno near Nicopolis, which was formerly called Emmaus, where the highlands of Judaea begin to rise (Dan. XI).\n\nArabia. The king of Babylon... will indeed set out by one route of the Chaldeans, but when he has come through the desert and wilderness to the fork of the land of Arabia, which is called of the sons of Ammon, of which one road leads to Jerusalem on the right side, the left, however, to Rabbath of the sons of Ammon, which is the capital city, and today is named Philadelphia, etc. (Ezek. XXI).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Adadremmon","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Adadremmon is the first of five toponyms excerpted from Jerome's works, each introduced by a lemma in the nominative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Zach. XII","severity":"info","text":"The citation Zach. XII refers to Zechariah 12:11, which mentions Hadad-rimmon, a place associated with mourning for Josiah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Maximianopolis","severity":"info","text":"Maximianopolis was a Roman city in Palestine, renamed in honor of Emperor Maximian, and is identified with modern-day Ruweihib or similar site.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ahila","severity":"info","text":"Ahila is a toponym for a site on the Red Sea coast, possibly Aila (Elath), associated with a Roman legionary garrison.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ezech. XLVII","severity":"info","text":"Ezekiel 47 describes the boundaries of the Promised Land, including the Red Sea, which the excerpt links to Ahila.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Apedno","severity":"caution","text":"Apedno is a hapax or rare toponym; its identification with a site near Emmaus/Nicopolis is uncertain and may reflect a textual corruption or obscure reference.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact location of Adadremmon relative to Jezrael is unclear; 'juxta' may mean 'near' but not precisely defined.","Ahila's identification with Aila/Elath is plausible but not certain from the text alone.","Apedno is a rare name; its connection to Emmaus/Nicopolis may be based on a lost source or scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Ar, civitas metropolis regionis Moab, quae provincia est Arabum. Hodie ex Hebraeo et Graeco sermone composita, Areopolis nuncupatur; non ut plerique aestimant, quod, id est Martin civitas sit (Isa. XV).\n\nArnon, est terminus Amorrhaeorum et Moabitarum (Ibid.).\n\nAzotus. Mare autem novissimum intellige hoc quod ad occidentem est, et quod ducit in AEgyptum, in cujus littore Gaza et Ascalon, Azotusque et Joppe, et Caesarea, et caeterae urbes maritimae sitae sum (Joel II).\n\nBersabee. Ubi et Bersabee usque hodie oppidum est: quae provincia ante non grande tempus ex divisione Praesidum Palaestinae, Salutaris est dicta (Quoest. ad Gen. XVII, 30).\n\nBeth-aven. Quae quondam vocabatur Bethel, est urbs in tribu Ephraim post Benjamin; ubi enim finitur Benjamin, haud procul in tribu Ephraim haec urbs condita est (Osee V).\n\nBethulia. Cum infinito agmine prosequentum venit Bethuliam... quinto die venit Pelusium (In Vit. S. Hilarionis),","english":"Ar, the metropolitan city of the region of Moab, which is a province of the Arabs. Today, from a combination of the Hebrew and Greek languages, it is called Areopolis; not, as most suppose, that it is the city of Mars (Isa. 15).\n\nArnon is the boundary of the Amorites and the Moabites (Ibid.).\n\nAzotus. Understand the \"farthest sea\" as that which lies to the west, and which leads into Egypt, on whose shore Gaza, Ascalon, Azotus, Joppa, Caesarea, and the other maritime cities are situated (Joel 2).\n\nBersabee. Where even to this day Bersabee is a town; which province, not long ago, from the division of the governors of Palestine, was called Salutaris (Questions on Genesis 17:30).\n\nBeth-aven. Which was once called Bethel; it is a city in the tribe of Ephraim, after Benjamin; for where Benjamin ends, not far off in the tribe of Ephraim this city was founded (Hosea 5).\n\nBethulia. With an infinite host of pursuers, he came to Bethulia... on the fifth day he came to Pelusium (Life of Saint Hilarion).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ar","severity":"info","text":"The entry identifies Ar as the capital of Moab, now called Areopolis, and corrects a false etymology linking it to Mars (Greek Ares).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Arnon","severity":"info","text":"The reference 'Ibid.' points to Isaiah 15, where Arnon is mentioned as a boundary between Amorites and Moabites.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Azotus","severity":"info","text":"Azotus is the Latin name for Ashdod, a Philistine city on the Mediterranean coast, listed among maritime cities in the commentary on Joel 2.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Bersabee","severity":"info","text":"Bersabee (Beersheba) is noted as still a town, and the province was recently renamed Salutaris after a division of Palestine's governors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Beth-aven","severity":"caution","text":"The entry claims Beth-aven was once called Bethel, but this is contested; Beth-aven ('house of iniquity') is a derogatory name for Bethel in Hosea, not a former name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Bethulia","severity":"info","text":"The citation from the Life of Saint Hilarion links Bethulia to a narrative of pursuit, showing its use in hagiographical geography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source for 'Arnon' is given as 'Ibid.' (Isaiah 15), but the verse reference is not explicit; the reading assumes it refers to the same chapter as the previous entry.","The identification of Beth-aven with Bethel is ambiguous; the text may reflect a later tradition or a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Cadesbarne. In deserto est, quod extenditur ad urbem Petram (Ezech, XLVIII).