{"slug":"tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1","title":"Kalendarium Anno CCCCIIL Conscriptum","title_source":"Kalendarium Anno CCCCIIL Conscriptum","author":"Polemeus Silvius","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:19:17Z","cost_usd":0.00625},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp211/tmp211/tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":12,"english_words":1871,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":7527,"commentary_units":72,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":23,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Kalendarium Anno CCCCIIL Conscriptum, attributed to Polemeus Silvius, is a Latin calendar that claims composition in the year 402 but contains feasts and historical notices suggesting a later, possibly 5th-century, compilation. It survives in a single manuscript with significant lacunae and scribal errors. The work blends pagan Roman, Jewish, Egyptian, and Christian elements, reflecting the religious and cultural transitions of late antiquity. Its attribution to Polemeus Silvius is uncertain, and the original extent of the calendar remains unclear due to the fragmentary state of the sole witness. The calendar was used by later medieval computists and martyrologists, though its influence is limited compared to other late antique calendars.","historical_context":"The Kalendarium is attributed to Polemeus Silvius, a name possibly associated with 5th-century Gaul, though the attribution is uncertain and may be a pseudonym or later addition. The work claims the year 402, but internal evidence—such as the inclusion of feasts like Epiphany with multiple traditions (Magi, water-into-wine, baptism) and historical notices—points to a later compilation, likely in the 5th century. The calendar survives in a single manuscript tradition, with significant lacunae and scribal errors that obscure the original text. It reflects a period of Christianization in the Roman world, where older pagan and Jewish calendrical elements were adapted into Christian liturgical frameworks. The work's transmission is limited, and its influence on later medieval computists and martyrologists is noted but modest compared to other late antique calendars like the Chronograph of 354.","significance":"The Kalendarium is significant for its syncretic blend of pagan Roman, Jewish, Egyptian, and Christian elements, illustrating the cultural and religious transitions of late antiquity. It provides insight into early Christian liturgical diversity, such as the conflation of Epiphany traditions, and preserves aetiological notes on Roman customs. Despite its fragmentary state and uncertain authorship, it offers a rare glimpse into the calendrical and computational practices of a transitional period.","timeline":[{"date":"5th c.","event":"Probable compilation of the Kalendarium, based on internal feasts and historical notices."},{"date":"402","event":"Claimed date in the title, but likely a later addition or error."},{"date":"Late antiquity","event":"Blending of pagan Roman, Jewish, Egyptian, and Christian elements in the calendar."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Use by later computists and martyrologists, though limited influence."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Survival in a single manuscript with significant lacunae and scribal errors."}],"relations":[{"work":"Chronograph of 354","relation":"Another late antique calendar with similar syncretic elements, but more influential.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Martyrologium Hieronymianum","relation":"Later martyrology that may have drawn on similar calendrical traditions.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"De Temporum Ratione","relation":"Bede's computistical work, which used earlier calendars like this one.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Fasti Ostienses","relation":"Roman calendar tradition that influenced late antique calendrical formats.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The attribution to Polemeus Silvius is uncertain; the name may be a pseudonym or a later addition.","The claimed date of 402 is likely incorrect; internal evidence suggests a 5th-century compilation.","The work survives in a single manuscript with significant lacunae and scribal errors, obscuring the original text.","The original extent of the calendar cannot be determined due to the fragmentary state of the sole witness."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.00047,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:19:17Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp211/tmp211/tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp211.tmp211.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":12,"translated":12,"commentary_passages":12,"commentary_units":72,"english_words":1871,"source_letters":7527,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The title claims the year 402 (CCCCIIL), but the calendar includes feasts and historical notices that suggest a later compilation, possibly 5th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, with significant lacunae and scribal errors that obscure the original text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Polemeus Silvius’ calendar was used by later medieval computists and martyrologists, though its influence is limited compared to other late antique calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The attribution to Polemeus Silvius is uncertain; the name may be a pseudonym or a later addition to the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition cannot resolve the dating discrepancies or the original extent of the calendar due to the fragmentary state of the sole witness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 12 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":12},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"KALENDARIUM ANTIQUUM POLEMEI SILVII\n\nANNO CCCCIIL CONSCRIPTUM.\n\nMENSIS JANUARIUS.\n\nDies XXXI. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Sebit; apud AEgyptios, Tibi; apud Athenienses, Pusidicon; apud Graecos alios, Edinen.\n\nKalendae, dictae, hoc est a vocando, quia tum in Rostris Romae ad contentionem (an non concionem?) populus vocabatur.\n\nIV. Non. Circus privatus. Auster, interdum cum pluvia.\n\nIII. Dies auspicialium. Natalis Ciceronis. Ludi.\n\nII. Ludi. Comitialis.\n\nNonae, dictae ideo, quia nonus dies eas discernit ab Idibus. Tempestatem significat.\n\nVIII. Idus. Epiphania, quo die, interpositis temporibus, stella magis Dominum natum nuntiabat, et aqua vinum facta, vel in amne Jordanis Salvator baptizatus est. Auster interdum vel Favonius.\n\nVII. Prima consulis mappa, quae ideo sic vocatur, quia rex Tarquinius Romae, dum die Circiensium pranderet in circo, de mensa sua mappam foras, ut aurigis post prandium currendi signum daret, abjecerat.","english":"THE ANCIENT CALENDAR OF POLEMEUS SILVIUS\n\nWRITTEN IN THE YEAR 402.\n\nMONTH OF JANUARY.\n\n31 days. It is called by the Hebrews, Sebit; by the Egyptians, Tibi; by the Athenians, Posideon; by other Greeks, Edinen.\n\nThe Kalends are so called, that is, from *vocando* [calling], because then on the Rostra at Rome the people were called to a gathering (or rather an assembly?).