{"slug":"tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1","title":"Scripta Quae Exstant","title_source":"Scripta Quae Exstant","author":"Hadoinudus Cenomanensis Episcopus","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:22:25Z","cost_usd":0.005348},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1383/tmp1383/tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":10,"english_words":2149,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":9652,"commentary_units":59,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":7,"ambiguities":19,"work_notes":4,"external_links":1,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1","abstract":"The 'Scripta Quae Exstant' of Hadoinudus, bishop of Le Mans (c. 832–c. 860), is a collection of writings preserved in a single 11th-century manuscript (Paris, BnF lat. 13090). The work includes disciplinary rulings and pastoral instructions reflecting Carolingian reform. It survives with later corrections and uncorrected scribal errors in proper names and biblical citations. The text was cited by later canonists such as Burchard of Worms but had limited circulation outside the Loire valley. The modern edition reproduces the sole manuscript without collation against lost copies.","historical_context":"Hadoinudus served as bishop of Le Mans from approximately 832 to 860, a period of Carolingian ecclesiastical reform under Louis the Pious and his successors. The work is dated to the mid-9th century based on internal references to contemporary reform efforts. The sole surviving manuscript, copied in the 11th century, likely originated in the Loire valley region. The text's transmission was limited; it was cited by later canonists but never widely copied. The genre is ambiguous, combining elements of episcopal decrees, pastoral letters, and disciplinary canons. The work relates to other Carolingian episcopal writings, such as those of Theodulf of Orléans and Jonas of Orléans, and reflects the broader reform movement's concerns with clerical discipline and moral standards.","significance":"The 'Scripta Quae Exstant' provides rare insight into the pastoral and disciplinary concerns of a mid-9th-century Carolingian bishop. Its citation by Burchard of Worms indicates its influence on later canon law, despite limited manuscript circulation. The work exemplifies the intersection of episcopal authority, reform ideology, and textual transmission in the Carolingian period.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 832–c. 860","event":"Hadoinudus serves as bishop of Le Mans; composes the 'Scripta Quae Exstant'."},{"date":"mid-9th century","event":"Internal references date the work to the Carolingian reform period."},{"date":"11th century","event":"Sole surviving manuscript copied (Paris, BnF lat. 13090)."},{"date":"c. 1000–1025","event":"Burchard of Worms cites the work in his Decretum."},{"date":"17th–18th centuries","event":"Manuscript enters the Bibliothèque nationale de France collection."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Edition published based on the single manuscript, without collation."}],"relations":[{"work":"Decretum of Burchard of Worms","relation":"cited by","key":"wikipedia:Burchard of Worms","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Carolingian episcopal capitularies","relation":"contemporary genre","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Writings of Theodulf of Orléans","relation":"similar reform concerns","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Writings of Jonas of Orléans","relation":"similar reform concerns","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Merovingian and Carolingian diplomatic traditions","relation":"influences form","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Carolingian Empire","label":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire","reason":"Historical context of the work's composition."}],"cautions":["The work's date is based on internal references and is not precisely fixed; mid-9th century is an approximation.","The sole manuscript (11th century) contains later corrections and uncorrected scribal errors, complicating textual reconstruction.","No other witnesses are known; the edition lacks collation against lost copies.","The genre is ambiguous; the work combines elements of episcopal decrees, pastoral letters, and disciplinary canons."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000458,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:22:25Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1383/tmp1383/tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1383.tmp1383.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":10,"translated":10,"commentary_passages":10,"commentary_units":59,"english_words":2149,"source_letters":9652,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in a single manuscript, Paris, BnF lat. 13090, s. XI, with later corrections. No other witness is known.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Hadoinudus was bishop of Le Mans c. 832–c. 860. The work is dated to the mid-9th century on internal references to contemporary Carolingian reform.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work was cited by later canonists (e.g., Burchard of Worms) for its rulings on clerical discipline, but never widely copied outside the Loire valley.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition reproduces the sole manuscript without collation against lost copies. Scribal errors in proper names and biblical citations remain uncorrected.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 10 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"7 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":10},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"SANCTI HADOINDI CENOMANENSIS EPISCOPI SCRIPTA QUAE EXSTANT\n\n[Brequiguy, Diplom., etc., tom. II nov. ed.]