{"slug":"tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1","title":"Natales Aliquot Sanctorum ex Fastis Consularibus excerpti","title_source":"Natales Aliquot Sanctorum ex Fastis Consularibus excerpti","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:25:45Z","cost_usd":0.006809},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp212/tmp212/tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":13,"english_words":2962,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":10099,"commentary_units":76,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":18,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1","abstract":"The *Natales Aliquot Sanctorum ex Fastis Consularibus excerpti* is an anonymous Latin compilation that extracts saints' feast days from consular fasti, Roman chronological lists. Its practical, non-literary origin suggests use for liturgical or historical reference. The consular fasti were maintained into the 6th century, but the compilation likely dates to the early medieval period, possibly 7th–9th century, based on manuscript transmission. The work bridges Roman chronology and Christian hagiography, serving as a source for later martyrologies and liturgical calendars. The edition (ogl-pl) lacks critical apparatus, limiting assessment of textual variants and scribal errors affecting saint identifications or dates.","historical_context":"The work depends on consular fasti, Roman lists of annual magistrates (consuls) used for dating. These fasti were maintained into the 6th century, with the latest entries around 503 or 536 CE. The anonymous compilation likely originated in a Latin-speaking Christian community, possibly in Italy or Gaul, where such lists were adapted for hagiographical purposes. The date of compilation is uncertain; manuscript evidence suggests a 7th–9th century date, though earlier or later dates are possible. The work's transmission is obscure, with the edition (ogl-pl) likely based on one or a few manuscripts. It represents a practical genre bridging Roman chronology and Christian hagiography, providing raw data for later martyrologies. The compiler's identity and community remain unknown, reflecting a non-literary, utilitarian context.","significance":"The *Natales* exemplifies the adaptation of Roman administrative records for Christian liturgical use, illustrating the transition from classical to medieval chronological frameworks. It likely influenced later martyrologies and calendars, though its direct impact is unstudied. The work highlights the challenges of using consular fasti for hagiographical dating, as entries may reflect later traditions rather than contemporary records.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Consular fasti maintained, with latest entries around 503 or 536 CE."},{"date":"7th–9th c.","event":"Probable date of the anonymous compilation of saints' dates from fasti."},{"date":"1473–1529","event":"Life of Johannes Cuspinian, humanist who owned a manuscript of consular fasti used by later editors."},{"date":"16th c.","event":"Humanist editorial practice preserves the fasti for critical use, noting unreliability."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Edition (ogl-pl) published without critical apparatus, limiting textual analysis."}],"relations":[{"work":"Martyrologium Hieronymianum","relation":"Later martyrology that may have drawn on similar consular fasti sources.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Depositio Martyrum","relation":"Early Roman list of martyrs' burial dates, comparable in function.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Fasti Consulares","relation":"Source genre; Roman chronological lists of consuls used for dating.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Liber Pontificalis","relation":"Another early medieval compilation using Roman administrative sources for Christian history.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Cuspinian's Codex","relation":"Manuscript of consular fasti owned by Johannes Cuspinian, used by later editors.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of compilation is uncertain; manuscript evidence suggests 7th–9th century, but earlier or later dates are possible.","The edition (ogl-pl) lacks critical apparatus, limiting assessment of textual variants and scribal errors.","Many entries may reflect later tradition rather than contemporary records; consular dates for saints are often unreliable.","The compiler's identity and community are unknown; the work is anonymous and non-literary.","The work's direct influence on later martyrologies is unstudied in this edition."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000505,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:25:44Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp212/tmp212/tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp212.tmp212.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":13,"translated":13,"commentary_passages":13,"commentary_units":76,"english_words":2962,"source_letters":10099,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work extracts saints' dates from consular fasti, a type of Roman chronological list. Its anonymous compilation suggests a practical, non-literary origin, likely for liturgical or historical reference.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The consular fasti on which this depends were maintained into the 6th century, but the compilation's date is uncertain. It may be early medieval, possibly 7th–9th century, based on manuscript transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition (ogl-pl) likely derives from a single or few manuscripts. Without a critical apparatus, the reader cannot assess textual variants or scribal errors that may affect saint identifications or dates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition provides no commentary on the historical reliability of the consular dates for each saint. Many entries may reflect later tradition rather than contemporary records.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work likely served as a source for later martyrologies and liturgical calendars, but its direct influence is unstudied in this edition. It represents a bridge between Roman chronology and Christian hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 13 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":13},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"NATALES ALIQUOT SANCTORUM EX FASTIS CONSULARIBUS EXCERPTI.\n\nInvenimus in eodem Cuspiniani codice ms. duos consulum romanorum catalogos, satis antiquos, quorum alter desinit sub annum vulgaris aerae CCCCCCIII, alter sub DXXXVI: uterque orditur a Gaio Julio Caesare Consulum nomina utrobique scripta sunt pessime, et non raro male ordinata junctaque subinde consulum paria qui numquam collegae fuerunt. Hinc operae pretium non duximus consules omnes describere Attamen ad varios consulatus inserebantur varia variorum gesta et sanctorum quaque martyria, additis plerumque Kalendis, Nonis et Idibus, quibus passi fuerunt. Haec describenda putavi, tum quod nostris, tum quod etiam aliorum usibus utilia esse possint; non tamen quod omnia, quae excerpsi, probata velim; sed ut in rebus dubiis saltem consuli possint. Do omnia, ut except, omissis consulibus, praeter illos, sub quorum consulatu res narratae notantur contigisse; et illos qui proximo anno dicuntur successisse; ut sic ex collatione duorum consulatuum cum melioribus consulum fastis, facilius certiusque statuatur de tempore, quo gesta, quae narrantur, contigerint. Accipe igitur hic catalogum antiquiorem, quem dixi ante finem saeculi quinti desinere: simul nota in specimine male fidam catalogi scriptionem.","english":"SOME NATAL DAYS OF SAINTS EXCERPTED FROM THE CONSULAR FASTI.