{"slug":"tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1","title":"Chronologia,et series Gothicorum regum ex Codice Reliovaticano 667 (Appendix V)","title_source":"Chronologia,et series Gothicorum regum ex Codice Reliovaticano 667 (Appendix V)","author":"Auctor Incertus","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:14:07Z","cost_usd":0.004542},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1429/tmp1429/tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":8,"english_words":1650,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":6730,"commentary_units":48,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":20,"work_notes":4,"external_links":6,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Chronologia et series Gothicorum regum ex Codice Reliovaticano 667 (Appendix V) is an anonymous Latin chronicle listing Gothic kings, preserved as a fifth appendix in a manuscript from the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla (Reliovatican). The text survives only in Codex Reliovaticanus 667, a 9th- or 10th-century manuscript in mixed Visigothic and Carolingian script. The regnal list ends before the Arab conquest of Spain (711), but the manuscript context suggests a later compilation. The work follows a king-list genre, with entries for rulers such as Athanaric, Alaric I, and Athaulf, and relies on earlier sources like Isidore of Seville's Historia Gothorum. Its date and authorship remain uncertain.","historical_context":"The chronicle is transmitted in a manuscript from the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla (Reliovatican) in the Iberian Peninsula, a center of Visigothic and Mozarabic culture. The mixed Visigothic and Carolingian script indicates a 9th- or 10th-century copy, likely produced during the Christian Reconquista when interest in Gothic history was revived. The text's regnal list ends before 711, suggesting an earlier source, but the compilation may date to the 9th or 10th century. The work belongs to the genre of king-lists and brief chronicles, common in early medieval monastic settings. It draws on Isidore of Seville's Historia Gothorum, as shown by marginal references, and possibly other lost sources. The manuscript's survival is unique, and its provenance is uncertain due to the obscure designation 'Codex Reliovaticanus 667'.","significance":"The chronicle provides a rare witness to the transmission of Gothic history in early medieval Iberia, reflecting how monastic communities preserved and adapted earlier sources. Its king-list structure and reliance on Isidore illustrate the continuity of historical writing from the Visigothic period into the Carolingian era. The text's uncertain date and fragmentary survival highlight the challenges of studying early medieval manuscripts.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Athanaric introduces Arianism to the Goths (simplified account)."},{"date":"c. 395–410","event":"Reign of Alaric I, including the capture of Rome in 410."},{"date":"5th c.","event":"Reign of Athaulf (Ataulfus) recorded in the king-list."},{"date":"711","event":"Arab conquest of Spain; the regnal list ends before this date."},{"date":"9th–10th c.","event":"Manuscript Codex Reliovaticanus 667 copied in mixed Visigothic and Carolingian script."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Compilation of the chronicle as an appendix to the manuscript."}],"relations":[{"work":"Historia Gothorum","relation":"Source for Athanaric's death and other entries; cited in marginal notes.","key":"wikipedia:Isidore of Seville","label":"Wikipedia: Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville"},{"work":"Codex Reliovaticanus 667","relation":"The sole surviving manuscript containing this chronicle.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Chronologia et series Gothicorum regum","relation":"Part of a genre of king-lists and brief chronicles.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Visigothic Kingdom","label":"Visigothic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom","reason":"Historical context for the Gothic kings listed."},{"key":"wikipedia:Isidore of Seville","label":"Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville","reason":"Source used by the chronicle."},{"key":"wikipedia:San Millán de la Cogolla","label":"San Millán de la Cogolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mill%C3%A1n_de_la_Cogolla","reason":"Monastery where the manuscript was preserved."},{"key":"wikipedia:Alaric I","label":"Alaric I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_I","reason":"Gothic king mentioned in the chronicle."},{"key":"wikipedia:Athaulf","label":"Athaulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athaulf","reason":"Gothic king mentioned in the chronicle."},{"key":"wikipedia:Arianism","label":"Arianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism","reason":"Religious context for Athanaric's entry."}],"cautions":["The date of the chronicle is uncertain; the manuscript is 9th–10th century, but the source may be earlier.","The designation 'Codex Reliovaticanus 667' is not a standard reference; its provenance is unclear.","The text's claim that Athanaric introduced Arianism is a simplification; Ulfilas was the missionary.","The phrase 'legem Coli' may be a scribal error for 'legem Gothorum'.","The work survives only in a single manuscript, limiting textual criticism."