\n\nTestamentum Hadoindi Cenomanensis episcopi a· (ann, (642). In nomine Domini Jesu Christi, et Spiritus sancti, octavo Idus Februarii, in anno quinto regnante gloriosissimo Clodoveo rege. Ego Hadoindus, ac si indignus peccator [tametsi peccator], episcopus sanctae Dei Ecclesiae Caenomanis civitatis, sanus, Deo propitio, mente et corpore, sanoque consilio, me· tuens casum humanae fragilitatis, testamentum tradidi, illudque C adulpho diacono scribendum dictavi: quod testamentum meum si quo casu jure civili aut praetorio, vel alicujus novae legis interventu, valere nequiverit, ac si ab intestato ad vicem codicillorum valere id volo ac valeat. Itaque si quando ego Hadoindus, suprascriptus episcopus, ex rebus humanis excessero, ac debitum venturi temporis complevero, tunc tu, sacrosancta Ecclesia venerabilis [Cenomannis], haeres mea esto, haeredemque meam te esse constituo; ita ut aliquid per hoc testamentum meum dedero, legavero, dare jussero, id ut detur [et est datus], fiat, praestetur, fidei tuae, haeres mea, committo.","english":"The Writings of Saint Hadoindus, Bishop of Le Mans, Which Survive\n\n[Brequiguy, Diplom., etc., vol. II, new edition]\n\nThe Testament of Hadoindus, Bishop of Le Mans, in the year (642). In the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and of the Holy Spirit, on the eighth day before the Ides of February, in the fifth year of the reign of the most glorious King Clovis. I, Hadoindus, although an unworthy sinner [though a sinner], bishop of the holy Church of God of the city of Le Mans, being sound, by the grace of God, in mind and body, and of sound counsel, fearing the accident of human frailty, have drawn up a testament and have dictated it to the deacon Cadulphus to be written. If this testament of mine should, by any chance, be invalid by civil or praetorian law, or by the intervention of some new law, I wish it to be valid in place of codicils, as if I had died intestate, and so let it be valid. Therefore, when I, Hadoindus, the above-written bishop, shall have departed from human affairs and fulfilled the debt of the coming time, then you, the venerable and most holy Church [of Le Mans], shall be my heir, and I constitute you as my heir; so that whatever I have given, bequeathed, or ordered to be given by this testament of mine, that it be given [and it has been given], done, and performed, I commit to your trust, my heir.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Testamentum Hadoindi Cenomanensis episcopi","severity":"info","text":"The heading marks the document as a testamentum, a formal will, and the opening protocol follows late Roman and Merovingian diplomatic conventions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"octavo Idus Februarii, in anno quinto regnante gloriosissimo Clodoveo rege","severity":"info","text":"The date formula places the will on 6 February in the fifth year of King Clovis II (sole reign from 639), thus 642, as the editor notes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ac si ab intestato ad vicem codicillorum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase invokes Roman legal categories: ab intestato (dying without a will) and codicilli (informal testamentary codicils), showing the testator's concern for legal validity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"C adulpho diacono","severity":"info","text":"The deacon Cadulphus, named as scribe, is otherwise unknown; his role reflects the clerical administration of episcopal wills in Merovingian Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Brequiguy, Diplom., etc., tom. II nov. ed.","severity":"info","text":"The source note refers to a modern edition by Brequiguy, likely a misprint for Bréquigny, whose Diplomata collection includes Merovingian charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"et est datus","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'et est datus' (and it has been given) in the Latin appears to be a later gloss or scribal insertion, breaking the syntax of the original clause.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise identity of 'Brequiguy' is uncertain; it may refer to the editor Bréquigny or be a scribal error.","The phrase 'et est datus' may be an interpolation, but the manuscript tradition is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Dono tibi, sancta venerabilis Ecclesia Caenomanica, in honore sanctae Mariae, domini Gervasii et Protasii martyrum, villam juris mei, cujus vocabulum vocatur Avesa, quam datis rebus propriis meis comparavi, cum domibus, aedificiis, mancipiis, vineis, sylvis, pratis et pascuis, quantumcunque in eo loco [in ea loca] aspicere videtur, cum colonis, et integro termino suo, ad jus et dominationem [donationem] vestram revocetur, perpetualiter possidendum. Similiter basilicae domni Victurii, ubi ipse dominus requiescere dignoscetur, et, si meruero, inibi sepulturam habere desidero; dono tibi villam nuncupatam Acerveo, quam dato pretio comparavi, cum domibus, mancipiis, vineis, sylvis, pratis et pascuis, exceptis his quos pro animae meae remedio ingenuos fieri praecepi, totum et ad integrum praefata basilica post meum discessum suae potestatis faciat revocare perpetua dominatione possidendum. Ea vero conditione dono sanctae basilicae domni Petri et Pauli apostolorum, quam dominus Berthicrannus, quondam episcopus Caenomanis [ad oppidum Cenomannicae] civitatis, suo opere aedificavit, villam proprietatis meae Iscomodiacum, sitam in pago Bellivi [Belini], quam data pecunia de Ansero [Aussoreno], et genitrice sua comparavi, ut hanc ministri ejusdem post meum transitum teneant, possideant, et futuris facere cui voluerint derelinquant.","english":"I give to you, holy and venerable Church of Le Mans, in honor of Saint Mary, the Lords Gervasius and Protasius, martyrs, a villa of my right, whose name is called Avesa, which I acquired by purchase with my own property, with houses, buildings, slaves, vineyards, woods, meadows and pastures, as much as in that place [in those places] is seen to pertain, with the coloni, and with its entire boundary, to be recalled to your right and dominion [donation], to be possessed in perpetuity. Likewise, to the basilica of the Lord Victurius, where the Lord himself is known to rest, and where, if I merit it, I desire to have my burial; I give to you a villa named Acerveo, which I acquired by purchase for a given price, with houses, slaves, vineyards, woods, meadows and pastures, excepting those whom I have ordered to be made free for the remedy of my soul, the whole and entire the aforesaid basilica, after my departure, shall cause to be recalled to its power, to be possessed in perpetual dominion. And on this condition I give to the holy basilica of the Lords Peter and Paul, apostles, which Lord Berthicrannus, formerly bishop of the city of Le Mans [at the town of the Cenomannic city], built with his own labor, a villa of my property, Iscomodiacum, situated in the pagus of Bellivus [Belinus], which I acquired with money from Anserus [Aussorenus] and his mother, that the ministers of that same basilica, after my passing, may hold, possess, and leave it to whomever they wish to dispose of in the future.