{"slug":"tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1","title":"Charta Qua Lonegisilus Monasteriolum A Se Conditum Ac Quidquid Acquisivit","title_source":"Charta Qua Lonegisilus Monasteriolum A Se Conditum Ac Quidquid Acquisivit","author":"Chlotarius II Francorum Rex","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:31:33Z","cost_usd":0.006994},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1379/tmp1379/tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":15,"english_words":3091,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":13072,"commentary_units":84,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":24,"work_notes":4,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Charta Qua Lonegisilus Monasteriolum A Se Conditum Ac Quidquid Acquisivit is a Merovingian royal diploma issued by King Chlotarius II (r. 584–629) confirming the foundation of the monastery of Monasteriolum by Lonegisilus, an Alemannian noble who renounced military life. The charter grants all property acquired for the monastery. Surviving only in later copies, the text lacks a precise date and diplomatic apparatus. It reflects early 7th-century Frankish monastic patronage, episcopal oversight (Bishop Hadoindus of Le Mans), and the conversion dynamics of the period. The edition provides no manuscript source or critical transcription, limiting verification.","historical_context":"The charter belongs to the Merovingian period in early 7th-century Gaul, likely within the diocese of Le Mans (pago Cenomanico). Chlotarius II, sole king of the Franks from 613, issued diplomas to secure monastic foundations and royal patronage. Lonegisilus, a Frankish or Alemannic noble, rejected military service to found a cellula (small monastery) at Monasteriolum, a pattern common in the conversion-era aristocracy. The text survives only in later copies; the original is lost. The edition does not specify the earliest manuscript witness or provide a diplomatic transcription, so the textual tradition remains unclear. The charter's spiritual preamble (arenga) and first-person narrative are typical of early medieval donation charters.","significance":"This charter illustrates the intersection of royal authority, aristocratic conversion, and monastic foundation in Merovingian Gaul. It provides evidence for the spread of monasticism among the Frankish and Alemannic elites, the role of bishops like Hadoindus in overseeing new foundations, and the diplomatic practices of Chlotarius II. The text is a rare witness to the personal conversion narrative of a lay noble, embedded in a legal document.","timeline":[{"date":"584–629","event":"Reign of Chlotarius II, king of the Franks."},{"date":"early 7th c.","event":"Probable date of the charter, though precise year unknown."},{"date":"ca. 625","event":"Hadoindus serves as bishop of Le Mans, receiving the donation."},{"date":"7th c.","event":"Monasteriolum founded by Lonegisilus."},{"date":"unknown","event":"Original charter lost; survives only in later copies."}],"relations":[{"work":"Chlotarius II","relation":"Issuer of the royal diploma confirming the foundation.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Lonegisilus","relation":"Donor and founder of Monasteriolum, described as an Alemannian noble.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Hadoindus (bishop of Le Mans)","relation":"Recipient of the donation, representing episcopal oversight.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Monasteriolum","relation":"The small monastery founded by Lonegisilus.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Merovingian diplomatic charters","relation":"Genre and diplomatic context; typical royal diploma with spiritual preamble.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The precise date of the charter is unknown; only the reign of Chlotarius II (584–629) provides a terminus.","The text survives only in later copies; the original is lost, and the earliest manuscript witness is not specified.","The edition lacks a diplomatic transcription or apparatus criticus, so the text cannot be verified against the manuscript tradition.","The location of Vico Busiaco and Monasteriolum is not securely identified; the identification with the diocese of Le Mans is plausible but not certain."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000442,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:31:32Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1379/tmp1379/tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1379.tmp1379.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":15,"translated":15,"commentary_passages":15,"commentary_units":84,"english_words":3091,"source_letters":13072,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Chlotarius II confirms the foundation of the monastery of Monasteriolum by Lonegisilus and grants all property acquired. The charter is a royal diploma typical of Merovingian diplomatic practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Chlotarius II reigned 584–629. The charter likely dates to the early 7th century, but the precise year is not given in the text. The edition provides no external dating evidence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text survives only in later copies; the original is lost. The edition does not specify the manuscript source or the date of the earliest witness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include a diplomatic transcription or apparatus criticus. Readers cannot verify the text against the manuscript tradition from the information provided.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 15 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":15},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"APPENDIX.\n\n(Brequiguy, Diplom., tom. I.)\n\nCharta qua Lonegisilus monasteriolum a se conditum in vico Busiaco ac quidquid acquisivit aut acquirere poterit, Hadoindo, Cenomanensi episcopo, et ejus Ecclesiae, donat a (Ann. 625)\n\nIn nomine Dei et Domini nostri Jesu Chris i ac Spiritus sancti. Oportet unicuique homini diem obitus sui bonis operibus praeparare, ne eum sine fructu boni operis ultima suae vitae dies imparatum reperiat. Idcirco ego in Dei nomine Lonegisilus, indignus sacerdos, et quamvis non opere, volu.state tamen monachus, pertractans casum fragilitatis humanae, relinquens solum Alamanniae patriae meae, parentesque meos nobiles et divites, qui gentiliter vivere me cogebant, et militae regali me conjungebant, atque in annis exercebant, et a Christi militia me subtrahebant, et diis mortalibus me servire exhortabant; sed, ut credo, inspiratione divina eos respuebam, quia vana mihi videbantur, et omnipotenti Deo me sociare curabam. Coepi tunc quaerere Christianos, ut ab eis discerem qualiter agerem, a quibus litteris instructus et baptizatus, Christianus effectus sum. Postea vero coepi loca sanctorum et monasteria frequentare, et quaerere loca ubi aliquam cellulam aedificare potuissem. Taliter, Domino ducente, perveni in pago C(??)nomannico, ubi a domno Hadoindo domino meo amabiliter sum susceptus.","english":"APPENDIX.\n\n(Brequiguy, Diplom., vol. I)\n\nCharter by which Lonegisilus donates to Hadoindus, Bishop of Le Mans, and to his Church, the little monastery he founded in the vicus of Busiacus, as well as everything he has acquired or may acquire (Year 625)\n\nIn the name of God and of our Lord Jesus Christ and of the Holy Spirit. It is fitting for every man to prepare for the day of his death with good works, lest the last day of his life find him unprepared, without the fruit of good work. Therefore, I, Lonegisilus, an unworthy priest, and, though not in deed, yet in will a monk, considering the case of human frailty, leaving behind the land of my native Alemannia and my noble and wealthy kinsmen, who compelled me to live in a worldly manner and bound me to the royal military service, and exercised me in arms, and drew me away from the service of Christ, and urged me to serve mortal gods; but, as I believe, by divine inspiration I rejected them, because they seemed vain to me, and I took care to join myself to the almighty God. I then began to seek out Christians, so that I might learn from them how I should act; instructed by them in letters and baptized, I became a Christian. Afterwards, I began to frequent the places of the saints and monasteries, and to seek places where I might build some small cell. Thus, with the Lord leading, I arrived in the territory of Le Mans, where I was kindly received by my lord Hadoindus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Lonegisilus","severity":"info","text":"Lonegisilus is a Frankish or Alemannic name; the donor's self-description as an Alemannian noble who rejected military service for monastic life reflects the 7th-century conversion dynamics in Merovingian Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"monasteriolum","severity":"info","text":"Monasteriolum (diminutive of monasterium) denotes a small monastery or cell, consistent with Lonegisilus's search for a place to build a 'cellula'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"vico Busiaco","severity":"info","text":"Vico Busiaco likely refers to a vicus (small settlement or estate) named Busiacus; the location is not securely identified but may be in the diocese of Le Mans.