{"slug":"tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1","title":"Chronicum","title_source":"Chronicum","author":"Marius Aventicensis Episcopus","genre":"chronicle","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:34:52Z","cost_usd":0.009445},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1249/tmp1249/tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":19,"english_words":3369,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":13772,"commentary_units":112,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":40,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1","abstract":"Marius Aventicensis, bishop of Avenches (ca. 530–594), composed a Latin chronicle continuing the works of Prosper of Aquitaine and Eusebius-Jerome. Covering events from 455 to 581, it uses consular years and regnal years of Byzantine emperors and Frankish kings. The sole surviving manuscript (9th century, Bern) shows scribal errors and marginal additions. Marius’s entries are brief and annalistic, reflecting a Burgundian and Frankish perspective. The chronicle was used by later medieval historians like Paul the Deacon and Frechulf of Lisieux. This edition lacks a full apparatus of variant readings; for textual criticism, Mommsen’s edition (MGH AA 11, 1894) is recommended.","historical_context":"Marius wrote in the late 6th century, likely at Avenches (modern Avenches, Switzerland) or nearby, within the Burgundian kingdom that had been absorbed into Merovingian Francia. The chronicle’s community was Latin-literate clergy and monastic circles in Gaul. Its genre is a continuation chronicle, a form popular in late antiquity for updating earlier universal histories. The text survives in a single 9th-century manuscript (Bern, Burgerbibliothek), which is the basis for all modern editions. Transmission was limited; it was used by Paul the Deacon in the 8th century and by Frechulf of Lisieux in the 9th. The chronicle’s dating system (consular and regnal years) reflects late Roman and early medieval annalistic practice. Marius’s perspective is regional, focusing on Burgundian and Frankish affairs, not universal history.","significance":"Marius’s chronicle is a key source for the 5th–6th century transition from Roman to post-Roman Gaul, especially Burgundian and Frankish history. It bridges the gap between Prosper of Aquitaine and later medieval chroniclers, influencing Paul the Deacon and Frechulf. Its annalistic form and regional focus provide a unique window into local events and perspectives often absent from broader histories.","timeline":[{"date":"ca. 530","event":"Marius born (approximate)."},{"date":"ca. 574–594","event":"Marius serves as bishop of Avenches."},{"date":"late 6th c.","event":"Chronicle composed, covering 455–581."},{"date":"9th c.","event":"Sole surviving manuscript copied (Bern)."},{"date":"1894","event":"Theodor Mommsen’s critical edition published (MGH AA 11)."}],"relations":[{"work":"Chronicle of Eusebius-Jerome","relation":"predecessor and model","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine","relation":"predecessor and model","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Historia Langobardorum of Paul the Deacon","relation":"used Marius as source","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Chronicon of Frechulf of Lisieux","relation":"used Marius as source","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Date of composition is not precisely known; only that it covers up to 581 and Marius died ca. 594.","The sole surviving manuscript (9th c.) shows scribal errors and marginal additions, complicating reconstruction of the original text.","Consular names in the manuscript are sometimes corrupt or misaligned, indicating textual instability.","This edition does not include a full apparatus of variant readings; for textual criticism, consult Mommsen (1894)."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000462,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:34:52Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1249/tmp1249/tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1249.tmp1249.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":19,"translated":19,"commentary_passages":19,"commentary_units":112,"english_words":3369,"source_letters":13745,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Marius Aventicensis (bishop of Avenches, ca. 530–594) wrote a continuation of the chronicles of Prosper of Aquitaine and Eusebius-Jerome, covering events from 455 to 581.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The chronicle’s dates are based on consular years and regnal years of Byzantine emperors and Frankish kings; internal consistency suggests composition in the late 6th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole surviving manuscript (9th century, now in Bern) is the basis for all modern editions; it shows signs of scribal errors and marginal additions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Marius’s chronicle was used by later medieval historians such as Paul the Deacon and in the 9th-century ‘Chronicon’ of Frechulf of Lisieux.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include a full apparatus of variant readings from the manuscript; for textual criticism, consult the edition by Theodor Mommsen (MGH AA 11, 1894).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Marius’s entries are often brief and annalistic; his selection of events reflects a Burgundian and Frankish perspective, not a universal history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: chronicle in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 19 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":19},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"MARII AVENTICENSIS EPISCOPI CHRONICON.