{"slug":"tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1","title":"DE TABULIS DONARIORUM MARMOREIS","title_source":"DE TABULIS DONARIORUM MARMOREIS","author":"Anonymous","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:38:51Z","cost_usd":0.008511},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1275/tmp1275/tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":17,"english_words":3736,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":15590,"commentary_units":97,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":33,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1","abstract":"This anonymous Latin treatise examines marble donation tablets, likely from a late medieval or early modern ecclesiastical context. The work survives in a single manuscript tradition preserved only in the Ogl-PL source edition, with no known earlier witnesses. The author discusses the tablets' role in recording donations, possibly for lighting purposes, and references Gregory the Great's endowments to Roman basilicas. The text reflects a Renaissance or early modern valorization of typography over epigraphy for preserving monuments. The author notes the fragmentary condition of the tablets, with different stone shapes and mutilated ends, affecting interpretation. No internal references to datable events or persons exist, and the work's date is inferred from unspecified paleographic and codicological features.","historical_context":"The treatise's date is uncertain, inferred only from paleographic and codicological features of the sole surviving copy, which remain unspecified. The work likely originates from a late medieval or early modern ecclesiastical community in Rome or Italy, given references to Old St. Peter's and San Paolo fuori le Mura. The author's argument that printing preserves monuments better than sculpture aligns with Renaissance humanist attitudes toward textual transmission. The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, with no known earlier witnesses, limiting verification of textual variants or scribal interventions. No evidence of later liturgical, canonical, or translation use exists, suggesting limited circulation and influence. The work's relationship to other donation-tablet treatises is unexplored, and the source edition provides no critical apparatus or stemma.","significance":"This treatise offers rare insight into the material and textual culture of donation tablets in late medieval or early modern ecclesiastical settings. Its discussion of marble inscriptions and the shift from epigraphy to print reflects broader Renaissance debates about preservation and authenticity. The work's survival in a single, poorly documented manuscript underscores the fragility of such texts and the challenges of studying them.","timeline":[{"date":"6th c.","event":"Gregory the Great endows Roman basilicas with donations for lighting, referenced in the treatise."},{"date":"15th–16th c.","event":"Renaissance valorization of print over epigraphy, as argued by the author."},{"date":"undated","event":"Composition of the treatise, inferred from paleographic features of the sole surviving copy."},{"date":"undated","event":"Single manuscript tradition preserved, later edited in the Ogl-PL source edition."}],"relations":[{"work":"Gregory the Great's endowments","relation":"Referenced as historical context for donation tablets","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Scholia 241 and 242","relation":"Author references these to corroborate earlier remarks on ancient writing","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Old St. Peter's Basilica","relation":"Mentioned as a common location for displaying inscriptions","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"San Paolo fuori le Mura","relation":"Reference to a second tablet moved before the high altar","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Date is uncertain, inferred only from unspecified paleographic and codicological features of the sole surviving copy.","Authorship is anonymous and cannot be verified.","The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, limiting verification of textual variants or scribal interventions.","No internal references to datable events or persons exist.","The source edition (Ogl-PL) does not report variant readings or manuscript sigla, preventing a critical apparatus or stemma."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000414,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:38:50Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1275/tmp1275/tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1275.tmp1275.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":17,"translated":17,"commentary_passages":17,"commentary_units":97,"english_words":3736,"source_letters":15590,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The treatise discusses marble donation tablets, likely from a late medieval or early modern ecclesiastical context. The author is anonymous, and the work survives in a single manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text is preserved only in the Ogl-PL source edition, with no known earlier manuscript witnesses. This limits verification of textual variants or scribal interventions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No internal references to datable events or persons exist. The work’s date is inferred from paleographic and codicological features of the sole surviving copy, which remain unspecified in the source edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No evidence of later liturgical, canonical, or translation use has been identified. The work appears to have had limited circulation and no known influence on subsequent ecclesiastical practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition cannot provide a critical apparatus or stemma, as the source edition (Ogl-PL) does not report variant readings or manuscript sigla. The text’s relationship to other donation-tablet treatises is unexplored.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 17 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":17},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"DE TABULIS DONARIORUM MARMOREIS\n\nRomae a beato Gregorio Magno sanctis apostolis Petro et Paulo dicatis.\n\nTabulas Donariorum marmoreas sanctis apostolis Petro et Paulo a beato Gregorio Magno dicatas pro luminaribus, ut ipse ait, concinnandis, et in porticu sancti Petri affixas, hoc in loco apponendas censui, ut ea quae de vetusto scribendi modo in scholiis, et praesertim in scholio illo 241, 242, dixi (Infra tom. IV S. Gregorii Operum, Patrologiae vero LXXVIII), corroborentur. Quoniam vero donationem alium beato Paulo ab eodem Gregorio sancto pro luminaribus item concinandis lapi(??)e i(??)ci sam; et in porticu olim sancti Pauli ad parietem ecclesiae affixam, nunc autem paucis abhinc diebus ante majus altare translatam prope alteram ex duabus columnis, quae primarium fulciunt arcum, a dextera parte collocatam, necnon in ejusdem beati Gregorii Regist. lib. xii ep. conscriptam inveni; ad ipsius Sancti et Christianam et Apostolicam pietatem splendide repraesentandam ac perpetuo conservandam, hoc etiam loco imprimendam indicavi. Rerum namque gestarum monumenta, ut ratio ipsa suadet, et experientia docet, facilius per typographicam quam per sculptoriam artem ab interitu vindicari queunt. Tabulae primo loco positae, et ad porticum sancti Petri affixae, duarum Tabularum frusta videntur, sicut diversae lapidum formae, necnon mutili Donariorum fines pro se ferunt.","english":"Concerning the Marble Donation Tablets\n\nAt Rome, dedicated by the blessed Gregory the Great to the holy apostles Peter and Paul.\n\nI have judged that the marble Donation Tablets dedicated to the holy apostles Peter and Paul by the blessed Gregory the Great for the purpose of arranging the lamps, as he himself says, and affixed in the portico of Saint Peter, should be placed in this location, so that what I have said concerning the ancient manner of writing in the scholia, and especially in that scholium 241, 242 (below in volume IV of the Works of Saint Gregory, but in Patrologia volume LXXVIII), may be corroborated. Since, however, I have found another donation to the blessed Paul by the same holy Gregory, likewise for the purpose of arranging the lamps, inscribed on stone and formerly affixed in the portico of Saint Paul to the wall of the church, but now, a few days ago, transferred before the high altar and placed near one of the two columns which support the main arch, on the right side, and also recorded in the same blessed Gregory's Register, book XII, epistle; I have indicated that this also should be printed in this place, in order splendidly to represent and perpetually preserve the Christian and Apostolic piety of that same Saint. For monuments of deeds, as reason itself persuades and experience teaches, can more easily be rescued from destruction through the typographic art than through the art of sculpture. The tablets placed in the first position, and affixed to the portico of Saint Peter, appear to be fragments of two tablets, as the different shapes of the stones and the mutilated ends of the Donations themselves bear witness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"DE TABULIS DONARIORUM MARMOREIS","severity":"info","text":"The title refers to marble tablets recording donations, likely for lighting (pro luminaribus concinnandis). Gregory the Great (pope 590–604) is known for such endowments to Roman basilicas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"hoc in loco apponendas censui","severity":"info","text":"The author states he has decided to include the tablets in this edition to corroborate earlier remarks on ancient writing in scholia 241 and 242, referencing a prior volume.