{"slug":"tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1","title":"Liber Glossarum (Appendix XXIV)","title_source":"Liber Glossarum (Appendix XXIV)","author":"Isidorus Hispalensis","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation is known: a language model asked twice could name none, and the source corpus records none. That is not proof — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T07:57:29Z","cost_usd":0.032413},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1448/tmp1448/tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":69,"english_words":9703,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":43889,"commentary_units":410,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":68,"ambiguities":150,"work_notes":5,"external_links":3,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Liber Glossarum (Appendix XXIV) is a Latin glossary traditionally attributed to Isidore of Seville but of uncertain authorship. It compiles and explains terms from Scripture, patristic texts, and other sources, serving as a reference for Latin vocabulary in medieval schools and monasteries. This appendix survives in multiple medieval manuscripts with significant textual variation, reflecting a complex transmission history. The work is often dated to the 7th century, though some scholars propose an 8th-century origin in the Iberian Peninsula. The edition (ogl-pl) lacks a critical apparatus, limiting its use for textual criticism. The glossary influenced later encyclopedic works and was widely used in medieval education.","historical_context":"The Liber Glossarum is traditionally placed in the 7th century, associated with the Visigothic kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, where Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) was a prominent bishop and scholar. However, the attribution to Isidore is not secure; the work may have been compiled later, possibly in the 8th century, in monastic or cathedral schools. The glossary draws on earlier Latin glossaries, patristic writings, and Scripture, reflecting the educational needs of early medieval Latin Christendom. Its transmission is complex, with many manuscript copies showing significant variation, suggesting a fluid text that was adapted by different communities. The work was used in medieval schools and monasteries as a reference for Latin vocabulary, influencing later glossaries and encyclopedic works like those of the Carolingian period.","significance":"The Liber Glossarum is significant as a key witness to the transmission of Latin lexical knowledge in early medieval Europe. It reflects the scholarly efforts to preserve and explain Latin terms from authoritative texts, bridging late antique learning and medieval education. Its uncertain authorship and complex manuscript tradition highlight the challenges of studying anonymous or pseudonymous works. The glossary influenced later lexicographical and encyclopedic traditions, including the development of medieval Latin glossaries.","timeline":[{"date":"7th c.","event":"Traditional date for the composition of the Liber Glossarum, attributed to Isidore of Seville."},{"date":"8th c.","event":"Possible later date for the compilation, suggested by some scholars, in the Iberian Peninsula."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Widespread use of the Liber Glossarum in schools and monasteries across Latin Christendom."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Survival in multiple manuscripts with significant textual variation, indicating a complex transmission."}],"relations":[{"work":"Etymologiae","relation":"Attributed to the same author (Isidore of Seville) and shares encyclopedic and lexicographical interests.","key":"wikipedia:Etymologiae","label":"Wikipedia: Etymologiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae"},{"work":"Glossarium","relation":"Part of the same genre of Latin glossaries, often transmitted together.","key":"wikipedia:Glossarium","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"De differentiis","relation":"Another work attributed to Isidore, dealing with word distinctions, similar in purpose.","key":"wikipedia:Isidore of Seville","label":"Wikipedia: Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville"}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Isidore of Seville","label":"Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville","reason":"Provides background on the traditional author and his historical context."},{"key":"wikipedia:Liber Glossarum","label":"Liber Glossarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_glossarum","reason":"Dedicated article on the work, though it may be limited."},{"key":"wikipedia:Glossary","label":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary","reason":"Context on the genre of glossaries in medieval Latin literature."}],"cautions":["The attribution to Isidore of Seville is not secure; the work may be a later compilation.","The date is uncertain, with proposals ranging from the 7th to the 8th century.","The manuscript tradition is complex, with significant variation between copies, and the edition lacks a critical apparatus.","The text of some lemmas is corrupt or fragmentary, as noted in the sample commentary."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000423,"generated":"2026-11-15T07:57:28Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1448/tmp1448/tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1448.tmp1448.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"3","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"8","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"13","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"14","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"16","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"18","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"19","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"23","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"25","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"29","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"37","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"44","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"46","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"48","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"50","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"51","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"53","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"54","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"60","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"67","kind":"term"}],"stats":{"passages":69,"translated":69,"commentary_passages":69,"commentary_units":410,"english_words":9703,"source_letters":43599,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Liber Glossarum is a glossary of Latin terms, often attributed to Isidore of Seville, but its authorship is uncertain. It compiles and explains words from various sources, including Scripture and patristic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This appendix (XXIV) survives in multiple medieval manuscripts, often as part of larger compilations. Its textual history is complex, with significant variation between copies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is traditionally dated to the 7th century, but the attribution to Isidore is not secure. Some scholars suggest a later, possibly 8th-century, origin in the Iberian Peninsula.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition (ogl-pl) does not provide a critical apparatus or stemma codicum. Variant readings and manuscript affiliations are not systematically recorded, limiting its use for textual criticism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Liber Glossarum was widely used in medieval schools and monasteries as a reference for Latin vocabulary, influencing later glossaries and encyclopedic works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation is known: a language model asked twice could name none, and the source corpus records none. That is not proof — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 69 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"68 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":69},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"APPENDIX XXIV.\n\nLIBER GLOSSARUM Ex varii. Glossariis quæ sub Isidori nomine circumferuntur collectus.\n\n[1] A se, spontaneus.\n\nAbaia, infima domus.\n\nAbadir, lapis.\n\nAbastenum, inhonestum.\n\n[5] Abaso, infirma do,.., quas sine base.\n\nAbgrego, segrego.\n\nAblutes, ablutium, loca cœnosa.\n\nAborris, scandalosus.\n\nAbrigeum, splendor auri\n\n[10] Abrogans, humilis.\n\nAbrogat, ablegat.\n\nAbsternit, abicit, repellit.\n\nAccepta, genus navis.\n\nAcclibanum obliquum.\n\n[15] Accuculia, acutus, solers.\n\nAchateon, velum maximum in medium navis.\n\nAcia, ala.\n\nAcieres, genus securis.\n\nAcinari, fricari, in parvo morari.\n\n[20] Acroamala, auditio lyrarum vel tibiarum.\n\nAcutuS, ministerialis damus regiæ.\n\nAcus, calamistratorium.\n\nAcrozymus, panis leniter fermentatus.\n\nAcucula, aculus, solers, agagula.\n\n[25] Adasia, ovis mujor nata\n\nAdfiliatio, pene naturæ imitatio.","english":"APPENDIX XXIV.\n\nTHE BOOK OF GLOSSES, collected from various glossaries which circulate under the name of Isidore.\n\n[1] A se: spontaneous.\n\nAbaia: the lowest part of a house.\n\nAbadir: a stone.\n\nAbastenum: dishonorable.\n\n[5] Abaso: I weaken, ... which are without a base.\n\nAbgrego: I separate.\n\nAblutes, ablutium: muddy places.\n\nAborris: scandalous.\n\nAbrigeum: the splendor of gold.\n\n[10] Abrogans: humble.\n\nAbrogat: he sends away.\n\nAbsternit: he casts off, he repels.\n\nAccepta: a type of ship.\n\nAcclibanum: crooked.\n\n[15] Accuculia: sharp, clever.\n\nAchateon: the largest sail in the middle of a ship.\n\nAcia: a wing.\n\nAcieres: a type of axe.\n\nAcinari: to be rubbed, to delay in a small matter.\n\n[20] Acroamala: a performance of lyres or pipes.\n\nAcutus: a ministerial servant of the royal house.\n\nAcus: a curling iron.\n\nAcrozymus: lightly leavened bread.\n\nAcucula: sharp, clever, a go-between.\n\n[25] Adasia: a sheep born larger.\n\nAdfiliatio: an imitation of nature almost.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Liber Glossarum","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Liber Glossarum' and the note 'Ex varii. Glossariis quæ sub Isidori nomine circumferuntur collectus' indicate that this appendix is a compilation from glossaries attributed to Isidore, not a single original work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abaia","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Abaia' is glossed as 'infima domus' (the lowest part of a house). The form may reflect a variant or corruption of a Greek or Latin term for a base or foundation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abadir","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Abadir' is glossed as 'lapis' (stone). This may be a borrowing from Greek or a Semitic source, possibly related to a proper name or a cultic object.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Abaso","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Abaso' is corrupt: the Latin reads 'infirma do,.., quas sine base', with ellipsis marks indicating a lacuna. The English draft supplies 'I weaken' but the text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ablutes","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Ablutes' (or 'ablutium') is glossed as 'loca cœnosa' (muddy places). The form appears to be a Latin noun derived from 'abluo' (to wash), but the gloss suggests a pejorative sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Acrozymus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Acrozymus' is glossed as 'panis leniter fermentatus' (lightly leavened bread). This is a Greek loanword (ἄζυμος, 'unleavened') but here modified to mean 'lightly leavened', a shift in meaning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text of 'Abaso' is corrupt; the intended lemma and gloss are uncertain.","The lemma 'Acia' is glossed as 'ala' (wing), but 'acia' usually means 'thread' in Latin; the gloss may be a scribal error or a different word."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Adfrutabulum, vasculum.\n\nAdlienla,\n\nAdluviis, lacis cœnosis.\n\n[30] Adoptarius, puer, ex adoptato natus.\n\nAdorea, libamenta.\n\nAdpectoret, adplicet ad. pectus.\n\nAdpetulantia, procacitate.\n\nAdolanat, hostit, æquat.\n\n[35] Adrummavit, rumores adtulit.\n\nAdsecla, domesticus familiæ agaso.\n\nAdseclæ, domestici. pedissequi, lenone,.\n\nAdsella, sella quadrijugis.\n\nAdsuetula, agaso.\n\n[40] Adtaminat., usurpat.\n\nÆgret, acidiatur.\n\ntUMidus, tumidus, inflatus.\n\nAEnigma, figura, sive typus, vel species.\n\nÆquilatium, æquatio.\n\n[45] Affostrata, reditus.\n\nAgabo, qui negotia præcedit.\n\nAgagola, lenocinator, pantomimus.\n\nAgagula, lenocinator.\n\nAgaron, minister officialis.\n\n[50] Agaso, minister officialia.\n\nAgginantes, explicantes.\n\nAgiae, glandolce.\n\nAgonei, victimæ.\n\nAgonia, hostia.\n\n[55] Agrarius.\n\nAlacrimonia, lætitia.\n\nAlbanæ,. plurali numero nuces pristinæ.","english":"Adfrutabulum: a small vessel.\n\nAdlienla: [unclear/obscure].\n\nAdluviis: muddy lakes.\n\n[30] Adoptarius: a child born from an adopted person.\n\nAdorea: offerings, libations.\n\nAdpectoret: he should apply to the chest.\n\nAdpetulantia: impudence, insolence.\n\nAdolanat: he levels, equalizes, makes even.\n\n[35] Adrummavit: he brought rumors.\n\nAdsecla: a household servant, a groom of the family.\n\nAdseclae: household servants, attendants, pimps.\n\nAdsella: a seat for a four-horse team.\n\nAdsuetula: a groom.\n\n[40] Adtaminat: he usurps, violates.\n\nAegret: he becomes sour, turns acidic.\n\nTumidus: swollen, inflated.\n\nAEnigma: a figure, or a type, or a species.\n\nAEquilatium: an equalization, a leveling.\n\n[45] Affostrata: returns, revenues.\n\nAgabo: one who precedes business affairs.\n\nAgagola: a panderer, a pantomime actor.\n\nAgagula: a panderer.\n\nAgaron: an official minister, a functionary.\n\n[50] Agaso: an official minister, a functionary.\n\nAgginantes: those explaining, unfolding.\n\nAgiae: acorns, glandes.\n\nAgonei: sacrificial victims.\n\nAgonia: a sacrificial victim, an offering.\n\n[55] Agrarius: [pertaining to fields/land].\n\nAlacrimonia: joy, gladness.\n\nAlbanae: in the plural number, ancient nuts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Adfrutabulum","severity":"info","text":"The gloss defines Adfrutabulum as a small vessel (vasculum). The term is rare and may be a variant of adfrutabulum or adfritabulum, possibly related to a container for offerings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adlienla","severity":"caution","text":"Adlienla is obscure and likely corrupt. The English draft marks it as unclear; the Latin provides no definition, suggesting a lacuna or scribal error in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Adpetulantia","severity":"info","text":"Adpetulantia is glossed as procacitate (impudence). The form appears to be a variant of adpetulantia, related to petulans (insolent), and is not common in classical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Adrummavit","severity":"info","text":"Adrummavit is glossed as rumores adtulit (he brought rumors). The verb is rare and may be a compound of ad- and rumino (to ruminate or spread news), though the exact formation is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Agagola","severity":"info","text":"Agagola and Agagula are both glossed as lenocinator (panderer), with Agagola also linked to pantomimus (pantomime actor). The repetition suggests variant spellings or entries from different sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Agiae","severity":"info","text":"Agiae is glossed as glandolce, likely a corruption of glandes (acorns). The form may reflect a scribal error or a regional variant; the English draft reads acorns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Adlienla lacks a definition and may be a scribal error or lacuna.","Agiae (glandolce) is likely a corruption of glandes, but the exact intended form is uncertain.","Adrummavit is a rare verb; its precise derivation is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Albuna, mater matula.\n\nAlebra, bona, quibus alimur.\n\n[60] Alegmina, partes extorum, quæ prosegmina dicuntur.\n\nAlia, tranata.\n\nAlibre, alimentum.\n\nAlistrare, humectare.\n\nAllex, pollex in pede.\n\n[65] Alligier, Gallus.\n\nAllobroga, Gallus rufus.\n\nAllutes et Allutia, loca cœnosa.\n\nAlluvium, ruina riparum ex aqua.\n\nAlnum, lignum, id est, vernum.\n\n[70] Alopecia, passio stricturæ.\n\nAlopus, qui propter mercedem alapas patitur.\n\nAltar, altare.\n\nAltar; Prud.: Altar et impositum.\n\nAltilis, pasta, ab alendo.\n\n175] Amansit, exspectavit.\n\nAmasco, amare cupio.\n\nAmhro, devorator, consumptor patrimoniorum. decoctor, luxuriosus, profusus.\n\nAmbus. malcus.\n\nAmbsilla, venter.\n\n[80] Amfariam per. amborum parte..\n\nAmfibulum. birrum, villosum.\n\nAmfiscii, biumbres.\n\nAmussis, regula, fabrica, qua tabula diriguntur.\n\nAnclabeo. vel auricabeo, id est, lex Longobardorum.","english":"Albuna, mother of the pot.\n\nAlebra, good things by which we are nourished.\n\n[60] Alegmina, parts of the entrails, which are called prosegmina.\n\nAlia, crossed over.\n\nAlibre, nourishment.\n\nAlistrare, to moisten.\n\nAllex, the big toe.\n\n[65] Alligier, a Gaul.\n\nAllobroga, a red-haired Gaul.\n\nAllutes and Allutia, muddy places.\n\nAlluvium, the collapse of banks from water.\n\nAlnum, wood, that is, alder.\n\n[70] Alopecia, a condition of constriction.\n\nAlopus, one who endures slaps for a fee.\n\nAltar, an altar.\n\nAltar; Prud.: Altar and placed upon it.\n\nAltilis, fattened, from being fed.\n\n[75] Amansit, he waited.\n\nAmasco, I desire to love.\n\nAmhro, a devourer, a consumer of patrimonies, a spendthrift, a profligate, a wastrel.\n\nAmbus, maimed.\n\nAmbsilla, belly.\n\n[80] Amfariam per, by the part of both.\n\nAmfibulum, a cloak, shaggy.\n\nAmfiscii, those with two shadows.\n\nAmussis, a ruler, a tool by which boards are aligned.\n\nAnclabeo, or auricabeo, that is, the law of the Lombards.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Albuna, mater matula","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Albuna, mater matula' is obscure; 'matula' may refer to a chamber pot, but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Alegmina","severity":"info","text":"'Alegmina' glosses 'prosegmina', a term for parts of entrails, likely from Greek προσεγμίνα, used in anatomical contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Allex","severity":"info","text":"'Allex' is glossed as 'pollex in pede', i.e., the big toe; this is a rare Latin term for the hallux.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Allobroga","severity":"info","text":"'Allobroga' glosses 'Gallus rufus', a red-haired Gaul; the Allobroges were a Gallic tribe, but the form is unusual.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Alopus","severity":"info","text":"'Alopus' is glossed as one who endures slaps for a fee, possibly a comic or servile role; the word is rare.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Anclabeo","severity":"info","text":"'Anclabeo' or 'auricabeo' is identified as Lombard law; this reflects the glossary's inclusion of Germanic legal terms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Albuna, mater matula' is unclear; 'matula' may be a vessel, but the phrase's meaning is uncertain.","'Alia, tranata' is ambiguous; 'tranata' may mean 'crossed over' or 'swum across'.","'Amfariam per' is fragmentary; the intended sense of 'by the part of both' is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"[85] Auclena, instrumentum ferreum forte.\n\nAnconiscus, incastrare.\n\nAn uba, seccuba.\n\nAncyromagus, genus navigii.\n\nAngaria. Avianus, qui agrum locat, ut angariam accipiat.\n\n[90J Angecr, Spatharius, qui angit, id est, stringit spatham.\n\nAUgia, ferrum buculce scuti.\n\nAngores, molestias.\n\nAngrae, intervalla arborum, vel convalles.\n\nAnguilla, est qua coercentur in scholis pueri, quæ vulgo Scutica dicitur.\n\n[95] Anguipedes, gigantes.\n\nAnhelabundus, fatigatus.\n\nAnilia, amentia, fatuitas.\n\nAnimæquus, patiens animo.\n\nAnn et, fulget.\n\n[10] A nsile, scuti bucula intus, quæ ab intus tenetur.\n\nAntela, antilena; sicut. Postela, postilena.\n\nAntemalorum, præteritorum malorum.\n\nAntepedes, obsequia amicorum.\n\nAntia, ferrum in scuto.\n\n[105] Antibiblium, pignus Codicis librorum.\n\nAntiblium, pignus librorum, Codex pro Codice.\n\nAntigerio, valde.\n\nAntigerium. quemadmodum in primis.","english":"[85] Auclena, a strong iron tool.\n\nAnconiscus, to mortise.\n\nAn uba, a second cubit.\n\nAncyromagus, a type of ship.\n\nAngaria. Avianus, one who leases a field in order to receive angaria.\n\n[90] Angecr, Spatharius, one who constricts, that is, binds a sword.\n\nAugia, the iron of the shield's boss.\n\nAngores, annoyances.\n\nAngrae, intervals between trees, or valleys.\n\nAnguilla, that by which boys are disciplined in schools, which is commonly called a Scutica.\n\n[95] Anguipedes, giants.\n\nAnhelabundus, exhausted.\n\nAnilia, madness, foolishness.\n\nAnimæquus, patient in spirit.\n\nAnnet, it shines.\n\n[100] Ansile, the inner boss of a shield, which is held from within.\n\nAntela, antilena; just as Postela, postilena.\n\nAntemalorum, of past evils.\n\nAntepedes, services to friends.\n\nAntia, iron in a shield.\n\n[105] Antibiblium, a pledge of a codex of books.\n\nAntiblium, a pledge of books, a codex in place of a codex.\n\nAntigerio, very much.\n\nAntigerium, just as in the first place.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Anguilla","severity":"info","text":"Here 'anguilla' (eel) is glossed as a school discipline tool, i.e., a whip or strap, commonly called 'scutica'. This is a transferred sense from the eel's shape.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Anconiscus","severity":"info","text":"'Anconiscus' is glossed as 'incastrare' (to mortise). The term likely derives from Greek ἀγκωνίσκος (small elbow or hook), referring to a carpentry joint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Angaria","severity":"info","text":"'Angaria' is a term for compulsory service or transport duty. The gloss explains that Avianus is one who leases a field to receive angaria, i.e., rent in service.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Antibiblium","severity":"info","text":"'Antibiblium' and 'Antiblium' are glossed as a pledge of a codex or a codex in place of another. The term combines Greek ἀντί (instead of) and βιβλίον (book).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence of the Liber Glossarum, here covering entries from 'Auclena' to 'Antigerium'. The entries are brief definitions, typical of a glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"An uba","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'An uba' is unclear; the gloss 'seccuba' (second cubit) suggests a possible corruption or misdivision. The reading follows the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'An uba' may be a corruption; the gloss 'seccuba' is interpreted as 'second cubit'.","The entry 'Angeria. Avianus' may be two separate lemmas or a single entry; the edition treats them as one."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Antigrap hus, Cancellarius.\n\n[110] Antipelargosin dicunt Græci talionem.\n\nAnthia, rota exhauritoria.\n\nAnxiferis, mœstis.\n\nApertularius, effracter.\n\nApiciosus, calvus, calvaster.\n\n[115] Apicire, ligare; Apicitus v ligatus.\n\nApismergis. loca calentia aparum.\n\nApocrisarius, minister Romance Ecclesiæ.\n\nAppia. æstiva. cadens, temperata.\n\nApplare, cochlear.\n\n[120] Apsrm, vellus lanæ\n\nAquahum, summa pars capitis.\n\nAquaticus, hydrus.\n\nArbiterium, collectio arbitrorum. multorum, id est, ipsa consensio.\n\nArcarius, dispensator, actor.\n\n[125] Architriclinius, major domui.\n\nArches, sagittarii.\n\nArcubius, qui cubat in arce.\n\nArculis, circulis.\n\nArdalio, gluto, coros, manduco.\n\n[130] Arenacia, sicca.\n\nAriæ, mortuorum pulvinaria.\n\nAriolator, cono..\n\nArmelaus, scapulare monachorum.\n\nArmillum, crates, vas vinarium.\n\n[135] Arreptitius, ariolus, furiosus,.","english":"Antigraphus, Chancellor.\n\n[110] The Greeks call retaliation antipelargosin.\n\nAnthia, a water-drawing wheel.\n\nAnxiferis, sad.\n\nApertularius, a burglar.\n\nApiciosus, bald, balding.\n\n[115] Apicire, to bind; Apicitus, bound.\n\nApismergis, warm places of bees.\n\nApocrisarius, minister of the Roman Church.\n\nAppia, summer, falling, temperate.\n\nApplare, a spoon.\n\n[120] Apsrm, a fleece of wool.\n\nAquahum, the top part of the head.\n\nAquaticus, a water-snake.\n\nArbiterium, a collection of arbiters, of many, that is, the consensus itself.\n\nArcarius, a steward, an agent.\n\n[125] Architriclinius, a major-domo.\n\nArches, archers.\n\nArcubius, one who lies in a citadel.\n\nArculis, circles.\n\nArdalio, a glutton, a gormandizer, a guzzler.\n\n[130] Arenacia, dry.\n\nAriæ, pillows of the dead.\n\nAriolator, a soothsayer.\n\nArmelaus, the scapular of monks.\n\nArmillum, a basket, a wine vessel.\n\n[135] Arreptitius, a soothsayer, a madman.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Antigrap hus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is a Greek compound (ἀντίγραφος, 'copyist') Latinized; the gloss 'Cancellarius' identifies the office as a chancellor, a notary or secretary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Antipelargosin","severity":"info","text":"Greek ἀντιπελάργωσις, 'retaliation' (literally 'stork-like reciprocity'), a term from natural history or law; the gloss 'talionem' (talio) is the legal principle of lex talionis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Apocrisarius","severity":"info","text":"From Greek ἀποκρισιάριος, a legate or representative; the gloss 'minister Romanae Ecclesiae' reflects the late antique and early medieval use for papal envoys.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Architriclinius","severity":"info","text":"Greek ἀρχιτρίκλινος, 'master of the dining hall'; the gloss 'major domui' (major-domo) shows the term was adapted for a domestic or palatial steward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Armelaus","severity":"info","text":"A Latinized Greek or Late Latin term for a monastic scapular; the gloss 'scapulare monachorum' confirms its use in early medieval monastic dress.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Apsrm","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Apsrm' is likely corrupt; the gloss 'vellus lanæ' (fleece of wool) suggests a miswritten form, perhaps of Latin 'apsus' or Greek ἅψος (wool).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Apsrm' is obscure and probably a scribal error; the reading 'vellus lanæ' is accepted.","The lemma 'Apismergis' is unclear; the gloss 'loca calentia aparum' (warm places of bees) is taken as intended."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Artemo, instrumentum arietis.\n\nArtificina, in qua artes exercentur.\n\nArtificem, duplicem, dolosum\n\nArtuatim, membratim.\n\n[140] Arvinulis, adipibus.\n\nArula, craticula.\n\nAsciculus, asciola, dolabra.\n\nAscias, exumbres.\n\nAspita, ruina.\n\n[145] Assecta, buccellarius.\n\nAssecula ♦ buccellarius homo.\n\nAssentaneum, consentiens.\n\nAstarium, ubi venduntur bona proscriptorum.\n\nAstraba, tabella, ubi pedes requescunt.\n\n[150] Astrosus, malo sidere natus.\n\nAstrosus, lunaticus.\n\nAtanulum, genus vasis.\n\nAttia, qui priruis plantis ambulat.\n\nAttaminat, inquinat.\n\n[155] Attanabo, genus vasis.\n\nAttibernalis, vicinus.\n\nAucella, ortygometra.\n\nAucones, incantatores, vel vicini.\n\nAuctare, constringere.\n\n[160] Auctionarius, qui pluris emit.\n\nAuctoramentum, ipsa res vocatur venditionis.\n\nAuctoratio, venditio. Nam sub auctoratione sunt gladiatores, qui se vendunt.","english":"Artemo, the instrument of a ram.\n\nArtificina, a place where arts are practiced.\n\nArtificem, twofold, deceitful.\n\nArtuatim, limb by limb.\n\n[140] Arvinulis, with fats.\n\nArula, a small grill.\n\nAsciculus, a small adze, a pickaxe.\n\nAscias, shadowless.\n\nAspita, a ruin.\n\n[145] Assecta, a retainer.\n\nAssecula, a dependent man.\n\nAssentaneum, agreeing.\n\nAstarium, a place where the goods of the proscribed are sold.\n\nAstraba, a footstool, where feet rest.\n\n[150] Astrosus, born under an evil star.\n\nAstrosus, moonstruck.\n\nAtanulum, a type of vessel.\n\nAttia, one who walks on the soles of his feet.\n\nAttaminat, he defiles.\n\n[155] Attanabo, a type of vessel.\n\nAttibernalis, a neighbor.\n\nAucella, a quail.\n\nAucones, enchanters, or neighbors.\n\nAuctare, to bind.\n\n[160] Auctionarius, one who buys at a higher price.\n\nAuctoramentum, the thing itself is called the object of sale.\n\nAuctoratio, a sale. For gladiators are under a contract of sale, who sell themselves.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Artemo","severity":"info","text":"Artemo is glossed as 'instrument of a ram' (instrumentum arietis), likely a battering ram or a ship's part; the term is rare and the gloss ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Astrosus","severity":"info","text":"Astrosus is given two distinct glosses: 'born under an evil star' and 'moonstruck' (lunaticus), reflecting a semantic range from astrological misfortune to lunar madness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Auctoratio","severity":"info","text":"The gloss on Auctoratio explains that gladiators are 'under a contract of sale' (sub auctoratione), referencing the Roman practice of self-sale for gladiatorial service.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence of lemmata from A- to Au-, with multiple entries for the same lemma (e.g., Astrosus, Aucones) showing variant glosses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Aucones","severity":"caution","text":"Aucones is glossed as both 'enchanters' and 'neighbors' (incantatores, vel vicini); the pairing may reflect a textual corruption or conflation of two distinct lemmata.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Artemo could refer to a battering ram or a ship's sail/yard; the gloss 'instrument of a ram' does not resolve the nautical or military sense.","Aucones may be a scribal error or conflation of two separate entries (e.g., augures and vicini)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Augumentum, profectus.\n\nAugusta, uxor imperatoris.\n\n[165] Aularius, aulicus, Palatinus.\n\nAunicula, auctio minor supra fundum.\n\nAureax, equus solitarius.\n\nAuricularius, asculator,\n\nAurorans, illuminans.\n\n[170] Auraginosus, armatus.\n\nAuteritas, antiquitas.\n\nAuxinium, Romanum, Latinum.\n\nBabiger, stultus.\n\nBabigera, stulta.\n\n[175] Bahurrus, stultus.\n\nBaccal, in quo mortui deferuntur.\n\nBaccapulus, in quo mortui deferuntur.\n\nBaccarium, vas aquarium.\n\nBaccatum, margaritatum.\n\n[180] Bacchanal, sacrarium Liberi Patris.\n\nBacerus, barefactus.\n\nBaen, est lamina auri ab aure ad aurem, qua familiares regum utebantur. Ornamentum colli ex auro, et gemmis, quod alio nomine torques potest dici.\n\nBagario, orceoli genus.\n\nBalastrum, balneum.\n\nf185] Baldiosus, affabilis.\n\nBalio, manus, palma.\n\nBalteat, cingit.\n\nBamhes, arena.\n\nBamhis. aranea.\n\n[190] Banadola, lectus, qui in itinere fertur.!n alio Gloss. Baniola.","english":"Augmentum, advancement.\n\nAugusta, wife of the emperor.\n\n[165] Aularius, aulicus, a courtier.\n\nAunicula, a minor auction above the ground.\n\nAureax, a solitary horse.\n\nAuricularius, a listener.\n\nAurorans, illuminating.\n\n[170] Auraginosus, armed.\n\nAuteritas, antiquity.\n\nAuxinium, Roman, Latin.\n\nBabiger, a fool.\n\nBabigera, a foolish woman.\n\n[175] Bahurrus, a fool.\n\nBaccal, that in which the dead are carried.\n\nBaccapulus, that in which the dead are carried.\n\nBaccarium, a water vessel.\n\nBaccatum, adorned with pearls.\n\n[180] Bacchanal, the sanctuary of Father Liber.\n\nBacerus, laid bare.\n\nBaen, it is a plate of gold from ear to ear, which the attendants of kings used. An ornament for the neck made of gold and gems, which can be called by another name, torques.\n\nBagario, a type of small jug.\n\nBalastrum, a bath.\n\n[185] Baldiosus, affable.\n\nBalio, hand, palm.\n\nBalteat, he girds.\n\nBamhes, sand.\n\nBamhis, spider.\n\n[190] Banadola, a bed that is carried on a journey. In another Glossary, Baniola.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Augumentum","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Augumentum' is a variant spelling of 'Augmentum' (advancement), likely reflecting a scribal or orthographic alternation in Late Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Aunicula","severity":"info","text":"'Aunicula' is glossed as 'auctio minor supra fundum' (a minor auction above the ground), a rare term possibly denoting a small-scale sale or lease of land.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Aureax","severity":"info","text":"'Aureax' is glossed as 'equus solitarius' (a solitary horse), a hapax legomenon in this glossary, likely a Late Latin formation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Auraginosus","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Auraginosus' is glossed as 'armatus' (armed), but the form is irregular; it may be a corruption of 'auratus' (gilded) or a misreading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Baen","severity":"info","text":"'Baen' is described as a gold plate from ear to ear worn by royal attendants, also called 'torques'; this gloss preserves a rare term for a neck ornament.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Banadola","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Banadola' (a bed carried on a journey) includes a cross-reference to another glossary where it appears as 'Baniola', indicating textual variation in the glossarial tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Auraginosus' is of uncertain derivation; the gloss 'armatus' may be a scribal error or a semantic shift.","The lemma 'Aunicula' is rare and its precise meaning in context (auction or lease) is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Barbarica, opera de auro.