{"slug":"tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1","title":"Kalendarium Anno CCCLIV Conscriptum","title_source":"Kalendarium Anno CCCLIV Conscriptum","author":"Furius Dionysius Filocalus","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:14:32Z","cost_usd":0.005771},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp210/tmp210/tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":10,"english_words":2161,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":5605,"commentary_units":60,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":2,"ambiguities":20,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Kalendarium Anno CCCLIV Conscriptum, compiled by Furius Dionysius Filocalus in 354 CE, is a Roman calendar that combines civic, religious, and astrological information. It includes consular dating, lists of festivals, imperial birthdays, and unlucky days (dies Aegyptiaci). Surviving in medieval copies like the 9th-century Codex Romanus, it preserves original illustrations and influenced later liturgical calendars such as the Martyrologium Hieronymianum. The work reflects the integration of traditional Roman religion with imperial cult and early Christian elements, though its exact community context remains debated.","historical_context":"The Kalendarium was produced in Rome in 354 CE, during the reign of Constantius II, a period of religious transition when traditional Roman practices coexisted with rising Christianity. Furius Dionysius Filocalus, a known calligrapher active in the 4th century, compiled the calendar for a patron possibly within the senatorial class. The work survives in medieval manuscript copies, the earliest being the 9th-century Codex Romanus (Vat. lat. 3548), which retains original illustrations. Its transmission through Carolingian scriptoria suggests continued use for liturgical and scholarly purposes. The calendar's inclusion of imperial birthdays and deified emperors reflects the ongoing importance of imperial cult, while its later influence on Christian martyrologies indicates adaptation by Christian communities.","significance":"The Kalendarium is a key source for understanding the late Roman calendar, blending civic, religious, and astrological traditions. It influenced the development of the Roman liturgical year and later Christian calendars, such as the Martyrologium Hieronymianum. Its illustrations and annotations provide rare insight into 4th-century visual and ritual culture.","timeline":[{"date":"354 CE","event":"Compilation of the Kalendarium by Furius Dionysius Filocalus in Rome."},{"date":"4th century","event":"Original manuscript produced, likely with illustrations."},{"date":"9th century","event":"Earliest surviving copy, Codex Romanus (Vat. lat. 3548), made."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Used as source for later liturgical calendars, including the Martyrologium Hieronymianum."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Studied for insights into late Roman religion, calendar systems, and manuscript transmission."}],"relations":[{"work":"Martyrologium Hieronymianum","relation":"Influenced by the Kalendarium as a source for liturgical calendar development.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Codex Romanus (Vat. lat. 3548)","relation":"Earliest surviving manuscript copy of the Kalendarium.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Fasti Ostienses","relation":"Comparable Roman calendar inscription, though earlier and less detailed.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Chronography of 354","relation":"Often associated with the same compiler, Filocalus, and includes similar calendrical material.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The exact community for which the Kalendarium was produced is uncertain; it may have been for a senatorial patron or a Christian context.","The original illustrations are only preserved in later copies, and their fidelity to the 4th-century original is unknown.","The edition (ogl-pl) may lack critical apparatus and full visual program, limiting analysis of iconographic tradition."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000438,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:14:32Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp210/tmp210/tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp210.tmp210.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"ratio-warn","i":6,"ratio":0.516},{"code":"ratio-warn","i":7,"ratio":0.524},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"4","kind":"term"}],"stats":{"passages":10,"translated":10,"commentary_passages":10,"commentary_units":60,"english_words":2161,"source_letters":5605,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Kalendarium is dated to 354 CE by its consular year and the name of Furius Dionysius Filocalus, a calligrapher known from other fourth-century Roman inscriptions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work survives in several medieval manuscript copies, the earliest being the Codex Romanus (Vatican, BAV, Vat. lat. 3548) from the 9th century, which preserves the original illustrations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Kalendarium was used as a source for later liturgical calendars, including the Martyrologium Hieronymianum, and influenced the development of the Roman liturgical year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition (ogl-pl) may not include the full set of illustrations or marginal annotations present in the original manuscript, which are essential for understanding the calendar's visual program.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus for the variant readings among the manuscript witnesses, nor does it discuss the iconographic tradition of the illustrations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 10 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":10},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"KALENDARIUM ANTIQUUM FURII DIONYSII FILOCALI\n\nANNO CCCLIV CONSCRIPTUM.\n\nMENSIS JANUARIUS.