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Hadoindus","severity":"info","text":"Hadoindus (also Hadoind) was bishop of Le Mans circa 625; his receipt of the donation aligns with episcopal oversight of monastic foundations in the Merovingian church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a first-person narrative recounting Lonegisilus's conversion and journey, typical of early medieval donation charters that include a spiritual preamble (arenga).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"pago C(??)nomannico","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has 'pago C(??)nomannico', likely a scribal corruption or abbreviation for 'pago Cenomanico' (the territory of Le Mans). The English draft reads 'territory of Le Mans'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact location of Busiacus is uncertain; the year 625 is given in the heading but not in the charter text itself."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Cui voluntatem meam manifestavi, atque qualiter ab infantia mea egeram patefeci: a quo et confortatus, coepi in eodem pago, ejus auxilio et exhortatione, querere ubi aliquam celtul(??)m ad lucrandas animas facerem. Quadam autem die perveni ad Busiacum, vicum canonicum, ubi delemus sum a presbyteris et pagensibus eju dem loci: quibus cum voluntatem meam patefacerem, coeperunt me exhortare ut in eodem loco cellulam aedificarem, quia locus popularis est, et eleemosyna multa ibidem venit, et populus noster amans Deum, qui sufficienter mihi facerent in tantum ut locum ab episcopo impetrarem. Qui slatim mihi dederunt haereditates eorum et multas possessiones dederunt. Cum autem haec domino meo Hadoindo renunciarem, egit Deo gratias, et ordinavit me sacerdotem et memoratum vicum Busiacum mihi dedit una cum reliquis praediis et adjacentiis suis, ea videlicet conditione, ut subjectus essem Cenomannicae matri ecclesiae et quidquid conquirere et attrahere undique poteram sibi traderem, et prodictum monasterium cum omnibus ad se pertinentilibus praedictae ecclesiae, sicut antea fuerat, cum omnibus quae ibi lucrare potueram, futuris esset temporibus.","english":"I revealed my will to him, and disclosed how I had acted from my infancy. Encouraged by him, I began, with his aid and exhortation, to seek in that same pagus a place where I might establish a small cell for the winning of souls. On a certain day, however, I arrived at Busiacus, a canonical vicus, where I was received by the priests and the inhabitants of that place. When I disclosed my intention to them, they began to urge me to build a cell in that same place, because it is a populous locality, and much alms come there, and our people, loving God, would sufficiently provide for me, provided that I obtain the place from the bishop. They immediately gave me their inheritances and granted many possessions. When I reported this to my lord Hadoindus, he gave thanks to God, and ordained me a priest, and gave me the aforementioned vicus of Busiacus together with its remaining estates and appurtenances, on the condition, namely, that I be subject to the mother church of Le Mans, and that whatever I might acquire and attract from anywhere I should hand over to him, and that the aforesaid monastery, with all things pertaining to it, should belong to the aforesaid church, as it had previously been, together with everything I might be able to gain there, for all future times.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"celtul(??)m","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript reading 'celtul(??)m' is uncertain; it likely represents 'cellulam' (a small cell or monastery), but the parenthetical query indicates a textual crux in the source edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"vicus canonicus","severity":"info","text":"'Vicus canonicus' likely denotes a settlement under canonical (ecclesiastical) jurisdiction, distinct from a purely secular vicus, reflecting the early medieval fusion of civil and religious administration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cenomannicae matri ecclesiae","severity":"info","text":"The 'mother church of Le Mans' (Cenomannica) is the cathedral church of the diocese, to which Lonegisilus’s monastery is made subject, a typical arrangement in Merovingian monastic foundations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Cum autem haec domino meo Hadoindo renunciarem","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a narrative pivot: Lonegisilus reports his success to Bishop Hadoindus, who then ordains him and grants the vicus, formalizing the donation and subjection to Le Mans.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"subjectus essem Cenomannicae matri ecclesiae","severity":"info","text":"The condition of subjection to the mother church mirrors the language of other Merovingian charters, e.g., those in the cartulary of Saint-Denis, where monastic foundations are placed under episcopal authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"delemus sum","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'delemus sum' is obscure; it may be a scribal error for 'delectus sum' (I was received) or 'delatus sum' (I was brought), but the intended meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'celtul(??)m' is uncertain; interpreted as 'cellulam'.","The phrase 'delemus sum' is unclear; taken as 'I was received' per the English draft.","The precise legal force of 'vicus canonicus' is ambiguous; understood as a settlement under ecclesiastical rule."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Cujus manibus me libenter tradidi, et omnes res quas adquirere potui, seu in futuro adquirere potuissem, per hanc cartam delegavi perpetualiter at possidendum, vel ejus successoribus, per licentiam et permissum sive concessum domni Clotharii regis, una cum misso suo, nomine Buccellino, comite, legaliter tradidi atque confirmavi. Ab ipso enim domino meo Hadoindo episcopo accepi, de rebus suae sedis ecclesiae sanetae Mariae et sanctorum Gervasii et Protasii, aliquam partem de villa Lucduno, una cum praefato vico Buxido, seu de aliis rebus quas ei precavi, et ecclesiastica ornamenta multa, unde valde dilatus sum, ad ipsum monasteriolum perficiendum. Cujus adjutorio et operariis· vel magistris fultus, monasterium ibidem aedificare merui.","english":"I willingly entrusted myself to his hands, and all the things which I was able to acquire, or might be able to acquire in the future, I have by this charter delegated perpetually for possession, either to him or to his successors, by the leave and permission or grant of the lord King Clothair, together with his missus, named Buccellinus, the count, I have legally handed over and confirmed. For from that lord of mine, Bishop Hadoindus, I received, from the property of his see of the church of Saint Mary and Saints Gervasius and Protasius, some part of the villa of Lucdunum, together with the aforesaid vicus of Buxidum, as well as other things which I begged of him, and many ecclesiastical ornaments, by which I was greatly enriched, for the completion of that same small monastery. Supported by his help and by workmen and masters, I merited to build the monastery there.