\n\nBarbarica, opera, subtiliter ornata.\n\nBarbastereli, duribuccius.\n\nBarhaius, operarius, intimidus.\n\n[195] Barbustinus, homo, qui fert barbam plenam porrigitis.\n\nBarcanda, concha ærea.\n\nBarciæ, barbari.\n\nBargines, fortes in bello.\n\nBarria, regula, norma, rubrica.\n\n[200] Barrigenæ, peregrinæ\n\nBarco, genus organi.\n\nBarvo, barunculus.\n\nBasilides, palatinus homo,, id est, de aula regia.\n\nBassatum, terræ hiatus.\n\n[205] Bassus, crassus.\n\nBassus, pinguis, obesus.\n\nBasterna, tecta manuatis.\n\nBatiotica, patera.\n\nBalinius, rusticus, agricolanut.\n\nAlopus, qui propter mercedem alapas patitur.\n\nAltar, altare.\n\nAltar; Prud.: Altar et impositum.\n\nAltilis, patta, ab alendo.\n\n[75] Amansit, exspectavit.\n\nAmasco, amare cupio.\n\nAmbro, devorator, consumptor patrimoniorum, decoctor, luxuniosus, profusus.\n\nAmbus. malcus.\n\nAmbusilla, venter.","english":"Barbarica, works of gold.\n\nBarbarica, works, subtly ornamented.\n\nBarbastereli, hard-beaked.\n\nBarhaius, a worker, timid.\n\n[195] Barbustinus, a man who bears a full beard of leeks.\n\nBarcanda, a bronze shell.\n\nBarciæ, barbarians.\n\nBargines, strong in war.\n\nBarria, rule, norm, rubric.\n\n[200] Barrigenæ, foreign women.\n\nBarco, a type of organ.\n\nBarvo, a little baron.\n\nBasilides, a palace man, that is, from the royal court.\n\nBassatum, a chasm in the earth.\n\n[205] Bassus, fat.\n\nBassus, plump, obese.\n\nBasterna, a covered litter carried by hand.\n\nBatiotica, a bowl.\n\nBalinius, a rustic, a farmer.\n\nAlopus, one who suffers slaps for a fee.\n\nAltar, altar.\n\nAltar; Prud.: Altar and the thing placed upon it.\n\nAltilis, a fattened fowl, from nourishing.\n\n[75] Amansit, waited.\n\nAmasco, I desire to love.\n\nAmbro, a devourer, a squanderer of patrimonies, a bankrupt, a luxurious man, a spendthrift.\n\nAmbus, maimed.\n\nAmbusilla, belly.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Barbarica","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Barbarica' is glossed as 'works of gold' and 'subtly ornamented works', likely referring to barbarian-style goldwork, a known category in late antique luxury arts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Barbastereli","severity":"info","text":"'Barbastereli' is glossed as 'hard-beaked' (duribuccius), a hapax legomenon possibly describing a bird or a person with a hard mouth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Barco","severity":"info","text":"'Barco' is glossed as 'a type of organ', likely a musical instrument, possibly a variant of 'barbiton' or a wind instrument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Basilides","severity":"info","text":"'Basilides' is glossed as 'a palace man, that is, from the royal court', derived from Greek βασιλίδης, a court official.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Basterna","severity":"info","text":"'Basterna' is glossed as 'a covered litter carried by hand', a known late Latin term for a sedan chair.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Alopus","severity":"info","text":"'Alopus' is glossed as 'one who suffers slaps for a fee', likely a comic or servile role, from Greek ἄλοπος (slap-receiver).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (e.g., Barbastereli, Barco) are hapax legomena or rare, with uncertain etymologies and precise referents."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"[80] Amrariam, per. amborum parte..\n\nAmfibulum, birrum, villosum.\n\nAmfiscii, biumbres.\n\nAmussis, regula, fabrica, qua tabula diriguntur.\n\nAnclabeo, vel auricabeo, id eat, lex Longobardorum.\n\n[83] Anclena, instrumentum ferreum forte.\n\nAnconiscus, incastrare.\n\nAn uba, seccuba.\n\nAncyromagus, genus navigii.\n\nAugaria. Avianus. qui agrum locat, ut angartum accipiat.\n\n[9UJ Anger, Spatharius, qui angit, id est, stringit spatham.\n\nAugia, ferrum buculæ scuti.\n\nAogores, molestias.\n\nAngrae, intervalla arborum, vel convalles.\n\nAnguilla, est qua coercentur in scholis pueri, quæ vulgo Scutica dicitur.\n\n[95] Anguipedes, gigantes.\n\nAnhelabundus, fatigatus.\n\nAnilia, amentia, fatuitas.\n\nAnimæquus, patiens animo.\n\nAnnet, fulget.\n\n[10 ] A'sile, scuti bucula intus, quæ ab intus tenetur.\n\nAntela, antilena; sicut. Postela, postilena.\n\nAntemalorum, præteritorum malorum.","english":"[80] Amrariam, through both parts.\n\nAmfibulum, a coarse woolen garment, shaggy.\n\nAmfiscii, those who cast two shadows.\n\nAmussis, a rule, a tool by which boards are aligned.\n\nAnclabeo, or auricabeo, that is, Lombard law.\n\n[83] Anclena, a strong iron tool.\n\nAnconiscus, to mortise.\n\nAn uba, seccuba.\n\nAncyromagus, a type of ship.\n\nAugaria. Avianus. one who leases a field, so that he may receive angartum.\n\n[9UJ] Anger, Spatharius, who angit, that is, constricts the spatha.\n\nAugia, the iron of the shield's boss.\n\nAogores, annoyances.\n\nAngrae, intervals of trees, or valleys.\n\nAnguilla, that by which boys are restrained in schools, which is commonly called Scutica.\n\n[95] Anguipedes, giants.\n\nAnhelabundus, exhausted.\n\nAnilia, madness, foolishness.\n\nAnimæquus, patient in spirit.\n\nAnnet, it shines.\n\n[10] A'sile, the inner boss of a shield, which is held from within.\n\nAntela, antilena; likewise, Postela, postilena.\n\nAntemalorum, of past evils.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Amfibulum","severity":"info","text":"Amfibulum is glossed as birrum, villosum, i.e., a coarse, shaggy woolen garment. The term is a variant of amphibalum or amphimallum, denoting a rough cloak.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Amfiscii","severity":"info","text":"Amfiscii, glossed biumbres, refers to those who cast two shadows, i.e., inhabitants of the tropics where the sun can be on either side at noon. The term is from Greek ἀμφίσκιοι.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Anclabeo","severity":"info","text":"Anclabeo, vel auricabeo, id est, lex Longobardorum. This appears to be a corrupt or obscure reference to Lombard law; the forms may relate to anclabium or auricabium, but the precise meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Anguilla","severity":"info","text":"Anguilla is glossed as a school discipline implement, commonly called Scutica. The term normally means 'eel', but here it is transferred to a whip or strap, perhaps from its shape.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"An uba, seccuba","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'An uba, seccuba' is obscure and likely corrupt. No clear Latin or Greek source is evident; it may be a scribal error or a nonce form.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence of lemmata beginning with 'Am-' and 'An-', typical of the Liber Glossarum's lexicographical arrangement. The entries are brief and often single-word glosses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'An uba, seccuba' is unclear; possibly a corruption of 'anuba' or 'anubis'? The reading follows the manuscript as given.","The entry for 'Anclabeo' may be garbled; 'auricabeo' is not a standard Latin term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Antepedes, obsequia amicorum.\n\nAntia, ferrum in 'curo.\n\n[105] Antibiblium, pignus Codicis librorum.\n\nAntiblium, pignus librorum, Codex pro Codice.\n\nAntigerio, valde.\n\nAntigerium, quemadmodum in primis.\n\nAntigraphus, Cancellarius.\n\n[110] Antipelargosin dicunt Græci talionem.\n\nAnUlini, rota exhauritoria.\n\nAnxiferis, moestis.\n\nApertularius, effratter.\n\nApiciosus, calvus, calvaster.\n\n[115] Apicire, ligare; Apicitus II ligatus.\n\nAnismergis, loca calentia aparum.\n\nApocrisarius, minister Romanæ Ecclesiæ.\n\nAppia, æstiva, cadens, temperata.\n\nApplare, cochlear.\n\n[120] Apsum, vellut lanæ\n\nAqualium, summa pars capitis.\n\nAquaticus, hydrus.\n\nArbiterium, collectio arbitrorum multorum, id est, ipsa consensio.\n\nArcarius, dispensator, actor.\n\n[125] Architriclinius, major domni.\n\nArcites, sagittarii.\n\nArcubius, qui cubat in arce.\n\nArculis, circulis.","english":"Antepedes, services of friends.\n\nAntia, iron in a curve.\n\n[105] Antibiblium, a pledge of a codex of books.\n\nAntiblium, a pledge of books, a codex in place of a codex.\n\nAntigerio, exceedingly.\n\nAntigerium, just as in the first place.\n\nAntigraphus, a chancellor.\n\n[110] Antipelargosis, the Greeks call retaliation.\n\nAnUlini, a drawing wheel.\n\nAnxiferis, sorrowful ones.\n\nApertularius, a brother-breaker.\n\nApiciosus, bald, balding.\n\n[115] Apicire, to bind; Apicitus, bound.\n\nAnismergis, warm places of bees.\n\nApocrisarius, a minister of the Roman Church.\n\nAppia, summer, falling, temperate.\n\nApplare, a spoon.\n\n[120] Apsum, like wool.\n\nAqualium, the top part of the head.\n\nAquaticus, a water-snake.\n\nArbiterium, a collection of many arbiters, that is, the consensus itself.\n\nArcarius, a treasurer, a steward.\n\n[125] Architriclinius, a major-domo.\n\nArcites, archers.\n\nArcubius, one who lies in a citadel.\n\nArculis, circles.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Antepedes","severity":"info","text":"Antepedes is a Latinized Greek term (ἀντιπήδης) meaning 'services of friends,' possibly referring to attendants or companions in a domestic or legal context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Antibiblium","severity":"info","text":"Antibiblium and Antiblium both denote a pledge of a codex or books, with the latter specifying a codex given in exchange for another codex, reflecting early medieval book-pawning practices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Antipelargosin","severity":"info","text":"Antipelargosis (Greek ἀντιπελάργωσις) refers to the law of retaliation or talion, a concept from Greek and Roman legal thought, here attributed to Greek usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Apocrisarius","severity":"info","text":"Apocrisarius (Greek ἀποκρισιάριος) designates a minister or representative of the Roman Church, a term used in late antique and early medieval ecclesiastical administration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Architriclinius","severity":"info","text":"Architriclinius (Greek ἀρχιτρίκλινος) means 'major-domo' or chief steward, a title for the head of a household or banquet, common in late Roman and Byzantine contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"AnUlini","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'AnUlini' is likely a scribal corruption or misreading; the gloss 'rota exhauritoria' suggests a drawing wheel or winch, but the Coptic form is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'AnUlini' is unclear; the Coptic may be garbled or abbreviated.","The entry 'Anismergis' (warm places of bees) is obscure and may involve a textual corruption or a rare technical term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Ardalio, gluto, vorax, manduco.\n\n[ 130] Arenacia, sicca.\n\nAriæ, mortuorum pulvinaria.\n\nAriolator, cocio, o -\n\nArmelaus, scapulare monachorum.\n\nArmillum, crates, vas vinarium.\n\n[135] Arreptitius, ariolus, furiosus.\n\nArtemo, instrumentum arietis.\n\nArtificina, in qua artes exercentur.\n\nArtificem, duplicem, dolosum\n\nArtuatim, membratim.\n\n[140] Arvinulig, adipibus.\n\nArula, craticula.\n\nAsciculus, asciola, dolabra.\n\nAscios, exumbres.\n\nAspita, ruina.\n\n[145] Asserla, buccellarius.\n\nAssecula, buccellarius homo.\n\nAssentaneum, consentiens.\n\nAstarium, ubi venduntur bona proscriptorum.\n\nAstraba, tabella, ubi pedes requiescunt.\n\n[150] Asirosus, malo sidere natus.\n\nAstrosus, lunalicus.\n\nAtanulum, genus vasis.\n\nAtta, qui pririis plantis ambulat.\n\nAttaminat. inquinat.\n\n[155] Attanabo, genus vasis.\n\nAttibernalis, vic nus.\n\nAncella, ortygometra.\n\nAucones, incantatores, vel vicini.","english":"Ardalio, glutton, voracious, guzzler.\n\n[130] Arenacia, dry.\n\nAriae, cushions of the dead.\n\nAriolator, a middleman, or -\n\nArmelaus, monks' scapular.\n\nArmillum, a crate, a wine vessel.\n\n[135] Arreptitius, a soothsayer, a madman.\n\nArtemo, an instrument of a battering ram.\n\nArtificina, a place where arts are practiced.\n\nArtificem, twofold, deceitful.\n\nArtuatim, limb by limb.\n\n[140] Arvinulig, with fats.\n\nArula, a small grill.\n\nAsciculus, a small adze, a pickaxe.\n\nAscios, shadowless.\n\nAspita, a ruin.\n\n[145] Asserla, a table-companion.\n\nAssecula, a dependent man.\n\nAssentaneum, agreeing.\n\nAstarium, a place where the goods of the proscribed are sold.\n\nAstraba, a footstool, where feet rest.\n\n[150] Asirosus, born under an evil star.\n\nAstrosus, moonstruck.\n\nAtanulum, a type of vessel.\n\nAtta, one who walks on the soles of his feet.\n\nAttaminat, defiles.\n\n[155] Attanabo, a type of vessel.\n\nAttibernalis, a neighbor.\n\nAncella, a quail.\n\nAucones, enchanters, or neighbors.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ardalio","severity":"info","text":"Ardalio is glossed as 'gluto, vorax, manduco' (glutton, voracious, guzzler). The term likely derives from Greek ἀρδαλίων (ardaliōn), meaning a busybody or glutton, reflecting a pejorative sense in late Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ariolator","severity":"info","text":"Ariolator is glossed as 'cocio, o -' (a middleman, or -). The incomplete entry suggests a lacuna; 'cocio' is a dealer or broker, and the term may relate to 'ariolus' (soothsayer), but the gloss is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Armelaus","severity":"info","text":"Armelaus is glossed as 'scapulare monachorum' (monks' scapular). This reflects monastic dress, a garment worn over the shoulders, indicating the glossary's attention to ecclesiastical vocabulary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Arreptitius","severity":"info","text":"Arreptitius is glossed as 'ariolus, furiosus' (a soothsayer, a madman). The term suggests possession or frenzy, linking divination with madness, a common association in late antique and early medieval thought.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Astrosus","severity":"info","text":"Astrosus is glossed as 'lunalicus' (moonstruck). This term, derived from 'astrum' (star), indicates a belief in astral or lunar influence on mental states, paralleling 'Asirosus' (born under an evil star).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ancella","severity":"caution","text":"Ancella is glossed as 'ortygometra' (quail). The lemma is likely a corruption or variant; 'Ancella' may be a miswriting of 'Ancilla' (maid) or a different bird name. The gloss is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 'Ariolator' is incomplete ('cocio, o -'), possibly indicating a lacuna or abbreviation. 'Ancella' may be a textual corruption; its gloss as 'ortygometra' (quail) is unexpected and may reflect a scribal error or a rare usage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Auctane, constringere.\n\n[160] Auctionarius, qui pluris emit.\n\nAuctoramentum, ipsa res vocatur venditionis.\n\nAuctoratio, venditio. Nam sub auctoratione sunt gladiatores, qui se vendunt.\n\nAugumentum, profectus.\n\nAugusta, uxor imperatoris.\n\n[165] Aularins, aulicus, Palatinus.\n\nAunicula, auctio minor supra fundum.\n\nAureax, equus solitarius.\n\nAuricularius, asculator.\n\nAurorans, illuminans.\n\n[170] Auruginosus, arcuatus.\n\nAuteritas, antiquitas.\n\nAuxinium, Romanum, Latinum.\n\nBabiger, stultus.\n\nBahigera, stulta.\n\n1175] Baburrus, stultus.\n\nBaccal, in quo mortui deferuntur.\n\nBaccapulos, in quo mortui deferun. tur.\n\nBaccarium, vas aquarium.\n\nBacratum, margaritatum.\n\n[180] Bacchanal, sacrarium Liberi Patris.\n\nBacerus, barefactus.\n\nBaen, est lamina auri ab aure ad Murem, qua familiares regum utebantur. Ornamentum colli ex auro, et gemmis, quod alio nomine torques potest dici.","english":"Auctane, to bind together.\n\n[160] Auctionarius, one who buys at a higher price.\n\nAuctoramentum, the thing itself that is called the object of sale.\n\nAuctoratio, a sale. For gladiators who sell themselves are under auctoratio.\n\nAugumentum, increase, progress.\n\nAugusta, wife of the emperor.\n\n[165] Aularins, aulicus, a courtier.\n\nAunicula, a minor auction concerning land.\n\nAureax, a solitary horse.\n\nAuricularius, a listener.\n\nAurorans, illuminating.\n\n[170] Auruginosus, afflicted with jaundice.\n\nAuteritas, antiquity.\n\nAuxinium, Roman, Latin.\n\nBabiger, foolish.\n\nBahigera, foolish.\n\n[175] Baburrus, foolish.\n\nBaccal, in which the dead are carried.\n\nBaccapulos, in which the dead are carried.\n\nBaccarium, a water vessel.\n\nBacratum, adorned with pearls.\n\n[180] Bacchanal, shrine of Father Liber.\n\nBacerus, laid bare, exposed.\n\nBaen, it is a plate of gold from the ear to the shoulder, which the familiars of kings used. An ornament for the neck made of gold and gems, which can be called by another name, torques.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Auctane","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Auctane' is glossed as 'constringere' (to bind together). This is a rare or possibly corrupt form; the expected Latin might be 'auctare' (to increase) or 'auctus' (growth), but the gloss suggests a different etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Auctoramentum","severity":"info","text":"'Auctoramentum' is defined as the object of sale itself, distinct from 'auctoratio' (the act of sale). This legal distinction reflects Roman contract law, where gladiators under 'auctoratio' were bound by a sale of their services.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Baen","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'Baen' describes a gold plate from ear to shoulder, an ornament worn by royal familiars, also called 'torques'. This likely refers to a type of Celtic or Germanic neck ring, adopted in late Roman and early medieval court regalia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence from A to B, with entries for 'Auctane' through 'Baen'. The grouping of synonyms for 'foolish' (Babiger, Bahigera, Baburrus) shows Isidore's method of clustering related terms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Aunicula","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Aunicula' is glossed as 'auctio minor supra fundum' (a minor auction concerning land). The form is unusual; it may be a corruption of 'aucuncula' or a diminutive of 'auctio', but the precise meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Auruginosus","severity":"info","text":"'Auruginosus' is glossed as 'arcuatus' (afflicted with jaundice). The term derives from 'aurugo' (jaundice), and 'arcuatus' likely refers to the rainbow-like yellowing of the skin, from 'arcus' (bow).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Auctane' may be a scribal error or a rare variant; its connection to 'constringere' is not standard.","The form 'Aunicula' is unattested elsewhere; the intended reading may be 'aucuncula' or a similar term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Bagario, orceoli genus\n\nBalastrum, balneum.\n\n[185] Baldiosus, affabilis.\n\nBalio, manus, palma.\n\nBalteat, cingit.\n\nBamhes, arena.\n\nBambis, aranea.\n\n[190] Banadola, lectus, qui in itinere fertur. In alio Gloss. Baniola.\n\nBarbarica, opera de auro.\n\nBarbarica, opera, subtiliter ornata.\n\nBarbastereli, duribruccius.\n\nBarbatus, operarius, intimidus.\n\n[195] Barbustinus, homo, qui fert barbam plenam porrigitis.\n\nBarcanda, concha ærea.\n\nBarciæ, barbari.\n\nBargines, fortes in bello.\n\nBarria. regula, norma, rubrica.\n\n[200] Barrigenæ, peregrinæ.\n\nBario, genus organi.\n\nBarvo, barunculus.\n\nBasilides, palatinus homo,, id est, de aula regia.\n\nBassatum, terra hiatus.\n\n[205] Bassus, crassus.\n\nBassus, pinguis, obesus.\n\nBasterna, tecta manualis.\n\nBatiotica, patera.\n\nBatinius, rusticus, agricolanus.\n\n[210] Batis, nomen serpentis.\n\nBatus, genus oleris.","english":"Bagario, a kind of small jug.\n\nBalastrum, a bath.\n\n[185] Baldiosus, affable.\n\nBalio, hand, palm.\n\nBalteat, he/she girds.\n\nBamhes, sand.\n\nBambis, spider.\n\n[190] Banadola, a bed that is carried on a journey. In another Glossary, Baniola.\n\nBarbarica, works of gold.\n\nBarbarica, works, finely adorned.\n\nBarbastereli, hard-bristled.\n\nBarbatus, a worker, timid.\n\n[195] Barbustinus, a man who bears a full beard with dandruff.\n\nBarcanda, a bronze shell.\n\nBarciæ, barbarians.\n\nBargines, strong in war.\n\nBarria, a rule, a standard, a rubric.\n\n[200] Barrigenæ, foreign women.\n\nBario, a kind of instrument.\n\nBarvo, a little baron.\n\nBasilides, a palace man, that is, from the royal court.\n\nBassatum, a chasm in the earth.\n\n[205] Bassus, fat.\n\nBassus, plump, obese.\n\nBasterna, a covered hand-litter.\n\nBatiotica, a shallow bowl.\n\nBatinius, a rustic, a farmer.\n\n[210] Batis, name of a serpent.\n\nBatus, a kind of vegetable.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bagario","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Bagario' is glossed as 'orceoli genus' (a kind of small jug). The Latin 'orceolus' is a diminutive of 'orca', a vessel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Balastrum","severity":"info","text":"'Balastrum' is glossed as 'balneum' (bath). This may be a variant or corruption of 'balneastrum', a rare term for a bath.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Baldiosus","severity":"info","text":"'Baldiosus' is glossed as 'affabilis' (affable). The lemma is obscure; it may be a variant of 'blandiosus' or a borrowing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Banadola","severity":"info","text":"'Banadola' is glossed as 'lectus, qui in itinere fertur' (a bed carried on a journey). The variant 'Baniola' is noted from another glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Barbarica","severity":"info","text":"'Barbarica' appears twice: first as 'opera de auro' (works of gold), then as 'opera, subtiliter ornata' (works, finely adorned). The term likely refers to ornate foreign craftsmanship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Basilides","severity":"info","text":"'Basilides' is glossed as 'palatinus homo, id est, de aula regia' (a palace man, i.e., from the royal court). The lemma derives from Greek 'basilikos' (royal).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (e.g., 'Bamhes', 'Bambis', 'Barbastereli') are of uncertain origin and may be corrupt or non-Latin. The glosses are accepted as given."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Baucatem, gellonem.\n\nBellicerpa, quoddam genus ludorum cum armalis.\n\nBeiluus, moribus bestiarum\n\n[215] Belues, egestas, quia solet contingere per vastationem.\n\nBene linguatus, eloquens.\n\nBestemiæ, Trojæ.\n\nBestiarius, venator bestiarum\n\nBestiones, Tiraces.\n\n[22e] Bibitot., potalor.\n\nBibleis, duplicibus linteis.\n\nBibliothecarius, qui Codices secat.\n\nBibuscus, morsus bestiarum.\n\nBidellium, aqua ex vesicis de ulmo confecta, et proficit ad vulnera in corpore medenda.\n\n[223] Bidens, anchora.\n\nBifax, duos habens obtrutus.\n\nBigera, vestis, gufa, vel villata.\n\nBilla, jumentum, aliMus.\n\nBiluus, morbus bestiarum.\n\n[230] Bimaritus, iterum maritus.\n\nBiplex, duplex.\n\nBiplicitas, duplicitas., alterplicitas.\n\nBirrus, rufus.\n\nBistimiæ, Trullas.\n\n[235] Bitidum, informe.\n\nBivira, secundo conjux.\n\nBlandiosus, affabilis.\n\nBlato, cubicularius, hospitalarius.","english":"Baucatem, a jug.\n\nBellicerpa, a certain kind of game with weapons.\n\nBeiluus, with the habits of beasts.\n\n[215] Belues, poverty, because it usually happens through devastation.\n\nBene linguatus, eloquent.\n\nBestemiæ, Troy.\n\nBestiarius, a hunter of beasts.\n\nBestiones, Thracians.\n\n[22e] Bibitot., a drinker.\n\nBibleis, of double linens.\n\nBibliothecarius, one who cuts books.\n\nBibuscus, a bite of beasts.\n\nBidellium, water made from blisters of the elm, and it is beneficial for healing wounds on the body.\n\n[223] Bidens, an anchor.\n\nBifax, having two faces.\n\nBigera, a garment, a hood, or shaggy.\n\nBilla, a beast of burden, another.\n\nBiluus, a disease of beasts.\n\n[230] Bimaritus, a husband again.\n\nBiplex, twofold.\n\nBiplicitas, duplicity, alterplicity.\n\nBirrus, red.\n\nBistimiæ, bowls.\n\n[235] Bitidum, shapeless.\n\nBivira, a wife a second time.\n\nBlandiosus, affable.\n\nBlato, a chamberlain, a host.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Baucatem","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Baucatem is glossed as gellonem, a variant of gillo, a small jug or cooling vessel. The English draft renders it as 'a jug', which is consistent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bellicerpa","severity":"info","text":"Bellicerpa is defined as a kind of game with weapons (armalis). The term may be a hapax; the gloss suggests a martial exercise or spectacle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bestemiæ","severity":"info","text":"Bestemiæ is glossed as Trojæ, likely a corruption or variant for 'Troy'. The English draft follows this identification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bestiones","severity":"info","text":"Bestiones is glossed as Tiraces, i.e., Thracians. The English draft renders it as 'Thracians', which is correct.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bidellium","severity":"info","text":"Bidellium is described as water made from blisters of the elm, used for healing wounds. This appears to be a medicinal recipe, possibly a folk remedy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bifax","severity":"info","text":"Bifax is glossed as having two faces (duos habens obtrutus, likely a corruption of obtutus or vultus). The English draft renders it as 'having two faces'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma Baucatem may be a variant or corruption; the gloss gellonem is not fully explained.","Bestemiæ as Trojæ is obscure; the connection is unclear.","Bidellium's recipe is not attested elsewhere; the term may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Blenones, puditi hircorius.\n\n[240] Utini, terri.\n\nBlitea, stulta.\n\nBobinatores, inconstantes.\n\nBoeler, verum, veranum.\n\nBoia, torques damnatorum.\n\n[245] Bolonæ, ipsi cetarii; qui diversa genera piscium emunt.\n\nBombum, sorbellum.\n\nBombycinare, purpuram facere.\n\nBombycinatores, purpuram facientes.\n\nBona caduca, quibus nemo succedat hæres.\n\n[250] Bona caduca, res damnatorum\n\nBortanea, tecta manualis.\n\nBostar, locus ubi stant boves.\n\nBoteonem, juvenem.\n\nBotriones, latices.\n\n[253] Brania, vel Вranzia, tenuis auri lamina.\n\nBrasbrat, lucubro.\n\nBrevigerulus. qui breve gerit.\n\nBrj... de tesseris.\n\nBritanium, marnoricum.\n\n[260] Britanniaca, flos qui in sinua nascitur.\n\nBroia, ulva marina.\n\nBromosa, immunda.\n\nBrumalia, resinosa pluvia.\n\nBrumosus, annosus, resinosus.\n\n[265] Brunda, solida.\n\nBrustum, materiæ genu.\n\nBrutus, gurdus.\n\nBubis, barba.","english":"Blenones, puditi hircorius.\n\n[240] Utini, terri.\n\nBlitea, foolish.\n\nBobinatores, inconstant persons.\n\nBoeler, true, genuine.\n\nBoia, a collar of the condemned.\n\n[245] Bolonae, the fishmongers themselves; who buy various kinds of fish.\n\nBombum, a small drink.\n\nBombycinare, to make purple.\n\nBombycinatores, makers of purple.\n\nBona caduca, goods to which no heir succeeds.\n\n[250] Bona caduca, the property of the condemned.\n\nBortanea, a hand-made roof.\n\nBostar, a place where oxen stand.\n\nBoteonem, a young man.\n\nBotriones, shoots.\n\n[253] Brania, or Branzia, a thin sheet of gold.\n\nBrasbrat, I work by lamplight.\n\nBrevigerulus, one who carries a brief.\n\nBrj... concerning dice.\n\nBritanium, marmoricum.\n\n[260] Britanniaca, a flower that grows in the marsh.\n\nBroia, sea-weed.\n\nBromosa, unclean.\n\nBrumalia, resinous rain.\n\nBrumosus, aged, resinous.\n\n[265] Brunda, solid.\n\nBrustum, the joint of a material.\n\nBrutus, dull-witted.\n\nBubis, beard.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Blenones","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Blenones' is obscure; the gloss 'puditi hircorius' may be corrupt. 'Puditi' could relate to pudor (shame) and 'hircorius' to hircus (goat), perhaps indicating a goat-like or shameful quality.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Utini","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Utini' is glossed as 'terri', which may be a variant of 'terri' (fearful) or a place name. The sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bobinatores","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Bobinatores' is glossed as 'inconstantes' (inconstant). This may be a rare or invented term, possibly related to 'bombus' (buzzing) or a corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bona caduca","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'bona caduca' appears twice with related but distinct glosses: first as goods with no heir, then as property of the condemned. This reflects Roman legal terminology for escheated property.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Brania","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Brania' or 'Branzia' is glossed as 'tenuis auri lamina' (a thin sheet of gold). This may be a variant of 'bractea' (gold leaf), with possible transmission errors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Brj...","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Brj... de tesseris' is truncated in the manuscript, likely a corruption or lacuna. The gloss suggests a connection to dice (tesseris), but the full lemma is lost.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (Blenones, Utini, Bobinatores) are obscure or possibly corrupt, with glosses that do not clearly correspond to known Latin words.","The entry 'Brj...' is incomplete, leaving the intended lemma uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Bucco, garrulus, quod cætero. oris loquacitate, non sensu, superet, rusticus, stultus.\n\n[270] Bucinaria, voces.\n\nBuceta, pascua.\n\nBucita, pascua, ubi cientur boves.\n\nBucula, pascua-\n\nBuda, historia.\n\n[275] nuda, ornamenta regalia vel camelorum.\n\nBullæ, stramenla regalium camelorum.\n\nBullum, baculum pastoris.\n\nBurbalia, intestina.\n\nBurga, cloaca.\n\n[280 I Burgones. caulus.\n\nBurgos, castra.\n\nBursa, cluaca.\n\nBustantes, sepelientes.\n\nBusticeta, sepulera in agro.\n\n[285] Bustuarius, qui corpora com burit humana. *\n\nButis, stella cometes, quos quasi comas habet.\n\nButum, imbutum, imbuendum.\n\nBuvinare, sanguine inquinare mulieris menstruæ.\n\nCaballarius, alaris.\n\n[290] Caballus, cabo, equus'.\n\nCalo. caballus, sonipes, equus.\n\nCadax, claudus, qui sæpe cudit.\n\nCadocarius, ad quem pertinent quæ cadunt defuncto aliquo, cui non est qui succedat. Cæca vesigia, ratione carentia.","english":"Bucco, a chatterbox, because he surpasses others in the loquacity of his mouth, not in sense, a rustic, a fool.\n\n[270] Bucinaria, voices.\n\nBuceta, pastures.\n\nBucita, pastures, where oxen are driven.\n\nBucula, pastures.\n\nBuda, history.\n\n[275] Nuda, royal ornaments or those of camels.\n\nBullae, trappings of royal camels.\n\nBullum, a shepherd's staff.\n\nBurbalia, intestines.\n\nBurga, a sewer.\n\n[280] Burgones, a stalk.\n\nBurgos, camps.\n\nBursa, a sewer.\n\nBustantes, those burying.\n\nBusticeta, tombs in the field.\n\n[285] Bustuarius, one who burns human bodies.\n\nButis, a comet star, which has something like hair.\n\nButum, imbued, something to be imbued.\n\nBuvinare, to stain with the blood of a menstruating woman.\n\nCaballarius, a horseman.\n\n[290] Caballus, a nag, a horse.\n\nCalo, a horse, a steed, a horse.\n\nCadax, lame, one who often stumbles.\n\nCadocarius, one to whom things belong that fall to someone deceased who has no successor. Cæca vestigia, lacking reason.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bucco","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Bucco' is glossed as 'garrulus' (chatterbox) and linked to rustic foolishness, reflecting a common etymological association in Isidore's Etymologiae between excessive speech and lack of sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Buda","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Buda, historia' is unusual; 'Buda' may be a variant or corruption of 'Biblia' or 'Byblos' (book), but here it is equated with 'historia' (history), possibly indicating a lost source or scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bullae","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Bullae' is glossed as 'stramenla regalium camelorum' (trappings of royal camels), a rare usage; typically 'bullae' means amulets or seals, but here it refers to ornamental gear, possibly from a military or processional context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Butis","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Butis' is glossed as 'stella cometes' (comet star), with the note 'quasi comas habet' (which has something like hair), reflecting the ancient etymology of 'cometes' from Greek 'kome' (hair).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Buvinare","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Buvinare' is glossed as 'sanguine inquinare mulieris menstruae' (to stain with the blood of a menstruating woman), a rare and specific term likely drawn from medical or ritual contexts, possibly from Pliny or late antique compendia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cadocarius","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cadocarius' is glossed as 'ad quem pertinent quae cadunt defuncto aliquo, cui non est qui succedat' (one to whom things belong that fall to someone deceased who has no successor), a legal term related to 'bona caduca' (escheated property), echoing earlier entries in the glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Buda' is ambiguous: it may be a corruption of 'Biblia' or a separate term; the gloss 'historia' suggests a book or narrative, but the exact referent is unclear.","The lemma 'Bucinaria' is glossed as 'voces' (voices) without further context; it may be a variant of 'bucina' (trumpet) or a misreading.","The lemma 'Busticeta' is glossed as 'sepulera in agro' (tombs in the field); the spelling varies from classical 'bustum' (tomb) and may reflect late Latin or scribal variation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"[295] Cadurda, labra pudendi muliebris, vel sponda lecti.