\n\nHabet dies XXXI.\n\nAAA Kal. Jan. Senatus legitimus.\n\nbb IV. Non. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\ncc III. Ludi. Votorum nuncupatio.\n\nB dd prid. Ludi.\n\nee Non. Ludi.\n\nff VIII Idus. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\nC gg VII. Jano Patri CMXXIV.\n\nAh VI.\n\nbA V. Senatus legitimus.\n\nD cb IV.\n\ndc III. Dies Carmentariorum.\n\ned prid.\n\nE fe Idib. Jovi Statori CMXXIV.\n\ngf XIX. Kal. Febr.\n\nAg XVIII. Carmentalia.\n\nF bh XVII. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\ncA XVI. Ludi Palatini.\n\ndb XV. Ludi.\n\nG ec XIV. Ludi.\n\nfd XIII. N. Gordiani CMXXIV.\n\nge XII. Ludi.\n\nH Af XI. Ludi.\n\nbg X. Senatus leg. SOL AQUARIO.\n\nch IX. N. Divi Adriani CMXXIV.\n\nI dA VIII. N. Chartis.\n\ncb VII.\n\nfc VI.\n\nK gd V.\n\nAe IV.\n\nbf III.\n\nA cg prid. FEBRUARIUS.\n\nHabet dies XXVIII.\n\ndh Kal. Febr. N. Herculis CMXXIV.\n\neA IV. Non.\n\nB fb III. Senatus legitimus.","english":"Ancient Calendar of Furius Dionysius Filocalus\n\nWritten in the Year 354.\n\nMonth of January.\n\nHas 31 days.\n\nAAA Kalends of January. Lawful Senate.\n\nbb 4th before the Nones. Egyptian Day.\n\ncc 3rd. Games. Vow-taking.\n\nB dd 2nd before the Nones. Games.\n\nee Nones. Games.\n\nff 8th before the Ides. Egyptian Day.\n\nC gg 7th. To Father Janus, 1,924,000.\n\nAh 6th.\n\nbA 5th. Lawful Senate.\n\nD cb 4th.\n\ndc 3rd. Festival of the Carmentarii.\n\ned 2nd before the Ides.\n\nE fe Ides. To Jupiter Stator, 1,924,000.\n\ngf 19th before the Kalends of February.\n\nAg 18th. Carmentalia.\n\nF bh 17th. Egyptian Day.\n\ncA 16th. Palatine Games.\n\ndb 15th. Games.\n\nG ec 14th. Games.\n\nfd 13th. Birthday of Gordian, 1,924,000.\n\nge 12th. Games.\n\nH Af 11th. Games.\n\nbg 10th. Lawful Senate. Sun in Aquarius.\n\nch 9th. Birthday of the Deified Hadrian, 1,924,000.\n\nI dA 8th. Birthday of Chartis.\n\ncb 7th.\n\nfc 6th.\n\nK gd 5th.\n\nAe 4th.\n\nbf 3rd.\n\nA cg 2nd before the Kalends. FEBRUARY.\n\nHas 28 days.\n\ndh Kalends of February. Birthday of Hercules, 1,924,000.\n\neA 4th before the Nones.\n\nB fb 3rd. Lawful Senate.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"KALENDARIUM ANTIQUUM FURII DIONYSII FILOCALI","severity":"info","text":"The heading identifies the work as an ancient calendar compiled by Furius Dionysius Filocalus, a Roman scribe and calligrapher active in the mid-4th century. The year 354 is given in the consular dating system, marking the consulship of Constantius Augustus and Constantius Caesar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Senatus legitimus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Senatus legitimus' (lawful Senate) indicates days on which the Roman Senate could legally convene. This reflects the calendar's function as a civic and religious record, not merely a list of festivals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dies AEgyptiacus","severity":"info","text":"'Dies AEgyptiacus' (Egyptian Day) refers to days considered unlucky in Roman tradition, derived from Egyptian astrological or calendrical lore. These are marked in the calendar as days to avoid certain activities.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"CMXXIV","severity":"info","text":"The numeral 'CMXXIV' (1,924,000) appears after several entries, such as 'Jano Patri' and 'Jovi Statori'. This likely records the number of victims sacrificed or a monetary sum dedicated to the deity, reflecting the scale of public religious expenditure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Gordiani","severity":"info","text":"'N. Gordiani' marks the birthday (natalis) of the emperor Gordian III (reigned 238–244). The inclusion of imperial birthdays shows the calendar's integration of dynastic commemoration with traditional Roman festivals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Divi Adriani","severity":"info","text":"'N. Divi Adriani' records the birthday of the deified emperor Hadrian (reigned 117–138). The use of 'Divi' (deified) indicates his official apotheosis, a standard honor for emperors posthumously recognized as gods.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The meaning of 'Chartis' in the entry 'N. Chartis' is uncertain; it may refer to a deity or a person, possibly a corruption or abbreviation.","The exact significance of the numeral 'CMXXIV' is ambiguous; it could represent a number of sacrifices, a monetary sum, or a count of participants."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"gc prid. Ludi Gotthici.\n\nAd Non. Ludi.\n\nC be VIII. Idus. Ludi.\n\ncf VII. Ludi. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\ndg VI. Ludi.\n\nD ch V. Gotthici. CMXXIV.\n\nfA IV.\n\ngb III. Genialici. CMXXIV.\n\nE Ac prid, Ludi Genialici.\n\nbd Idib. Virgo Vesta parentat. Senatus\n\nlegitimus·\n\nF ce XVI. Kal. Mar.\n\ndf XV. Lupercalia.\n\neg XIV.\n\nG fh XIII. Quirinalia.\n\ngA XII.\n\nAb XI.\n\nH bc X. SOL PISCIBUS.\n\ncd IX. Feralia.\n\nde VIII. Caristia.\n\nI ef VII. Terminalia.\n\nfg VI. Regifugium.\n\ngh V. Lotio, CMXII. Dies AEgypt.\n\nK AA IV.\n\nbb III. N. D. Constantini CMXXIV.\n\ncc prid. Ludi votivi.\n\nMARTIUS.\n\nHabet dies XXXI.\n\nA dd Kal. Mar. N. Martis CMXXIII.\n\nee VI. Non.\n\nff V. Senatus leg. Dies AEgyptiucus.\n\nB gg IV.\n\nAh III. Isidis navigium.\n\nbA prid.\n\nC cb Non. Junonalia.\n\ndc VIII. Idus.\n\ned VII. Arma ancilia movent.\n\nD fe VI.\n\ngf V.\n\nAg IV.\n\nE bh III. Jovi cultori CMXXIV.\n\ncA prid. Mamuralia. Senatus leg.","english":"gc day before the Nones. Gothic Games.\n\nAt the Nones. Games.\n\nC be 8th before the Ides. Games.\n\ncf 7th. Games. Egyptian Day.\n\ndg 6th. Games.\n\nD ch 5th. Gothic Games. 1924.\n\nfA 4th.\n\ngb 3rd. Genialic Games. 1924.\n\nE Ac day before. Genialic Games.\n\nbd Ides. The Vestal Virgin performs rites for the dead. Lawful Senate.\n\nF ce 16th before the Kalends of March.\n\ndf 15th. Lupercalia.\n\neg 14th.\n\nG fh 13th. Quirinalia.\n\ngA 12th.\n\nAb 11th.\n\nH bc 10th. Sun in Pisces.\n\ncd 9th. Feralia.\n\nde 8th. Caristia.\n\nI ef 7th. Terminalia.\n\nfg 6th. Regifugium.