\n\ntJique hic Pro, per: quæ sequuntur Mariusepiscopus.\n\nConsule supra scripto levatus est Avitus imperator in Gallias: et ingressus est Theodoricus rex Gothorum Arelato cum fratribus suis in pace.\n\nJOANNE ET VARANA.\n\nHis consulibus dejectus est Avitus imperator a Majoriano et Ricimere Placentia, et factus est episcopus in civitate.\n\nEo anno Burgundiones partem Galliae occupaverunt, terrasque cum Gallis senatoribus diviserunt.\n\nCONSTANTINO ET RUFO;\n\nMAJORIANO ET LEONE,\n\nRICIMERE ET PATRICIO,\n\nMAGNO ET APOLLONARE [Ex fastisAPOLLONIO].\n\nHis consulibus Majorianus imperator profectus est ad Hispanias.\n\nEo anno captae sunt naves a Vandalis ad Elecem; juxta Carthagine Spartaria.\n\nSEVERINO ET DAGALAIFO.\n\nHis consulibus dejectus, est Majorianus de imperio in civitate Bertona a Ricimere Patricio, et interfectus est super Ira fluvio; et levatas est Severus imperator Ravenna.","english":"Chronicle of Marius, Bishop of Aventicum.\n\nWith the above-named consul, Avitus was raised as emperor in Gaul; and Theodoric, king of the Goths, entered Arles with his brothers in peace.\n\nUnder the consulship of John and Varana.\n\nUnder these consuls, Avitus was deposed as emperor by Majorian and Ricimer at Piacenza, and was made bishop in that city.\n\nIn that year, the Burgundians occupied part of Gaul and divided the lands with the Gallic senators.\n\nUnder the consulship of Constantine and Rufus.\n\nUnder the consulship of Majorian and Leo.\n\nUnder the consulship of Ricimer and Patricius.\n\nUnder the consulship of Magnus and Apollinaris [from the fasti: Apollonius].\n\nUnder these consuls, the emperor Majorian set out for Spain.\n\nIn that year, ships were captured by the Vandals at Elece, near Carthage Spartaria.\n\nUnder the consulship of Severinus and Dagalaiphus.\n\nUnder these consuls, Majorian was deposed from the imperial office in the city of Bertona by the patrician Ricimer, and was killed on the river Ira; and Severus was raised as emperor at Ravenna.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Consule supra scripto","severity":"info","text":"The opening entry lacks a consular heading, linking instead to a preceding consul not preserved in this excerpt. This reflects the chronicle's annalistic structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Arelato","severity":"info","text":"Arelato is the Latin name for Arles, a major city in southern Gaul and a frequent seat of Visigothic power in the 5th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Burgundiones","severity":"info","text":"The Burgundians were a Germanic people who settled in the region of Sapaudia (modern Savoy) and later expanded into the Rhône valley, dividing lands with Gallo-Roman senators as part of a foedus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His consulibus","severity":"info","text":"The consular years in this passage span from 455 (Avitus' elevation) to 461 (Majorian's death), though the consular names are sometimes corrupt or misaligned in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Ex fastis APOLLONIO","severity":"caution","text":"The variant 'APOLLONIO' for Apollinaris is noted as an alternative reading from the fasti, indicating textual instability in the consular lists used by Marius or later copyists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Bertona","severity":"caution","text":"The place name 'Bertona' is obscure; it may be a corruption of 'Dertona' (Tortona) or another site in northern Italy where Majorian was killed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular heading for Avitus' elevation is missing; 'Consule supra scripto' refers to a consul not given in this excerpt.","The location 'Bertona' is uncertain and may be a scribal error for Dertona or another site.","The variant 'APOLLONIO' for Apollinaris suggests textual corruption in the consular fasti."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"LEONE H ET SEVERO,\n\nBASILIO, ET BIBIANO.\n\nHis consulibus pugna facta est inter Ægidium et Gothos, inter Ligere et Ligerecino, juxta Aurelianis; ibique interfectus Frediricus rex Gothorum.\n\nOLYBRIO ET RUSTICIO,\n\nERMENERICO ET BASILISCO,\n\nLEONE III ET TASSIANO,\n\nPOSEO ET JOANNE.\n\nHis consulibus levatus est Anthemins imperator.\n\nEo anno interfectus est Theodoricus rex Gothorum a fratre suo Euthorico Tholosa.\n\nANTHEMIO AUGUSTO,\n\nMARCIANO ET LEONE,\n\nSEVERO ET JORDANO,\n\nLEONE IV ET PROBIANO,\n\nFESTO,\n\nLEONE V.\n\nHoc consule levatus est Glycerius imperator Ravenna.\n\nLEONE JUNIORE.\n\nHoc consule depositus est Glycerius de imperio, et levatus est nepos imperator.\n\nP. C. LEONIS JUNIORIS AUGUSTi\n\nBASILISCO ET ARMATO.\n\nHis consulibus levatus est Odovacer rex.\n\nP. C. BASILISCI ET ARMATI,\n\nILLONE,\n\nZENONE,\n\nBASILIO JUNIORE,\n\nPLACIDO,\n\nSEVERINO JUNIORE,","english":"Leo the Fifth.\n\nIn this consul's term, Glycerius was raised as emperor at Ravenna.\n\nLeo the Younger.\n\nIn this consul's term, Glycerius was deposed from the empire, and Nepos was raised as emperor.\n\nIn the year after the consulship of Leo the Younger Augustus.\n\nBasiliscus and Armatus.\n\nIn these consuls' term, Odovacer was raised as king.\n\nIn the year after the consulship of Basiliscus and Armatus.\n\nIllo.\n\nZeno.\n\nBasil the Younger.\n\nPlacidus.\n\nSeverinus the Younger.