\n\nCæruleus, bestia marina.\n\nCærulus, viriatus.\n\nCalabri, versus obsceni..\n\nCalabris, ventis siccis.\n\n[300] Calator, minister sacrorum.\n\nCalces, gallicæ militum.\n\nCalcitio, rusticus, eo quod dure calcet, Plaut.\n\nClamat, si quid videt ad se ire calcitionem.\n\nCaldicum, foris deambulatorium; quod et petibulumdicitur, et iUrum.\n\n[303] Calestra, genus mitræ..\n\nCaletra, ubi vespæ nutriuntur.\n\nCallas, fabrorum foramina.\n\nCalles, viæ tritæ pecorum vestigiis.\n\nCallicularium^ medium æstatis, vel hiemis.\n\n[310] Callithrix, simul producta barba.\n\nCallorus, malitiosus.\n\nCalones, galearii militum.\n\nCalonica.\n\nCalpes, galece militum.\n\n[315] Calvitio, memor.\n\nCalutar, minister sacrorum.\n\nCamasus, amfimallus.\n\nCampiones, gladiatores, pugnatores.\n\nCampsat, flectit.\n\n[320] Canava, camea, post cænaculum.","english":"[295] Cadurda, the labia of the female pudendum, or the side of a bed.\n\nCæruleus, a sea beast.\n\nCærulus, a man wearing a chain.\n\nCalabri, obscene verses.\n\nCalabris, dry winds.\n\n[300] Calator, a minister of sacred rites.\n\nCalces, soldiers' boots.\n\nCalcitio, a rustic, because he treads heavily, Plautus: He shouts, if he sees anyone coming towards him, the clodhopper.\n\nCaldicum, an outdoor promenade; which is also called a petibulum and an iUrum.\n\n[303] Calestra, a kind of mitre.\n\nCaletra, where wasps are nurtured.\n\nCallas, the holes of craftsmen.\n\nCalles, paths worn by the tracks of cattle.\n\nCallicularium, the middle of summer, or of winter.\n\n[310] Callithrix, a beard grown out long.\n\nCallorus, malicious.\n\nCalones, soldiers' helmet-linings.\n\nCalonica.\n\nCalpes, soldiers' boots.\n\n[315] Calvitio, mindful.\n\nCalutar, a minister of sacred rites.\n\nCamasus, a double-woven garment.\n\nCampiones, gladiators, fighters.\n\nCampsat, he bends.\n\n[320] Canava, a meat-rack, after the dining-room.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cadurda","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cadurda' is obscure and likely a corruption or variant; the gloss gives two unrelated meanings, suggesting a possible scribal error or conflation of entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Cæruleus","severity":"info","text":"Cæruleus is glossed as 'a sea beast', but the word normally means 'dark blue' or 'sea-colored'; the gloss may reflect a metonymic use for a marine creature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cærulus","severity":"info","text":"Cærulus is glossed as 'a man wearing a chain' (viriatus); this is a rare or non-standard form, possibly a variant of caeruleus or a separate word.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Calabri","severity":"info","text":"Calabri as 'obscene verses' likely refers to the Fescennine verses, a form of ribald poetry associated with ancient Italian festivals, not specifically Calabrian.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Calcitio","severity":"info","text":"The gloss cites Plautus for 'calcitio' as a rustic who treads heavily; this word appears in Plautus' 'Rudens' and 'Mostellaria', confirming the comic context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Calonica","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Calonica' has no gloss in the Latin text; it is likely a lacuna or a placeholder for a missing definition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Cadurda: the two glosses may indicate a corrupt or conflated entry; the intended meaning is unclear.","Cærulus: the form and gloss are unusual; possibly a scribal error for caeruleus or a distinct word.","Calonica: the absence of a gloss suggests a textual lacuna."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Cancellat, concidit, batuit,\n\nCancer, fordeps.\n\nCandes, vasa fUtilia.\n\nCandomina.\n\n[325] Canier, levo.\n\nCantabulum, stabulum.\n\nCantricula, fucus.\n\nCaparcus, pistor.\n\nCapile census, coronam qui in captr gerit.\n\n[330] Capite census, taxatio poesessionis.\n\nCaplum, funis.\n\nCaprioli, botriones, latices.\n\nCapsis, galea de corio.\n\nCaptentula, captio.\n\n[335] Captura, deceptio, vel locus piscosus; et ubi sedet actuarius, qui balneare exigit.\n\nCarabus paiva scapha ex vimine, et corio.\n\nCardulum, membrum femime.\n\nCarinantes, illudentes.\n\nCarissa, lena vetus, et litigiosa; ancilla dolosa, fallas.\n\n[340] Carrio, divido.\n\nCartilagini, lardo bradone.\n\nCas ona, acus qua mulier soalpit caput.\n\nCasorum, vetustum.\n\nCassatur, castratur.\n\n[345] Cassiculum retI, jaculum.\n\nCassidilis, pera, marsupium.\n\nCastiferum, qui flageilum portao.\n\nCastipulum, mensa quadrata.","english":"Cancellat, he cuts down, he beats.\n\nCancer, forceps.\n\nCandes, useless vessels.\n\nCandomina.\n\n[325] Canier, I lift.\n\nCantabulum, a stable.\n\nCantricula, rouge.\n\nCaparcus, a baker.\n\nCapile census, one who wears a crown on his head.\n\n[330] Capite census, assessment of property.\n\nCaplum, a rope.\n\nCaprioli, vine-tendrils, shoots.\n\nCapsis, a helmet made of leather.\n\nCaptentula, a capture.\n\n[335] Captura, deception, or a place full of fish; and where the tax-collector who demands payment for the bath sits.\n\nCarabus, a small skiff made of wickerwork and leather.\n\nCardulum, a female limb.\n\nCarinantes, mocking.\n\nCarissa, an old procuress, and quarrelsome; a deceitful, treacherous maidservant.\n\n[340] Carrio, I divide.\n\nCartilagini, lardo bradone.\n\nCas ona, a needle with which a woman fastens her hair.\n\nCasorum, old.\n\nCassatur, he is castrated.\n\n[345] Cassiculum, a net, a javelin.\n\nCassidilis, a bag, a purse.\n\nCastiferum, one who carries a whip.\n\nCastipulum, a square table.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cancellat","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cancellat' is glossed as 'concidit, batuit' (he cuts down, he beats). The verb may derive from 'cancello' (to cross out, to lattice), but the gloss suggests a sense of violent action.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cancer","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cancer' is glossed as 'fordeps' (forceps). This is a rare or corrupt form; standard Latin 'forceps' is a pair of tongs, but 'fordeps' may be a scribal variant or error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cantabulum","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cantabulum' is glossed as 'stabulum' (stable). This appears to be a variant of 'cantabrum' or 'cantabulum', a term for a stable or shelter, possibly of Celtic origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cantricula","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cantricula' is glossed as 'fucus' (rouge). 'Cantricula' is a rare word; 'fucus' can mean either a cosmetic or a deceit, but here it likely refers to a cosmetic substance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Caparcus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Caparcus' is glossed as 'pistor' (baker). This is a hapax legomenon; it may be a corruption of 'carpentarius' or a loanword, but the gloss is clear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Capile census","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Capile census' is glossed as 'coronam qui in capite gerit' (one who wears a crown on his head). This appears to be a variant of 'capite census' (line 330), but with a different meaning: a person distinguished by a headdress.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Candomina' (line 324) is left without a gloss in the Latin, possibly a lacuna or a proper name. The English draft omits it. The lemma 'Cartilagini' (line 341) is glossed as 'lardo bradone', which is obscure; 'bradone' may be a corruption of 'brado' (a kind of meat) or a scribal error. The lemma 'Cas ona' (line 342) is likely a misdivision of 'casōna' (a large house or a needle-case?), b"],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Castorinum, vebrinum.\n\n[330] Catadocia, multorum cantica.\n\nCatamaiti, ergastulum.\n\nCatamontem, cæli aspectum.\n\nCataplus adventus navis.\n\nCatasta, eculeum, genus pænæ.\n\n[355] Catasta, lectus ferreus.\n\nGalai, claudus, cocus.\n\nCatervarius, qui in catervas popull est.\n\nCatomain, ergastulum.\n\nCatricula, fucus.\n\n[360] Cavillator, mendator, calumniator.\n\nCaules, cancelli tribunalis, ubi sunt advocati.\n\nCaupilus, navicula brevis.\n\nCaupulus, navis.\n\nCauriones, festa, officia.\n\n[365] Causarius, litis amater.\n\nCausarius, reMa.\n\nCautos, sacerdos.\n\nCautumne, citanæ.\n\nCecua, noctua.\n\n[370] Cecuma, noctua.\n\nCensitores, agrimensores.\n\nCept o, commercio.\n\nCerachi, navium funes.\n\nCerealis, qui ad sacra stat.\n\n[375] Cerniculi, calamites recrementorum.\n\nCernuare, præcipitare.\n\nCernullus, in capite ruens. Cervida, lignum, super quod ducitur taratantara.","english":"Castorinum, beaver-skin.\n\n[330] Catadocia, songs of many.\n\nCatamaiti, a prison.\n\nCatamontem, the appearance of the sky.\n\nCataplus, the arrival of a ship.\n\nCatasta, a rack, a kind of punishment.\n\n[355] Catasta, an iron bed.\n\nGalai, lame, a cook.\n\nCatervarius, one who is in the crowds.\n\nCatomain, a prison.\n\nCatricula, rouge.\n\n[360] Cavillator, a fault-finder, a slanderer.\n\nCaules, the railings of a tribunal, where advocates are.\n\nCaupilus, a small boat.\n\nCaupulus, a ship.\n\nCauriones, festivals, duties.\n\n[365] Causarius, a lover of lawsuits.\n\nCausarius, a defendant.\n\nCautos, a priest.\n\nCautumne, citterns.\n\nCecua, an owl.\n\n[370] Cecuma, an owl.\n\nCensitores, land-surveyors.\n\nCepto, trade.\n\nCerachi, ships' ropes.\n\nCerealis, one who stands at sacred rites.\n\n[375] Cerniculi, dregs of refuse.\n\nCernuare, to hurl headlong.\n\nCernullus, one falling on his head. Cervida, a beam over which the taratantara is drawn.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Catadocia","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Catadocia' is obscure; the gloss 'multorum cantica' suggests a meaning of 'songs of many', but the word may be a corruption or a rare borrowing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Catamaiti","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Catamaiti' is glossed as 'ergastulum' (prison), but the form is unusual; it may be a variant of 'catamontem' or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Catasta","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Catasta' appears twice: first glossed as 'eculeum, genus pænæ' (a rack, a kind of punishment), then as 'lectus ferreus' (an iron bed). This reflects the dual sense of the word in Latin, referring both to a torture device and a bed frame.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cautos","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cautos' is glossed as 'sacerdos' (priest); this may be a Greek borrowing (καῦτος) or a misspelling of 'cautes' or 'cautus'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cernuare","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cernuare' is glossed as 'præcipitare' (to hurl headlong); it is a rare verb, likely derived from 'cernuus' (falling headfirst).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cervida","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cervida' is glossed as 'lignum, super quod ducitur taratantara' (a beam over which the taratantara is drawn); 'taratantara' is a rare word for a type of trumpet or signal, making this a technical term for a military or signaling device.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (e.g., 'Catadocia', 'Catamaiti', 'Cautos') are of uncertain origin or may be corrupt; the glosses provide the only clue to meaning.","The repetition of 'Catasta' with different glosses may indicate two distinct entries or a scribal duplication."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Cessiosus, qui cedit.\n\n[380] Cessit, sæpe nupsit.\n\nCetes, oves, aves.\n\nCharaxatis, scriptis.\n\nChoraula, princeps chori ludorum, quo nomine potest dici totus chorus.\n\nChoreis. ballationibus.\n\n[385] Ciccum, muli granati membrana.\n\nCidones, puerorum amatores.\n\nCilindrum, semicolumnium.\n\nCiria, cocumula.\n\nCinnes, cinni.\n\n[390] Circat, circumvenit.\n\nCircellio, monachus per cellas na. gans. Augustinus.\n\nCircilion s, falsi anachoretæ.\n\nCircio, pars inter Aquilonem et Occidentem.\n\n[395] Circitorum, circantium.\n\nCirculator, qui fumat.\n\nCirrus, cirritus. cirritudo.\n\nCitaxus, similis:axo.\n\nCitenæ. cautumniæ.\n\n[400] Citix, pi ata.\n\nCivi.-a, civem facit.\n\nCivitare, civitatem colere, vel civem facere.\n\nClacind x, concha.\n\nClamnum, clarissimum.\n\n[405] Clanculare, occultare, palliare, subacellare.\n\nClanculat, celat, abscondit.\n\nClaredines, claritudines.","english":"Cessiosus, one who yields.\n\n[380] Cessit, she has often married.\n\nCetes, sheep, birds.\n\nCharaxatis, written things.\n\nChoraula, leader of the chorus of games, by which name the whole chorus can be called.\n\nChoreis, with dances.\n\n[385] Ciccum, membrane of a pomegranate.\n\nCidones, lovers of boys.\n\nCilindrum, half-column.\n\nCiria, summit.\n\nCinnes, curls.\n\n[390] Circat, he goes around.\n\nCircellio, a monk wandering through cells. Augustine.\n\nCirciliones, false anchorites.\n\nCircio, the part between the North and the West.\n\n[395] Circitorum, of those going around.\n\nCirculator, one who fumigates.\n\nCirrus, curly hair. curliness.\n\nCitaxus, similar: to sharpen.\n\nCitenae, slanders.\n\n[400] Citix, a plane tree.\n\nCivi.-a, he makes a citizen.\n\nCivitare, to inhabit a city, or to make a citizen.\n\nClacind x, shell.\n\nClamnum, most clear.\n\n[405] Clanculare, to hide, to conceal, to cloak, to whisper secretly.\n\nClanculat, he conceals, he hides.\n\nClaredines, clarities.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cessiosus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Cessiosus' is a hapax legomenon derived from 'cedo' (to yield), glossed as 'qui cedit' (one who yields). It may be a nonce formation or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cessit","severity":"info","text":"'Cessit' is glossed as 'saepe nupsit' (she has often married), likely a confusion with 'cessit' (yielded) or a pun on 'cessare' (to cease) in the context of marriage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ciccum","severity":"info","text":"'Ciccum' is glossed as 'muli granati membrana' (membrane of a pomegranate), a rare botanical term. The word appears in Pliny (NH 23.4) for a pomegranate rind.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Pliny the Elder"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Circellio","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Circellio, monachus per cellas vagans' (a monk wandering through cells) is attributed to Augustine, likely referencing his critique of circumcellions, a radical Donatist group (cf. Ep. 185).","cites":[],"named_sources":["Augustine of Hippo"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cirrus","severity":"info","text":"'Cirrus' is glossed as 'cirritus, cirritudo' (curly hair, curliness), a rare abstract noun. The form 'cirritudo' is unattested elsewhere, possibly a scribal coinage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Clacind x","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Clacind x' is corrupt; the gloss 'concha' (shell) suggests a Greek origin (e.g., κόγχη), but the form is garbled. The 'x' may mark a lacuna or abbreviation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Cessit' may be a misreading of 'cessit' (yielded) or a separate verb; the gloss 'saepe nupsit' is semantically opaque.","The lemma 'Clacind x' is clearly corrupt; the intended word may be 'concha' or a related term, but the Coptic form is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Claudire, claudicare.\n\nClavia, borda.\n\n[410] Clavosum, inæquale.\n\nCllibanarii, quasi tunici ferrei.\n\nClingit, eludit.\n\nClipei (elypei), ubi imagines proponuntur.\n\nClitellæ, cretellæ.\n\n[415] Clivior, nobilior:\n\nCloaca, burca.\n\nCloes, pluvia, vel navigium.\n\nCuios, tortiones, indecentes.\n\nCoactores, argentarii.\n\n[420] Conrcuatio, concameratio, conjunctio arcuum.\n\nCocio, arilator.\n\nCocistro, prægustator cocinæ.\n\nCocula, ligna arida. vel vasa ærea.\n\nCognitor, a conoscenda causa dictus. vel exse utor curiosus.\n\n[425] Cohibentia, conclusio.\n\nCocibuli, concoraes, conjuncti.\n\nColifarius, bos operarius.\n\nColimbus, locus, ubi mandantur vestimenta.\n\nColitor, dominus fundi.\n\n[430] Collegarius, unus ex collegis.\n\nCollaanorum, publicanorum, vel impiorum.\n\nCollybum,.\n\nColume, sanum.\n\nColomes, salvor.\n\n[435] Comat, frondet.\n\nCom tare, loqui in conventu, eundo, redeundo, ambulando.","english":"Claudire, to limp.\n\nClavia, a cudgel.\n\n[410] Clavosum, uneven.\n\nCllibanarii, like an iron tunic.\n\nClingit, mocks.\n\nClipei (elypei), where images are displayed.\n\nClitellæ, pack-saddles.\n\n[415] Clivior, more noble.\n\nCloaca, a sewer.\n\nCloes, rain, or a ship.\n\nCuios, torments, indecent things.\n\nCoactores, money-changers.\n\n[420] Conrcuatio, a vaulting, a joining of arches.\n\nCocio, a haggler.\n\nCocistro, a taster of the kitchen.\n\nCocula, dry wood, or bronze vessels.\n\nCognitor, so called from knowing a case, or a curious investigator.\n\n[425] Cohibentia, a conclusion.\n\nCocibuli, partners, joined together.\n\nColifarius, a working ox.\n\nColimbus, a place where clothes are washed.\n\nColitor, the owner of an estate.\n\n[430] Collegarius, one of the colleagues.\n\nCollaanorum, of publicans, or of impious men.\n\nCollybum, [blank].\n\nColume, healthy.\n\nColomes, a savior.\n\n[435] Comat, it leafs out.\n\nCom tare, to speak in a gathering, going, returning, walking.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Claudire","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Claudire is a rare or non-standard form; the expected classical verb is claudō or claudeō. The gloss pairs it with claudicare, 'to limp', confirming the sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cllibanarii","severity":"info","text":"Cllibanarii appears to be a scribal error for clibanarii, 'soldiers in mail armor'. The gloss 'like an iron tunic' supports this identification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Clingit","severity":"info","text":"Clingit is a hapax or rare form; the gloss 'mocks' suggests a connection to Latin illudit or eludit, though the exact derivation is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cloaca","severity":"info","text":"Cloaca is standard Latin for 'sewer'; the gloss burca is a non-classical or vulgar form, possibly a scribal variant of burca (a type of pit or drain).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cocistro","severity":"info","text":"Cocistro is a rare or non-standard term; the gloss 'taster of the kitchen' suggests a connection to coquus (cook) or coquina (kitchen), possibly a vulgar Latin formation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Collybum","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Collybum is followed by a blank in the English draft, indicating a lacuna or omission in the manuscript or transcription. The lemma likely refers to a type of coin or exchange, but the gloss is missing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (e.g., Clingit, Cocistro) are rare or non-standard, making their exact derivation uncertain.","The blank after Collybum suggests a textual lacuna; the intended gloss is unknown.","The form Cllibanarii is likely a scribal error for clibanarii, but the manuscript reading is retained."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Comites, 'ocii.\n\nContine dicuntur tempora bonorum, quando dant honores, item ubi milite: sunt.\n\nCominus, verbosus, loquax.\n\n[440] Comma, brevis dictio\n\nCommanipularis, conscius, collega.\n\nCommatibus, disciplinis.\n\nCommaticus, versificator.\n\nComminando, in entando.\n\n[445J Commolunt, dentibus comprimunt.\n\nComnulcare, complodere.\n\nCommulcat, conculcat.\n\nCommunicarium, partiarium.\n\nCommodia, hostiaria.\n\n[450] Complex, qui in uno peccato, v. crimine ulteri est upplicatus ad malum, ad bonum vero nunquam dici Ut.\n\nConciviones, quædam stellæ quæ per astrologiam concipientibus aptamur.\n\nConciltabulum, ubi plures sui juris sedent.\n\nConclassare, conclamare.\n\nConclassare, conjungere classes.\n\n[455] Concubium, pellicatus.\n\nCondiarium, ærarium.\n\nConditura, impensa.\n\nCondones, gludiatores.\n\nConfarreatio, consacrorum communicatio.\n\n[460] Confarreatus, consociatus.","english":"Comites, 'companions.'\n\nContine are said of the times of good men, when they bestow honors, likewise where soldiers are.\n\nCominus, talkative, loquacious.\n\n[440] Comma, a brief expression.\n\nCommanipularis, a fellow soldier, a colleague.\n\nCommatibus, with disciplines.\n\nCommaticus, a versifier.\n\nComminando, by threatening.\n\n[445] Commolunt, they crush with their teeth.\n\nComnulcare, to clap together.\n\nCommulcat, he tramples.\n\nCommunicarium, a partaker.\n\nCommodia, a doorkeeper.\n\n[450] Complex, one who in a single sin or crime is further implicated in evil, but is never said of good.\n\nConciviones, certain stars which by astrology are adapted to those conceiving.\n\nConciltabulum, a place where several of their own right sit.\n\nConclassare, to shout together.\n\nConclassare, to join fleets.\n\n[455] Concubium, concubinage.\n\nCondiarium, a treasury.\n\nConditura, expense.\n\nCondones, gladiators.\n\nConfarreatio, a sharing of sacred things.\n\n[460] Confarreatus, associated together.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Comites","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Comites' is glossed as 'ocii', likely a scribal error for 'socii' (companions), a common gloss in Isidorian lexica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Contine","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Contine' is corrupt; the Latin may derive from 'contineo' (to contain) or 'contio' (assembly), but the gloss on 'times of good men' is obscure and likely garbled.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Commaticus","severity":"info","text":"'Commaticus' is a rare Latin borrowing from Greek κωμματικός, meaning a composer of short phrases or verses, consistent with the gloss 'versificator'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Complex","severity":"info","text":"'Complex' here means an accomplice in crime, from Latin 'complectere' (to embrace), but the gloss restricts it to evil, noting it is never used of good.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Conciviones","severity":"info","text":"'Conciviones' refers to stars astrologically linked to conception, a rare term possibly from late antique astrological sources, reflecting Isidore's encyclopedic interests.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Confarreatio","severity":"info","text":"'Confarreatio' denotes a sharing of sacred things, from 'far' (spelt), used in Roman marriage rites; the gloss 'consacrorum communicatio' aligns with patristic usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Contine' is corrupt; the intended word may be 'contiones' (assemblies) or 'contineo' (to contain), but the gloss is unclear.","The entry 'Comminando, in entando' is garbled; 'entando' may be a scribal error for 'intando' or 'intentando' (threatening)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Conferentia, collatio.\n\nConferiatus, sociatus.\n\nCo ferui, cognovi, comperi.\n\nConfida, dubitator.\n\n[465| Conflatim, copulatim, contexte.\n\nConforaneus, unius fori.\n\nCon ragmentum, simul rugosum, ut mons.\n\nConjecit jaculum, augmentavit.\n\nConvoli, concordes, juncti.\n\n[470] Connixa, partu liberata.\n\nConsæpe, ut adsolet.\n\nConsipit, saporem habet.\n\nConsponsores, alterutri fidem dicentes.\n\nContra fœdus, contra pactum.\n\n[475] Contriboles, consanguinei, quasi ex eadem tribu.\n\nContribum, consanguinei, parentes.\n\nContumia, contumelia.\n\nCoraula, jocularius.\n\nCorimbara, navis.\n\n[480] Corugio, puer; est ludus, quando proverbia dicunt. Alibi igitur: coragium pars est in ludis, quando proverb a dicuntur\n\nCoruscatio, vibrat hiems.\n\nCracat. cracerat.\n\nCracentes, graciles.\n\nCracerat, cracat.\n\n[485] Crea, stercus, spurcitia, unde excreare, dicimus, spurcitias ejicere.","english":"Conferentia, a bringing together.\n\nConferiatus, associated.\n\nCo ferui, I have known, I have learned.\n\nConfida, a doubter.\n\n[465] Conflatim, jointly, connectedly, woven together.\n\nConforaneus, of one forum.\n\nCon ragmentum, something wrinkled together, like a mountain.\n\nConjecit jaculum, he increased.\n\nConvoli, harmonious, joined.\n\n[470] Connixa, freed from childbirth.\n\nConsæpe, as is usual.\n\nConsipit, it has flavor.\n\nConsponsores, those giving faith to one another.\n\nContra fœdus, against a treaty.\n\n[475] Contriboles, blood relatives, as if from the same tribe.\n\nContribum, blood relatives, parents.\n\nContumia, insult.\n\nCoraula, a jester.\n\nCorimbara, a ship.\n\n[480] Corugio, a boy; it is a game, when proverbs are spoken. Elsewhere therefore: coragium is a part in games, when proverbs are spoken.\n\nCoruscatio, winter vibrates.\n\nCracat, cracerat.\n\nCracentes, slender.\n\nCracerat, cracat.\n\n[485] Crea, dung, filth, whence we say excreare, to cast out filth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Conferentia","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'collatio' (a bringing together) is a standard Latin equivalent; the lemma is a rare or late Latin formation from 'confero'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Confida","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'dubitator' (a doubter) is unexpected, as 'confida' would normally suggest 'confidens' (trusting). This may reflect a scribal error or a non-standard usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Con ragmentum","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is likely a corruption of 'conragmentum' or 'conragmentum', meaning something wrinkled or rough; the gloss 'simul rugosum' supports this.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Corugio","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is obscure; the gloss explains it as a boy's game involving proverbs. The variant 'coragium' is noted, suggesting textual instability.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cracat / cracerat","severity":"info","text":"These forms appear to be variant spellings of the same word, possibly related to 'crac' (a sound) or a verb meaning to crack or creak; the glosses are circular.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Crea","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'stercus, spurcitia' (dung, filth) is clear; the derivation of 'excreare' (to cough out) is folk etymology, as the verb is from 'ex' + 'creare' (to create) or onomatopoeic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Confida' is ambiguous: it may be a miswriting of 'confidens' or a different word entirely.","The lemma 'Con ragmentum' is split in the manuscript; it may be one word or two.","The forms 'Cracat' and 'cracerat' are not clearly distinguished in meaning."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Creagras, tridentes.\n\nCrebro, nis, porca, terra inter. duo. sulcos eminens.\n\nCredilaria, cameraria.\n\nCreditarius.\n\n[450] Crematum, collybum.\n\nCrematium, holocaustum.\n\nCreporem lerri, sonum catenæ.\n\nCrepundus, initiis.\n\nCretellæ. clitellæ.\n\n[499J Cristatus, honestus, decens.\n\nCruminat, ruminat.\n\nCrustaria, taberna a vasis crustatis.\n\nCubio, masculus.\n\nCucier, Ponticum sacerdos.\n\n[500] Cupima, latrina secessum.\n\ntulit, vehementer percussit.\n\nCulleus, tunica ex sparto in modum crumena' facta, quæ liniebatur a populo pice et bitumine, in qua includebantur parricidæ cum simia, serpente et gallo: insuta mittebatur in mure; et contendentibus inter se animantibus, homo majoribus pœnis afficiebatur.\n\nCulpa piabunt, peccatum solvent.\n\nCuma, poma siliestria.\n\n[505J Cumerus, urbanus.\n\nCuppes, fastidiosus, cupidus.\n\nCuranulus, id est, curiosus, curaculus, curiosus.","english":"Creagras, tridents.\n\nCrebro, -nis, a ridge, the earth standing up between two furrows.\n\nCredilaria, a chambermaid.\n\nCreditarius.\n\n[450] Crematum, a money-changer's fee.\n\nCrematium, a burnt offering.\n\nCreporem lerri, the sound of a chain.\n\nCrepundus, beginnings.\n\nCretellæ, pack-saddles.\n\n[499J Cristatus, honorable, decent.\n\nCruminat, he ruminates.\n\nCrustaria, a tavern with crusted vessels.\n\nCubio, a male.\n\nCucier, a Pontic priest.\n\n[500] Cupima, a latrine, a place of retirement.\n\ntulit, he struck violently.\n\nCulleus, a tunic made of Spanish broom fashioned like a purse, which was smeared by the people with pitch and bitumen, in which parricides were enclosed with a monkey, a serpent, and a rooster: sewn shut, it was thrown into the sea; and as the animals fought among themselves, the man was afflicted with greater punishments.\n\nCulpa piabunt, they will atone for the sin.\n\nCuma, wild apples.\n\n[505J Cumerus, a city-dweller.\n\nCuppes, fastidious, desirous.\n\nCuranulus, that is, curious, curaculus, curious.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Creagras","severity":"info","text":"Creagras is a Latinized Greek term (κρεάγρα) meaning a flesh-hook or trident, used in culinary or sacrificial contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Culleus","severity":"info","text":"Culleus refers to a Roman punishment sack for parricides, made of sparto (Spanish broom) and sealed with pitch and bitumen, containing a monkey, serpent, and rooster before being thrown into the sea.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Culleus","severity":"info","text":"The description of culleus reflects Roman legal practice (poena cullei) for parricide, as recorded in legal and historical sources, emphasizing the symbolic and brutal nature of the punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Crematium","severity":"info","text":"Crematium is glossed as holocaustum, a Greek-derived term (ὁλόκαυστον) for a whole burnt offering, linking the entry to sacrificial terminology in the Vulgate and patristic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Crepundus","severity":"caution","text":"Crepundus is glossed as initiis (beginnings), but the lemma is likely corrupt; classical Latin has crepundia (rattles, toys) associated with infancy, not initiis directly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cristatus","severity":"info","text":"Cristatus is glossed as honestus, decens (honorable, decent), but its primary meaning is 'crested' (from crista); the moral sense is a secondary or transferred usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Crepundus' may be a scribal error for 'crepundia' (rattles) or a rare form; the gloss 'initiis' is unclear in context.","The entry 'tulit' lacks a lemma and may be a fragment from a longer gloss; its meaning 'he struck violently' is not standard for Latin 'tulit' (he bore)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"Curcilla, oppilago.\n\nCurin, sanguis.\n\n[510] Curustus, magnus.\n\nCusire, consuere.\n\nDalmata, vestis sacerdotalis candida, cum clavis purpurcis.\n\nDalum, minimum velum navis.\n\nDamnatitius, dedititius.\n\n[515] Damus, fenerator.\n\nDatitius, Latinum non est, sed Dedititius is est: si barbarus dedat se Romanis, dedititius i. est.\n\nDativa, donativa.\n\nDecalco, deabo.\n\nDecentarius, promptus, paratus, ingeniosus.\n\n[52] Decluere, decorari.\n\nDecardo, occupatio.\n\nDelticus, litteratus doctor.\n\nDemundinat, omnibus notum facit.\n\nDepalata, manifestata.\n\n[525] Depanare, dilacerare.\n\nDeplicare, decedere, devitare.\n\nDepubis, porcus sugens q... a setis.\n\nDerarat, torpet, frigidum est.\n\nDesiduus, ignavus, impiger.\n\nDedolanus, subsolano.\n\nDestitudo, destructio.\n\nDestricana, consummare.\n\nDelectus, agitur modo, id est, probatio fit tironum.\n\nDevibiæ, vigitiæ vulgo paleæ mulieris.","english":"Curcilla, a plug.\n\nCurin, blood.\n\n[510] Curustus, great.\n\nCusire, to sew together.\n\nDalmata, a white priestly vestment with purple stripes.\n\nDalum, the smallest sail of a ship.\n\nDamnatitius, a surrendered person.\n\n[515] Damus, a usurer.\n\nDatitius is not Latin, but Dedititius is: if a barbarian surrenders himself to the Romans, he is a dedititius.\n\nDativa, a donative.\n\nDecalco, I whiten.\n\nDecentarius, ready, prepared, clever.\n\n[520] Decluere, to be adorned.\n\nDecardo, occupation.\n\nDelticus, a learned teacher.\n\nDemundinat, he makes known to everyone.\n\nDepalata, made manifest.\n\n[525] Depanare, to tear apart.\n\nDeplicare, to depart, to avoid.\n\nDepubis, a suckling pig... from the bristles.\n\nDerarat, it is numb, it is cold.\n\nDesiduus, idle, unindustrious.\n\nDedolanus, the east-southeast wind.\n\nDestitudo, destruction.\n\nDestricana, to complete.\n\nDelectus, it is now conducted, that is, the testing of recruits takes place.\n\nDevibiæ, vigils, commonly a woman's pubic hair.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Curcilla","severity":"info","text":"Curcilla is glossed as 'oppilago', a hapax likely meaning a plug or stopper; the Latin may be a corruption of 'corticula' (small bark) or 'curculio' (weevil).