\n\ngh 5th. Washing. 1912. Egyptian Day.\n\nK AA 4th.\n\nbb 3rd. Birthday of Constantine. 1924.\n\ncc day before. Votive Games.\n\nMarch.\n\nHas 31 days.\n\nA dd Kalends of March. Birthday of Mars. 1923.\n\nee 6th before the Nones.\n\nff 5th. Lawful Senate. Egyptian Day.\n\nB gg 4th.\n\nAh 3rd. Navigation of Isis.\n\nbA day before.\n\nC cb Nones. Junonalia.\n\ndc 8th before the Ides.\n\ned 7th. The sacred shields are moved.\n\nD fe 6th.\n\ngf 5th.\n\nAg 4th.\n\nE bh 3rd. To Jupiter the Cultivator. 1924.\n\ncA day before. Mamuralia. Lawful Senate.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ludi Gotthici","severity":"info","text":"The 'Gothic Games' (Ludi Gotthici) appear twice in this passage, on the day before the Nones of February and on the 5th before the Ides of February. These games likely commemorate a Roman victory over the Goths, possibly under Constantine or a later emperor, though the specific historical event is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Dies AEgyptiacus","severity":"info","text":"The 'Egyptian Day' (Dies AEgyptiacus) is a day considered unlucky in Roman calendars, often marked with a warning. It appears here on the 7th before the Ides of February and on the 5th before the Nones of March, consistent with its use in other ancient fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Lupercalia","severity":"info","text":"The Lupercalia, celebrated on February 15, was an ancient Roman pastoral festival involving purification and fertility rites. Its inclusion here confirms the calendar's adherence to traditional Roman religious observances, even as Christian influence grew in the 4th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"MARTIUS","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions from February to March with the heading 'MARTIUS' and the note 'Habet dies XXXI' (Has 31 days). This structural marker is typical of the Filocalian calendar, which organizes months with day counts and a repeating sequence of letters (A–H) for market cycles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"N. D. Constantini","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'N. D. Constantini' (Birthday of Constantine) on February 27 (3rd before the Kalends of March) commemorates the emperor Constantine I, who died in 337. The number 1924 likely refers to a year in the Seleucid era or another local reckoning, though its exact basis is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"CMXXIV","severity":"caution","text":"The numbers 'CMXXIV' (924) and 'CMXII' (912) appear alongside festivals, possibly indicating sums of money or foundation years. Their meaning is uncertain; they may refer to the foundation of Rome (AUC) or another era, but the values do not align with standard Roman chronology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbers CMXXIV and CMXII are ambiguous: they may represent years in the Seleucid era, foundation dates, or monetary amounts, but no definitive interpretation is given.","The phrase 'Virgo Vesta parentat' is unclear: it likely refers to a Vestal Virgin performing rites for the dead (parentalia), but the exact ritual is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"db Idib, Canna intrat.\n\nF ec XVII. Kal. Apr.\n\nfd XVI. Liber. CMXXIV. SOL ARIETE.\n\nge XV.\n\nG Af XIV. Quinquatria.\n\nbg XIII. Pelosia.\n\nch XII. N. Minerves.\n\nH dA XI. Arbor intrat.\n\neb X. Tubilustrium.\n\nfc IX. Sanguen. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\nI gd VIII. Hilaria.\n\nAe VII. Requetio.\n\nbf VI. Lavatio.\n\nK cg V. Initium Cajani.\n\nak IV.\n\neA III.\n\nA fb prid. N· Divi Constantini CMXXIV.\n\nAPRILIS.\n\nHabet dies XXX.\n\ngc Kal. Apr. Veneralia. Ludi. Sen. leg.\n\nAd IV. Non.\n\nB be III. N.D. Quir. CMXXIV. Dics AEgyp.\n\ncf prid. Ludi Megalesiaci.\n\ndg Non. Ludi.\n\nC eh VIII Idus. Ludi\n\nfA VII. N. Castor et Pollucis CMXXIV.\n\ngb VI. Ludi.\n\nD Ac V. Megalesiaci CMXXIV.\n\nbd IV. N. Divi Severi. CMXXIV.\n\nce III. Ludi Cerealici. CMXXIV.\n\nE df prid.\n\neg Idib. Ludi. Senatus legitimus.\n\nF fh. XVIII. Kal. Mai. Ludi.\n\ngA XVII. Ludi.\n\nAb XVI. Ludi.\n\nG bc XV. Ludi.\n\ncd XIV. Ludi. SOL TAURO.","english":"db Ides. Canna enters.\n\nF ec 17th before the Kalends of April.\n\nfd 16th. Liber. 1924. Sun in Aries.\n\nge 15th.\n\nG Af 14th. Quinquatria.\n\nbg 13th. Pelosia.\n\nch 12th. N. Minerves.\n\nH dA 11th. Arbor enters.\n\neb 10th. Tubilustrium.\n\nfc 9th. Sanguen. Egyptian Day.\n\nI gd 8th. Hilaria.\n\nAe 7th. Requetio.\n\nbf 6th. Lavatio.\n\nK cg 5th. Initium Cajani.\n\nak 4th.\n\neA 3rd.\n\nA fb day before. N. Divi Constantini 1924.\n\nAPRIL.\n\nHas 30 days.\n\ngc Kalends of April. Veneralia. Games. Senate legitimate.\n\nAd 4th before the Nones.\n\nB be 3rd before the Nones. N.D. Quir. 1924. Egyptian Day.\n\ncf day before the Nones. Megalesian Games.\n\ndg Nones. Games.\n\nC eh 8th before the Ides. Games.\n\nfA 7th. N. Castor and Pollux 1924.\n\ngb 6th. Games.\n\nD Ac 5th. Megalesian 1924.\n\nbd 4th. N. Divi Severi 1924.\n\nce 3rd. Cerealian Games 1924.\n\nE df day before.\n\neg Ides. Games. Senate legitimate.\n\nF fh 18th before the Kalends of May. Games.\n\ngA 17th. Games.\n\nAb 16th. Games.\n\nG bc 15th. Games.\n\ncd 14th. Games. Sun in Taurus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Canna intrat","severity":"info","text":"‘Canna intrat’ marks the entry of a reed or torch procession, likely a ritual for the Magna Mater (Cybele) preceding the Hilaria. The phrase is unique to this calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Quinquatria","severity":"info","text":"Quinquatria (March 19–23) were festivals of Minerva, particularly associated with artisans and students. The date here (March 19) marks the start.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Hilaria","severity":"info","text":"Hilaria (March 25) was a day of rejoicing in the Cybele-Attis cycle, following the mourning period. It often involved public games and license.