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000518,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:14:06Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1429/tmp1429/tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1429.tmp1429.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":8,"translated":8,"commentary_passages":8,"commentary_units":48,"english_words":1650,"source_letters":6697,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a brief chronicle of Gothic kings, appended as a fifth appendix to a manuscript from the monastery of Reliovatican (likely San Millán de la Cogolla).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Survives only in Codex Reliovaticanus 667, a manuscript of mixed Visigothic and Carolingian script, suggesting a 9th- or 10th-century copy of an earlier source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and its date uncertain; internal regnal lists end before the Arab conquest of Spain (711), but the manuscript context implies a later compilation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition (ogl-pl) provides a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus; it does not resolve textual cruces or identify sources used by the anonymous author.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 8 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":8},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"APPENDIX V.\n\nChronologia,et series Gothicorum regum ex Codice Reliovaticano 667.\n\nPrimum in Gothis regnavit Athanaricus annis XIII. Isle primus per Valentem imperatorem hæresim Arjanam cum omni Golhorum gente intravit. Sub isto legem Coli, ac litteras habere cœperunt; ct cum eodem rege ab Hunnis de terra propria expulsi sunt. Rex quoque Constantinopoli vitam finivit sub imperatore Theodosio (Vide Isidoriana, c. 79, n. 11).\n\nAlaricus regnavit annis XIV. Iste ob vindictam Cothorum, quosRomani interfecerunt, exercitum movit,et Romam cepit, ibique Placidiam Theodosii imperatoris filiam cum opibus multis deprædavit. in Italia obiit sub imperatoribus Honorio ct Arcadio.\n\nAtaulfus regnavit annis VI. Iste supradictam Placidiam conjugem accepit, et regni anno de italia Callias adiit. Et dum hispanias petere voluisset, a suis interfectus est in Barcilona sub imperatoribus Honorio et Arcadio.","english":"APPENDIX V.\n\nChronology and Series of the Gothic Kings from Codex Reliovaticanus 667.\n\nFirst among the Goths reigned Athanaric for thirteen years. He was the first, through the Emperor Valens, to introduce the Arian heresy among the entire Gothic people. Under him they began to have the law of the Goths and letters; and together with this same king they were driven from their own land by the Huns. The king also ended his life at Constantinople under the Emperor Theodosius (See Isidoriana, c. 79, n. 11).\n\nAlaric reigned for fourteen years. He, to avenge the Goths whom the Romans had killed, moved his army and captured Rome, and there he plundered Placidia, daughter of the Emperor Theodosius, along with many riches. He died in Italy under the Emperors Honorius and Arcadius.\n\nAthaulf reigned for six years. He took the aforementioned Placidia as his wife, and in the sixth year of his reign went from Italy to Gaul. And when he wished to seek the Spains, he was killed by his own men in Barcelona under the Emperors Honorius and Arcadius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Athanaricus","severity":"info","text":"Athanaric was a Gothic ruler (d. 381) who, after defeat by the Huns, sought refuge in Constantinople, where he died. The text's claim that he introduced Arianism to the Goths is a simplification; Ulfilas, not Athanaric, was the key figure in Gothic conversion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"legem Coli","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'legem Coli' is likely a scribal error for 'legem Gothorum' (the law of the Goths). The text states that under Athanaric the Goths began to have law and letters, probably referring to the Gothic alphabet and legal codification associated with Ulfilas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Vide Isidoriana, c. 79, n. 11","severity":"info","text":"This marginal reference directs readers to Isidore of Seville's 'Historia Gothorum' (chapter 79, note 11), indicating that the compiler used Isidore as a source for Athanaric's death. It shows the text's reliance on earlier historiographical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Alaricus regnavit annis XIV","severity":"info","text":"Alaric I's reign is given as 14 years, which aligns with standard chronology (c. 395–410). The text notes his capture of Rome (410) and death in Italy, consistent with historical records.