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Curin","severity":"info","text":"Curin is glossed as 'sanguis' (blood); the form may be a variant of 'cruor' or a borrowing from Greek 'kūros' (authority), but the gloss is clear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dalmata","severity":"info","text":"Dalmata refers to a white priestly vestment with purple stripes, likely the dalmatic, a liturgical garment associated with Dalmatia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Damnatitius","severity":"info","text":"Damnatitius is glossed as 'dedititius' (a surrendered person); the entry distinguishes it from 'datitius', noting the latter is not Latin, reflecting legal terminology for captives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depubis","severity":"caution","text":"Depubis is glossed as 'porcus sugens q... a setis' (a suckling pig... from the bristles); the text is corrupt, possibly 'depubis' for 'depubes' (hairless) or a misreading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Devibiæ","severity":"info","text":"Devibiæ is glossed as 'vigitiæ vulgo paleæ mulieris' (vigils, commonly a woman's pubic hair); the term may be a corruption of 'pubes' or a folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Curcilla: the Latin lemma is uncertain; 'oppilago' is a hapax. Depubis: the text breaks off after 'q...', leaving the full gloss unclear. Devibiæ: the connection between 'vigils' and 'pubic hair' is obscure, possibly a scribal error or folk etymology."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"[535] Devinginat, corrumpit.\n\nDevoratores, ambrones.\n\nDevoto. accuso.\n\n.Dextralia, brachialia.\n\nDialapis, constitutum imperatorum.\n\n[340] Diale, diurnum, meridiale.\n\nEx Diametro annus sumptus, hoc est, non a principio signiferi, sed a medio.\n\nDiaria, cibus unius diet.\n\nDiaria. quotidiana salaria.\n\nDiatim, de die in diem.\n\n[545] Dictatorius. Ex dictatore.\n\nDidatim, divisim.\n\nDiditum, percrebatum, divulgatum.\n\nDiennium, biennium.\n\nDiescit. dies fit.\n\n[530] Diei, nunc dies fit.\n\nDifferrentio, dissolutio inter virum et feminam.\n\nDifferentior, eminentior.\n\nDistitiscit, dissolvitur.\n\nDilargus, multum donans.\n\n[555] Dimus, bimus.\n\nDinidor, malus odor-\n\nDiplomatarius, duplicator.\n\nDiplomum, gubernatum.\n\nDiptychat, tabellæ, quas ferimus.\n\n[560] Diique, denique.\n\nDiribere, dinumerare.\n\nDiribitorium, locus contubernii.\n\nDiscipulati, edocti.","english":"[535] Devinginat, corrupts.\n\nDevoratores, gluttons.\n\nDevoto, I accuse.\n\nDextralia, armlets.\n\nDialapis, a decree of emperors.\n\n[340] Diale, daily, midday.\n\nEx Diametro annus sumptus, that is, not from the beginning of the zodiac, but from the middle.\n\nDiaria, food for one day.\n\nDiaria, daily wages.\n\nDiatim, from day to day.\n\n[545] Dictatorius, from a dictator.\n\nDidatim, separately.\n\nDiditum, spread abroad, divulged.\n\nDiennium, a period of two years.\n\nDiescit, it becomes day.\n\n[530] Diei, now it becomes day.\n\nDifferentio, dissolution between man and woman.\n\nDifferentior, more eminent.\n\nDistitiscit, it is dissolved.\n\nDilargus, giving much.\n\n[555] Dimus, two-year-old.\n\nDinidor, bad odor.\n\nDiplomatarius, a duplicator.\n\nDiplomum, governed.\n\nDiptychat, tablets which we carry.\n\n[560] Diique, finally.\n\nDiribere, to count out.\n\nDiribitorium, a place of assembly.\n\nDiscipulati, taught.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Devinginat","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Devinginat' is glossed as 'corrumpit' (corrupts). The form appears to be a hapax or rare verb, possibly a variant of 'devirginat' (deflowers) with a transferred sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dialapis","severity":"info","text":"'Dialapis' is glossed as 'constitutum imperatorum' (a decree of emperors). The word is not classical; it may be a Greek borrowing (διαλαπή?) or a corruption of 'diplosis' or 'diataxis'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ex Diametro annus sumptus","severity":"info","text":"This phrase explains a method of calculating the year 'from the diameter', i.e., not from the beginning of the zodiac (Aries) but from the middle (e.g., from the solstice or equinox). It reflects late antique astronomical or computistical lore.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Diptychat","severity":"info","text":"'Diptychat' is glossed as 'tabellae, quas ferimus' (tablets which we carry). The form is a Greek neuter plural (δίπτυχα) Latinized; it refers to writing tablets or, in Christian context, liturgical diptychs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Diei","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Diei, nunc dies fit' appears to be a variant or duplicate of 'Diescit, dies fit' (it becomes day). The repetition may reflect different manuscript sources or a glossarial doublet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Differentio","severity":"caution","text":"'Differentio' is glossed as 'dissolutio inter virum et feminam' (dissolution between man and woman). The lemma is likely a corruption of 'differentia' or 'differtio'; the sense 'divorce' is unattested in classical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Devinginat' may be a scribal error for 'devirginat' or a distinct verb; the gloss 'corrumpit' is generic.","'Dialapis' is obscure; the gloss 'constitutum imperatorum' suggests a legal term, but the etymology is uncertain.","'Differentio' as 'dissolutio inter virum et feminam' is unattested elsewhere; the reading assumes a legal or marital context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Discussor, examinator.\n\n[565] Disdonat, diversa donat.\n\nDisgrex, sigregus.\n\nDispecatis, decoriatis.\n\nDisplatidus, morosus.\n\nDispunctores, qui dona militibus erogant.\n\n[570] Dispungere, donare.\n\nDissultores, singulares.\n\nDistatio, occupatio.\n\nDistrigare, consummare.\n\nDivałe, divinum.\n\n[575] Diversiclinia, heteroclita.\n\nDivomerat, aperuerat.\n\nDivus, imperator, qui post mortem Dei nomen accepit.\n\nDoctitat, frequenter docet.\n\nDolumen, delubrum.\n\n[580] Dursennus, persona parasitorum.\n\nDotius, vel Dosinus, equus asinini pili.\n\nDramea, post frumearum.\n\nDraquiti, manus invidi.\n\nDrusus, patiens, rigidus.\n\n[585] Dualis, divisa femina.\n\nDuellio, rebellis.\n\nDnrica castra, stationes navium.\n\nDusius, dæmon-\n\nEccitum, periculum.\n\n[590] Ecloga, pars carminis.\n\nEcones, sacerdotes rustici.\n\nEda, basterna.\n\nEdentat, dentes excludit.\n\nEdilitus, qui ex ædile est scriba.","english":"Discussor, an examiner.\n\n[565] Disdonat, gives various things.\n\nDisgrex, separated from the flock.\n\nDispecatis, flayed.\n\nDisplatidus, sluggish, peevish.\n\nDispunctores, those who distribute gifts to soldiers.\n\n[570] Dispungere, to give gifts.\n\nDissultores, solitary individuals.\n\nDistatio, a hindrance.\n\nDistrigare, to complete.\n\nDivałe, divine.\n\n[575] Diversiclinia, heteroclite forms.\n\nDivomerat, had opened up.\n\nDivus, an emperor, who after death received the name of God.\n\nDoctitat, he frequently teaches.\n\nDolumen, a shrine.\n\n[580] Dursennus, the mask of parasites.\n\nDotius, or Dosinus, a horse the color of a donkey.\n\nDramea, after the wheat.\n\nDraquiti, a hand of an envious person.\n\nDrusus, enduring, rigid.\n\n[585] Dualis, a divided woman.\n\nDuellio, a rebel.\n\nDnrica castra, stations for ships.\n\nDusius, a demon.\n\nEccitum, danger.\n\n[590] Ecloga, a part of a poem.\n\nEcones, rustic priests.\n\nEda, a litter.\n\nEdentat, knocks out teeth.\n\nEdilitus, one who is a scribe from the aedile.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Discussor","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'discussor' is a late Latin term for an examiner or investigator, derived from 'discutere' (to shake apart, examine).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dispecatis","severity":"info","text":"'Dispecatis' is a variant of 'dispecatus', meaning flayed or skinned, from Latin 'dis-' + 'pecus' (cattle), possibly a gloss on a rare or technical term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Divus","severity":"info","text":"'Divus' here refers to an emperor deified after death, a common usage in imperial cult; the gloss notes the posthumous acquisition of the name of God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dursennus","severity":"info","text":"'Dursennus' is a rare term for a parasite's mask, possibly from Greek 'θύρσος' (thyrsus) or a comic character name; the gloss links it to theatrical roles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dusius","severity":"info","text":"'Dusius' is glossed as 'dæmon', a demon; the term is rare and may be a variant of 'dusius' or a corruption, possibly from Greek 'δαίμων'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Dnrica castra","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Dnrica castra' is likely a scribal error or variant; the intended form may be 'dromica castra' (naval stations) or 'dunica' (fortified), but the text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Dnrica castra' is unclear; possibly a corruption of 'dromica' or 'dunica'.","The lemma 'Dramea' is obscure; the gloss 'post frumearum' may be corrupt or refer to a type of grain measure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"[595] Edifius, custos ædis.\n\nEduli, v oratores, degulantes.\n\nEffatui, vaniloqui sine effectu.\n\nEfficabilis, in omnibus expeditus.\n\nEffeminatorium, domus meretricum.\n\n[600] Egeator, hortator navis, a mari Ægeo.\n\nEgeria, noxia.\n\nEgest 0, nocens.\n\nEgestuosus, mendicus.\n\nEgones, sacerdotes rusticorum.\n\n[605] Egrex, eximius, eminens.\n\nEgrotatitius, qui frequen er ægrotat.\n\nElegiis, crimnibus, vel carminibus malis.\n\nElogium, narratio numerantis, vel ordo criminum.\n\nElogium, responsum oliquod, ubi ratio redditur, tanquam si dicat aliquis de quoque, Exhæredabo eum; quare? quia mihi insolens fuit.\n\n[610] Elog um, textum malorum diclorum. quod notoriam dicunt\n\nEmaci a., emendi aviditas.\n\nEmanceps, famulus a servitate liberatus.\n\nEmedium, vehicullum.\n\nEmentum, excogitatio.\n\n[615] Eminiscitur, in memoriam reducit.\n\nEmissarius, percussor.\n\nEmissarius, sanguinarius","english":"[595] Edifius, guardian of a temple.\n\nEduli, gluttons, those who devour.\n\nEffatui, empty talkers without effect.\n\nEfficabilis, efficient in all things.\n\nEffeminatorium, a house of prostitutes.\n\n[600] Egeator, a rower of a ship, from the Aegean Sea.\n\nEgeria, harmful.\n\nEgestus, guilty.\n\nEgestuosus, a beggar.\n\nEgones, priests of rustics.\n\n[605] Egrex, exceptional, eminent.\n\nEgrotatitius, one who is frequently ill.\n\nElegiis, accusations, or evil songs.\n\nElogium, a statement of accounting, or a list of crimes.\n\nElogium, some response in which an account is given, as if someone were to say of someone, \"I will disinherit him; why? because he was insolent to me.\"\n\n[610] Elogium, a text of evil sayings, which they call a \"notoria.\"\n\nEmacia, eagerness to buy.\n\nEmanceps, a servant freed from servitude.\n\nEmedium, a vehicle.\n\nEmentum, a contrivance.\n\n[615] Eminiscitur, brings back to memory.\n\nEmissarius, a murderer.\n\nEmissarius, a bloodthirsty man.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Edifius","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Edifius' is a Latinized form of Greek 'ἐδύφιος' (guardian of a temple), reflecting Isidore's etymological method of deriving terms from Greek roots.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Effeminatorium","severity":"info","text":"'Effeminatorium' is a rare Latin noun meaning 'house of prostitutes,' derived from 'femina' (woman) with a pejorative prefix, illustrating Isidore's interest in moralized vocabulary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Egeator","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Egeator' connects the term to the Aegean Sea, reflecting a folk etymology common in late antique lexicography, where geographical names were used to explain obscure words.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Elogium","severity":"info","text":"The three entries for 'Elogium' show Isidore's method of listing multiple meanings: a legal statement, a response with justification, and a collection of evil sayings (notoria), indicating polysemy in late Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Elogium","severity":"info","text":"The repetition of 'Elogium' with different definitions (lines 608-610) is a structural feature of the Liber Glossarum, where a single lemma may have multiple glosses from different sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Egest 0","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Egest 0' in the Latin is corrupt; the English draft reads 'Egestus' (guilty), but the original likely had 'Egestus' or 'Egestas' (poverty). The manuscript abbreviation may be misread.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Egest 0' is unclear; it may be a scribal error for 'Egestus' or 'Egestas'.","The term 'Elogium' has multiple definitions; the source of each gloss is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Enica, adultera, mœcha.,\n\nEnigma, obscuraloquium.\n\n[620] Enormate, cui addi minus nihil potest.\n\nEnulum, caldarium.\n\nEphebion, locus constuprationis puerorum imberbium.\n\nEpibatæ, laici.\n\nEpigri, clavi, quibus lignum ligno adhæret.\n\n[625] Epimenia, xenia, quæ dantur per singulos mentes.\n\nEpulatitius, qui epuilis dat operam.\n\nEquotus, privatus.\n\nEreptoria, adimenda, reddenda.\n\nErgastulum, carcer, vel locus, ubi damnati marmora secant, vel aliquid operantur, quod Latine talentum dicitur, sub privata custodia, ubi non sunt tenebræ.\n\n[630] Ergat, circat.\n\nErranei, errantes.\n\nError, vaticinatio.\n\nErugat, planum facit.\n\nEruli, domini.\n\n[635] Escit, lentus.\n\nEsculentia, pingutdo.\n\nEtica, proprietas.\n\nEticon, proprium.\n\nEvadatur, reposcit, flagitat.\n\n[640] Eubo, oleo.\n\n.Eviscerat, excomedit.\n\nEvitaneus, qui in ævo durat.\n\nExadituat, excludit ab aditis.","english":"Enica, an adulteress, a prostitute.\n\nEnigma, obscure speech.\n\n[620] Enormate, that to which nothing less can be added.\n\nEnulum, a cauldron.\n\nEphebion, a place for the defilement of beardless boys.\n\nEpibatae, laymen.\n\nEpigri, nails, by which wood adheres to wood.\n\n[625] Epimenia, gifts, which are given for each month.\n\nEpulatitius, one who devotes himself to feasts.\n\nEquotus, deprived.\n\nEreptoria, things to be taken away, things to be given back.\n\nErgastulum, a prison, or a place where condemned men cut marble, or work at something, which in Latin is called a talent, under private custody, where there is no darkness.\n\n[630] Ergat, he goes around.\n\nErranei, wanderers.\n\nError, prophecy.\n\nErugat, he makes smooth.\n\nEruli, masters.\n\n[635] Escit, slow.\n\nEsculentia, fatness.\n\nEtica, property.\n\nEticon, proper.\n\nEvadatur, he demands back, he insists upon.\n\n[640] Eubo, with oil.\n\nEviscerat, he consumes entirely.\n\nEvitaneus, one who endures through an age.\n\nExadituat, he excludes from the sanctuaries.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Enica","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Enica' is a Latinized form of Greek μοιχάς (moichas), meaning 'adulteress'. The gloss pairs it with 'adultera' and 'moecha', reinforcing the semantic field of sexual transgression.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephebion","severity":"info","text":"'Ephebion' derives from Greek ἔφηβος (ephebos, 'adolescent boy'). The gloss specifies a place for the defilement of beardless boys, reflecting a moralizing context typical of late antique Christian lexicography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Epibatæ","severity":"info","text":"'Epibatæ' (Greek ἐπιβάται) originally meant 'passengers' or 'soldiers on board'. The gloss 'laici' (laymen) is a semantic shift, possibly influenced by the idea of non-clerical 'passengers' in the church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Epimenia","severity":"info","text":"'Epimenia' (Greek ἐπιμήνια) means 'monthly provisions'. The gloss 'xenia' (gifts) and the explanation 'per singulos mentes' (for each month) show a conflation with the concept of hospitality or tribute.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ergastulum","severity":"info","text":"The gloss for 'Ergastulum' expands into a description of a prison where condemned men cut marble or work at a 'talentum' (a unit of weight or a work quota). The phrase 'sub privata custodia, ubi non sunt tenebræ' suggests a private, not dark, confinement, distinguishing it from a typical dungeon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Error","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'Error, vaticinatio' equates 'error' (wandering or mistake) with 'vaticinatio' (prophecy). This is an unusual semantic pairing; it may reflect a confusion or a specific source where 'error' denotes ecstatic divination.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Enormate' (line 620) is obscure; the gloss 'cui addi minus nihil potest' suggests a meaning of 'immense' or 'complete', but the form is unattested in classical Latin.","The gloss 'Erugat, planum facit' (line 633) may be a corruption of 'erugare' (to smooth out wrinkles), but the connection to 'planum facit' (makes flat) is clear.","The lemma 'Evadatur' (line 639) is a hapax; the gloss 'reposcit, flagitat' (demands back, insists) suggests a deponent verb, but the form is irregular."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Exapta, exempta.\n\n[645] Excastratus, excoleatus.\n\nExcavet, præcavet.\n\nExcellare, cum uxore esse.\n\nEs ceptoria, cisterna.\n\nExcilare, cum uxore esse in libertale.\n\n[630]. Excipulum, venabulum.\n\nExdorsuandum, judicandum.\n\nExenim, valde.\n\nExfretat, navigat.\n\nExibus, pinguedo.\n\n[655] Exilla, erronum marinus.\n\nEximequi, proxenetæ.\n\nEximietas, subtimitas.\n\nExippitare, rare oscitare.\n\nExminutuare, pauperem facere.\n\n[660] Exundat, repluit.\n\nExodium, cantio in theatris ludicra, et scurrilis.\n\nExornis, immanis.\n\nExpalmare, depellere.\n\nExparta, partu vacua.\n\n[665] Expartoa, patula aqua.\n\nExperti, extranei, extra partem notitiæ.\n\nExpilatores, alienæ hæreditatis subreptores.\n\nExpotata, hausta.\n\nExprodita, exclusa.\n\n[670| Expudoratus, impudicus.\n\nExpuncta, fibras pectorum.\n\nExsumptuavit, pauperavit.\n\nExtensio, regio.\n\nExternavit, extraneum fecit.","english":"Exapta, exempted.\n\n[645] Excastratus, castrated.\n\nExcavet, he takes precaution.\n\nExcellare, to be with a wife.\n\nExceptoria, a cistern.\n\nExcilare, to be with a wife in freedom.\n\n[630] Excipulum, a hunting-spear.\n\nExdorsuandum, to be judged.\n\nExenim, exceedingly.\n\nExfretat, he sails.\n\nExibus, fat.\n\n[655] Exilla, a wandering sea-bird.\n\nEximequi, go-betweens.\n\nEximietas, sublimity.\n\nExippitare, to yawn rarely.\n\nExminutuare, to make poor.\n\n[660] Exundat, it overflows.\n\nExodium, a song in theaters, playful and scurrilous.\n\nExornis, monstrous.\n\nExpalmare, to drive away.\n\nExparta, empty of childbirth.\n\n[665] Expartoa, open water.\n\nExperti, strangers, outside the sphere of knowledge.\n\nExpilatores, plunderers of another's inheritance.\n\nExpotata, drained.\n\nExprodita, shut out.\n\n[670] Expudoratus, shameless.\n\nExpuncta, the fibers of the chest.\n\nExsumptuavit, he impoverished.\n\nExtensio, a region.\n\nExternavit, he made foreign.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Exapta","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Exapta' is glossed as 'exempta' (exempted). The prefix 'ex-' suggests removal, and 'apta' may derive from 'aptus' (fitted), but the gloss indicates a legal or administrative sense of being set free.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Excellare","severity":"info","text":"'Excellare' is glossed as 'cum uxore esse' (to be with a wife). This rare verb may be a variant of 'excellere' (to excel) or a colloquial formation; the gloss clarifies a domestic meaning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Excipulum","severity":"info","text":"'Excipulum' is glossed as 'venabulum' (hunting-spear). The term appears in late Latin for a tool of capture; the gloss aligns with Isidore's encyclopedic interest in hunting implements.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Eximietas","severity":"info","text":"'Eximietas' is glossed as 'subtimitas' (sublimity). The lemma is a rare abstract noun from 'eximius' (exceptional); the gloss may reflect a scribal error or variant for 'sublimitas'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Exodium","severity":"info","text":"'Exodium' is glossed as 'cantio in theatris ludicra, et scurrilis' (a song in theaters, playful and scurrilous). This term refers to a comic afterpiece in Roman theater, consistent with Isidore's theatrical entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Expartoa","severity":"caution","text":"'Expartoa' is glossed as 'patula aqua' (open water). The lemma is obscure; it may be a corruption of 'expatula' or a compound of 'ex-' and 'partus' (birth) misapplied. The gloss suggests a geographical or hydrological sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Exapta' may be a variant of 'exempta' or a separate formation; the gloss assumes equivalence.","'Excellare' and 'Excilare' (both glossed with 'cum uxore esse') may be scribal variants or distinct terms; the repetition suggests a copying error or dialectal difference.","'Eximietas' glossed as 'subtimitas' may involve a textual corruption of 'sublimitas'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"[675| Extestinum, extraneum.\n\nExtispices, aruspices.\n\nExtracantis, forts versos.\n\nExtraculas, foris versos.\n\nExtromis, extremus.\n\n[680] Extruncis, arbor truncata.\n\nExudo, depella, evito.\n\nExundantibus, repluentibus.\n\nExundat, prorogat.\n\nFabarii, cantores.\n\n[685] Fabarius, cantor.\n\nFabulo, fabulas componens.\n\nFabulones, fabularum inverteres.\n\nFalangarius, ut gladius.\n\nFalcarius, gladiator falcem gerens.\n\n[690| Falcitat, putat, secat, aestimat.\n\nFalcones, qui pollices pedis intra cervos habent.\n\nFalsatus sum, deceptus sum.\n\nFalsosum, circumventosum, de,.. plosum.\n\nFamis, contusio faucis.\n\n[695J Famulosus, serviens.\n\nFanculum, feniculum.\n\nFama, verba multa.\n\nFarrago,.\n\nFascemina, clausibilis vallatio circa castra\n\n[760] Fascinat, gravat.\n\nFasculum, discum.\n\nFavitor, piscator, fautor.\n\nFavonium, odium lene, et sine causa, vel ut a vento collectum.","english":"[675] Extestinum, extraneous.\n\nExtispices, soothsayers.\n\nExtracantis, turned outward.\n\nExtraculas, turned outward.\n\nExtromis, outermost.\n\n[680] Extruncis, a tree that has been lopped.\n\nExudo, I drive away, I avoid.\n\nExundantibus, overflowing.\n\nExundat, it extends.\n\nFabarii, singers.\n\n[685] Fabarius, a singer.\n\nFabulo, one who composes stories.\n\nFabulones, inventors of stories.\n\nFalangarius, like a sword.\n\nFalcarius, a gladiator bearing a sickle.\n\n[690] Falcitat, he prunes, he cuts, he estimates.\n\nFalcones, those who have the big toes of the foot turned inward like stags.\n\nFalsatus sum, I have been deceived.\n\nFalsosum, deceitful, ....\n\nFamis, a bruising of the throat.\n\n[695] Famulosus, serving.\n\nFanculum, fennel.\n\nFama, many words.\n\nFarrago, a mixture.\n\nFascemina, a defensive palisade around a camp.\n\n[760] Fascinat, it weighs down.\n\nFasculum, a dish.\n\nFavitor, a fisherman, a supporter.\n\nFavonium, a gentle breeze, and without cause, or as gathered from the wind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Extispices","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Extispices, aruspices' equates a Latin term for divination from entrails with the more common haruspices, reflecting the technical vocabulary of Roman religious practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Falcones","severity":"info","text":"The definition of falcones as those with big toes turned inward like stags is obscure; it may refer to a physical deformity or a metaphorical description of a type of person, possibly a gladiator or hunter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Falsosum","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Falsosum, circumventosum, de,.. plosum' is corrupt; the final part appears truncated or garbled, and the intended gloss is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Fascemina","severity":"info","text":"Fascemina is a rare term for a defensive palisade around a camp, likely derived from fascis (bundle) and related to military engineering in Roman contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Favonium","severity":"info","text":"Favonium is glossed as a gentle breeze, with the added phrase 'et sine causa, vel ut a vento collectum' suggesting a secondary sense of something groundless or gathered from the wind, possibly a metaphorical extension.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the alphabetical sequence of the Liber Glossarum, with entries from Ext- to Fa-, showing the typical format of lemma followed by gloss or definition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Falsosum is truncated, leaving the final gloss unclear.","The definition of Falcones is obscure and may be corrupt or metaphorical.","The lemma numbering jumps from 695 to 760, indicating a possible lacuna or misnumbering in the manuscript."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Fecundispices, fertiles deæ.\n\n[705] Feliatum, curvatum.\n\nFellebrem, adhuc lætum viventem.\n\nFellitat, sugit.\n\nFemellarius, feminis deditus, quem antiqui mulierarium vocant.\n\nFensus, iratus.\n\n[710) Feriferus, furens.\n\nFeronia, dea agrorum,\n\nFerior es, ferto libantes.\n\nFerula, palmatoria, volana.\n\nFestatis, dies solemnis.\n\n[7 15] Festilia, dies festi.\n\nFicarius, faunus.\n\nFicalum, quod Græci vocant.\n\nFicte habet, cavillat.\n\nFictura, sectura.\n\n[7iU] Filiaster, privignus, qui ante natus est.\n\nFinctus fuerit, apicem obtinuit dignitatis, et dicitur fluminatis.\n\nFiscella forma, ubi casei exprimuntur.\n\nFiscellos, mollis casei appetitor,\n\nFiscos, siccos grossos.\n\n[725] Fistutor, sibilo.\n\nFlabarius, custos porcorum.\n\nFlahri, flabulosi, ventosi, perfecti.\n\nFlabrum, perfectum.\n\nFlamineum, Babylonicum.\n\n[730] Flaminor, incendor.\n\nFlavus, genus vestis.","english":"Fecundispices, fertile goddesses.\n\n[705] Feliatum, curved.\n\nFellebrem, still living happily.\n\nFellitat, sucks.\n\nFemellarius, devoted to women, whom the ancients call a womanizer.\n\nFensus, angry.\n\n[710] Feriferus, raging.\n\nFeronia, goddess of fields.\n\nFerior es, offering with a sacrificial cake.\n\nFerula, a palmatoria, a ferule.\n\nFestatis, a solemn day.\n\n[715] Festilia, feast days.\n\nFicarius, a faun.\n\nFicalum, what the Greeks call.\n\nFicte habet, he jests.\n\nFictura, a cutting.\n\n[720] Filiaster, a stepson, who was born before.\n\nFinctus fuerit, he obtained the apex of dignity, and is called fluminatis.\n\nFiscella forma, where cheeses are pressed.\n\nFiscellos, an eater of soft cheese.\n\nFiscos, dry, large.\n\n[725] Fistutor, I hiss.\n\nFlabarius, keeper of pigs.\n\nFlahri, flatulent, windy, perfect.\n\nFlabrum, perfect.\n\nFlamineum, Babylonian.\n\n[730] Flaminor, I am inflamed.\n\nFlavus, a type of garment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fecundispices","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is a hapax legomenon, likely a compound of fecundus and -spices (cf. auspex), glossed as 'fertile goddesses'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fellebrem","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is obscure; the gloss 'adhuc lætum viventem' suggests a meaning 'still living happily', possibly a corruption of felicem or felicem viventem.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Femellarius","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is a rare term for a womanizer; the gloss notes the older term mulierarius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Feronia","severity":"info","text":"Feronia is an Italic goddess of fields and fertility, known from Roman religion; the gloss 'dea agrorum' aligns with standard accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Filiaster","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is a late Latin term for stepson; the gloss 'privignus' is the classical term, and 'qui ante natus est' clarifies the relationship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Finctus fuerit","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma is corrupt; 'finctus' likely stands for 'functus' (having performed), and 'fluminatis' is obscure, possibly a scribal error for 'flaminatus' (priesthood).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Fellebrem' is uncertain; the gloss may be corrupt. 'Finctus fuerit' is likely a scribal error for 'functus fuerit'. 'Fluminatis' is unclear, possibly a miswriting of 'flaminatus'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Flegua, Martis filia.\n\nFolonitia. vanitas.\n\nForago, trames diversi coloris.\n\n[755] Forceps, fabricæ corruptæ fortices dicuntur.\n\nForio, latrina, secessus.\n\nForis facio, offendo, noceo.\n\nFormaslrum, opus pistorium.\n\nFractillum, ad frangendum piper.\n\n[740] Fraclior, difficilior.\n\nFragus, recurvatio poplitis, quæ et suffraginatio.\n\nFraternus, fratris filius.\n\nFratruelis, materteræ filius.\n\nFrea, æ, vel mundiana de parente suo relicta.\n\n[745] Fretat, regit, coercet.\n\nFrigiones, genus vestimenti.\n\nFrigium, mitra. Constantini imp. Frigium candido splendore ejus sacratissimo capiti imposuimus.\n\nFritellum, stillicidium stercoris in sterquilinium.\n\nFudibulum, trajectorium.\n\n[750] Fuginat, adalando impedit, laudando decipit.\n\nFoleralia, lecti ornamenta.\n\nFulguratores, rustici aruspices.\n\nFulma, culma.\n\nFulinare, coquinare.\n\n[755] Fullo, decorator.","english":"Flegua, daughter of Mars.\n\nFolonitia, vanity.\n\nForago, a path of different color.\n\n[755] Forceps, corrupted forms of fabric are called fortices.\n\nForio, latrine, privy.\n\nForis facio, I offend, I harm.\n\nFormaslrum, baker's work.\n\nFractillum, for breaking pepper.\n\n[740] Fraclior, more difficult.\n\nFragus, the bending back of the knee, which is also called suffraginatio.\n\nFraternus, a brother's son.\n\nFratruelis, a maternal aunt's son.\n\nFrea, ae, or a mundiana left by her parent.\n\n[745] Fretat, he rules, he restrains.\n\nFrigiones, a type of garment.\n\nFrigium, a mitre. Of the emperor Constantine: We have placed the Frigium, with its most sacred shining whiteness, upon his head.\n\nFritellum, a drip of dung into a dunghill.\n\nFudibulum, a funnel.\n\n[750] Fuginat, he hinders by flattering, he deceives by praising.\n\nFoleralia, ornaments of a bed.\n\nFulguratores, rustic soothsayers.\n\nFulma, culma.\n\nFulinare, to cook.\n\n[755] Fullo, a decorator.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Flegua","severity":"info","text":"Flegua is glossed as 'Martis filia' (daughter of Mars). The name is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a mythological figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Folonitia","severity":"info","text":"Folonitia is equated with 'vanitas' (vanity). The word is rare and may be a variant of 'vaniloquium' or a coinage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Forago","severity":"info","text":"Forago is defined as 'trames diversi coloris' (a path of different color). The term is unattested elsewhere; possibly a corruption of 'forago' as a type of road.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Forceps","severity":"caution","text":"The entry reads 'fabricæ corruptæ fortices dicuntur' (corrupted forms of fabric are called fortices). The lemma 'Forceps' may be a miswriting; 'fortices' is otherwise unknown.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Frea","severity":"info","text":"Frea is glossed as 'æ, vel mundiana de parente suo relicta' (or a mundiana left by her parent). 'Mundiana' is obscure; possibly a legal term for a freedwoman or heiress.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Frigium","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Constantine's imperial headgear: 'Constantini imp. Frigium candido splendore ejus sacratissimo capiti imposuimus' (We have placed the Frigium, with its most sacred shining whiteness, upon his head). This echoes the Donation of Constantine, a forged document known to Isidore's circle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (Flegua, Folonitia, Forago, Forceps, Frea) are hapax legomena or corrupt; their exact forms and meanings are uncertain.","The phrase 'mundiana de parente suo relicta' is ambiguous: 'mundiana' may be a miswriting of 'mundina' (a type of freedwoman) or a legal term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"Fungitur, solvit.\n\nFunus unaginarium, dicitur tumulus sine cadavere, id est, inane sepulcrum.\n\nFurabula, tenebræ.\n\nFurfuraculum,tenebræ.\n\n[760] Fumis, quoddam vas in templo Vesta, ubi reponebantur quædam sacrificia.\n\nFuto,.\n\nGabarus, insulsus, barbarus, unde gabares mortuorum.\n\nGaberina, arca.\n\nGalbares, mortuorum condita corpora.\n\n[765| Galenum, vas vinarium. Romani antiqui dixerunt caleoum vinum.\n\nGalera, stricta glutino.\n\nGaleros, calamancos.\n\nGalerum, pileum pastorale, quod de junco fit.\n\nGalgulus, baca,.\n\n[770] Galivil, peribit.\n\nGallarius, cerdo.\n\nGanzia, occulta loca, et subterranea.\n\nGaunaca, gansapa.\n\nGaunatrices, duorum fratrum uxores.\n\n[775] Gellonem, baucalem.\n\nGemina, peristromata.\n\nGemini, aguigeni.\n\nGemmades, id est, mulieres lucæ dominicæ, lingua Gallica.\n\nGemmatum, baccatum.\n\n[780] Genialis lectus, quod nuptiarum die sternatur.","english":"Fungitur, he/she/it performs, fulfills.\n\nFunus unaginarium, a tomb without a corpse is so called, that is, an empty sepulcher.\n\nFurabula, shadows, darkness.\n\nFurfuraculum, shadows, darkness.\n\n[760] Fumis, a certain vessel in the temple of Vesta, where certain sacrifices were stored.\n\nFuto, I strike, I beat.\n\nGabarus, tasteless, barbarous, whence gabares of the dead.\n\nGaberina, a chest, a coffer.\n\nGalbares, preserved bodies of the dead.\n\n[765] Galenum, a wine vessel. The ancient Romans called wine caleoum.\n\nGalera, fastened with glue.\n\nGaleros, caps, head-coverings.\n\nGalerum, a shepherd's cap, which is made from rush.\n\nGalgulus, a berry.\n\n[770] Galivil, he/she/it will perish.\n\nGallarius, a tanner, a leather-worker.\n\nGanzia, hidden and subterranean places.\n\nGaunaca, a shaggy cloak, a rough garment.\n\nGaunatrices, wives of two brothers.\n\n[775] Gellonem, a jug, a flagon.\n\nGemina, bedspreads, coverlets.\n\nGemini, born together, twins.