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"missus","severity":"info","text":"The term 'missus' (here 'misso') denotes a royal agent or envoy, often a count, acting on the king's behalf to witness or authorize legal transactions. This reflects Merovingian administrative practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Chlotarius rex","severity":"info","text":"Chlotarius II (584–629) was a Merovingian king of Neustria who reunited the Frankish realms. His grant here underscores royal endorsement of monastic foundations, a common pattern in early medieval Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ecclesia sanctae Mariae et sanctorum Gervasii et Protasii","severity":"info","text":"The church of Saint Mary and Saints Gervasius and Protasius is likely the cathedral church of the see of Bishop Hadoindus, possibly at Le Mans (Cenomanum), though the text does not name the see explicitly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"villa Lucduno","severity":"info","text":"'Villa Lucduno' likely refers to a rural estate (villa) named Lucdunum, possibly modern Loudun (Vienne, France), but the identification is uncertain. The term 'vicus Buxido' suggests a smaller settlement or hamlet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"per hanc cartam delegavi perpetualiter","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the formal donation clause of the charter, using legal language ('delegavi perpetualiter', 'legaliter tradidi atque confirmavi') to establish perpetual possession for the monastery and its successors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"dilatus sum","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'unde valde dilatus sum' is ambiguous: 'dilatus' could mean 'enriched' (as in the English draft) or 'delayed' (from differo). The context of receiving ornaments favors 'enriched', but the reading is not certain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the see of Bishop Hadoindus is not stated; it may be Le Mans or another diocese. The location of villa Lucduno and vicus Buxido is uncertain. The phrase 'dilatus sum' may mean 'enriched' or 'delayed'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Postea vero ad Clotharium regem accusatus et adductus; sed Dominus, qui semper adjuvat sperantibus in se, ipse me adjuvavit et convertit ipsam accusationem in bonum, el inveni, ejus misericordia, gratiam Clotharii regis, et ab eo multis muneribus ditatus, atque ad praedictum monasteriolum censivit annos singulos argentum solvere, unde illud perficere potuissem, et tuitionem mihi fecit; et sic reversus, omnia illa tradidi per haec strumenta, memorato domno meo Hadoindo episcopo et ecclesiae suae perpetualiter tenendum, jubente et hortante domno Clothario, contradidimus atque confirmamus, co videlicet modo, ut futuris temporibus monachi, ibi semper regulariter viventes, sub potestate poni ficis permaneant, ea scilicet ratione atque praetexto, ut rem datam pontificis, non judiciario more, sed ecclesiastico, sub integra emunitate, sicut a notus hucusque possessum est, in jure oratorio sancti Petri, cujus dentem Roma, Domino tribuente, super corpus et super altare ejusdem sancti Petri, ipso principe apostolorum revelante, invenire merui, et domino meo Hadoindo episcopo deferri, quem ipse suis precibus Domino commendavit, et in praedicto nostro oratorio solemniter collocavit; memoratum nostrum monasteriolum per hanc paginam testamenti reddo domino meo Hadoindo episcopo, et quidquid acquisivi, sive deinceps acquirere potuero, in omnibus rebus.","english":"Later, however, I was accused and brought before King Chlothar; but the Lord, who always aids those who hope in him, himself helped me and turned that accusation into good, and I found, through his mercy, the favor of King Chlothar, and was enriched by him with many gifts, and he decreed that from the aforementioned little monastery silver should be paid each year, by which I might be able to complete it, and he granted me his protection; and thus returning, I handed over all those things through these documents to my aforementioned lord Hadoindus the bishop and his church to be held perpetually, and by the command and exhortation of the lord Chlothar, we handed over and confirm, namely in such a way that in future times monks, always living there according to the rule, under the authority of the pontiffs, should remain, that is to say, on the condition and pretext that the gift given to the pontiff, not in a judicial manner but in an ecclesiastical one, under full immunity, as has been possessed up to now by the known one, in the oratory of the right of Saint Peter, whose tooth from Rome, by the Lord's granting, I merited to find upon the body and upon the altar of the same Saint Peter, with the prince of the apostles himself revealing it, and to have it brought to my lord Hadoindus the bishop, which he himself commended to the Lord with his prayers, and solemnly placed in our aforementioned oratory; I return our aforementioned little monastery through this page of testament to my lord Hadoindus the bishop, and whatever I have acquired, or might be able to acquire in the future, in all things.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"oratorio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'oratorio' here refers to a private chapel or oratory, not a public church, consistent with the monastic context of the little monastery (monasteriolum).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"dentem","severity":"info","text":"The reference to a tooth of Saint Peter brought from Rome reflects the early medieval relic trade and the importance of apostolic relics for legitimizing monastic foundations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"contradidimus atque confirmamus","severity":"info","text":"The shift from first-person singular (tradidi) to first-person plural (contradidimus atque confirmamus) may indicate the inclusion of the bishop or other witnesses in the formal act of confirmation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"a notus hucusque possessum est","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a notus hucusque possessum est' is obscure; 'notus' may be a corruption or abbreviation for 'nobis' or 'notario', and the intended sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"monasteriolum","severity":"info","text":"The charter's claim of royal protection and episcopal oversight reflects the typical Merovingian pattern of monastic foundation under the authority of a bishop and king.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'a notus hucusque possessum est' is unclear; 'notus' may be a scribal error or abbreviation.","The exact location of the oratory and the little monastery is not specified in this passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"tam mobilibus quam et immobilibus, ira lo atque transfundo in jure et potestate ac dominatione sanctae Mariae, matris Domini nostri Jesu Christi vel sanctorum martyrum G rvasii et Protasi, ut eorum rectoribus atque pontificibus debeat, Deo protegente et opitulante, consistere. Licet in cessionibus poenam adnecti non sit necesse, sed nobis pro omni firmitate placuit inserendum. Si quis vero (quod futurum esse non credimus), si nos ipsi, quod absit, aut aliquis de heredibus nostris, seu qualibet persona, calliditate commotus aut praeventus, ullo unquam tempore comprehensam epistolam cessionis nostrae, quam propter nomen Domini et, reverentia ipsius sancti loci, spontanea voluntate fieri decrevimus, venire aut aliquid agere voluerit, aut tergiversator extiterit, anathema sit; el tam qui fecerit quam qui faciendo consenserit anathema sit et cura suprascripto sancto apostolo ante tribunal Chriti deducat rationes, insuper infarat juxta poenam saeculi, eum cogente fisco, partibus ipsius eccle iae vel eorum rectoribus, aurum libras centum, argenti pondera CC persolvere faciat, et quod repetit nullatenus valeat vindicare; sed praesens cessio atque voluntas nostra omni tempore inviolata permaneat cum stipulatione subnixa. Et ut haec cessio firmior habeatur et inviolabiliter conservetur, manus nostras subterfirmavimus, et aliorum virorum bonorum decrevimus roborare.","english":"both movable and immovable property, I give and transfer into the right, power, and dominion of Saint Mary, mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, so that it may remain, with God protecting and assisting, under the governance of their rectors and pontiffs. Although it is not necessary to attach a penalty to deeds of transfer, yet for the sake of complete firmness we have decided to insert one. If anyone (which we do not believe will happen), whether we ourselves—which God forbid—or any of our heirs, or any person whatsoever, moved or misled by cunning, at any time should wish to challenge or act against this comprehensive charter of our transfer, which we have decreed to be made of our own free will for the sake of the name of the Lord and out of reverence for that holy place, or should prove to be a tergiversator, let him be anathema; and both the one who does it and the one who consents to doing it shall be anathema, and before the tribunal of Christ he shall render account to the aforementioned holy apostle; moreover, according to the penalty of the secular law, compelled by the treasury, he shall cause to be paid to the parties of that church or their rectors one hundred pounds of gold and two hundred weights of silver, and what he seeks he shall in no way be able to claim; but this present transfer and our will shall remain inviolate for all time, supported by stipulation. And so that this transfer may be held more firmly and preserved inviolably, we have signed it below with our own hands, and have decided to strengthen it with the signatures of other good men.