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ataulfus regnavit annis VI","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Athaulf (Ataulfus) follows the same formula as the previous kings: name, reign length, key events. This consistent structure suggests a king-list genre, typical of early medieval chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Codice Reliovaticano 667","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript cited as 'Codex Reliovaticanus 667' is not a known standard reference; the name may be a corruption or a local designation. The text's provenance and reliability are uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'legem Coli' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error for 'legem Gothorum' or a reference to a lost legal code.","The identity of 'Codex Reliovaticanus 667' is unclear; it may be a misidentified or non-standard manuscript."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Sigericus regnavit ann. I. Ite, dum pacem cum Romanis habere voluisset, mox a suis est interfectus sub imperio prædicto.\n\nWallia regnavit ann. III. Belligerator fuit; cum inperatore Honorio pacem habuit, et sororem ejus Placidiam ci reddidit. Iste Hispanias ingressus, Vandalos et Sillingos (Al., Vandalos Selinguos] in Bætica bello exstinxit, et Alanos ad nihilum redegit. Ad Afri cam classc transire disposuit; sed Gaditanum mare eum non dimisit. In Gallias rediit, ibique vitat finivit sub imperio Honorii.\n\nTeuderedus regnavit ann. XXXIII. Iste Litorium ducem Romanum, et cum co multa millia Romanorum exstinxit; ex Hunnis ducenta millia interfacit, ibique præliando occiditur sub Imperio Theodosii Minoris.\n\nTurismundus filius ejus regnavit ann. I, qui dum feratis et noxius esset, a Theuderico, et Frigdario, et fratribus, interfectus sub imperatore Marciano.","english":"Sigeric reigned for one year. And while he wished to have peace with the Romans, he was soon killed by his own men under the aforementioned emperor.\n\nWallia reigned for three years. He was a warrior; he had peace with the Emperor Honorius, and restored his sister Placidia to him. This man entered the Spains, destroyed the Vandals and the Silingi in Baetica by war, and reduced the Alans to nothing. He prepared to cross over to Africa by fleet, but the Gaditanian Sea did not permit him. He returned to Gaul, and there ended his life under the reign of Honorius.\n\nTheodoric I reigned for thirty-three years. This man destroyed the Roman general Litorius, and with him many thousands of Romans; he killed two hundred thousand of the Huns, and there he himself fell fighting under the reign of Theodosius the Younger.\n\nTurismund, his son, reigned for one year, and because he was fierce and harmful, he was killed by Theodoric, and Frigard, and his brothers under the Emperor Marcian.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Sigericus","severity":"info","text":"Sigeric's reign of one year and his assassination for seeking peace with the Romans is otherwise unattested; the name may be a corruption of Sigismund or another Gothic king.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Wallia","severity":"info","text":"Wallia (r. 415–418) was a Visigothic king who made peace with Honorius, returned Galla Placidia, and campaigned in Spain against Vandals and Alans, as recorded by Orosius and Hydatius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sillingos","severity":"info","text":"The variant 'Sillingos' (or 'Selinguos') likely refers to the Silingi, a Vandal tribe settled in Baetica; the text conflates them with Vandals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Teuderedus","severity":"caution","text":"The reign length of 33 years for Theodoric I (r. 418–451) is plausible, but the claim he killed 200,000 Huns is a gross exaggeration; his death at the Catalaunian Plains is historical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Turismundus","severity":"info","text":"The account of Turismund's murder by Theodoric (his brother Theodoric II) and Frigard (likely a courtier) follows the pattern of brief, violent reigns typical of this king-list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"sub imperio prædicto","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'under the aforementioned emperor' refers back to the reign of Valens (mentioned in the previous passage), but Sigeric's death likely occurred under Honorius or Theodosius I, indicating chronological confusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Sigericus is uncertain; the text may conflate several early Gothic leaders.","The phrase 'Gaditanum mare' (Strait of Gibraltar) as an obstacle to Wallia's African expedition is not corroborated by other sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Theuderius regnavit ann. XIII. Iste dum Gothis Avito imperatori sumere auxilium dedi. i et ob huc inde cum licentia idem Aviti imperatoris cum ingenti exercitu Hispanias intravit, et milliaro 12, au Asturica apud Urbicum fluvium Recchiatum Suevorum regem prælio superavit, eumque persequens, in Portucale cepit atque occidit. Bractam [Forte. Bracharam cepit; sicque inde per Lusitaniam in Gallias reddit; ibique ab Eorfco ejus fratre occisus suh imperatore Leone.\n\nEuriens regnavit ann. XXVI. Iste Lusitaniam deprædavit, Pampilonam, et Caesaraugustam cupit, ct Gothis legem dedit. Arelate obii. sub imperatore Zenone.