\n\nGemmades, that is, women of the Lord's light, in the Gallic tongue.\n\nGemmatum, set with jewels, bejeweled.\n\n[780] Genialis lectus, the marriage bed, which is spread on the day of the wedding.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Funus unaginarium","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'funus unaginarium' is a hapax legomenon; 'unaginarium' may derive from 'unus' (one) or 'unago' (to unite), but the sense of an empty tomb is clear from the gloss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Fumis","severity":"info","text":"The 'fumis' vessel in the temple of Vesta (Vesta) reflects Roman religious practice; the temple of Vesta housed sacred objects, and such vessels stored sacrificial items.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabarus","severity":"info","text":"'Gabarus' glossed as 'insulsus, barbarus' (tasteless, barbarous) and linked to 'gabares mortuorum' (of the dead) suggests a semantic shift from 'foreign' to 'funereal'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gemmades","severity":"info","text":"'Gemmades' is glossed as 'mulieres lucae dominicae' (women of the Lord's light) in the Gallic tongue, likely a Gallo-Latin term for nuns or consecrated virgins.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Futo","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Futo,' is incomplete in the manuscript, lacking a gloss; the English draft supplies 'I strike, I beat' based on context, but the Latin is defective.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Genialis lectus","severity":"info","text":"The 'genialis lectus' (marriage bed) is a standard Latin term for the bridal bed, used in Roman wedding rituals; Isidore's gloss aligns with classical usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Futo' lacks a gloss in the Latin; the English draft's 'I strike, I beat' is conjectural.","The derivation of 'unaginarium' in 'funus unaginarium' is uncertain; it may be a scribal error or a rare term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"Geniatus, genialis, gratus.\n\nGenubium, intrinum, interiorem, domesticum.\n\nGessiæ, divitiæ.\n\nGestiuncula, res minuta.\n\n[785] Gesum, hasta, jaculum, -\n\nGela, Gothus.\n\nGetage, garrit, Gothice loquitur.\n\ni Geli, Gothi.\n\nGeminarium, lavacrum.\n\n[790] Girgillius, rota hauritoria.\n\nGisma, angulus.\n\nGissium, labium, terminus, finitio.\n\nGlaucia, viridis.\n\nGlebo, rusticus, arator.\n\n(795] Glirium; torpentem, stupidum.\n\nGlirius, somnolentus.\n\nGlis, glilis, humus tenax.\n\nGnabat, natus, generamus, filius, creatus, vel enixus, lingua Gallica.\n\nGnavat, fortiter exsequitur.\n\n[800] Gorriones, cum errore sonante..\n\nGrandias, offas carnis.\n\nGrassus, setosus, pilosus.\n\nGremia, siccamina lignorum.\n\nGrippus, superbus, cervicosus.\n\n[805] Grumulus, ager tractus.\n\nGulosus, tabernio, popinator.\n\nGumba, cuneua, cripa.\n\nGumma, tegorium.\n\nGurdus, lentus, inutilis.","english":"Geniatus, genial, pleasing.\n\nGenubium, intimate, interior, domestic.\n\nGessiæ, riches.\n\nGestiuncula, a small thing.\n\n[785] Gesum, spear, javelin.\n\nGela, a Goth.\n\nGetage, he chatters, speaks Gothic.\n\ni Geli, the Goths.\n\nGeminarium, a bath.\n\n[790] Girgillius, a drawing wheel.\n\nGisma, a corner.\n\nGissium, a lip, boundary, limit.\n\nGlaucia, green.\n\nGlebo, a rustic, a plowman.\n\n[795] Glirium, sluggish, stupid.\n\nGlirius, sleepy.\n\nGlis, glilis, tenacious soil.\n\nGnabat, born, we beget, son, created, or delivered, in the Gallic tongue.\n\nGnavat, he performs strongly.\n\n[800] Gorriones, with a sounding error.\n\nGrandias, lumps of meat.\n\nGrassus, bristly, hairy.\n\nGremia, dry kindling.\n\nGrippus, proud, stiff-necked.\n\n[805] Grumulus, a drawn field.\n\nGulosus, a tavern-keeper, a tippler.\n\nGumba, a wedge, a crag.\n\nGumma, a covering.\n\nGurdus, slow, useless.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Geniatus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Geniatus' is a Latin adjective derived from 'genius', meaning 'pleasing' or 'agreeable'. The gloss aligns with classical usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gela","severity":"info","text":"'Gela' is glossed as 'Gothus', a Goth. This reflects the Late Antique or early medieval practice of using ethnic terms as personal names or nicknames.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Getage","severity":"info","text":"'Getage' is glossed as 'garrit, Gothice loquitur' (chatters, speaks Gothic). The verb 'garrire' often implies idle or barbarous speech, possibly reflecting a Roman stereotype of Gothic speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gnabat","severity":"info","text":"'Gnabat' is glossed with multiple Latin equivalents and noted as 'lingua Gallica' (in the Gallic tongue). This suggests a Celtic or Gaulish origin for the word, indicating the glossary's inclusion of regional or archaic terms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gorriones","severity":"caution","text":"'Gorriones' is glossed as 'cum errore sonante' (with a sounding error). The phrase is obscure; it may describe a word that is mispronounced or onomatopoeic, or the gloss itself may be corrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence of the Liber Glossarum, with lemmas beginning with 'G' (Geniatus to Gurdus). The entries are brief, typical of a glossary, and include ethnic, botanical, and everyday terms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The gloss 'Gorriones, cum errore sonante' is ambiguous: it may refer to a word that is mispronounced, or the phrase itself may be a textual corruption.","The lemma 'Gnabat' is noted as Gallic, but its exact origin and meaning remain uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"[810] Guttur, glutum.\n\nGutturnia, gutturis inflatio.\n\nGuva, ventuosa.\n\nHamatores, piscatores.\n\nHapsum, vellus lanæ.\n\n[815] Hareolus, jucundus.\n\nHarpyiæ, virgines volaticæ.\n\nHause, sine circuitu.\n\nHaustrum, rota, hauritorium, qui et gyrgilius.\n\nHebira, lorica.\n\n[820] Hemosus, odium.\n\nHerbitium, locus in quo herbce naacunlur.\n\nHerculaneus, eunuchus.\n\nHercule, salvum.\n\nHerenicas, antiquas.\n\n[825] Herma, proditus, castratus.\n\nHernia, castratio.\n\nHernia, ratio.\n\nHerniæ, castratio.\n\nHeti, folia quatuor fuere de exemplari.\n\n[830] Hidrinis, serpentinis.\n\nnilo, aquilo.\n\nHippitare, oscitare, badare.\n\nHirigis, funibus.\n\nHirnia, ramex.\n\n[835] Hiscire, desinere.\n\nHolitor, horticola.\n\nHormula, statua sine manibus.\n\nHorripilatur, horret.\n\nHortilio, horti custos.\n\n[840] Hostit, æquat, adplanat.\n\nHostitor, janitor, portitor.\n\nJacentia, subciva, reliqua.","english":"Guttur, throat.\n\nGutturnia, swelling of the throat.\n\nGuva, windy.\n\nHamatores, fishermen.\n\nHapsum, a fleece of wool.\n\n[815] Hareolus, pleasant.\n\nHarpyiæ, flying maidens.\n\nHause, without circuit.\n\nHaustrum, wheel, drawing instrument, which is also gyrgilius.\n\nHebira, breastplate.\n\n[820] Hemosus, hatred.\n\nHerbitium, a place in which herbs grow.\n\nHerculaneus, eunuch.\n\nHercule, safe.\n\nHerenicas, ancient.\n\n[825] Herma, betrayed, castrated.\n\nHernia, castration.\n\nHernia, reason.\n\nHerniæ, castration.\n\nHeti, leaves, four were from the exemplar.\n\n[830] Hidrinis, serpentine.\n\nnilo, north wind.\n\nHippitare, to yawn, to gape.\n\nHirigis, ropes.\n\nHirnia, rupture.\n\n[835] Hiscire, to cease.\n\nHolitor, gardener.\n\nHormula, statue without hands.\n\nHorripilatur, shudders.\n\nHortilio, guardian of a garden.\n\n[840] Hostit, equalizes, levels.\n\nHostitor, doorkeeper, porter.\n\nJacentia, leftover, remainder.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Harpyiæ","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Harpyiæ' is glossed as 'virgines volaticæ' (flying maidens), a learned etymology that conflates the Harpies' bird-like form with virginity, likely from Isidore's Etymologiae.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Herculaneus","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Herculaneus, eunuchus' likely derives from a confusion with 'Hercules' and the story of his servitude to Omphale, or from a misreading of 'herma' (castrated) in the same passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Hernia","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Hernia' appears twice: first glossed as 'castratio', then as 'ratio' (reason). The second is likely a scribal error or a different word, possibly 'hernia' as a medical term confused with 'herma'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Heti","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Heti, folia quatuor fuere de exemplari' is a rare scribal note indicating that four leaves (folia) were taken from the exemplar, providing evidence of the manuscript's compilation process.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Hause","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Hause, sine circuitu' (without circuit) likely derives from Latin 'haurire' (to draw) or 'haustus', but the sense 'without circuit' is obscure; possibly a corruption of 'haustus' meaning a single drawing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"nilo","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'nilo, aquilo' is a fragment: 'nilo' is likely a miswriting of 'Aquilo' (north wind), and the lowercase suggests it was originally part of a longer list, now truncated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Hernia' is glossed twice with different meanings ('castratio' and 'ratio'), leaving unclear whether this is a scribal error or a deliberate entry for two homographs.","The entry 'nilo' is ambiguous: it may be a corruption of 'Aquilo' or a separate word, and its lowercase form suggests it was originally part of a continuous list."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"Jactuarius, qui frequenter jaeturam patitur, id est, damnum.\n\nJanitrices, duorum fratrum uxores.\n\n[845] Ibalia, maris habentia.\n\nlcium, quasi exitus nullo remanente.\n\nlgniarius, ignem continens.\n\nIgnitior, ignitus.\n\nIllis, fas, ilicet.\n\n[850] Imbulus, ab ambulando, ambulatorium.\n\nImmadescit, bibendo totus infundilur.\n\nImmorsus, jejunus.\n\nImo Hercule, imo salvo.\n\nImpartes, expertes, sine parte.\n\n[855] Impetibile, improbum, sævum.\n\nImplisceret, implicaret.\n\nInabstinentes, impatientes.\n\nIn ante diem, in ipso die.\n\nInasta, sancta, pulchra, clara, splendida.\n\n[860] Incæniare, stupere, cessare.\n\nIncenis. Plaut. Catina. Incenem ex ædibus.\n\nIncentiva, aculei vitiorum.\n\nIncippat, illudit.\n\nlncitae, ultima conditio fortunarum.\n\n[865] Inclinis, incumbens.\n\nIncoma, mensura militum.\n\nInconcessum semen, illicita. nuptias.\n\nIncuba, qui res alienas tenet.","english":"Jactuarius, one who frequently suffers loss, that is, damage.\n\nJanitrices, wives of two brothers.\n\n[845] Ibalia, having the sea.\n\nIcium, as if an exit with nothing remaining.\n\nIgnarius, containing fire.\n\nIgnitior, ignited.\n\nIllis, fas, ilicet.\n\n[850] Imbulus, from walking, a walkway.\n\nImmadescit, becoming entirely soaked by drinking.\n\nImmorsus, fasting.\n\nImo Hercule, indeed by Hercules.\n\nImpartes, without a share, having no part.\n\n[855] Impetibile, wicked, savage.\n\nImplisceret, would entangle.\n\nInabstinentes, impatient.\n\nIn ante diem, on that very day.\n\nInasta, holy, beautiful, bright, splendid.\n\n[860] Incæniare, to be stunned, to cease.\n\nIncenis. Plaut. Catina. Incenem from the house.\n\nIncentiva, goads of vices.\n\nIncippat, mocks.\n\nIncitae, the final condition of fortunes.\n\n[865] Inclinis, leaning upon.\n\nIncoma, a measure of soldiers.\n\nInconcessum semen, unlawful marriages.\n\nIncuba, one who holds others' property.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Janitrices","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Janitrices' is a rare Latin word for the wives of two brothers, derived from 'janitrices' (sisters-in-law) but here specifically denoting a co-wife relationship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ibalia","severity":"info","text":"'Ibalia' is glossed as 'maris habentia' (having the sea), likely a variant or corruption of 'ibalium' or a similar term, possibly referring to a maritime location or attribute.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Icium","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Icium' is obscure; the gloss 'quasi exitus nullo remanente' (as if an exit with nothing remaining) suggests a hapax legomenon or textual corruption, possibly related to 'exitus' or 'icium'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Incenis","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Incenis. Plaut. Catina. Incenem ex ædibus' cites Plautus' 'Catina' (likely a miswriting of 'Cistellaria' or another play), but the word 'Incenis' is unattested; the gloss may be corrupt or a misreading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Incitae","severity":"info","text":"'Incitae' is glossed as 'ultima conditio fortunarum' (the final condition of fortunes), likely a rare or technical term for the lowest state of wealth or status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Incoma","severity":"info","text":"'Incoma' is glossed as 'mensura militum' (a measure of soldiers), possibly a variant of 'incoma' meaning a unit or standard for military measurement, though otherwise unattested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (Icium, Incenis, Incoma) are hapax legomena or textual corruptions, making their precise meaning uncertain; the glosses may reflect scribal errors or rare dialectal forms."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"Indoles, spes in puero.\n\n[870] Indubiæ, indumentum.\n\nIndubias, belli intervallum, id est, pax bello manente.\n\nIndubies, pax bellum manens.\n\nInduciarii, vestiarii.\n\nInducit, charaxat,\n\n[875] Industriare, decere.\n\nInesis, segnis, piger.\n\nInfula, sacerdotalis vitta, et administratio judicialis.\n\nInfaria, non fatua, falsa, aut fatuum efficit.\n\nInfelicare, affligere.\n\n[880] Infiduciare, impignetare.\n\nInforare, in foro placitare.\n\nInfulat, propitiat.\n\nIngraminat, in gramina rumpit.\n\nInivum, injurium, vel contrarium.\n\n[885] Injux, bos, nundum jugo junctus.\n\nInitiabunt, nomen dabunt.\n\nInlethales, immortales.\n\nInlugiem, in luctus.\n\nIn palam, aperte.\n\n[890] Inpopularis, inusitata.\n\nInsiciale, jus.\n\nInstitæ, gravatæ, resticulæ.\n\nIntellonem, folles lucernarum.\n\nInteramnia, chorda, qua frequentius est inter amnes.\n\n[895] Interlectus, interfedatus, varie per intervalla fuscatus.","english":"Indoles, hope in a boy.\n\n[870] Indubiæ, a garment.\n\nIndubias, an interval of war, that is, peace while war remains.\n\nIndubies, peace that remains war.\n\nInduciarii, wardrobe keepers.\n\nInducit, he scratches,\n\n[875] Industriare, to be fitting.\n\nInesis, sluggish, lazy.\n\nInfula, a priestly headband, and judicial administration.\n\nInfaria, not foolish, false, or making something foolish.\n\nInfelicare, to afflict.\n\n[880] Infiduciare, to pawn.\n\nInforare, to plead in court.\n\nInfulat, he propitiates.\n\nIngraminat, he breaks into grasses.\n\nInivum, unjust, or contrary.\n\n[885] Injux, an ox not yet yoked to the yoke.\n\nInitiabunt, they will give a name.\n\nInlethales, immortal.\n\nInlugiem, into mourning.\n\nIn palam, openly.\n\n[890] Inpopularis, unusual.\n\nInsiciale, law.\n\nInstitæ, weighted, small ropes.\n\nIntellonem, bellows of lamps.\n\nInteramnia, gut, which is more frequently between rivers.\n\n[895] Interlectus, interlayered, variously darkened at intervals.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Indoles","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Indoles' is glossed as 'spes in puero' (hope in a boy), reflecting a classical sense of innate quality or promise, especially in youth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Indubias","severity":"info","text":"'Indubias' is defined as 'belli intervallum, id est, pax bello manente' (an interval of war, i.e., peace while war remains), a paradoxical gloss likely derived from late antique or early medieval lexicography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Infula","severity":"info","text":"'Infula' is glossed as both a priestly headband and judicial administration, reflecting its dual use in religious and civic contexts in Roman and early medieval culture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Interamnia","severity":"info","text":"'Interamnia' is glossed as 'chorda, qua frequentius est inter amnes' (gut, which is more frequently between rivers), a likely confusion between 'interamnia' (intestines) and 'inter amnes' (between rivers), possibly a scribal or etymological error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Indubiæ","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Indubiæ' is glossed as 'indumentum' (garment), but the form is irregular; it may be a corruption of 'induviae' (clothing) or a scribal variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Inlethales","severity":"info","text":"'Inlethales' is glossed as 'immortales' (immortal), likely a Latinized form of Greek 'ἀθάνατος' (athanatos) via a negative prefix, reflecting the glossary's engagement with Greek-derived vocabulary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Indubias' and 'Indubies' appear as near-duplicates with slightly different glosses, possibly reflecting variant manuscript traditions or scribal errors.","The gloss for 'Interamnia' conflates anatomical and geographical terms, leaving the intended sense ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"Internecies, mors, jactura.\n\nInterpolis, restis quæ ex vetusta fit quasi nova.\n\nIntervallum, medium inter fossam et murum.\n\nInventria, facilis ad inveniendum res.\n\n[900] Jocista, qui verbum jocatur.\n\nInguvium, servitus, captivitas.\n\nIpparius, aurigarius.\n\nIstre, secte.\n\nJugit, milvus cum vocem emittit.\n\n[905] lulea, fissilia.\n\nJunceum, lectile.\n\nJuraticus, scholasticus, legisperitus.\n\nJuris, juramen.\n\nJussorianem, præceptio.\n\n[910] Jutia, lactare.\n\nJuvenestres, fortes viri.\n\nKxre Cæsar, amicos.\n\nKai, cancellæ.\n\nKaii, cancelli.\n\n[915] Kalones, gallicæ militum.\n\nKaniser, senex.\n\nKapax, memoriosus.\n\nKaribs, furca poenalis, alias Kalibs.\n\nKartalum, quo mortui efferuntur alibi.\n\n[920] Katulum, in quo mortui deferuntur, investitum, detritum, seu linlea.\n\nKuppedmarius, voluptarius.\n\nLaberna, ferramentum latronum, vel grassutorum, vel furum.","english":"Internecies, death, loss.\n\nInterpolis, a rope that is made from an old one as if new.\n\nIntervallum, the space between a ditch and a wall.\n\nInventria, one who is quick at finding things.\n\n[900] Jocista, one who jokes with words.\n\nInguvium, servitude, captivity.\n\nIpparius, a charioteer.\n\nIstre, sects.\n\nJugit, a kite when it emits its cry.\n\n[905] lulea, split things.\n\nJunceum, a bed of rushes.\n\nJuraticus, a scholar, a legal expert.\n\nJuris, an oath.\n\nJussorianem, a command.\n\n[910] Jutia, to suckle.\n\nJuvenestres, strong men.\n\nKxre Cæsar, friends.\n\nKai, latticework.\n\nKaii, lattices.\n\n[915] Kalones, soldiers' Gallic shoes.\n\nKaniser, an old man.\n\nKapax, one with a good memory.\n\nKaribs, a penal fork, otherwise Kalibs.\n\nKartalum, that by which the dead are carried out, elsewhere.\n\n[920] Katulum, in which the dead are carried, covered, worn, or linen.\n\nKuppedmarius, a pleasure-seeker.\n\nLaberna, an iron tool of thieves, or of brigands, or of robbers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Internecies","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Internecies' is a Latinized Greek borrowing (from ἐντέρνησις) meaning mutual destruction, glossed here as 'mors, jactura' (death, loss).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Intervallum","severity":"info","text":"The definition of 'Intervallum' as the space between a ditch and a wall reflects a military engineering sense, distinct from the more common temporal meaning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalones","severity":"info","text":"'Kalones' glossed as 'gallicæ militum' (soldiers' Gallic shoes) points to a type of footwear associated with Gaulish or Roman auxiliary troops, likely a caliga variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Karibs","severity":"info","text":"'Karibs' (or 'Kalibs') is glossed as 'furca poenalis' (penal fork), a forked instrument of punishment, possibly related to the Greek κάραβος (a stake or cross).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Kartalum","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Kartalum' as a bier for the dead (quo mortui efferuntur) appears in later medieval glossaries, showing continuity of funerary vocabulary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Kxre Cæsar","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Kxre Cæsar, amicos' is likely corrupt; 'Kxre' may be a miswriting of Greek χαῖρε (hail), producing a greeting formula 'Hail Caesar, friends'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Kxre' is unclear; it may represent a garbled Greek or Latin greeting.","The distinction between 'Kartalum' and 'Katulum' as funerary containers is not fully resolved."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"Laberna, gladiator.\n\nLaberna latro, aut qui filios alienos seducit.\n\n[925] Lahina, labrum inferius.\n\nLacatismus, laqueus, decipula.\n\nLaciniosum, pannosum, laceratum.\n\nLactena, malleum.\n\nLamiro, blandus.\n\n[950] Lampium, pulpitum, anatogium.\n\nLancibus, missoriis.\n\nLanistra, lanarius.\n\nLargens, domesticus.\n\nLarna, rasorium.\n\n[955] Latororum, genus navis, sed latrociniorum.\n\nLatos, navis.\n\nLatrunciat, per navis pugnai,\n\nLautitia, aqua farina conspersa.\n\nLaxamina, habente.\n\n[940] Lecator, gulosus.\n\nLecticalis, qui lectulos facit.\n\nLectistium, statio lecti.\n\nLectrum, analogium super quo legitur.\n\nLedo, maris æstuatio.\n\n[945] Leno, lecator, medialor.\n\nLenocinator, turpi adulaione famulatur.\n\nLenociniis. D anatus: Pronuntiabat autem cum suavitate cum lenociniis miris.\n\nLenocinium, lecacitas.\n\nLentandus, flertendus.\n\n[950] Lenulus, partu, lecator.","english":"Laberna, a gladiator.\n\nLaberna, a thief, or one who seduces others' children.\n\n[925] Lahina, the lower lip.\n\nLacatismus, a snare, a trap.\n\nLaciniosum, ragged, torn.\n\nLactena, a hammer.\n\nLamiro, flattering.\n\n[950] Lampium, a pulpit, a lectern.\n\nLancibus, platters.\n\nLanistra, a wool-worker.\n\nLargens, a household servant.\n\nLarna, a razor.\n\n[955] Latororum, a type of ship, but of robberies.\n\nLatos, a ship.\n\nLatrunciat, he fights by ship.\n\nLautitia, water mixed with flour.\n\nLaxamina, having.\n\n[940] Lecator, a glutton.\n\nLecticalis, one who makes beds.\n\nLectistium, a place for a bed.\n\nLectrum, a lectern on which one reads.\n\nLedo, the surging of the sea.\n\n[945] Leno, a pimp, a mediator.\n\nLenocinator, he serves with base flattery.\n\nLenociniis. Donatus: He would pronounce, however, with charm and with wondrous allurements.\n\nLenocinium, lechery.\n\nLentandus, to be bent.\n\n[950] Lenulus, a child, a glutton.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Laberna","severity":"info","text":"Laberna is glossed as 'gladiator' and also as 'thief' or 'seducer of others' children', reflecting a semantic range from combatant to criminal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lacatismus","severity":"info","text":"Lacatismus is equated with 'snare' and 'trap', suggesting a rare or technical term for a device of capture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lampium","severity":"info","text":"Lampium is glossed as 'pulpit' and 'lectern', indicating a liturgical or reading stand, possibly a variant of 'analogium'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Latororum","severity":"caution","text":"Latororum is defined as 'a type of ship, but of robberies', suggesting a pun or confusion between 'latro' (robber) and 'navis' (ship).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Lenociniis","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Lenociniis quotes Donatus on pronunciation with charm and allurements, showing the glossator's use of a grammatical source.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Donatus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Laxamina","severity":"caution","text":"Laxamina is glossed as 'having', which is semantically unclear; the term may be corrupt or mis-glossed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The gloss for Laxamina ('having') is ambiguous and may be a scribal error or misreading.","Latororum conflates ship and robbery, possibly due to wordplay or textual corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"Levisata, tunica militaris.\n\nLevitonarium, colobarium, lineum, sive manicis.\n\nLibatorium, coxale.\n\nLibitina, unde mortui tolluntur.\n\n[955] Licerceris, centurio.\n\nLiciani, prophetas.\n\nLicini, candelæ, lucernæ, vel cicindilia.\n\nLicitator, gladiator, apparitor, occisor, cui multa licent.\n\nLicius, negotiator.\n\n[960] Limbo, alibi, pro invenit.\n\nLimbus, navis piratica, vel clavus in veste regia, sive ipsa vestis.\n\nLimfaticus, quod aquam limeat, quem græci dicunt.\n\nLiniarius, retiarius.\n\nLimina portarum, loca mortuorum.\n\n[965] Liminum, servitium mortiferum, captivitas.\n\nLimula, larva.\n\nHillarius, retiarius.\n\nLinguiscinus, ferrum, quo virga et frutices reciduntur.\n\nLinguitri, sulcis trifartam divsis.\n\n[970] Linivia, retia.\n\nLintres, naviculæ modicæ in Nilo.\n\nLitarius, gladiator.\n\nL'x, cinis.\n\nLixabundus, ambulat, qui voluptatis causa ambulat.","english":"Levisata, a military tunic.\n\nLevitonarium, a sleeveless tunic, of linen, or with sleeves.\n\nLibatorium, a hip-cloth.\n\nLibitina, from which the dead are taken up.\n\n[955] Licerceris, a centurion.\n\nLiciani, prophets.\n\nLicini, candles, lamps, or wicks.\n\nLicitator, a gladiator, an attendant, a slayer, to whom many things are permitted.\n\nLicius, a merchant.\n\n[960] Limbo, elsewhere, for \"he found.\"\n\nLimbus, a pirate ship, or a stripe on a royal garment, or the garment itself.\n\nLimfaticus, one who is water-mad, whom the Greeks call [something].\n\nLiniarius, a net-fighter.\n\nLimina portarum, places of the dead.\n\n[965] Liminum, deadly servitude, captivity.\n\nLimula, a mask.\n\nHillarius, a net-fighter.\n\nLinguiscinus, an iron tool with which twigs and bushes are cut back.\n\nLinguitri, furrows divided into three parts.\n\n[970] Linivia, nets.\n\nLintres, small boats on the Nile.\n\nLitarius, a gladiator.\n\nL'x, ash.\n\nLixabundus, one who walks, who walks for pleasure.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Levisata","severity":"info","text":"Levisata is glossed as a military tunic; the word is rare and may be a variant of levis (light) or a borrowing from Greek.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Libitina","severity":"info","text":"Libitina is the Roman goddess of funerals and corpses; the phrase 'unde mortui tolluntur' (from which the dead are taken up) refers to the place where bodies were prepared for burial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Limbus","severity":"info","text":"Limbus is glossed as a pirate ship, a stripe on a royal garment, or the garment itself; the multiple meanings reflect the word's evolution from 'border' to 'edge' in various contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Limfaticus","severity":"info","text":"Limfaticus is glossed as 'one who is water-mad'; the term derives from lymphatus (maddened by water) and is used in Latin to describe a type of frenzy, possibly related to hydrophobia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lintres","severity":"info","text":"Lintres are small boats on the Nile; the word is a Latin borrowing from Greek λέμβος (lembos), referring to a light skiff used in Egypt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"L'x","severity":"caution","text":"L'x is glossed as 'ash'; the abbreviation likely stands for 'lix' (a variant of 'lixivium' or 'lye'), but the form is corrupt or abbreviated in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'L'x' is an abbreviation or corruption; its full form is uncertain.","The gloss 'Limbo, alibi, pro invenit' is syntactically unclear; 'alibi' may mean 'elsewhere' or be a misreading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"[975] Lixe, aquam quæ per milites ambulant, antiqui lixum dixerunt.\n\nLixiones, aquarum portitores.\n\nLocar, locus apud urbem Romam.\n\nLubrica, vallam, imo fossa.\n\nLubricum, lutum cum labrina.\n\n[980] Lucar, vectigal, erogatio, quæ fiebat in lucis.\n\nLucerna, genus cocullæ.\n\nLudarius, locus deceptorius, ubi quis cito labitur.\n\nLudices, meretrices.\n\nLuecula, parva lues.\n\n[985] Lugues. lugdinenses.\n\nLuitio, juris verbum.\n\nLuma, sagum quadrum.\n\nLumbare, subligar.\n\nLumbones, cingula circa lumbos.\n\n1990] Lumentum, nitrum.\n\nLuna semenstris, luna medii mensis.\n\nLunatica, quod fit plenilunio.\n\nLupal, lupanar.\n\nLusores, falsi testes.\n\n[995] Lustramentum, fetor, putor, oleum, fetulentia.\n\nLustro, vagatur.\n\nLurore, colore luteo.\n\nMacere fallio, locus circumveniendi..\n\nMaenit, struit, ædificat.\n\n[1000] Mafortes, operimentum capitum mulierum.\n\nMagister, ludi, calculo.","english":"[975] Lixe, water that goes among the soldiers; the ancients called it lixum.\n\nLixiones, water-carriers.\n\nLocar, a place near the city of Rome.\n\nLubrica, a rampart, or rather a ditch.\n\nLubricum, mud with slime.\n\n[980] Lucar, a tax, a disbursement, which was made in groves.\n\nLucerna, a kind of hood.\n\nLudarius, a deceptive place, where one quickly slips.\n\nLudices, prostitutes.\n\nLuecula, a small plague.\n\n[985] Lugues, the people of Lyon.\n\nLuitio, a legal term.\n\nLuma, a square cloak.\n\nLumbare, a loincloth.\n\nLumbones, belts around the loins.\n\n[990] Lumentum, natron.\n\nLuna semenstris, the moon of mid-month.\n\nLunatica, that which happens at the full moon.\n\nLupal, a brothel.\n\nLusores, false witnesses.\n\n[995] Lustramentum, stench, putridity, oil, filth.\n\nLustro, he wanders.\n\nLurore, with a yellow color.\n\nMacere fallio, a place for ensnaring.\n\nMaenit, he builds, he constructs.\n\n[1000] Mafortes, a head-covering for women.\n\nMagister, of games, of calculation.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lixe","severity":"info","text":"Lixe is glossed as water distributed among soldiers, with the older form lixum. This may relate to lixa, a camp servant or water-carrier.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lubrica","severity":"info","text":"Lubrica is defined as a rampart or ditch, but the pairing 'vallam, imo fossa' suggests a glossarial correction or alternative reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Lucar","severity":"info","text":"Lucar refers to a tax or payment made in groves (luci), reflecting Roman religious or fiscal practices associated with sacred woodlands.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lunatica","severity":"info","text":"Lunatica is glossed as 'that which happens at the full moon,' likely referring to lunar-influenced conditions or epilepsy, a common ancient association.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lusores","severity":"info","text":"Lusores is glossed as 'false witnesses,' a rare usage; typically lusor means a player or mocker, but here it carries a legal or moral connotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Macere fallio","severity":"caution","text":"Macere fallio is obscure; the phrase may be corrupt or a conflation. It is glossed as 'a place for ensnaring,' possibly from maceria (wall) and fallo (deceive).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Lixe may be a variant of lixa; the gloss 'water that goes among the soldiers' is unclear in syntax.","Lubrica's pairing 'vallam, imo fossa' may indicate a textual variant or glossarial correction.","Macere fallio is likely a corrupt or conflated entry; its exact source is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"Maia, media, obstetrix.I\n\nMaialis, porcus pinguia, quod deæ Maiæ sacrificabatur, quasi matri Mercurii.\n\nMalarium, pomarium.\n\n[1005] Malce, popino9 qui amat in popinas ire.\n\nManda, deceptio. fraus.\n\nMandones, ambrones ardeliones.\n\nMandratur, cavillatur.\n\nMandus, vestis virginalis.\n\n[1010] Maniæ, formidinum imagines.\n\nManifex, monum dans.\n\nManipulum, qui auxilium dat in bello.\n\nManius, burceus.\n\nMannulus, caballus, buricus.\n\n[1015] Mansionarius, ostiarius.\n\nManticulare, fraudare vel decipere.\n\nManucalis, porta.\n\nManua, manipuli.\n\nManuale, liber ad gerendum aptus, qui enchiridion dicitur.\n\n[1020] Manuale, erarium.\n\nManuhla, iteratio doctrinæ.\n\nManubiare, vigilare, pernoctare.\n\nManutius, magnas manus habens.\n\nMappa, gausape, tegilla, expiarium.\n\n[1025] Marsiculus. qui dico movetur ad iram. Plautus, quid ais, homo marsicule?\n\nMasortia, marsupium.","english":"Maia, midwife. I\n\nMaialis, a fat pig, because it was sacrificed to the goddess Maia, as if to the mother of Mercury.\n\nMalarium, an orchard.\n\n[1005] Malce, a glutton who loves to go to cookshops.\n\nManda, deception, fraud.\n\nMandones, gluttons, greedy eaters.\n\nMandratur, he jests.\n\nMandus, a maiden's garment.\n\n[1010] Maniæ, images of terror.\n\nManifex, one giving a gift.\n\nManipulum, one who gives aid in war.\n\nManius, a dunce.\n\nMannulus, a nag, a hack.\n\n[1015] Mansionarius, a doorkeeper.\n\nManticulare, to defraud or deceive.\n\nManucalis, a gate.\n\nManua, sheaves.\n\nManuale, a book suitable for carrying, which is called an enchiridion.\n\n[1020] Manuale, a treasury.\n\nManuhla, a repetition of teaching.\n\nManubiare, to keep watch, to spend the night.\n\nManutius, one having large hands.\n\nMappa, a cloth, a coverlet, a napkin.\n\n[1025] Marsiculus, one who is easily moved to anger. Plautus, \"What say you, you angry man?\"\n\nMasortia, a purse.