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"villa","severity":"info","text":"In Merovingian charters, villa denotes a rural estate or domain, not a town. The term encompasses land, buildings, and dependent workers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"mancipiis","severity":"info","text":"Mancipia refers to slaves or unfree laborers attached to the estate, a standard component of property transfers in this period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Berthicrannus","severity":"info","text":"Berthicrannus (also Bertichramnus) was bishop of Le Mans circa 586–616. The mention of his building the basilica of SS. Peter and Paul provides a chronological anchor for the document.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"pago Bellivi","severity":"info","text":"The pagus Bellivus (or Belinus) is a territorial subdivision in the region of Le Mans, corresponding roughly to the later diocese. Its identification helps locate the donated villa Iscomodiacum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ea vero conditione","severity":"info","text":"This phrase introduces a conditional clause: the gift to the basilica of SS. Peter and Paul is made on the condition that its ministers may freely dispose of the property after the donor's death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"in eo loco [in ea loca]","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition notes a variant reading between singular and plural. The sense is not materially affected: both refer to the extent of the estate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise location of Avesa, Acerveo, and Iscomodiacum is not specified in the text.","The phrase 'datis rebus propriis meis' could mean either 'with my own property given' or 'with my own things given as payment'; the translation takes it as purchase."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Similiter dono ipsi basilicae domni Petri et Pauli apostolorum, villas quibus nomina sunt Taudiniaco, Martiniaco, quam Lupus quondam per meum beneficium tenere visus fuit: hoc supradicta basilica, post meum [nostrum] discessum, cum omni integritate, quod ad ipsas villas aspicere videtur, ministri nostri jam dictae basilicae de praesenti percipiant dominandum. Simili modo dono basilicae domni Vincentii martyris, quam Domnolus, sanctae recordationis episcopus, suo labore construxit, villam juris mei Pratellus, cum omni integritate, quantumcunque mihi [inibi] Domnola visa fuit habuisse. Similiter dono basilicae domnae et sanctae Mariae Auriono [Aureonno] vicum, quem Agobertus abbas Diablentis [Dixiagens] simul aedificavit, et Jona villam, quae fuit Sigulphi presbyteri, et quam fidelis noster Chaddo per nostrum beneficium habere videtur. Pariter et mansionem ad prope ipsam Jona, quam Lupus quondam tenere visus fuit, ipsi Chaddoni volumus esse concessam: si tamen habuerit filios, in eorum permaneat potestate; et siquidem filios non habuerit, post suum transitum, ad jus et dominationem domnae Mariae de Aureonensi vico revertatur [revertatur perpetuis temporibus dominandum].","english":"Similarly, I give to the same basilica of the Lords Peter and Paul, apostles, the villas whose names are Taudiniacus and Martiniacus, which Lupus, formerly, was seen to hold through my benefice: this aforementioned basilica, after my [our] departure, with all integrity, which is seen to pertain to those villas, our ministers of the said basilica are to receive from the present time for the purpose of ruling. In like manner, I give to the basilica of the Lord Vincentius the martyr, which Domnolus, bishop of holy memory, built by his own labor, the villa of my right called Pratellus, with all integrity, as much as Domnola was seen to have had there for me. Similarly, I give to the basilica of Our Lady and Saint Mary the vicus of Auriono [Aureonno], which Agobertus, abbot of Diablentis [Dixiagens], built together, and the villa of Jona, which belonged to Sigulphus the priest, and which our faithful Chaddo is seen to have through our benefice. Likewise, the dwelling near that same Jona, which Lupus formerly was seen to hold, we wish to be granted to that same Chaddo: if, however, he should have children, it shall remain in their power; and if he should not have children, after his passing, it shall revert to the right and dominion of Our Lady Mary of the vicus of Aureonno [to be ruled in perpetuity].","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Taudiniaco, Martiniaco","severity":"info","text":"These place names likely refer to estates or settlements, possibly modern Taudigny and Martigny, but their exact identification remains uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Domnolus, sanctae recordationis episcopus","severity":"info","text":"Domnolus was a 6th-century bishop of Le Mans, known for founding the basilica of Saint Vincentius. His mention here provides a chronological anchor for the donation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pratellus","severity":"info","text":"Pratellus, meaning 'little meadow' in Latin, is a villa name. The text notes it was acquired from Domnola, possibly a female relative or donor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Similiter dono ... Simili modo dono ... Similiter dono","severity":"info","text":"The repeated 'Similiter' and 'Simili modo' structure the passage as a series of parallel donations, each to a different basilica, emphasizing the systematic nature of the grant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Auriono [Aureonno] vicum","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym 'Auriono' or 'Aureonno' is uncertain; it may refer to a vicus (settlement) near Le Mans, but its exact location is not securely identified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaddo","severity":"info","text":"Chaddo, a 'fidelis noster' (our faithful), receives a dwelling with a reversion clause to Saint Mary's basilica if he dies without heirs, reflecting early medieval property law and ecclesiastical patronage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact locations of Taudiniacus, Martiniacus, Pratellus, and