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"lapi(??)e i(??)ci sam","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text is corrupt here: 'lapi(??)e i(??)ci sam' likely represents 'lapide inci[s]sam' (inscribed on stone). The brackets indicate uncertain reading in the source edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"typographicam quam per sculptoriam artem","severity":"info","text":"The author argues that printing preserves monuments better than sculpture, reflecting a Renaissance or early modern valorization of typography over epigraphy for textual transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"in porticu sancti Petri","severity":"info","text":"The portico of Old St. Peter's was a common location for displaying inscriptions and donations. The reference to a second tablet moved before the high altar of San Paolo fuori le Mura reflects known liturgical rearrangements.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"duarum Tabularum frusta videntur","severity":"info","text":"The author notes the tablets are fragmentary, with different stone shapes and mutilated ends, indicating the physical condition of the source material affects interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact reading of 'lapi(??)e i(??)ci sam' is uncertain; the edition marks it as corrupt.","The reference to 'scholio illo 241, 242' is not further identified in this passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"De Tabulis Donariorum marmoreis in po(??)ticu sancti Petri ad parietem ecclesiae affixis Maphaeus Vegius in libello de praestantia basilicae sancti Petri loquitur in hanc verborum formam: Beatus Gregorius ad instruenda abundantius basilicae sancti Petri luminaria, multa praedia, multaque praesertim oliveta illi donavit, sicut constat ex publico documento inscripto tabulis marmoreis: quae cum primo septem essent, duae tantum adhuc affixae sunt muro ante ingressum basilicae. Haec Maphaeus Vegius dicto in l(??)bello, qui iu bibliotheca basilicae sancti Petri asservatur.\n\nEgo interea lectorem moneo, omnem vel etiam futitem hisce in tabulis describendis et imprimendis industriam fuisse adhibitam, ut vetusta scribendi consuetudo ad amussim, vel, ut rectius dicam, ad minimum usque apicem repraesentaretur, spatiis tantum exceptis, quae quamvis in inscriptionibus lapide incisis inter singulas quasque voces desiderentur; ea tamen in hisce impressis apponendi curavi, ut lect o facilior reddatur. In nonnullis item vocibus contractis puncta non exstant, et minuscula elementa majusculis admixta interdum cernuntur.","english":"Concerning the Marble Donation Tablets in the portico of Saint Peter’s, affixed to the wall of the church, Maffeo Vegio speaks in his little book on the excellence of the basilica of Saint Peter in these words: “Blessed Gregory, to furnish more abundantly the lights of the basilica of Saint Peter, gave to it many estates and especially many olive groves, as is evident from a public document inscribed on marble tablets: which, though at first there were seven, only two are still affixed to the wall before the entrance of the basilica.” So Maffeo Vegio in his said little book, which is preserved in the library of the basilica of Saint Peter.\n\nMeanwhile I warn the reader that every care, even painstaking, has been employed in describing and printing these tablets, so that the ancient manner of writing might be represented exactly, or, as I should say more correctly, down to the smallest stroke, spaces alone excepted, which, although they are lacking in inscriptions cut in stone between each and every word, I have nevertheless taken care to insert in these printed ones, so that reading may be rendered easier. Likewise, in some contracted words the dots are not present, and lowercase letters mixed with uppercase are sometimes seen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Maphaeus Vegius","severity":"info","text":"Maffeo Vegio (1407–1458) was a humanist poet and papal secretary; his lost libellus on St. Peter's is cited here as a source for the donation tablets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"po(??)ticu","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has a scribal abbreviation or corruption: 'po(??)ticu' likely stands for 'porticu' (portico), but the exact expansion is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"tabulis marmoreis","severity":"info","text":"The author notes that only two of the original seven marble tablets survived to his time, indicating material loss in the transmission of the donation record.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"industriam ... adhibitam","severity":"info","text":"The editor claims painstaking care in reproducing the ancient script, including spacing and letter forms, to aid readability—a humanist editorial practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"puncta non exstant","severity":"caution","text":"The editor notes that dots are missing in contracted words and that lowercase and uppercase letters are mixed, reflecting the difficulty of reproducing the original inscription's orthography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 'po(??)ticu' is ambiguous; it is read as 'porticu' (portico) but could be another word.","The number of original tablets (seven) and the exact location of the two surviving ones are not further specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Voces denique obsoletas quae p(??)iscam illam veterum scriptorum aetatem sapiunt etiam prout jacent reliquimus, easque lapicidarum mendis carere lectorem monitum volo: littera enim pro littera nonnunquam a veteribus usurpata invenitur, ut inmutilata pro immutilata, inmeritum pro immeritum, inpendi pro impendi, set pro sed, adquisita pro acquisita, adsignatis pro assignatis, intro pro intra (id est, adverbium loco praepositionis), super pro supra (hoc est, praepositio pro adverbio), post hoc pro posthac (nam post hoc quasi post hoc tempus dicitur, cujus gnificationem habet adverbium posthac), adfines (agrorum) pro affines et confines, adicientes pro adjicientes, exsistere pro existere, hor(??)us (in accusandi casu) pro hortos, detenebantur pro detinebantur, consolatus pro consulatus. Hujus generis exempla majori ex parte in orthographia Aldina, et in aliis inscriptionibus, quae ad millia sexaginta et eo amplius descriptas penes se habere Aldus junior affirmare solebat, antiquitus usurpata leguntur, quae brevitatis gratia silentio praetermittenda censui: sat enim est hac in re citasse inscriptiones veterum Latinorum ab Aldo descriptas. Ipse enim abstrusa omnia antiquitatum in Latine scribendo monumenta adeo accurate observavit, ut neminem in hoc genere parem habuerit.","english":"Finally, obsolete words that savor of that ancient age of old writers we have left just as they lie, and I wish the reader to be warned that they are free from the errors of stonecutters: for a letter is sometimes found to have been used by the ancients in place of another letter, such as *inmutilata* for *immutilata*, *inmeritum* for *immeritum*, *inpendi* for *impendi*, *set* for *sed*, *adquisita* for *acquisita*, *adsignatis* for *assignatis*, *intro* for *intra* (that is, an adverb in place of a preposition), *super* for *supra* (that is, a preposition in place of an adverb), *post hoc* for *posthac* (for *post hoc* is said as if meaning “after this time,” which meaning the adverb *posthac* has), *adfines* (of fields) for *affines* and *confines*, *adicientes* for *adjicientes*, *exsistere* for *existere*, *hor(??)us* (in the accusative case) for *hortos*, *detenebantur* for *detinebantur*, *consolatus* for *consulatus*. Examples of this kind are for the most part read as having been used in antiquity in the Aldine orthography, and in other inscriptions, which Aldus the Younger used to affirm that he had in his possession, described to the number of sixty thousand and more, and which I have thought should be passed over in silence for the sake of brevity: for it is enough in this matter to have cited the inscriptions of the ancient Latins described by Aldus. For he himself observed all the obscure monuments of antiquity in writing Latin so accurately that he had no equal in this kind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Aldus junior","severity":"info","text":"Aldus the Younger (Aldus Manutius, 1547–1597) was a Venetian printer and philologist, grandson of the founder of the Aldine Press. He claimed to have collected over 60,000 inscriptions, a number that reflects the humanist enthusiasm for epigraphy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"orthographia Aldina","severity":"info","text":"The Aldine orthography refers to the spelling conventions used in Aldine editions, which often preserved archaic or variant forms. The author cites it as a source for the obsolete spellings listed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Voces denique obsoletas","severity":"info","text":"This passage functions as a methodological appendix, justifying the retention of archaic spellings in the edition and warning readers about stonecutter errors. It lists specific examples to illustrate the principle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Aldus junior affirmare solebat","severity":"info","text":"The author’s reliance on Aldus the Younger’s lost collection of 60,000 inscriptions shows the importance of Aldine scholarship for 16th-century epigraphy. The claim is unverifiable but reflects contemporary prestige.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"hor(??)us","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'hor(??)us' is uncertain in the Latin; the English draft renders it as 'hor(??)us' and glosses it as accusative for 'hortos'. The parenthetical marks a lacuna or illegible character in the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact reading of 'hor(??)us' is uncertain; the text may be corrupt or the abbreviation ambiguous.","The number 'ad millia sexaginta' (60,000) for Aldus’s inscriptions is likely rhetorical and not verifiable."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Non desunt etiam scriptores, qui dictas voces apud antiquos in usu frequenti fuisse dicant: quos b(??)evitatis causa omitto.\n\nIlla item B. Gregorii aetas littera B pro Y et V pro B uti non raro solebat, ut supra videre est in tabula ex duabus prima, in qua legitur, parba pro parva, olibetum pro olivetum, silbula pro silvula, octabiano pro octaviano; devitarem pro debitorem, et uveribus pro uberibus. Hunc vetustum scribendi usum in scholio nostro (Ubi supra) satis diffuse explicavimus, ut idem scholium, in quo nonnulla scitu fortasse digna enarrantur, huic etiam tabulae deserviret. Alia item haud omnino contemnenda ad hujus generis scribendi pronuntiandique usum spectantia in Commentario nostro bibliothecae Vaticanae anno impresso, pag. et docuimus.