\n\nAlaricus, filius ejus, regnavit ann. XXIII, quem Clodovæus rex Francorum apud Pictavium bello interfecit. Ob cujus vindictam Theodericus socer ejus Italiæ rex Francos perterruit, et regnum Gothis integrum restituit sub imperatore Anastasio.","english":"Theuderic reigned for 13 years. He, while the Goths gave assistance to the emperor Avitus, and from there with the permission of the same emperor Avitus, entered Spain with a huge army, and 12 miles from Asturica, at the Urbicus River, he overcame Rechiarius, king of the Suevi, in battle, and, pursuing him, captured and killed him in Portucale. He took Bractara; and thus from there through Lusitania he returned to Gaul; and there he was killed by his brother Euric under the emperor Leo.\n\nEuric reigned for 26 years. He plundered Lusitania, took Pamplona and Caesaraugusta, and gave laws to the Goths. He died at Arles under the emperor Zeno.\n\nAlaric, his son, reigned for 23 years; Clovis, king of the Franks, killed him in battle near Poitiers. In vengeance for him, Theoderic, his father-in-law, king of Italy, terrified the Franks and restored the kingdom whole to the Goths under the emperor Anastasius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Theuderius","severity":"info","text":"Theuderius is the Visigothic king Theoderic II (r. 453–466), not to be confused with the later Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Recchiatum Suevorum regem","severity":"info","text":"Rechiarius, king of the Suevi (r. 438–456), was defeated by Theoderic II in 456 at the Urbicus River (modern Órbigo). His death marked the end of Suevic expansion in Iberia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bractam","severity":"caution","text":"Bractam is a corrupt form; the intended reading is likely Brachara (modern Braga), a city in the Suevic kingdom. The manuscript's 'Forte' signals editorial uncertainty.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"sub imperatore Leone","severity":"info","text":"Theoderic II was killed in 466, during the reign of the Eastern emperor Leo I (r. 457–474). The text aligns his death with Leo's rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"legem dedit","severity":"info","text":"Euric (r. 466–484) is credited with codifying Visigothic law, the Codex Euricianus, one of the earliest Germanic law codes, influencing later Visigothic legislation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Alaricus, filius ejus","severity":"info","text":"Alaric II (r. 484–507) was killed by Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé (near Poitiers) in 507. The text's mention of Theoderic the Great's vengeance reflects later Ostrogothic propaganda.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Bractam' is uncertain; the manuscript gloss 'Forte' suggests a conjecture for Brachara (Braga).","The phrase 'ob huc inde' is unclear; the translation interprets it as 'and from there' but the Latin may be corrupt."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Gesuleicus, Alarici filius, regnavit ann. IV. Iste a Gundebaldo Burgundionum rege in Narbona superatus, ad Barcilonam fugit. Inde ad Africam ad Van. tfalos pro auxilio perrexil, et non impetravit. Inde reversus, apol Barcilonam a duce Theuderici Italiæ regis interfectus sub imperatore Anastasio\n\nTheudericus supradictus, occiso Gisaleico, regnum Gothorum tenuit ann. xv; et superstiti nepoti suo Amalarico reliquit. Ipse Italiam rediit, et ibi vitam finivit sub imperatore Justiniano.\n\nAmalaricus regnavit ann. v. Iste a Childeberto Francorum rege superatus, Narbone interiit sub imperatore Justiniano.\n\nTheudis regnavit an. XVII. Iste, quamvis hæreticus, pacem concessit Ecclesiæ, et episcopis licentiam dedit in Toletana urbe concilia peragere. Francorum reges infra Hispanias usque Minium superavit; eumque in palatio quidam insaniam simulando interfecit sub Imperatore Justiniano.","english":"Gesaleic, son of Alaric, reigned for 4 years. He, defeated by Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, at Narbonne, fled to Barcelona. From there he went to Africa to the Vandals for aid, and did not obtain it. Returning from there, he was killed near Barcelona by the duke of Theuderic, king of Italy, under the emperor Anastasius.\n\nTheuderic, mentioned above, after Gisaleic was killed, held the kingdom of the Goths for 15 years; and left it to his surviving grandson Amalaric. He himself returned to Italy, and ended his life there under the emperor Justinian.\n\nAmalaric reigned for 5 years. He, defeated by Childebert, king of the Franks, perished at Narbonne under the emperor Justinian.\n\nTheudis reigned for 17 years. He, although a heretic, granted peace to the Church, and gave the bishops permission to hold councils in the city of Toledo. He defeated the kings of the Franks within the Spains as far as the Minho; and someone, feigning madness, killed him in the palace under the emperor Justinian.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Gesuleicus, Alarici filius","severity":"info","text":"Gesaleic (or Gisaleic) was the son of Alaric II, king of the Visigoths, and reigned briefly after his father's death in 507.