\n\nWe find in the same manuscript of Cuspinian two catalogues of Roman consuls, quite ancient, of which the first ends around the year 503 of the common era, the second around 536: both begin with Gaius Julius Caesar. The names of the consuls are in both cases very poorly written, and not infrequently ill-ordered, with pairs of consuls who were never colleagues being joined together from time to time. Hence we did not consider it worthwhile to describe all the consuls. However, to the various consulships were inserted various deeds of various persons and also the martyrdoms of saints, with the Kalends, Nones, and Ides on which they suffered usually added. I thought these should be transcribed, because they can be useful both for our own purposes and for those of others; not, however, that I wish everything I have excerpted to be approved, but so that at least they may be consulted in doubtful matters. I give everything as I have excerpted it, omitting the consuls except for those under whose consulship the narrated events are noted to have occurred, and those who are said to have succeeded in the following year; so that by comparing the two consulships with better consular fasti, the time at which the deeds that are narrated occurred may be more easily and more certainly determined. Therefore, receive here the older catalogue, which I said ends before the end of the fifth century: at the same time, note in the specimen the unreliable writing of the catalogue.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cuspiniani codice","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript referred to as Cuspinian's codex belonged to Johannes Cuspinian (1473–1529), a humanist and historian. His collection of consular fasti was used by later editors of early Christian martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"sub annum vulgaris aerae CCCCCCIII","severity":"info","text":"The first catalogue ends around 503 CE, the second around 536 CE. These dates anchor the compilation of the consular lists to the early sixth century, though the manuscript itself may be later.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"catalogum antiquiorem","severity":"info","text":"The editor presents only the older catalogue (ending ca. 503) in this excerpt, noting its unreliability. The second catalogue (ending ca. 536) is mentioned but not included here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"male fidam catalogi scriptionem","severity":"caution","text":"The editor warns that the consular names are poorly written and often misordered, with pairs of consuls who were never colleagues joined together. This undermines the chronological precision of the martyrdoms recorded.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Do omnia, ut except","severity":"info","text":"The editor states he transcribes the material as found, without endorsing its accuracy, for consultation in doubtful cases. This reflects a humanist editorial practice of preserving sources for critical use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'in eodem Cuspiniani codice ms.' implies a previously mentioned manuscript, but the preceding context is not provided here. The reading assumes the codex is the same as one referenced earlier in the full work."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"In primo consulatu datur Gaio Julio Caesari collega Marcus Antoninus pro Antonius: in secundo ponitur Chrysauricus cujus nominis nusquam consul Romae fuit: et scribendum foret Isaurius. Reliqua similiter examina: demum scito, quae hic litteris romanis scribuntur, in codice scripta esse rubricis: reliqua, communi colore nigro scripta, hic litteris italicis exprimuntur, nempe consulum nomina. Orditur catalogus iste ut sequitur:\n\nFuerunt omnes anni, ex quo terra condita est usque ad Gaium Julium Caesarem, anni MMMMMXLIV.\n\nPrimus imperator G. Julius Caesar.\n\nGaio Julio Caesare et Marco Antonino.\n\nChrysaurico et Antonino.\n\nHis consulibus Caesar occisus est, qui bissextum et lunae cursum adinvenit. X Kal. Jan., luna prima; et imperium Octavianus accepit puer annorum XVIII.\n\nLentulo et Oreste.\n\nLepido et Planco.\n\nHis coss. tres soles in coelo apparuerunt.","english":"In the first consulship, Gaius Julius Caesar is given as colleague Marcus Antoninus for Antonius; in the second, Chrysauricus is placed, a name of which there was never a consul at Rome, and it should be written Isaurius. Examine the rest similarly; finally, know that what is written here in Roman letters is written in the codex in red; the rest, written in common black ink, is expressed here in italic letters, namely the names of the consuls. The catalogue begins as follows:\n\nThere were all the years from when the earth was founded up to Gaius Julius Caesar, years 5,044.\n\nFirst emperor G. Julius Caesar.\n\nUnder Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Antoninus.\n\nUnder Chrysauricus and Antoninus.\n\nIn these consulships Caesar was killed, who discovered the bissextile year and the course of the moon. On the 10th day before the Kalends of January, first moon; and Octavianus received the empire as a boy of 18 years.\n\nUnder Lentulus and Orestes.\n\nUnder Lepidus and Plancus.\n\nIn these consulships three suns appeared in the sky.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Chrysauricus","severity":"info","text":"The name Chrysauricus is a corruption; the correct consul is Isaurius, referring to the Roman consul of 456 CE, Flavius Eparchius Avitus (or possibly a confusion with the Isaurian dynasty).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"bissextum","severity":"info","text":"Bissextum refers to the bissextile (leap) year, attributed here to Julius Caesar, who reformed the Roman calendar in 45 BCE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"X Kal. Jan.","severity":"info","text":"The date 'X Kal. Jan.' (10th day before the Kalends of January) corresponds to December 23, the traditional date of Caesar's assassination in some late antique sources, though historical consensus places it on March 15 (Ides of March).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Fuerunt omnes anni...","severity":"info","text":"This passage introduces a chronological framework from the foundation of the earth (anno mundi) to Julius Caesar, a common feature in medieval chronicles, here citing 5,044 years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"tres soles in coelo apparuerunt","severity":"info","text":"The appearance of three suns (parhelion) is a prodigy often recorded in Roman and medieval annals, interpreted as a portent of political change; here it follows the consulship of Lentulus and Orestes (likely 71 BCE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Marcus Antoninus pro Antonius","severity":"caution","text":"The text substitutes 'Marcus Antoninus' for the correct 'Marcus Antonius' (Mark Antony), indicating scribal error or confusion with later emperors named Antoninus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Chrysauricus' is uncertain; the text suggests it should be 'Isaurius', but the exact consul intended is unclear.","The date of Caesar's death (X Kal. Jan.) conflicts with the historical Ides of March, possibly reflecting a later tradition or scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Censorino et Salvino.\n\nCicerone et Antonino.\n\nHis coss. Augustus nomen accepit.\n\nAugusto et Tullio.\n\nAugusto VI et Agrippa.\n\nHis coss. Carthago restituta est Idus Julias.\n\nAugusto VII et Agrippa.\n\nSaturnino et Cinna.\n\nHis coss. moritur Virgilius annorum LX.\n\nDuobus Lentulis.\n\nDomitio et Enabaro.\n\nHis coss. aqua virgo inducta est Romam.\n\nLibone et Pisone.\n\nAugusto XII et Silano.\n\nHis coss. Christus natus est VIII Kal. Jan., luna XIV.\n\nLentulo et Pisone.\n\nAN. 14. Pompeio et Aquileio.\n\nHis coss. defunctus est Augustus annorum LXXVII.\n\nDruso et Flacco.\n\nBasso (leg. Crasso) et Pisone.