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Requetio","severity":"info","text":"‘Requetio’ is a hapax legomenon, likely a variant of ‘Requietio’ (rest) or a ritual pause in the Cybele festival. Its exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lavatio","severity":"info","text":"‘Lavatio’ (March 27) refers to the ritual washing of Cybele’s statue in the Almo River, a key ceremony of the Megalesia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Divi Constantini","severity":"info","text":"The entry ‘N. Divi Constantini’ (March 28) marks the natalis (birthday) of Constantine I, deified after his death in 337. This is a Christian imperial addition to the pagan calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Requetio' is uncertain; it may be a scribal error for 'Requietio' or a distinct ritual term. 'Canna intrat' could refer to a reed (canna) or a torch (canna as a torch), but the exact object is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"de XIII. Cerealici. CMXXIV.\n\nH ef XII.\n\nfg XI. N. Urbis. CMXXIV. Dies AEgyp.\n\ngh X.\n\nI AA IX.\n\nbb VIII.\n\ncc VII. Serapia.\n\nK dd VI. N. M. Antonini. CMXXIV.\n\nee V.\n\nff IV.\n\nA gg III.\n\nAh prid. Ludi florales.\n\nMAIUS.\n\nHabet dies XXXI.\n\nbA Kal. Mai. Senatus legitimus.\n\nB cb VI. Non. Ludi.\n\ndc V. Floralici. CMXXIV. Dies AEgyp.\n\ned IV. Ludi Maximati.\n\nC fe III. Ludi.\n\ngf prid. Ludi.\n\nAg Non. Ludi.\n\nD bh VIII. Idus. Ludi.\n\ncA VII. Maximati CMXXIV.\n\ndb VI N. Claudii CMXXIV.\n\nE ec V.\n\nfd IV.\n\nge III.\n\nF Af prid. Ludi.\n\nbg Idib. N. Mercurii. Senatus leg.\n\nch XVII. Kal. Jun. Ludi.\n\nG dA XVI. Perfici. CMXXIV.\n\neb XV. N. Annonis.\n\nfc XIV. Zenziarius.\n\nH gd XIII. SOL GEMIN.\n\nAe XII. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\nbf XI.\n\nI cg X. Macellus rosa sumat.\n\ndh IX.\n\neA VIII.\n\nK fb VII.\n\ngc VI.\n\nAd V.\n\nA be IV Ludi. Honor et Virtus Zinza.\n\ncf III. Ludi\n\ndg prid. Ludi.","english":"13th. Cerealici. 1924.\n\nH ef 12th.\n\nfg 11th. Birthday of the City. 1924. Egyptian Day.\n\ngh 10th.\n\nI AA 9th.\n\nbb 8th.\n\ncc 7th. Serapia.\n\nK dd 6th. Birthday of M. Antoninus. 1924.\n\nee 5th.\n\nff 4th.\n\nA gg 3rd.\n\nAh day before. Floral games.\n\nMAY.\n\nHas 31 days.\n\nbA Kalends of May. Lawful Senate.\n\nB cb 6th Nones. Games.\n\ndc 5th. Floralici. 1924. Egyptian Day.\n\ned 4th. Maximati games.\n\nC fe 3rd. Games.\n\ngf day before. Games.\n\nAg Nones. Games.\n\nD bh 8th Ides. Games.\n\ncA 7th. Maximati 1924.\n\ndb 6th. Birthday of Claudius 1924.\n\nE ec 5th.\n\nfd 4th.\n\nge 3rd.\n\nF Af day before. Games.\n\nbg Ides. Birthday of Mercury. Lawful Senate.\n\nch 17th Kalends of June. Games.\n\nG dA 16th. Perfici. 1924.\n\neb 15th. Birthday of Annona.\n\nfc 14th. Zenziarius.\n\nH gd 13th. Sun in Gemini.\n\nAe 12th. Egyptian Day.\n\nbf 11th.\n\nI cg 10th. Macellus takes roses.\n\ndh 9th.\n\neA 8th.\n\nK fb 7th.\n\ngc 6th.\n\nAd 5th.\n\nA be 4th. Games. Honor and Virtue Zinza.\n\ncf 3rd. Games.\n\ndg day before. Games.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cerealici","severity":"info","text":"Cerealici refers to the Cerealia, games in honor of Ceres, held in April. The entry marks the 13th day before the Kalends of May (19 April).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Urbis","severity":"info","text":"N. Urbis stands for Natalis Urbis, the birthday of the city of Rome, traditionally celebrated on 21 April. The entry appears on the 11th day before the Kalends of May (21 April).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Serapia","severity":"info","text":"Serapia denotes the festival of Serapis, an Egyptian deity popular in the Roman Empire. The entry occurs on the 7th day before the Kalends of May (25 April).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"N. M. Antonini","severity":"info","text":"N. M. Antonini marks the birthday of Marcus Antoninus, likely the emperor Marcus Aurelius (born 26 April). The entry is on the 6th day before the Kalends of May (26 April).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ludi florales","severity":"info","text":"Ludi florales are the Floralia, games in honor of Flora, held from 28 April to 3 May. The entry appears on the day before the Kalends of May (30 April).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Claudii","severity":"info","text":"N. Claudii marks the birthday of Claudius, likely the emperor Claudius (born 1 August, but here on 6th before the Ides of May, i.e., 10 May). This may reflect a local or later commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of M. Antoninus (Marcus Aurelius or another) is not specified; the reading assumes Marcus Aurelius based on the date. The birthday of Claudius on 10 May is anomalous and may reflect a different Claudius or a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"JUNIUS.\n\nHabet dies XXX.\n\nB eh Kal. Jun. Fabarici. CMXII.\n\nfA IV. Non.\n\ngb III. Senalus legitimus.\n\nC Ac prid Ludi in minicia.\n\nbd Non.\n\nce VIII. Idus Colossus coronatur.\n\nD df VII. Vesta aperit. Dies AEgypt.\n\neg VI. fh V. Vestalia.\n\nE gA IV.\n\nAb III. Matralia.\n\nF bc prid.\n\ncd Idib. N. Musarum. Senatus leg.\n\nde XVIII. Kal. Jul.\n\nG ef XVII. Vesta clud. SOL CANCRO.\n\nfg XVI.\n\ngh XV.\n\nAA XIV.. Annae sacrum.\n\nbb XIII.\n\ncc XII. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\nI dd XI.\n\nee X.\n\nff IX·\n\nK gg VIII. Fortis Fortunae. Solstitium.\n\nAh VII.\n\nbA VI.\n\nA cb V.\n\ndc IV.\n\ned III.\n\nB fe prid.\n\nJULIUS\n\nHabet dies XXXI.\n\ngf Kal. Jul. Senatus legitimus.\n\nAg VI. Non.\n\nC bh V. Fugato Licinio CMXXIV.\n\ncA IV.\n\ndb III. Ludi Apollinares\n\nD ec prid. Ludi. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\nfd Non. Ludi.\n\nge VIII. Idus. Ludi.\n\nE Af VII. Ludi.\n\nbg VI.\n\nch V. Ludi.\n\nF dA IV. Ludi.\n\neb III. Apollinares CMXXIV.","english":"JUNE.\n\nHas 31 days.\n\nB eh Kalends of June. Fabarici. 912.\n\nfA IV. Nones.\n\ngb III. Lawful Senate.\n\nC Ac day before Games in Minicia.\n\nbd Nones.\n\nce VIII. Ides. The Colossus is crowned.\n\nD df VII. Vesta opens. Egyptian Day.\n\neg VI. fh V. Vestalia.\n\nE gA IV.\n\nAb III. Matralia.