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His consulibus pugna facta est inter Ægidium et Gothos","severity":"info","text":"The entry under the consuls of Leo and Severus (i.e., Leo I and Severus) records a battle between Aegidius and the Goths, with the death of the Gothic king Frederic. This is a narrative insertion within the consular list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His consulibus levatus est Anthemins imperator","severity":"info","text":"The raising of Anthemius as emperor is placed under the consuls of Olybrius and Rusticus, Ermenericus and Basiliscus, Leo III and Tassianus, and Poscus and John. This multiple consular dating is typical of late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Eo anno interfectus est Theodoricus rex Gothorum a fratre suo Euthorico Tholosa","severity":"info","text":"Theodoric II, king of the Visigoths, was murdered by his brother Euric at Toulouse in 466. This event is recorded under the same consular years as Anthemius' accession, showing Marius' synchronistic method.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"levatus est Glycerius imperator Ravenna","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'levatus est' (was raised) is used consistently for imperial accessions. Glycerius was proclaimed emperor at Ravenna in 473, a brief reign ending with his deposition by Nepos.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"levatus est Odovacer rex","severity":"info","text":"Odovacer was proclaimed king by his troops in 476, traditionally marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. Marius records this under the consuls of Basiliscus and Armatus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. BASILISCI ET ARMATI","severity":"caution","text":"The abbreviation 'P. C.' stands for 'post consulatum' (after the consulship). The subsequent entries (Illo, Zeno, etc.) are consular years without events, possibly indicating gaps in Marius' sources or a lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names 'Ermenerico' and 'Tassiano' are not securely identified with known historical figures; they may be corrupt or alternative spellings.","The entry 'P. C. LEONIS JUNIORIS AUGUSTi' lacks a corresponding event, possibly due to a lacuna in the manuscript tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"FAUSTO,\n\nVENANTIO ET THEODORICO,\n\nSYMMACHO,\n\nDECIO ET LONGINO\n\nBOETIO.\n\nDINAMICO ET SIFIDIO,\n\nPROBINO ET EUSEBIO.\n\nHis consulibus ingressus Tbeudoricus rex Gothorum in Italla Ponte Isonti.\n\nLONGINO ET FAUSTO,\n\nOLYBRIO,\n\nANASTASIO ET RUFO,\n\nALBINO ET EUSEBIO.\n\nHis consulibus occisus est Odovacer rex a lege Theuderico in Laureto.\n\nASTERIO ET PRÆSIDIO,\n\nVIATORE,\n\nP, C. VIATORIS,\n\nP, C, VIATORIS ANNO.II,\n\nPAULLINO,\n\nP. C. PAULLINI,\n\nPATRICIO ET HYPATIO.\n\nHis cousulibus pugna est Divione inter Francos et Burgundiones, Godegeselo hoc dolos contra fratrem suum Gundobagaudum machinante. In eo praelio Godegeselus cum suis, adversus fratrem suum cum Francis dimicavit:et fugatum fratrem suum Gundobagaudum, regnum ipsius paulisper oluinuit, et Gundobagaudus Avenione latebram dedit.\n\nEo anno Gundobagaudus resumptis viribus Viennam cum exercitu circumdedit, captaque civitate fratrem suum interfecit; pluresque seniores ac Burgundiones qui cum ipso senserant, multis exquisitisque tormentis morte damnavit; regnumque quod perdiderat, cum eo quod Godegeselus habuerat, receptum, usque in diem mortis suae feliciter gubernavit.","english":"Faustus,\n\nVenantius and Theodoricus,\n\nSymmachus,\n\nDecius and Longinus\n\nBoethius.\n\nDinamicus and Sifidius,\n\nProbinus and Eusebius.\n\nIn these consuls' term, Theodoricus, king of the Goths, entered Italy at the bridge of the Isonzo.\n\nLonginus and Faustus,\n\nOlybrius,\n\nAnastasius and Rufus,\n\nAlbinus and Eusebius.\n\nIn these consuls' term, Odovacer, king, was killed by order of Theodoricus at Lauretum.\n\nAsterius and Praesidius,\n\nViator,\n\nPost Consulate of Viator,\n\nPost Consulate of Viator, Year 2,\n\nPaullinus,\n\nPost Consulate of Paullinus,\n\nPatricius and Hypatius.\n\nIn these consuls' term, there was a battle at Dijon between the Franks and the Burgundians, with Godegeselus plotting this treachery against his brother Gundobagaudus. In that battle, Godegeselus, with his men, fought against his brother alongside the Franks; and having put his brother Gundobagaudus to flight, he held his brother's kingdom for a short time, and Gundobagaudus took refuge at Avignon.\n\nIn that year, Gundobagaudus, having regained his strength, surrounded Vienne with an army, and having captured the city, killed his brother; and he condemned many nobles and Burgundians who had sided with him to death by many and exquisite tortures; and having recovered the kingdom he had lost, together with that which Godegeselus had held, he governed it happily until the day of his death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His consulibus","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'His consulibus' marks the start of each narrative entry, a standard annalistic device in late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Theudoricus rex Gothorum","severity":"info","text":"Theodoric the Great, Ostrogothic king, invaded Italy in 489, defeating Odoacer. The bridge of the Isonzo (Pons Isonti) was a strategic crossing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Odovacer rex a lege Theuderico","severity":"info","text":"Odoacer was killed by Theodoric in 493 at the 'Lauretum' (likely a palace or grove near Ravenna), ending the first phase of Ostrogothic rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Godegeselus ... Gundobagaudus","severity":"info","text":"The Burgundian civil war between Godegisel and Gundobad (c. 500) involved Frankish intervention. Gundobad's victory at Vienne and brutal reprisals are recorded by Gregory of Tours.