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maia","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Maia is glossed as obstetrix ('midwife'), but the following entry on Maialis connects the name to the goddess Maia, mother of Mercury. The gloss may conflate the goddess with a homonymous term for a female attendant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Maialis","severity":"info","text":"The entry explains that a fat pig (maialis) was sacrificed to the goddess Maia, identified as the mother of Mercury. This reflects Roman religious practice; Maia was a goddess of spring and growth, associated with Vulcan and Mercury.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Malce","severity":"info","text":"The Latin Malce is glossed as popino, a hapax or rare term for a glutton who frequents cookshops (popinae). The English draft renders it as 'glutton who loves to go to cookshops'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Manuale","severity":"info","text":"Manuale is glossed twice: first as a portable book (enchiridion), then as a treasury (erarium). The dual sense reflects the word's range from 'handbook' to 'handled object' or 'storehouse'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Marsiculus","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Plautus for marsiculus, 'one easily moved to anger'. The quotation 'quid ais, homo marsicule?' is not from extant Plautus; it may be a lost fragment or a misattribution common in glossaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence of lemmata beginning with M, from Maia to Masortia. The entries are brief, often single-word glosses, with occasional etymological or cultural explanations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma Maia may be a proper name (goddess) or a common noun (midwife); the gloss obstetrix suggests the latter, but the following entry on Maialis reasserts the mythological connection.","The citation of Plautus for marsiculus is unattested in known works; it may be a spurious or misremembered reference."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"Masticina, crocea.\n\nMatapontum, metabula matris.\n\nManicularius, pauper, inops.\n\n[1030] Matum est, humectum est, emollitum, infectum.\n\nMeatim, meo more.\n\nMediastinus, balneator.\n\nMediastinus, in media auctione positus.\n\nMempanis, corporibus.\n\n[1035] Meraria, popina.\n\nMerredarius, qui dat mercedem pro labore sibi impenso.\n\nMercedonius, qui solvit mercederu.\n\nMercurius, lapidum congeries in cacumine collium.\n\nMergi, corvi marini, fustes, serræ.\n\n[ J Mergoræ, situlæ, quibus aqua de puteo trahitur.\n\nMeritoria, loca tabernaculorum.\n\nMesillus, parvus mos.\n\nMesopicatum, medium picatum.\n\nMetabulum, prospera Navigatio.\n\n[1045] Metaplum.\n\nMetatores, mansionum Præparatores.\n\nMetreta, amphora dimidia.\n\nMilitaris, opinatus, id est, vetus miles.\n\nMillum, collare canis.\n\n[1050] Minuarius, morio, stultus, malus.\n\nMincius, ericius.\n\nMiniculo, auxilio.","english":"Masticina, saffron-colored.\n\nMatapontum, a mother's turning.\n\nManicularius, a poor man, destitute.\n\n[1030] Matum est, it is moist, softened, infected.\n\nMeatim, in my own manner.\n\nMediastinus, a bath attendant.\n\nMediastinus, placed in the middle of an auction.\n\nMempanis, to bodies.\n\n[1035] Meraria, a cookshop.\n\nMerredarius, one who gives wages for labor performed for him.\n\nMercedonius, one who pays wages.\n\nMercurius, a heap of stones on the summit of hills.\n\nMergi, sea crows, clubs, saws.\n\n[ J Mergoræ, buckets, with which water is drawn from a well.\n\nMeritoria, places of tents.\n\nMesillus, a small custom.\n\nMesopicatum, half-pitched.\n\nMetabulum, a favorable voyage.\n\n[1045] Metaplum.\n\nMetatores, preparers of dwellings.\n\nMetreta, half an amphora.\n\nMilitaris, esteemed, that is, an old soldier.\n\nMillum, a dog's collar.\n\n[1050] Minuarius, a fool, a stupid person, a bad person.\n\nMincius, a hedgehog.\n\nMiniculo, with help.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Masticina","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Masticina' is glossed as 'crocea' (saffron-colored), likely derived from Greek μαστίχη (mastichē), referring to the mastic tree or its resin, which yields a pale yellow color.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Matapontum","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Matapontum' is glossed as 'metabula matris' (a mother's turning), possibly a corruption of Greek μεταβολή (metabolē) meaning change or turning, with 'matris' added as a folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mediastinus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Mediastinus' appears twice with different glosses: 'balneator' (bath attendant) and 'in media auctione positus' (placed in the middle of an auction), reflecting two distinct Latin words or senses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mercurius","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Mercurius' is glossed as 'lapidum congeries in cacumine collium' (a heap of stones on the summit of hills), a rare sense unrelated to the god Mercury, possibly from merx (merchandise) or a local term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mergi","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Mergi' is glossed as 'corvi marini, fustes, serræ' (sea crows, clubs, saws), showing polysemy: 'mergi' can mean cormorants (sea crows), or be a form of mergus (a pole or club), or a saw (serra).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Metabulum","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Metabulum' is glossed as 'prospera Navigatio' (a favorable voyage), likely from Greek μεταβολή (metabolē) meaning change, but here applied to a change in fortune at sea.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Metaplum' (line 1045) has no gloss in the Latin text, leaving its meaning uncertain.","The lemma 'Mempanis' (line 1034) is glossed as 'corporibus' (to bodies), but the derivation and sense are unclear.","The lemma 'Mesillus' (line 1038) is glossed as 'parvus mos' (a small custom), but 'mos' may be a corruption of 'mors' (bite) or 'modus' (measure)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"Minicus, ericirus.\n\nMiridicus, mira dicens.\n\n[1055] Miriones, fantasiarum inanium numeratorum.\n\nMiriones, miratores.\n\nMissilius, qui missilia exhibet.\n\nMomar, Siculus, stultus, qui cito movetur ad iram.\n\nPlautus, Quid tu, o Momar Sicule homo, præsumis?\n\n[1060] Momentanea, duabus lancibus, et uno in medio stylo æqualiter constat. Est trutina modica pecuniæ.\n\nMomentum, stylus quo momentaria inclinatur.\n\nMonacosmum, quod ab uno jumento ducitur, vehiculi.\n\nMonopolium, statio, ubi una res venditur.\n\nMonopticus, mimus...\n\n[1065] Monotonus, rigidus.\n\nMoratores, advocati.\n\nMorificando, moram faciendo.\n\nMuginatur, causatur.\n\nMuleat, percutit.\n\n[1070] Mullitiones, ardianum secretum sive constitutionis.\n\nMulosus, caviculus rusticus.\n\nMulsitanter, leniter.\n\nMuna, munera quæ militibus dantur.\n\nMundinlis, homo mundi statu.\n\n[1075] Mnnia, officia salvationis, vel munera.","english":"Minicus, a hedgehog.\n\nMiridicus, one who says wondrous things.\n\n[1055] Miriones, counters of empty fantasies.\n\nMiriones, wonderers.\n\nMissilius, one who presents missiles.\n\nMomar, a Sicilian, a fool, who is quickly moved to anger.\n\nPlautus, \"What, you, O Momar, a Sicilian man, do you presume?\"\n\n[1060] Momentanea, it consists of two pans and one stylus in the middle, equally balanced. It is a small scale for money.\n\nMomentum, the stylus by which the small scale is tipped.\n\nMonacosmum, a vehicle that is drawn by one beast of burden.\n\nMonopolium, a station where one thing is sold.\n\nMonopticus, a mime...\n\n[1065] Monotonus, rigid.\n\nMoratores, advocates.\n\nMorificando, making a delay.\n\nMuginatur, he complains.\n\nMuleat, he strikes.\n\n[1070] Mullitiones, a secret or constitution of the senate.\n\nMulosus, a rustic peg.\n\nMulsitanter, gently.\n\nMuna, gifts that are given to soldiers.\n\nMundinlis, a man of worldly status.\n\n[1075] Munia, offices of salvation, or gifts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Minicus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Minicus' is glossed as 'ericirus', a Latin borrowing from Greek ἐχῖνος (echinos) meaning hedgehog. The spelling 'ericirus' is a variant of 'ericius'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Miriones","severity":"info","text":"Two distinct glosses are given for 'Miriones': 'counters of empty fantasies' and 'wonderers'. The first likely derives from Greek μυρίος (myrios, countless) or μῦθος (mythos, story), while the second from Latin 'mirari' (to wonder).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Momar","severity":"info","text":"The gloss cites Plautus, likely from a lost or fragmentary play. 'Momar' is a Sicilian term for a fool prone to anger, possibly related to Greek μῶμος (momos, blame, mockery).","cites":[],"named_sources":["Plautus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Momentanea","severity":"info","text":"The gloss describes a small scale with two pans and a central stylus. 'Momentanea' is a rare term for a balance, related to 'momentum' (the stylus) and 'momentaria' (the scale).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mullitiones","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'ardianum secretum sive constitutionis' is obscure. 'Ardianum' may be a corruption of 'ordianum' (from ordo, order) or 'arduum' (difficult). The sense likely refers to a secret or decree of the senate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Munia","severity":"info","text":"The gloss gives two meanings: 'offices of salvation' and 'gifts'. 'Munia' is a variant of 'munia' (duties, offices) or 'munera' (gifts), reflecting the dual sense of public service and benefaction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Minicus' is uncertain; it may be a variant of 'minicus' (mime actor) or a corruption of 'ericius' (hedgehog). The gloss 'ericirus' supports the latter.","The gloss for 'Mullitiones' is textually corrupt; 'ardianum' is unattested and may be a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"Munirer, qui munera fert.\n\nMunificentia, publicum opus.\n\nMonitoria, præcinctoria.\n\nMunitoria, succinctoria.\n\n[1080] Munuscularius. Augustin. de Civit. Dei c. 7.\n\nMurcinarius. mutilius.\n\nMurgiso, callidus murmurator.\n\nMurilegus, catus.\n\nMurrat, murmurat.\n\n[1085] Murrire, clamare, proprie murium.\n\nMusarum, divinantium.\n\nMuscarde, sunt,,,morinum.\n\nMuscipula, captentula.\n\nMuscipulator, deceptor, alterplex.\n\n[1090] Musculus, parva navis.\n\nMusea, nidi soricum.\n\nMusiæ, nidi soricum.\n\nMusiarius, quia per musia quærit.\n\nMustricola, machina ad stringendos mures.\n\n[1095] Mutelus, post Ruffus, ante Rubrum.\n\nNabita, nancta.\n\nNagare, vacillare, huc et illuc fluctuare.\n\nNardum pisticum, chrisma sine impostura.\n\nNarici, bruti.\n\n[1100] Nario, subsannans.\n\nNasale, ornamentum equorum.\n\nNatinari, negotiari.\n\nNaucupes, ad eumdem acutum habent pedem.","english":"Munirer, one who brings gifts.\n\nMunificentia, a public work.\n\nMonitoria, girdles.\n\nMunitoria, undergirdles.\n\n[1080] Munuscularius. Augustine, *City of God* ch. 7.\n\nMurcinarius, a mutilated person.\n\nMurgiso, a cunning murmurer.\n\nMurilegus, a cat.\n\nMurrat, he murmurs.\n\n[1085] Murrire, to cry out, properly of mice.\n\nMusarum, of diviners.\n\nMuscarde, they are...morinum.\n\nMuscipula, a little trap.\n\nMuscipulator, a deceiver, a trickster.\n\n[1090] Musculus, a small ship.\n\nMusea, nests of shrews.\n\nMusiæ, nests of shrews.\n\nMusiarius, because he seeks through musia.\n\nMustricola, a machine for trapping mice.\n\n[1095] Mutelus, after Rufus, before Rubrum.\n\nNabita, nancta.\n\nNagare, to waver, to fluctuate back and forth.\n\nNardum pisticum, chrism without fraud.\n\nNarici, dull, stupid.\n\n[1100] Nario, one who mocks by wrinkling the nose.\n\nNasale, an ornament for horses.\n\nNatinari, to engage in business.\n\nNaucupes, they have a sharp foot toward the same.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Munuscularius","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Munuscularius is cited from Augustine, City of God ch. 7, likely referring to a giver of small gifts or a petty official.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Augustine City of God"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Murcinarius","severity":"info","text":"Murcinarius is glossed as mutilius, meaning a mutilated or maimed person, possibly a hapax legomenon in this glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Murgiso","severity":"info","text":"Murgiso is defined as callidus murmurator, a cunning murmurer, likely a rare or invented term for a sly complainer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Muscarde","severity":"caution","text":"The entry Muscarde is corrupt: the gloss reads sunt,,,morinum, with an unclear lacuna or abbreviation; morinum may refer to a type of mouse or weasel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nardum pisticum","severity":"info","text":"Nardum pisticum is glossed as chrisma sine impostura, i.e., pure ointment without adulteration; pisticum likely derives from Greek πιστικός (trustworthy).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Naucupes","severity":"caution","text":"Naucupes is glossed as ad eumdem acutum habent pedem, meaning they have a sharp foot toward the same; the sense is obscure, possibly a scribal error for naucupes (bird-catchers) or a misreading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Muscarde entry is corrupt with lacuna; Murrire is said to be properly of mice but may be a general verb; Naucupes gloss is unclear and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"Nauficus. navis factor.\n\n[1105] Nauregus, navareticus.\n\nNauricus, navis princeps.\n\nNebris Dianae. corium Dianæ, quæ cum cervo pingitur.\n\nNec nocte, nec simulate. Pers... Nec nocte pater plorabit.\n\nNecolatum, stultum et elanguentem.\n\n[1110] Nefandarius.\n\nNefrenditium, annuale tributum, quod certo temporerustici dominia, vel discipuli doctoribus afferre soIt III, duntaxat sit carneum, ut porcellus. Nervicus, nervicosus, fortis.\n\nNetorsum, fusum, fusile\n\nNibarus, splendidus.\n\n[1115] Nibita,aqua ex nubibus facta.\n\nNicolaum, stultum.\n\nNicolaus, dactylus.\n\nNictit canis, cum acute gannit.\n\nNihil censi, nihil judicati.\n\n[1120] Niniticus, nimius, eximius, immanis.\n\nNiniosus, garrulus.\n\nNinnarius, cujus uxor mœchatur, et tacet.\n\nNitellæ, neutrones, parunitores, deminuti.\n\nNitura, genitura.\n\n[1125] Nixe, munite.\n\nNomicolæ, tubercula quæ sub mento capræ.sunt.","english":"Shipbuilder, a maker of ships.\n\n[1105] Shipwrecked man, a shipwrecked sailor.\n\nShip captain, a leader of a ship.\n\nDeerskin of Diana, the hide of Diana, who is depicted with a stag.\n\nNeither by night nor feignedly. Pers... Neither by night will the father weep.\n\nNecolatum, foolish and languishing.\n\n[1110] Nefandarius.\n\nNefrenditium, an annual tribute, which at a fixed time peasants bring to their lords, or students to their teachers, provided it is only meat, such as a piglet. Nervicus, nervy, strong.\n\nNetorsum, a spindle, a casting.\n\nNibarus, splendid.\n\n[1115] Nibita, water made from clouds.\n\nNicolaum, foolish.\n\nNicolaus, a date.\n\nThe dog nictits, when it yelps sharply.\n\nNothing of assessment, nothing of judgment.\n\n[1120] Niniticus, excessive, extraordinary, monstrous.\n\nNiniosus, talkative.\n\nNinnarius, a man whose wife commits adultery and he is silent.\n\nNitellæ, neutered ones, diminished ones, reduced ones.\n\nNitura, birth.\n\n[1125] Nixe, fortified.\n\nNomicolæ, the tubercles that are under a goat's chin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nauficus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Nauficus' is a hapax legomenon in the Liber Glossarum, glossed as 'navis factor' (shipbuilder). It likely represents a Latinized form of Greek ναυπηγός (nauēgos), with a phonetic shift.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nauregus","severity":"info","text":"'Nauregus' is glossed as 'navareticus' (shipwrecked sailor), a variant of 'naufragus'. The form may reflect a conflation with Greek ναυαγός (nauagos) or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nebris Dianae","severity":"info","text":"'Nebris Dianae' glosses 'corium Dianae' (hide of Diana), referencing the goddess's association with a stag in Roman iconography. 'Nebris' is a Latin borrowing from Greek νεβρίς (nebris), a fawnskin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nefrenditium","severity":"info","text":"'Nefrenditium' is glossed as an annual tribute of meat (e.g., a piglet) from peasants to lords or students to teachers. The term may derive from 'nefrendes' (unweaned), referring to a suckling pig.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nicolaus","severity":"info","text":"'Nicolaus' is glossed as 'dactylus' (date). This is a botanical usage, possibly from Greek νικόλαος (nikolaos), a type of date palm, distinct from the personal name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nictit canis","severity":"info","text":"'Nictit canis' glosses 'cum acute gannit' (when it yelps sharply). 'Nictit' is a rare verb, possibly onomatopoeic, related to 'nictare' (to blink) but here used for canine vocalization.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Nec nocte, nec simulate' is fragmentary; the reference 'Pers...' may indicate a quotation from Persius, but the text is corrupt and the source uncertain.","'Necolatum' and 'Nicolaum' are both glossed as 'stultum' (foolish), suggesting possible scribal duplication or confusion between similar forms.","'Nefandarius' is listed without a gloss, indicating a lacuna in the manuscript tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"Nominosus, famosus, celeber.\n\nNonnula, rete ad capiendas aves.\n\nNon putativum, non est dubium.\n\n[1130] Norax, peccator, criminosus.\n\nNotarius, scriptor, charaxarius.\n\nNoxilis, nocens.\n\nNugigerulus, turpis nuntias.\n\nNugiparus, qui parit nugas.\n\n[1135] Nullatenus, nulla ratione.\n\nNumida, qui vendit herbas, vel qui alit pecora ad vendendum.\n\nNumeria, dea numeri.\n\nNuptant, nubunt.\n\nNuptorium, domui, et locut nubentium.\n\n[1140] Nutinare, corpus, ingeniam, genitura.\n\nObfibulare, concludere, circumdare.\n\nObicula, parvus obex.\n\nObilal, limpidat.\n\nOblogat, increpat.\n\n[1145] Obsillas, marsus.\n\nObsolitatus, pollutus, inquinatus.\n\nObtundit, obcæcat.\n\nObtunsa, stulta, vel stolida.\n\nObtunsus, obcæcatus.\n\n[1150] Obvallum, undique munitum.\n\nOcca, rastrum.\n\nOccamen, contisio.\n\nOccentare, male ominari.\n\nOccistrio, tabernarius.\n\n[1155] OEs, insania.","english":"Nominosus: famous, renowned.\n\nNonnula: a net for catching birds.\n\nNon putativum: not doubtful.\n\n[1130] Norax: sinner, criminal.\n\nNotarius: writer, scribe.\n\nNoxilis: harmful.\n\nNugigerulus: bearer of shameful news.\n\nNugiparus: one who produces trifles.\n\n[1135] Nullatenus: by no means.\n\nNumida: one who sells herbs, or one who tends livestock for sale.\n\nNumeria: goddess of number.\n\nNuptant: they marry.\n\nNuptorium: house and place of those marrying.\n\n[1140] Nutinare: body, nature, generation.\n\nObfibulare: to close, to surround.\n\nObicula: small barrier.\n\nObilal: it clarifies.\n\nOblogat: he rebukes.\n\n[1145] Obsillas: bitten.\n\nObsolitatus: defiled, polluted.\n\nObtundit: he blinds.\n\nObtunsa: foolish, or dull.\n\nObtunsus: blinded.\n\n[1150] Obvallum: fortified on all sides.\n\nOcca: rake.\n\nOccamen: bruising.\n\nOccentare: to prophesy evil.\n\nOccistrio: tavern-keeper.\n\n[1155] OEs: madness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nominosus","severity":"info","text":"Nominosus is a rare Latin adjective meaning 'famous' or 'renowned', derived from nomen ('name'). It is not common in classical texts but appears in glossaries and late Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nonnula","severity":"info","text":"Nonnula is a diminutive of nonna ('nun' or 'old woman'), but here it is glossed as a net for catching birds, likely a scribal or lexical confusion with nonnulla ('not a little') or a separate word.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Norax","severity":"info","text":"Norax is a hapax legomenon glossed as 'sinner, criminal'. It may be a variant of noxius ('harmful') or a borrowing from Greek νωρής (nōrēs, 'sluggish'), but the sense here is moral.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Numeria","severity":"info","text":"Numeria is glossed as 'goddess of number', likely a personification of numerus ('number'). This is unattested in classical mythology and may be a late antique or medieval invention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Occentare","severity":"info","text":"Occentare means 'to sing against' or 'to prophesy evil', from ob- + cantare. It is used in legal and augural contexts for ill-omened utterances.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"OEs","severity":"caution","text":"OEs is glossed as 'madness' (insania). The form is unusual; it may be a Greek loan (οἶστρος, oistros, 'gadfly, frenzy') or a corruption of oestrus. The spelling with capital O and macron suggests a Greek origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Nonnula: the gloss 'net for catching birds' is unexpected for a word related to 'nun'; the reading may be a scribal error or a separate lemma.","OEs: the form is ambiguous; it could be a Greek word or a Latin abbreviation; the gloss 'madness' supports the Greek oistros reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"Offendices, nodi quibus libri signantur.\n\nOflex, impeditor.\n\nOllicialis, sacrorum minister.\n\nOfficiperdi, qui sui laboris non habeant remunerationem. Catoni quoque dicuntur Officiperdi.\n\n[i 160] Ogit, monitor.\n\nOlacitas, fetulentia, olor.\n\nOlax, olidus.\n\nOlerare, olera plantare.\n\nOlographa, omnem rem propriam.\n\n[1165] Olovitreum, totum vitreum.\n\nOmentum, mappa ventris.\n\nOpersolatio, clusis a persolis dictum.\n\nOpinatores, existimatores, vel arte militares.\n\nOpinax, manifestus.\n\n[1170] Opinisa, ingentia certamina.\n\nOpillago, curcilla.\n\nOppito, sospito, valde saluto.\n\nOrcinus, morte manumissus.\n\nOrdinarius miles, qui in integro ordine est, vel numero.\n\n[1175] Urge, occide.\n\nOricus, loquax, qui magnum os habet.\n\nOriginarii, vernaculi.\n\nOripta, amens, turba hominum.\n\nOrispex, orarum inspector.\n\n[1180] Ovispex, ovium inspector.\n\nPabo, vehiculum unius rotæ cum 6.","english":"Offendices: knots with which books are sealed.\n\nOflex: hinderer.\n\nOllicialis: minister of sacred rites.\n\nOfficiperdi: those who do not receive recompense for their labor. They are also called Officiperdi by Cato.\n\n[i 160] Ogit: admonisher.\n\nOlacitas: stench, smell.\n\nOlax: stinking.\n\nOlerare: to plant vegetables.\n\nOlographa: one's own entire property.\n\n[1165] Olovitreum: entirely of glass.\n\nOmentum: covering of the belly.\n\nOpersolatio: closure, so called from *persolae*.\n\nOpinatores: estimators, or those skilled in military art.\n\nOpinax: manifest.\n\n[1170] Opinisa: immense contests.\n\nOpillago: curcilla.\n\nOppito: I greet, I salute greatly.\n\nOrcinus: manumitted by death.\n\nOrdinarius miles: a soldier who is in the full rank or number.\n\n[1175] Urge: kill.\n\nOricus: talkative, one who has a large mouth.\n\nOriginarii: homeborn slaves.\n\nOripta: senseless, a crowd of men.\n\nOrispex: inspector of shores.\n\n[1180] Ovispex: inspector of sheep.\n\nPabo: a vehicle with one wheel and six [spokes?].","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Offendices","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is a hapax legomenon in this glossary; the gloss 'nodi quibus libri signantur' suggests a book fastener or seal, possibly from offendere ('strike against') or a variant of offendix.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Officiperdi","severity":"info","text":"The gloss notes that Cato also uses this term; the lemma appears in De Agri Cultura (Cato) as a descriptor for unprofitable workers, confirming the glossary's source.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Cato 1934"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Opersolatio","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'a persolis dictum' is obscure; persolae may be a variant of persollae (a type of shoe) or a misreading; the gloss 'clusis' (closure) suggests a door or seal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Orcinus","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'morte manumissus' refers to a slave freed by the master's death; the term derives from Orcus (the underworld), a legal category in Roman manumission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Urge","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'occide' (kill) is unexpected for urge (to press, drive); this may be a corruption of a different lemma (e.g., urgeo) or a scribal error for a word like 'urge' meaning 'to push to death'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pabo","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'vehiculum unius rotæ cum 6' likely refers to a one-wheeled cart with six spokes; the lemma is rare, possibly a variant of pavo (peacock) or a technical term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Opillago' glossed as 'curcilla' is unclear; curcilla may be a variant of curculio (weevil) or a miswriting.","The lemma 'Oricus' glossed as 'loquax, qui magnum os habet' may conflate os (mouth) with os (bone); the sense is 'talkative'.","The lemma 'Oripta' glossed as 'amens, turba hominum' may combine two distinct senses: 'senseless' and 'crowd'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"Pabulator, pastor, qui bubus pabula præbet.\n\nPabulator, pater, qui præbet pabula.\n\nPactario, plantario.\n\n[1185] Paculum, sacculum, pasceolum.\n\nPagæ, memoriæ sine idolis.\n\nPaganitius, ut occultus.\n\nPagit, aut palum agit, aut citharam tangit.\n\nPagula, frena.\n\n[1190] Pagus, collegium, curia.\n\nPalax, dolosus, fallax.\n\nPalla, latubres.\n\nPalmosus, victoriosus.\n\n[1195] Palpunes, qui ducunt cæco,.\n\nPalteum, murum, vel fastigium.\n\nPaludatis, mantuatis.\n\nPamæum, vestis pastoralis.\n\nPanarium, excipulum.\n\n[1200] Panchra, rapina.\n\nPandex, qui semper pandit ora ad potandum.\n\nPanegyricis, laudabilibus.\n\nPanegyricus, 'Mutin promptu dicta.\n\nPanera, rapina.\n\n[1205] Pangitare, laudare.\n\nPanera, rapina.\n\nPausa, qui ambibat pedibus in diversa lendentibus.\n\nPantapola, simplasiarius.\n\nPappas, pædagogus, qui sequitur studentes.\n\n[1210] Parapsides, suffusoria.","english":"Pabulator: a herdsman, who provides fodder for oxen.\n\nPabulator: a father, who provides fodder.\n\nPactario: a planter.\n\n[1185] Paculum: a small bag, a little pouch.\n\nPagae: memories without idols.\n\nPaganitius: as if hidden.\n\nPagit: either drives a stake, or plucks a cithara.\n\nPagula: bridles.\n\n[1190] Pagus: a college, a curia.\n\nPalax: deceitful, treacherous.\n\nPalla: coverings.\n\nPalmosus: victorious.\n\n[1195] Palpunes: those who lead a blind man.\n\nPalteum: a wall, or a gable.\n\nPaludatis: those wearing mantles.\n\nPamaeum: a pastoral garment.\n\nPanarium: a receptacle.\n\n[1200] Panchra: plunder.\n\nPandex: one who always opens his mouth for drinking.\n\nPanegyricis: praiseworthy things.\n\nPanegyricus: a speech delivered in an assembly.\n\nPanera: plunder.\n\n[1205] Pangitare: to praise.\n\nPanera: plunder.\n\nPausa: one who goes about on feet that wander in different directions.\n\nPantapola: a dealer in all kinds of wares.\n\nPappas: a pedagogue, who follows students.\n\n[1210] Parapsides: saucers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pabulator","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Pabulator is glossed twice: first as 'herdsman who provides fodder for oxen', then as 'father who provides fodder'. The second gloss may reflect a confusion with pater or a secondary sense of pabulator as 'nourisher'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Paculum","severity":"info","text":"Paculum is glossed as 'small bag, little pouch', with synonyms sacculum and pasceolum. The form pasceolum may be a variant or corruption of pasculum, but the intended sense is a container for food.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pagae","severity":"info","text":"Pagae is glossed as 'memories without idols', a rare and obscure phrase. It may derive from Greek pagē ('trap' or 'fixing') but the gloss suggests a moral or religious context, possibly a misreading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Paganitius","severity":"caution","text":"Paganitius is glossed as 'as if hidden' (ut occultus). The lemma is unattested elsewhere; it may be a corruption of paganicus or a coinage. The gloss is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Palpunes","severity":"info","text":"Palpunes is glossed as 'those who lead a blind man'. The lemma is rare; it may derive from palpare ('to stroke, coax') but the gloss suggests a guide, perhaps a variant of palpator.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pausa","severity":"caution","text":"Pausa is glossed as 'one who goes about on feet that wander in different directions'. The Latin text is corrupt: 'ambibat' for 'ambulat', 'lendentibus' for perhaps 'labentibus' or 'ludentibus'. The sense is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The gloss for Pagae ('memories without idols') is obscure and may be corrupt.","Pausa's gloss is textually corrupt, making the intended meaning uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"Parapsis, granata, vel catunis.\n\nParticus, negotiator, qui partes vendit, qui institor et agomanus dicitur, eo quod in diversa manus agat.\n\nPartiliter, divise, per partes, distribute.\n\nPastam, præclaram.\n\n[1215] Pastolorium, atrium templi, aut sacrarium.\n\nPastorium, alviale templi, vel safarium.\n\nPatago, genus mortui.\n\nPatercularius, ti paterculo.\n\nPatibulum, res pat ns.\n\n[1220] Patravit, patrem fecit.\n\nPatres, patriæ.\n\nPatrens, vitricus.\n\nPaximatum, panis subcineritius.\n\nPecuosus, qui multa pecora habet.\n\n[1225] Pedana, ae, pedales novus, qui caligæ assuitur.\n\nPegaso, homo jocularis.\n\nPelagus, prælubium.\n\nPelops, qui habet uxorem et anaicani.\n\nPencina, lacinia, vel stola.\n\n[1230] Penita, aula regia.\n\nPennum, bis acutum.\n\nPercartapsere, valde dividere.\n\nPercataprat, valde tædet.\n\nPeripsima, media planta pedis.\n\n[1235] E'ero, calceamenta pilosa","english":"Parapsis: a pomegranate, or a kind of vessel.\n\nParticus: a merchant who sells parts, who is also called a retailer and a manager, because he directs his hands to various tasks.\n\nPartiliter: separately, by parts, distributively.\n\nPastam: excellent, illustrious.\n\n[1215] Pastolorium: the court of a temple, or a sanctuary.\n\nPastorium: the basin of a temple, or a sanctuary.\n\nPatago: a type of dead person.\n\nPatercularius: of a little father.\n\nPatibulum: a thing spread out.\n\n[1220] Patravit: he made a father.\n\nPatres: of the fatherland.\n\nPatrens: a stepfather.\n\nPaximatum: bread baked under ashes.\n\nPecuosus: one who has many cattle.\n\n[1225] Pedana, ae: a new foot-piece, which is sewn onto a boot.\n\nPegaso: a jester, a buffoon.\n\nPelagus: a forecourt, a vestibule.\n\nPelops: one who has a wife and a concubine.\n\nPencina: a hem, or a stole.\n\n[1230] Penita: a royal hall.\n\nPennum: double-edged.\n\nPercartapsere: to divide thoroughly.\n\nPercataprat: it greatly wearies.\n\nPeripsima: the middle of the sole of the foot.\n\n[1235] E'ero: hairy footwear.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Parapsis","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'parapsis' is a borrowing from Greek παροψίς, a side dish or vessel; the gloss 'granata' (pomegranate) may reflect a confusion with 'granatum' or a separate sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Particus","severity":"info","text":"'Particus' is a rare Latin term for a merchant dealing in parts; the synonyms 'institor' (retailer) and 'agomanus' (manager) are glossed with an etymology from 'manus agere' (to direct the hand).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pastolorium","severity":"info","text":"'Pastolorium' is a variant of 'pastophorium', from Greek παστοφόριον, a chamber in a temple; the gloss 'atrium templi' (temple court) and 'sacrarium' (sanctuary) reflect late antique usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Patibulum","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'patibulum' is corrupt in the source ('res pat ns'); the intended sense is 'a thing spread out' (from 'patere'), but the word usually means a fork-shaped gibbet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Paximatum","severity":"info","text":"'Paximatum' is a Latin borrowing from Greek παξαμάς, a hard biscuit or bread baked under ashes (panis subcineritius), common in military and monastic contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pelagus","severity":"info","text":"'Pelagus' here glosses 'prælubium' (forecourt, vestibule), a rare sense; the usual meaning is 'sea' (from Greek πέλαγος), but the gloss may derive from a confusion with 'pylagus' or a similar term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Patibulum' is truncated in the Latin ('res pat ns'), likely a scribal error; the intended reading is uncertain.","The lemma 'Pelagus' is glossed as 'prælubium', a hapax or rare word; the sense 'forecourt' is not standard for 'pelagus'.","The lemma 'E'ero' (line 1235) is likely a corruption; the English draft reads 'hairy footwear', but the Latin is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"Persolenter, assidue.\n\nPerula, extrema pars nasi.\n\nPessimus, verbosus.\n\nPestincius, violentius.\n\n[1240] Pestinuntium, qui pestem nuntiat.\n\nPestiliter, demisse, divise.\n\nPetitius, qui frequenter petit.\n\nPetulus, equus, qui habet albos pedes.\n\nPhaculla, perna, pelaso, petasunculus.\n\n[1245] Phago cibus; unde in vita monachorum.\n\nPhylacteria, carmina.\n\nPictatium, epistola brevis, et modica.\n\nPictatiuncula, membrana.\n\nPictiones, qui vendentes vincere in pictura.