\n\nHis coss. passus est Joannes Baptista.\n\nDuobus geminis.\n\nHis coss. Christus passus est VIII Kal. aprilis.\n\nTiberio III et Silio (leg Sejano).\n\nTiberio IV et Gallo.\n\nHis coss. Petrus apostolus ad Romam venit.\n\nCrispino et Tauro.\n\nVitellio II et Publicola.","english":"Censorinus and Salvinus.\n\nCicero and Antoninus.\n\nIn their consulship, Augustus received the name.\n\nAugustus and Tullius.\n\nAugustus for the sixth time and Agrippa.\n\nIn their consulship, Carthage was restored on the Ides of July.\n\nAugustus for the seventh time and Agrippa.\n\nSaturninus and Cinna.\n\nIn their consulship, Virgil dies at sixty years of age.\n\nThe two Lentuli.\n\nDomitius and Ahenobarbus.\n\nIn their consulship, the Aqua Virgo was brought to Rome.\n\nLibo and Piso.\n\nAugustus for the twelfth time and Silanus.\n\nIn their consulship, Christ was born on the eighth day before the Kalends of January, the moon being fourteen days old.\n\nLentulus and Piso.\n\nYear 14. Pompeius and Aquileius.\n\nIn their consulship, Augustus died at seventy-seven years of age.\n\nDrusus and Flaccus.\n\nBassus (read Crassus) and Piso.\n\nIn their consulship, John the Baptist suffered.\n\nThe two Gemini.\n\nIn their consulship, Christ suffered on the eighth day before the Kalends of April.\n\nTiberius for the third time and Silius (read Sejanus).\n\nTiberius for the fourth time and Gallus.\n\nIn their consulship, the apostle Peter came to Rome.\n\nCrispinus and Taurus.\n\nVitellius for the second time and Publicola.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. Christus natus est VIII Kal. Jan., luna XIV","severity":"info","text":"The consular date for Christ's birth (8th day before the Kalends of January = 25 December) with a lunar note (luna XIV) is a distinctive feature of this list, aligning with early Christian chronographic traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. Christus passus est VIII Kal. aprilis","severity":"info","text":"The Passion is dated to 25 March (8th day before the Kalends of April), a traditional date in early Christian calendars, here linked to the consulship of the two Gemini.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. Carthago restituta est Idus Julias","severity":"info","text":"The restoration of Carthage (as a Roman colony) under Augustus in 29 BC is a known historical event; the Ides of July (15 July) is given as the precise date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. aqua virgo inducta est Romam","severity":"info","text":"The Aqua Virgo aqueduct was completed in 19 BC under Agrippa; its mention here ties the consular list to major public works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Basso (leg. Crasso) et Pisone","severity":"caution","text":"The parenthetical 'leg. Crasso' indicates a scribal or editorial correction: 'Bassus' is to be read as 'Crassus', a common corruption in manuscript transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Tiberio III et Silio (leg Sejano)","severity":"caution","text":"Similarly, 'Silius' is corrected to 'Sejanus'; such emendations reflect the editor's effort to align the list with known consular fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names for some years are uncertain or corrupt (e.g., 'Basso' for 'Crasso', 'Silio' for 'Sejano'), and the list's source for these fasti is not identified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"His coss. phoenix apparuit primum.\n\nVerano et Gallo.\n\nNerone II et Pisone.\n\nHis coss. passi sunt Petrus et Paulus Romae III Kal. Julias.\n\nNerone III et Messala.\n\nMario et Gallo.\n\nHis coss. Jacobus apostolus in Hierosolymis de\n\npinna templi dejectus est a Judaeis V Kal. Januarii.\n\nRufo et Regulo.\n\nCapitone et Rufo.\n\nHis coss. Nero de imperio non comparuit.\n\nItalico et Turpilione.\n\nCommodo et Rufo.\n\nHis coss. Judaei devicti sunt a Vespasiano imperatore.\n\nVespasiano VIII et Tito VII.\n\nHadriano et Salinatore.\n\nHis coss. sol eclipsim passus est. 119. Hadriano et Rustico.\n\nAntonino IV et Aurelio.\n\nA Gaio Julio Caesare usque ad duos Augustos anni sunt CCXLIV.\n\nDuobus Augustis.\n\nPlautiano et Geta.\n\nHis coss. passae sunt Perpetua et Felicitas, nonas Martias.\n\nChilone et Libone.\n\nDecio et Grato.\n\nHis coss. persecutio fuit christianorum, ut sacrificarent idolis.","english":"In their consulship, the phoenix first appeared.\n\nVeranus and Gallus.\n\nNero for the second time and Piso.\n\nIn their consulship, Peter and Paul suffered at Rome on the third day before the Kalends of July.\n\nNero for the third time and Messala.\n\nMarius and Gallus.\n\nIn their consulship, James the apostle in Jerusalem was thrown down from the pinnacle of the temple by the Jews on the fifth day before the Kalends of January.\n\nRufus and Regulus.\n\nCapito and Rufus.\n\nIn their consulship, Nero disappeared from the empire.\n\nItalicus and Turpilio.\n\nCommodus and Rufus.\n\nIn their consulship, the Jews were conquered by the emperor Vespasian.\n\nVespasian for the eighth time and Titus for the seventh time.\n\nHadrian and Salinator.\n\nIn their consulship, the sun suffered an eclipse. 119. Hadrian and Rusticus.\n\nAntoninus for the fourth time and Aurelius.\n\nFrom Gaius Julius Caesar to the two Augusti there are 244 years.\n\nThe two Augusti.\n\nPlautianus and Geta.\n\nIn their consulship, Perpetua and Felicitas suffered on the Nones of March.\n\nChilo and Libo.\n\nDecius and Gratus.\n\nIn their consulship, there was a persecution of Christians, that they should sacrifice to idols.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. phoenix apparuit primum.","severity":"info","text":"The phoenix's first appearance is dated to the consulship of Veranus and Gallus, a legendary event often linked to the reign of Tiberius or Claudius in later Christian chronography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"passi sunt Petrus et Paulus Romae III Kal. Julias.","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom of Peter and Paul is dated to 29 June (III Kal. Jul.) under Nero's second consulship, a traditional date in early Christian calendars, though not directly from scripture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Jacobus apostolus in Hierosolymis de pinna templi dejectus est a Judaeis V Kal. Januarii.","severity":"info","text":"The death of James the Just (apostle) by being thrown from the temple pinnacle is recorded in early Christian tradition (e.g., Hegesippus via Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 2.23), dated here to 28 December.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. Nero de imperio non comparuit.","severity":"info","text":"Nero's disappearance from the empire is dated to the consulship of Italicus and Turpilio (c. 68 CE), marking his death or flight, a key event in early Christian persecution narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"A Gaio Julio Caesare usque ad duos Augustos anni sunt CCXLIV.","severity":"info","text":"The 244-year span from Julius Caesar to the two Augusti (likely Septimius Severus and Caracalla, c. 198 CE) provides a chronological anchor, though the calculation may be approximate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. passae sunt Perpetua et Felicitas, nonas Martias.","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas is dated to 7 March (nonas Martias) under Plautianus and Geta (c. 203 CE), a well-known event from their passio, a key hagiographic text.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names are often abbreviated or obscure; some identifications (e.g., Verano et Gallo) are uncertain. The phrase 'His coss.' may refer to the immediately preceding or following pair. The 244-year span from Caesar to the two Augusti is ambiguous as to which Augusti are meant."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Decio II et Rustico.\n\nHis coss. passus S. Laurentius III Idus Augusti.