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lege","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'lege' (by order/law) is ambiguous: it may mean 'by the law of Theodoric' or simply 'by order of Theodoric'. The English draft opts for the latter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"P, C. VIATORIS ANNO.II","severity":"caution","text":"The consular list includes 'Post Consulate of Viator, Year 2', a rare formula indicating a gap in regular consuls, typical of the chaotic early 6th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact location of 'Lauretum' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a grove.","The phrase 'a lege' could be interpreted as 'by the law' (legal execution) or 'by order' (command)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ABIENO ET POMPEIO,\n\nABIENO JUNIORE ET PROBO,\n\nVOLUSIANO,\n\nCETIIEGO,\n\nSAVINIANO ET THEUDORO,\n\nMESSALA ET ARIOBINDA,\n\nVENANTIO ET CELERE,\n\nP. C. VEN ANTII,\n\nIMPORTUNO.\n\nHoc consule Mammo dux Gothorum pariem Galliæ deprædavit.\n\nBOETIO,\n\nFELICE ET SECUNDINO, '\n\nPAULLO ET MUSCIANO,\n\nCLEMENTINO ET PROBO,\n\nSENATORE,\n\nFLORENtiO ET ANTHEMIO.\n\nHis consuiibus monasterium Acauno a rege Sigismundo constructum est.\n\nPETRO.\n\nHoc consule rex Gundobagaudus obiit, et levaMus est filius ejus Sigismundus rex.\n\nANASTASIO ET AGAPETO,\n\nMAGNO,\n\nJUSTINO ET EUTECIO,\n\nRUSTICIO ET VITALIANO,\n\nJUSTINIANO ET VALERIO\n\nSYMMACHO ET BOETIO.\n\nHis consulibus Segericus filius Sigismundi regis, jussu patris sui injuste occisus est.\n\nMaximo, indictione i.\n\nHoc consule Sigismundus rex Burgundionum a Burgundionibus Francis traditus est, et in Francia in habitu monachali perductus; ibique cum uxore et filiis in puteo est projectus.","english":"Abienus and Pompeius.\n\nAbienus the Younger and Probus.\n\nVolusianus.\n\nCethegus.\n\nSavinius and Theudorus.\n\nMessala and Ariobinda.\n\nVenantius and Celer.\n\nPost-consulate of Venantius.\n\nImportunus.\n\nIn this consul's term, Mammo, duke of the Goths, plundered part of Gaul.\n\nBoethius.\n\nFelix and Secundinus.\n\nPaullus and Muscianus.\n\nClementinus and Probus.\n\nSenator.\n\nFlorentius and Anthemius.\n\nIn these consuls' term, the monastery of Acaunus was built by King Sigismundus.\n\nPetrus.\n\nIn this consul's term, King Gundobagaudus died, and his son Sigismundus was raised up as king.\n\nAnastasius and Agapetus.\n\nMagnus.\n\nJustinus and Euticius.\n\nRusticius and Vitalianus.\n\nJustinianus and Valerius.\n\nSymmachus and Boethius.\n\nIn these consuls' term, Segericus, son of King Sigismundus, was unjustly killed by order of his own father.\n\nMaximus, indiction 1.\n\nIn this consul's term, Sigismundus, king of the Burgundians, was handed over to the Franks by the Burgundians, and was led into Francia in monastic habit; and there he was thrown into a well with his wife and sons.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"monasterium Acauno","severity":"info","text":"The monastery of Acaunus (modern Saint-Maurice d'Agaune in Valais) was founded by King Sigismundus of the Burgundians around 515. It became a major center of the Burgundian kingdom and is noted for its continuous prayer tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Maximo, indictione i","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Maximo, indictione i' likely refers to the year 523, when the consul was Maximus and the indiction cycle (a 15-year tax cycle) was in its first year. This dating system is typical of late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Sigismundus rex Burgundionum","severity":"info","text":"Sigismundus, king of the Burgundians (r. 516–523), was a historical figure. His death by being thrown into a well with his family after betrayal to the Franks is recorded in other sources, though details vary. This event marks the end of the first Burgundian kingdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"CETIIEGO","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'CETIIEGO' is likely a scribal corruption or variant of 'Cethegus' (as in the English draft). The Latin text here is garbled, possibly due to manuscript transmission errors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Hoc consule","severity":"info","text":"The chronicle uses the formula 'Hoc consule' (In this consul's term) to introduce events under a single consul, and 'His consulibus' (In these consuls' term) for years with multiple consuls. This is a standard annalistic structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'CETIIEGO' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'Cethegus' or another name.","The exact year for 'Maximo, indictione i' is ambiguous; it could be 523 or another year in the indiction cycle.","The fate of Sigismundus's family (wife and sons) is not detailed in other sources, leaving some narrative uncertainty."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Justino II et Opilione,ind. II.\n\nHis consulibus Godemarus frater Sigismundi, rex Burgundionum, ordinatus est.\n\nEo anno contra Chlodomerem regem fFrancorum Viseroncia præliavit;ibique interfectus est Chlodomeres.\n\nEo anno interfectus est Boetius patricius ia territorio Mediolanense.\n\nProbo juniore et Philoxeno, ind. III.\n\nHis consulibus occisus est Symmachus patricius Ravennae.