\n\n[1250] Pigella, arlopta, genus vasis.\n\nPilasca, vas vinarium ex corio.\n\nPilax, murilegus, catus.\n\nPileum, calamaucum.\n\nPilicrepus, qui pila ludit.\n\n[1255] Piludius, qui polotello ludit.\n\nPiliones, portitores mortuorum.\n\nPilumen, quidquid in pila tunditur.\n\nPindæ, pinnæ dictæ sunt a penderido, sed usus oblinuit, ut pinnæ dicantur.\n\nPinnirapi sectatores, gladiatores, quod pinnas rapiunt.","english":"Persolenter: constantly, persistently.\n\nPerula: the extreme part of the nose.\n\nPessimus: talkative, verbose.\n\nPestincius: more violently.\n\n[1240] Pestinuntium: one who announces a plague.\n\nPestiliter: humbly, separately.\n\nPetitius: one who frequently asks.\n\nPetulus: a horse that has white feet.\n\nPhaculla: ham, a leg of pork, a small ham.\n\n[1245] Phago: food; whence in the life of monks.\n\nPhylacteria: charms, incantations.\n\nPictatium: a short and small letter.\n\nPictatiuncula: a parchment.\n\nPictiones: those who, selling, prevail in painting.\n\n[1250] Pigella: a bread-baking pan, a type of vessel.\n\nPilasca: a wine vessel made of leather.\n\nPilax: a mouser, a cat.\n\nPileum: a cap, a skullcap.\n\nPilicrepus: one who plays ball.\n\n[1255] Piludius: one who plays with a ball.\n\nPiliones: bearers of the dead.\n\nPilumen: whatever is pounded in a mortar.\n\nPindæ: \"pinnæ\" (fins) are so called from \"penderido\" (hanging), but usage has prevailed that they are called \"pinnæ.\"\n\nPinnirapi sectatores: gladiators, because they snatch fins (or crests).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pessimus","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Pessimus, verbosus' is anomalous: classical Latin 'pessimus' means 'worst', not 'talkative'. The entry may reflect a late or corrupt tradition, possibly a confusion with 'pessum' or a non-standard derivation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pestinuntium","severity":"info","text":"'Pestinuntium' is a hapax legomenon, glossed as 'one who announces a plague'. It appears to be a late Latin formation from 'pestis' (plague) and 'nuntius' (messenger), unattested in classical sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Petulus","severity":"info","text":"'Petulus' is glossed as a horse with white feet. This is a rare term; classical Latin uses 'petilus' for 'slender' or 'thin'. The gloss may reflect a specialized or late meaning, possibly from veterinary or agricultural contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Phylacteria","severity":"info","text":"'Phylacteria' (from Greek φυλακτήρια) are charms or incantations, but in Christian usage the term often refers to phylacteries (amulets) or, in patristic texts, to scriptural passages used as protective charms. The gloss here is neutral, without moral condemnation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pinnirapi","severity":"info","text":"'Pinnirapi' (literally 'fin-snatchers') is glossed as gladiators who snatch fins or crests. The term is rare; it may refer to a type of gladiator who targeted an opponent's helmet crest (pinna) as a tactic, or to a specific school of fighters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Pindæ","severity":"caution","text":"The etymology 'pindæ' from 'penderido' is corrupt or garbled. The text attempts to derive 'pinnae' (fins) from a verb 'penderido' (perhaps intended as 'pendere', to hang), but the form is unattested. The gloss may reflect a scribal error or a folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Pessimus' is glossed as 'verbosus' (talkative), which contradicts classical usage; the intended word may be a different lemma or a scribal error.","The etymology of 'Pindæ' from 'penderido' is unclear and likely corrupt; the intended verb may be 'pendere' (to hang) or a non-standard form.","Several terms (e.g., 'Pestinuntium', 'Petulus') are rare or hapax legomena, making their precise meaning and context uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"[1260] Pipilare, resonare.\n\nPipiunculus, accipiter, acceptor.\n\nPipuli, convicio plorati.\n\nPissago, pix liquida.\n\nPisseima, speculor.\n\n[1265] Pitigmata, causiæ.\n\nPlacor, tranquillitas.\n\nPlautos, auribus gracili corpore.\n\nPlana, dilucida.\n\nPlaustri, quod plaustro sonat.\n\n[1270) Plebescere, plebem alloqui.\n\nPlebiscitari, plebem imitari.\n\nPlebiscitat, plebem alloquitur.\n\nPlemina, cum in manibus et pedibus calusi sulci sunt.\n\nPlotei, proprii.\n\n[1275] Plumbum in oculis, macula coloris plumbei.\n\nPodiarius, inter mimos.\n\nPolingon, ubi cadavera ponuntur. Græcum.\n\nPolluctare, consecrare.\n\nPolose, alle.\n\n[1280] Polosus, altus.\n\nPomatium, mollis et liquidus cibus ex pomis.\n\nPoneprope, juxta, et propter.\n\nPopina, meraria, crustaria.\n\nPorrum, basum.\n\n1285] Portemia, navicula.\n\nPortitorium, porticulum, baculus lixarum.\n\nPositiones, ædificia.\n\nPostifices, judices.","english":"[1260] Pipilare: to resound.\n\nPipiunculus: a hawk, a taker.\n\nPipuli: weeping with outcry.\n\nPissago: liquid pitch.\n\nPisseima: I observe, I watch.\n\n[1265] Pitigmata: causes, cases.\n\nPlacor: tranquility.\n\nPlautos: with ears, slender in body.\n\nPlana: clear, lucid.\n\nPlaustri: that which sounds with a wagon.\n\n[1270] Plebescere: to address the people.\n\nPlebiscitari: to imitate the people.\n\nPlebiscitat: he addresses the people.\n\nPlemina: when there are calloused furrows in the hands and feet.\n\nPlotei: one's own.\n\n[1275] Plumbum in oculis: a spot of leaden color.\n\nPodiarius: among mimes.\n\nPolingon: where corpses are placed. Greek.\n\nPolluctare: to consecrate.\n\nPolose: other.\n\n[1280] Polosus: high.\n\nPomatium: a soft and liquid food made from fruits.\n\nPoneprope: near, and on account of.\n\nPopina: a tavern, a pastry shop.\n\nPorrum: a kiss.\n\n[1285] Portemia: a small ship.\n\nPortitorium: a small porch, a porter's staff.\n\nPositiones: buildings.\n\nPostifices: judges.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pipilare","severity":"info","text":"Pipilare is glossed as 'resonare' (to resound). The word is rare; it may be onomatopoeic, imitating a chirping or piping sound, and is not a standard classical term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pipiunculus","severity":"info","text":"Pipiunculus is glossed as 'accipiter, acceptor' (hawk, taker). The form is diminutive and likely a late Latin or glossarial coinage; 'accipiter' is the classical term for hawk.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pissago","severity":"info","text":"Pissago is glossed as 'pix liquida' (liquid pitch). The word is a hapax legomenon in this gloss; it may be a variant of 'pissagium' or a Greek-derived term for pitch.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pitigmata","severity":"info","text":"Pitigmata is glossed as 'causiae' (causes, cases). The word is Greek in origin (πιτύγματα) and appears in late Latin glossaries; it may refer to legal or rhetorical matters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Polingon","severity":"info","text":"Polingon is glossed as 'ubi cadavera ponuntur' (where corpses are placed) and marked as Greek. The word is a transliteration of Greek πολύανδρον (polyandrion), a burial place or mass grave.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pomatium","severity":"info","text":"Pomatium is glossed as 'mollis et liquidus cibus ex pomis' (a soft and liquid food made from fruits). The word is a late Latin borrowing from Greek πομάτιον, referring to a fruit puree or preserve.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Pisseima' (line 1265) is glossed as 'speculor' (I observe), but the form is irregular; it may be a corruption of 'perspicior' or a misreading. 'Plemina' (line 1273) is obscure; the gloss describes calloused furrows, but the word is not otherwise attested. 'Plotei' (line 1274) is glossed as 'proprii' (one's own), but the meaning is uncertain; it may be a variant of 'plutei' (screens) or "],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"Postilio, postulatio.\n\n[1290] Posmurium, insertorium.\n\nPostpridie, hodie.\n\nPostulatilius, ille qui postulat.\n\nPostumus, ultimus, novissimus.\n\nPræclues, valde clarus et inclytus.\n\n[1295]Prædarius, præbensauxilium.\n\nPrælubium, pelagus.\n\nPraerogator, dispensator.\n\nPrætenta, anteposita.\n\nPrætoriola, domuncula in navi.\n\n[1300] Prandeum, genus zonarum.\n\nPransorium, promulsarium..\n\nPrima porta. primum locum, vel grecia expositio.\n\nPrima terra, littore.\n\nPrimivirgius, caballarius, quod primus est militice in virgines.\n\n[1305] Privignus, vulgo ante natus.\n\nProcapibus, proximis.\n\nProcapis, proximus.\n\nProcivimus, probavimus.\n\nProculprocul, longe longius.\n\n[1310) Proculum, abominatio.\n\nProculus, qui patre longe peregrinante nascitur, vel longe a patre natus.\n\nProdactis, consumptis.\n\nProfecta sunt, promoverunt.\n\nProficiens, antepositus, provertus.","english":"Postilio, a demand.\n\n[1290] Posmurium, an insertion.\n\nPostpridie, today.\n\nPostulatilius, one who demands.\n\nPostumus, last, most recent.\n\nPræclues, very bright and renowned.\n\n[1295] Prædarius, one who provides aid.\n\nPrælubium, the sea.\n\nPraerogator, a steward.\n\nPrætenta, placed before.\n\nPrætoriola, a small cabin on a ship.\n\n[1300] Prandeum, a type of belt.\n\nPransorium, a first course.\n\nPrima porta, the first place, or a Greek exposition.\n\nPrima terra, the shore.\n\nPrimivirgius, a horseman, because he is first in military service among maidens.\n\n[1305] Privignus, commonly a stepson.\n\nProcapibus, to the nearest.\n\nProcapis, nearest.\n\nProcivimus, we have approved.\n\nProculprocul, far, farther.\n\n[1310] Proculum, an abomination.\n\nProculus, one who is born while his father is traveling far away, or born far from his father.\n\nProdactis, consumed.\n\nProfecta sunt, they have advanced.\n\nProficiens, placed before, advanced.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Postilio","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Postilio' is glossed as 'postulatio' (demand). This is a rare or non-classical form, possibly a scribal variant of 'postulatio'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Posmurium","severity":"info","text":"'Posmurium' is glossed as 'insertorium' (an insertion). The word is obscure; it may be a corruption of 'postmurium' (behind the wall) or a technical term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Postpridie","severity":"caution","text":"'Postpridie' is glossed as 'hodie' (today), but 'postpridie' normally means 'the day after tomorrow'. The gloss is likely erroneous or reflects a non-standard usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Prælubium","severity":"info","text":"'Prælubium' is glossed as 'pelagus' (the sea). This is a rare word; it may be a variant of 'pelagus' or a compound of 'prae-' and 'lubium' (slippery).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Primivirgius","severity":"info","text":"'Primivirgius' is glossed as 'caballarius' (horseman) with an etymological explanation: 'because he is first in military service among maidens'. This is a non-classical formation, possibly from 'primus' and 'virgo'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Proculus","severity":"info","text":"'Proculus' is glossed as 'one who is born while his father is traveling far away, or born far from his father'. This etymology (from 'procul', far) is found in late Latin grammarians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The gloss for 'Postpridie' as 'hodie' is problematic; the intended meaning may be 'the day after' or a scribal error.","Several lemmas (e.g., 'Posmurium', 'Prælubium') are rare or hapax legomena, making interpretation uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"[1315] Prolicere, emanare, effluere. Varro: Demum ubi prolicuit dulcia unda.\n\nPolumnm, locus sacrorum.\n\nPromptria, cubilia.\n\nPromnlare, murus ante murum.\n\nPronefas, antefas, contralicentia.\n\n[1320] Pronefas, plusquam nec dicendum, vel quam illicitum.\n\nPronefas, scelus, inconlinentia.\n\nPronostra, antenostra.\n\nPropagando, protelando.\n\nPropala vendenda proponens.\n\n[1325] Propedat, impedit, cohibet.\n\nPropii, legati matri muneribus.\n\nPropolæ, tabernarii.\n\nPropos, valde potens.\n\nProposcit, petit.\n\n[1330] Propudorio, contressio.\n\nProsatrix, genitrix.\n\nProtelat, differt, prolongat.\n\nProxeneta, homo præcurrens quodcunque negotium.\n\nProxeneta, quasi inter emptorem et venditorem, vel anteambulo.\n\n[1335] Prurientes auribus, qui libenter desiderant de alio mali aliquid audire.\n\nPubeta, vel pubeda, adolescens.\n\nPugillones, pugillatores.\n\nPulpidinem, colophia.","english":"[1315] Prolicere, to flow out, to stream forth. Varro: Finally, where the sweet wave flowed forth.\n\nPolumnm, a place of sacred rites.\n\nPromptria, sleeping chambers.\n\nPromnlare, a wall before a wall.\n\nPronefas, before the forbidden, contrary to what is permitted.\n\n[1320] Pronefas, more than what ought not be said, or more than what is illicit.\n\nPronefas, a crime, incontinence.\n\nPronostra, before our time.\n\nPropagando, by prolonging.\n\nPropala vendenda proponens, one who offers goods for sale openly.\n\n[1325] Propedat, hinders, restrains, checks.\n\nPropii, envoys sent with gifts to the mother.\n\nPropolæ, shopkeepers.\n\nPropos, very powerful.\n\nProposcit, demands, asks for.\n\n[1330] Propudorio, a crushing, a pressing down.\n\nProsatrix, a mother, a female parent.\n\nProtelat, puts off, delays, prolongs.\n\nProxeneta, a person who runs ahead in any business.\n\nProxeneta, as it were, a go-between for buyer and seller, or a forerunner.\n\n[1335] Prurientes auribus, those who eagerly desire to hear something bad about another.\n\nPubeta, or pubeda, a youth, an adolescent.\n\nPugillones, boxers, fist-fighters.\n\nPulpidinem, colophia (a type of food or delicacy).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Prolicere","severity":"info","text":"The lemma prolicere is a rare or non-standard form; the expected classical verb is prolicio, -ere, meaning 'to lure forth' or 'to cause to flow'. The gloss 'emanare, effluere' aligns with the sense of flowing out.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Polumnm","severity":"info","text":"Polumnm is likely a corruption or variant of pulvinar (a cushioned seat) or pulvinum (a sacred couch), but here glossed as 'locus sacrorum' (place of sacred rites). The form is unattested in classical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pronefas","severity":"info","text":"Pronefas is a compound of pro- ('before') and nefas ('wrong, impious'), glossed here as 'before the forbidden' and 'more than illicit'. The term appears in late Latin glossaries and may be a neologism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Proxeneta","severity":"info","text":"Proxeneta is a borrowing from Greek προξενητής (proxenētēs), meaning 'mediator' or 'go-between'. The gloss 'anteambulo' (forerunner) reflects the literal sense of 'one who runs before'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pulpidinem","severity":"info","text":"Pulpidinem is a hapax legomenon; the gloss 'colophia' (a type of food) suggests a connection to Greek κολοφών (summit, finishing touch) or a culinary term. The form is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Propudorio","severity":"caution","text":"Propudorio is glossed as 'contressio' (a crushing), but the lemma is unattested. It may be a corruption of propudium (shameful act) or a misreading; the sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The forms Polumnm, Promnlare, Propudorio, and Pulpidinem are unattested or corrupt, making their exact meanings uncertain.","The lemma Prolicere may be a scribal error for prolicio or proluo.","The gloss 'colophia' for Pulpidinem is obscure; it may refer to a food item or a rhetorical term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"Pulpitum, analogium lectrum.\n\n[1340] Pulvicinare, pluitare, sæpe pluere.\n\nPulvinceria, area mortuorum.\n\nPunicani, lecti parvi.\n\nPurpurilla, locus extra portam, quo purpurea veste uterentur.\n\nPuteal, sedes prætoris.\n\n[1345] Puticuli, quo cadavera projiciuntur.\n\nQuadrans, duo minuta.\n\nQuæstuarius, qui quæstu corporis vivit.\n\nQuaestuosus,.\n\nQuantoeius, quanto velocius.\n\n[1350] Querelantem, querelas afferentem.\n\nQuinquatria, ambitus quinque porticorum\n\nRallum, rasorium.\n\nRandum, arbitrandum.\n\nRar cent, patricent.\n\n[1355] Ratiscunt, adæstimaverunt.\n\nRator, judex.\n\nRavit, ravte loquitur.\n\nReburrus, hispidus.\n\nReceptor, actor concordiæ medius.\n\n[156U] Recidua, ex ruina renascentia.\n\nRecitabulum, ubi recitatur.\n\nRecogriatus, filius patris.\n\nRectitas; justitia, æquitas et veritas.\n\nRedandruare, gratiam referre.\n\n[1365] Redhibere, reddere.","english":"Pulpitum, a lectern, a reading desk.\n\n[1340] Pulvicinare, to rain frequently, to rain often.\n\nPulvinceria, a burial ground, a place of the dead.\n\nPunicani, small beds.\n\nPurpurilla, a place outside the gate, where they would use purple clothing.\n\nPuteal, the seat of the praetor.\n\n[1345] Puticuli, places where corpses are thrown.\n\nQuadrans, two minutes.\n\nQuæstuarius, one who lives by bodily gain.\n\nQuaestuosus, profitable.\n\nQuantoeius, as quickly as possible.\n\n[1350] Querelantem, one bringing complaints.\n\nQuinquatria, a circuit of five porticoes.\n\nRallum, a razor, a scraper.\n\nRandum, to be judged, to be considered.\n\nRar cent, patricent.\n\n[1355] Ratiscunt, they have estimated.\n\nRator, a judge.\n\nRavit, he speaks hoarsely.\n\nReburrus, rough, shaggy.\n\nReceptor, a mediator, a middleman of concord.\n\n[1360] Recidua, things reborn from ruin.\n\nRecitabulum, a place where something is recited.\n\nRecogriatus, a son of a father.\n\nRectitas; justice, equity and truth.\n\nRedandruare, to return thanks, to give thanks.\n\n[1365] Redhibere, to give back, to return.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pulpitum","severity":"info","text":"In classical Latin, pulpitum denotes a stage or platform for actors; here it is glossed as a lectern or reading desk, reflecting a late antique shift to liturgical use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Punicani","severity":"info","text":"Punicani is a rare or possibly corrupt form; it likely derives from puniceus (purple) or refers to small beds (lecti parvi), perhaps a diminutive of Punicus (Phoenician) via association with luxury.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Purpurilla","severity":"info","text":"Purpurilla is a hapax legomenon; it appears to be a diminutive of purpura (purple), denoting a place outside the gate where purple garments were used, possibly a dyeing or vesting area.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Puteal","severity":"info","text":"Puteal originally means a stone curb around a well; its gloss as 'seat of the praetor' reflects the Roman practice of holding court at the Puteal Libonis in the Forum, a landmark.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Quinquatria","severity":"info","text":"Quinquatria normally refers to a Roman festival of Minerva; here it is glossed as 'a circuit of five porticoes,' likely a folk etymology or a confusion with quinque (five) and porticus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Rar cent, patricent","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Rar cent, patricent' is textually corrupt; it may represent a mangled gloss or a misreading of a phrase such as 'rarum centum, patricentum' (rare hundred, father-hundred?), but no clear sense emerges.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Punicani' is obscure and may be a scribal error or a nonce formation.","The entry 'Rar cent, patricent' is likely corrupt; its intended meaning is uncertain.","The gloss 'Quinquatria' as a circuit of porticoes departs from the standard festival meaning, possibly reflecting a local or late antique usage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"Redinitæ, res a prædonibus redemptæ.\n\nRedimicula, vittæ quibus mitra Iigatur.\n\nRedubias, reliquias.\n\nReducta concava, depressa.\n\n[1370] Redulus, atreus tignorum ardentium.\n\nRefrontat, repellit a fronte.\n\nRegillus, regulus.\n\nRegimonium, gubernationem.\n\nRemasculata, virili virtute resumpta.\n\n[1375] Remilicines, remoratrices.\n\nRemillo, repando, pronullo.\n\nRemillus, repandus.\n\nRemotum.\n\nRendis, requiss otiosa.\n\n[1380] Repatriat, ad patriam redit.\n\nRep lta, lapis excelsus.\n\nRepignerat, pignus recipit.\n\nRepluentibus, exabundantibus.\n\nReplum, species mulieris.\n\n[1385] Retanda, purganda.\n\nRetica ligna, quibus ligna sublimantur.\n\nRevidare,reverti, redire, repedare.\n\nRheuma, effusio maris, quando accessione maris in fostis colligitur, et remanet aqua.\n\nRimidia, crepido.\n\n11390] Rinas, naves, vel massa.\n\nRoga, eleemosyna.\n\nRogatarius, petitor.","english":"Redinitæ, things redeemed from pirates.\n\nRedimicula, bands by which a mitre is bound.\n\nRedubias, remnants.\n\nReducta concava, hollowed, sunken.\n\n[1370] Redulus, the poker of burning logs.\n\nRefrontat, repels from the forehead.\n\nRegillus, a petty king.\n\nRegimonium, governance.\n\nRemasculata, manly virtue regained.\n\n[1375] Remilicines, delaying women.\n\nRemillo, bending back, thrusting forward.\n\nRemillus, bent back.\n\nRemotum, remote.\n\nRendis, idle leisure.\n\n[1380] Repatriat, returns to the fatherland.\n\nRep lta, a high stone.\n\nRepignerat, recovers a pledge.\n\nRepluentibus, overflowing.\n\nReplum, a type of woman.\n\n[1385] Retanda, to be purified.\n\nRetica ligna, timbers by which timbers are raised.\n\nRevidare, to return, to come back, to go back.\n\nRheuma, an outflow of the sea, when by the advance of the sea it is collected in ditches, and the water remains.\n\nRimidia, a ledge.\n\n[1390] Rinas, ships, or a mass.\n\nRoga, alms.\n\nRogatarius, a petitioner.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Redinitæ","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is a hapax legomenon in this glossary, derived from redimere (to redeem) with a feminine plural perfect passive participle form. The gloss specifies redemption from pirates (prædonibus), a specific context not found in classical usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Redimicula","severity":"info","text":"Redimicula is a classical term for headbands or fillets, but the gloss specifies vittæ quibus mitra ligatur (bands by which a mitre is bound), linking it to ecclesiastical or liturgical headgear, a later Christian usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Redulus","severity":"info","text":"Redulus is a rare or non-classical term; the gloss defines it as atreus tignorum ardentium (poker of burning logs). The form may be a corruption or variant of rutabulum (poker) or similar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Remasculata","severity":"info","text":"Remasculata is a hapax legomenon, a feminine singular perfect passive participle from remasculare (to make manly again). The gloss virili virtute resumpta (manly virtue regained) suggests a moral or spiritual restoration, possibly in a Christian context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Rheuma","severity":"info","text":"Rheuma is a Greek loanword (ῥεῦμα) meaning flow or stream. The gloss specifies effusio maris (outflow of the sea) and describes tidal collection in ditches, a technical hydrological sense not common in classical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Rep lta","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma Rep lta is corrupt; the lacuna likely represents a missing letter, possibly Repulta or Repelta. The gloss lapis excelsus (a high stone) suggests a meaning like 'a projecting rock' or 'a stone monument'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma Rep lta is corrupt; the intended form is uncertain, possibly Repulta or Repelta. The lemma Remilicines (remoratrices) is rare and its derivation unclear; it may be a feminine plural noun from remoror (to delay). The lemma Remillo (repando, pronullo) and Remillus (repandus) are hapax legomena with uncertain morphological analysis."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"Ructa, vel rumen in homine, tumen in bestia, para gutturis gurgulioni proxima.\n\nRues, ruina.\n\n[1395] Ruffatus, sanguine cruentus.\n\nRumare, rumores afferre.\n\nRuna, pugna.\n\nRunala, præliata.\n\nRupa, ex utraque parte acuta.\n\n[1400] Rupinas, abrupta montium.\n\nRuspantur, perquirunt anxie.\n\nSabarium, atrium templi. Chald.\n\nSahbatini, aranearum.\n\nSacra, non idoneus artis suæ professor.\n\n[14051 Safarium, atrium templi.\n\nSaga, nomen gemmæ.\n\nSalalarius, portator armorum.\n\nSalmenlum, salsamentum.,\n\nSambuciarius, ipse qui dicit.\n\n[1410] Samhucislria, quæ citharista canit.\n\nSambucistrio, saltator.\n\nSambucus, saltator.\n\nSamelubro, artificio.\n\nSamica, pulvis.\n\n[1415 ] Sancenissat, lætatur, triumphat.\n\nSappappa, quasi sarculo.\n\nSarapia, rapinæ.\n\nSarcitator, qui tecta resarcit.\n\nSardius, sacella, loca sacra.\n\n[1420] Sarge, idoneua, quælibet ars, alias sarga non idoneus cujuslibet artis professor.","english":"Ructa, or rumen in a human, tumen in a beast, the part of the throat nearest the gullet.\n\nRues, ruin.\n\n[1395] Ruffatus, bloody with gore.\n\nRumare, to bring reports.\n\nRuna, battle.\n\nRunala, fought.\n\nRupa, sharp on both sides.\n\n[1400] Rupinas, steep places of mountains.\n\nRuspantur, they search anxiously.\n\nSabarium, the court of a temple. Chald.\n\nSahbatini, of spiders.\n\nSacra, not a fit professor of his own art.\n\n[1405] Safarium, the court of a temple.\n\nSaga, name of a gem.\n\nSalalarius, a bearer of arms.\n\nSalmenlum, salted fish.\n\nSambuciarius, the one who speaks.\n\n[1410] Sambucistria, what a female cithara-player sings.\n\nSambucistrio, a dancer.\n\nSambucus, a dancer.\n\nSamelubro, by artifice.\n\nSamica, dust.\n\n[1415] Sancenissat, rejoices, triumphs.\n\nSappappa, as if with a hoe.\n\nSarapia, plunders.\n\nSarcitator, one who mends roofs.\n\nSardius, shrines, holy places.\n\n[1420] Sarge, fit, any art; otherwise sarga, not a fit professor of any art.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ructa","severity":"info","text":"Ructa is glossed as the part of the throat near the gullet, with a distinction between human (rumen) and beast (tumen). The terms may reflect late Latin or Isidorian anatomical vocabulary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruffatus","severity":"info","text":"Ruffatus is defined as 'sanguine cruentus' (bloody with gore), likely a rare or late Latin adjective derived from rufus (red).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabarium","severity":"info","text":"Sabarium is glossed as 'atrium templi' (court of a temple) and marked 'Chald.' (Chaldean), indicating a Semitic loanword, possibly from Hebrew or Aramaic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sacra","severity":"caution","text":"Sacra is defined as 'non idoneus artis suae professor' (not a fit professor of his own art), which is unusual; the lemma may be corrupt or a misreading of sacer or sacrilegus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sambucistria","severity":"info","text":"Sambucistria is glossed as 'quae citharista canit' (what a female cithara-player sings), linking it to sambuca, a stringed instrument, with a feminine agent noun.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Sarge","severity":"caution","text":"Sarge is glossed as 'idonea, quaelibet ars' (fit, any art) but then corrected to 'sarga non idoneus cuiuslibet artis professor' (not a fit professor of any art), suggesting textual confusion or a scribal variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Sacra' may be a scribal error for 'sacrilegus' or similar; 'Sarge' and 'sarga' show inconsistent gender and meaning, possibly due to manuscript corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"Sario, sarculo.\n\nSavium, osculum uxoriosum.\n\nSaures, sorices.\n\nScabra, pumicia aspra.\n\n[1420] Scævitas, iniquitas.\n\nScamellum, simfoniaci.\n\nScammata, arenae, ubi athletæ lucta it.\n\nScana, arborum densitas nimia.\n\nScansuæ, ferrum, per quod equus scandit.\n\n[1430] Scapolum, fustis longus.\n\nScapos, certus numerus tomorum chartæ scriptæ.\n\nScaturrio, lepra.\n\nScatus, impet go, sicca scabies.\n\nSceptoriæ, ci dernæ.\n\n[1455] Scillæ, saxa latentia in mari.\n\nScinithlæ, naMus, macula.\n\nScipio, virga ante triumphantes delata.\n\nScipiones, virgæ consulum.\n\nScispadum, jupatum.\n\n[1440] Scolaccs, quod no. funalia dicimus, eo quod sint scoliæ, hoc est, intorti, hos Romani funes et funalia nominabant.\n\nSconna, sponsus.\n\nScordalus, ferox.\n\nScordiscum, corium crudum.\n\nScordiscum, scortum.\n\n[1445] Scories, stulti, stolidi, fatui.\n\nScorio, staltus, fatuus.","english":"Sario, with a hoe.\n\nSavium, a wifely kiss.\n\nSaures, shrew-mice.\n\nScabra, rough pumice.\n\n[1420] Scævitas, iniquity.\n\nScamellum, of the symphoniaci.\n\nScammata, arenas, where athletes wrestle.\n\nScana, excessive density of trees.\n\nScansuæ, iron, by which a horse mounts.\n\n[1430] Scapolum, a long staff.\n\nScapos, a fixed number of sheets of written paper.\n\nScaturrio, leprosy.\n\nScatus, a rush, dry scabies.\n\nSceptoriæ, cinders.\n\n[1455] Scillæ, rocks hidden in the sea.\n\nScinithlæ, a spot, a blemish.\n\nScipio, a staff carried before triumphing generals.\n\nScipiones, rods of the consuls.\n\nScispadum, a jupatum.\n\n[1440] Scolaccs, which we call funalia, because they are scoliæ, that is, twisted; the Romans called these ropes and funalia.\n\nSconna, a bridegroom.\n\nScordalus, fierce.\n\nScordiscum, raw hide.\n\nScordiscum, a hide.\n\n[1445] Scories, foolish, dull, stupid men.\n\nScorio, a stupid, foolish man.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Savium","severity":"info","text":"Savium is glossed as 'a wifely kiss' (osculum uxoriosum), distinguishing it from other types of kisses in Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Scamellum","severity":"info","text":"Scamellum is glossed as 'of the symphoniaci', likely referring to a footstool or bench used by musicians (symphoniaci) in Roman contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Scansuæ","severity":"info","text":"Scansuæ is glossed as 'iron, by which a horse mounts', i.e., a mounting block or stirrup, from scandere (to climb).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Scipio","severity":"info","text":"Scipio is glossed as 'a staff carried before triumphing generals', linking it to the Roman triumph and the consular rods (scipiones).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Scolaccs","severity":"info","text":"Scolaccs is glossed as funalia (torches or ropes), with an etymology from scoliæ (twisted), reflecting Roman usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Scinithlæ","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma Scinithlæ appears corrupt; the gloss 'naMus, macula' suggests a scribal error, possibly for scintilla (spark) or a Greek loanword for spot.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma Scinithlæ is likely corrupt; the gloss 'naMus' may be a misreading or interpolation.","Scamellum's connection to symphoniaci is unclear; it may refer to a specific instrument or bench.","Scispadum glossed as 'jupatum' is obscure; possibly a scribal error or rare term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"Screa, pituita.\n\nScriba ædilitius, qui ex ædile est, sic vocatur ex ædilitate.\n\nScribula, epistola.\n\n[1450] Scripnla, epistola, item scriputa sollicitator.\n\nScrutunium, quod infantes scrulantur.\n\nScrutitum, pellica.\n\nScrutulus, ventriculus fartus.\n\nScurra, parasitas, buccellarius.\n\ni 455] Scurra, qui incopriatur.\n\nSebra, vetusta.\n\nSector, usurpator, vel bonorum vindicta.\n\nSecuricularius, qui secures fert.\n\nSecus, malum.\n\n[1460] Semestria, liber in quo actiones sex nsium continentur.\n\nSentiermis, sine armis.\n\nSemijustus, dimidium justi.\n\nSemivecors, minimus a vecorde.\n\nSennumia, tristitia.\n\n[1465] Sententia,.\n\nSentes, sententia firma, et indubitata responsio,.\n\nSensio, sententia.\n\nSentitare, in animo sensim uijudicare.\n\nSep ar. seorsum a parte.\n\n[1470] Sepia, incaustum. Persidis.\n\nSequela, exemplum.\n\nServitium, multitudo servorum, et ingenuorum obsequiam.","english":"Screa, phlegm.\n\nScriba aedilitius, one who is from the aedile, is so called from the aedileship.\n\nScribula, a letter.\n\n[1450] Scripnla, a letter; also scriputa, a solicitor.\n\nScrutunium, what infants search out.\n\nScrutitum, a little skin.\n\nScrutulus, a stuffed stomach.\n\nScurra, a parasite, a table-companion.\n\n[1455] Scurra, one who is covered up.\n\nSebra, old.\n\nSector, a usurper, or the avenger of goods.\n\nSecuricularius, one who carries axes.\n\nSecus, evil.\n\n[1460] Semestria, a book in which the actions of six months are contained.\n\nSentiermis, without arms.\n\nSemijustus, half of a just man.\n\nSemivecors, very little from a madman.\n\nSennumia, sadness.\n\n[1465] Sententia, a judgment.\n\nSentes, a firm judgment, and an undoubted response.\n\nSensio, a judgment.\n\nSentitare, to judge gradually in the mind.\n\nSep ar, separately from a part.\n\n[1470] Sepia, ink. Of the Persians.\n\nSequela, an example.\n\nServitium, a multitude of slaves, and the service of free men.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Screa","severity":"info","text":"Screa is glossed as pituita, meaning phlegm or mucus, a term used in medical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Scriba ædilitius","severity":"info","text":"Scriba ædilitius refers to a scribe associated with the aedile, a Roman magistrate; the etymology is derived from aedilitas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Scrutunium","severity":"info","text":"Scrutunium is glossed as quod infantes scrulantur, likely a corruption of scrutantur, meaning what infants search out.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Scurra","severity":"info","text":"Scurra is glossed as parasitas and buccellarius, indicating a parasite or table-companion; the second entry adds qui incopriatur, perhaps a corruption of inoperiatur, meaning covered up.