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"anathema","severity":"info","text":"The term 'anathema' denotes a formal ecclesiastical curse or excommunication, here invoked as a spiritual penalty against anyone who challenges the charter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The penalty clause (100 pounds of gold, 200 weights of silver) reflects late Merovingian legal practice, combining spiritual anathema with a secular fine payable to the church and enforced by the royal treasury (fiscus).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms the sanction and corroboration section of the charter, following the dispositive clause, and includes a penal clause, a stipulation clause, and a subscription clause.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"stipulatione subnixa","severity":"info","text":"'Stipulatione subnixa' refers to the Roman-law form of oral contract (stipulatio) used to reinforce the charter's validity, a common feature in early medieval legal documents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of Saint Mary and the martyrs Gervasius and Protasius links the monastery to a cult popular in Merovingian Gaul, especially at the church of Saint-Gervais in Paris.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'suprascripto sancto apostolo' is ambiguous: it may refer to Saint Peter (often invoked in charters) or to another apostle; the text does not specify which apostle is meant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Artum Sagonna malo publico. Data VIII Kal. Decembris, anno LII a, regnante Clothario rege. Ego Lonegisilus indignus sacerdos, et voluntate monachus, hanc donationem a me factam subscripsi et ad firmare rogavi. In Dei nomine ego Medegiselus b, Turonicae urbis archiepiscopus, peccator, deprecante Lonegisilo, subscripsi. In Dei nomine Magnobonus peccator, episcopus, rogante Lonegisilo, subscripsi. In Dei namine ego Abbo, misericordia Christi episcopus, subscripsi. Signum Odilardi comitis. Signum Leobadi comitis. Signum Ratgaudi comitis. Ego Benedictos abba subscripsi. Ego Siagrius abba subscripsi. Ego Leutfridus abba subscripsi. Signum Leutramni. Signum Turingo. Signum Teutberto. Signum Paterno. Signum Bubone. Signum Ibboleno. Agatho Honoratus subscripsi. Gheirinus, rogante domino meo Clothario rege, Subscripsi. Guntinus Honoratus subscripsi. Ibbo, notarius, subscripsi, relegi, notavi diem et annum.","english":"In the public market of Sagonna. Given on the eighth day before the Kalends of December, in the fifty-second year of the reign of King Clothar. I, Lonegisilus, unworthy priest and monk by will, have subscribed and requested to confirm this donation made by me. In the name of God, I, Medegiselus, archbishop of the city of Tours, a sinner, at the request of Lonegisilus, have subscribed. In the name of God, I, Magnobonus, a sinner, bishop, at the request of Lonegisilus, have subscribed. In the name of God, I, Abbo, by the mercy of Christ a bishop, have subscribed. The mark of Count Odilardus. The mark of Count Leobadus. The mark of Count Ratgaudus. I, Benedictus, abbot, have subscribed. I, Siagrius, abbot, have subscribed. I, Leutfridus, abbot, have subscribed. The mark of Leutramnus. The mark of Turingo. The mark of Teutbertus. The mark of Paternus. The mark of Bubo. The mark of Ibbolenus. Agatho Honoratus has subscribed. Gheirinus, at the request of my lord King Clothar, has subscribed. Guntinus Honoratus has subscribed. I, Ibbo, notary, have subscribed, read through, and noted the day and year.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"anno LII a, regnante Clothario rege","severity":"info","text":"The date formula 'anno LII a, regnante Clothario rege' places the charter in the 52nd year of Chlothar II's reign, corresponding to 635 CE. The 'VIII Kal. Decembris' (8th day before the Kalends of December) is 24 November.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Artum Sagonna malo publico","severity":"info","text":"'Artum Sagonna malo publico' is a corrupt or obscure phrase; 'Artum' may be a place name or a scribal error for 'Arta' or 'Artes'. 'Malo publico' likely means 'public market' (from 'mallus publicus'). The English draft renders it 'In the public market of Sagonna'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"subscription list","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a subscription list typical of Merovingian charters: the donor (Lonegisilus), then ecclesiastical witnesses (archbishop, bishops, abbots), then lay witnesses (counts, others), and finally the notary (Ibbo) who validates the document.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Medegiselus, Turonicae urbis archiepiscopus","severity":"info","text":"Medegiselus (also Medigisilus) was archbishop of Tours in the early 7th century; his subscription here confirms the charter's authenticity and ecclesiastical approval. Tours was a major Merovingian see.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ibbo, notarius","severity":"info","text":"The notary Ibbo's formula 'subscripsi, relegi, notavi diem et annum' is a standard validation clause in Merovingian charters, indicating he wrote, read back, and dated the document. This confirms the charter's formal legal status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Artum Sagonna malo publico","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase 'Artum Sagonna malo publico' is textually uncertain; 'Artum' may be a place name or a corruption. The English draft's 'In the public market of Sagonna' is a plausible but not certain reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Artum Sagonna malo publico' is obscure; 'Artum' may be a place name or a scribal error. The reading 'In the public market of Sagonna' is conjectural."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"II.\n\nCharta qua Lonegisilus monasteriolum a se conditum in loco Busia(??)o, et Ecclesiae Cenomanicae donatum, recepit ab eadem, usufructuario jure possidendum, (Ann. 625).\n\nDomno sancto ac venerabile sede apostolico Hadoindo, Cenomannicae praesule, una cum sancta congregatione ex ipsa urbe consistente, ego in Dei nomine Lonegisilus, indignus sacerdos, et voluntate monachus, precator a vobis accedo.","english":"II.\n\nCharter by which Lonegisilus received from the church of Le Mans, to be held by usufructuary right, the little monastery founded by him in the place called Busia(??)o and donated to that church (Year 625).\n\nTo the lord, holy and venerable apostolic see, Hadoindus, bishop of Le Mans, together with the holy congregation dwelling in that city, I, Lonegisilus, unworthy priest and monk by will, come as a suppliant to you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"usufructuario jure","severity":"info","text":"Usufructuary right grants the right to use and enjoy property without owning it, a common legal arrangement in early medieval monastic donations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Hadoindo","severity":"info","text":"Hadoindus was bishop of Le Mans (Cenomannum) in the early 7th century, a period when episcopal authority often mediated monastic land transactions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"II.","severity":"info","text":"The Roman numeral 'II' marks this as the second charter in a series, likely a later addition by a compiler or editor of the cartulary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ann. 625","severity":"info","text":"The date 625 falls within the reign of Chlotarius II (584–629), consistent with the regnal year 52 mentioned in the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Busia(??)o","severity":"caution","text":"The place name 'Busia(??)o' is uncertain in the manuscript, possibly a corruption or abbreviation; its identification remains unresolved.