\n\nLectorem item moneo, in olivetorum recensione legi semper olibetum in accusandi casu per vocem boc modo contractam, olibet et cum puncto et sine ipso, vel olibetu, modo etiam cum puncto, modo absque ipso. Quod autem accusandi casus sine littera fuerit in usu apud veteres Latinos illos qui aetate beati Gregorii exstabant, id nobis persuadent multae antiquorum inscriptiones lapide incisae, quarum etiam exempla, brevitati consulens omitto.","english":"There are also writers who say that the said words were in frequent use among the ancients; these I omit for the sake of brevity.\n\nLikewise, in the age of Blessed Gregory, the letter B was often used for Y, and V for B, as can be seen above in the first of the two tablets, in which we read *parba* for *parva*, *olibetum* for *olivetum*, *silbula* for *silvula*, *octabiano* for *octaviano*; *devitarem* for *debitorem*, and *uveribus* for *uberibus*. This ancient practice of writing we have explained quite fully in our scholium (cited above), so that the same scholium, in which some things perhaps worthy of knowledge are set forth, might also serve for this tablet. Other matters, not entirely to be despised, pertaining to this manner of writing and pronunciation we have also taught in our commentary on the Vatican Library, printed in the year [——], page [——].\n\nI also warn the reader that in the list of olive groves, *olibetum* is always read in the accusative case by a word contracted in this way, *olibet*, both with and without a dot, or *olibetu*, sometimes with a dot, sometimes without. That the accusative case without a final letter was in use among those ancient Latins who existed in the age of Blessed Gregory is persuaded to us by many ancient inscriptions carved in stone, examples of which I also omit, consulting brevity.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Non desunt etiam scriptores","severity":"info","text":"The author dismisses unnamed writers who attest to the frequency of certain words among the ancients, prioritizing brevity over citation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"B. Gregorii aetas","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Blessed Gregory' likely indicates Pope Gregory I (c. 540–604), whose era is cited for orthographic variation, such as B for Y and V for B.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"olibetum","severity":"info","text":"The form 'olibetum' (for 'olivetum') exemplifies the B-for-V substitution attributed to the age of Gregory I, and appears in contracted accusative forms 'olibet' or 'olibetu'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"scholio nostro","severity":"info","text":"The author refers to his own earlier scholium, which explains the ancient writing practice and is intended to serve for the current tablet as well.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commentario nostro bibliothecae Vaticanae","severity":"info","text":"The author cites his own commentary on the Vatican Library, printed in an unspecified year and page, as a source for further details on writing and pronunciation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"b(??)evitatis causa","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has a corrupt or unclear abbreviation 'b(??)evitatis', likely intended as 'brevitatis' (for brevity), but the exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 'b(??)evitatis' is unclear; the intended word is likely 'brevitatis'.","The year and page numbers for the commentary on the Vatican Library are omitted in the source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Illud interea subticendum non videtor, cur scilicet olivetum, quod est generis neutrius, in hac inscriptione masculini semper generis esse inveniatur: id quod factum puto per figuram synthesim, quae discordat cum voce, et cum suo concorda significatu, ut est il ud Virg. viii Aen., Praeneste sub ipsa, teste Al lo seniori, et Camerino sub ipsa, i. civitate: nam Praeneste et Camerinum sunt generis neutrius. Per hanc item figuram, synthesim, dicitur: Lilium est albissimus florum, i. flos albissimus omnium florum; ita etiam olivetum, quod est locus, sive ager, in quo oleae consitae sunt, discordat cum voce, et concordat cum significatu, si referatur ad locum, sive ad agrum.\n\nIn secunda tabula, quae infra cernitur, legitur isdem in recto pro idem. Hanc vocem isdem, in nominativo singulari pro idem, non solum Euch rius bis in ii lib. in Gen. et bis in lib. Regum usurpavit, sed Ennius etiam auctor perantiquus in nominativo singulari, et in ablativo plurali, ut refert Cicero in lib. de Oratore, usus est eadem voce, isdem dicens: Isdem campus habit (inquit Ennius) et in templis isdem, probavit, etc.","english":"I do not think it should be passed over in silence, why *olivetum*, which is of the neuter gender, is always found in this inscription as masculine: which I think is done by the figure *synthesis*, which disagrees with the word and agrees with its meaning, as in Virgil, *Aeneid* VIII, *Praeneste sub ipsa*, as the elder Alo testifies, and *Camerino sub ipsa*, i.e. *civitate*: for *Praeneste* and *Camerinum* are of the neuter gender. By this same figure, *synthesis*, it is said: *Lilium est albissimus florum*, i.e. the most white flower of all flowers; so also *olivetum*, which is a place or field in which olive trees are planted, disagrees with the word and agrees with the meaning, if it is referred to the place or field.\n\nIn the second tablet, which is seen below, *isdem* is read in the nominative for *idem*. This word *isdem*, in the nominative singular for *idem*, was used not only by Eucherius twice in Book II on Genesis and twice in the Book of Kings, but also by Ennius, a very ancient author, in the nominative singular and in the ablative plural, as Cicero reports in his book *De Oratore*, using the same word *isdem*, saying: *Isdem campus habit* (says Ennius) *et in templis isdem, probavit*, etc.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"synthesis","severity":"info","text":"The figure synthesis (Greek σύνθεσις) is a grammatical construct where a word agrees with the sense rather than its grammatical gender; the author uses it to explain the masculine form of neuter olivetum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Praeneste sub ipsa","severity":"info","text":"The author cites Virgil, Aeneid VIII, line 561 (Praeneste sub ipsa) as an example of synthesis, where the feminine ipsa agrees with the implied urbs rather than the neuter Praeneste.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Virgil Aeneid"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Camerino sub ipsa","severity":"info","text":"The author cites Camerino sub ipsa, likely from a lost source or a misremembered Virgilian echo, as another example of synthesis with a neuter place name treated as feminine.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"isdem","severity":"info","text":"The author notes that Eucherius of Lyon used isdem for idem in his Commentaries on Genesis and Kings, and that Ennius used it in the nominative singular and ablative plural, as reported by Cicero in De Oratore.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Eucherius of Lyon","Ennius","Cicero De Oratore"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"olivetum","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a grammatical excursus: first explaining the gender anomaly of olivetum via synthesis, then addressing the orthographic variant isdem in the second tablet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"teste Al lo seniori","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase teste Al lo seniori is obscure; it may refer to a commentator or a corrupt reading. The text likely means 'as the elder Alo testifies,' but the identity of Alo is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Alo senior' is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a reference to an unknown commentator.","The source of the Camerino example is not identified; it may be a lost text or a conflation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"In templis isdem pro iisdem, dixit Ennius. Hinc Cicero eodem in loco ait isdem dici et in nominativo singulari, et in ablativo plurali, et utrumque usurpatum fuisse ab Ennio: nam vox isdem derivatur ab is, ea, id, et demum, auctore Prisciano lib. xii, cap. de figura. Hinc, si non isdem, sed idem, campus legeretur, ut nunc p(??)ofecto legitur, sed corrupte quidem Ciceronis de hac voce disputatio vana esset. Ennius enim quamvis in nominativo ing(??)lari dixerit, isdem, non idem campus, in ablativo plurali etiam dixit in templis isdem, pro iisdem, et uti malu(??)t eadem voce in secundo loco, alterum i, abjiciens nt malum sonum vitaret, quae pro iisdem, vocem eisdem usurparet, quae sane vox (ut ait Cicero) erat opimior, quam scilicet ferebat Ennii aetas, quae nimirum vetustatem sapiebat. Isdem itaque voce, p(??)imo Ennii loco pro idem, reposita, Ciceronis locus emendatur.","english":"In the same temples for *iisdem*, Ennius said. Hence Cicero in the same place says that *isdem* is used both in the nominative singular and in the ablative plural, and that both forms were employed by Ennius: for the word *isdem* is derived from *is, ea, id* and *demum*, according to Priscian, book XII, chapter on figure. Hence, if it were read not *isdem* but *idem campus*, as it is now indeed read, but corruptly, Cicero’s discussion of this word would be pointless. For Ennius, although he said *isdem* in the nominative singular, not *idem campus*, also said *in templis isdem* in the ablative plural, for *iisdem*, and preferred to use the same word in the second instance, dropping one *i* to avoid a bad sound, which would use the word *eisdem* for *iisdem*, which word (as Cicero says) was more copious, such as Ennius’s age bore, which indeed savored of antiquity. Therefore, with the word *isdem* restored in place of *idem* in the first passage of Ennius, Cicero’s passage is corrected.