\n\n4th day before the Nones. Private circus. South wind, sometimes with rain.\n\n3rd day. Day of the auspicial games. Birthday of Cicero. Games.\n\n2nd day. Games. Comitial day.\n\nThe Nones are so called for this reason, because the ninth day separates them from the Ides. It signifies a storm.\n\n8th day before the Ides. Epiphany, on which day, after intervals of time, the star announced to the Magi the birth of the Lord, and water was turned into wine, or the Savior was baptized in the river Jordan. South wind sometimes or west wind.\n\n7th day. The first consul's napkin, which is so called because King Tarquin at Rome, while he was dining in the circus on a day of the games, had thrown his napkin from his table outward as a signal for the charioteers to start racing after the meal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalendarium Antiquum Polemei Silvii","severity":"info","text":"The heading identifies the work as an ancient calendar composed by Polemeus Silvius in the year 402. The text follows a standard calendrical format, listing days, month names, and astronomical or liturgical notes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalendae","severity":"info","text":"The author derives 'Kalendae' from Latin 'vocando' (calling), explaining that on the Kalends the people were summoned to the Rostra. The parenthetical 'an non concionem?' suggests uncertainty whether the assembly was a 'contio' (public meeting) or 'concio' (assembly).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Epiphania","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Epiphany (January 6) conflates three traditions: the Magi's star, the miracle of water turning to wine, and the baptism of Christ in the Jordan. This reflects early Christian liturgical diversity before the standardization of Epiphany themes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Prima consulis mappa","severity":"info","text":"The 'first consul's napkin' is explained by a legend about King Tarquin throwing his napkin as a starting signal for chariot races. This aetiological note ties a Roman custom to a mythical origin, typical of late antique antiquarian compilations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ad contentionem (an non concionem?)","severity":"caution","text":"The text hesitates between 'contentionem' (contention) and 'concionem' (assembly), indicating a possible scribal error or authorial uncertainty. The intended reading is likely 'concionem', as the Kalends were associated with public assemblies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalendarium Antiquum Polemei Silvii","severity":"info","text":"This calendar, attributed to Polemeus Silvius (a 5th-century Gallic writer), survives in a single manuscript tradition. It is valued for its blend of pagan Roman, Jewish, Egyptian, and Christian elements, reflecting the syncretic culture of late antiquity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ad contentionem (an non concionem?)' is ambiguous: it may be a scribal corruption or authorial doubt about the correct term for the assembly called on the Kalends.","The entry for Epiphany lists three events without specifying which is primary, reflecting unresolved liturgical traditions.","The year 'CCCCIIL' (402) is given in the heading, but the calendar's composition date is not independently confirmed."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"VI. Auster interdum et imber.\n\nV. Senatus legitimus. Suffecti consules designantur sive praetores.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Carmentalia, de nomine matris Evandri.\n\nII. aut pridie.\n\nIdus. Dictae, a videndo, quia priusquam annus hic, qui est, fuerat, mense medio luna completa, quae incipiebat Kalendas, de qua menses dictos accepimus, videbatur. Secundo mappa. Interdum ventus aut tempestas.\n\nXIX. Kalend. Februarias.\n\nXVIII. Natalis Honorii. Circenses. Interdum Auster et pluvia.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI. Ludi Palatini.\n\nXV. Ludi.\n\nXIV. Ludi.\n\nXIII. Natalis Cordiani. Circenses.\n\nXII. Ludi. Ventus Africus. Tempestatem significat.\n\nXI. Natalis S. Vincentii martyris. Dies pluvius.\n\nX. Senatus legitimus, Quaestores Romae designantur.\n\nIX. Natalis Adriani. Circenses.\n\nVIII. Interdum tempestas.\n\nVII. Ludi Castorum, ostiis, quod primo facte colonia est.\n\nVI. Ludi.\n\nV. Auster aut Africus. Interdum dies humidus.","english":"VI. The South Wind sometimes and rain.\n\nV. Lawful meeting of the Senate. Suffect consuls or praetors are designated.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Carmentalia, named after the mother of Evander.\n\nII. or the day before.\n\nIdes. So called from \"seeing,\" because before this current year existed, in the middle of the month the full moon, which began the Kalends, from which we have the names of the months, was visible. Second mappa. Sometimes wind or storm.\n\nXIX. Kalends of February.\n\nXVIII. Birthday of Honorius. Circus games. Sometimes South Wind and rain.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI. Palatine Games.\n\nXV. Games.\n\nXIV. Games.\n\nXIII. Birthday of Cordianus. Circus games.\n\nXII. Games. African Wind. It signifies a storm.\n\nXI. Birthday of Saint Vincent the Martyr. Rainy day.\n\nX. Lawful meeting of the Senate. Quaestors are designated at Rome.\n\nIX. Birthday of Hadrian. Circus games.\n\nVIII. Sometimes a storm.\n\nVII. Games of the Castores, at Ostia, because it was the first colony established.\n\nVI. Games.\n\nV. South Wind or African Wind. Sometimes a humid day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Auster interdum et imber","severity":"info","text":"Auster is the south wind, often associated with rain and storms in Roman meteorological lore. The phrase is a standard calendar note for variable weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Senatus legitimus","severity":"info","text":"A 'lawful meeting of the Senate' indicates a formal session with legal authority to conduct business, such as designating magistrates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Carmentalia","severity":"info","text":"The Carmentalia was a Roman festival honoring Carmenta, a prophetic goddess and mother of Evander, celebrated on January 11 and 15.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Idus","severity":"info","text":"The Ides are explained by folk etymology from 'videndo' (seeing), referring to the full moon visible mid-month. This reflects ancient Roman calendrical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis Honorii","severity":"info","text":"Honorius was Roman emperor (395–423 AD). His birthday on January 18 is noted with circus games, reflecting imperial cult and public celebration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ludi Castorum, ostiis","severity":"info","text":"Games of the Castores (Castor and Pollux) at Ostia, noted as the first colony, linking the festival to Rome's maritime expansion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 'IV' is blank; it may be a lacuna or intentional omission.","The phrase 'Secundo mappa' is obscure; possibly a signal for the second mappa (starting signal) in the circus."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"IV. Ludi.\n\nIII. Tempestatem significat.\n\nII. Circenses Adiabenis victis. Interdum tempestas.\n\nFEBRUARIUS.