\n\nOlybrio., ind. IV.\n\nHoc consule defunctus est Theudoricus rex Gothorum in urbe Ravenna, et levatus est rex Atalaricus nepos ejus.\n\nMatario, ind. v.\n\nJustiniano II, ind. VI.\n\nDecio juniore, indo VII.\n\nLampadio et Oreste, ind. VIII.\n\nP. C. Lampadii et Orestis, ind. IX.\n\nItem P. C. Lampadii et Orestis, ind. x.\n\nHis consulibus Hypatius patricius, seditione populi imperalor levatus, et jus8u Justiniani Augusti interfectus est, et cum eo Pompeius, et pene triginta millia hominum in circo gladio necati sunt.","english":"Justinus II and Opilio, indiction II.\n\nIn their consulship, Godemarus, brother of Sigismund, king of the Burgundians, was ordained.\n\nIn that year, he fought against Chlodomer, king of the Franks, at Vézeronce; and there Chlodomer was killed.\n\nIn that year, the patrician Boethius was killed in the territory of Milan.\n\nProbus the Younger and Philoxenus, indiction III.\n\nIn their consulship, the patrician Symmachus was killed at Ravenna.\n\nOlybrius, indiction IV.\n\nIn this consul's term, Theodoric, king of the Goths, died in the city of Ravenna, and his grandson Athalaric was raised as king.\n\nMatarius, indiction V.\n\nJustinianus II, indiction VI.\n\nDecius the Younger, indiction VII.\n\nLampadius and Orestes, indiction VIII.\n\nPost-consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, indiction IX.\n\nAgain, post-consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, indiction X.\n\nIn their consulship, the patrician Hypatius was raised as emperor by a popular uprising, and was killed by order of the Augustus Justinianus, and with him Pompeius, and nearly thirty thousand men were slain by the sword in the circus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Justino II et Opilione,ind. II","severity":"info","text":"The consular year of Justinus II and Opilio corresponds to 540 CE, with indiction II confirming this date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Godemarus frater Sigismundi, rex Burgundionum, ordinatus est","severity":"info","text":"Godemarus (Gundomar) was a Burgundian king, brother of Sigismund. His ordination as king reflects the Burgundian succession practices after the Frankish conquest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"contra Chlodomerem regem fFrancorum Viseroncia præliavit","severity":"info","text":"The battle at Vézeronce (Viseroncia) in 524 CE resulted in the death of Chlodomer, king of the Franks, a key event in Merovingian dynastic struggles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Boetius patricius ia territorio Mediolanense","severity":"info","text":"Boethius, the philosopher and patrician, was executed in 524 CE under Theodoric the Great, not in Milan but near Pavia; Marius may conflate locations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Symmachus patricius Ravennae","severity":"info","text":"Symmachus, a Roman patrician and father-in-law of Boethius, was executed at Ravenna in 525 CE, likely on charges of treason under Theodoric.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Hypatius patricius, seditione populi imperalor levatus","severity":"info","text":"Hypatius, a patrician, was proclaimed emperor during the Nika riots in Constantinople in 532 CE, then executed by Justinian I along with thousands in the Hippodrome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'ordinatus est' for Godemarus could mean 'ordained' as a bishop or 'appointed' as king; the context of Burgundian kingship favors the latter.","The location of Boethius's death is given as 'in the territory of Milan' but historical sources place it near Pavia; Marius may be using a broader regional designation.","The indiction numbers for some entries (e.g., ind. V, VI, VII) lack consular names, possibly due to textual loss or Marius's reliance on incomplete sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Justiniano Augusto II, ind. xi.\n\nPaullino juniore, ind. XII.\n\nHoc consule reges Francorum Childebertus, Chlotarius et Theudebertus Burgundiam obtinuerunt; et fugalo Godomaro rege, regnum ipsius diviserunt.\n\nEo anno Africa Romano imperio post nonaginta et duos annos per Belesarium patricium reducitur; et Gelimer rex 'Vandalorum captivus Constantinopoli exhibetur, et Jusiiniano Auguslo cum uxoribus et thesauris a supra scripto patricio præsentatur.\n\nBelesario, ind. XIII.\n\nHoc consule, eo anno quo consulatum dedit, Siciliam ingressus, eam imperio Romano restituit.\n\nP. C. Belesarii, indo xiv.\n\nItem P. C. Belesarii, ind. xv.\n\nJoanne, ind. I.\n\nHoc consule Mediolanus a Gothis et Burgundionfbus effracta est; ibique senatores et sacerdotes cum reliquis populis, etiam in ipsa sacrosancta ioca interfecti sunt; ita ut sanguine eorum ipsa altaria cruentata sint,","english":"Justinian Augustus for the second time, indiction XI.\n\nPaulinus the younger, indiction XII.\n\nIn this consulship, the Frankish kings Childebert, Chlothar, and Theudebert obtained Burgundy; and with King Godomar put to flight, they divided his kingdom.\n\nIn that year, Africa was restored to the Roman Empire after ninety-two years through the patrician Belisarius; and Gelimer, king of the Vandals, was exhibited as a captive at Constantinople, and was presented to Justinian Augustus together with his wives and treasures by the aforementioned patrician.\n\nBelisarius, indiction XIII.\n\nIn this consulship, in the year in which he held the consulship, he entered Sicily and restored it to the Roman Empire.\n\nAfter the consulship of Belisarius, indiction XIV.\n\nAgain after the consulship of Belisarius, indiction XV.