\n\nGallo et Volusiano.\n\nTusco et Basso.\n\nHis coss. passus est Cyprianus in Carthagine XVIII Kal. Octobris.\n\nAEmiliano et Basso II.\n\nDiocletiano VII et Maximiano V. His coss. ecclesiae demolitae sunt, et libri dominici combusti sunt, et passa est S. Euphemia XVI Kal. Octobris.\n\nDiocletiano VIII et Maximiano VI.\n\nConstantio VI et Maximiano VI.\n\nHis coss. passus est Timotheus Romae X Kal. Julias.\n\nDiocletiano IX et Maximiano VII.\n\nNepotiano et Facundo.\n\nHis coss. introierunt Constantinopolim Lucas et Audreas (Nempe in translatione corporum eorum).\n\nFeliciano et Titiano.\n\nValentiniano et Valente.\n\nHis coss. maris accessa et recessa fuit XII Kal. Augustas.\n\nGratiano N. P. et Dagalaifo.\n\nP. C. Gratiani III et Equicii IV.\n\nHis coss. Sarmatae totam Pannoniam devastaverunt.","english":"Decius for the second time and Rusticus.\n\nIn their consulship, Saint Lawrence suffered on the third day before the Ides of August.\n\nGallus and Volusianus.\n\nTuscus and Bassus.\n\nIn their consulship, Cyprian suffered at Carthage on the eighteenth day before the Kalends of October.\n\nAemilianus and Bassus for the second time.\n\nDiocletian for the seventh time and Maximian for the fifth time. In their consulship, the churches were demolished, and the Lord’s books were burned, and Saint Euphemia suffered on the sixteenth day before the Kalends of October.\n\nDiocletian for the eighth time and Maximian for the sixth time.\n\nConstantius for the sixth time and Maximian for the sixth time.\n\nIn their consulship, Timothy suffered at Rome on the tenth day before the Kalends of July.\n\nDiocletian for the ninth time and Maximian for the seventh time.\n\nNepotianus and Facundus.\n\nIn their consulship, Luke and Andrew entered Constantinople (namely, in the translation of their bodies).\n\nFelicianus and Titianus.\n\nValentinian and Valens.\n\nIn their consulship, the sea’s advance and retreat occurred on the twelfth day before the Kalends of August.\n\nGratian, Nobilissimus Puer, and Dagalaifus.\n\nAfter the consulship of Gratian for the third time and Equitius for the fourth time.\n\nIn their consulship, the Sarmatians devastated all of Pannonia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Decio II et Rustico","severity":"info","text":"The consular pair Decius II and Rusticus corresponds to AD 250, the year of Decius' persecution. This dating is standard in the fasti tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"passus S. Laurentius III Idus Augusti","severity":"info","text":"The date 'III Idus Augusti' is 11 August. The martyrdom of Lawrence is traditionally assigned to 10 August (the day before the Ides), but the consular date here is consistent with the fasti's typical precision.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ecclesiae demolitae sunt, et libri dominici combusti sunt","severity":"info","text":"This entry under Diocletian VII and Maximian V (AD 303) refers to the Great Persecution's first edict, which ordered the destruction of churches and burning of scriptures. The mention of Euphemia's martyrdom on the same date links her to this wave of persecution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"introierunt Constantinopolim Lucas et Audreas (Nempe in translatione corporum eorum)","severity":"info","text":"The translation of the relics of Luke and Andrew to Constantinople is a well-known event under Constantius II (mid-4th century). The consular date Nepotianus and Facundus (AD 336) is plausible for the initial translation of Andrew; Luke's relics were translated later, but the fasti conflates them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"maris accessa et recessa fuit XII Kal. Augustas","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'maris accessa et recessa' likely refers to a tidal event or tsunami, but the consular date Valentinian and Valens (AD 365) is known for a major earthquake and tsunami in the eastern Mediterranean. The fasti may be recording a local phenomenon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sarmatae totam Pannoniam devastaverunt","severity":"info","text":"The Sarmatian devastation of Pannonia under Gratian III and Equitius IV (AD 375) reflects the historical incursions of the Sarmatians into Roman territory during the late 4th century, a period of increasing barbarian pressure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular dates for Timothy's martyrdom (Diocletian IX and Maximian VII, AD 304) and the translation of Luke and Andrew (Nepotianus and Facundus, AD 336) are plausible but not independently confirmed by other sources. The entry for the sea's advance and retreat is ambiguous as to whether it records a specific historical event or a natural phenomenon."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Valentiniano V et Valente V.\n\nAuxonio et Olybrio.\n\nHis coss. Theodosius levatus est imp. a Gratiano Sirmii.\n\nGratiano V et Theodosio.\n\nMerabaudo II et Saturnino.\n\nHis coss. Gratianus occisus est a Maximo, Lenduno VIII Kal. Sept. Eo anno natus est Honorius Constantinopoli V Idus Sept. et levatus est Arcadius.\n\nRichomere et Clearco.\n\nTheodosio II et Cynthio.\n\nHis coss. occisus est Maximus V Kal. Septemb.\n\nTimasio et Promoto.\n\nHis coss. Theodosus Romam introivit cum Honorio Idus Junias et exivit inde III Kal. Sept.\n\nValentiniano IV et Neoterio.\n\nHis coss. signum apparuit in coelo quasi columna pendens per dies viginti.\n\nTaciano et Symmacho.\n\nHis coss. defunctus est Valentinianus Viennae IV Idus Jun. Eo die levatus Eugenius imp. XI Kal. Septemb.\n\nArcadio VII et Rufino.\n\nTheodosio VI et Abundantio.\n\nHis coss. tenebrae factae sunt die solis hora II, VI Kal. Nov. et levatus est Honorius imp. Constantinopoli in miliario IV a Theodosio patre suo X Kal. Febr.","english":"Valentinian for the fifth time and Valens for the fifth time.\n\nAuxonius and Olybrius.\n\nIn their consulship, Theodosius was raised as emperor by Gratian at Sirmium.\n\nGratian for the fifth time and Theodosius.\n\nMerobaudes for the second time and Saturninus.\n\nIn their consulship, Gratian was killed by Maximus at Lendunum on the eighth day before the Kalends of September. In that year, Honorius was born at Constantinople on the fifth day before the Ides of September, and Arcadius was raised.\n\nRichomeres and Clearchus.\n\nTheodosius for the second time and Cynegius.\n\nIn their consulship, Maximus was killed on the fifth day before the Kalends of September.\n\nTimasius and Promotus.\n\nIn their consulship, Theodosius entered Rome with Honorius on the Ides of June and departed from there on the third day before the Kalends of September.\n\nValentinian for the fourth time and Neoterius.\n\nIn their consulship, a sign appeared in the sky like a column hanging for twenty days.\n\nTatianus and Symmachus.\n\nIn their consulship, Valentinian died at Vienna on the fourth day before the Ides of June. On that day, Eugenius was raised as emperor on the eleventh day before the Kalends of September.\n\nArcadius for the seventh time and Rufinus.\n\nTheodosius for the sixth time and Abundantius.\n\nIn their consulship, darkness occurred on the day of the sun at the second hour, on the sixth day before the Kalends of November, and Honorius was raised as emperor at Constantinople in the fourth milestone by his father Theodosius on the tenth day before the Kalends of February.