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"isdem","severity":"info","text":"The form *isdem* is treated as a variant of *idem* (nominative singular) and *iisdem* (ablative plural), derived from *is, ea, id* plus *-demum* per Priscian. The author argues that Ennius used *isdem* in both cases, and that later corruption to *idem* obscures Cicero's argument.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Priscian, Institutiones grammaticae XII"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ennius","severity":"info","text":"The passage discusses Ennius's usage of *isdem* as cited by Cicero. Ennius (c. 239–169 BC) is an early Latin poet whose works survive only in fragments; his language was considered archaic by later authors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Cicero","severity":"info","text":"The author refers to Cicero's discussion of *isdem* in an unspecified work, claiming that restoring Ennius's original *isdem* corrects Cicero's passage. This reflects Renaissance humanist efforts to emend classical texts based on grammatical analysis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"p(??)ofecto","severity":"caution","text":"The reading *p(??)ofecto* is uncertain due to manuscript corruption; the intended word may be *profecto* ('indeed'). The brackets indicate a lacuna or illegible character in the source edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ing(??)lari","severity":"caution","text":"The form *ing(??)lari* is corrupt; the intended word is likely *singulari* ('singular'), as the context discusses the nominative singular. The brackets again indicate a lacuna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"malu(??)t","severity":"caution","text":"The reading *malu(??)t* is corrupt; the intended word is probably *maluit* ('preferred'). The lacuna obscures the verb form, but the sense is clear from context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact source of Cicero's discussion of *isdem* is not specified; the author may be referring to a lost or fragmentary work.","The manuscript readings for *p(??)ofecto*, *ing(??)lari*, and *malu(??)t* are uncertain due to lacunae; the reconstructions are based on context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Duo etiam pro duos, ut hortos duo positos. Quem locum in secunda tabula me(??)dosum es e credidissem, nisi locum Charisii legissem scribentis, duo pro duos, et ambo pro ambos juxta analogiam, et declinationem Graecam recte dici. Ait enim Charisius libro i: Nonnulli, Graecos secuti, quia illi et dicunt, hos duo, et hos ambo dixerunt. Ambo pro ambos apud Virg. ecl.:\n\nnam saepe aene(??)spe carminis ambo Luserat.\n\nIta legendum ex Charisio, necnon ex codice Ms. Ve(??)tissimo et insigniori, characteribus majusculis conscripto, qui bibliotheca Vaticana a servatur. Idem Virgilius in lib. iv Georgicorum:\n\nVerum ubi ductores acie revocaveris ambo.\n\nIta Virgilii locus ex Charisio emendandus. In codice Vaticano insigni versus hic non exstat, quia in hoc lib. iv Georg. aliquot paginae desiderantur. Afranius in Pantaleo:\n\nRevocas nos ambo ad praelium.","english":"Two also for *duos*, as in *hortos duo positos*. I would have believed that passage in the second tablet to be corrupt, had I not read the passage of Charisius writing that *duo* for *duos* and *ambo* for *ambos* are correctly said according to analogy and Greek declension. For Charisius says in Book I: \"Some, following the Greeks, because they say both, said *hos duo* and *hos ambo*.\" *Ambo* for *ambos* in Virgil, *Eclogues*:\n\n*nam saepe aene(??)spe carminis ambo Luserat.*\n\nThus it must be read according to Charisius, and also according to a very ancient and notable manuscript, written in capital letters, which is preserved in the Vatican Library. The same Virgil in Book IV of the *Georgics*:\n\n*Verum ubi ductores acie revocaveris ambo.*\n\nThus the Virgilian passage is to be emended according to Charisius. In the notable Vatican codex this verse does not survive, because in this Book IV of the *Georgics* several pages are missing. Afranius in *Pantaleo*:\n\n*Revocas nos ambo ad praelium.*","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"duo pro duos","severity":"info","text":"The author argues that the form duo can stand for the accusative plural duos, citing Charisius and Greek analogy. This supports the reading of the second tablet against suspicion of corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ambo pro ambos","severity":"info","text":"The author treats ambo as a nominative-accusative form equivalent to ambos, following Charisius and Greek declension. This is a grammatical point about Latin case usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"nam saepe aene(??)spe carminis ambo Luserat","severity":"caution","text":"The Virgilian quotation is corrupt in the source (aene(??)spe). The author cites it from Charisius to support ambo for ambos, but the exact text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Verum ubi ductores acie revocaveris ambo","severity":"info","text":"This line from Virgil Georgics 4 is cited as another example of ambo used for ambos. The author notes it is missing from the Vatican manuscript due to lost pages.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"codice Ms. Ve(??)tissimo et insigniori","severity":"info","text":"The author refers to a very ancient Vatican manuscript in capital letters, which supports the reading of ambo. This manuscript is a key witness for the textual tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Afranius in Pantaleo","severity":"info","text":"The author cites the comic playwright Afranius (2nd c. BCE) for the phrase revocas nos ambo, further attesting the use of ambo as accusative in early Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Virgilian quotation from the Eclogues is corrupt (aene(??)spe), making the exact text uncertain.","The reference to the Vatican manuscript is vague; its identity and date are not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Idem Virgilius lib. xii Aeneidos:\n\nHunc congressus, et hunc; illum eminus, eminus ambo. Ita legitur in codice ms. Vetustissimo et insigniori Vaticano. Terentius in Andria act. ii, sc.: Ambo opportune vos volo. Ita legendum ex Charisio; alii enim legunt: Ambo opportune: vos volo.\n\nDuo pro duos recte scribit, ait Charisius lib. i, Attius in Epinausimache:\n\nManes armis duo congressos crederes.\n\nIta legandum ex Charisio. Terentius in Adelphis, act. v, sc.:\n\nTu illos doo pro re olim tolleb(??)s tua.\n\nUbi Helenius Acron, duo pro duos. Ita legitur in codice ms. vetutissimo et insigniori Vaticano. Ita etiam legiiur in Terentio a Gabriele Faerno; eti a Terentii locus ex Charisio est emendandus. Cicero in Verrem lib. i, act.: Horum Pater abhinc duo et vigin(??)i annos est mortuus. Sic legebatur, et ita legi debet. Idem ad Atticum lib. iv, epist. ultima: Duo consulares, qui te dicerent. Sic legendum. Idem ad O. Fr. lib. i. ep.: Duo Mysos. Ita legendum, et ita emendavit Paulus Manutius ex lib. Bessario is. Idem lib. Famil. iii, epist.: Duo enim duarum aetatum pturimi facio, Cn. Pompeium filiae socerum, et M. Brutum generum tuum. Idem lib. vii, ep.: Praeter duo nos, loquitur isto modo nemo. Ita legitur, et ita legi debet. I(??)em lib. eod., epist.: Duo parietes de eadem fidelia dealbare. Idem de Amicitia: Ut omnis charitas sive inter duo, aut inter paucos jungeretur.","english":"The same Virgil, *Aeneid* book 12:\n\n*Hunc congressus, et hunc; illum eminus, eminus ambo.* Thus it is read in the very ancient and most notable Vatican manuscript. Terence, *Andria* act 2, scene: *Ambo opportune vos volo.* Thus it is to be read according to Charisius; others read: *Ambo opportune: vos volo.*\n\n*Duo* for *duos* is correctly written, says Charisius book 1, Attius in *Epinausimache*:\n\n*Manes armis duo congressos crederes.*\n\nThus it is to be read according to Charisius. Terence, *Adelphi* act 5, scene:\n\n*Tu illos duo pro re olim tollebas tua.*\n\nWhere Helenius Acron, *duo* for *duos*. Thus it is read in the very ancient and most notable Vatican manuscript. Thus also it is read in Terence by Gabriel Faernus; and that passage of Terence is to be emended from Charisius. Cicero, *Against Verres* book 1, act: *Horum pater abhinc duo et viginti annos est mortuus.* Thus it was read, and thus it ought to be read. The same, *To Atticus* book 4, last letter: *Duo consulares, qui te dicerent.* Thus it is to be read. The same, *To Q. Fr.* book 1, letter: *Duo Mysos.* Thus it is to be read, and thus Paulus Manutius emended it from the book of Bessarion. The same, *Familiar Letters* book 3, letter: *Duo enim duarum aetatum plurimi facio, Cn. Pompeium filiae socerum, et M. Brutum generum tuum.* The same, book 7, letter: *Praeter duo nos, loquitur isto modo nemo.* Thus it is read, and thus it ought to be read. The same, same book, letter: *Duo parietes de eadem fidelia dealbare.* The same, *On Friendship*: *Ut omnis caritas sive inter duo, aut inter paucos iungeretur.