Auriono/Aureonno are uncertain. The text's variant readings (e.g., 'Auriono [Aureonno]') indicate manuscript uncertainty. The relationship between Domnola and Domnolus is unclear; Domnola may be a female relative or a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Similiter villa Lastemarico [Lastemariaco], quam ex munificentia nostra ipse fideli Caddoni defensori [ipsius fidele nostro Caddono defensore] nostro concessimus, voluntas mea est, ut, dum advixerit, hoc usu possideat; post ejus vero discessum, cum omni re meliorata vel superposita, sanctae basilicae de Aureonensi vico revertatur. Similiter et Pauliaco qui fuit Roccoleno [Roccoleno partis] jam dictae basilicae domnae Mariae ejusque temporibus possidere decernimus. Itemque villam Baudiacam quam ex comparatione et nostris directis actionibus [villa Baudriacae ex comparatione legitimas nostras directionibus] revocavimus, cum terris, domibus, mancipiis, sylvis, pratis et pascuis, acolisque omnibus, et integro termino, praefatae sanctae Mariae basilicae, ejusque ministri in perpetuum a die praesente jure suo recipiant. Simul villa Briaco, quae est ad oppidum [et villa Driaco, ad oppidum] ipsius basilicae cum colonia Hamarico quam antefatae sanctae Mariae ecclesiae donavi, ad interveniendum pro nostris peccatis [Colonica Cameriaco, antefatae sanctae basilicae sanctae Mariae pro nostra interveniendum peccata]. Similiter Tusciaco, qui fuit Dondulfo, et iter quod cum Edeberto commutavimus [Ausciaco qui fuit Dructulfo, et hoc quod de Edeberto commutavimus, volo esse donatum.","english":"Likewise, the villa Lastemarico [Lastemariaco], which from our generosity we ourselves granted to our faithful defender Caddo [ipsius fidele nostro Caddono defensore], it is my will that, as long as he lives, he possess it in usufruct; after his departure, however, with everything improved or added, it shall return to the holy basilica of the Aureonensian vicus. Likewise, we decree that Pauliaco, which belonged to Roccoleno [Roccoleno partis], be possessed in its time by the aforementioned basilica of Lady Mary. And likewise, the villa Baudiacam, which we recovered by purchase and by our direct actions [villa Baudriacae ex comparatione legitimas nostras directionibus], with lands, houses, slaves, woods, meadows and pastures, and all appurtenances, and its entire boundary, the aforesaid holy basilica of Saint Mary and its minister shall receive into their right in perpetuity from the present day. Together, the villa Briaco, which is at the oppidum [and the villa Driaco, at the oppidum] of that same basilica, with the colonia Hamarico, which I donated to the aforementioned holy church of Saint Mary, for intercession for our sins [Colonica Cameriaco, to the aforementioned holy basilica of Saint Mary for intercession for our sins]. Likewise, Tusciaco, which belonged to Dondulf, and the road which we exchanged with Edebert [Ausciaco which belonged to Dructulf, and that which we exchanged with Edebert, I wish to be donated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lastemarico [Lastemariaco]","severity":"info","text":"The villa name appears in two forms; the bracketed variant may reflect a scribal correction or a different manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Caddoni defensori [ipsius fidele nostro Caddono defensore]","severity":"info","text":"The Latin text has a case shift: 'Caddoni defensori' (dative) vs. 'ipsius fidele nostro Caddono defensore' (ablative). This suggests textual corruption or a later insertion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Aureonensi vico","severity":"info","text":"Aureonensian vicus likely refers to a settlement in the diocese of Le Mans (Cenomanensis), possibly modern-day Orne or Sarthe region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"basilicae domnae Mariae","severity":"info","text":"The basilica of Saint Mary is a recurring recipient in this will, indicating a major ecclesiastical foundation in the Le Mans area.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"villa Briaco ... et villa Driaco","severity":"caution","text":"The text alternates between 'Briaco' and 'Driaco'; this may be a scribal error or two distinct villas. The English draft treats them as alternatives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Colonica Hamarico [Colonica Cameriaco]","severity":"caution","text":"The name of the colonia varies between 'Hamarico' and 'Cameriaco', likely due to manuscript corruption or different readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of several villas (Lastemarico, Pauliaco, Baudiacam, Briaco/Driaco, Tusciaco/Ausciaco) is uncertain due to variant spellings and lack of modern identification.","The phrase 'ipsius fidele nostro Caddono defensore' may be a later gloss or a corrupted reading; the intended case is unclear.","The relationship between 'Briaco' and 'Driaco' is ambiguous: they may be the same villa with a scribal error, or two separate properties."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Similiter Auliaco, et castra similiter, et villam Cometas, quam de illustri matrona Modenana, data nostra pecunia, comparavimus, cum domibus, aedificiis, terris, mancipiis, sylvis ac pascuis, basilicae domnae Mariae de Aureonensi vico conscribimus, cum Appiaco colonia. Simili modo villam de Frigido Fonte cum omni integritate, id aspicientibus et pertinentibus scilicet omnibus [vel aspicientes ad se pertinentes, cum omnibus] aedificiis, mancipiis, accolis, servis et ingenuis, sylvis, terris, vineis, pratis et pascuis, aquis et aquarum decursibus, et a re in hac quaesita sanctae basilicae domnae Mariae volo esse donatam, ut pro nostris interveniat peccatis, et Dominus noster Jesus delictis nostris veniam concedere dignetur [omni re inexquisita, ut a die praesente antefactae sanctae basilicae domnae Mariae pro nostra intervenienda peccata, ut Dominus noster Jesus Christus quantitate nostris delictis concedere dignetur, illuc esse proficiendum]. Similiter et Vernicellae cum omni jure suo et termino vel coloniis [colonica] ad se pertinentibus, ad ipsam sanctam basilicam proficiat in perpetuum.","english":"Similarly, Auliaco, and likewise the fortifications, and the villa Cometas, which we purchased from the illustrious matron Modenana with our own money, together with the houses, buildings, lands, slaves, forests, and pastures, we assign to the basilica of Our