\n\nCarmelus. Duo sunt montes qui vocantur hoc, nomine; alter in quo fuit Nabal Carmelius, maritus Abigail, ad Australem plagam: alter juxta Ptolemaidem (juxta Phoenicis terminos), quae prius vocabatur Acho, mari imminens, in quo Elias propheta flexis genibus pluvias imperavit (Amos I).\n\nCarmelus. Si absconditi fuerint in vertice Carmeli. vel juxta Phoenices terminos in septentrionali plaga ad meridiem, propter eremi vastitatem, ubi habitavit quondam Nabal Carmelius (Amos VIII).\n\nCarmelus mons in confinio Palaestinae et Phoenices Ptolemaidi imminet, licet et alius in Scripturis sanctis mons Carmelus appellatur, in quo fuit Nabal Carmelius (Isa. XXIX).\n\nCedar, quae quondam inhabitabilis fuit, regio trans Arabiam Saracenorum (Isa. XLII).\n\nDan in terminis terrae Judaicae, ubi nune Paneas est (Amos VIII).","english":"Cadesbarne. It is in the desert, which extends to the city of Petra (Ezek. 48).\n\nCarmelus. There are two mountains that are called by this name: one, in which was Nabal Carmelius, the husband of Abigail, to the southern region; the other, near Ptolemais (near the borders of Phoenicia), which was formerly called Acho, overhanging the sea, in which the prophet Elijah, on bended knees, commanded the rains (Amos 1).\n\nCarmelus. If they are hidden on the summit of Carmel, or near the borders of Phoenicia in the northern region to the south, on account of the vastness of the wilderness, where Nabal Carmelius once dwelt (Amos 8).\n\nCarmelus, a mountain on the border of Palestine and Phoenicia, overhangs Ptolemais, although another mountain is called Carmelus in the Holy Scriptures, in which was Nabal Carmelius (Isa. 29).\n\nCedar, which was once uninhabitable, a region beyond Arabia of the Saracens (Isa. 42).\n\nDan, on the borders of the land of Judaea, where Paneas now is (Amos 8).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cadesbarne","severity":"info","text":"Cadesbarne is the Latin rendering of Qadesh Barnea, a site in the Negev desert associated with the wilderness wanderings of Israel. The reference to Petra (Ezek. 48) links it to the region of Edom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Carmelus","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Amos 1 and Amos 8 for the two mountains named Carmel. The first reference (Amos 1) likely alludes to the prophet Elijah's rain miracle on Mount Carmel near Ptolemais; the second (Amos 8) to the southern Carmel associated with Nabal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Carmelus","severity":"info","text":"The compiler distinguishes two Carmels: one near Ptolemais (Acre) on the Phoenician border, and another in southern Judea, home of Nabal Carmelius (1 Sam. 25). This reflects a common patristic geographical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cedar","severity":"info","text":"Cedar (Qedar) is a nomadic Arab tribe in the Old Testament, here located 'beyond Arabia of the Saracens.' The note 'once uninhabitable' may reflect Jerome's commentary on Isa. 42:11.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dan","severity":"info","text":"Dan is identified with Paneas (Caesarea Philippi) at the source of the Jordan, a common identification in Jerome's Onomasticon. The phrase 'in terminis terrae Judaicae' marks the northern boundary of Judah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Carmelus","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Carmelus appears three times in succession, each with a different scriptural citation. This repetition likely reflects the compiler's method of gathering multiple glosses from Jerome's works without harmonizing them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The three successive entries for Carmelus may represent distinct source passages or a single entry with variant readings; the repetition is not explained in the text.","The phrase 'vel juxta Phoenices terminos in septentrionali plaga ad meridiem' is syntactically confused, possibly a scribal error or conflation of two glosses."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Dan. Septima Dan usque ad Joppem, ubi sunt turres Ailon, et Selebi, et Emmaus. quae nunc appellatur Nicopolis, licet postea legerimus, quod ceperint sibi, transcensis aliis tribubus, urbem Lesem in tribu Dan, quae hodie appellatur Paneas (Ezech. XLVIII).\n\nDimon et Dibon. Ne quis Scriptoris vitium putet, et errorem emendare dum vult, faciat; una urbs et per et per litteram scribitur: e quibus Dimon, silentium interpretatur; Dibon, fluens; indito utroque nomine propter latices, qui tacite fluant. Usque hodie indifferenter et Dimon el Dibon hoc oppidulum dicitur (Isa. XV).\n\nDuma Regio Idumaea, quae ad Austrum vergit, et ab urbe Palaestinae, quae hodie dicitur Eleutheropolis distat millibus (Isa. XXI).\n\nEdomia. Unus ergo atque idem tribus nominibus appellatur, Esau, Edom, Seir, posseditque eam regionem, quae nunc Gebalena dicitur, et in finibus est Eleutheropoleos, ubi ante habitaverant Horraei, qui interpretantur liberi, unde ipsa urbs postea sortita vocabulum eat. Quod ergo Hebraice Edom, et Graece dicitur, nunc viculus Palaestinae est, a conditure sic imposito nomine (Abdioe I).","english":"Dan. The seventh [tribe] Dan, as far as Joppa, where are the towers of Ailon, and Selebi, and Emmaus, which is now called Nicopolis, although later we read that they, after crossing over other tribes, took for themselves the city of Lesem in the tribe of Dan, which today is called Paneas (Ezek. 48).