\n\nF bc day before.\n\ncd Ides. N. of the Muses. Senate.\n\nde XVIII. Kalends of July.\n\nG ef XVII. Vesta closes. SUN IN CANCER.\n\nfg XVI.\n\ngh XV.\n\nAA XIV. Rite of Anna.\n\nbb XIII.\n\ncc XII. Egyptian Day.\n\nI dd XI.\n\nee X.\n\nff IX.\n\nK gg VIII. Fors Fortuna. Solstice.\n\nAh VII.\n\nbA VI.\n\nA cb V.\n\ndc IV.\n\ned III.\n\nB fe day before.\n\nJULY\n\nHas 31 days.\n\ngf Kalends of July. Lawful Senate.\n\nAg VI. Nones.\n\nC bh V. Licinius put to flight. 924.\n\ncA IV.\n\ndb III. Apollinarian Games.\n\nD ec day before. Games. Egyptian Day.\n\nfd Nones. Games.\n\nge VIII. Ides. Games.\n\nE Af VII. Games.\n\nbg VI.\n\nch V. Games.\n\nF dA IV. Games.\n\neb III. Apollinarian. 924.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"JUNIUS","severity":"info","text":"The month of June is introduced with a heading and a day count of 30, following the standard format of the calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fabarici","severity":"info","text":"Fabarici likely refers to a festival or ritual associated with beans (Latin faba), possibly a rustic observance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Colossus coronatur","severity":"info","text":"The Colossus crowned on June 8th (VIII Idus) likely refers to the Colossus of Nero or a statue of Sol, a known Roman monument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Vestalia","severity":"info","text":"Vestalia (June 7–9) was a Roman festival honoring Vesta, during which the inner shrine was opened to women.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Matralia","severity":"info","text":"Matralia (June 11) was a festival for Mater Matuta, goddess of dawn and childbirth, celebrated by Roman matrons.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Solstitium","severity":"info","text":"The solstice (Solstitium) on June 24 (VIII Kal. Jul.) marks the summer solstice, here associated with Fors Fortuna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact nature of Fabarici is uncertain; it may be a local or minor festival.","The abbreviation 'N. Musarum' on the Ides of June is ambiguous; it likely refers to a dedication to the Muses.","The entry 'Fugato Licinio CMXXIV' in July refers to the defeat of Licinius in 324 CE, but the year count (CMXXIV) is a consular or era notation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"fc prid.\n\nG gd Idib. Equit, prob. Ludi Francici.\n\nAe XVII. Kal. Aug. Ludi.\n\nbf XVI. Ludi. Sen. leg. SOL LEONE.\n\nH eq XV. Adv. D. CMXXIV. Dies AEgypt.\n\ndh XIV. Ludi votivi.\n\neA XIII. Francici CMXXIV.\n\nI fb XII. Advent. Divi CMXXIV.\n\ngc XI. Ludi.\n\nAd X. Neptunalici.\n\nK be IX.\n\ncf VIII. N. D. Constantini CMXXIV.\n\ndg VII. Ludi votivi.\n\nA eh VI. Vict. samarticas CMXXIV.\n\nfA V.\n\ngb IV.\n\nB Ac III. Vici. Marcommannas CMXXIV.\n\nbd prid.\n\nAUGUSTUS.\n\nHabet dies XXXI.\n\nee Kal. Aug. N. D. Pertinacis CMXXIV.\n\nC df IV. Non.\n\neg III. Senatus legitimus.\n\nfh prid. Vict, senati CMXXIV.\n\nD gA Non. N. salutis CMXXIV.\n\nAb VIII Idus. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\nbc VII. N. Constantii CMXXIV.\n\nE cd VI. Ludi votivi.\n\nde V.\n\nF ef IV.\n\nfg III.\n\ngh prid. Lignapsia\n\nG AA Idib. N. Dianes.\n\nbb XIX. Kal. Sept.\n\ncc XVIII. Senatus legitimus.\n\nH dd XVII.\n\nee XVI. Tiberinalia. SOL VIRGINE.","english":"July. Has 31 days. fc day before Nones.\n\nG gd Ides. Horse inspection. Frankish Games.\n\nAe 17th day before Kalends of August. Games.\n\nbf 16th day before Kalends of August. Games. Lawful Senate. SUN IN LEO.\n\nH eq 15th day before Kalends of August. Arrival of the Divine. 924. Egyptian Day.\n\ndh 14th day before Kalends of August. Votive Games.\n\neA 13th day before Kalends of August. Frankish Games. 924.\n\nI fb 12th day before Kalends of August. Arrival of the Divine. 924.\n\ngc 11th day before Kalends of August. Games.\n\nAd 10th day before Kalends of August. Neptunalic Games.\n\nK be 9th day before Kalends of August.\n\ncf 8th day before Kalends of August. Birthday of Constantine. 924.\n\ndg 7th day before Kalends of August. Votive Games.\n\nA eh 6th day before Kalends of August. Sarmatian Victory. 924.\n\nfA 5th day before Kalends of August.\n\ngb 4th day before Kalends of August.\n\nB Ac 3rd day before Kalends of August. Vici. Marcomannic Victories. 924.\n\nbd day before Kalends of August.\n\nAugust. Has 31 days.\n\nee Kalends of August. Birthday of Pertinax. 924.\n\nC df 4th day before Nones.\n\neg 3rd day before Nones. Lawful Senate.\n\nfh day before Nones. Victory of the Senate. 924.\n\nD gA Nones. Birthday of Health. 924.\n\nAb 8th day before Ides. Egyptian Day.\n\nbc 7th day before Ides. Birthday of Constantius. 924.\n\nE cd 6th day before Ides. Votive Games.\n\nde 5th day before Ides.\n\nF ef 4th day before Ides.\n\nfg 3rd day before Ides.\n\ngh day before Ides. Lignapsia.\n\nG AA Ides. Birthday of Diana.\n\nbb 19th day before Kalends of September.\n\ncc 18th day before Kalends of September. Lawful Senate.\n\nH dd 17th day before Kalends of September.\n\nee 16th day before Kalends of September. Tiberinalia. SUN IN VIRGO.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"July","severity":"info","text":"The July calendar entries follow the standard Roman format of Kalends, Nones, and Ides, with a note that the month has 31 days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Equit, prob. Ludi Francici","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation 'Equit, prob.' likely stands for 'Equitum probatio' (inspection of the cavalry), a military review. 'Ludi Francici' refers to the Frankish Games, a festival possibly commemorating a victory over the Franks.