Lady of the Aureonensian district, along with the colony of Appiaco. In like manner, the villa of Frigidus Fons, with all its entirety, that is, all things looking to and pertaining to it [or: all things looking to it and pertaining to it, with all] buildings, slaves, inhabitants, serfs and freemen, forests, lands, vineyards, meadows and pastures, waters and watercourses, and everything else sought therein, I wish to be given to the holy basilica of Our Lady, so that she may intercede for our sins, and that our Lord Jesus may deign to grant pardon for our offenses [everything unsearched, so that from the present day it may be applied to the aforementioned holy basilica of Our Lady for the intercession of our sins, that our Lord Jesus Christ may deign to grant pardon for the magnitude of our offenses, to be applied there]. Likewise also Vernicellae, with all its right and boundary, and the colonies [colonica] pertaining to it, shall benefit that same holy basilica in perpetuity.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Auliaco","severity":"info","text":"Auliaco is a place-name, likely a villa or estate, distinct from the preceding Pauliaco. The text lists it alongside castra and villam Cometas as properties assigned to the basilica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"castra","severity":"info","text":"Castra (fortifications) here likely refers to fortified settlements or military posts, not just a single structure. The plural suggests multiple such sites are included in the donation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"basilicae domnae Mariae de Aureonensi vico","severity":"info","text":"The basilica of Our Lady in the Aureonensian district (vicus) is a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, likely in or near Le Mans (Cenomanum). This reflects the early medieval practice of endowing local churches with land.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Similiter ... Simili modo ... Similiter et","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses a repetitive structure (Similiter, Simili modo, Similiter et) to introduce three distinct donations: Auliaco with castra and Cometas, Frigidus Fons, and Vernicellae. This formulaic pattern is typical of early medieval charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"bracketed text","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin includes variant readings in brackets (e.g., 'vel aspicientes ad se pertinentes, cum omnibus' and 'omni re inexquisita ... illuc esse proficiendum'), indicating textual uncertainty or scribal alternatives in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"pro nostris interveniat peccatis","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'intercede for our sins' reflects the early medieval theology of intercession, where donations to churches were made to secure prayers for the donor's soul. This is a common motive in Merovingian charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact location of Auliaco, Cometas, Appiaco, Frigidus Fons, and Vernicellae is uncertain; they are likely estates in the region of Le Mans.","The phrase 'a re in hac quaesita' (or 'omni re inexquisita') is ambiguous: it may mean 'everything sought therein' or 'everything unsearched,' affecting the scope of the donation.","The relationship between the bracketed variants and the main text is unclear; they may represent alternative readings or later interpolations."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Et si aliquis exinde epistolam quasi a nobis factam protulerit, vacua ac inanis permaneat; et ita nobis convenit ut superius inthimare, ut unicuique facta nostra de propinquis aut haeredibus nostris chartam aliquam, quamvis bonorum hominum manu roboratam, ut cupiditas suadet, protulerit, vacua et inanis permaneat, et illam maledictionem percipiat, ut superius est comprehensum. Villam Fontanas in pago Sylviasinensi filius et parens noster Bodilo, dum superstes fuerit, locellum illum tempore vitae suae teneat ac possideat. In Christi nomine, Hadoindus, etsi peccator, episcopus, hoc testamentum quod ex devotione rogavi [fieri rogavi] relegi et subscripsi. Rosindus [Rensidus] subscripsi. Berteghiselus subscripsi. Marsus subscripsi. Auffrebertus [Austribertus] subscripsi. Sigrannus [Seighrannus] subscripsi. Audobertus subscripsi. Cadulphus, ordinante domno Hadouindo episcopo, hoc testamentum redditus, scripsi et subscripsi.","english":"And if anyone thereafter produces a letter as if made by us, it shall remain void and invalid; and it is agreed among us, as we have indicated above, that if anyone, whether our relative or heir, produces any document concerning our deeds, even if it is confirmed by the hand of good men, as greed may suggest, it shall remain void and invalid, and he shall incur that curse which is set forth above. The villa Fontanas in the pagus Sylviasinensis, our son and kinsman Bodilo, as long as he shall survive, shall hold and possess that little place for the term of his life. In the name of Christ, I, Hadoindus, though a sinner, bishop, have had this testament, which I requested out of devotion, read over and subscribed. Rosindus subscribed. Berteghiselus subscribed. Marsus subscribed. Auffrebertus subscribed. Sigrannus subscribed. Audobertus subscribed. I, Cadulphus, at the direction of the lord bishop Hadoindus, wrote and subscribed this testament of revenues.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"epistolam quasi a nobis factam protulerit","severity":"info","text":"The clause voids any letter purportedly from the bishop, a standard protection against forged documents in early medieval testaments.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"villa Fontanas","severity":"info","text":"Villa Fontanas is a named estate in the pagus Sylviasinensis, likely the region of Sélestat in Alsace, granted to Bodilo for life.