\n\nDimon and Dibon. Lest anyone think it a fault of the writer, and while wishing to correct the error, make one; it is one city, and it is written with both the letter *d* and the letter *b*: of which, Dimon is interpreted as \"silence\"; Dibon, \"flowing\"; each name being given on account of the waters that flow silently. To this day, this little town is called both Dimon and Dibon indifferently (Isa. 15).\n\nDuma. The region of Idumaea, which lies to the south, and is distant from the city of Palestine which today is called Eleutheropolis by [some] thousands [of paces] (Isa. 21).\n\nEdomia. Therefore, one and the same [place] is called by three names: Esau, Edom, Seir, and it possessed that region which is now called Gebalena, and is in the territory of Eleutheropolis, where the Horraei had previously lived, who are interpreted as \"free men,\" whence the city itself later received its name. What therefore is Hebrew Edom, and Greek [Idumaea], is now a village of Palestine, its name imposed from its founder (Obad. 1).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Dan","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Dan is the seventh in a series of tribal territories, following the pattern of the previous passage's entries for Cadesbarne and Carmelus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Dan","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Ezek. 48 likely alludes to Ezekiel's tribal allotments, though the specific mention of Lesem and Paneas is not directly from Ezekiel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dimon et Dibon","severity":"info","text":"The author notes that Dimon and Dibon are variant spellings of the same city, with Dimon meaning 'silence' and Dibon 'flowing', reflecting the silent flow of water.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Dimon et Dibon","severity":"info","text":"The citation Isa. 15 likely refers to Isaiah 15:9, which mentions Dimon or Dibon in a context of Moabite towns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Duma","severity":"info","text":"Duma is identified as the region of Idumaea, south of Eleutheropolis (modern Beit Guvrin), a key city in Roman Palestine.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Edomia","severity":"info","text":"The author equates Edom, Esau, and Seir, noting that the region is now called Gebalena, and that the Horraei (interpreted as 'free men') once lived there, linking to the name Eleutheropolis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'transcensis aliis tribubus' is ambiguous: it may mean the tribe of Dan crossed over other tribes' territories, or that they surpassed them in some way.","The distance from Eleutheropolis for Duma is given as 'millibus' (thousands) but the unit (paces or stadia) is unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Emath minor, ad distinctionem Emath magnae, quae nunc Antiochia vocatur, urbs est in terminis Terrae Sanetae, qui solem respiciunt. Postea dicta est Epiphania ab Antiocho, cui cognomentum Epiphanes (Amos VI).\n\nEmmaus, juxta Nicopolim, quae prius Emmaus vocabatur, ubi incipiunt montana Judaeae consurgere (Dan. XII).\n\nEmmaus. Judae Macchabaei significat tempora, qui, de vico Modin, fratribus ac propinquis secum annitentibus, et multis de populo Judaeorum, Antiochi duces superat juxta Emmaus, quac nunc Nicopolis dicitur (Dan. VIII).\n\nEngallim in principio est maris Moritui, ubi Jordanus ingreditur. Engaddi vero, ubi finitur, atque consumitur (Ezech. XLVII).\n\nEsebon. Inter Esebon et Sabama vix quingenti passus sunt (Ibid. XVI).\n\nGabaa, Urbs est in tribu Benjamin, juxta Rama (Osee V).\n\nGalaad, quam possedit dimidia tribus Manasse. trans Jordanem Scriptura commemorat. In quo monte Laban fugientem consecutus est Jacob. et mons juxta Genesim nomen accepit id est, tumulus testimonii, eo quod ibi Jacob Labanque juraverint in acervum lapidibus congregatis. Est autem caput, sive principium Libani montis excelsi, qui universus cedris consitus est (Hieronym. in c. XXII Jeremioe).","english":"Lesser Hamath, to distinguish it from Greater Hamath, which is now called Antioch, is a city on the borders of the Holy Land, which face the sun. Later it was called Epiphania by Antiochus, whose surname was Epiphanes (Amos 6).\n\nEmmaus, near Nicopolis, which was formerly called Emmaus, where the mountains of Judaea begin to rise (Daniel 12).\n\nEmmaus. It signifies the times of Judas Maccabaeus, who, from the village of Modin, with his brothers and kinsmen striving with him, and many of the people of the Jews, defeats the generals of Antiochus near Emmaus, which is now called Nicopolis (Daniel 8).\n\nEngallim is at the beginning of the Dead Sea, where the Jordan enters. Engaddi, however, where it ends and is consumed (Ezekiel 47).\n\nEsebon. Between Esebon and Sabama there are scarcely five hundred paces (Ibid. 16).\n\nGabaa is a city in the tribe of Benjamin, near Rama (Hosea 5).\n\nGalaad, which the half-tribe of Manasseh possessed across the Jordan, Scripture records. On this mountain Laban, fleeing, was overtaken by Jacob. And the mountain, according to Genesis, received its name, that is, the mound of testimony, because there Jacob and Laban swore on a heap of gathered stones. It is, moreover, the head or beginning of the high mountain Lebanon, which is entirely planted with cedars (Jerome on chapter 22 of Jeremiah).