\n\nDictus a numero: dies XXVIII. Dictus a fibro verbo, quod purgamentum veteres nominabant; quia tum Romae moenia lustrabantur. Vocatur apud Hebraeos Adar; apud AEgyptios, Mechir; apud Athenienses, Gamelion; apud Graecos, Pericios.\n\nKalendae. Circenses. Interdum Auster cum grandine.\n\nIV. Non.\n\nIII. Senatus legitimus. Chorus aut Africus.\n\nII. Ludi.\n\nNonas. Ludi. Ventus aut tempestas.\n\nVIII Idus. Ludi.\n\nVII. Ludi. Favonius.\n\nVI. Ventus aut tempestas.\n\nV. Circenses.\n\nIV. Curus.\n\nIII. Circenses.\n\nII. Ludi.\n\nIdus. Parentatio tumulorum. Imp. quo die Roma liberata est de obsidione Gallorum.\n\nXVI. Kal. Mart. Venti mutatio.\n\nXV. Lupercalia.\n\nXIV. Natale Faustinae, uxorio Antonii.\n\nXIII. Quirinalia, quo die Romulus occisus a suis, qui ab hasta, quae a Sabinis curis vocatur, non apparuisse confictus est. Favonius aut Auster cum grandine.","english":"IV. Games.\n\nIII. It signifies a storm.\n\nII. Circus games for the defeat of the Adiabeni. Sometimes a storm.\n\nFEBRUARY.\n\nNamed from the number: 28 days. Named from the word \"februum,\" which the ancients called a purgation; because at that time the walls of Rome were purified. Called Adar among the Hebrews; Mechir among the Egyptians; Gamelion among the Athenians; Pericios among the Greeks.\n\nKalends. Circus games. Sometimes the South Wind with hail.\n\nIV. Nones.\n\nIII. Lawful meeting of the Senate. The North-West Wind or the South-West Wind.\n\nII. Games.\n\nNones. Games. Wind or storm.\n\nVIII Ides. Games.\n\nVII. Games. The West Wind.\n\nVI. Wind or storm.\n\nV. Circus games.\n\nIV. The East-North-East Wind.\n\nIII. Circus games.\n\nII. Games.\n\nIdes. Funeral rites at the tombs. The day on which Rome was freed from the siege of the Gauls.\n\nXVI. Kalends of March. Change of wind.\n\nXV. Lupercalia.\n\nXIV. Birthday of Faustina, wife of Antoninus.\n\nXIII. Quirinalia, on which day Romulus was killed by his own men, who fabricated that he had not appeared, from the spear which is called \"curis\" by the Sabines. The West Wind or the South Wind with hail.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Februarius","severity":"info","text":"The Latin name is derived from 'februum' (purgation), referencing the Roman purification ritual of the Lupercalia, which occurred in this month.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Adiabenis victis","severity":"info","text":"The 'defeat of the Adiabeni' likely refers to a Roman military victory over the Adiabene kingdom, possibly under Trajan or Septimius Severus, commemorated with circus games.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Parentatio tumulorum","severity":"info","text":"The 'funeral rites at the tombs' on the Ides of February corresponds to the Roman Parentalia festival (February 13–21), a time for honoring ancestors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Lupercalia","severity":"info","text":"The Lupercalia (February 15) was an ancient Roman pastoral festival involving purification and fertility rites, later associated with the legend of Romulus and Remus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Quirinalia","severity":"info","text":"The Quirinalia (February 17) honored the deified Romulus (Quirinus); the text notes the tradition that Romulus was killed by his own men, with a fabricated disappearance linked to the Sabine spear 'curis'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XVI. Kal. Mart.","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'XVI Kalends of March' (February 14) marks a 'change of wind' (venti mutatio), a typical meteorological note in this calendar, showing the work's blend of religious and weather observations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The specific historical event for 'Adiabenis victis' is not specified; it may refer to Trajan's campaign (114–117 CE) or later conflicts.","The identity of 'Faustina, wife of Antoninus' is ambiguous: it could be Faustina the Elder (wife of Antoninus Pius) or Faustina the Younger (wife of Marcus Aurelius)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"XII.\n\nXI.\n\nX. Venti septentrionales.\n\nIX. Frigidus dies de Aquilone, vel pluvia.\n\nVIII. Depositio sancti Petri et Pauli. Cara cognatio, ideo dicta, quia tunc, etsi fuerint vivorum parentum odia, tempore obitus deponantur. Venius aut tempestas.\n\nVII. Terminalia. Hoc die, quarto anne bissextum vocamus; quem diem AEgyptii inter Augustum et Septembrem epagomeno quinque dicrum, mensi suo jungunt.\n\nVI. Regifugium. Cum Tarquinius superbus fertur ab Urbe expulsus.\n\nV. Circenses.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Natale Constantini.\n\nII. Ludi.\n\nMARTIUS.\n\nDies XXXI. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Nisan; apud AEgyptios, Famenod; apud Athenienses, Antestion; apud Graecos, Distros.\n\nKalendae. Aliquando grando.\n\nVI. Non. Septentrionales venti.\n\nIV. Interdum hyemat.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Aquilo.\n\nNon.\n\nVIII. Idus.\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nV. Natale Favonii.\n\nIV. Septentrionales venti.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Flatus Aquilonis.","english":"XII.\n\nXI.\n\nX. North winds.\n\nIX. A cold day from the north wind, or rain.\n\nVIII. The burial of Saints Peter and Paul. Called \"Cara cognatio\" (Dear Kinship) because at that time, even if there were hatreds among living relatives, they are laid aside at the time of death. Wind or storm.\n\nVII. Terminalia. On this day, in the fourth year, we call it the bissextile day; which the Egyptians, among the five epagomenal days between August and September, join to their month.\n\nVI. Regifugium. When Tarquin the Proud is said to have been expelled from the City.\n\nV. Circus games.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. The birthday of Constantine.\n\nII. Games.\n\nMARCH.\n\n31 days. Called by the Hebrews Nisan; by the Egyptians Phamenoth; by the Athenians Anthesterion; by the Greeks Distros.\n\nKalends. Sometimes hail.\n\nVI. Nones. North winds.\n\nIV. Sometimes it is wintry.\n\nIII.\n\nII. North wind.\n\nNones.\n\nVIII. Ides.\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nV. The birthday of Favonius.\n\nIV. North winds.\n\nIII.\n\nII. A gust of the north wind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cara cognatio","severity":"info","text":"Cara cognatio (Dear Kinship) is a Roman festival of familial reconciliation, here linked to the deposition of Peter and Paul. The note explains that even living enmities are set aside at death, reflecting early Christian adaptation of pagan custom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Terminalia","severity":"info","text":"Terminalia, the Roman festival of boundaries on February 23, is here associated with the bissextile (leap) day. The text notes the Egyptian practice of adding five epagomenal days between August and September, a calendrical parallel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Regifugium","severity":"info","text":"Regifugium (King's Flight) commemorates the expulsion of Tarquin the Proud. This entry ties the Roman historical event to a specific date, February 24, in the calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale Constantini","severity":"info","text":"Natale Constantini (Birthday of Constantine) marks the emperor Constantine I, likely his dies natalis (birth or accession). Inclusion reflects the Christianization of the calendar under imperial patronage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale Favonii","severity":"info","text":"Natale Favonii (Birthday of Favonius) refers to the Roman wind god Favonius (Zephyrus), whose 'birth' signals the onset of spring. This pagan entry sits alongside Christian feasts, showing the calendar's mixed character.