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"filius et parens noster Bodilo","severity":"info","text":"Bodilo is called both son and kinsman, possibly a natural son or a close relative; parens can mean parent or relative, but here likely 'kinsman'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"subscription list","severity":"info","text":"The list of subscribers (Rosindus, Berteghiselus, etc.) and the scribe Cadulphus follow the dispositive section, confirming the testament's formal execution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Hadoindus episcopus","severity":"info","text":"Hadoindus (also Hadouin) was bishop of Le Mans in the 7th century; this testament is preserved in the cartulary of the cathedral, reflecting its legal and liturgical use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"redditus","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'hoc testamentum redditus' is ambiguous: redditus may mean 'revenues' (as translated) or be a scribal error for 'redditus' (rendered) or 'reditus' (returned).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship of Bodilo to Hadoindus (son or kinsman) is ambiguous; the text uses both filius and parens, which may indicate a natural son or a close relative.","The term redditus in the scribal subscription is unclear: it may mean 'revenues' or be a corruption of a legal formula."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Magnificis a in Christo, et sancte Ecclesiae filio Badiloni et Andranno Hadouindus episcopus, rogo et supplico charitati vestrae, ut cum me Dominus et omnium creator de hoc saeculo migrare praeceperit, Caenomanis iter [ire] faciatis, et ibi testamentum meum, cum apertum fuerit vobis persequentibus apudque publica gestis [gesta] municipalibus faciatis allegare [alligare], et quod unicuique per ipsum testamentum sanctis civibus vel propinquis meis visus [seu fidelibus visus] sum delegasse, vestra dispensatione unusquisque juxta ipsam delegationem percipere valeat. Et quidquid exinde egeritis, ratum et firmissimum debeat permanere: quod mandatum manu nostra firmavimus, et petimus muniendum. (Actum Caenomanis civitati; in Christi nomine, amen. Hadoindus, etsi peccator, episcopus, hoc mandatum relegi et subscripsi. Rosindus [Rensindus] subscripsi. Bertigheselus subscripsi. Marsus subscripsi. Auffrebertus [Audo subscripsi. Austrebertus] subscripsi. Audebertus subscripsi [desunt]. Deffensor subscripsi. Ursimannus subscripsi [desunt]. Sirannus subscripsi [deest]. Cadulphus diaconus, ordinante domino Hadoindo episcopo, hoc mandatum scripsi et subscripsi.)","english":"To the magnificent sons in Christ and of holy Church, Badilo and Andramnus, Hadouin, bishop: I ask and beseech your charity that, when the Lord and creator of all has commanded me to depart from this world, you should make your way to Le Mans, and there, with you pursuing it and before the municipal public records, have my testament, when it has been opened, attached, and that each one, whether the holy citizens or my relatives or faithful to whom I am seen to have bequeathed something through that same testament, may, by your dispensation, receive according to that bequest. And whatever you may do thereafter shall remain ratified and most firm. This mandate we have confirmed with our hand, and we ask that it be fortified. (Done in the city of Le Mans; in the name of Christ, amen. I, Hadouin, though a sinner, bishop, have read again and subscribed this mandate. Rosindus subscribed. Bertigheselus subscribed. Marsus subscribed. Auffrebertus subscribed. Austrebertus subscribed. Audebertus subscribed. Deffensor subscribed. Ursimannus subscribed. Sirannus subscribed. Cadulphus, deacon, by order of the lord bishop Hadouin, wrote and subscribed this mandate.)","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Magnificis a in Christo, et sancte Ecclesiae filio Badiloni et Andranno","severity":"info","text":"The salutation addresses Badilo and Andramnus as 'magnificent sons in Christ and of holy Church,' a formula typical of episcopal letters in the early medieval West, emphasizing their ecclesiastical status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Caenomanis","severity":"info","text":"Caenomanis is the Latin name for Le Mans, the see of Bishop Hadouin (Hadoindus). The city was a significant ecclesiastical center in Neustria during the Merovingian period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"mandatum","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a formal mandate (mandatum) for the execution of a testament after the bishop's death, followed by a subscription list of witnesses, a common structure in early medieval legal documents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Auffrebertus [Audo subscripsi. Austrebertus]","severity":"caution","text":"The subscription list contains bracketed variants and lacunae (e.g., 'Auffrebertus [Audo subscripsi. Austrebertus]'), indicating textual corruption or multiple manuscript traditions in the transmission of this document.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"testamentum meum","severity":"info","text":"The testamentum (will) is to be opened and attached to municipal records, reflecting the intersection of ecclesiastical and civic legal practices in early medieval Gaul, where bishops often relied on public authorities to validate their bequests.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of Badilo and Andramnus is unclear; they may be lay or clerical officials. The phrase 'Auffrebertus [Audo subscripsi. Austrebertus]' suggests possible scribal confusion or multiple names in the subscription list."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"II.\n\nCharta qua Sigrannus recognoscit se tenere monasterium Anisolense ab Hadoindo, episcopo Cenomanensi, jure usufructuario, et sub certe censu (ann. 637).\n\nDomino sancto ac venerabile sede apostolico Hadoindo, Cenomannicae urbis episcopo, una cum ipsa congregatione ex ipsa urbe consistente, ego in Dei nomine Sigrannus, indignus sacerdos atque monachus, precator a vobis accedo. Dum et mea fuit petitio et vestra decrevit voluntas, ut illud monasteriolum, quod est constructum in honore sancti Petri et sancti Martini, et est situs in terraturio sanctae Mariae Dei genitricis, vel sanctorum martyrum Gervasii et Protasii, matris et Cenomannis civitatis senioris ecclesiae, in pago Cenomannico, in loco quodam quae ab antiquis dicebatur Casa-Gaiano, super fluvium Anisolae, quod, secundum nomen ipsius fluminis, nuncupatur Anisola, ubi domnus Turibius, ejusdem parochiae pontifex dudum in rebus senioris et matris civitatis ecclesiae cui praesidebat, ecclesiam in honore sancti Petri principis apostolorum fecerat, quae tamen destructa propter imminentes vastationes fuerat, sed adhuc de ipsis maceriis aliqua pars ibi erat, quando domnus Karilefus, per licentiam et deprecationem atque adjutorium dom.","english":"II.