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gundebaldo Burgundionum rege","severity":"info","text":"Gundobad (Gundebaldus) was king of the Burgundians (c. 480–516), a contemporary of the Visigothic and Frankish rulers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Van. tfalos","severity":"caution","text":"The text reads 'Van. tfalos', likely a scribal abbreviation for 'Vandalis' (Vandals), referring to the Vandal kingdom in North Africa.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"sub imperatore Anastasio","severity":"info","text":"Anastasius I was Eastern Roman emperor from 491 to 518; the events concerning Gesaleic fall within this period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"sub imperatore Justiniano","severity":"info","text":"Justinian I reigned from 527 to 565; the reigns of Theuderic, Amalaric, and Theudis are placed under his rule, though Theuderic died in 526.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Childeberto Francorum rege","severity":"info","text":"Childebert (Childebertus) was a Frankish king, likely Childebert I (511–558), who fought the Visigoths in the 530s.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The spelling 'Gesuleicus' vs. 'Gisaleico' reflects manuscript variation; both refer to the same king.","'Van. tfalos' is an abbreviation; the intended word is 'Vandalis' (Vandals).","Theuderic's death under Justinian is anachronistic; he died in 526, before Justinian's reign began in 527."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Theudisclus regnavit ann. I; qui dum toros multorum macularet, et obiter multis necem excogitaret, mox inter epulas gladio Hispali jugulatur sub eodem Justiniano.\n\nAgila regnavit an. v. Iste dum nd Cordubam urbem pugnaret, et in contemptu Christi sepulcrum sancti martyris Aciscli quodam hOrrore pollueret, filium ibi cum multa copia interfoctum, et omnem thesaurum regunt amisit, et Emeritam fugit; ibique sui eum interfecerunt sub imperatore Justiniano.\n\nAthanagildus regnavit ann. XIV. Iste contra milites Justiniani imperatoris, quos ipse contra Agilanem petierat, diu conflixit, atque eos exstinxit. Toleto morte propria decessit snb imperatore Justiniano.\n\nLivua regnavit ann. III, in Narbona. Iste fratri Leovigildo Hispaniæ administrationem dedit; ipse Galliis praefuit.\n\nLeovigildus, adepta Gallia, et Hispania, regnavit ann. xiv. Iste valde hæresi Arianæ deditus, persecutionem Cattholicis intulit, et ecclesiarum privilegia tulit. Massonam Emeritensium episcopum exsilio relegavit. Suis perniciosus fuit, potentes percupiditatem damnavit. Suevos superavit, et Gallæciae regnum Gothis admiscuit. Primus regali veste opertus solio resedit. Urbem in Celtiberia fecii, et Recopolim nominavit. Gothorum leges ante correxit, et 'Toleto propria morte decessit sub Mauricio imperaore.","english":"Theudisclus reigned for 1 year; he, while defiling the marriage beds of many, and likewise plotting death for many, was soon cut down by the sword at a banquet in Hispalis under the same Justinian.\n\nAgila reigned for 5 years. He, while fighting against the city of Corduba, and in contempt of Christ defiling the tomb of the holy martyr Acisclus with some horror, lost his son slain there with a great force, and all the royal treasure, and fled to Emerita; there his own men killed him under the emperor Justinian.\n\nAthanagildus reigned for 14 years. He long fought against the soldiers of the emperor Justinian, whom he himself had summoned against Agila, and destroyed them. He died at Toledo of a natural death under the emperor Justinian.\n\nLiuva reigned for 3 years, at Narbona. He gave the administration of Hispania to his brother Leovigildus; he himself presided over the Gauls.\n\nLeovigildus, having obtained Gaul and Hispania, reigned for 14 years. He, being very devoted to the Arian heresy, inflicted persecution on Catholics and abolished the privileges of churches. He sent Masona, bishop of Emerita, into exile. He was destructive to his own men, condemning the powerful out of greed. He overcame the Suevi and joined the kingdom of Gallaecia to the Goths. He was the first to sit on a throne covered with royal vestments. He built a city in Celtiberia and named it Recopolis. He corrected the laws of the Goths before, and died at Toledo of a natural death under the emperor Maurice.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Theudisclus regnavit ann. I; qui dum toros multorum macularet, et obiter multis necem excogitaret, mox inter epulas gladio Hispali jugulatur sub eodem Justinian","severity":"info","text":"Theudisclus is likely Theudis, a Visigothic king (r. 531–548). The account of his assassination at a banquet in Hispali (Seville) matches other sources, though his reign length is given as one year, whereas other records say 17 years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Agila regnavit an. v. Iste dum nd Cordubam urbem pugnaret, et in contemptu Christi sepulcrum sancti martyris Aciscli quodam hOrrore pollueret, filium ibi cum mu","severity":"info","text":"Agila I (r. 549–554) fought at Corduba and desecrated the tomb of St. Acisclus, a martyr venerated in Spain. His defeat and death by his own men reflect internal Gothic strife and Byzantine intervention under Justinian I.