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"MARTIUS","severity":"info","text":"The March section follows the same pattern as February: month name, day count, Hebrew/Egyptian/Athenian/Greek equivalents, then daily entries with weather notes and occasional festivals. The structure is consistent with late antique fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for February 22 (VIII) conflates the deposition of Peter and Paul with the pagan Cara cognatio; the exact relationship between the two observances is unclear.","The weather notes (e.g., 'North winds', 'cold day') may be generic or derived from a meteorological source; their specific basis is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Idus.\n\nXVII. Kal. Apr. Hyemat.\n\nXVI. Circenses. Favonius aut Chorus.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV. Quinquadria.\n\nXIII. Pelusia.\n\nXII. Septentrionales venti.\n\nXI. Dies pluvius, interdum ningit.\n\nIX. Natalis calices.\n\nVIII. AEquinoctium, principium veris. Cruci. Missio· gentilium. Christus passus hoc die.\n\nVII. Interdum tempestas.\n\nVI. Lavationem veteres nominabant. Resurrectio.\n\nIV.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Natalis Constantini. Circenses.\n\nAPRILIS.\n\nDies XXX. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Jar; apud AEgyptios, Farmotin; apud Athenienses, Elasibilion; apud Graecos, Canticos.\n\nKalendae. Tempestatem significant.\n\nIV. Non.\n\nIII. Circenses,\n\nII. Ludi.\n\nNonas. Favonius aut Auster, interdum cum grandine.\n\nVIII. Idus. Interdum hyemat.\n\nVII. Tempestatem significat.\n\nVI. Avium alcedinum dicitur.\n\nV. Circenses. Interdum tempestatem significat.\n\nIV. Natalis Severi. Circenses.\n\nIII. Ludi. Hyemat.","english":"Ides.\n\nXVII. Kalends of April. It is wintry.\n\nXVI. Chariot races. Favonius or Chorus.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV. Quinquatria.\n\nXIII. Pelusia.\n\nXII. North winds.\n\nXI. A rainy day, sometimes it snows.\n\nIX. Birthday of the chalices.\n\nVIII. Equinox, beginning of spring. Cross. Sending of the Gentiles. Christ suffered on this day.\n\nVII. Sometimes a storm.\n\nVI. The ancients called it the washing. Resurrection.\n\nIV.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Birthday of Constantine. Chariot races.\n\nAPRIL.\n\nDays XXX. Called by the Hebrews, Jar; by the Egyptians, Farmotin; by the Athenians, Elasibilion; by the Greeks, Canticos.\n\nKalends. They signify a storm.\n\nIV. Nones.\n\nIII. Chariot races.\n\nII. Games.\n\nNones. Favonius or Auster, sometimes with hail.\n\nVIII. Ides. Sometimes it is wintry.\n\nVII. It signifies a storm.\n\nVI. It is called the halcyon days of the birds.\n\nV. Chariot races. Sometimes it signifies a storm.\n\nIV. Birthday of Severus. Chariot races.\n\nIII. Games. It is wintry.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis calices","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Natalis calices' (Birthday of the chalices) likely refers to a liturgical commemoration of the institution of the Eucharist, though the exact feast is obscure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cruci. Missio gentilium. Christus passus hoc die.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for March 25 (VIII Kal. Apr.) conflates the equinox, the beginning of spring, the Crucifixion, and a 'Sending of the Gentiles'—possibly a local Roman observance or a misdated Easter computation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Lavationem veteres nominabant. Resurrectio.","severity":"info","text":"The 'washing' (Lavatio) on March 26 (VI Kal. Apr.) may refer to the ancient Roman rite of the Lavatio of the Magna Mater, here juxtaposed with the Resurrection, reflecting a Christian reinterpretation of pagan festivals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis Constantini","severity":"info","text":"The 'Birthday of Constantine' on March 28 (II Kal. Apr.) likely commemorates Constantine the Great's dies natalis (death anniversary, 337 CE), a common late antique imperial feast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"APRILIS","severity":"info","text":"The month heading for April includes a list of names in Hebrew, Egyptian, Athenian, and Greek, a typical feature of late antique calendars that syncretizes multiple cultural traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Avium alcedinum dicitur.","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Avium alcedinum dicitur' (It is called the halcyon days of the birds) is problematic: 'alcedinum' may be a corruption of 'alcedonum' (halcyon), but the entry appears in April, whereas halcyon days were traditionally in winter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for March 25 conflates multiple events (equinox, Crucifixion, 'Sending of the Gentiles') without clear distinction; the 'washing' on March 26 may refer to either a pagan or Christian rite; the 'halcyon days' entry in April is chronologically anomalous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"II.\n\nIdus. Senatus legitimus.\n\nXVIII. Kalend. Maias. Ludi. Ventus ac tempestas.\n\nXVII. Ludi.\n\nXVI. Ludi.\n\nXV. Pluviam significat.\n\nXIV. Ludi.\n\nXIII. Circenses. Consulis tertiae mappae.\n\nXII.\n\nXI. Natalis urbis Romae, Consules ordinarii fasces deponunt. Parilia, dicta de partus Iliae. Interdum pluvia et grando.\n\nX. Africus aut Auster, dies humidus.\n\nIX. Tempestatem significat.\n\nVIII.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Natalis Antonii. Circenses\n\nV. Floria.\n\nIV. Auster fore cum pluvia.\n\nIII. Interdum dies humidus.\n\nII. Tempestatem significat.\n\nMAIUS.\n\nDictus a numero: Dies XXXI. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Sivan; apud AEgyptios, Pachon; apud Graecos, Artemisios. Kalend.\n\nVI. Non. Septentrionales venti.\n\nV. Tempestatem significat.\n\nIV. Ludi.\n\nIII. Pluvia.\n\nII. Ludi.\n\nNon. Ludi. Favonius.\n\nVIII. Idus. Ludi. Interdum pluvia.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Natales Claudii. Interdum tempestas.","english":"II.\n\nIdes. Lawful Senate.\n\nXVIII. Kalends of May. Games. Wind and storm.\n\nXVII. Games.\n\nXVI. Games.\n\nXV. Indicates rain.\n\nXIV. Games.\n\nXIII. Chariot races. Third napkin of the consul.\n\nXII.\n\nXI. Birthday of the city of Rome; the ordinary consuls lay down the fasces. Parilia, so called from the birth of Ilia. Sometimes rain and hail.\n\nX. Africus or Auster, a humid day.\n\nIX. Indicates a storm.\n\nVIII.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Birthday of Antonius. Chariot races.\n\nV. Floralia.\n\nIV. Auster will be with rain.\n\nIII. Sometimes a humid day.\n\nII. Indicates a storm.\n\nMAY.\n\nNamed from the number: 31 days. Called among the Hebrews, Sivan; among the Egyptians, Pachon; among the Greeks, Artemisios. Kalends.\n\nVI. Nones. North winds.\n\nV. Indicates a storm.