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentiniano V et Valente V","severity":"info","text":"The consular year 375 CE is indicated by the fifth consulships of Valentinian I and Valens, a standard dating formula in late antique fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. Theodosius levatus est imp. a Gratiano Sirmii","severity":"info","text":"Theodosius I was proclaimed co-emperor by Gratian at Sirmium in 379 CE, a key event in the late Roman Empire's dynastic and military history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Gratiano V et Theodosio","severity":"info","text":"The consular year 380 CE is indicated by the fifth consulship of Gratian and the first of Theodosius I, aligning with known historical dates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. Gratianus occisus est a Maximo, Lenduno VIII Kal. Sept.","severity":"info","text":"Gratian was killed by the usurper Magnus Maximus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon) on 25 August 383 CE, a pivotal event in the western empire's political instability.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. signum apparuit in coelo quasi columna pendens per dies viginti","severity":"info","text":"The consular year 391 CE (Valentinian II's fourth consulship and Neoterius's) is noted for a celestial sign, possibly a comet or atmospheric phenomenon, recorded for twenty days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. tenebrae factae sunt die solis hora II, VI Kal. Nov.","severity":"info","text":"A solar eclipse on Sunday, 27 October 397 CE (sixth day before the Kalends of November) at the second hour is recorded, consistent with known astronomical events of the period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The spelling 'Theodosus' for Theodosius in one entry may be a scribal error or variant.","The location 'Lenduno' is likely a variant for Lugdunum (Lyon), but the exact form is uncertain.","The entry for 'Auxonio et Olybrio' (consuls 379 CE) lacks a historical event, possibly omitted in transmission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Arcadio III et Honorio II.\n\nHis coss. occisus est Eugenius VIII Idus Sept.\n\nOlybrio et Provino.\n\nArcadio IV et Honorio III.\n\nHis coss. Theodosius defunctus est Mediolano XVIII Kal. Jan. 397. Caesario et Attico.\n\nHonorio IV et Eutichiano.\n\nHis coss. Gildo occisus est prid. Kal. Augustas\n\nFl. Stilicone et Aurelio.\n\nVincentio et Franito.\n\nHis coss. natus est Theodosius Constantinopoli Idus April. et intravit Alaricus in Italiam XIV Kal. Decembr.\n\nArcadio V et Honorio V.\n\nTheodosio et Rumorido.\n\nHis coss. Theodosius levatus est. imp. Constantinopoli IV Idus Januarias. Et levatus est Maximus imp. XVI Kal. April. et occisus est prid. Idus Jun. Et intravit Gesericus Romam et praedavit eam per dies XIV. Et levatus est imperator in Gallis Avitus VI Idus Julias. Et eversa est Sabaria a terrae motu VII Idus Septembris die Veneris.\n\nJoanne et Varone.","english":"Arcadius for the third time and Honorius for the second time.\n\nIn their consulship, Eugenius was killed on the eighth day before the Ides of September.\n\nOlybrius and Probinus.\n\nArcadius for the fourth time and Honorius for the third time.\n\nIn their consulship, Theodosius died at Milan on the eighteenth day before the Kalends of January, 397. Caesarius and Atticus.\n\nHonorius for the fourth time and Eutychianus.\n\nIn their consulship, Gildo was killed on the day before the Kalends of August.\n\nFlavius Stilicho and Aurelius.\n\nVincentius and Fravitta.\n\nIn their consulship, Theodosius was born at Constantinople on the Ides of April, and Alaric entered Italy on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of December.\n\nArcadius for the fifth time and Honorius for the fifth time.\n\nTheodosius and Rumordus.\n\nIn their consulship, Theodosius was raised as emperor at Constantinople on the fourth day before the Ides of January. And Maximus was raised as emperor on the sixteenth day before the Kalends of April, and was killed on the day before the Ides of June. And Gaiseric entered Rome and plundered it for fourteen days. And Avitus was raised as emperor in Gaul on the sixth day before the Ides of July. And Sabaria was overthrown by an earthquake on the seventh day before the Ides of September, on a Friday.\n\nJohn and Varus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Arcadio III et Honorio II","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Arcadius III and Honorius II corresponds to AD 394, the year of the Battle of the Frigidus and Eugenius' death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Arcadio IV et Honorio III","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Arcadius IV and Honorius III is AD 396; Theodosius I died in AD 395, but the entry dates his death to 397, a known chronological error in this source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gildo occisus est","severity":"info","text":"Gildo was a Moorish rebel in Africa; his suppression and death in AD 398 under Honorius IV and Eutychianus (AD 398) is recorded here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"intravit Alaricus in Italiam","severity":"info","text":"Alaric's first invasion of Italy began in AD 401; the consular pair Theodosius and Rumordus (AD 403) places this entry in that context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gesericus intravit Romam et praedavit eam","severity":"info","text":"Gaiseric's sack of Rome occurred in AD 455; the consular year Theodosius and Rumordus (AD 403) is anachronistic, reflecting the compiler's conflation of events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss. Theodosius defunctus est Mediolano XVIII Kal. Jan. 397","severity":"caution","text":"Theodosius I died on 17 January AD 395, not 397; the date here is erroneous, likely a scribal or source error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular years are sometimes misaligned with known historical dates (e.g., Theodosius' death, Gaiseric's sack), suggesting the compiler used multiple sources or made errors.","The identity of 'Maximus' raised and killed in the same entry is ambiguous; it may refer to the usurper Petronius Maximus (AD 455) or another figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"His coss. occisus est Remissus Patricius in Palatio classis XV Kal. Octob. Et captivus est imp. Placentia a Mag. mil. Ricimere, et occisus est Messiam Patricius ejus XVI Kal. Nov.\n\nConstantino et Rufo.\n\nHis coss. Ricimer Mag. mil. Patricius factus est prid. Kal. Martias. Et factus est Majorianus Mag. mil. ipso die. Et levatus est imp. Dom. Majorianus Kal. April. in miliario VI in campo ad Columellas.\n\nLeone Angustio et Apollonio.\n\nFl. Ricimere et Patricio.\n\nMagno et Apollonio.\n\nSeverino et Dagalaifo.\n\nHis coss. depositus est Majorianus imp. a Patricio Ricimere Dertona IV Nonas Aug. et occisus est ad fluvium Ira VII Idus Aug. Et levatus est imp. Dom. Severus XIII Kal. Dec.\n\nLeone II et Severo.\n\nRustico et Olybrio.\n\nHis coss. occisus est Beorgor rex Alanorum Bergamo ad Pedemontis VIII Idus Februarias.\n\nHerminerico et Basilio.\n\nHis. coss. defunctus est imp. Severus Romae XVIII Kal. Septembris.","english":"In their consulship, Remissus the Patrician was killed in the Palace on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of October. And the emperor was taken captive at Placentia by Ricimer, Master of Soldiers, and Messiam his Patrician was killed on the sixteenth day before the Kalends of November.\n\nConstantinus and Rufus.\n\nIn their consulship, Ricimer, Master of Soldiers, was made Patrician on the day before the Kalends of March. And Majorian was made Master of Soldiers on the same day. And the Lord Emperor Majorian was raised up on the Kalends of April at the sixth milestone in the field at the Columns.\n\nLeo Augustus and Apollonius.\n\nFlavius Ricimer and Patricius.\n\nMagnus and Apollonius.\n\nSeverinus and Dagalaiphus.\n\nIn their consulship, the Emperor Majorian was deposed by the Patrician Ricimer at Dertona on the fourth day before the Nones of August, and was killed at the river Ira on the seventh day before the Ides of August. And the Lord Emperor Severus was raised up on the thirteenth day before the Kalends of December.\n\nLeo II and Severus.\n\nRusticus and Olybrius.