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Athanagildus","severity":"info","text":"Athanagildus is Athanagild (r. 554–568). The text says he fought and destroyed Justinian's soldiers, whom he had summoned against Agila, indicating a shift in alliance. His natural death at Toledo is consistent with other sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Livua regnavit ann. III, in Narbona. Iste fratri Leovigildo Hispaniæ administrationem dedit; ipse Galliis praefuit.","severity":"info","text":"Liuva I (r. 568–573) ruled jointly with his brother Leovigild, a division of the Visigothic kingdom into Gallia (Septimania) and Hispania. This passage marks a shift to a dual kingship before Leovigild's sole rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Leovigildus, adepta Gallia, et Hispania, regnavit ann. xiv. Iste valde hæresi Arianæ deditus, persecutionem Cattholicis intulit, et ecclesiarum privilegia tulit","severity":"info","text":"Leovigild (r. 568–586) is portrayed as an Arian persecutor of Catholics, exiling Bishop Masona of Emerita. His military success against the Suevi and foundation of Recopolis are historical. The claim he first sat on a throne in royal vestments reflects later Visigothic ceremonial developments.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Gothorum leges ante correxit","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'leges ante correxit' is ambiguous: it may mean he corrected the laws previously (ante) or that he corrected them before his death. The text is corrupt here, possibly missing a word or clause.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Theudisclus may be a misspelling of Theudis; reign lengths differ from other sources.","The phrase 'leges ante correxit' is syntactically unclear; 'ante' may be adverbial or part of a missing construction.","The name 'Mauricio imperaore' (Maurice) is an anachronism: Leovigild died in 586, while Maurice reigned 582–602, but the chronology is loose."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Recaredus, filius ejus, regnavit ann. XV. Iste, in exordio regni sui catholicam fidem adeptus, oninem Gothorum gentem ad cultum Dei, rectæque fidei revocavit, et per synodum episcoporum Galliæ et Hispaniæ fidem catholicam confirmavit, Francorum hoste LX millia in Hispania bello prostravit, ct tempora regni sui omni bonitate honoravit. Fine pacilico Toleto decessit, imperatore Mauricio.\n\nLivua, filius ejus, regnavit ann. II. Istum præcisa dextra innocuum Wictericus occidit, et regnum sibi suscepit sub imperatore Mauricio.\n\nWictericus regnavil ann. VII, vir quidem strenuus in armorum arte, sed exspers victoriae; quod fecit recepit. Inter epulas enim prandii a suis interfectus est sub imperatore Phoca.\n\nGundemarus regnavit annis II. Vaccones una expeditione vastavit, et morte propria Toleto decessit sub imperio Heraclii.\n\nSisebutus regnavit ann. VIII. Iste potestate Judæos ad fidem Christi perduxit, et ecclesiam sanctæ LeocadiaE Toleto opere miro fundavit. Astures et Vascones in montibus rebellantes humiliavit, et suis per omnia benevolus fuit. Hunc quidam proprio morbo, alii potionis haustu immoderato asserunt occisum sub imperio Heraclii. Tunc nefandus Mahomat in Africa nequitiam legis stultis populis prædicavit","english":"Recared, his son, reigned for 15 years. He, at the beginning of his reign, having embraced the Catholic faith, recalled the entire Gothic people to the worship of God and right faith, and through a synod of bishops of Gaul and Spain confirmed the Catholic faith, laid low 60,000 of the Frankish enemy in war in Spain, and honored the times of his reign with every goodness. He died a peaceful death at Toledo, under the Emperor Maurice.\n\nLiuva, his son, reigned for 2 years. Witteric, with his right hand cut off, killed him while he was harmless, and took up the kingdom for himself under the Emperor Maurice.\n\nWitteric reigned for 7 years, a man indeed vigorous in the art of arms, but devoid of victory; he received what he did. For he was killed by his own men during the feasts of a banquet under the Emperor Phocas.\n\nGundemar reigned for 2 years. He laid waste the Vaccaei in one expedition, and died a natural death at Toledo under the rule of Heraclius.\n\nSisebut reigned for 8 years. He, by his authority, led the Jews to the faith of Christ, and founded the church of Saint Leocadia at Toledo with wonderful work. He humbled the Astures and Vascones rebelling in the mountains, and was well-disposed to his own in all things. Some assert that he was killed by his own disease, others by an immoderate draught of poison, under the rule of Heraclius. At that time the abominable Mahomet preached the wickedness of his law to foolish peoples in Africa.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Recaredus","severity":"info","text":"Recared is the Latin form of Reccared I, Visigothic king (586–601), whose conversion to Catholicism is a pivotal event in Visigothic history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Mahomat","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Mahomet (Muhammad) preaching in Africa is anachronistic; Muhammad's activity was in Arabia, not Africa, reflecting medieval Latin confusion about Islamic origins.