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"CMXXIV","severity":"info","text":"The repeated numeral 'CMXXIV' (924) in the July and August entries likely refers to the year 924 AUC (ab urbe condita), corresponding to AD 171, a period of military campaigns under Marcus Aurelius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"N. D. Constantini","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'N. D. Constantini' (Birthday of the Divine Constantine) on July 8th (8th day before Ides) reflects the later Christianization of the calendar, as Constantine was venerated as a saint in the Eastern Church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lignapsia","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Lignapsia' is obscure; it may be a misspelling or variant of 'Lignapsia' (perhaps a festival involving wood or a place name). Its exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"August","severity":"info","text":"The August calendar begins with a note that the month has 31 days, followed by entries for Kalends, Nones, Ides, and days before the Kalends of September.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 'fc' at the start of July is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a marker for a specific day. 'Lignapsia' is of uncertain meaning. The numeral 'CMXXIV' is interpreted as a year date, but could also be a regnal or consular year."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ff XV.\n\nI gg XIV. N. Probi. CMXXIV.\n\nAh XIII·\n\nbA XII. Hies AEgyptiacus.\n\nK cb XI.\n\ndc X. Vulcanalici CMXXIV.\n\ned IX.\n\nA fe VIII.\n\ngf VII.\n\nAg VI.\n\nB bh V. Solis et lunae CMXXIV.\n\ncA IV.\n\ndb III.\n\nC ec prid.\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nHabet dies XXX.\n\nfd Kal. Sept. Senatus legitimus.\n\nge IV. Non. Dies AEgyptiacus.\n\nD Af III.\n\nbg prid.\n\nch Non. Mammes. Vindemia.\n\nE dA VII Idus.\n\neb VII.\n\nfc VI. N. Aureliani CMXXIV.\n\nF gd V.\n\nAe IV. N. Asclepi.\n\nbf III.\n\nG cg prid. Ludi Romaniani.\n\ndh Idib. Ludi. Senatus legitimus.\n\neA XVIII. Kal. Oct. Ludi.\n\nH fb XVII. Romaniani CMXXIV.\n\ngc XVI.\n\nAd XV.\n\nI be XIV. N. Trajani triumph. CMXXIV,\n\ncf XIII. P. Anton. CMXXIV. Dies AEgyp.\n\ndg XII. Ludi triumph. SOL LIBRA.\n\nK eh XI. Ludi.\n\nfA X. Ludi.\n\ngb IX. N. D. Augusti CMXXIV.\n\n.A Ac VIII.\n\nbd VII.\n\nce VI.\n\nB df V. Profectio Divi CMXXIV.\n\neg IV.\n\nfh III. Ludi fatales.","english":"ff 15th day before Kalends of September.\n\nI gg 14th day before Kalends. Nones of Probus. 924.\n\nAh 13th day before Kalends.\n\nbA 12th day before Kalends. Egyptian Day.\n\nK cb 11th day before Kalends.\n\ndc 10th day before Kalends. Volcanalicia 924.\n\ned 9th day before Kalends.\n\nA fe 8th day before Kalends.\n\ngf 7th day before Kalends.\n\nAg 6th day before Kalends.\n\nB bh 5th day before Kalends. Of Sun and Moon 924.\n\ncA 4th day before Kalends.\n\ndb 3rd day before Kalends.\n\nC ec day before Kalends.\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nHas 31 days.\n\nfd Kalends of September. Lawful Senate.\n\nge 4th day before Nones. Egyptian Day.\n\nD Af 3rd day before Nones.\n\nbg day before Nones.\n\nch Nones. Mammes. Vintage.\n\nE dA 7th day before Ides.\n\neb 6th day before Ides.\n\nfc 5th day before Ides. Nones of Aurelian 924.\n\nF gd 4th day before Ides.\n\nAe 3rd day before Ides. Nones of Asclepius.\n\nbf day before Ides.\n\nG cg day before Ides. Roman Games.\n\ndh Ides. Games. Lawful Senate.\n\neA 18th day before Kalends of October. Games.\n\nH fb 17th day before Kalends. Romaniani 924.\n\ngc 16th day before Kalends.\n\nAd 15th day before Kalends.\n\nI be 14th day before Kalends. Nones of Trajan's triumph 924.\n\ncf 13th day before Kalends. P. Anton. 924. Egyptian Day.\n\ndg 12th day before Kalends. Triumphal Games. SUN IN LIBRA.\n\nK eh 11th day before Kalends. Games.\n\nfA 10th day before Kalends. Games.\n\ngb 9th day before Kalends. Nones of Divine Augustus 924.\n\n.A Ac 8th day before Kalends.\n\nbd 7th day before Kalends.\n\nce 6th day before Kalends.\n\nB df 5th day before Kalends. Departure of the Divine 924.\n\neg 4th day before Kalends.\n\nfh 3rd day before Kalends. Fatal Games.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Probi","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation 'N.' likely stands for 'Natalis' (birthday), marking the birthday of Emperor Probus (r. 276–282).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"CMXXIV","severity":"info","text":"The numeral 924 (CMXXIV) is a recurring notation in the calendar, possibly indicating a cycle of Egyptian days or a specific era; its exact significance is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Vulcanalici","severity":"info","text":"The 'Vulcanalici' likely refer to games in honor of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire, held in August.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mammes","severity":"info","text":"'Mammes' may refer to a festival or deity, possibly of African origin, associated with the vintage (Vindemia).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ludi Romaniani","severity":"info","text":"The 'Ludi Romaniani' are games possibly instituted by or in honor of a Roman emperor, perhaps related to the emperor Romanus or a place name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Profectio Divi","severity":"info","text":"'Profectio Divi' marks the departure (likely military campaign) of a deified emperor, possibly Trajan or Aurelian, as noted in the calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The meaning of 'CMXXIV' is uncertain; it may denote a year in a local era or a cycle of Egyptian days.","The exact referent of 'Mammes' is unclear; it could be a deity or a festival name.","The 'Ludi Romaniani' could refer to games in Rome or in a specific province; the name is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"C gA prid. Ludi.\n\nOCTOBER.\n\nHabet dies XXXI.\n\nAb Kal. Octob. N. Alexandri CMXXIV.\n\nbc VI. Non.\n\nD cd V. Senatus leg. Dies AEgypt.\n\nde IV.\n\nef III. Ludi Alamannici.\n\nE fg prid. Ludi·.\n\ngh Non. Ludi.\n\nF AA VIII. Idus, Ludi.\n\nbb VII. Ludi.\n\ncc VI. Alamannici CMXXIV.\n\nG dd V.\n\nee IV. Augustales CMXXIV.\n\nff III. Ludi Jovi Liberatori.\n\nH gg prid. Ludi.\n\nAh idib. Ludi. Equus ad nixas lit. S. I.\n\nbA XVII. Kal. Nov. Ludi,\n\nI cb XVI. Ludi.\n\ndc XV. Jovi Liberatori CMXXIV.\n\ned XIV. Ludi solis. SOL SCORPIO.\n\nK fe XIII. Ludi. Dies AEgypt.\n\ngf XII. Ludi.