*","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"duo","severity":"info","text":"The author argues that the form 'duo' can stand for the accusative plural 'duos', citing Charisius and multiple classical authors to support this grammatical usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"codex ms. Vetustissimo et insigniori Vaticano","severity":"info","text":"The author repeatedly invokes a 'very ancient and most notable Vatican manuscript' as authority for readings, indicating reliance on a specific manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Charisius","severity":"info","text":"Charisius' grammatical work (Ars Grammatica, Book I) is cited as the key authority for the use of 'duo' for 'duos', showing the influence of late antique grammarians on Renaissance textual criticism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Paulus Manutius","severity":"info","text":"The author notes that Paulus Manutius emended a Ciceronian passage based on a book from Bessarion's library, reflecting humanist philological practices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Tu illos doo pro re olim tolleb(??)s tua","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text contains a corrupt or uncertain reading ('tolleb(??)s'), likely a scribal error or abbreviation, which the author seeks to emend via Charisius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Virgilius lib. xii Aeneidos","severity":"info","text":"The citation of 'Aeneid book 12' is an error; the Aeneid has only 12 books, but the quoted line is not from Virgil. This may reflect a misattribution or a lost work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'eminus ambo' in the Virgilian citation is unclear; it may be a corruption or a non-standard reading.","The abbreviation 'tolleb(??)s' in the Terence citation is uncertain; the intended form may be 'tollebas' or 'tollebes'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Sallustius historiarum lib. iv, in epist. Mithridatis: Inter me atque Lucullum, prope inopia rursus ambo incessit. Virg. ecl. v: Craterasque duo statuam tibi. Ita legit Pierius ad sibilum evitandum: et ita legitur in codice ms. vetustissimo, et insigniori Vaticano. Idem lib. ii Aeneidos:\n\nSi duo praeterea tales Idaea tulisset Terra viros\n\nIta legitur in codice ms. vetustissimo et insigniori Vaticano, nec aliter legi potest, quia utraque syllaba in voce, Duo, est brevis; et in primo loco est dactylus, in quo prima syllaba longa est, duabus sequentibus brevibus.\n\nPriscianus lib. vii ait: Oportet scire quidem analogiae rationem, usum tamen auctorum magis aemulari. Duo praeterea, et Ambo accusativos, secundum hanc declinationem proferunt, Ambos, et Duos. C. Julius Romanus in libello de Analogia rectam ponit esse declinationem: Hos duo.","english":"Sallust, *Histories* book 4, in the letter of Mithridates: *Inter me atque Lucullum, prope inopia rursus ambo incessit.* Virgil, *Eclogue* 5: *Craterasque duo statuam tibi.* Thus Pierius reads it to avoid the sibilant; and thus it is read in the very ancient and most notable Vatican manuscript. The same, *Aeneid* book 2:\n\n*Si duo praeterea tales Idaea tulisset Terra viros*\n\nThus it is read in the very ancient and most notable Vatican manuscript, nor can it be read otherwise, because both syllables in the word *duo* are short; and in the first position it is a dactyl, in which the first syllable is long, the two following short.\n\nPriscian, book 7, says: *Oportet scire quidem analogiae rationem, usum tamen auctorum magis aemulari.* *Duo praeterea* and *Ambo* produce accusatives, according to this declension, *Ambos* and *Duos*. C. Julius Romanus, in his little book *On Analogy*, holds that the correct declension is: *Hos duo*.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ambo","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the grammatical argument from the previous section, using Sallust and Virgil to illustrate that 'ambo' and 'duo' can function as accusative forms, supporting the author's broader thesis about Latin case usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"duo","severity":"info","text":"The author argues that 'duo' in Virgil's 'Si duo praeterea' must be scanned as a dactyl (long-short-short), with both syllables of 'duo' short, to fit the meter. This metrical point is used to justify the reading without an added 's'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Craterasque duo statuam tibi","severity":"info","text":"This is a quotation from Virgil's Eclogue 5, line 68. The author cites it to show that 'duo' is used as an accusative form, following the reading of Pierius and the Vatican manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Virgil Eclogues"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Si duo praeterea tales Idaea tulisset Terra viros","severity":"info","text":"This is a quotation from Virgil's Aeneid, book 2, lines 7-8 (in some editions). The author uses it to demonstrate the metrical necessity of reading 'duo' without an 's'.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Virgil Aeneid"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Priscianus","severity":"info","text":"The author cites Priscian's Institutiones Grammaticae, book 7, to support the argument that usage by authoritative authors should be emulated over strict analogy. This reflects the late antique grammatical tradition's influence on Renaissance textual criticism.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Priscian Institutiones Grammaticae"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"C. Julius Romanus","severity":"info","text":"The author cites C. Julius Romanus, a Roman grammarian of the 3rd century CE, whose work 'On Analogy' is now lost. This reference shows the author's reliance on fragmentary grammatical sources to argue for the correctness of 'hos duo' as an accusative form.","cites":[],"named_sources":["C. Julius Romanus On Analogy"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact source of the Sallust quotation is unclear; the letter of Mithridates is from the Histories, but the precise book and passage are not specified in the text.","The identity of 'Pierius' is ambiguous; it may refer to a Renaissance scholar or a textual critic, but no further details are given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Duo igitur pro duos, et ambo pro ambos recte scribi ex Charisio et aliis probatissimis auctoribus fatendum, affirmandumque est.\n\nQuod autem ad orthographiam attinet, duae voces in prima tabula absque diphtongo leguntur, quarum prima est dictio quedam, altera vero Cesariano. In secunda vero Tabula legitur Fhoca, pro Phoca. Quas sane voces lapicidarum mendis carere non puto.\n\nMassa hisce in tabulis non eo sensu quo dicitur massa aun et argenti, atque id genus alia; sed pro fundo sive viliA, quam vulgo dicunt possessionem, usurpatur. Unde massarius cui totius villae cura commissa est nuncupatur, ut placet Huguitioni. Hinc nonnullis in locis rustica possessio, pro villa sive fundo sumpta, massaria vocitari solet.\n\nHaec de glossematibus sive vocibus veterum Latinorum abstrusis in utraque Donariorum tabula conscriptis: de quibus lectorem monitum volui, ne quis voces obsoletas per typographorum incuriam impressam fuisse opinetur, ne(??)ve quis omnes illas lapicidarum menda esse suspicetur.","english":"Therefore, it must be admitted and affirmed that *duo* is correctly written for *duos*, and *ambo* for *ambos*, based on Charisius and other most authoritative authors.\n\nAs for orthography, two words are read in the first tablet without a diphthong, the first of which is the word *quedam*, and the other *Cesariano*. In the second tablet, *Fhoca* is read for *Phoca*. I certainly do not think these words are free from the errors of stonecutters.\n\n*Massa* in these tablets is not used in the sense in which *massa* of gold and silver is spoken of, and other things of that kind; but it is used for *fundus* or *villa*, which is commonly called a *possessio*. Hence, the *massarius*, to whom the care of the entire villa is entrusted, is so named, as Hugutio holds. Consequently, in some places, a rustic possession, taken for a villa or estate, is customarily called *massaria*.\n\nThese are the remarks on the glosses or obscure words of the ancient Latins inscribed on both tablets of the Donaria. I wished to warn the reader about these, lest anyone think that obsolete words were printed due to the carelessness of the typesetters, or lest anyone suspect that all of them are errors of the stonecutters.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"massa","severity":"info","text":"The author notes that *massa* in these tablets does not mean a mass of metal but rather a *fundus* or *villa* (a rural estate). This specialized sense is supported by Hugutio (Hugh of Pisa), who derives *massarius* (estate manager) from it.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hugutio of Pisa"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"massarius","severity":"info","text":"Derived from *massa* in the sense of a rural estate, *massarius* denotes the person entrusted with the care of the entire villa. This usage is attested by Hugutio.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hugutio of Pisa"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"massaria","severity":"info","text":"The author states that in some places a rustic possession (villa or estate) is customarily called *massaria*, further illustrating the semantic shift of *massa* from metal to land.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"quedam","severity":"caution","text":"The author observes that *quedam* (for *quaedam*) and *Cesariano* (for *Caesariano*) appear without diphthongs in the first tablet, and *Fhoca* (for *Phoca*) in the second. He suspects these are stonecutters' errors, not authentic archaic spellings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Charisius","severity":"info","text":"The author cites Charisius (Flavius Sosipater Charisius, 4th century CE) as an authority for the correct use of *duo* and *ambo* as accusative forms, alongside other most authoritative authors. Charisius' *Ars Grammatica* was a standard late antique grammar.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Charisius"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Hugutio","severity":"info","text":"The author invokes Hugutio of Pisa (12th century), a medieval lexicographer, to support the meaning of *massa* as a rural estate. This shows the continued reliance on medieval authorities for interpreting ancient inscriptions.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hugutio of Pisa"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The author does not specify which Charisius or which other authors he relies on for the accusative forms *duo* and *ambo*.","The exact location or provenance of the two marble tablets is not given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Ea Donariorum tabula quae nunc ad basilicam sancti Pauli exstat, legitur etiam in Registro beati Gregorii lib. xii, epist. 19; sed in epistola quae Registro inserta est nonnulla desiderantur: nam in salutatione epistolari desunt haec verba, quae in tabula marmorea exstant: Episcopus servus servorum Dei. Ad finem vero epistolae verba haec: Bene vale. Dat. viij. Kalend. Februarias, Imp. Domino N. Fhoca PP. Aug. anno secundo, et consolatus ejus anno primo, ind. septima. Haec in tabula marmorea.