\n\nIV. Games.\n\nIII. Rain.\n\nII. Games.\n\nNones. Games. Favonius.\n\nVIII. Ides. Games. Sometimes rain.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Birthday of Claudius. Sometimes a storm.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Senatus legitimus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'lawful Senate' likely indicates a regular or constitutionally valid meeting of the Senate, a technical term in Roman administrative calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Consulis tertiae mappae","severity":"info","text":"'Third napkin of the consul' refers to the signal for starting chariot races; the mappa was a cloth dropped by the consul to begin the games.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Parilia","severity":"info","text":"The Parilia (or Palilia) was an ancient Roman pastoral festival on April 21, also associated with the foundation of Rome. The etymology from 'partus Iliae' (birth of Ilia/Rhea Silvia) is folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Floria","severity":"info","text":"The Floralia (here 'Floria') was a Roman festival in honor of Flora, goddess of flowers, celebrated from April 28 to May 3. The spelling 'Floria' is a variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis Antonii","severity":"info","text":"The birthday of Antonius likely refers to a Roman notable, possibly the emperor Antoninus Pius (born September 19) or a local figure; the date here (April 26) does not match known imperial birthdays, suggesting a lesser-known Antonius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"MAIUS","severity":"info","text":"The month name 'MAIUS' is introduced with a note on its etymology ('named from the number') and a list of equivalent names in Hebrew, Egyptian, and Greek calendars, a common feature in late antique computational texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Antonius' (April 26) and 'Claudius' (May 6) is uncertain; they may be local saints or historical figures not clearly identified in the text.","The phrase 'Consulis tertiae mappae' could be interpreted as a specific consul's third signal or a general reference; the exact meaning is debated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"IV.\n\nIII. Ludi. Tempestatem significat.\n\nII. Ludi, et dies humidus.\n\nXVII. Kal. Junias. Dies, ut supra.\n\nXVI. Pluvia.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII. Interdum pluvia.\n\nXI. Tempestatem significat.\n\nX. Ut supra.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII. Ven\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nIV. Ludi. Interdum pluvia.\n\nIII.\n\nII. JUNIUS.\n\nDictus a junioribus. Dies XXX. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Amir; apud AEgyptios Pasin; apud Athenienses, Targilion; apud Graecos, Destos.\n\nKalend. Circenses Fabricii.\n\nIV. Non.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Ludi.\n\nNon.\n\nVIII. Idus.\n\nVII. Favonius aut chorus, VI.\n\nIV. Interdum rorat. III.\n\nII.\n\nIdus. Natalis musarum.\n\nXVIII. Kal. Julias.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI. Tempestatem significat.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII. Solstitium. Favonius.\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nV. Initium aestatis\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Dies ventosus.\n\nII.\n\nJULIUS.\n\nDictus a Julio Caesare, cum Quintilis antea diceretur. Dies XXXI. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Jur; apud AEgyptios, Episi; apud Athenienses, Sciroforion; apud Graecos, Panemos. Kal.","english":"IV. Games. Indicates storm.\n\nIII. Games, and a humid day.\n\nII. XVII Kalends of June. Day, as above.\n\nXVI. Rain.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII. Occasional rain.\n\nXI. Indicates storm.\n\nX. As above.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII. Games.\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nIV. Games. Occasional rain.\n\nIII.\n\nII. JUNE.\n\nNamed from the younger ones. Days XXX. Called among the Hebrews, Amir; among the Egyptians, Pasin; among the Athenians, Targilion; among the Greeks, Destos.\n\nKalends. Circus games of Fabricius.\n\nIV Nones.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Games.\n\nNones.\n\nVIII Ides.\n\nVII. Favonius or chorus, VI.\n\nIV. Occasionally drizzles. III.\n\nII.\n\nIdes. Birthday of the Muses.\n\nXVIII Kalends of July.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI. Indicates storm.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII. Solstice. Favonius.\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nV. Beginning of summer.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Windy day.\n\nII.\n\nJULY.\n\nNamed from Julius Caesar, since it was formerly called Quintilis. Days XXXI. Called among the Hebrews, Jur; among the Egyptians, Episi; among the Athenians, Sciroforion; among the Greeks, Panemos. Kalends.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV. III. II. XVII. Kal. Junias.","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the calendar's day-by-day format, with Roman date notation (e.g., IV, III, II) followed by weather or event notes. The sequence from IV to II before the Kalends of June is typical of the Roman calendar's countdown to the next month.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"JUNIUS","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'Dictus a junioribus' (named from the younger ones) is a traditional Roman explanation, contrasting with May (from maiores, elders). This reflects ancient etymological practice, not modern linguistics.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"apud Hebraeos, Amir; apud AEgyptios Pasin; apud Athenienses, Targilion; apud Graecos, Destos","severity":"info","text":"These are month names from other calendars: Hebrew (Amir likely = Iyyar), Egyptian (Pasin = Pachon), Athenian (Targilion = Thargelion), and Greek (Destos = Daisios). Such syncretism is common in late antique calendars, showing cross-cultural awareness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalend. Circenses Fabricii.","severity":"info","text":"The 'Circenses Fabricii' (Circus games of Fabricius) likely refer to a specific Roman festival or games established by a Fabricius, possibly the consul Gaius Fabricius Luscinus (3rd century BCE). This detail reflects the calendar's incorporation of historical Roman traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Idus. Natalis musarum.","severity":"info","text":"The Ides of June is marked as the 'Birthday of the Muses,' a rare annotation. This may reflect a local or late antique festival, as the Muses were often associated with Helicon and Pieria, but no standard Roman festival is known for this date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"JULIUS","severity":"info","text":"The month is named after Julius Caesar, as noted: 'Dictus a Julio Caesare, cum Quintilis antea diceretur.' This is historically accurate; the month was renamed in 44 BCE after Caesar's assassination. The old name Quintilis (fifth month) reflects the pre-Julian calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The weather notes (e.g., 'Tempestatem significat', 'Interdum pluvia') are formulaic and may not reflect actual meteorological records but rather traditional associations. The 'Favonius aut chorus' (Favonius or chorus) is ambiguous: Favonius is the west wind, but 'chorus' may be a corruption or a reference to a wind name (perhaps Chorus, the northwest wind). The 'Ven' at VIII Kalends of June is lik"],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"VI. Non. Natalis genuinus Domini Valentiniani.