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact location of 'Busia(??)o' is unclear due to manuscript corruption.","The phrase 'usufructuario jure' may imply a temporary or lifetime grant, but the precise terms are not specified in this passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Dum et mea fuit petitio, et vestra decrevit voluntas, ut illud monasteriolum, quae est constructus in honore sancti Petri, et est situs in terraturio sanctae Dei genitricis Mariae et sanctarum martyrum Gervasii el Protasii, matris et Cenomannis civitatis senioris ecclesiae in pago Cenomannico, in loco qui dicitur Busiacus, vicus canonicus, quem ego Lonegisilus olim vestra largitate merui accipere, et vestro adjutorio reaedificare per vestrum beneficium sub usufructuaria ordine tempore vitae meae, cum omnes res ad se pertinentes vel aspicientes, mihi tenere permisistis, et censivi annis singulis, ad matrem civitatis ecclesiam persolvere, ejusque pontificibus atque rectoribus, id est, ad lumen ecclesiae, de cera libras majores IV, et de oleo libras VI et treantes II, et ad opus episcopi cambutta una et pelliciam I, et dimidiam libram argenti monetae publica, et ad opus canonico-, rum duo modia vini, ad charilatem faciendam; et ti negligens aut tardus de ipso censo apparuero, fidem exinde faciam, et ipsum monasteriolum tempore vita mex non perdam; et alicubi nec vendere, nec donare. nec alienare pontificium non habeam, nisi sub jure et potestate ac dominatione sancte Mariae et sanctorum martyrum Gervasii et Protasii, vel eorum pontificibus atque rectoribus permaneat. Et post meum quoque.","english":"Since it was my request, and your will decreed, that the little monastery which is built in honor of Saint Peter, and is situated in the territory of holy Mary Mother of God and of the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, mother and senior church of the city of Le Mans, in the district of Le Mans, in the place called Busiacus, a canonical village, which I, Lonegisilus, once by your generosity merited to receive, and with your help to rebuild through your benefice under a usufructuary arrangement for the term of my life, with all things pertaining or belonging to it, you permitted me to hold, and I agreed to pay annually, to the mother church of the city, and to its bishops and rectors, that is, for the lighting of the church, four major pounds of wax, and six pounds and two treantes of oil, and for the use of the bishop one cambutta and one pellicia, and half a pound of silver of public coinage, and for the use of the canons two modii of wine for making charity; and if I should appear negligent or tardy regarding that payment, I shall give surety therefor, and I shall not lose that little monastery during my lifetime; and I shall have no authority to sell, give, or alienate it anywhere, except that it shall remain under the right and power and dominion of holy Mary and the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, or of their bishops and rectors. And after my death also.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Busiacus","severity":"info","text":"Busiacus is a place-name of uncertain identification; the English draft queries 'Busia(??)o'. It may refer to a locality in the Maine region, but no secure modern equivalent is known.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"cambutta","severity":"info","text":"Cambutta is a Late Latin term for a pastoral staff or crozier, often associated with episcopal office. Its precise form here is unclear but it denotes a customary payment in kind.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"treantes","severity":"info","text":"Treantes (variant of tremisses) refers to a small gold coin, one-third of a solidus. The phrase 'libras VI et treantes II' indicates a mixed payment of oil by weight and coin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"usufructuaria ordine","severity":"info","text":"Usufructuaria ordine denotes a usufructuary right, a legal arrangement common in early medieval ecclesiastical grants, allowing lifetime use of property without ownership.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Dum et mea fuit petitio, et vestra decrevit voluntas","severity":"info","text":"This opening formula mirrors the reciprocal language of early medieval charters, establishing the grant as a joint act of request and consent, typical of Merovingian diplomatic practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Charta Qua Lonegisilus Monasteriolum...","severity":"info","text":"This charter is preserved in the cartulary of Le Mans and cited in early modern editions as evidence of monastic foundation and episcopal authority in 7th-century Neustria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The place-name Busiacus is uncertain; the English draft queries 'Busia(??)o'. The reading 'vicus canonicus' may indicate a canonical village, but its exact meaning in this context is debated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Domino ducente, de hac luce discessum, absque illius judicis consignatione, aut heredum nostrorum contradictione, jam dictum monasteriolum cum omni integritate, et res ad se pertinentes vel aspicientes, vos aut rectores successoresque vestri in vestram faciatis revocare potestatem vel dominationem. Et ut hae precariae a uno tenore conscriptae una quae in thesauro civitatis ecclesiae recondita sit, et alia quam ego a vobis Lonegesilus accepero, omni tempore firmae et stabiles permaneant. Actum Cenomannica civitate publica. Data Kal. Decembris, anno LII, regnante Clothario rege. Ego Hadoindus, peccator, episcopus, hanc precariam a me factam subscripsi. Ego Winomannus, indignus abba, subscripsi. Ego Christianus, indignus abba, subscripsi. Ego Bidilo, indignus abba, subscripsi. Ego Benedictus, indignus archidiaconus, subscripsi. Ego Innocens, indignus archipresbyter, subscrip i. Ego Berto, indignus presbyter, subscripsi. Ego Winegaudus, indignus presbyter, subscripsi. Ego Ratgaudus, indignus presbyter, subscripsi. Ego Brichius, indignus presbyter, subscripsi. Ego Wallisius, indignus diaconus, subscripsi. Ego Aldabertus, indignus diaconus, subscrips·. Signum Hartgaudi. Signum Requisiti. Signum Sigemari. Signum Walandi. Signum Sigebodus. Signum Sigefredi. Ego Walefredus, diaconus, rogante domino meo Hadoindo episcopo, hanc precariam scripsi et subscripsi.","english":"With the Lord leading, after my departure from this light, without any objection from that judge or contradiction from our heirs, you, or your rectors and successors, shall cause the aforesaid little monastery, with all its integrity and the things belonging or pertaining to it, to be recalled into your power or dominion. And so that these precariae, written in a single tenor—one to be deposited in the treasury of the city church, and the other which I, Lonegesilus, have received from you—may remain firm and stable for all time. Done in the city of Cenomannum, publicly. Given on the Kalends of December, in the 52nd year of the reign of King Clotharius. I, Hadoindus, sinner, bishop, have subscribed this precaria made by me. I, Winomannus, unworthy abbot, have subscribed. I, Christianus, unworthy abbot, have subscribed. I, Bidilo, unworthy abbot, have subscribed. I, Benedictus, unworthy archdeacon, have subscribed. I, Innocens, unworthy archpriest, have subscribed. I, Berto, unworthy priest, have subscribed. I, Winegaudus, unworthy priest, have subscribed. I, Ratgaudus, unworthy priest, have subscribed. I, Brichius, unworthy priest, have subscribed. I, Wallisius, unworthy deacon, have subscribed. I, Aldabertus, unworthy deacon, have subscribed. The mark of Hartgaudus. The mark of Requisitus. The mark of Sigemarus. The mark of Walandus. The mark of Sigebodus. The mark of Sigefredus. I, Walefredus, deacon, at the request of my lord Hadoindus, bishop, have written and subscribed this precaria.