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Emath minor","severity":"info","text":"Lesser Hamath is distinguished from Greater Hamath (Antioch). The gloss that it was later called Epiphania by Antiochus Epiphanes is a common medieval conflation; the historical Epiphania is modern Hama, not a city on the border of the Holy Land.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Emmaus","severity":"info","text":"The first Emmaus entry cites Daniel 12, but the canonical Daniel has only 12 chapters; the reference is to the Greek additions (Bel and the Dragon) or a Vetus Latina numbering. The second cites Daniel 8, which in the Vulgate describes the ram and goat, not Judas Maccabaeus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Engallim","severity":"info","text":"Engallim (En Gedi) and Engaddi are variants of the same site. The text distinguishes them as the entry and exit of the Jordan into the Dead Sea, but historically both refer to the same oasis on the western shore.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Galaad","severity":"info","text":"The entry on Galaad (Gilead) cites Jerome on Jeremiah 22, but the etymology 'mound of testimony' for the mountain where Jacob and Laban made a covenant is from Genesis 31:46–47, not from Jerome's commentary on Jeremiah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Esebon","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Esebon (Heshbon) gives a precise distance of 500 paces to Sabama (Sibmah), a detail typical of the itinerarium genre, linking two sites in the Transjordan.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Emmaus","severity":"caution","text":"The two Emmaus entries are redundant and contradictory: the first places Emmaus near Nicopolis, the second identifies it with Nicopolis. This suggests a compilation from multiple sources without harmonization.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of Lesser Hamath with Epiphania is historically uncertain; the biblical references to Daniel 12 and 8 are non-canonical or misattributed; the distinction between Engallim and Engaddi may reflect a scribal error or a local tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Genesareth. Lacus Jordane influente efficitur, in cujus littore Chapharnaum, et Tiberias, et Bethsaida, et Chorozaim sitae sunt (Isa. IX).\n\nGeraris. Notandum, quod de Geraris usque ad montem Moria, id est sedem templi, iter dierum trium sit (Quoest. in Gen., c. XXIII, 5).\n\nGeth (ut Regnorum quoque testatur historia) una est de quinque urbibus Palaestinae, vicina Judaeae confinio, et de Eleutheropoli euntibus Gazam, nunc usque vicus vel maxumus; unde fuit et Goliad ille Getthaeus, quem David occidit in praelio (In cap. I Mich. haec urbs abs Hieronymo ibid. vocatur Paloestinoe metropolis).\n\nGeth, quae est in Opher, haud grandis est viculus in secundo Sephorim milliario, quae hodie appellatur Diocaesarea euntibus Tyberiadem; additur Opher, ad distinctionem aliarum Getth urbium (Hieron. Prooem. in Jonam),\n\nGeth vicina atque confinis ex Azoto quae Hebraice dicitur Esdod (Jerem. XXV).","english":"Genesareth. A lake formed by the Jordan River flowing into it, on whose shore Capernaum, Tiberias, Bethsaida, and Chorazin are situated (Isa. IX).\n\nGerar. It is to be noted that from Gerar to Mount Moriah, that is, the site of the temple, the journey is three days (Quaest. in Gen., ch. XXIII, 5).\n\nGath (as the history of the Books of Kings also attests) is one of the five cities of Palestine, near the border of Judaea, and for those going from Eleutheropolis to Gaza, it is now a very large village; from there came also that Goliath the Gittite, whom David slew in battle (In ch. I of Micah this city is called by Jerome the metropolis of Palestine).\n\nGath, which is in Opher, is a not-large village in the second milestone from Sephoris, which today is called Diocaesarea for those going to Tiberias; Opher is added to distinguish it from other cities of Gath (Jerome, Prooem. in Jonam).\n\nGath, near and bordering on Azotus, which in Hebrew is called Esdod (Jerem. XXV).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Genesareth","severity":"info","text":"The lake of Gennesaret (Sea of Galilee) is described as formed by the Jordan River, with four towns on its shore listed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Isa. IX","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Isa. IX' likely refers to Isaiah 9:1, which mentions the land of Zebulun and Naphtali near the Sea of Galilee, though the verse does not name the lake directly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Geraris","severity":"info","text":"Gerar is identified as a location in southern Palestine; the three-day journey to Mount Moriah (Temple Mount) reflects a traditional itinerary, possibly from Jerome's commentary on Genesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Geth","severity":"info","text":"Gath is noted as one of the five Philistine cities, near the border of Judaea, and identified as a large village on the route from Eleutheropolis to Gaza.