\n\nCharter by which Sigrannus acknowledges that he holds the monastery of Anisola from Hadoin, bishop of Le Mans, by usufructuary right, and under a certain rent (year 637).\n\nTo the holy lord and venerable apostolic see, Hadoin, bishop of the city of Le Mans, together with the congregation itself dwelling in that city, I, Sigrannus, an unworthy priest and monk, approach you as a suppliant. Since it was both my petition and your will decreed it, that little monastery which is built in honor of Saint Peter and Saint Martin, and is situated in the territory of holy Mary, Mother of God, and of the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, of the mother and senior church of the city of Le Mans, in the district of Le Mans, in a place which from ancient times was called Casa-Gaiano, on the river Anisola, which, according to the name of that river, is called Anisola, where lord Turibius, formerly bishop of that same parish, had built a church in honor of Saint Peter, prince of the apostles, on the properties of the senior and mother church of the city over which he presided, which church, however, had been destroyed on account of impending devastations, but some part of those walls still remained there, when lord Karilefus, by permission and entreaty and assistance of the lord...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Charta qua Sigrannus recognoscit se tenere monasterium Anisolense ab Hadoindo, episcopo Cenomanensi, jure usufructuario, et sub certe censu (ann. 637)","severity":"info","text":"The heading identifies this as a charter of recognition (recognoscit) by Sigrannus, not a donation; the legal form is a precarial grant, where the holder acknowledges the bishop's ownership and his own usufructuary right under a fixed rent (sub certe censu).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"precator","severity":"info","text":"The term precator (suppliant) signals the legal posture of a precarial grant: the holder petitions (precator a vobis accedo) and receives the property as a precaria, a conditional tenure revocable at the grantor's will, common in early medieval ecclesiastical land management.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"monasteriolum ... constructum in honore sancti Petri et sancti Martini","severity":"info","text":"The monastery is dedicated to Saints Peter and Martin, a typical dual dedication in Merovingian Gaul. The site, called Casa-Gaiano on the river Anisola, is identified with modern Anisole (Sarthe), near Le Mans.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"domnus Turibius, ejusdem parochiae pontifex","severity":"info","text":"Bishop Turibius (Turibius) is otherwise unattested; the charter claims he built the original church on the cathedral's property. The reference to 'impending devastations' (imminentes vastationes) may reflect the instability of the late 6th or early 7th century in Neustria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ann. 637","severity":"info","text":"The date 637 is given in the heading, placing this charter in the episcopate of Hadoin (Hadoindus), who was bishop of Le Mans from c. 623 to 653. This is consistent with the reign of Dagobert I (629–639).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"domnus Karilefus","severity":"caution","text":"The text breaks off after mentioning lord Karilefus (Karilefus), likely a local magnate or abbot who facilitated the monastery's restoration. The fragmentary transmission of this charter (from the cartulary of Saint-Vincent du Mans) leaves the full terms of the grant unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The charter breaks off before completing the description of Karilefus's role; the precise terms of the usufructuary grant (census amount, duration) are not preserved in this excerpt.","The identity of Bishop Turibius is uncertain; he may be a local bishop of Le Mans otherwise unrecorded, or a textual corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Innocenti episcopi, in jam dicta terra sanctae Mariae et sanctorum martyrum Gervasii et Protasii, ex rebus ipsius et aliorum bonorum virorum aedificavit, per vestrum beneficium, sub usufructuario ordine, tempore vitae meae, cum omnes res ad se pertinentes vel aspicientes, inibi tenere permisistis, et censivi annis singulis ad matrem civitatis ecclesiam persolvere vel ejusque pontificibus atque rectoribus, id est, ad lumen ecclesiae, de cera libras IIII, et ad opus episcopi cambutta una, et subtalares II, et ad opus canonicorum inibi Deo degentium buticulas duas paratas, plenas de vino optimo, et in coena Domini plenum modium de ovis; et si negligens aut tardus de ipso censo apparuero, fidem exinde faciam, et ipsum monasteriolum tempore vitae meae non perdam; et alicubi nec vendere, nec alienare pontificium non habeam, nisi sub jure et potestate ac dominatione sanctae Mariae et sanctorum martyrum Gervasii et Protasii, vel eorum pontificibus atque rectoribus permaneat. Et post meum quoque jubente de hac luce discessum, cum omni re emeliorata vel supraposita, absque ullius judicis consignatione aut heredum nostrorum contradictione, jam dictum monasteriolum cum omni integritate, et res ad se aspicientes vel pertinentes, vos aut rectores successoresque vestros in vestram faciatis revocare potestatem vel dominationem.","english":"Of Innocent the bishop, on the already mentioned land of holy Mary and the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, from his own resources and those of other good men, I built, by your benefice, under a usufructuary arrangement, for the term of my life, you permitted me to hold there all things pertaining or belonging to it, and to pay a census each year to the mother church of the city or to its pontiffs and rectors, that is, for the lighting of the church, four pounds of wax, and for the use of the bishop one cambutta and two subtalares, and for the use of the canons living there in God's service two prepared buticulae, full of the best wine, and on the Lord's Supper a full modius of eggs; and if I should appear negligent or tardy regarding this census, I shall give surety for it, and I shall not lose that little monastery during my lifetime; and I shall have no right to sell or alienate it anywhere, except that it shall remain under the right and power and dominion of holy Mary and the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, or of their pontiffs and rectors. And after my departure from this light, at God's command, with everything improved or added, without any judge's consignment or contradiction from our heirs, you or your rectors and successors shall cause the aforesaid little monastery, with all its integrity and the things pertaining or belonging to it, to be recalled into your power or dominion.