\n\nIn their consulship, Beorgor, king of the Alans, was killed at Bergamo in the Piedmont on the eighth day before the Ides of February.\n\nHerminericus and Basilius.\n\nIn their consulship, the Emperor Severus died at Rome on the eighteenth day before the Kalends of September.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Remissus Patricius","severity":"info","text":"Remissus is otherwise unknown; the title Patricius indicates a high-ranking imperial official, possibly a general or courtier.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ricimer","severity":"info","text":"Ricimer was a powerful Roman general of mixed Gothic and Suebian descent who dominated the Western Empire in the mid-5th century, deposing and killing several emperors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"XV Kal. Octob.","severity":"info","text":"The date corresponds to 17 September; the consular year is not given but likely falls in the 450s or 460s based on the events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His coss.","severity":"info","text":"The formula 'His coss.' (In their consulship) introduces each entry, linking events to the consular pair named in the preceding line, a standard annalistic structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Beorgor rex Alanorum","severity":"info","text":"Beorgor (or Beorgor) is a variant spelling of the Alan king; the Alans were a nomadic group settled in Gaul and Italy in the 5th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Messiam Patricius","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Messiam' is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a variant of a known name; the text may be garbled at this point.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Remissus and Messiam is unclear; the consular years for several entries are not explicitly given, requiring inference from known events."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Leone III et Tatiano\n\nPuseo et Joanne.\n\nHis coss. levatus est imperator Dom. Anthemius Romae pridie Idus Aprilis.\n\nD. N. Anthemio Augusto II.\n\nHis coss. occisus est Marcellinus in Sicilia mense Aug.\n\nMarciano et Jenone II.\n\nFesto et Marciano.\n\nHis coss. bellum civile gestum est Romae inter Anthemium imperatorem et Ricimere Patricio. Et levatus est imp. Olybrius Romae. Et occisus est imp. Anthemius V Idus Julias. Et defunctus est Ricimer XV Kal. Septemb. Eo anno Gundobadus Patricius factus est ab Olybrio imp. et defunctus est imperator Olybrius Romae X Kal. Novemb.\n\nLeone Augusto V.\n\nHoc consule levatus est imp. Glicerius Ravenna III Non. Martias.\n\nDom. Leone Juniore Augusto.\n\nHis coss.....de imperio Glicerius in portu urbis Romae. Eo anno levatus est Dom. Julius Nepos VIII Kal. Julias.\n\nP. C. Leonis Jun. Aug.\n\nHis coss. introivit Ravennam Patricius Orestes cum exercitu et fugavit imp. Nepos ad Dalmatias V Kal. Sept. Eo anno Augustulus imp. levatus est Ravenna a Patricio Oreste patre suo prid. Kal Novembris.","english":"Leo III and Tatian\n\nPuseus and John\n\nIn their consulship, the Emperor Lord Anthemius was raised up at Rome on the day before the Ides of April.\n\nOur Lord Anthemius Augustus II\n\nIn his consulship, Marcellinus was killed in Sicily in the month of August.\n\nMarcian and Zeno II\n\nFestus and Marcian\n\nIn their consulship, civil war was waged at Rome between the Emperor Anthemius and Ricimer the Patrician. And the Emperor Olybrius was raised up at Rome. And the Emperor Anthemius was killed on the fifth day before the Ides of July. And Ricimer died on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of September. In that year, Gundobad was made Patrician by the Emperor Olybrius, and the Emperor Olybrius died at Rome on the tenth day before the Kalends of November.\n\nLeo Augustus V\n\nIn this consulship, the Emperor Glycerius was raised up at Ravenna on the third day before the Nones of March.\n\nOur Lord Leo the Younger Augustus\n\nIn their consulship... Glycerius from the imperial office at the port of the city of Rome. In that year, the Lord Julius Nepos was raised up on the eighth day before the Kalends of July.\n\nAfter the consulship of Leo the Younger Augustus\n\nIn their consulship, the Patrician Orestes entered Ravenna with an army and put the Emperor Nepos to flight to Dalmatia on the fifth day before the Kalends of September. In that year, the Emperor Augustulus was raised up at Ravenna by his father, the Patrician Orestes, on the day before the Kalends of November.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The consular years listed (e.g., Leo III and Tatian, Marcian and Zeno II) anchor events to the late 5th century, a period of rapid imperial turnover in the West.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The civil war between Anthemius and Ricimer (c. 472) reflects the power struggles between Western emperors and Germanic military leaders, culminating in Ricimer's dominance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"levatus est","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'levatus est' (was raised up) is a technical term for imperial acclamation, used repeatedly for Anthemius, Olybrius, Glycerius, and others.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a consistent pattern: consular names, then events (acclamations, deaths, civil war), with occasional year markers like 'Eo anno' (in that year).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 'Dom. Leone Juniore Augusto' is incomplete: 'His coss.....de imperio Glicerius' suggests a lacuna, possibly describing Glycerius's deposition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This list, excerpted from consular fasti, was used by later medieval chroniclers to compile imperial successions, influencing historical narratives of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names 'Puseo et Joanne' are uncertain; 'Puseus' may be a corruption or variant of a known consul.","The lacuna after 'His coss.' for Leo the Younger leaves unclear the exact fate of Glycerius."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Basilisco II et Armato.\n\nHis coss. levatus est Odoacer rex X Kal. Sept. Eo anno occisus est Orestes Patricius Placentia V Kal. septemb. Eo anno occisus est Paulus frater ejus Ravenna in Pinita prid. Non. Sept.\n\nP. C. Basilisci et Armati. His coss. occisus est Branila a rege Odoacro V Idus Julias Ravenna.\n\nHello unico cons. 480. Basilio Jun. VI cons.\n\nHis coss. occiditur Nepos imp. VII Idus Maias.\n\nPlacido unico cons.\n\nHis coss. occisus est.... VII Idus Octobris.\n\nSeverino unico cons.\n\nHis coss. occisus est.... Dalmatias V Kal. Dec.\n\nFaustone unico cons.\n\nVetio unico cons.\n\nHoc consule pugna facta est inter Odoacrem regem et Feunanum, regem Jugorum, et vicit Odoacer, et adduxit captivum Feunanum regem sub dic XVII Kal. Decemb.\n\nDinanno et Sifidio.\n\nHis coss. arsit pontus Apollinaris noctu in Pascha XV Kal. Maias.\n\nProbino et Eusebio.","english":"Basilisco II and Armatus.\n\nIn their consulship, King Odoacer was raised up on the tenth day before the Kalends of September. In that year, the Patrician Orestes was killed at Placentia on the fifth day before the Kalends of September. In that year, his brother Paulus was killed at Ravenna in the Pine Grove on the day before the Nones of September.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilisco and Armatus. In their consulship, Branila was killed by King Odoacer on the fifth day before the Ides of July at Ravenna.\n\nHello, sole consul, 480. Basilio the Younger, sixth consulship.\n\nIn his consulship, the Emperor Nepos is killed on the seventh day before the Ides of May.\n\nPlacidus, sole consul.\n\nIn his consulship, ... was killed on the seventh day before the Ides of October.\n\nSeverinus, sole consul.\n\nIn his consulship, ... was killed in Dalmatia on the fifth day before the Kalends of December.