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"precariae","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with the formal execution of the precaria, including the dating clause, subscriptions of witnesses, and the scribal note. This structure is typical of early medieval charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"precaria","severity":"info","text":"A precaria was a conditional grant of land or rights, often for life, subject to reversion to the grantor. Here, it formalizes the transfer of the monastery back to the bishop and church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"anno LII, regnante Clothario rege","severity":"info","text":"The 52nd year of Clotharius II (reigned 584–629) corresponds to 635/636 CE. This dating helps place the charter in the early 7th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Hadoindus episcopus","severity":"info","text":"Bishop Hadoindus (also Hadoin) of Le Mans is known from other Merovingian charters. His subscription as 'peccator' reflects a common formula of humility in ecclesiastical documents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"subscriptions","severity":"info","text":"The list of subscribers—abbots, archdeacon, archpriest, priests, deacons, and lay signatories—demonstrates the hierarchical and communal validation of the charter, typical of Merovingian practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"subscrip i","severity":"caution","text":"The subscription of Innocens reads 'subscrip i', likely a scribal abbreviation or error for 'subscripsi'. This minor corruption does not affect the overall sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'absque illius judicis consignatione' is ambiguous: 'illius judicis' could refer to a specific judge or generically to 'that judge' (perhaps a royal or ecclesiastical official). The reading taken follows the English draft as a general reference.","The identity of 'Hartgaudi' and other signatories with only signa is uncertain; they may be lay witnesses whose full names are not recorded."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"III.\n\nDiploma Chlotarii II, regis Francorum, quo confirmat donum monasterioli a Lonegisilo collatum Ecclesia Cenomanensi, et cessionem ejusdem monasterioli ab eadem Ecclesia faciam Lonegisilo, sub lege usufructus (ann. 627).\n\nChlotarius, rex Francorum, vir inluster. Si petitionibus servorum Dei, vel bonorum hominum, quae nostris auribus fuerunt relatae, et augmentum praestamus, et eas ad eflectum perducimus, hoc nobis ad aeternae salutis praemium vel stabilitatem in Dei nomine pertinere confidimus.","english":"III.\n\nCharter of Chlothar II, King of the Franks, by which he confirms the gift of the little monastery conferred by Lonegisilus upon the Church of Le Mans, and the cession of the same little monastery made by that Church to Lonegisilus, under the law of usufruct (year 627).\n\nChlothar, King of the Franks, illustrious man. If we both grant the petitions of the servants of God or of good men which have been reported to our ears, and bring them to effect, we trust that this pertains to us for the reward of eternal salvation and for stability in the name of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III.","severity":"info","text":"The Roman numeral marks the third charter in the collection, serving as a structural division.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"vir inluster","severity":"info","text":"The title 'vir inluster' (illustrious man) is a late Roman honorific used in Merovingian chancery for high-ranking officials, here applied to the king.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Chlotarius, rex Francorum","severity":"info","text":"Chlothar II (584–629) was Merovingian king of Neustria, later sole ruler of the Franks. His reign saw the Edict of Paris (614) and consolidation of royal authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Si petitionibus servorum Dei, vel bonorum hominum, quae nostris auribus fuerunt relatae, et augmentum praestamus, et eas ad eflectum perducimus","severity":"info","text":"The king frames his confirmation as a response to petitions, linking royal action to spiritual reward and stability, a common topos in Merovingian royal charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"eflectum","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'eflectum' is a scribal variant or error for 'effectum' (effect), reflecting Merovingian Latin orthography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ann. 627","severity":"info","text":"The date 627 is given in the editorial heading, placing the charter in the later part of Chlothar II's reign, after the Edict of Paris.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise relationship between the two precariae mentioned in the previous passage is not detailed here; the text assumes a single tenor for both."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Igitur inluster vir, domnus Lonegisilus, directa petitione clementiam regni nostri adserens, nobis intimavit, eo quod ante hos dies in terra sancte Mariae vel sanctorum martyrum Gervasii et Protasii, matris et Cenomannis civitatis senioris ecclesiae, una cum consensu Haduindi, Cenomanniae urbis episcopi, vel ejus congregratione, monasteriolum quoddam, praedicto episcopo consentiente, seu adjutorium non modicum praestante, in honore sancti Petri construxit vel reaedificavit, seu de argento, quem ei dederamus, immelioravit; et postquam ille ibi venit, et largitione memorati episcopi illud habuit, sicut in eorum strumentis et precariis continetur, res atque mancipia quae ad ipsum monasteriolum a bonis et Dao timentis hominibus traditae sunt, tam in pago Cenomannico quam et in aliis pagis atque territoriis, cum omnibus adjacentiis earum vel appenditiis, cum omni re inexquisita, ad praedictam matrem et civitatis eccle siam, quae est in honore sanctae Mariae et sanctorum martyrum Gervasii et Protasii, vel domno Hadoindo praedicto episcopo, qui ibidem ad praesens custos et rector praeesse videtur, ipsas res nostro ex permissu, sive per nostram licentiam et auctoritatem, per sua stramenta tradidit atque delegavit.","english":"Therefore, the illustrious man, Lord Lonegisilus, by a direct petition asserting the clemency of our kingdom, made known to us that some days ago, in the land of holy Mary and the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, of the mother and senior church of the city of Le Mans, together with the consent of Hadoindus, bishop of the city of Le Mans, and his congregation, he built or rebuilt a certain little monastery, with the aforementioned bishop consenting and also providing no small assistance, in honor of Saint Peter, and improved it with the silver which we had given him; and after he came there, and by the generosity of the aforementioned bishop held it, as is contained in their instruments and precariae, the properties and slaves which were conveyed to that same little monastery by good and God-fearing men, both in the district of Le Mans and in other districts and territories, with all their appurtenances or appendages, with everything unclaimed, he conveyed and assigned to the aforementioned mother and city church, which is in honor of holy Mary and the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, and to the aforementioned Lord Hadoindus, bishop, who at present seems to preside there as guardian and rector, those same properties by our permission, and through our license and authority, by his own instruments.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"inlustris vir","severity":"info","text":"The title 'inlustris vir' (illustrious man) is a late Roman honorific, here applied to Lonegisilus, indicating high social rank.