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Geth","severity":"info","text":"Jerome's identification of Gath as the 'metropolis of Palestine' in his commentary on Micah 1 reflects a later tradition, not supported by biblical or archaeological evidence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Geth, quae est in Opher","severity":"caution","text":"The location 'Gath in Opher' is uncertain; Jerome distinguishes it from other Gaths by adding 'Opher', but the site's identification with modern Khirbet el-Jofat or elsewhere is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise identification of 'Geth, quae est in Opher' is unclear; the text notes it is two miles from Sepphoris (Diocaesarea), but the site is not securely identified.","The citation 'Isa. IX' may refer to a specific verse or a broader passage; the exact reference is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Helloesi usque hodie in Galilaea viculus est, parvus quidem et vix ruinis veterum aedificiorum indicans vestigia; sed tamen notus Judaeis, et mihi quoque a circumducente monstratus (Prooem. in Nahum),\n\nJasa, urbs quae Mortuo mari imminet, ubi est terminus provinciae Moabitarum (Isa. XV).\n\nIdumoea. Idumaeos quoque a Meridiana plaga vix septuaginta quinque millibus ab Hierosolyma separatos (In Epist, ad Dardan.)·\n\nIdumoea. Omnis Australis regio Idumaeorum de Eleutheropoli usque Petram, et Ahilam (haec est enim possessio Esau) in specubus habitatiunculas habet (Abdioe I).\n\nJerusalem in tribu Benjamin sitam nullus ignorat. Thecuam quoque viculum esse in monte situm et duodecim millibus ab Jerosolymis separatum quotidie oculis cernimus (Jerem. c. VI).\n\nJezrael, quae nunc juxta Maximianopolim est, fuit metropolis regni Samariae; prope quam sunt campi latissimi, et vallis nimiae vastitatis, quae plusquam decem millium tenditur passibus. In hac commisso certamine ab Assyriis caesus est Israel (Osee I).","english":"Helloesi, to this day a small village in Galilee, small indeed and barely showing traces of the ruins of ancient buildings, but yet known to the Jews, and also pointed out to me by a guide (Prologue to Nahum).\n\nJasa, a city that overlooks the Dead Sea, where the border of the province of the Moabites is (Isaiah 15).\n\nIdumaea. The Idumaeans also, separated from the southern region barely seventy-five miles from Jerusalem (Letter to Dardanus).\n\nIdumaea. The entire southern region of the Idumaeans, from Eleutheropolis to Petra and Ahila (for this is the possession of Esau), has small dwellings in caves (Obadiah 1).\n\nThat Jerusalem is situated in the tribe of Benjamin no one is ignorant of. Also, that Thecua is a small town situated on a mountain and separated twelve miles from Jerusalem we see daily with our own eyes (Jeremiah, chapter 6).\n\nJezrael, which is now near Maximianopolis, was the metropolis of the kingdom of Samaria; near it are very wide fields and a valley of immense size, which extends more than ten thousand paces. In this, a battle was joined, and Israel was cut down by the Assyrians (Hosea 1).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Helloesi","severity":"info","text":"The author identifies Helloesi as a small Galilean village still known in his day, relying on a guide's testimony. The name may be a variant of 'Haluz' or 'Elusa' but is not securely identified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jasa","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Jasa cites Isaiah 15, where the city is mentioned as a Moabite border town overlooking the Dead Sea. The reference is to Isa. 15:9 in the Vulgate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Idumoea","severity":"info","text":"The two entries on Idumaea describe its southern extent from Eleutheropolis to Petra and Ahila, with cave dwellings. This reflects the region's historical association with Esau and its post-Roman settlement patterns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"The author asserts Jerusalem's location in the tribe of Benjamin as common knowledge, and notes Thecua (Tekoa) as a nearby village seen daily. This reflects a local, eyewitness perspective typical of pilgrimage literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jezrael","severity":"info","text":"Jezrael (Jezreel) is linked to Hosea 1, where the valley is the site of a battle where Israel was defeated by Assyrians. The reference is to Hos. 1:4-5, alluding to the fall of the northern kingdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Helloesi","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Helloesi is uncertain; the name does not appear in other ancient sources, and the description relies on a guide's report, which may be unreliable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location of Helloesi is not securely identified; it may be a corruption of a known site or a local name not recorded elsewhere.","The citation 'In Epist, ad Dardan.' for Idumaea is not a standard work; it may be a lost letter or a misattribution."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Joppe. Joppem portum esse Judaeae et in Regnorum et Paralipomenon libris legimus, ad quem Hiram quoque Rex Tyri ligna de Libano ratibus transferebat, quae Jerusalem terreno itinere perveherentur... sed et juxta regionis naturam de montanis et arduis ad Joppen et campestria veniens propheta, recte dicitur descendisse (Jonoe I).\n\nMadian. Nulli dubium est, Madianitas et totam eremi vastitatem adjacere terrae Arabiae (Ezech. XXV).\n\nMambre. A Mambre usque ad Montem Moria vix unius diei iter plenum est (Quoest. in Gen.·(??). XXII, 3).\n\nMorasthi usque hodie juxta Eleutheropolim urbem Palaestinae, haud grandis est viculus (Prooem. Comm. in Michoeam)\n\nNemrim, oppidum super mare Mortuum (Isa. XV).\n\nPetra. Quae et ipsa urbs Palestinae est (Isa. XLII).\n\nPharan. Vicinus est locus monti Sina (Habac. III)·\n\nRabbath. Metropolis nomine Rabbath, quae hodie a rege AEgypti Ptolemaeo, cognomento Philadelpho, qui Arabiam tenuit, cum Judaea Philadelphia nuncupata est (Ezech. XXV).","english":"Joppe. We read that Joppe is a port of Judaea in the books of Kings and Chronicles, to which Hiram also, king of Tyre, transported timbers from Lebanon on rafts, which were then conveyed to Jerusalem by land route... but also, according to the nature of the region, coming from the mountains and heights to Joppe and the plains, the prophet is rightly said to have descended (Jonah 1).