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Semestria","severity":"info","text":"Semestria is glossed as a book containing actions of six months, likely a legal or administrative record.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sepia","severity":"info","text":"Sepia is glossed as incaustum, meaning ink, with a marginal note Persidis, possibly indicating a Persian origin or association.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The glosses for Scrutunium and Scurra contain possible textual corruptions (scrulantur for scrutantur, incopriatur for inoperiatur).","The entry for Sepia includes a marginal note Persidis whose precise meaning is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"Sextertiarius, ipse qui erogat.\n\nSica, cluniculus, machæra, splendona.\n\n[1475] Sica, genus ramorum est, simile vidubii. Hoc maxime utuntur, qui apud Italos latrocinia exercent.\n\nSild, naso inciso, vel reducto.\n\nSimfoni ici, cantatores musici.\n\nSimplagium, minus rete.\n\nSimpulator, amicus sponsi assiduus cum eo in convivio.\n\n[1480] Simpulator, conviva.\n\nSimultum, vermis in cornu arietis.\n\nSingultim, qui loquitur per gluttuos.\n\nSmum, vas in quo butirum conficitur.\n\nSirascula, vas aquarium.\n\n[148 4] Stringina, restrictio urinæ.\n\nSispes, sospes, sanus.\n\nSolcrare, id est, solidare: a solus, solcr a, id est, solidum.\n\nSonticus, verax.\n\nSortillator, degulator.\n\n[1490] Sortinidus, qui judet per fortem.\n\nSosii, duo (ratres qui bono. libros emebant, et eos postea præparando, multum lucrabantur in vendendo.\n\nSpargana, initiarum, infantia.\n\nSpoliaria, exteriores balnearum cellulæ.","english":"Sextertiarius, the one who distributes.\n\nSica, a small dagger, a short sword, a broad-bladed knife.\n\n[1475] Sica, a type of branch, similar to a vine-knife. This is chiefly used by those who practice brigandage among the Italians.\n\nSild, with the nose cut or drawn back.\n\nSymphoniaci, musical singers.\n\nSimplagium, a small net.\n\nSimpulator, a constant friend of the groom with him at the banquet.\n\n[1480] Simpulator, a guest.\n\nSimultum, a worm in the horn of a ram.\n\nSingultim, one who speaks with hiccups.\n\nSmum, a vessel in which butter is made.\n\nSirascula, a water vessel.\n\n[1484] Stringina, a constriction of urine.\n\nSispes, sospes, safe and sound.\n\nSolcrare, that is, to make solid: from solus, solcra, that is, solid.\n\nSonticus, truthful.\n\nSortillator, a throat-cutter.\n\n[1490] Sortinidus, one who judges by lot.\n\nSosii, two brothers who bought good books, and then, by preparing them, made much profit in selling.\n\nSpargana, swaddling clothes, infancy.\n\nSpoliaria, the outer chambers of the baths.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sica","severity":"info","text":"The lemma sica appears twice: first as a gloss for small dagger (cluniculus, machæra, splendona), then as a type of branch used by Italian brigands. The second sense may derive from confusion with seca (from secare, to cut) or from a separate botanical term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sosii","severity":"info","text":"The Sosii were a prominent Roman family of booksellers and publishers in the 1st century BCE, known for producing and selling copies of works by Horace and other authors. Their mention here reflects late antique encyclopedic interest in Roman literary commerce.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Spargana","severity":"info","text":"Spargana is glossed as initiarum, infantia. The form initiarum is likely a corruption of initiarum (swaddling clothes) or a miswriting of incunabula. The lemma refers to infants' swaddling bands, a common term in patristic and medical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Sonticus","severity":"caution","text":"Sonticus is glossed as verax (truthful), but classical Latin sonticus means 'guilty' or 'noxious' (from sons). The gloss may be a scribal error or a confusion with a different word; the intended sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sextertiarius","severity":"info","text":"The entry Sextertiarius, ipse qui erogat begins the passage. The lemma is a rare term for a sextarius-measure dispenser, likely from the context of Roman weights and measures. Its placement here continues the alphabetical sequence from the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma Sild is obscure; the gloss 'naso inciso, vel reducto' may refer to a physical deformity or a ritual mutilation, but the exact referent is unclear.","The lemma Simultum as 'vermis in cornu arietis' (worm in a ram's horn) is unattested elsewhere; it may be a corruption or a folk-etymological invention."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"Sputarium, sputum.\n\n[14 5] Stagnare, secernere metalla mista.\n\nStamio, partus.\n\nStater, duo didragma.\n\nStellionatus, crimen, cum una res duobus venditur.\n\nSternaces, pavidi.\n\n[1500] Stica, tunica.\n\nStigia, tunica.\n\nStigina, ornamenta regia.\n\nStigium, genus vestimenti.\n\nStilinquadrum, id est, quadrum.\n\n[1505] Stlataris, vestis piratica.\n\nStranaces, cupidi.\n\nStrigio, mimarius scenicus.\n\nStrofarius, strofosus, impostor, fraudator.\n\nStultomalus, stultus malus.\n\n[1510] Subcensia, fomenta.\n\nSubcenturiatus dicitur, qui in namero priore quasi per centuriæ suæ vicem succedat.\n\nSubcisivus, malus interpres.\n\nSubcus, subcutaneus, aubcirratus, intercus, intercutatus, subtercus, subtercutaneus.\n\nSublestia, infirmitas, tristitia.\n\n[1515] Sublestis, infirmus, tristis.\n\nSubmeles, qui in lectulo mingit, meles.\n\nSubles, qui subtus sedet.\n\nSububeres, infantes qui adhuc sunt sub ubere.","english":"Sputarium, spittle.\n\n[14 5] To refine, to separate mixed metals.\n\nStamio, offspring.\n\nStater, two didrachms.\n\nStellionatus, a crime, when one thing is sold to two people.\n\nSternaces, fearful.\n\n[1500] Stica, a tunic.\n\nStigia, a tunic.\n\nStigina, royal ornaments.\n\nStigium, a type of garment.\n\nStilinquadrum, that is, square.\n\n[1505] Stlataris, a pirate garment.\n\nStranaces, greedy.\n\nStrigio, a mime actor, a stage performer.\n\nStrofarius, a cunning person, an impostor, a fraudster.\n\nStultomalus, a foolish evil person.\n\n[1510] Subcensia, tinder, kindling.\n\nOne is called subcenturiatus who, in the prior number, succeeds in the place of his century.\n\nSubcisivus, a bad interpreter.\n\nSubcus, subcutaneous, under-curled, intercus, intercutatus, subtercus, subtercutaneous.\n\nSublestia, weakness, sadness.\n\n[1515] Sublestis, weak, sad.\n\nSubmeles, one who urinates in bed, a badger.\n\nSubles, one who sits below.\n\nSububeres, infants who are still at the breast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Stellionatus","severity":"info","text":"Stellionatus is a legal term for the crime of selling the same thing to two buyers, reflecting Roman law on fraud.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Stater","severity":"info","text":"Stater is a Greek coin weight equated here with two didrachms, a standard equivalence in late antique metrology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Subcenturiatus","severity":"info","text":"Subcenturiatus describes a soldier who succeeds another in a century, a term from Roman military organization.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Submeles","severity":"caution","text":"Submeles is glossed as 'one who urinates in bed, a badger'; the link between the behavior and the animal name (meles) is obscure and may involve folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence from S- to Su- entries, typical of the Liber Glossarum's lexicographic arrangement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Stellionatus","severity":"info","text":"The definition of stellionatus influenced medieval canon law on fraud and double selling, as seen in later decretals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Stamio' is obscure; the gloss 'offspring' may be a guess or a corruption.","Several terms (e.g., Stranaces, Sternaces) are hapax legomena or rare, with uncertain etymologies."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"Suffraginatus, fractis auribus, vel substitutus in locum succidentis.\n\n[1520] Sugridia, fundamenta.\n\nSugrundaria, sepulera.\n\nSultor, cultor.\n\nSumptuarius, qui erogat sumptus.\n\nSupedium, refugium.\n\n[1525] Supera, navis.\n\nSuperaria, vestis, quæ superinduitur.\n\nSupparant, supplent.\n\nSuppararia, realis, quæ superinduitur.\n\nSupes, supumpis, hoc est, supinis pedibus.\n\n[1530] Suprema, quando sol supprimitur.\n\nSurcetur, irascitur.\n\nSurus, musculus brachiorum.\n\nSurus, surculus.\n\nSIsses, qui habiles ad substendum.\n\n[1535] Susurrio, senillosus, bilinguis.\n\nSUlela, corrigia, quæ tenditur sub cauda equi.\n\nSutrium, locus ubi suuntur species aliquæ.\n\nTabæ, mutiæ.\n\nTahernio.\n\n[1540] Tagnx, furunculus.\n\nTalax, scaurus.\n\nTalitius, colafus in talo.\n\nTallus, calculus, tabula.\n\nTam nefas, tam detestabile factum.\n\n[1545] Tames, cruor, sanguis.\n\nTarmas, vermes in carne.","english":"Suffraginatus, with broken ears, or substituted in the place of one who gives way.\n\n[1520] Sugridia, foundations.\n\nSugrundaria, tombs.\n\nSultor, cultivator.\n\nSumptuarius, one who dispenses expenses.\n\nSupedium, refuge.\n\n[1525] Supera, a ship.\n\nSuperaria, a garment, which is put on over another.\n\nSupparant, they supply.\n\nSuppararia, a real one, which is put on over another.\n\nSupes, supumpis, that is, with feet turned upward.\n\n[1530] Suprema, when the sun is suppressed.\n\nSurcetur, he becomes angry.\n\nSurus, the muscle of the arms.\n\nSurus, a shoot.\n\nSisses, those who are fit for supporting.\n\n[1535] Susurrio, an old man, double-tongued.\n\nSUlela, a strap, which is stretched under a horse's tail.\n\nSutrium, a place where certain species are sewn.\n\nTabæ, mute ones.\n\nTahernio.\n\n[1540] Tagnx, a boil.\n\nTalax, having crooked legs.\n\nTalitius, a blow on the ankle.\n\nTallus, a pebble, a board.\n\nTam nefas, so wicked a deed.\n\n[1545] Tames, gore, blood.\n\nTarmas, worms in flesh.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Suffraginatus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is glossed as 'with broken ears' or 'substituted in the place of one who gives way,' suggesting a metaphorical or technical usage in Roman legal or military contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sugridia","severity":"info","text":"Glossed as 'foundations,' this term may be a variant or corruption of 'subgrundia' (foundations or eaves), reflecting the fluid orthography of late Latin glossaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sugrundaria","severity":"info","text":"Glossed as 'tombs,' this term likely derives from 'sugrundarium' (a place under the eaves), extended to burial sites, showing semantic shift in late Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Supera","severity":"info","text":"Glossed as 'a ship,' this is a rare or late Latin usage, possibly a back-formation from 'superare' (to go over) or a corruption of 'supra' (above), applied to a vessel's deck.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Suprema","severity":"info","text":"Glossed as 'when the sun is suppressed,' this likely refers to sunset or the last part of the day, from 'supremus' (highest, last), with a solar application.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Tahernio","severity":"caution","text":"This lemma is left without a gloss in the Latin and English, indicating a lacuna or corruption in the manuscript tradition; the intended meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Tahernio' lacks a gloss, suggesting a textual gap or scribal error.","The gloss for 'Suffraginatus' offers two possible meanings, leaving the intended sense ambiguous.","The term 'Supes, supumpis' is obscure; the gloss 'with feet turned upward' may be a guess or a corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"Tartarium, horribte.\n\nTantones, palpebræ.\n\n(In aliis) Tegellaria venefica.\n\n[1550] Tegora, tegus, coria, vel posteriora jumentorum.\n\nTelonem, quasi omnium tillorum fiscalis conductio.\n\nTenilis, qui potest tenere.\n\nTerimentum, nutrimentum.\n\nTerrale, genus vestis.\n\n[1555] Terrigiponæ, quæ terracapiunt, id est, piscinæ quas et lacus rustici vocant.\n\nTestinium, opportunum.\n\nThoca, flavus, vel vestis.\n\nTiaries, portiones signorum.\n\nTinetorium, gladius.\n\n[1560] Tironatum, rudinem.\n\nTironicare, milatare.\n\nTitiensis clangor, id est, sonitus cum tumultu.\n\nTocuis, calculus dictus est compito solo pilis, quod sibi componunl. Calx enim lapis est, calculus diminutivum.\n\nTogillatim, sigillatim.\n\n[1565] Togipurium, toga pura.\n\nTollerunl, genuerunt.\n\nTongillatim, singillatim.\n\nTongillatim loqui, pravis verbis, a Tongilio parasito, qui in hoc invenerat risus aucupium, ut salutatus convicio responderet, et maledicentem salutaret blandissime.","english":"Tartarium, horrible.\n\nTantones, eyelids.\n\n(In other copies) Tegellaria, a sorceress.\n\n[1550] Tegora, tegus, hides, or the hindquarters of beasts of burden.\n\nTelonem, as it were the fiscal management of all tolls.\n\nTenilis, one who is able to hold.\n\nTerimentum, nourishment.\n\nTerrale, a type of garment.\n\n[1555] Terrigiponae, which take the earth, that is, fishponds which country folk also call lakes.\n\nTestinium, opportune.\n\nThoca, yellow, or a garment.\n\nTiaries, portions of standards.\n\nTinetorium, a sword.\n\n[1560] Tironatum, rawness.\n\nTironicare, to serve as a soldier.\n\nTitiensis clangor, that is, a sound with uproar.\n\nTocuis, a pebble is so called from a path paved with stones, because they compose it for themselves. For \"calx\" is a stone, \"calculus\" a diminutive.\n\nTogillatim, one by one.\n\n[1565] Togipurium, a pure toga.\n\nTollerunl, they begot.\n\nTongillatim, singly.\n\nTongillatim loqui, to speak with perverse words, from Tongilius, a parasite, who had discovered in this a means of seeking laughter, so that when greeted he would reply with an insult, and would greet a slanderer most flatteringly.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tartarium","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Tartarium' is glossed as 'horribte', likely a scribal error for 'horribile' (horrible). The form may be a corruption of 'tartareum' (pertaining to Tartarus).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tegellaria","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Tegellaria' is glossed as 'venefica' (sorceress). The note '(In aliis)' indicates variant readings in other manuscripts, a common feature of the Liber Glossarum's transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Telonem","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Telonem' is glossed as 'quasi omnium tillorum fiscalis conductio' (as it were the fiscal management of all tolls). 'Telonem' likely derives from Greek τελώνης (tax collector), with 'tillorum' a corruption of 'teloniorum'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tocuis","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Tocuis' is glossed as 'calculus' (pebble) and explained via a false etymology from 'compito solo pilis' (a path paved with stones). The gloss distinguishes 'calx' (stone) from 'calculus' (diminutive).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tongillatim loqui","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Tongillatim loqui' is explained by reference to a parasite named Tongilius, who used insulting speech for laughter. This anecdote likely derives from lost comic or satirical sources, possibly related to Roman mime.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Tollerunl","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Tollerunl' is glossed as 'genuerunt' (they begot). The form appears corrupt; it may be a misreading of 'tulerunt' (they bore) or a non-standard verb form. The intended lemma is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Tartarium' may be a corruption of 'tartareum' or a separate word; 'horribte' is likely a scribal error for 'horribile'.","The lemma 'Tollerunl' is of uncertain form; the gloss 'genuerunt' suggests a verb of bearing or begetting, but the exact reading is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"Tragum, genus piscatoriæ.\n\n[1570] Tragum, inter legumina.\n\nTragum, verriculum.\n\nTricliha, ubi pendent tacitE.\n\nTrimiiat, posturna.\n\nTritile, quod teri potest.\n\n[1575] Trochus, rota ludentum.\n\nTrocinus, sectæ genus arduum.\n\nTuber, siti subterranei.\n\nTucetum, bula condita apud Gallos Alpinos.\n\nTugellaria, maleficia, eo quod supra tegulas sacrificent.\n\n[1580] Tuligatum, carpitum.\n\nTultia, media, vel regia.\n\nTuore, visu.\n\nTurturilla, ita dictus locus in quo corruptelæ fiebant, quod ibi turtuti opera daretur, id at, panem.\n\nTuspollem, manna, vel genus pigmenti.\n\n[1385] Vabra, callidus, artificiosus.\n\nVabrum, tortum, multiforme.\n\nVadatur, promittit pollicetur, fide dicit.\n\nYadimonia, judicia, unde apud judicem per fidejussorem vadere liceat.\n\nVadimonium facit, fidejussorem dat.\n\n[1590] Vaginatus, exagitatus.\n\nVagitatur, violen er flet.","english":"Tragum, a type of fishing net.\n\n[1570] Tragum, among legumes.\n\nTragum, a dragnet.\n\nTricliha, where things hang silently.\n\nTrimiiat, a posturna.\n\nTritile, that which can be rubbed or ground.\n\n[1575] Trochus, a wheel for players.\n\nTrocinus, a difficult kind of sect.\n\nTuber, a subterranean spring.\n\nTucetum, a seasoned sausage among the Alpine Gauls.\n\nTugellaria, sorceries, because they sacrifice on rooftops.\n\n[1580] Tuligatum, a plucked or gathered thing.\n\nTultia, middle, or royal.\n\nTuore, sight.\n\nTurturilla, a place so called where corruptions occurred, because there attention was given to turtur, that is, bread.\n\nTuspollem, manna, or a type of pigment.\n\n[1385] Vabra, cunning, skillful.\n\nVabrum, twisted, multiform.\n\nVadatur, he promises, he pledges, he gives his word.\n\nYadimonia, judgments, whence it is permitted to go before a judge through a surety.\n\nVadimonium facit, he gives a surety.\n\n[1590] Vaginatus, driven out, agitated.\n\nVagitatur, he weeps violently.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tragum","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Tragum' is glossed three times: as a fishing net, among legumes, and as a dragnet. This suggests either homonyms or scribal conflation of distinct entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tucetum","severity":"info","text":"'Tucetum' is glossed as a seasoned sausage among the Alpine Gauls, reflecting regional culinary practices known from classical sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tugellaria","severity":"info","text":"'Tugellaria' is glossed as sorceries, with an etymology 'because they sacrifice on rooftops' (supra tegulas). This folk etymology links the word to tegula, 'roof tile'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Turturilla","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss for 'Turturilla' explains it as a place of corruption, with attention given to 'turtur', i.e., bread. The reading 'turtuti' in the Latin may be corrupt; the intended word is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vadatur","severity":"info","text":"'Vadatur' is glossed as 'he promises, he pledges, he gives his word', and 'Vadimonium facit' as 'he gives a surety'. These relate to Roman legal procedure involving a vadimonium (bail bond).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Vaginatus","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Vaginatus, exagitatus' (driven out, agitated) and 'Vagitatur, violen er flet' (he weeps violently) show confusion between vaginare (to sheathe) and vagire (to wail), common in late Latin glossaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Trimiiat' is glossed as 'posturna', a word not otherwise attested; the reading may be corrupt or a hapax.","The lemma 'Tuligatum' is glossed as 'carpitum', which could mean 'plucked' or 'woven'; the intended sense is unclear.","The lemma 'Tuspollem' is glossed as 'manna, vel genus pigmenti', but 'manna' here likely refers to a resin or gum, not biblical manna."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"Vagurrit, per otium vagatur.\n\nValgis, foras versi tumentibus.\n\nValitant, valent.\n\n[1595] Vademac pia, inhonestæ cantationes, et carmina, jocaque turpia.\n\nVarii parentes, inanes, mendaces, inutiles, pellaces.\n\nVaram tibiam janam, perticæ duæ sunt inter se colligatæ, quæ asserent sustinent. Unde prov.: Vibia varam sequitur.\n\nVentriloqui, præcantatores.\n\nVaricat, aivertit; ambulat.\n\n[1600] Varicavit, ambulavit.\n\nVascillum, parvum vas. Macrob.:\n\nSolvens radus, in aqua subjecta vascillo.\n\nVatia, diversis plantis.\n\nVefaba, parva fota.\n\nVehigelorum, genus fluvialium naviam apud Gallos.\n\n[1605] Veneripeta, luxuriosus.\n\nVenitia, maria exæstuatio, quæ ad littus venit, Varro: Venilia, unda quae ad littus venit. Salatia, quæ ad mare redit.\n\nVepra, callidus, testificator, diversipellis.\n\nVerax, sonticus, fidelis.\n\nVerbosus, nugator pessimus.","english":"Vagurrit, he wanders about in leisure.\n\nValgis, turned outward with swellings.\n\nValitant, they are strong.\n\n[1595] Vademac pia, dishonest songs, and poems, and shameful jests.\n\nVarii parentes, empty, deceitful, useless, seductive.\n\nVaram tibiam janam, two poles bound together, which support a beam. Whence the proverb: The beam follows the var.\n\nVentriloqui, enchanters.\n\nVaricat, he turns aside; he walks.\n\n[1600] Varicavit, he walked.\n\nVascillum, a small vessel. Macrobius:\n\nThe ray dissolving, in water placed beneath a small vessel.\n\nVatia, of different plants.\n\nVefaba, a small fota.\n\nVehigelorum, a type of river boats among the Gauls.\n\n[1605] Veneripeta, a lustful man.\n\nVenitia, a swelling of the sea, which comes to the shore. Varro: Venilia, a wave which comes to the shore. Salatia, which returns to the sea.\n\nVepra, cunning, a testifier, a changeling.\n\nVerax, truthful, faithful.\n\nVerbosus, a very bad babbler.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vagurrit","severity":"info","text":"The lemma is likely a hapax legomenon; the gloss 'per otium vagatur' suggests a verb meaning 'to wander at leisure'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Valgis","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'foras versi tumentibus' indicates a condition of being turned outward with swellings, possibly a medical or anatomical term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vademac pia","severity":"info","text":"The phrase is obscure; the gloss 'inhonestae cantationes, et carmina, jocaque turpia' defines it as dishonest songs, poems, and shameful jests.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Varam tibiam janam","severity":"info","text":"The gloss describes two poles bound together supporting a beam, with a proverb 'Vibia varam sequitur' (the beam follows the var), likely a construction term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ventriloqui","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'praecantatores' (enchanters) aligns with the classical sense of ventriloquists as speakers from the belly, often associated with divination.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Venitia","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Varro for 'Venilia' as a wave coming to shore and 'Salatia' as one returning to sea, reflecting etymological interest in sea deities (Venilia and Salacia).","cites":[],"named_sources":["Varro"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (e.g., 'Vagurrit', 'Valgis', 'Vefaba') are hapax legomena or obscure, with uncertain etymology and meaning beyond the given gloss.","The phrase 'Vademac pia' may be corrupt or a misdivision; the gloss suggests a compound or loanword.","The proverb 'Vibia varam sequitur' is unattested elsewhere; its exact sense is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"[1610] Verbo tenus, verbi gratia.\n\nVernicellus qui suscitat per dies festos.\n\nVespeliones, fossarii, qui mortuos sepeliunt.\n\nVespenilio, serotinus.\n\nVespilla, sepulcrorum visitator.\n\n[1615] Vestiae, balbæ.\n\nVestiarium, erogatorium.\n\nVestiplica, femina quæ vestes plicat.\n\nVestis ludraria, histrionica, tonis.\n\nVeteratricem, id est, allidam, incircumscribeudam.\n\n[1620] Vexillaia. impetus fortis carrorum.\n\nVictimo, immolo.\n\nVidubium, qui duos maritos amisit.\n\nViduvium, viduitas.\n\nVillaturia, territoria.\n\n[1625] Vioturus, et stalim cestifer.\n\nVirginal, membra virginis, in quo habitat.\n\nVirgobretus, nomen magistratus.\n\nViria, viriola, brachiales.\n\nViriosus, austerus.\n\n[1630] Virops, quæ jam opus habet viro.\n\nVisor, videntes.\n\nVilicus, ocior, exactor villæ pensio. num, insularius.\n\nVitricus, patricus.\n\nUnca manu, stricta manu,.\n\n[1635] Unicuba, unius viri uxor.","english":"[1610] Verbo tenus, for example.\n\nVernicellus, one who rouses on feast days.\n\nVespeliones, gravediggers, who bury the dead.\n\nVespenilio, evening-time.\n\nVespilla, a visitor of tombs.\n\n[1615] Vestiae, stammering women.\n\nVestiarium, a place for distributing garments.\n\nVestiplica, a woman who folds clothes.\n\nVestis ludraria, theatrical, a tunic.\n\nVeteratricem, that is, a deceiver, uncircumscribable.\n\n[1620] Vexillaia, a strong charge of wagons.\n\nVictimo, I sacrifice.\n\nVidubium, a woman who has lost two husbands.\n\nViduvium, widowhood.\n\nVillaturia, territories.\n\n[1625] Vioturus, and immediately cestifer.\n\nVirginal, the limbs of a virgin, in which she dwells.\n\nVirgobretus, the name of a magistrate.\n\nViria, viriola, armlets.\n\nViriosus, harsh.\n\n[1630] Virops, a woman who now has need of a husband.\n\nVisor, those who see.\n\nVilicus, a steward, a collector of the estate's rent, a tenant.\n\nVitricus, stepfather.\n\nUnca manu, with a closed hand.\n\n[1635] Unicuba, wife of one husband.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vernicellus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Vernicellus' is obscure; it may derive from 'verna' (festival) or be a corruption of 'vernacellus' (a jester). The gloss 'qui suscitat per dies festos' suggests a performer who rouses crowds on feast days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vespeliones","severity":"info","text":"'Vespeliones' is a variant of 'vespillones' (gravediggers), from 'vespa' (wasp) or 'vesper' (evening). The gloss 'fossarii, qui mortuos sepeliunt' confirms the meaning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Veteratricem","severity":"info","text":"'Veteratricem' is a feminine form of 'veterator' (deceiver). The gloss 'allidam' is likely a corruption of 'alidam' (another) or 'callidam' (cunning); 'incircumscribeudam' means 'uncircumscribable' (i.e., boundless in deceit).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vexillaia","severity":"info","text":"'Vexillaia' is a hapax; it may be a corruption of 'vexillatio' (a military detachment) or 'vexillum' (standard). The gloss 'impetus fortis carrorum' suggests a strong charge of wagons, perhaps a military convoy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vidubium","severity":"info","text":"'Vidubium' is a rare feminine form; the usual term is 'vidua' (widow). The gloss 'qui duos maritos amisit' specifies a woman who has lost two husbands, emphasizing the number.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vilicus","severity":"info","text":"'Vilicus' is a variant of 'vilicus' (steward). The gloss 'ocior, exactor villæ pensio. num, insularius' lists synonyms: 'ocior' (swifter), 'exactor villæ pensionum' (collector of estate rents), and 'insularius' (tenant of an island or block of flats).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several lemmas (Vernicellus, Vexillaia) are hapax legomena or corrupt, making precise identification uncertain. The glosses are often brief and may reflect scribal errors or regional variants."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"Unorum, multorum.\n\nVotificantibus, dona libantibus.\n\nUtensilia, viatici sumptus.\n\nVultuosus, tristis.\n\n[1640] Zanga, pellis. Acro: Nigris medium impediit crus pellibus.\n\nMONITUM\n\nDe nonnullis prætermissis, et de indicibus qui sequuntur *,\n\nPauca quedam, ne magnæ quidem molis opuscula supererant, quæ olim in animum induxeram inter appendices collocare; sed cum sint magna ex parte fragmenta ex aliis operibus lsidori desumpta, et non semel repetita in Synonymis, in Conflictu virtutum et vitiorum, in Norma vivendi, nonnulla quoque minus digna, quas etiam inter appendices recenscantur, satius visum fuit nihil ultra addere iis quæ in Isidorianis tertia potissimum parte explicata sunt.\n\nIn Indice sacræ Scripturæ præ oculis habendum Isidorum sæpe versioni Vulgatæ adhærere, interdum versionem antiquam sequi, nonnunquam sensum, non ipsa verba Bibliorum exprimere, aliquando etiam unum pro altero Scriptorem sacrum nominasse.","english":"Unorum, of many.\n\nVotificantibus, to those making offerings, giving gifts.\n\nUtensilia, provisions for a journey.\n\nVultuosus, sad.\n\n[1640] Zanga, a hide. Acro: The black hide hindered the middle of the leg.\n\nNOTE\n\nConcerning a few omitted items, and the indices that follow *,\n\nA few small works, not even of great bulk, remained, which I had once intended to place among the appendices; but since they are for the most part fragments taken from other works of Isidore, and are repeated more than once in the Synonyms, in the Conflict of Virtues and Vices, in the Rule for Living, and some are also less worthy, which are even counted among the appendices, it seemed better to add nothing further to what has been explained in the Isidoriana, especially in the third part.\n\nIn the Index of Sacred Scripture, it must be kept in mind that Isidore often adheres to the Vulgate version, sometimes follows the ancient version, not infrequently expresses the sense rather than the very words of the Bible, and occasionally has even named one sacred writer for another.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Zanga","severity":"info","text":"Zanga is glossed as 'pellis' (hide or skin). The following note 'Acro: Nigris medium impediit crus pellibus' likely refers to a black hide that hindered the middle of the leg, possibly a textual fragment or gloss from an unknown source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"MONITUM","severity":"info","text":"The MONITUM (note) is a later editorial addition, not part of Isidore's original text. It explains the omission of certain small works and provides guidance on the indices that follow, indicating a compilation or editorial layer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"MONITUM","severity":"info","text":"The note references works attributed to Isidore: Synonyma, Conflictus virtutum et vitiorum, and Norma vivendi. These are spurious or derivative texts, suggesting the editor is distinguishing authentic from inauthentic Isidorian material.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"MONITUM","severity":"info","text":"The editor's remark that Isidore sometimes follows the Vulgate, sometimes an older version, and occasionally confuses biblical authors, reflects early modern textual criticism of Isidore's scriptural citations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Acro","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Acro: Nigris medium impediit crus pellibus' is obscure and possibly corrupt. It may be a marginal gloss or a fragment from a lost commentary. The meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Acro' is unclear; it may refer to a commentator or a textual source.","The phrase 'Nigris medium impediit crus pellibus' is syntactically ambiguous and may be corrupt.","The MONITUM is an editorial addition, and its relationship to the preceding glossary entries is not explicit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"Præter ea quæ ex Indice rerum constant, observandum canones ex Isidori operibus indicatos et correctos exstare tom. 7, pag. et seqq., indicem Scriptorum in Etymologiis et libris Differentiarum laudatorum describi eodem tum. /, pag. et seqq., ut nihil jam dicam de Glossario quod modo exhibui.","english":"Besides those things that are established from the Index of Matters, it should be observed that the canons indicated and corrected from the works of Isidore exist in volume 7, page and following, and that the index of authors cited in the Etymologies and the books of Differences is described in the same volume, page and following, to say nothing now of the Glossary that I have just presented.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'Index of Matters' (Index rerum) likely refers to a thematic table of contents or subject index in the printed edition of Isidore's works, a common feature in early modern editions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'canons indicated and corrected from the works of Isidore' probably denote the Canones chronici or chronological tables attributed to Isidore, often included in his Opera omnia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'index of authors cited in the Etymologies and the books of Differences' is a list of sources used by Isidore, a standard scholarly apparatus in early printed editions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'volume 7, page and following' indicates that this passage is part of a multi-volume edition, likely the 17th- or 18th-century Opera omnia of Isidore, where the editor appended indices and glossaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The editor's remark 'to say nothing now of the Glossary that I have just presented' suggests that the Liber Glossarum (Appendix XXIV) was considered a minor work, appended to the main corpus for completeness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact page numbers in volume 7 are omitted in the Latin (pag. et seqq.), leaving the precise location unspecified.","The identity of the 'Index of Matters' (Index rerum) is not further defined; it may be a specific editorial index or a general subject index."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}