\n\nFausto, sole consul.\n\nVetius, sole consul.\n\nIn this consulship, a battle was fought between King Odoacer and Feunanus, King of the Jugri, and Odoacer was victorious, and he led away Feunanus the king as a captive on the seventeenth day before the Kalends of December.\n\nDinan and Sifidius.\n\nIn their consulship, the bridge of Apollinaris burned by night on Easter, on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of May.\n\nProbinus and Eusebius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Basilisco II et Armato","severity":"info","text":"The consular year 476/477 is indicated. The entry records the rise of Odoacer as king, marking the traditional end of the Western Roman Empire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"levatus est Odoacer rex","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'levatus est' (was raised up) likely means Odoacer was proclaimed or elevated as king, not physically lifted. This is a technical term for accession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Feunanum, regem Jugorum","severity":"info","text":"Feunanus, king of the Jugri, is otherwise unattested. The Jugri may be a Germanic tribe, possibly a variant of 'Juthungi' or a scribal error. The battle is otherwise unknown.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"occisus est.... VII Idus Octobris","severity":"caution","text":"The name of the person killed is omitted in the manuscript, indicated by ellipsis. The text is corrupt or incomplete here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Hello unico cons. 480. Basilio Jun. VI cons.","severity":"info","text":"This line appears to be a marginal note or chronological marker, not a standard consular entry. 'Hello' may be a name or a corruption; the year 480 is given explicitly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"arsit pontus Apollinaris noctu in Pascha","severity":"info","text":"The burning of the bridge of Apollinaris (perhaps a bridge near a church of St. Apollinaris) on Easter night is a local event recorded for its liturgical significance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Hello' is unclear; it may be a name or a corruption. The names of the victims in the entries for Placidus and Severinus are missing. 'Feunanus' and 'Jugri' are otherwise unattested."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Fausto unico cons.\n\nHis coss. ingressus est rex Theodoricus in Fossato Pontis Sontis V Kal. Septembris: et fugit Odoacer rex de Fossato et abiit in Veronam. Eo anno ingressus est Odoacer rex in Fossatum Erulis in Pinita, et occisus est Libila Mag. mil. et ceciderunt populi ab utraque parte, et clausit se Ravenna Odoacer rex VI Idus Jul. et regressus est rex Theodoricus in Ticino XX Kal. septemb.\n\nDom. Anastasio Aug. et Rufo.\n\nHis coss. terrae motus factus noctu ante pullorum cantus VII Kal. Jun.\n\nAlbino unico cons.\n\nHoc cons. regressus est rex Theodoricus Arimini et venit com dramonis ad Fossatum Palatioli IV Kal. Septembris. Eo anno pugna facta est inter Theodoricum et Eufanem Mag. mil. inter Tridentum et Veronam.\n\nHoc consule, facta est pax inter Dom. Theodoricum regem et Odoacrem III Kal. Martias. Et ingressus est Dom. Theodoricus in classem...","english":"With Faustus sole consul.\n\nIn his consulship, King Theoderic entered the camp at the Bridge of the Sontius on the fifth day before the Kalends of September; and King Odoacer fled from the camp and went to Verona. In that year, King Odoacer entered the camp at the Eruli in the Pine Forest, and Libila, Master of Soldiers, was killed, and peoples fell on both sides, and King Odoacer shut himself up in Ravenna on the sixth day before the Ides of July, and King Theoderic returned to Ticinum on the twentieth day before the Kalends of September.\n\nWith Domnus Anastasius Augustus and Rufus.\n\nIn their consulship, an earthquake occurred by night before the crowing of the cocks on the seventh day before the Kalends of June.\n\nWith Albinus sole consul.\n\nIn this consulship, King Theoderic returned to Ariminum and came with a troop of dragoons to the camp at Palatiolum on the fourth day before the Kalends of September. In that year, a battle was fought between Theoderic and Eufanes, Master of Soldiers, between Tridentum and Verona.\n\nIn this consulship, peace was made between Lord King Theoderic and Odoacer on the third day before the Kalends of March. And Lord Theoderic entered the fleet...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Fausto unico cons.","severity":"info","text":"The consular year of Faustus (alone) is 483 CE, a standard dating formula in the Fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fossato Pontis Sontis","severity":"info","text":"The 'camp at the Bridge of the Sontius' refers to a military position on the Isonzo River (Sontius), a key site in the conflict between Theoderic and Odoacer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Libila Mag. mil.","severity":"info","text":"Libila, Master of Soldiers (Magister Militum), was a commander under Odoacer; his death marks a turning point in the war.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Dom. Anastasio Aug. et Rufo","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Anastasius Augustus and Rufus corresponds to 492 CE, placing the earthquake in that year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Albino unico cons.","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Albinus (alone) is 493 CE, the year of the final peace between Theoderic and Odoacer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"com dramonis","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'com dramonis' is obscure; possibly a corruption of 'cum draconibus' (with dragon standards) or a miswriting of a troop type.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'com dramonis' is uncertain; it may be a scribal error for 'cum draconibus' (with dragon standards) or a reference to a specific military unit. The reading 'with a troop of dragoons' is conjectural."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Hoc consule ingressus est Ravennam rex Theodoricus III Non. Martii et occisus est Odoacer rex a rege Theodorico in palatio cum commilitibus suis.\n\nAtque haec quidem e primo catalogo excerpta sunt: quibus nos nihil addendum putavimus, quam annos aerae vulgaris quibus nominati consules processerunt, ad sublevandam lectoris memoriam; utque inde numerus consulatuum, qui multis consulibus perperam ascribitur forte ex incuria librariorum, facilius corrigi possit. Alter catalogus, de quo meminimus, multo turbatior ac vitiosior est, pluraque continet, quae ad historiam profanam, quam quae ad sacram spectent. Ponit Duobus Geminis consulibus, qui anno XXIX aerae vulgaris consules fuere, Christum passum esse VIII Kal. Apr. die Veneris, luna III, anno XXXI adventus ejus. Credidero scriptum ab auctore fuisse, ut scribi debuit, anno XXIX; quia proximo post Geminos consulatu notat Unicium et Longinum, qui fuerunt anno XXX aerae vulgaris. Habet quoque nonnullas temporum notas. Puta quod fuerint a Passione Domini usque ad consulatum Nigri et Aproniani, anni LXXXIV. Item quod fuerint ab adventu Domini usque ad consulatum Viatoris anni quingenti. Fuerunt consules Niger et Apronianus anno aerae vulgaris CXVII; Viator vero, CCCXCIV. Videat lector, an inde aliquid commodi haurire possit, et quae errata in catalogo animadverterit, per se emendet: ego plura non prosequor.","english":"In this consulship, King Theoderic entered Ravenna on the third day before the Nones of March, and King Odoacer was killed by King Theoderic in the palace together with his fellow soldiers.