\n\nMadian. There is no doubt that the Midianites and the entire vastness of the desert adjoin the land of Arabia (Ezekiel 25).\n\nMambre. From Mambre to Mount Moriah is scarcely a full day's journey (Questions on Genesis 22:3).\n\nMorasthi. To this day, near Eleutheropolis, a city of Palestine, it is a not large village (Preface to the Commentary on Micah).\n\nNemrim. A town on the Dead Sea (Isaiah 15).\n\nPetra. Which is itself a city of Palestine (Isaiah 42).\n\nPharan. The place is near Mount Sinai (Habakkuk 3).\n\nRabbath. A metropolis named Rabbath, which today, by King Ptolemy of Egypt, surnamed Philadelphus, who held Arabia, was called Philadelphia along with Judaea (Ezekiel 25).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Joppe","severity":"info","text":"Joppe is the Latin form of Jaffa, the ancient port of Judaea on the Mediterranean coast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jonoe I","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the prophet descending to Joppe alludes to Jonah 1:3, where Jonah goes to Joppa to board a ship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Rabbath","severity":"info","text":"Rabbath is identified with Philadelphia, modern Amman, renamed by Ptolemy II Philadelphus in the 3rd century BCE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Mambre","severity":"info","text":"The entry on Mambre is unusually brief, noting only the distance to Mount Moriah, without topographical description.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Morasthi","severity":"info","text":"Morasthi is identified as a small village near Eleutheropolis, reflecting Jerome's personal knowledge from his travels.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Mambre","severity":"caution","text":"The citation 'Quoest. in Gen.·(??). XXII, 3' is corrupt in the manuscript; the intended reference is likely Jerome's Hebrew Questions on Genesis 22:3.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The citation for Mambre is garbled: 'Quoest. in Gen.·(??). XXII, 3' may be a scribal error for 'Quaestiones in Genesim 22:3'.","The phrase 'cum Judaea Philadelphia nuncupata est' is ambiguous: it may mean that Judaea was also called Philadelphia, or that the city was called Philadelphia along with Judaea (i.e., the region)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Rama est urbs in tribu Benjamin, in septimo lapide ab Hierosolymis sita (Osee V).\n\nRamoth Galaad. Urbs trans Jordanem in possessione tribus Gad. Ipsa fugitivorum civitas fuit.\n\nRhinocorura est oppidum in Palaestinaeque confinio (Isa. XXVII).\n\nRhinocorura. Urbs ad torrentem deserti, sive occidentis, ut LXX transtulerunt; inter eam et Pelusium rivus Nili sive torrens de eremo veniens, mare ingreditur (Amos VI).\n\nSamaria. Altera urbs fuit metropolis decem tribuum, quae postea ab Augusto Caesare appellata est Augusta, id. est, Sebaste: in qua et ossa Joannis Baptistae condita sunt (Osee I).\n\nSaron omnis juxta Joppen Liddamque appellatur regio, in qua latissimi campi fertilesque tenduntur (Isa. XXXIII).\n\nSegor in finibus Moabitarum sita est, dividens ab iis terram Philistiim.\n\nSechoth. Est usque hodie civitas trans Jordanem hoc vocabulo in parte Scythopoleos (Gen. XXXIII, 17).","english":"Rama is a city in the tribe of Benjamin, situated at the seventh milestone from Jerusalem (Hosea 5).\n\nRamoth Galaad. A city across the Jordan in the possession of the tribe of Gad. It was a city of fugitives.\n\nRhinocorura is a town on the border of Palestine (Isaiah 27).\n\nRhinocorura. A city at a torrent of the desert, or of the west, as the Septuagint translated; between it and Pelusium a branch of the Nile, or a torrent coming from the desert, enters the sea (Amos 6).\n\nSamaria. It was another city, the metropolis of the ten tribes, which was later called Augusta by Caesar Augustus, that is, Sebaste; in it the bones of John the Baptist were also buried (Hosea 1).\n\nSharon. The entire region near Joppe and Lydda is called by this name, in which very wide and fertile plains stretch out (Isaiah 33).\n\nSegor is situated in the territory of the Moabites, dividing from them the land of the Philistines.\n\nSechoth. There is to this day a city across the Jordan by this name in the region of Scythopolis (Genesis 33:17).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Rama","severity":"info","text":"The entry identifies Rama with the tribe of Benjamin and the seventh milestone from Jerusalem, likely referring to biblical Ramah (cf. Joshua 18:25).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ramoth Galaad","severity":"info","text":"The description of Ramoth Galaad as a city of fugitives echoes 1 Kings 22 and 2 Chronicles 18, where it is a refuge for those fleeing judgment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhinocorura","severity":"info","text":"Rhinocorura (modern al-Arish) was a border town between Egypt and Palestine; the mention of a Nile branch reflects ancient geography, though the exact watercourse is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Samaria","severity":"info","text":"The note that Samaria was renamed Sebaste by Augustus and held John the Baptist's bones reflects a tradition attested by Jerome and later pilgrims (e.g., Egeria).