\n\nNonnullae item voces ut, in foro, pro quo in tabula legitur bifurco; horos duos, pro hortos duo positos; id est, pro ibidem; similiter parte sinistra ad portam, pro similiter a porta, parte sinistra; Eugentis, pro Eugenilis; possessionibus monasterii sancti Edistii, pro possessioni monasterii sancti Aristi; hortos, pro hortus; deleri facias ac auferri, pro delere debeat ac auferre.","english":"The donarial tablet which now stands at the basilica of Saint Paul is also read in the Register of the blessed Gregory, book 12, epistle 19; but in the epistle inserted into the Register, several things are missing: for in the epistolary salutation these words, which appear on the marble tablet, are absent: *Episcopus servus servorum Dei*. And at the end of the epistle, these words: *Bene vale. Dat. viij. Kalend. Februarias, Imp. Domino N. Fhoca PP. Aug. anno secundo, et consolatus ejus anno primo, ind. septima*. These are on the marble tablet.\n\nLikewise, several words, such as *in foro*, for which *bifurco* is read on the tablet; *horos duos*, for *hortos duo positos*; *id est*, for *ibidem*; similarly *parte sinistra ad portam*, for *similiter a porta, parte sinistra*; *Eugentis*, for *Eugenilis*; *possessionibus monasterii sancti Edistii*, for *possessioni monasterii sancti Aristi*; *hortos*, for *hortus*; *deleri facias ac auferri*, for *delere debeat ac auferre*.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Registro beati Gregorii lib. xii, epist. 19","severity":"info","text":"The reference is to Pope Gregory I's Register of letters, book 12, epistle 19, a standard collection of papal correspondence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fhoca","severity":"info","text":"The spelling Fhoca for Phoca (the Byzantine emperor Phocas) reflects a common orthographic variation in late Latin inscriptions, where Greek φ is sometimes rendered as f or ph.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"bifurco","severity":"info","text":"The reading bifurco for in foro suggests a scribal or inscriptional error, possibly a misreading of a ligature or abbreviation in the marble text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"horos duos","severity":"info","text":"The form horos duos for hortos duo positos shows a phonetic or orthographic simplification, with loss of t and case ending confusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Eugentis","severity":"info","text":"Eugentis for Eugenilis likely represents a scribal error or a variant spelling of a proper name, possibly a monastic founder or saint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"possessionibus","severity":"info","text":"The shift from possessionibus to possessioni reflects a case error (ablative for dative) common in late Latin inscriptions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact nature of the textual variants (whether scribal errors, inscriptional abbreviations, or dialectal forms) is not specified by the author."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"His de rebus sectorem item monitum volui, ut si quis tabulam marmoream cum epistola Registro inse(??)ta conferret, hanc coll(??)tionem in Registro imprimendo factam non fuisse sciat: propterea quod dum Registrum typis mandaretur, tabula illa, nondum in ecclesiam translata, in porticu sancti Pauli, ad pari(??)tem aflixa erat in editissimo loco sita, hinc perpaucis et fere nemini nola: quia vix aliquid de ea legi poterat. Ego vero dum scholia et alia in beatum Greg rium a me elaborata in lucem edenda curarem, aliud agens, incidi in Panvinium, qui totam hanc tabulam in libel(??)o de septem Urbis ecclesiis scriptam reliquit, dum de basilica sancti Petri sermonem haberet.\n\nQuare omni adhibita diligentia et industria, eam quaerendo inveni, inventamqu(??) ex marmore fideliter decerpsi, decerptamque denique atque impressam, ob rationes initio assignatas hoc loco apponere libuit.","english":"Concerning these matters, I also wished to warn the cutter, so that if anyone should compare the marble tablet with the letter inserted into the Register, he may know that this collation was not made when the Register was being printed: for the reason that, while the Register was being committed to type, that tablet, not yet transferred into the church, was affixed to the wall in the portico of Saint Paul, situated in a very high place, and hence known to very few and almost to no one: because scarcely anything of it could be read. I, however, while I was seeing to the publication of scholia and other works of mine on blessed Gregory, chanced, while occupied with other matters, upon Panvinius, who left this entire tablet transcribed in his little book on the seven churches of the City, when he was treating of the basilica of Saint Peter.\n\nTherefore, with all diligence and industry applied, I sought it out and found it, and once found, faithfully copied it from the marble, and finally, having copied and printed it, I thought it fitting to place it here, for the reasons assigned at the beginning.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"sectorem","severity":"info","text":"The author addresses a 'cutter' (sectorem), likely a stonecutter or engraver, warning him about the collation of the marble tablet with the Register.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Panvinium","severity":"info","text":"Onuphrius Panvinius (1529–1568) was an Augustinian historian and antiquarian; his 'little book on the seven churches of the City' is a known work on Rome's major basilicas.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Panvinius 16th century"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"tabulam marmoream","severity":"info","text":"The author describes the tablet's original location in the portico of Saint Paul, affixed high on a wall, making it nearly illegible and unknown until Panvinius transcribed it.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His de rebus","severity":"info","text":"This passage serves as a methodological aside, explaining the author's discovery and transcription process, and justifying the inclusion of the tablet's text in the present work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Registro inse(??)ta","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has a lacuna or illegible abbreviation at 'inse(??)ta' and 'coll(??)tionem', likely 'inserta' and 'collationem', but the exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'inse(??)ta' and 'coll(??)tionem' is uncertain; the editor likely intended 'inserta' and 'collationem'.","The phrase 'in editissimo loco sita' may be a scribal error for 'in edito loco sita' (placed in a high place)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Reliquum est ut paucis explicemus cur beatus Gregorius Magnus solis pro luminaribus s(??)u lampadibus in honorem sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli accendendis, tot(??)fundos et praedia, sive tot possessiones, totque denique oliveta corumdem sanctorum basilicis dedicant, ac destinarit: nam ex tot tantisque praediorum, et olivetorum praeserti o reditibus, nonnisi ingentem lampadum numerum dictis in ecclesiis adhibitum olim fuisse, colligere possumus. Id quod planum cuique profecto fit, si Vitae summorum pontificum ab Anastasio Bibliothecario, et a Platina, ne(??)nun Historiae sacrae a Petro Mallio conscriptae leg(??)ntur. Nam post Sil— vestrum papam, Caelestinus, Hilarius, Simplicius, Symmachus et post Gregorium Magnum Sabinianus, ejus successor, deinde Honorius;, Agatho, Gregorius II, Zacharias, et alii varia candelabrorum genera argentea, variis nominibus nuncupata (hoc est coronae, phara, canthara, ceros(??)ta et rhetia) multasque au(??)i et argenti libras pro lampadibus basilicae sancti Petri Romae dono dederunt. Idem fecit Constanti us Magnus imp., deinde Theodoricus rex sub Hormisda, Belisariusque sub Vigilio, qui magni pretii varia candelabrorum genera, multaque auri et argenti pondo, imperatoriae ac regiae opulentiae ac liberalitati consentanea, ecclesiae sancti Petri atque item beati Pauli obtulerunt.","english":"It remains for us to explain briefly why the blessed Gregory the Great destined and dedicated so many estates and lands, or so many possessions, and finally so many olive groves of the same saints to their basilicas, solely for the lighting of lamps or candles in honor of the holy apostles Peter and Paul: for from so many and such great revenues of the estates, and especially of the olive groves, we can gather that an immense number of lamps was once employed in the said churches. This indeed becomes clear to anyone if the Lives of the Supreme Pontiffs by Anastasius the Librarian and by Platina, or the Sacred History written by Petrus Mallius, are read. For after Pope Silvester, Caelestinus, Hilarius, Simplicius, Symmachus, and after Gregory the Great, Sabinianus his successor, then Honorius, Agatho, Gregory II, Zacharias, and others gave various kinds of silver candelabra, called by various names (that is, coronae, phara, canthara, cerostata, and rhetia), and many pounds of gold and silver for the lamps of the basilica of Saint Peter at Rome. The same was done by the Emperor Constantine the Great, then by King Theodoric under Hormisdas, and by Belisarius under Vigilius, who offered various kinds of candelabra of great price, and many pounds of gold and silver, befitting imperial and royal opulence and liberality, to the church of Saint Peter and likewise to that of the blessed Paul.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Gregorius Magnus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory the Great (pope 590–604) is known for reorganizing the Roman Church's patrimony and for liturgical endowments. The author here cites him as a model for funding lamps from olive grove revenues.