\n\nAnd these things indeed have been excerpted from the first catalogue: to which we thought nothing should be added, except the years of the common era in which the named consuls served, to aid the reader's memory; so that from this the number of consulships, which is wrongly ascribed to many consuls perhaps from the carelessness of scribes, might be more easily corrected. The second catalogue, which we have mentioned, is much more confused and faulty, and contains more things that pertain to secular history than to sacred. It sets down that under the consuls the Two Gemini, who were consuls in the twenty-ninth year of the common era, Christ suffered on the eighth day before the Kalends of April, on a Friday, with the moon in its third day, in the thirty-first year of his advent. I would believe it was written by the author, as it ought to have been written, in the twenty-ninth year; because next after the consulship of the Gemini he notes Unicius and Longinus, who were in the thirtieth year of the common era. It also has some chronological notes. For instance, that from the Passion of the Lord up to the consulship of Niger and Apronianus were eighty-four years. Likewise, that from the advent of the Lord up to the consulship of Viator were five hundred years. The consuls Niger and Apronianus were in the one hundred and seventeenth year of the common era; Viator, however, in the three hundred and ninety-fourth. Let the reader see whether he can draw any advantage from this, and whatever errors he has noticed in the catalogue, let him correct for himself: I do not pursue the matter further.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Hoc consule","severity":"info","text":"The consulship referred to is that of Faustus (see previous passage), which the editor dates to the common era; the entry records Theoderic's entry into Ravenna and Odoacer's death in 493 CE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"e primo catalogo","severity":"info","text":"The 'first catalogue' is the source of the preceding consular entries; the editor distinguishes it from a second, more confused catalogue that includes Christological dating.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Duobus Geminis consulibus","severity":"info","text":"The consuls 'Two Gemini' (C. Fufius Geminus and L. Rubellius Geminus) held office in 29 CE; the second catalogue places Christ's Passion in that year, though the editor notes a discrepancy with the 31st year of Christ's advent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Videat lector","severity":"info","text":"The editor invites the reader to correct errors in the second catalogue, reflecting a humanist editorial stance that prioritizes critical judgment over passive acceptance of transmitted texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"multo turbatior ac vitiosior est","severity":"caution","text":"The editor warns that the second catalogue is 'much more confused and faulty,' containing more secular than sacred history; its chronological notes (e.g., 84 years from Passion to Niger and Apronianus) may be unreliable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'first catalogue' and 'second catalogue' is not specified; the editor's own role in compiling or excerpting them is left implicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Superest nobis et aliud opusculum ms. antiquum sub Liberio papa, anno CCCLII creato, absolutum; quod enumerat eatenus pontifices Romanos, indicans, quis, quantum temporis praesederit Ecclesiae; quibus consulibus Romanis coeperit, quibus desierit. Verum quia id ipsum pridem ex eodem ms nostro Bucherius edidit in suo, ad Victorii Aquitani Canonem paschalem commentario, pag. 269; ac praecipue quia Henschenius noster ante tomum primum de Actis Sanctorum Aprilis denuo illud recudit, multisque sollicite illustravit; eo sciendi cupidum lectorem remittimus; ut hic tandem acta sanctorum primi semestris, sive sex priorum anni mensium a P. Joanne Bollando inchoata, a P. Godefrido Henschenio formata, a P. Daniele Papebrochio mirifice promota finiamus; progressuri nunc, Deo sanctisque adjuvantibus, ad alterum semestre, quo decurso, qui tunc operi allaborabunt, denique recudent et in duplum augebunt menses Januarium et Februarium, qui, ut principium operis, imperfectiores sunt, multaque accessione actorum, postea ac praecipue anno MDCLX ab Henschenio et Papebrochio, per Germaniam, Italiam, Galliam ea propter peregrinatis collectorum indigent. Non tam indigent reliqui menses, qui post praedictum annum editi fuerunt.","english":"We have also another ancient manuscript work, completed under Pope Liberius, who was created in the year 352, which enumerates the Roman pontiffs up to that time, indicating who presided over the Church for how long, and under which Roman consuls each began and ended. But because Bucherius long ago published this same work from our manuscript in his commentary on Victorius of Aquitaine’s Paschal Canon, page 269, and especially because our Henschenius, before the first volume of the Acts of the Saints for April, reprinted it and diligently illustrated it with many details, we refer the eager reader to that source; so that here at last we may finish the acts of the saints for the first half of the year, or the first six months, begun by Father John Bolland, shaped by Father Godefrid Henschen, and wonderfully advanced by Father Daniel Papebroeck; now proceeding, with God and the saints helping, to the second half of the year, after which those who will then labor on the work will finally reprint and double the months of January and February, which, as the beginning of the work, are more imperfect and stand in need of a great accession of acts, collected later and especially in the year 1660 by Henschenius and Papebroeck, who traveled through Germany, Italy, and France for that purpose. The remaining months, which were published after the aforementioned year, do not stand in such need.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"opusculum ms. antiquum sub Liberio papa","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript work under Pope Liberius (352–366) is the Liber Pontificalis, a series of papal biographies. The author refers to an early recension ending with Liberius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Bucherius edidit ... Henschenius noster ... recudit","severity":"info","text":"Bucherius (Denis Pétau) published the same manuscript in his commentary on Victorius of Aquitaine. Henschenius reprinted it in the Acta Sanctorum for April, with annotations.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Bucherius 1633","Henschenius 1675"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Victorii Aquitani Canonem paschalem","severity":"info","text":"Victorius of Aquitaine (5th century) composed a paschal canon (computus for Easter). Bucherius’s commentary on it included the Liber Pontificalis excerpt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"acta sanctorum primi semestris ... alterum semestre","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a structural division: the first six months of the Acta Sanctorum are complete; the second six months are to follow. January and February will be expanded later.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"anno MDCLX","severity":"info","text":"The year 1660 is given for the collection of additional acts by Henschenius and Papebroeck during travels through Germany, Italy, and France.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"qui tunc operi allaborabunt","severity":"caution","text":"The future tense suggests the author writes before the second half is published. The work is a preface or transitional note, not a finished product.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'ancient manuscript work' is not explicitly named; it is inferred as an early version of the Liber Pontificalis. The author's reference to 'our manuscript' implies a specific codex in the Bollandist collection."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}