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Saron","severity":"info","text":"Saron (Sharon) is defined as the fertile plain near Joppe and Lydda, consistent with biblical usage (e.g., Isaiah 33:9).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Sechoth","severity":"info","text":"Sechoth is linked to Genesis 33:17, where Jacob builds a house at Succoth; the entry notes its survival as a city in the Scythopolis region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location of Rama is uncertain; the seventh milestone may refer to a specific site (e.g., er-Ram) but is not explicitly confirmed.","Rhinocorura's description as 'at a torrent of the desert' is ambiguous; the Septuagint's rendering 'of the west' may reflect a different textual tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Solitudo, Quae a Majoma, Gazae emporio, per littus euntibus AEgyptum ad laevam flectitur (In Vit. S. Hilarionis).\n\nThabatha. Hilarion ortus vico Thabatha, qui circiter quinque millia a Gaza urbe Palaestinae ad austrum situs est (Ibid.).\n\nThabor est mons in Galilaea, situs in campestribus, rotundus atque sublimis, et ex omni parte finitur aequaliter (Osee V).\n\nTharsis vel regio Indiae est, ut vult Josephus: vel certe, omne pelagus Tharsis appellatur, et coeli habet similitudinem (Jerem. X).\n\nThecue est oppidum quod sex millibus ad meridianam plagam abest a sancta Bethleem, quae mundi genuit Salvatorem; et ultra nullus est viculus, ne agrestes quidem casae. Tanta est eremi vastitas, quae usque ad mare Rubrum, Persarumque et AEthiopum atque Indorum terminos dilatatur (In Prooem. Com. in Amos).\n\nThecuam viculum esse in monte situm, et duodecim millibus ab Jerosolymis separatum quotidie oculis cernimus (Jerem. II, 7).","english":"A desert, which from Maiuma, the port of Gaza, for those going to Egypt along the coast, turns to the left (In the Life of Saint Hilarion).\n\nThabatha. Hilarion was born in the village of Thabatha, which is situated about five miles from the city of Gaza in Palestine to the south (Ibid.).\n\nThabor is a mountain in Galilee, situated in the plains, round and lofty, and is equally bounded on every side (Hosea 5).\n\nTarshish is either a region of India, as Josephus holds; or certainly, the entire sea is called Tarshish, and it has a resemblance to the sky (Jeremiah 10).\n\nThecue is a town which is six miles distant to the south from holy Bethlehem, which gave birth to the Savior of the world; and beyond it there is no village, not even rustic huts. Such is the vastness of the desert, which extends as far as the Red Sea and the boundaries of the Persians, Ethiopians, and Indians (In the Preface to the Commentary on Amos).\n\nWe see daily that Thecue is a village situated on a mountain, and separated by twelve miles from Jerusalem (Jeremiah 2:7).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Solitudo","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Solitudo' here denotes a desert region, not merely solitude. The reference is to the desert tract near Maiuma, the port of Gaza, as described in the Life of Saint Hilarion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Thabor","severity":"info","text":"The description of Mount Tabor as 'round and lofty, equally bounded on every side' is cited from Hosea 5, though the verse itself does not contain such detail; the author likely paraphrases or draws on Jerome's commentary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tharsis","severity":"info","text":"The identification of Tarshish with India follows Josephus (Antiquities 1.127), a common patristic view. Jerome also notes the alternative that 'Tharsis' refers to the sea, citing Jeremiah 10.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Josephus Antiquities"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Thecue","severity":"info","text":"Thecue (Tekoa) is described twice: first as six miles from Bethlehem (from Jerome's Commentary on Amos), then as twelve miles from Jerusalem (from his Commentary on Jeremiah). The discrepancy reflects different reference points, not textual corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Thecue","severity":"info","text":"The two entries for Thecue, with different distances, illustrate the compiler's method of excerpting from multiple works by Jerome without harmonizing the data.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source of the 'Solitudo' entry is given as 'In Vit. S. Hilarionis', but the exact passage in Jerome's Life of Hilarion is not identified; the phrase may be a summary.","The distance for Thabatha is given as 'quinque millia' (five miles), but the English draft says 'about five miles'; the Latin is precise, not approximate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Theman Idumaeorum regio est, et vergit ad Australem plagam; quae provincia non solum Theman, sed et Daron, et Nageb dicitur, eo quod Eurum et Austrum, Africumque respiciat (Ibid.).\n\nThophet, ara Thophet, quae est in valle filii Ennom, illum locum significat, qui Siloe fontibus irrigatur; et est amoenissimus atque nemorosus, hodieque hortorum praebet delicias. Hic autem gentilitatis error omnes provincias occupavit, ut. ad capita fontium lucosque amoenissimos victimas immolarent, et omnis pravae superstitionis religio servaretur. Thopheth lingua Hebraea interpretatur latitudo: scriptumque fertur in libro Josue filii Nun, de hoc loco qui est in valle filii Ennom, et Hebraice dicitur ge Ennom. Ge quippe, hoc est, vallem; et Ennom vel hominis nomen, vel gratiam sonat. Traduntque Hebraei ex hoc loco appellatam Gehennam, quod scilicet omnis populus Judaeorum ibi perierit, offendens Deum. In quo loco etiam filios suos in igne idolis consecrarint, sive holocaustum obtulerint, quod non praeceperit eis, nec ulla legis jusserit sanctione (Jerem. VII).","english":"The region of the Idumeans is Theman, and it extends toward the southern quarter; this province is called not only Theman, but also Daron and Nageb, because it faces the East, the South, and the Southwest (Ibid.).