\n\nAg XI. Solis CMXXIV.\n\nA bh X.\n\ncA IX.\n\ndb VIII.\n\nB ec VII.\n\nfd VI.\n\nge V. Isia. Evictio tyranni.\n\nC Af IV. Advent. Divi CMXXIV. Isia.\n\nbg III. Ludi votivi. Isia.\n\nen prid. Ludi. Isia.\n\nNOVEMBER,\n\nHabet dies XXX.\n\nD dA Kal. Novemb. Ex sen. CMXXIV. S. L. Isia.\n\neb IV. Non. Ternovena. Dies AEgypt.","english":"C gA day before. Games.\n\nOCTOBER.\n\nHas 31 days.\n\nFrom Kalends of October. N. of Alexander CMXXIV.\n\nbc 6th day before Nones.\n\nD cd 5th day before. Senate leg. Egyptian Day.\n\nde 4th day before.\n\nef 3rd day before. Alamannic Games.\n\nE fg day before. Games.\n\ngh Nones. Games.\n\nF AA 8th day before Ides. Games.\n\nbb 7th day before. Games.\n\ncc 6th day before. Alamannic CMXXIV.\n\nG dd 5th day before.\n\nee 4th day before. Augustales CMXXIV.\n\nff 3rd day before. Games of Jupiter the Liberator.\n\nH gg day before. Games.\n\nAh Ides. Games. Horse to the struggles lit. S. I.\n\nbA 17th day before Kalends of November. Games.\n\nI cb 16th day before. Games.\n\ndc 15th day before. Jupiter the Liberator CMXXIV.\n\ned 14th day before. Games of the Sun. SUN SCORPIO.\n\nK fe 13th day before. Games. Egyptian Day.\n\ngf 12th day before. Games.\n\nAg 11th day before. Sun CMXXIV.\n\nA bh 10th day before.\n\ncA 9th day before.\n\ndb 8th day before.\n\nB ec 7th day before.\n\nfd 6th day before.\n\nge 5th day before. Isia. Overthrow of the tyrant.\n\nC Af 4th day before. Arrival of the Divine CMXXIV. Isia.\n\nbg 3rd day before. Votive Games. Isia.\n\nen day before. Games. Isia.\n\nNOVEMBER.\n\nHas 30 days.\n\nD dA Kalends of November. By decree of the senate CMXXIV. S. L. Isia.\n\neb 4th day before Nones. Ternovena. Egyptian Day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Equus ad nixas lit. S. I.","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Equus ad nixas lit. S. I.' likely refers to a ritual horse race or sacrifice, with 'nixas' possibly a corruption of 'nixus' (struggle) or 'nixae' (birth pangs). 'S. I.' may abbreviate 'Senatus consultum' or a personal name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Isia","severity":"info","text":"'Isia' denotes the festival of Isis, an Egyptian cult widely observed in Rome. Its inclusion here reflects the syncretic religious calendar of the 4th century, blending traditional Roman and Egyptian elements.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Evictio tyranni","severity":"info","text":"'Evictio tyranni' (overthrow of the tyrant) likely commemorates a political event, possibly the defeat of a usurper. In the context of 354 CE, this could refer to the suppression of Magnentius (353 CE) or another contemporary figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"CMXXIV","severity":"info","text":"The repeated numeral 'CMXXIV' (924) is the year in the era of Diocletian (Anno Diocletiani), corresponding to 354/355 CE. This dating system was common in late antique calendars and martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Habet dies XXXI","severity":"info","text":"The formula 'Habet dies XXXI' (has 31 days) is a standard header for each month in the Filocalian calendar, providing the total number of days before listing the daily entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"S. L.","severity":"caution","text":"The abbreviation 'S. L.' after 'Ex sen. CMXXIV' is ambiguous; it may stand for 'Senatus Leges' (senate laws) or 'Sacra Ludi' (sacred games). The exact meaning is uncertain without further context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Equus ad nixas lit. S. I.' is obscure; 'nixas' may be a scribal error or rare term. 'S. I.' could be an abbreviation for a senatorial decree or a personal name.","'Ternovena' in November is unattested elsewhere; it may be a festival name or a corruption of 'Ternovena' (a place) or 'Ternovena' (a ritual).","The exact referent of 'Evictio tyranni' is not specified; it could be a generic commemoration or a specific historical event."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"fc III. Hilaria.\n\nE gd prid.\n\nAe Non.\n\nbf VIII Idus.\n\nF cg VII.\n\ndh VI. N. Nervae et Constan. CMXLVIII.\n\neA V. Ludi votivi.\n\nG fb IV.\n\ngc III.\n\nAd prid. Ludi Plebeii. Senatus leg.\n\nH be Idib. Jovis Epulum CMXXX.\n\nef XVIII. Kal. Dec. Ludi.\n\nag xvn. Ludi.\n\nI eh XVI. Plebeii CMXXIV.\n\nfA XV. N. Vespasiani CMXXIV.\n\ngb XIV.\n\nK Ac XIII. SOL SAGITTARIO.\n\nbd XII.\n\nce XI.\n\nA df X.\n\neg IX.\n\nfd VIII. Bruma. Dies AEgypt.\n\nB gA VII. Ludi Sarmatici.\n\nAb VI. Ludi.\n\nbc V. Ludi.\n\nC cd IV. Ludi.\n\nde III. Ludi.\n\nef prid. Ludi.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nHabet dies XXXI.\n\nD fg Kal. Decemb. Sarmatici CMXXIV.\n\ngh IV. Non. Initium muneris.\n\nAA III. Senatus legitimus.\n\nE bb prid. Munus arca. Dies AEgypt.\n\ncc Non. Munus arca.\n\nF dd VIII. Idus. Munus arca.\n\nee VII.\n\nff VI. Munus kandida.\n\nG gg V.\n\nAh IV.\n\nbA III. Septimonia.\n\nH cb prid. Ludi Lancionici.\n\ndc Idib. Ludi. Senatus log.","english":"fc 3rd day before. Hilaria.\n\nE gd 2nd day before.\n\nAe Nones.\n\nbf 8th day before Ides.\n\nF cg 7th day before.\n\ndh 6th day before. Birthday of Nerva and Constantine. CMXLVIII.\n\neA 5th day before. Votive Games.\n\nG fb 4th day before.\n\ngc 3rd day before.\n\nAd 2nd day before. Plebeian Games. Senate leg.\n\nH be Ides. Feast of Jupiter. CMXXX.\n\nef 18th day before Kalends of December. Games.\n\nag 17th day before. Games.\n\nI eh 16th day before. Plebeian Games. CMXXIV.\n\nfA 15th day before. Birthday of Vespasian. CMXXIV.\n\ngb 14th day before.\n\nK Ac 13th day before. SUN IN SAGITTARIUS.\n\nbd 12th day before.\n\nce 11th day before.\n\nA df 10th day before.\n\neg 9th day before.\n\nfd 8th day before. Winter Solstice. Egyptian Day.\n\nB gA 7th day before. Sarmatian Games.\n\nAb 6th day before. Games.\n\nbc 5th day before. Games.\n\nC cd 4th day before. Games.\n\nde 3rd day before. Games.\n\nef 2nd day before. Games.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nHas 31 days.\n\nD fg Kalends of December. Sarmatian Games. CMXXIV.