\n\nV. Favonius.\n\nIV.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Ludi.\n\nNon. Ancillarum feriae quarum celebritas instituta est ideo, quia capta Urbe a Gallis cum fi... prius victi, tradi sibi Romanorum procerum conjuges postularent, consilium Philotedis ancillae famulae dominarum vestibus adornatae, datae illis fuissent, his nuntiantibus praedictus somno sopitus Volyrius posse superari. Facta victoria sic.\n\nVIII. Idus. Natalis Julii Caesaris.\n\nVII. Tempestatem significat.\n\nVI. Ludi.\n\nV. Ludi. AEtesiae venti flare incipiunt.\n\nIV. Ludi.\n\nIII.\n\nII.\n\nIdus.\n\nXVIII. Kal. August.\n\nXVII.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII.\n\nXI.\n\nIX. Favonius et Auster, tempestatem significat.\n\nVIII. Nat. Constantini.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Dies canicularis.\n\nIV. Initium tempestatum.\n\nAUGUSTUS.\n\nPrius Sextilis; dictus ab Octaviano Augusto. Dies XXXI. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Dul; apud, AEgyptios, Mesore; apud Athenienses, Ecatonbion; apud Graecos, Loos.","english":"VI Nones. The genuine birthday of the Lord Valentinian.\n\nV. Favonius.\n\nIV.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Games.\n\nNones. The festival of the handmaidens, whose celebration was instituted for this reason: because when the City was captured by the Gauls, and when... earlier defeated, they demanded that the wives of the Roman nobles be handed over to them; by the plan of the handmaid Philotis, who was adorned with her mistresses' garments, they were given to them; and when these women reported that the aforementioned Volyrius, sunk in sleep, could be overcome, victory was thus achieved.\n\nVIII Ides. Birthday of Julius Caesar.\n\nVII. Indicates storm.\n\nVI. Games.\n\nV. Games. The Etesian winds begin to blow.\n\nIV. Games.\n\nIII.\n\nII.\n\nIdes.\n\nXVIII Kalends of August.\n\nXVII.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII.\n\nXI.\n\nIX. Favonius and Auster, indicates storm.\n\nVIII. Birthday of Constantine.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Dog day.\n\nIV. Beginning of storms.\n\nAUGUST.\n\nFormerly Sextilis; named after Octavian Augustus. 31 days. Called by the Hebrews, Dul; by the Egyptians, Mesore; by the Athenians, Hecatombion; by the Greeks, Loos.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis genuinus Domini Valentiniani","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'genuinus' distinguishes this birthday from a commemorative or posthumous celebration, likely referring to the emperor Valentinian I (321–375) or Valentinian II (371–392).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ancillarum feriae","severity":"info","text":"The festival of the handmaidens (Ancillarum feriae) commemorates the legendary ruse of the slave girl Philotis (or Tutula) during the Gallic sack of Rome (c. 390 BCE), as recounted by Macrobius and Plutarch.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Macrobius Saturnalia 1.11","Plutarch Romulus 29"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Volyrius","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Volyrius' is likely a corruption or variant of 'Brennus', the Gallic chieftain; the text's account of the handmaidens' ruse is garbled, with 'Volyrius' unattested elsewhere.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis Julii Caesaris","severity":"info","text":"The birthday of Julius Caesar (12 July) is placed on VIII Ides of July (8 July) in this calendar, a discrepancy of four days, possibly due to a scribal error or a different reckoning of the Julian reform.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"AEtesiae venti","severity":"info","text":"The Etesian winds (annual north winds) were noted in Roman calendars as beginning around July, marking the start of the dog days; their mention here aligns with classical meteorological lore.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Pliny NH 2.47","Columella RR 11.2"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"AUGUSTUS","severity":"info","text":"The entry for August follows the same pattern as earlier months: a note on the month's name, day count, and foreign equivalents, providing a consistent structural template for the calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Valentiniani' (Valentinian I or II) is uncertain; the garbled narrative of the handmaidens' festival conflates names and events; the date of Caesar's birthday is off by four days, possibly a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Kalend. Natalis Pertinacis; et martyrium Machabaeorum.\n\nIV. Non.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Tempestas.\n\nNon.\n\nVIII Idus. Nebulio fastus.\n\nVII. Nat. Constantini minoris.\n\nVI. Ludi.\n\nIV. Nat. S. Laurentii mart.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Hippolyti mart. Tempestatem significat.\n\nIdus.\n\nXIX. Kal. Septembris.\n\nXVIII.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI.\n\nXV. Ludi.\n\nXIV.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII. Tempestas.\n\nXI.\n\nX. Circenses.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII.\n\nVII. Post hunc diem apud AEgyptios V dierum Epagomenos, tertius decimus mensis adjungitur.\n\nVI. Interdum pluvia.\n\nV. Circenses.\n\nIV.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Interdum frigus.\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nDictus a numero. Dies XXX. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Thisri; apud AEgyptios Thovis; apud Athenienses, Metadigmon; apud Graecos, Gorpitos.\n\nKalend. IV. Non. Favonius aut Chorus.\n\nIII. Ludi.\n\nII.\n\nNon.\n\nVIII Idus.\n\nVII. Tempestas\n\nVI.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Favonius et Africus.\n\nII. Interdum tempestas.\n\nIdus. Hoc dic Romae in aede Minervali per magistratum annis singulis ex aere clypei figebantur.","english":"Kalends. Birthday of Pertinax; and the martyrdom of the Maccabees.\n\nIV Nones.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Storm.\n\nNones.\n\nVIII Ides. Nebulio fastus.\n\nVII. Birthday of Constantinus Minor.\n\nVI. Games.\n\nIV. Birthday of Saint Lawrence, martyr.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Martyrdom of Hippolytus. It signifies a storm.\n\nIdes.\n\nXIX Kalends of September.\n\nXVIII.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI.\n\nXV. Games.\n\nXIV.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII. Storm.\n\nXI.\n\nX. Circensian games.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII.\n\nVII. After this day among the Egyptians the five-day Epagomenae, the thirteenth month, is added.\n\nVI. Occasionally rain.\n\nV. Circensian games.\n\nIV.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Occasionally cold.\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nNamed from the number. Days XXX. It is called among the Hebrews, Thisri; among the Egyptians, Thovis; among the Athenians, Metadigmon; among the Greeks, Gorpitos.