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"imperatore Mauricio","severity":"info","text":"The Byzantine emperor Maurice reigned 582–602, aligning with Reccared's reign (586–601) and Liuva's (601–603). The chronology is broadly consistent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Wictericus","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Witteric (603–610) includes a moralizing comment: 'quod fecit recepit' (he received what he did), a common formula in this chronicle tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ecclesiam sanctæ Leocadiæ","severity":"info","text":"The church of Saint Leocadia in Toledo was a significant Visigothic foundation; Sisebut's construction is noted in later sources as a major building project.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Livua","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Livua' is a variant of Liuva; the text says his right hand was cut off before Witteric killed him, but other sources do not mention this mutilation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The cause of Sisebut's death is uncertain: the text reports two traditions (disease or poison).","The location of Mahomet's preaching is given as Africa, which is historically inaccurate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Suintila regnavit ann. x. Victoria et consilio magnus fuit. Vascones devicit, duos patricios Romanos cepit; omnes Hispanim et Galliam strenue re XII, et ob mentum pater pauperum vocatus est; et fine proprio Tolcto decessit sub imperio Heraclii.\n\nSisenandus regnavit ann. rv. Iste synodos episcoporum egit; patiens fuit, ct regulis catholicis orthodoxus exstiitit Toleto vitam finivit sub imperio Heraclii\n\nChintila regnavit ann. III. Synodos plurimas Toleto cum episcopis egit, et subditum regnum fide firmavit. Toleto decessit sub imperio Heraclii.\n\nTulga regnavit ann. III. Blandus in omnia fuit.\n\nChindasuinthus regnavit solus ann. V!, et cunt filio suo Reccesuintho ann. IV. Hujus tempore quievit Hispania, ct per synodos erudivit Ecclesiam. ToIcto obiit sub imperio Constantini Novi.\n\nWamba regnavit ann. IX. Primo regni sui anno rebellante sibi Paulo duce cum quadam parte Hispaniæ, prius feroces Vascones in finibus Cantabriæ perdomuit; deinde cunctis civitatibus Gothiæ et Galliæ captis, ipsum postremo Paulum iu Nemausense urbe victum celebri triumpho sibi subjecit. Postea ab Ervigio regno privatur sub imperio Constantini Novi.","english":"Suintila reigned for 10 years. He was great in victory and counsel. He conquered the Vascones, captured two Roman patricians; he ruled all Spain and Gaul vigorously for 12 years, and was called the father of the poor on account of his merit; and he died a natural death at Toledo under the empire of Heraclius.\n\nSisenand reigned for 4 years. This man held synods of bishops; he was patient, and stood forth as orthodox in Catholic rules; he ended his life at Toledo under the empire of Heraclius.\n\nChintila reigned for 3 years. He held many synods at Toledo with bishops, and strengthened the subject kingdom in the faith. He died at Toledo under the empire of Heraclius.\n\nTulga reigned for 3 years. He was gentle in all things.\n\nChindasuinth reigned alone for 5 years, and with his son Reccesuinth for 4 years. In his time Spain was at peace, and he instructed the Church through synods. He died at Toledo under the empire of Constantine the New.\n\nWamba reigned for 9 years. In the first year of his reign, with the duke Paul rebelling against him with a certain part of Spain, he first subdued the fierce Vascones in the borders of Cantabria; then, after capturing all the cities of Gothia and Gaul, he finally subdued Paul himself, defeated in the city of Nîmes, to himself in a celebrated triumph. Afterwards he was deprived of the kingdom by Ervigius under the empire of Constantine the New.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Suintila regnavit ann. x. Victoria et consilio magnus fuit.","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Victoria et consilio magnus fuit' is ambiguous: it may mean 'he was great in victory and counsel' (as translated) or 'he was great in victory and in counsel'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vascones","severity":"info","text":"Vascones refers to the Basque people, a pre-Roman group in northern Spain and southwestern Gaul, often rebellious against Visigothic rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"patricios Romanos","severity":"info","text":"Patricios Romanos likely denotes high-ranking Roman officials or military commanders, possibly Byzantine or local Hispano-Roman aristocrats.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sub imperio Heraclii","severity":"info","text":"Heraclius was Byzantine emperor (610–641). The synchronism with Visigothic kings reflects the chronicle tradition of dating by imperial reigns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sub imperio Constantini Novi","severity":"info","text":"Constantine the New likely refers to Constans II (641–668), also called Constantine, or possibly Constantine IV (668–685). The epithet 'Novus' distinguishes him from Constantine I.