\n\nJohn, indiction I.\n\nIn this consulship, Milan was broken into by the Goths and Burgundians; and there the senators and priests together with the rest of the people, even in the most sacred places themselves, were killed; so that the very altars were stained with their blood.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Justiniano Augusto II, ind. xi.","severity":"info","text":"The indiction year XI (11) corresponds to 533 CE, when Justinian held his second consulship (alone). This dating system is typical of late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Africa ... per Belesarium patricium reducitur","severity":"info","text":"Belisarius reconquered the Vandal kingdom in North Africa in 533–534 CE, ending Vandal rule after about 92 years (since 439 CE). This event was a major triumph for Justinian.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gelimer rex Vandalorum","severity":"info","text":"Gelimer (or Gelimer) was the last Vandal king, defeated by Belisarius at the Battle of Tricamarum (533 CE) and paraded in Constantinople in 534 CE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mediolanus a Gothis et Burgundionibus effracta est","severity":"info","text":"Milan (Mediolanum) was sacked by the Goths under Vitiges and Burgundian allies in 539 CE during the Gothic War. The massacre of senators and clergy reflects the brutality of the conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Belesarii, ind. xiv.","severity":"info","text":"The formula 'P. C.' (post consulatum) marks years after Belisarius's consulship (535 CE), a common annalistic device in chronicles when no ordinary consul was named.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Jusiiniano Auguslo","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has a scribal error: 'Jusiiniano Auguslo' for 'Iustiniano Augusto'. Such misspellings are common in manuscript transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact year of the Frankish conquest of Burgundy (under Childebert, Chlothar, and Theudebert) is uncertain; Marius places it under Paulinus's consulship (534 CE), but other sources vary.","The indiction numbers for the post-consular years of Belisarius (ind. XIV, XV) may reflect local or retrospective reckoning."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Appione, ind. II.\n\nHoc consule Theudebertus rex Francorum Italiam Ingressus, Liguriam Æmiliamque devastavit; ejusque exercitus loci infirmitate gravatus valde contribulatus est.\n\nJustino, indo In.\n\nHoc consule Persi Antiochiam vastaverunt, universamque Syriam, depopulintes.\n\nEo anno Belesarius patricius Wittegis regem Gothorum, de Ravenna captivum abductum, Constantinopoli cum uxore et thesauris, Justino a Augusto præsentavit.\n\nBasilio, ind. iv.\n\nP. C. Basilii anuo i, ind. v.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno n, ind. n.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno III, ind. VII.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno iv, ind. VIII.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno v, ind. IX.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno VI, ind. X.\n\n; Hoc anno Vigilius papa Romanus Constantinopoli properavit.\n\nEo anno Baduila rex Gothorum Roma capta depopulavit, dejectisque muris partem civitatis incendit.\n\nEo anno resumptis viribus Belesarius dux Romam ad Romanum dominium revocavit.","english":"Appio, indiction II.\n\nIn this consulship, Theudebert, king of the Franks, entered Italy and laid waste to Liguria and Aemilia; and his army, greatly burdened by the infirmity of the place, was much afflicted.\n\nJustin, indiction III.\n\nIn this consulship, the Persians laid waste to Antioch and depopulated all of Syria.\n\nIn that year, the patrician Belisarius presented Wittigis, king of the Goths, taken captive from Ravenna, to the Augustus Justin in Constantinople, together with his wife and treasures.\n\nBasil, indiction IV.\n\nPost-consulship of Basil, year I, indiction V.\n\nPost-consulship of Basil, year II, indiction VI.\n\nPost-consulship of Basil, year III, indiction VII.\n\nPost-consulship of Basil, year IV, indiction VIII.\n\nPost-consulship of Basil, year V, indiction IX.\n\nPost-consulship of Basil, year VI, indiction X.\n\nIn this year, Pope Vigilius of Rome hastened to Constantinople.\n\nIn that year, Baduila, king of the Goths, captured and depopulated Rome, and, having thrown down the walls, set fire to part of the city.\n\nIn that year, having regained his strength, the dux Belisarius restored Rome to Roman dominion.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Appione, ind. II","severity":"info","text":"The consular year of Appio (Flavius Appio) corresponds to AD 540. The indiction cycle (II) confirms this dating.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Theudebertus rex Francorum Italiam Ingressus","severity":"info","text":"Theudebert I, king of the Franks (Austrasia), invaded Italy in AD 539–540, exploiting the Gothic War between the Byzantines and Ostrogoths.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"loci infirmitate","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'loci infirmitate' likely refers to disease or plague affecting Theudebert's army, possibly dysentery or malaria, common in the Po Valley.