\n\nTophet, the altar Tophet, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, signifies that place which is irrigated by the springs of Siloam; and it is very pleasant and wooded, and even today provides the delights of gardens. But this error of paganism occupied all provinces, so that at the heads of springs and in the most pleasant groves they would sacrifice victims, and the religion of every depraved superstition was observed. Topheth in the Hebrew language is interpreted as \"breadth\"; and it is written in the book of Joshua son of Nun concerning this place which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and in Hebrew is called ge Hinnom. For ge means valley; and Hinnom sounds either as the name of a man or as \"grace.\" And the Hebrews relate that Gehenna was named from this place, because all the people of the Jews perished there, offending God. In which place they also consecrated their sons in fire to idols, or offered them as a holocaust, which God did not command them, nor did any sanction of the law order (Jeremiah VII).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Theman","severity":"info","text":"Theman is a region of Idumea, also called Daron and Nageb, facing east, south, and southwest. The term is used in the Old Testament for a place or person in Edom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thophet","severity":"info","text":"Tophet (Thophet) is an altar in the Valley of Hinnom, irrigated by Siloam's springs. The author interprets it as Hebrew for 'breadth' and connects it to Gehenna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jerem. VII","severity":"info","text":"The passage alludes to Jeremiah 7:31, which condemns child sacrifice in the Valley of Hinnom. The author cites this to support the description of Tophet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Valley of Hinnom (ge Hinnom) is a real location near Jerusalem, later associated with Gehenna in Jewish and Christian tradition as a place of punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author reports a Hebrew tradition that Gehenna was named from this valley because all the Jewish people perished there for offending God, reflecting a late antique exegetical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Tophet means 'breadth' in Hebrew is uncertain; modern scholarship often derives it from Aramaic or a root meaning 'place of burning.' The etymology here may be folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of Theman with Daron and Nageb is not clearly attested in other sources; the author may be conflating regional names.","The phrase 'in the book of Joshua son of Nun' is ambiguous; no such passage is known in the biblical Book of Joshua, possibly a reference to a lost tradition or a misattribution."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Tyrus et Sidon in Phoenicis littore principes civitates... quarum Carthago colonia (Jerem. XXV).\n\nVallis, seu Torrens spinarum, est locus juxta Liviadem trans mare Mortuum, sexto ab ea distans milliario, ubi quondam cum Madianitis fornicatus est Israel (Joel III).","english":"Tyre and Sidon are the chief cities on the Phoenician coast... of which Carthage is a colony (Jeremiah 25).\n\nThe Valley, or Torrent of Thorns, is a place near Livias across the Dead Sea, six miles distant from it, where Israel once committed fornication with the Midianites (Joel 3).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jerem. XXV","severity":"info","text":"Jeremiah 25:18-26 mentions Tyre and Sidon among the nations to be punished; the reference to Carthage as a colony is not in the biblical text but reflects Jerome's historical knowledge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Joel III","severity":"info","text":"Joel 3:18 (Vulgate) mentions the Valley of Thorns; the association with Israel's fornication with the Midianites (Numbers 25) is Jerome's exegetical link.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tyrus et Sidon","severity":"info","text":"Tyre and Sidon were major Phoenician port cities; Carthage, founded by Tyre in the 9th century BCE, was indeed a colony, as noted by ancient historians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Liviadem","severity":"info","text":"Livias (modern Tell er-Rameh) was a city in Perea, east of the Dead Sea, founded by Herod Antipas; its location matches the description across the Dead Sea.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vallis, seu Torrens spinarum","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Torrens spinarum' translates the Hebrew 'Naḥal ha-Atad' (Valley of Thorns), a site associated with the biblical narrative of Israel's sin with Midianites.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"fornicatus est Israel","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'fornicatus est Israel' refers to Numbers 25:1-3, where Israelite men engaged in sexual immorality with Moabite women, not Midianites; Jerome may conflate Moabites and Midianites.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'fornicatus est Israel' could refer to Numbers 25 (with Moabites) or to a different tradition; the text specifies Midianites, which may be a conflation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}