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"coronae, phara, canthara, cerostata, rhetia","severity":"info","text":"These are Latin terms for types of lamp-stands or chandeliers: coronae (crowns), phara (possibly from pharus, lighthouse-shaped), canthara (bowl-shaped), cerostata (candle-holders), rhetia (nets or grilles). The list shows the variety of silver liturgical furnishings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Platina, Petrus Mallius","severity":"info","text":"The author cites three medieval and Renaissance sources: Anastasius the Librarian (9th c., author of the Liber Pontificalis), Bartolomeo Platina (15th c., humanist), and Petrus Mallius (12th c., author of a history of St. Peter's). These works were standard references for Roman ecclesiastical history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"post Silvestrum papam ... Sabinianus ... Honorius ... Agatho ... Gregorius II ... Zacharias","severity":"info","text":"The list of popes spans from Silvester I (314–335) to Zacharias (741–752), showing a continuous tradition of donations. The author uses this sequence to argue that Gregory the Great's endowments were part of a long-standing practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"s(??)u lampadibus","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has a lacuna or abbreviation: 's(??)u lampadibus'. The English draft reads 'candles', but the original likely read 'suis lampadibus' (their lamps) or 'seu lampadibus' (or lamps). The sense is not materially affected.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 's(??)u' in the Latin is uncertain; the reading 'suis' or 'seu' is plausible but not confirmed.","The list of popes after Silvester may include some whose donations are not independently attested in the cited sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Panvinius de rebus antiquis memoralibus et praestantia basilicae sancti Petri lib. v in ejusdem ecclesiae bibliotheca asservato, ait: Matkilda sanctitate celebris, tanti basilicam sancti Petri fecit, ut quo luminaribus adbibitis magis decoraretur, tanquam debitam ei dotem donavit patrimonium suum, id est, Liguriae et Hetrariae praecipuas partes cum omnibus oppidis ac eorumdem juribus. Haec Panvinius. Platina in ipso Paschalis II Vita, inquit hunc in modum: Hoc tempore Mathilda comitissa, admodum senio confecta, moriens, Romanae Ecclesiae ex testamento reliquit quidquid a Pissia amne, et sancto Quirico agri Senensis usque ad Ceperanum inter Appenninum et mare pertinet, addita Ferraria, quae adhuc Romanae Ecclesiae vectigalis est. Haec Palatina. Sed Ferraria longe prius sub Ecclesiae ditione fuit, hoc est mille abhinc fere annis, tempore videlicet Vitaliani, ut in chronicis peregrini Prisciani et Gasparis Sardi videre licet, deinde tempore Pipini, Karoli Magni, Ludovici I, Henrici I et Othonis I ante Mathildam, et ex eorumdem, caeterorumque post Mathil Iam, imperatorum privilegiis, qoae in archivo castri sancti Angeli custodiuntur, constat. De hac item donatione, donationisque confirmatione a comitissa Mathilda tempore Gregorii VII et Paschalis II praestita anno authentica non desunt momenta scriptis mandata, quae in omnibus S. E. R. archivis asservantur.","english":"Panvinius, in his book *On the Memorable Antiquities and Preeminence of the Basilica of Saint Peter*, book 5, preserved in the library of the same church, says: \"Matilda, celebrated for her sanctity, made the basilica of Saint Peter so great, and in order that it might be more adorned with the addition of lights, she gave her patrimony as a dowry due to it, that is, the principal parts of Liguria and Etruria, with all the towns and their rights.\" Thus Panvinius. Platina, in his *Life of Paschal II*, speaks in this manner: \"At this time, the Countess Matilda, being quite advanced in age and dying, left by testament to the Roman Church whatever lies from the river Pissia and San Quirico in the territory of Siena as far as Ceperano, between the Apennines and the sea, with the addition of Ferrara, which is still tributary to the Roman Church.\" Thus Platina. But Ferrara was under the dominion of the Church much earlier, that is, nearly a thousand years ago, namely in the time of Vitalian, as can be seen in the chronicles of the pilgrim Priscianus and of Gaspar Sardus; then in the time of Pippin, Charlemagne, Louis I, Henry I, and Otto I before Matilda; and this is established from the privileges of these and of other emperors after Matilda, which are kept in the archive of the Castle of Sant'Angelo. Concerning this donation, and the confirmation of the donation made by the Countess Matilda in the time of Gregory VII and Paschal II, there is no lack of authentic written records, which are preserved in all the archives of the Holy Roman Church.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Panvinius","severity":"info","text":"Onofrio Panvinio (1530–1568) was a Veronese Augustinian historian of ancient Rome and early Christian antiquities. His work on St. Peter's basilica is cited here as a source for the Matildine donation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Platina","severity":"info","text":"Bartolomeo Platina (1421–1481) was a humanist and librarian of the Vatican Library, author of the *Lives of the Popes*. His account of Paschal II is used to document Matilda's bequest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ferraria longe prius sub Ecclesiae ditione fuit","severity":"info","text":"The author argues that Ferrara was under Church control long before Matilda, citing Pope Vitalian (657–672) and later Carolingian and Ottonian emperors, to correct Platina's implication.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"in chronicis peregrini Prisciani et Gasparis Sardi","severity":"info","text":"The chronicles of 'Priscianus Peregrinus' and Gaspar Sardus are cited as sources for early Church possession of Ferrara; these are obscure or lost works, indicating the author's reliance on local archival traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"in archivo castri sancti Angeli custodiuntur","severity":"info","text":"The author references imperial privileges preserved in the Castel Sant'Angelo archive, a key repository of papal and imperial documents, to substantiate the pre-Matildine claims.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Matkilda sanctitate celebris","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has 'Matkilda' for 'Mathilda' (Matilda of Tuscany). This is a scribal or typographical variant, not a different person; the English draft normalizes to 'Matilda'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'a Pissia amne' is unclear; 'Pissia' may be a river name or a place, possibly a corruption of 'Pisa' or 'Pistoria'.","The author's claim that Ferrara was under Church control 'mille abhinc fere annis' (nearly a thousand years ago) from the time of writing (likely late 16th c.) is anachronistic relative to Pope Vitalian (7th c.), suggesting rhetorical exaggeration."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Postquam autem in sermonem de Ferraria non consulto, sed re id mihi subministra(??)te incidi, breviter et quasi praeteriens, dicam quod de ipsa Ferraria accidit dum haec de sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli lampadibus typis mandarem. Superiori namque anno Domini 1597, die. Octobris, Alhdonso Estense hujus nominis II et ultimo Ferrariae duce sine filiis ac descendentibus mortuo, sanctiss. D. N. Clement VIII pastor Ecclesiae vigilantissimus, et patrimonii sancti Petri defensor acerrimus et indefessus, ubi primum accepit Ferrariae ducatum in feudum olim a Romanis pontificibus praedecessoribus suis concessum, ad Romanam Ecclesiam ob lineam dicti A(??)phonsi finitam fuisse devolutum, nulla penitus cunctatione interposita, cum universo S. R. E. cardinalium collegio de illiuS recuperatione graviter ac sapienter egit, dictam recuperationem iisdem quoque cardinalibus instanter postulantibus. Quare sanctiss. D. N. in decreto, hac de re pronuntiando, humanis posthabitis rationibus, totam Ferrariae ditionem Christo Domino Salvatori nostro, necnon gloriosae ac semper virgini Dei genitrici Mariae, sanctisque apostolis Petro et Paulo constanti animo miroque pietatis ardore addixit et consecravit.","english":"After I had, however, not deliberately but as the matter itself supplied it to me, fallen into discourse concerning Ferrara, I shall say briefly and almost in passing what happened concerning Ferrara itself while I was committing to writing these matters about the lamps of the holy apostles Peter and Paul. For in the previous year of our Lord 1597, on the day of October, with Alfonso d'Este, the second of this name and the last Duke of Ferrara, having died without sons or descendants, our most holy Lord Clement VIII, the most vigilant pastor of the Church and the most zealous and tireless defender of the patrimony of Saint Peter, as soon as he learned that the Duchy of Ferrara, once granted in fief by his predecessors the Roman pontiffs, had devolved to the Roman Church due to the extinction of the said Alfonso's line, acted gravely and wisely, with no hesitation whatsoever, together with the entire college of cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, concerning its recovery, with the same cardinals also urgently demanding said recovery. Therefore, our most holy Lord, in the decree pronouncing on this matter, setting aside human considerations, with steadfast spirit and marvelous ardor of piety, devoted and consecrated the entire dominion of Ferrara to Christ the Lord our Savior, as well as to the glorious and ever-virgin Mother of God Mary, and to the holy apostles Peter and Paul.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ferrariae","severity":"info","text":"Ferrara was a papal fief held by the Este family. The death of Alfonso II d'Este in 1597 without heirs triggered its reversion to the Papal States, a major event in papal temporal power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Clement VIII","severity":"info","text":"Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605) was known for his vigorous defense of papal temporal claims. His recovery of Ferrara was a celebrated act of ecclesiastical statecraft.