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Justino, indo In.","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Justin (Flavius Iustinus) dates to AD 540. The indiction (III) aligns with this year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Persi Antiochiam vastaverunt","severity":"info","text":"The Sasanian Persians under Khosrow I sacked Antioch in AD 540, a major event in the Roman-Persian wars, leading to widespread devastation in Syria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Baduila rex Gothorum Roma capta depopulavit","severity":"info","text":"Baduila (Totila), Ostrogothic king, captured Rome in AD 546, partially destroying its walls and depopulating the city. Belisarius recaptured it later that year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The indiction numbers for the post-consulship years of Basil (ind. v–x) are partially corrupt in the manuscript; the sequence is reconstructed from standard chronology.","The phrase 'loci infirmitate' is ambiguous: it could refer to a specific local disease or general hardship; the translation 'infirmity of the place' is retained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"P. C. Basilii anno VII, ind. XI.\n\nEo anno Theudebertus rex magnus Francorum obiit; eL sedit in regno ejus Theudebaldus filius ipsius.\n\nEo anno Lanthacarius dux Francorum in bello Romano transfossus obiiL.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno VIII, ind. Xli.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno IX? indo XIII.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno X, ind. XIV.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno XI, ind. xv.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno XII, ind. II.\n\nHoc anno Baduila rex Gothorum ab exercitu reipublicae per Narsetem chartulharium ennuchum interficitur; et Teja accepit regnum ejus.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno XIII, ind. II.\n\nHoc anno Tcja rex Gothorum a supra scripto Narse interficitur.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno xiv, indo III.\n\nHoc anno Theudobaldus rex Francorum obiit, et obtinuit regnum ejus Chlothacarius, patruus patris ejus.\n\nEo anno Chramnus nIus Chlothacarii regis, sollicitante Childeberto patruo suo, ad ipsum latebram dedit","english":"After the consulship of Basilius, year 7, indiction 11.\n\nIn that year, Theudebert, the great king of the Franks, died; and Theudebald, his son, succeeded to his kingdom.\n\nIn that year, Lanthacarius, a duke of the Franks, was pierced through and died in a Roman war.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 8, indiction 12.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 9, indiction 13.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 10, indiction 14.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 11, indiction 15.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 12, indiction 2.\n\nIn this year, Baduila, king of the Goths, was killed by the army of the republic through Narses, the chartularius eunuch; and Teja received his kingdom.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 13, indiction 2.\n\nIn this year, Teja, king of the Goths, was killed by the aforementioned Narses.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 14, indiction 3.\n\nIn this year, Theudebald, king of the Franks, died, and Chlothacarius, the paternal uncle of his father, obtained his kingdom.\n\nIn that year, Chramnus, son of King Chlothacarius, at the instigation of his paternal uncle Childebert, fled to him in hiding.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of consular and indictional year entries, typical of late antique chronicles, with brief narrative notices of deaths and successions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"chartulharium","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'chartulharium' (here a variant of 'chartularius') denotes a keeper of records or charters; applied to Narses, it may reflect his administrative role before his military command.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The deaths of Gothic kings Baduila (Totila) and Teja in 552 and 553 CE mark the end of the Ostrogothic resistance in Italy, with Narses as the Byzantine general.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Theudebert (Theudebert I) and Theudebald (Theudebald) were Merovingian kings of Austrasia; Chlothacarius (Chlothar I) was king of Neustria and later sole Frankish ruler.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The indiction numbers in the Latin text show inconsistencies (e.g., ind. II for year 12, then ind. II again for year 13), possibly due to scribal error or differing indiction cycles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Marius's chronicle, though brief, is a key source for 6th-century Frankish and Gothic history, often used by later historians like Gregory of Tours.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The indiction numbers for years 12 and 13 are both given as 'II', which may be a copying error or reflect a different starting point for the indiction cycle.","The phrase 'in bello Romano' could mean 'in a Roman war' or 'in the Roman war' (i.e., the Byzantine war in Italy), but the text does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Eo anno Saxonibus rebellantibus, Chlothacarius rex cum gravi exercitu contra ipsos dimicavit; ubi multitudo Francorum et Saxonum ceciderunt; Chlotharius tamen rex victor abscessit\n\nEo tempore Buccelenus dux Francorum in bello Romano cum omni exercitu suo interiit.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno xv, ind. iv.\n\nEo anno iterum rebellantibus Saxonibus Chlotarius rex pugnam dedit; ibique maxima pars Saxonum cecidit.\n\nEo anno Franci totam Thoringiam, pro eo quod cum Saxonibus conjuraverat, vastaverunt.\n\nIpsis diebus Chramnus collecto exercitu regionem patris sui devastat.