\n\nKalends. IV Nones. Favonius or Chorus.\n\nIII. Games.\n\nII.\n\nNones.\n\nVIII Ides.\n\nVII. Storm.\n\nVI.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Favonius and Africus.\n\nII. Occasionally storm.\n\nIdes. On this day at Rome in the temple of Minerva, shields of bronze were affixed by the magistrate each year.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis Pertinacis","severity":"info","text":"The entry marks the birthday of the emperor Pertinax, who reigned briefly in 193 CE. His inclusion reflects the late antique practice of commemorating imperial anniversaries in Christian calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nebulio fastus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Nebulio fastus' is obscure; 'nebulio' may derive from Latin nebula ('cloud' or 'fog'), and 'fastus' could mean 'arrogance' or refer to a festival day. It likely denotes a weather sign or a minor observance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Epagomenos","severity":"info","text":"The five Epagomenae are intercalary days added at the end of the Egyptian year to synchronize the 365-day calendar. The note that a thirteenth month is added reflects the Egyptian civil calendar's structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Hoc dic Romae in aede Minervali per magistratum annis singulis ex aere clypei figebantur","severity":"info","text":"This entry records an annual ritual at the Temple of Minerva in Rome where magistrates affixed bronze shields. The practice may relate to the dedication of spoils or a civic ceremony, though specific details are not widely attested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"September","severity":"info","text":"The month of September is introduced with a note on its etymology ('Dictus a numero,' i.e., from the number seven, as it was originally the seventh month) and a list of names in Hebrew, Egyptian, Athenian, and Greek traditions, showing the calendar's comparative scope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Tempestas","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated entry 'Tempestas' (storm) likely indicates a weather prediction or a seasonal marker, but its precise significance in the calendar is uncertain. It may derive from agricultural or astrometeorological lore.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Nebulio fastus' is unclear; it may be a corruption or a rare term for a weather phenomenon or a festival. The reading 'storm' for 'Tempestas' is conventional but may not capture the full intended meaning."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"XVIII. Kal. Octob.\n\nXVII. Favonius interdum Sive Vulturnus.\n\nXVI.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV. Favonius et Chorus.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII. Ludi.\n\nXI. Favonius et Chorus cum pluvia.\n\nX. Tempestatem significat.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII. AEquinoctium.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Initium autumni.\n\nV. Favonius interdum.\n\nIV. Tempestatem significat.\n\nIII. Ludi.\n\nII. OCTOBER.\n\nDictus a numero. Dies XXXI. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Maresuari; apud AEgyptios, Faofi; apud Athenienses, Baedeommon; apud Graecos, Yperbereteos.\n\nKal. Tempestatem significat.\n\nVI. Non.\n\nIV. Tempestatem significat.\n\nIII. Ut supra.\n\nII. Ludi. Aquilo.\n\nNon. Ludi.\n\nVIII. Idus.\n\nVII.\n\nVI. Interdum pluvia.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Auster et pluvia.\n\nII. Natale Virgilii.\n\nIdus.\n\nXVII. Kal. Novemb.\n\nXVI.\n\nXV.\n\nXIV. Tempestatem significat.\n\nXII.\n\nXI.\n\nX. Nat. Valentiniani purpurae.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII.\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nV. Interdum frigus.\n\nIV. Ventosus dies.\n\nIII. Tempestas.","english":"18th day before the Kalends of October.\n\n17th. Favonius sometimes, or Vulturnus.\n\n16th.\n\n15th.\n\n14th. Favonius and Chorus.\n\n13th.\n\n12th. Games.\n\n11th. Favonius and Chorus with rain.\n\n10th. It signifies a storm.\n\n9th.\n\n8th. Equinox.\n\n7th.\n\n6th. Beginning of autumn.\n\n5th. Favonius sometimes.\n\n4th. It signifies a storm.\n\n3rd. Games.\n\n2nd. OCTOBER.\n\nNamed from its number. It has 31 days. It is called among the Hebrews, Maresuari; among the Egyptians, Faofi; among the Athenians, Baedeommon; among the Greeks, Yperbereteos.\n\nKalends. It signifies a storm.\n\n6th Nones.\n\n4th. It signifies a storm.\n\n3rd. As above.\n\n2nd. Games. Aquilo.\n\nNones. Games.\n\n8th Ides.\n\n7th.\n\n6th. Sometimes rain.\n\n4th.\n\n3rd. Auster and rain.\n\n2nd. Birthday of Virgil.\n\nIdes.\n\n17th day before the Kalends of November.\n\n16th.\n\n15th.\n\n14th. It signifies a storm.\n\n12th.\n\n11th.\n\n10th. Birthday of Valentinian’s purple.\n\n9th.\n\n8th.\n\n7th.\n\n6th.\n\n5th. Sometimes cold.\n\n4th. Windy day.\n\n3rd. Storm.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XVIII. Kal. Octob.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for September 14 (18th day before the Kalends of October) begins the month's daily notations, following the pattern of the preceding passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Favonius","severity":"info","text":"Favonius is the Roman name for the west wind, often associated with mild weather; its pairing with Vulturnus (southeast wind) and Chorus (northwest wind) reflects a wind-based weather system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"AEquinoctium","severity":"info","text":"The equinox (AEquinoctium) on September 22 (VIII Kal. Octob.) marks the astronomical transition; the following entry for VI Kal. Octob. (September 24) declares the beginning of autumn, aligning the calendar with seasonal markers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale Virgilii","severity":"info","text":"The birthday of Virgil (October 15, Ides) is a literary commemoration; Virgil's traditional birthdate is October 15, 70 BC, and his inclusion reflects the calendar's cultural breadth beyond Christian feasts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nat. Valentiniani purpurae","severity":"info","text":"The 'birthday of Valentinian's purple' (October 22, X Kal. Novemb.) likely refers to the accession or imperial anniversary of Emperor Valentinian I (or II), using 'purpura' as a metonym for imperial office.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Dictus a numero","severity":"info","text":"The etymology of October ('from the number') and the list of month names in Hebrew, Egyptian, Athenian, and Greek systems are a standard feature of late antique kalendaria, providing cross-cultural equivalences.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The wind names (Favonius, Vulturnus, Chorus, Aquilo, Auster) are given without explicit direction or force, leaving their precise meteorological significance open.","The phrase 'Nat. Valentiniani purpurae' could refer to either Valentinian I (r. 364–375) or Valentinian II (r. 375–392), as both were associated with the purple; the calendar's date range (402 AD) favors the latter.","The entry 'Ut supra' (III Non.) is ambiguous, referring back to a previous notation (likely a storm or wind) without specifying which."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"II. Ut supra.