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"precariae","severity":"info","text":"'Precariae' (precariae) refers to legal instruments granting land on a precarious tenure, often for life, with reversion to the church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Hadoindus","severity":"info","text":"Bishop Hadoindus (Haduindus) of Le Mans (c. 623–654) was a contemporary of Chlothar II and a key figure in the diocese's property transactions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Igitur ... intimavit","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms the narratio of the charter, recounting Lonegisilus's petition and the history of the monastery's foundation and endowment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Dao timentis","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Dao timentis' is a scribal error for 'Deo timentibus' (God-fearing), a common formula in Merovingian charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"monasteriolum","severity":"info","text":"The term 'monasteriolum' (little monastery) reflects the early medieval practice of founding small monastic cells, often later absorbed by larger houses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise location of the 'monasteriolum' is not specified; it is identified only as in the territory of Le Mans.","The phrase 'res atque mancipia' may include both landed property and unfree persons, but the exact legal status of the latter is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"I leo petiit celsitudini nostrae, ut per nostram auctoritatem plenius confirmare fecissemus; quorum petitionibus gratanter adsensum praestavimus, et in omnibus confirmavimus. Praecipientes enim jubemus ut sicut jam dictus Lonegisilus, sacerdos et monachus, ipsum monasteriolum quod in ipsa terra sanctae Mariae et sancti Gervasii et Protasii aedificavit, una cum terris, domibus, aedificiis, mancipiis, vineis, silvis, pratis, pascuis, aquis aquarumve decursibus, farinariis, peculiis, pecuniis, mobilibus et immobilibus, vel reliquis quibuscumque beneficiis, ad ipsa casa Dei per sua strumenta tradidit et delegavit, seu quod nostris et futuris temporibus ad eumdem locum tra litum fuerit, et hoc ad praesens ibidem recti ordine videtur esse possessum vel dominatum, ita et inantea, inspecta ipsa epistola donationis et precaria acceptionis, per hoc praeceptum plenius in Dei nomen confirmamus monasteriolum superius nominatum, cum omni integritate, ad ipsa praedicta casa sanctae Mariae et sancti Gervasii et Protasii martyris, nostris et futuris temporibus, jure firmissimum proficiat in augmentum. Et ut haec praeceptio firmior habeatur, et in omnibus conservetur, manus nostrae subscriptionibus subter eam decrevimus roborare et nostro sigillo sigillare. Clotharius, rex Francorum, subscripsi. Adogrimus, jussus obtuli et subscripsi. Datum dies VIII quod fecit mansis Januar.","english":"He likewise sought our Highness, that we might cause it to be more fully confirmed by our authority; to whose petitions we gladly gave assent, and confirmed them in all things. For we command and decree that, just as the aforementioned Lonegisilus, priest and monk, has built that little monastery in that land of holy Mary and the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, together with the lands, houses, buildings, serfs, vineyards, woods, meadows, pastures, waters and watercourses, mills, livestock, monies, movable and immovable goods, and whatever other benefices, which he has transferred and assigned to that house of God by his own instruments, and whatever in our times and in future times shall be conveyed to that same place, and which at present is seen to be possessed or held there in due order, so also henceforth, upon inspection of that charter of donation and precarial acceptance, we by this decree more fully confirm, in the name of God, the little monastery named above, with all its integrity, to that aforesaid house of holy Mary and the holy martyrs Gervasius and Protasius, that it may prosper for our times and for future times, by the most firm right, unto increase. And that this decree may be held more firmly and be preserved in all things, we have decreed to strengthen it below with the subscriptions of our hand and to seal it with our seal. I, Clotharius, king of the Franks, have subscribed. I, Adogrimus, by order presented and subscribed. Given on the eighth day which the month of January made.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"precaria acceptionis","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'precaria acceptionis' refers to a precarial grant, a conditional tenure arrangement common in early medieval ecclesiastical land management, where the donor retained use of the property for life or a term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"mancipiis","severity":"info","text":"'Mancipiis' (from 'mancipium') denotes serfs or unfree laborers, a standard category in Merovingian land grants, distinct from free tenants or slaves.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"manus nostrae subscriptionibus subter eam decrevimus roborare et nostro sigillo sigillare","severity":"info","text":"This closing formula, with royal subscription and seal, is typical of Merovingian royal diplomas, authenticating the grant and ensuring its legal force.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Datum dies VIII quod fecit mansis Januar","severity":"info","text":"The dating clause 'the eighth day which the month of January made' likely indicates January 8, though the year is not given; such imprecision is common in Merovingian charters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Adogrimus, jussus obtuli et subscripsi","severity":"info","text":"Adogrimus, the referendary who presented and subscribed the charter, was a high royal official responsible for drafting and authenticating documents under Clotharius II.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"tra litum fuerit","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'tra litum fuerit' is likely a scribal error or abbreviation for 'traditum fuerit' (shall have been conveyed), as the context concerns future transfers to the monastery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact year of the charter is not specified; the dating clause gives only the day and month (January 8).","The phrase 'tra litum fuerit' is ambiguous and likely a corruption of 'traditum fuerit'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"anno LIII regni nostri, Compendio palatio nostro, in Dei nomen feliciter. Amen.\n\nIV.\n\nCharta qua Romaricus monasterium puellarum condit, juxta Avendi Castrum a (ann. 620).\n\nIn nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus sancti. Amen. Quoniam mundus in maligno positus legitimas fidelium donationes impie conatur infringere, idcirco ratio postulat, ut ea quae pro augmento ecclesiarum donata sunt, nos quoque rationabiliter confirmare curemus. Noverit igitur omnium catholicorum tam praesentium quam futurorum universitas, quod ego Romaricus b, Avendi comes, videns viros virtutis voluntaria paupertate pauperis Jesu stigmata in suis corporibus circumferre, et in desertis ac spinosis locis habitare, ut amaritudinem crucis et asperitatem, poenitentia sancta, saeculis omnibus celebrem praedicarent; secundum desiderium meum paravi eis locum in monte Rombech, juxta castrum meum, in monte silvestri satis et horrido, haut procul a Mosellae fluminis ripa, quatenus ubi prius fremitus et ululatus ferarum frequenter sonabat in auribus hominum, ibi deinceps in psalmis et hymnis et canticis spiritualibus crebrius resonaret gratiarum actio, et vox laudis in auribus angelorum; monsque ille silvestris factus est mansio sanctarum harum quan cognitione et aviditate versantur in coelis.","english":"In the fifty-third year of our reign, at our palace of Compiègne, in the name of God, happily. Amen.\n\nIV.\n\nCharter by which Romaricus founds a monastery of maidens, near the Castle of Avendus (in the year 620).\n\nIn the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. Since the world, placed in evil, impiously attempts to break the lawful donations of the faithful, therefore reason demands that we also take care to confirm reasonably those things which have been given for the increase of churches. Let it be known, therefore, to the whole body of all Catholics, both present and future, that I, Romaricus, Count of Avendus, seeing men of virtue bearing the stigmata of the poor Jesus in voluntary poverty on their own bodies, and dwelling in deserted and thorny places, so that by holy penance they might preach to all ages the bitterness and harshness of the cross, celebrated throughout the world; according to my desire, I prepared for them a place on Mount Rombech, near my castle, on a mountain sufficiently wooded and rugged, not far from the bank of the river Moselle, so that where formerly the roaring and howling of wild beasts frequently sounded in the ears of men, there afterwards in psalms and hymns and spiritual canticles the giving of thanks and the voice of praise might more frequently resound in the ears of angels; and that wooded mountain became a dwelling place for these holy women, who, by their knowledge and eagerness, dwell in the heavens.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Charta qua Romaricus monasterium puellarum condit","severity":"info","text":"This heading introduces a separate charter within the same manuscript, distinct from the preceding Lonegisilus charter, as indicated by the Roman numeral IV.