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"omnes Hispanim et Galliam strenue re XII","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 're XII' is likely a scribal error or abbreviation for 'rexit XII' (he ruled for 12 years), but Suintila's reign is given as 10 years above; the text may be corrupt or conflate different periods.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 're XII' in Suintila's entry is unclear: it may mean 'he ruled for 12 years' (contradicting the initial 'ann. x') or be a textual corruption.","The identity of 'Constantini Novi' is ambiguous: it could be Constans II or Constantine IV.","The phrase 'ob mentum pater pauperum' in Suintila's entry is likely a corruption of 'ob meritum pater pauperum' (on account of merit, father of the poor)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Ervigius regnavit ann. vi. Iste synodos multas Toleto cum episcopis egit; filiam suam conjugem dedit Egicani. Toleto obiit sub imperio Justiniani.\n\nEgica regnavit ann. xv. Iste dum regnum accepit, filiam Ervigii cum juratione Wambæ subjecit. Filium suam Witizanem principem secu regno præfecit. Toleto decessit sub imperio Leonis.\n\nWitiza rgnavit ann. x. Toleto vitam finivit sub imperio Tiberii.\n\nRudericus regnavit ann. III. Istius tempore era 752, Farmalio terræ Saraceni evocati Hispanias occupaverunt, regnumque Gothorum ceperunt; quod adhuc usque ex parte pertinaciter possident; et cum Christianis die noctuque bella incunt, et quotidie conlfigunt, dum prædestinatio usque divina dehinc eos expelli crudeliter jubeat. Reges G othorum defecerunt. Sunt (sic) sub uno ann. 314; Alarico regnane ab era 301, ingressi sunt Gothi in Italiam. Post hujus annos reges Coiti Galliam ingressi sunt. Post septem annos Gothi Hispaniam migraverunt. In era D. IX; LXV. (forte, 835) regnavit Carolus Francorum rex, et patricius Romæ.","english":"Ervigius reigned for 6 years. He held many synods at Toledo with the bishops; he gave his daughter in marriage to Egica. He died at Toledo under the reign of Justinian.\n\nEgica reigned for 15 years. When he received the kingdom, he subjected the daughter of Ervigius to the oath of Wamba. He placed his son Wittiza as prince over the kingdom with him. He died at Toledo under the reign of Leo.\n\nWittiza reigned for 10 years. He ended his life at Toledo under the reign of Tiberius.\n\nRuderic reigned for 3 years. In his time, in the era 752, the Saracens, summoned by Farmalius, occupied the lands of Spain, and took the kingdom of the Goths; which they still pertinaciously possess in part; and they wage wars with the Christians day and night, and daily engage in conflict, until divine predestination cruelly orders them to be expelled from there. The kings of the Goths came to an end. They are under one year 314; with Alaric reigning from era 301, the Goths entered Italy. After his years, the kings of the Goths entered Gaul. After seven years, the Goths migrated to Spain. In era 835, Charles, king of the Franks and patrician of Rome, reigned.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ervigius regnavit ann. vi.","severity":"info","text":"Ervigius (Erwig) reigned 680–687. The six-year reign is consistent with other Visigothic king lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"filiam suam conjugem dedit Egicani","severity":"info","text":"Erwig’s daughter married Egica, who succeeded him. This marriage alliance is recorded in other sources, e.g., the Chronicle of 754.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Rudericus regnavit ann. III. Istius tempore era 752","severity":"info","text":"Era 752 corresponds to AD 714 (Spanish era minus 38). Roderic’s three-year reign and the Arab invasion in 711–714 are standard in later tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Farmalio","severity":"caution","text":"‘Farmalio’ is a corrupt or garbled name; likely refers to Tariq ibn Ziyad or Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr, the Arab commanders who invaded Spain. The form is unique to this manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Reges G othorum defecerunt. Sunt (sic) sub uno ann. 314; Alarico regnane ab era 301","severity":"info","text":"The text abruptly shifts to a summary of Gothic history from Alaric I (era 301 = AD 263? but Alaric reigned 395–410). The numbers are confused; likely a scribal miscalculation or conflation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Carolus Francorum rex, et patricius Romæ","severity":"info","text":"Charles (Charlemagne) is anachronistically inserted; he reigned 768–814, long after the Visigothic kingdom fell. This reflects later Carolingian influence on Spanish historiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Farmalio' is obscure; it may be a corruption of an Arabic name or a scribal error.","The chronological summary (era 301, 314) is inconsistent with known dates for Alaric I and the Gothic migrations.","The reference to Charles as 'patricius Romæ' is anachronistic and may reflect later interpolation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}