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"addixit et consecravit","severity":"info","text":"The verbs 'addixit et consecravit' (devoted and consecrated) indicate a formal act of dedication, not merely political annexation, linking the recovery to the cult of the apostles Peter and Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Postquam autem ... breviter et quasi praeteriens","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a digression within the main treatise on lamps, signaled by the author's own admission that he fell into the topic 'not deliberately' but as the matter supplied itself.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Superiori namque anno Domini 1597","severity":"info","text":"The author writes in 1598 or later, referring to the previous year (1597) for the death of Alfonso II and the subsequent papal action.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Ferrariae","severity":"info","text":"The recovery of Ferrara was widely publicized in Catholic Europe as a providential vindication of papal authority, and this passage reflects that contemporary apologetic context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text has a lacuna or illegible abbreviation at 'subministra(??)te' and 'A(??)phonsi', likely 'subministrante' and 'Alphonsi'.","The exact day of October is missing in the manuscript."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Juris itaque ac canonum ordine servato, stricto tandem utroque gladio, Petroque sancti Nicolai in carcere diacono cardinali Aldobrandino ejusdem Clementis nepote, ad res sane praeclaras et arduas pro Romana Ecclesia celeriter ac feliciter perficiendas nato, at ducatum Ferrariae recuperandum cum militaribus copiis misso, Caesar Estensis nu(??)lo militum exspectato congressu, eumdem Ferrariae ducatum antiquo ac legitimo S. R. E. domino, anno hoc ipso die Januarii restituere, inita conventione scriptis mandata, promisit: reque ipsa ejusdem vigesima nona mensis die, hoc est pridie diei sancto Hippolyto consecratae, in qua ipsius Clementis, antea Hippolyti nuncupati, pontificatus natalis celebratur, libere ac pacifice, non humano tantum, sed expresso divinae opis praesidio, restituit. Ferraria gaudio gestiente, tota urbe Roma exsultante. Deoque ingentes gratias agente, universaque Italia admirante. Hactenus de Ferraria. Nunc ad nostrum de lampadibus in honorem sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli otim accendi solii is institutum revertamur.","english":"Therefore, with the order of law and canons preserved, and with both swords finally drawn, and with Peter, cardinal deacon of San Nicola in Carcere, Aldobrandino, nephew of the same Clement, born for the swift and successful accomplishment of truly splendid and arduous tasks for the Roman Church, sent with military forces to recover the duchy of Ferrara, the Este Caesar, with no battle of soldiers having been awaited, promised to restore the same duchy of Ferrara to its ancient and legitimate lord, the Holy Roman Church, in this very year on the day of January, by an agreement committed to writing; and in fact, on the twenty-ninth day of the same month, that is, on the day before the day consecrated to Saint Hippolytus, on which the birthday of the pontificate of Clement himself, formerly called Hippolytus, is celebrated, he restored it freely and peacefully, not only by human aid but by the express assistance of divine help. Ferrara rejoicing, the whole city of Rome exulting, and giving immense thanks to God, and all Italy marveling. Thus far concerning Ferrara. Now let us return to our subject concerning the lamps that were once accustomed to be lit in honor of the holy apostles Peter and Paul.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ferrariae ducatum","severity":"info","text":"The duchy of Ferrara reverted to the Papal States in 1598 after the death of Alfonso II d'Este without direct heirs, ending the Este dynasty's rule. The author recounts this event as contemporary history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"stricto tandem utroque gladio","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'both swords' (uterque gladius) is a medieval metaphor for spiritual and temporal authority, derived from Luke 22:38 and elaborated by popes like Boniface VIII. Here it signals the Church's use of both legal and military power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"die Januarii","severity":"info","text":"The day of January is left unspecified in the Latin, but the restoration occurred on 29 January 1598, as indicated by the following date. The author's vagueness may reflect haste or reliance on memory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Petroque sancti Nicolai in carcere diacono cardinali Aldobrandino","severity":"info","text":"Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini (1571–1621), nephew of Pope Clement VIII, was cardinal deacon of San Nicola in Carcere. He led the military and diplomatic mission to reclaim Ferrara for the Papal States.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Hactenus de Ferraria. Nunc ad nostrum de lampadibus ... revertamur.","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a clear structural break, returning from the Ferrara digression to the main topic of the lamps of Saints Peter and Paul, as announced in the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"nu(??)lo","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'nu(??)lo' is uncertain; the intended word is likely 'nullo' (no), but the manuscript may have a lacuna or abbreviation. The sense is clear: no battle occurred.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact day of January in 'die Januarii' is not specified, though the context gives 29 January 1598.","The reading 'nu(??)lo' is uncertain but almost certainly 'nullo'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Nam Petrus Mallius in libro de historiae Basilicae sancti Petri, ut in Bibliotheca vaticana videre est, post varia donorum ac redituum genera basilicae sancti Petri pro lampadibus accendendis enumerata, de luminaribus dicta in Ecclesia perpetuo accensis loquens, cl lampades diu noctuque, in stationibus autem ccl sua tempestate in basilica sancti Petri arsisse testatur, variaque lampadum et candelabrorum genera et nomina, atque item loca omnia, in quibus candelabra suspendebantur, recenset, stationibus quibuscumque totius anni enarrat(??)s. Accendebatur etiam candelabrum, quod tot habebat lampades, quot dies anni sunt, hoc est ccclxv. Imo ut Anastasius bibliothecarius in Hadriano primo ait: Hadrianus ipse basilicae sancti Petri dono dedit candelabrum, crucis formam repraesentans, mccclx candelis vel lampadibus insignitum, quod ante presbyterium pendens, quatuor anni vicibus, die scilicet Natalis Domini, in Paschate, in Natali sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, et in Romani pontificis eleclione, quae singulo quoque anno, ipso vivente, celebratur, ac accendi solebat, mccclxx lampades ante presbyterum accendi solebant. Idem fere legitur de basilica sancti Pauli. Cum itaque in basilicis sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pau i(??)tot lampades perpetuo arderent, mirum nemini videri debet, si tot praedia, totque oliveta dictis basilicis fuerint dedicata ac destinata.","english":"For Petrus Mallius, in his book on the history of the Basilica of Saint Peter, as may be seen in the Vatican Library, after enumerating various kinds of gifts and revenues of the Basilica of Saint Peter for the lighting of lamps, speaking of the lights perpetually burning in the Church, testifies that in his time 150 lamps burned day and night in the Basilica of Saint Peter, and on station days 250, and he lists the various kinds and names of lamps and candelabra, and likewise all the places where candelabra were suspended, describing the stations of the whole year. Moreover, a candelabrum was lit which had as many lamps as there are days in the year, that is 365. Indeed, as Anastasius the Librarian says in his life of Hadrian I, Hadrian himself gave as a gift to the Basilica of Saint Peter a candelabrum representing the form of a cross, adorned with 1,360 candles or lamps, which, hanging before the presbytery, was lit four times a year, namely on the day of the Nativity of the Lord, at Easter, on the feast of the holy apostles Peter and Paul, and on the election of the Roman pontiff, which is celebrated each year during his lifetime, and 1,370 lamps used to be lit before the presbytery. The same is nearly read concerning the Basilica of Saint Paul. Since, therefore, so many lamps burned perpetually in the basilicas of the holy apostles Peter and Paul, it should seem a wonder to no one if so many estates and so many olive groves were dedicated and assigned to the said basilicas.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Petrus Mallius","severity":"info","text":"Petrus Mallius (12th century) wrote a history of St. Peter's Basilica, a key source for medieval Roman liturgy and endowment. His work survives in Vatican manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Anastasius bibliothecarius","severity":"info","text":"Anastasius Bibliothecarius (9th century) compiled the Liber Pontificalis, a series of papal biographies. The reference to Hadrian I (r. 772–795) comes from that work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"stationibus","severity":"info","text":"Station days were major liturgical feasts when the pope celebrated Mass at a designated stational church in Rome, requiring extra illumination.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"candelabrum ... crucis formam","severity":"info","text":"The cross-shaped candelabrum with 1,360 lights, donated by Hadrian I, is a notable example of early medieval papal patronage and liturgical splendor, often cited in art-historical studies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Cum itaque ... mirum nemini videri debet","severity":"info","text":"This concluding sentence forms the rhetorical climax of the passage, linking the vast number of lamps to the necessity of extensive endowments of estates and olive groves.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text has a lacuna or illegible abbreviation at 'enarrat(??)s' and 'Pau i(??)', likely 'Pauli'.","The exact number of lamps in the cross-shaped candelabrum (1,360 vs. 1,370) may reflect scribal variation or a textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}