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"anno LIII regni nostri","severity":"info","text":"The fifty-third year of Chlotarius II's reign dates this charter to circa 639, though the English draft assigns the Romaricus charter to 620, suggesting a chronological inconsistency or a later confirmation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Compendio palatio nostro","severity":"info","text":"Compiegne was a Merovingian royal palace; Chlotarius II issued several charters there, reflecting its use as an administrative center.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"stigmata","severity":"info","text":"Here 'stigmata' refers metaphorically to marks of ascetic suffering, not the later technical sense of Christ's wounds; the phrase 'pauperis Jesu stigmata' echoes early monastic ideals of imitatio Christi.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"monsque ille silvestris factus est mansio sanctarum harum","severity":"info","text":"The transformation of a wild mountain into a monastic dwelling is a topos in hagiography and foundation narratives, emphasizing the taming of nature by sanctity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"quan cognitione et aviditate versantur in coelis","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'quan' is likely a scribal error for 'quae' or 'quarum'; the phrase is grammatically irregular, and the English draft interprets it as referring to the holy women dwelling in heaven by knowledge and eagerness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the Lonegisilus charter and the Romaricus charter is unclear; they may be separate documents copied consecutively.","The date '620' in the English draft heading does not align with the regnal year 53 of Chlotarius II (c. 639), suggesting either a misattribution or a different king."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Nam spinis et vepribus extirpatis, construxi ibi monasterium monialium ordinis Benedicti, in honorem sanctissimae Trinitatis et beatissimae Dei genitricis, Mariae virginis, et beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, ac omnium sanctorum. Quod scilicet monasterium, a proprietate loci congruum sortitum nomen. Mons Sanctus vocatur. Tunc communi consensu meorum, convocavi congregationem sanctarum monialium quibus concessi praelatum monasterium, abbatissam Gertrudem c, filiam meam primogenitam, cui et sorori suae Clarae filiae meae, et caeteris monialibus, ut secure et libere, ac sine bonorum terrenorum metus cura, Deo famulentur, do et concedo libere et pure, quia Deo servire cupio, totum patrimonium meum, videlicet totum comitatum Avenduni, eodem modo, forma, auctoritate, proprietate tenendum, qua pater meus et ego tenuimus. Factum est autem hoc donum quarto nonas Martii, anno ab Incarnatione Domini DCXX e Clotario glorioso Francorum rege regnante. Testes sunt: Arnoaldus, episcopus Metensis; Dodo, episcopus Tullensis; Paulus, episcopus Viridunensis; Arnulphus, cognatus meus, dux Austriae Mosellanicae; Brunulphus, Comes Templacensis; Waubertus, dux Inferioris Austriae, comes Salmensis.","english":"For with thorns and briars uprooted, I built there a monastery of nuns of the Benedictine order, in honor of the most holy Trinity and the most blessed Mother of God, the Virgin Mary, and the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, and all the saints. Which monastery, indeed, took its name appropriate to the character of the place: it is called Mons Sanctus. Then, with the common consent of my people, I gathered a congregation of holy nuns, to whom I granted the aforesaid monastery, with Abbess Gertrude, my firstborn daughter, and her sister Clara, my daughter, and the other nuns, so that they may serve God securely and freely, and without fear for earthly goods. I give and grant freely and purely, because I desire to serve God, my entire patrimony, namely the whole county of Avendun, to be held in the same manner, form, authority, and property as my father and I held it. This gift was made on the fourth day before the Nones of March, in the year 620 from the Incarnation of the Lord, with Clothar, the glorious king of the Franks, reigning. The witnesses are: Arnoald, bishop of Metz; Dodo, bishop of Toul; Paul, bishop of Verdun; Arnulf, my kinsman, duke of Mosellanica Austrasia; Brunulf, count of Templacum; Waubert, duke of Lower Austrasia, count of Salm.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mons Sanctus","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Mons Sanctus' (Holy Mountain) is given to the monastery, derived from the character of the place. This is a common toponymic practice in early medieval monastic foundations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"abbatissam Gertrudem","severity":"info","text":"The appointment of the founder's daughter Gertrude as abbess reflects the practice of aristocratic family control over monastic houses, common in Merovingian Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"quarto nonas Martii, anno ab Incarnatione Domini DCXX","severity":"info","text":"The date is given as 4 March 620, using the Incarnation era. This dating formula is typical of Merovingian royal charters and provides a fixed point for the charter's authenticity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Testes sunt","severity":"info","text":"The witness list includes bishops and secular magnates, a standard feature of Merovingian charters to validate the donation. The named individuals are historically attested figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Clotario glorioso Francorum rege regnante","severity":"caution","text":"The charter names Clothar II as reigning king, but the donor is not explicitly identified as the king himself. The text may be a later copy or forgery, as the formula 'ego' could be a later interpolation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The donor's identity is ambiguous: the first-person 'ego' could be Clothar II or another noble, but the witness list and dating suggest royal context. The phrase 'pater meus' implies a father who held the county, possibly a local magnate rather than the king."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Et ne quis hanc eleemosynam audeat unquam temere calumniare, vel aliquam injuriam monialibus in hoc loco Deo servientibus inferre, sigilli mei auctoritate ac praefatorum regis, episcoporum, ducum et comitum confirmavi.","english":"And so that no one may ever dare rashly to challenge this alms, or to inflict any injury upon the nuns serving God in this place, I have confirmed it by the authority of my seal and of the aforementioned king, bishops, dukes, and counts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"eleemosynam","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'eleemosynam' (from Greek ἐλεημοσύνη) means 'alms' or 'charitable gift,' here referring to the endowment of the monastery. The term carries legal weight in early medieval charters, denoting a pious donation protected by ecclesiastical and royal authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"sigilli mei auctoritate ac praefatorum regis, episcoporum, ducum et comitum confirmavi","severity":"info","text":"This clause concludes the charter with a formal confirmation clause, listing the seal of the donor and the witnesses (king, bishops, dukes, counts). Such lists are standard in Merovingian diplomas to authenticate and enforce the grant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Chlotarius II Francorum Rex","severity":"info","text":"Chlotarius II (584–629) was a Merovingian king of the Franks. His reign saw the consolidation of royal authority after the civil wars of the 6th century. This charter reflects his role in confirming ecclesiastical foundations, a common practice to secure noble and clerical support.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"praefatorum regis","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'praefatorum regis' is ambiguous: it could mean 'the aforementioned king' (referring to Chlotarius II himself) or 'the king mentioned before' (perhaps a different king). The text may be corrupt or elliptical; the intended referent is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'praefatorum regis' is ambiguous: it may refer to Chlotarius II or to a previously named king. The Latin syntax is unclear.","The phrase 'sigilli mei auctoritate' could imply the donor's own seal, but the donor is not explicitly named in this passage; the context suggests Lonegisilus."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}