\n\nNOVEMBER.\n\nDictus a numero. Dies XXX. Vocatur apud Hebraeos, Cislau; apud AEgyptios. Atur; apud Athenienses, Denespion; apud Graecos, Dios. Kalend.\n\nIV. Non. Hiemat, cum pluvia.\n\nIII.\n\nII.\n\nNon.\n\nVIII. Id. Nat. Juliani.\n\nVII. Hiemat.\n\nVI. Nat. Nervae. Tempestas.\n\nV. Ut supra.\n\nIV. Interdum rorat.\n\nIII.\n\nII.\n\nIdus.\n\nXVIII. Kal. Decembr.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI. Aquilo.\n\nXV. Natale Vespasiani... locum pluvia.\n\nXIV. Tempestas.\n\nXIII. Aquile frigidus.\n\nXII.\n\nXI. Hiemat.\n\nX. Tempestas.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII. Bruma.\n\nVII.\n\nVI.\n\nV. Ludi.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Ut supra.\n\nII. Auster cum pluvia.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nDictus a numero. Dies XXXI. Vocatur apud Hebraeos Tebet; apud AEgyptios, Ciac; apud Atheniensos, Memacterion; apud Graecos, Apelleos. Kalend.\n\nIV. Non.\n\nIII.\n\nII.\n\nNon.\n\nVIII. Id. Tempestas.\n\nVII. Interdum Auster et rorat.\n\nVI.\n\nIV.\n\nIII. Interdum pluvia. II. Septem montium. Idus. Hiemat.","english":"II. As above.\n\nNOVEMBER.\n\nNamed from the number. 30 days. Called by the Hebrews, Cislau; by the Egyptians, Atur; by the Athenians, Denespion; by the Greeks, Dios. Kalends.\n\n4th before the Nones. It is wintry, with rain.\n\n3rd.\n\n2nd.\n\nNones.\n\n8th before the Ides. Birthday of Julian.\n\n7th. It is wintry.\n\n6th. Birthday of Nerva. Storm.\n\n5th. As above.\n\n4th. Sometimes it drizzles.\n\n3rd.\n\n2nd.\n\nIdes.\n\n18th before the Kalends of December.\n\n17th.\n\n16th. North wind.\n\n15th. Birthday of Vespasian... place rain.\n\n14th. Storm.\n\n13rd. Cold north wind.\n\n12th.\n\n11th. It is wintry.\n\n10th. Storm.\n\n9th.\n\n8th. Winter solstice.\n\n7th.\n\n6th.\n\n5th. Games.\n\n4th.\n\n3rd. As above.\n\n2nd. South wind with rain.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nNamed from the number. 31 days. Called by the Hebrews, Tebet; by the Egyptians, Ciac; by the Athenians, Memacterion; by the Greeks, Apelleos. Kalends.\n\n4th before the Nones.\n\n3rd.\n\n2nd.\n\nNones.\n\n8th before the Ides. Storm.\n\n7th. Sometimes south wind and it drizzles.\n\n6th.\n\n4th.\n\n3rd. Sometimes rain. 2nd. Of the seven hills. Ides. It is wintry.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"II. Ut supra.","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'II. Ut supra.' for November 5th refers back to a previous weather note, likely the storm or wintry condition recorded for an earlier day, maintaining the repetitive pattern of the calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nat. Juliani","severity":"info","text":"The 'Birthday of Julian' on November 8th before the Ides likely refers to the emperor Julian the Apostate (born 331 CE), whose birthday was commemorated in some late antique calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nat. Nervae","severity":"info","text":"The 'Birthday of Nerva' on November 6th before the Ides commemorates the emperor Nerva (born 30 CE), whose dies natalis was observed in Roman state calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale Vespasiani","severity":"info","text":"The 'Birthday of Vespasian' on November 15th before the Kalends of December refers to the emperor Vespasian (born 9 CE), another imperial birthday recorded in this calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bruma","severity":"info","text":"'Bruma' on November 8th before the Kalends of December denotes the winter solstice, a key astronomical marker in Roman calendars, though the solstice typically falls later in December.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Septem montium","severity":"info","text":"'Septem montium' on December 2nd before the Ides refers to the Roman festival of the Seven Hills (Septimontium), celebrated on December 11, indicating a possible scribal error in day placement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Natale Vespasiani... locum pluvia' is fragmentary; the ellipsis may indicate a lacuna or abbreviation, and the phrase 'locum pluvia' is unclear—possibly 'locus pluviae' (place of rain) or a corrupt reading.","The placement of 'Bruma' on November 8th before the Kalends of December (November 24) is astronomically early for the winter solstice, which may reflect a different calendar system or scribal error.","The festival 'Septem montium' is listed on December 2nd before the Ides (December 12), but the historical Septimontium was celebrated on December 11; the discrepancy may be due to calendar drift or misalignment."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"XIX. Kal. Januarias.\n\nXVIII. Natalis Veri. Tempestas.\n\nXVII.\n\nXVI. Feriae servorum.\n\nXV. Aquarius.\n\nXIV.\n\nXIII.\n\nXII.\n\nXI.\n\nX. Tempestas.\n\nIX.\n\nVIII. Natalis Domini corporalis. Solstitium et initium hiberni.\n\nVII. Nat. S. Stephani mart.\n\nVI.\n\nV. Natalis Titi. Tempestas.\n\nIV.\n\nIII.\n\nII. Ut supra.","english":"19th before the Kalends of January.\n\n18th. Birthday of Verus. Storm.\n\n17th.\n\n16th. Holiday of slaves.\n\n15th. Aquarius.\n\n14th.\n\n13th.\n\n12th.\n\n11th.\n\n10th. Storm.\n\n9th.\n\n8th. Physical birth of the Lord. Solstice and beginning of winter.\n\n7th. Birth of Saint Stephen, martyr.\n\n6th.\n\n5th. Birthday of Titus. Storm.\n\n4th.\n\n3rd.\n\n2nd. As above.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis Domini corporalis","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Natalis Domini corporalis' (Physical birth of the Lord) is a rare, explicit reference to the nativity of Christ in a calendar context, emphasizing the incarnation's material reality.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Solstitium et initium hiberni","severity":"info","text":"The solstice and beginning of winter are astronomically fixed to December 25 in the Julian calendar, aligning the nativity with the pagan festival of Sol Invictus, a syncretic move by the early Church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Natalis Veri","severity":"info","text":"The birthday of Verus (Lucius Verus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius) on December 15 reflects the calendar's inclusion of imperial anniversaries, a common practice in late antique fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Feriae servorum","severity":"info","text":"The 'Holiday of slaves' (December 17) corresponds to the Saturnalia, a period of role reversal and feasting, here Christianized as a feast day.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis Titi","severity":"info","text":"The birthday of Titus (emperor, December 30) is noted with a storm, possibly a meteorological observation or a symbolic omen, typical of such calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ut supra","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Ut supra' (As above) is ambiguous; it likely refers to a repeated entry from the previous passage (November), but the exact referent is unclear without the full calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Ut supra' lacks a clear antecedent; it may refer to a repeated weather note or holiday from the November section.","The 'Natalis Veri' could be the emperor Lucius Verus or another Verus; context favors the emperor."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}