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"cambutta","severity":"info","text":"A cambutta is a type of staff or crozier, likely a pastoral staff symbolizing episcopal authority. The term is rare and may be a loanword from Celtic or Germanic languages.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"subtalares","severity":"info","text":"Subtalares are sandals or slippers, likely liturgical footwear for the bishop. The term appears in early medieval inventories of episcopal vestments.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"buticulas","severity":"info","text":"Buticula (diminutive of buttis) is a small cask or bottle for wine. Here it denotes a measure of wine for the canons' use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"modium de ovis","severity":"info","text":"A modius is a Roman dry measure, roughly 8.7 liters. A full modius of eggs (about 130–150 eggs) was a substantial Eastertide payment, reflecting the importance of the coena Domini (Maundy Thursday) feast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"et si negligens aut tardus","severity":"info","text":"This clause introduces a penalty for default: the grantor must give surety (fidem facere) but does not forfeit the monastery during his lifetime. It is a standard protective clause in early medieval usufruct charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Innocenti episcopi","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Innocenti episcopi' is grammatically ambiguous: it could be a genitive ('of Bishop Innocent') or a dative ('to Bishop Innocent'). The translation takes it as genitive, referring to the bishop who built the church on the land.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Bishop Innocent is uncertain; he may be a predecessor of Hadoin or a local bishop not otherwise attested.","The phrase 'in jam dicta terra sanctae Mariae' could mean the land already belongs to the church of St. Mary, or that it is the same land mentioned earlier in the charter (now lost)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Et ut haec precariae uno tenore conscriptae, una quae in thesauro civitatis ecclesiae recondita sit, et alia quam ego Sigrannus a vobis accepero, firmiorem obtineant vigorem, manus nostras proprias subterfirmavimus, et bonorum virorum decrevimus roborare. Actum Cenomannis civitate publica. Data VIII Idus Aprilis c, anno XXXI regnante Dagoberto rege. Ego Hadoindus quamvis indignus episcopus, hanc precariam a me factam subscripsi. Wistremandus abbas subscripsi. Oduluvinus presbyter subscripsi. Bernericus, indignus abbas, subscripsi. Winetharius presbyter subscripsi. Adamalgandus diaconus subscripsi. Danihel presbyter subseripsi. Helenus presbyter subscripsi. Erigandus diaconus subscripsi. Ebrenus presbyter subscripsi. Landricus diaconus subscripsi. Emmo presbyter subscripsi. Albo diaconus subscripsi. Herifredus presbyter subscripsi. Besto presbyter subscripsi. Urso diaconus subscripsi. Signum Landohic advocato.","english":"And so that these precariae, written in a single tenor—one to be deposited in the treasury of the city church, and the other which I, Sigrannus, have received from you—may obtain greater force, we have signed them below with our own hands and have determined to strengthen them with the subscriptions of good men. Done publicly in the city of Le Mans. Given on the eighth day before the Ides of April, in the thirty-first year of the reign of King Dagobert. I, Hadoindus, though an unworthy bishop, have subscribed this precaria made by me. Wistremandus, abbot, subscribed. Oduluvinus, priest, subscribed. Bernericus, unworthy abbot, subscribed. Winetharius, priest, subscribed. Adamalgandus, deacon, subscribed. Danihel, priest, subscribed. Helenus, priest, subscribed. Erigandus, deacon, subscribed. Ebrenus, priest, subscribed. Landricus, deacon, subscribed. Emmo, priest, subscribed. Albo, deacon, subscribed. Herifredus, priest, subscribed. Besto, priest, subscribed. Urso, deacon, subscribed. The mark of Landohic, advocate.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"precariae","severity":"info","text":"A precaria was a conditional land grant, often for life, in return for a census (rent) and recognition of the grantor's ownership. Here it is a formal written instrument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"subscription list","severity":"info","text":"The list of subscribers (bishop, abbots, priests, deacons, and an advocate) serves as a witness protocol, authenticating the document. The final 'Signum' indicates a mark by a lay advocate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII Idus Aprilis c, anno XXXI regnante Dagoberto rege","severity":"info","text":"The date corresponds to 6 April in the 31st year of King Dagobert I (c. 629–639). This places the document in the early 7th century, during the Merovingian period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cenomannis civitate publica","severity":"info","text":"Cenomannum is the Latin name for Le Mans, a city in northwestern France. The phrase 'publica' indicates the act was performed in a public setting, likely the city forum or church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Hadoindus episcopus","severity":"info","text":"Bishop Hadoindus (also Hadoin) of Le Mans is known from other Merovingian charters. His self-description as 'indignus' is a conventional humility formula, not a statement of unworthiness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"subseripsi","severity":"caution","text":"The spelling 'subseripsi' for 'subscripsi' is a scribal error or variant. It does not affect the legal meaning but indicates non-classical orthography common in Merovingian documents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Sigrannus' (the recipient of the second precaria) is not further specified; he may be a layperson or cleric. The phrase 'a vobis accepero' suggests the document is addressed to a plural authority, likely the bishop and chapter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}