\n\ngh 4th day before Nones. Beginning of the show.\n\nAA 3rd day before. Legitimate Senate.\n\nE bb 2nd day before. Box show. Egyptian Day.\n\ncc Nones. Box show.\n\nF dd 8th day before Ides. Box show.\n\nee 7th day before.\n\nff 6th day before. Candid show.\n\nG gg 5th day before.\n\nAh 4th day before.\n\nbA 3rd day before. Septimonia.\n\nH cb 2nd day before. Lanciary Games.\n\ndc Ides. Games. Senate log.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Hilaria","severity":"info","text":"Hilaria is a festival of joy, often associated with the cult of Cybele and Attis, but here it appears in a November context, possibly a local or late antique celebration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Nervae et Constan. CMXLVIII","severity":"info","text":"The birthday of Nerva and Constantine is noted with the year CMXLVIII (948 AUC = 195 CE), but Constantine lived later; this may be a conflation or a separate commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ludi Plebeii","severity":"info","text":"The Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebeii) were annual Roman games held in November, originally established in the 4th century BCE to honor Jupiter and the plebeian order.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"SOL SAGITTARIO","severity":"info","text":"SOL SAGITTARIO marks the sun's entry into Sagittarius, an astronomical notation typical of late antique calendars, indicating the zodiacal sign for that date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Bruma","severity":"info","text":"Bruma refers to the winter solstice, a key point in the Roman calendar, here noted on the 8th day before the Kalends of December (November 24).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Septimonia","severity":"info","text":"Septimonia is a festival of uncertain origin, possibly related to the seven hills of Rome or a local cult; it appears only in a few late calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'N. Nervae et Constan. CMXLVIII' is ambiguous: Nerva (d. 98 CE) and Constantine (d. 337 CE) are centuries apart; the year 948 AUC (195 CE) fits neither, suggesting a scribal error or a different Constantine.","The phrase 'Senatus leg.' and 'Senatus log.' may be abbreviations for 'Senatus legitimus' or 'Senatus legatus', but their exact meaning in this context is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ed XIX. Kal. Jan. Ludi. Dies AEgypt.\n\nI fe XVIII. N. D. Veri CMXXIV.\n\ngf XVIII. Ludi.\n\nAg XVI. Ludi. Saturnalia.\n\nK bh XV. Lanc. CMXXIV. SOL CAPR.\n\ncA XIV. Munus arca.\n\ndb XIII. Munus kandida.\n\nA ec XII. Munus arca.\n\nfd XI.\n\nge X. Munus arca.\n\nB Af IX. Munus consummat.\n\nbg VIII. N. Invicti CMXXX·\n\nch VII.\n\nC dA VI.\n\neb V.\n\nfc IV.\n\nD gd III. N. D. Titi CMXXIV.\n\nAe prid. Magistrati jurant.\n\nHabes hic, Lector, Kalendaria duo antiqua cum suis vitiis, prout in codicibus mss. legebantur. Nihil putavi in illa annotandum. Tute id praestato per te, ubi usus fuerit. Bucherius in margine editionis suae notas pauculas adjecit, quem qui volet, consulere potest.","english":"19th day before the Kalends of January. Games. Egyptian day.\n\n18th day before the Nones of December. True (date) CMXXIV.\n\n18th day before (the Kalends). Games.\n\n16th day before (the Kalends). Games. Saturnalia.\n\n15th day before (the Kalends). Lanx (offering) CMXXIV. Sun in Capricorn.\n\n14th day before (the Kalends). Gladiatorial show (arca).\n\n13th day before (the Kalends). Gladiatorial show (kandida).\n\n12th day before (the Kalends). Gladiatorial show (arca).\n\n11th day before (the Kalends).\n\n10th day before (the Kalends). Gladiatorial show (arca).\n\n9th day before (the Kalends). Gladiatorial show concluded.\n\n8th day before (the Kalends). Birth of the Unconquered (Sun) CMXXX.\n\n7th day before (the Kalends).\n\n6th day before (the Kalends).\n\n5th day before (the Kalends).\n\n4th day before (the Kalends).\n\n3rd day before (the Kalends). Birth of the Lord Titus CMXXIV.\n\nDay before (the Kalends). Magistrates take oath.\n\nYou have here, Reader, two ancient Calendars with their faults, just as they were read in the manuscript codices. I thought nothing should be annotated in them. You yourself may provide that where it is useful. Bucherius added a few brief notes in the margin of his edition; whoever wishes may consult him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ludi","severity":"info","text":"Ludi refers to public games, a standard feature of Roman festival calendars, often associated with religious or imperial celebrations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dies AEgypt","severity":"info","text":"Dies AEgypt (Egyptian day) likely marks an unlucky day in the Roman calendar, derived from Egyptian astrological tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Saturnalia","severity":"info","text":"Saturnalia was a major Roman festival in honor of Saturn, characterized by role reversals and gift-giving, typically held December 17–23.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"N. Invicti","severity":"info","text":"N. Invicti (Birth of the Unconquered) refers to the festival of Sol Invictus, the Unconquered Sun, celebrated on December 25, a date later associated with Christmas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The editor's note advises readers to consult Bucherius's edition for marginal notes, indicating a scholarly tradition of annotation for these calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Bucherius"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The editor states the calendars are presented 'with their faults' as found in manuscripts, warning that entries may contain errors or corruptions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviations 'arca' and 'kandida' for gladiatorial shows are unclear; they may denote types of spectacles or funding sources.","The numbers CMXXIV, CMXXX, etc., likely refer to consular years or eras, but their exact reference is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}