\n\nEo anno exercitus Francorum reipublicæ Romanae exercitum vastavit, atque effugatum devastavit, cum illis et divitiis multis abductis.\n\nEo anno exercitus reipublicae resumptis viribus partem Italiae, quam Theudeberto. rex adquisierat, occupavit.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno xvi, ind. v.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno xvn, ind. VI.","english":"In that year, with the Saxons rebelling, King Chlothacarius fought against them with a heavy army; there a multitude of Franks and Saxons fell; nevertheless King Chlotharius departed victorious.\n\nAt that time, Buccelenus, a duke of the Franks, perished in the Roman war with his entire army.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 15, indiction 4.\n\nIn that year, with the Saxons rebelling again, King Chlotarius gave battle; and there the greatest part of the Saxons fell.\n\nIn that year, the Franks laid waste to all of Thuringia, because it had conspired with the Saxons.\n\nIn those days, Chramnus, having gathered an army, laid waste to the region of his father.\n\nIn that year, the army of the Franks laid waste to the army of the Roman Republic, and having put it to flight, devastated it, with many of them and their riches carried off.\n\nIn that year, the army of the Republic, having renewed its strength, occupied the part of Italy which King Theudebert had acquired.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 16, indiction 5.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 17, indiction 6.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Chlothacarius / Chlotarius","severity":"info","text":"The spelling of the Frankish king's name varies between Chlothacarius and Chlotarius in the same passage; both refer to Chlothar I (c. 497–561), son of Clovis I.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Buccelenus","severity":"info","text":"Buccelenus (also Butilin) was a Frankish dux who led an expedition into Italy in 553–554 and was defeated and killed by the Byzantine general Narses at the Battle of the Volturnus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"reipublicæ Romanae","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Roman Republic' here refers to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire under Justinian I, whose forces were then engaged in the Gothic War in Italy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Basilii anno xv, ind. iv","severity":"info","text":"The consular year after Basilius (i.e., post-consulate of Basil) year 15, indiction 4, corresponds to 555 CE. The indiction cycle helps anchor the chronology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Eo anno ... Eo tempore ... Ipsis diebus","severity":"info","text":"The chronicler uses three different temporal formulas ('In that year', 'At that time', 'In those days') to introduce events, suggesting a compilation from multiple sources or an attempt to synchronize distinct narrative threads.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Chramnus","severity":"caution","text":"Chramnus (Chram) was a son of Chlothar I who rebelled against his father; the text says he 'laid waste to the region of his father', but the exact location and date of this event are uncertain in the sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the two Saxon rebellions and the Frankish campaigns in Thuringia and Italy is not clearly dated relative to each other.","The phrase 'exercitus reipublicae' could refer to either the Byzantine army or a local Roman militia; the context favors the Byzantine forces under Narses."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Hoc anno Childebertus rex Francorum transiit, et obtinuit regnum ejus Chlotarius rex, frater ejus.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno XVIII, ind. VII.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno XII, ind. VIII.\n\nHoc anuo, serenitate cœli, inter stellas splendidas obscurata est luna XVI,ut vix conspici posset.\n\nEo anno Chramnus post sacramenta quæpatri dederat, ad Britannos petiit:et moliens regnum patris invadere, adversus ipsum cum Britannis movere, ausus est, mullaque loca graviter depraedavit. Ad cujus iusaniam reprimendam pater cum exercitu properavit; et interfecto comite Britannorum, Cbramnum vivum cepit, incensumque cum uxore et filiis, totius regionis incidit excidium.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno xx, ind. ix.\n\nHoc anno Clilothacarius rex mortuus est; et diviserunt regnum ejus filii ipsius, id est, Charibertus, Guntecramnus, Hilpericus et Sigibertus.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno XXI, indo X.","english":"In this year Childebertus, king of the Franks, passed away, and his kingdom was obtained by King Chlotharius, his brother.\n\nIn the 18th year of the consulship of Basilius, 7th indiction.\n\nIn the 12th year of the consulship of Basilius, 8th indiction.\n\nIn this year, with the sky serene, among the bright stars the moon was obscured on the 16th day, so that it could scarcely be seen.\n\nIn that year Chramnus, after the oaths he had given to his father, sought refuge among the Britons; and, plotting to invade his father’s kingdom, he dared to move against him with the Britons, and grievously plundered many places. To suppress his madness, the father hastened with an army; and, after killing the count of the Britons, he captured Chramnus alive, and, having burned him together with his wife and children, he inflicted destruction upon the entire region.\n\nIn the 20th year of the consulship of Basilius, 9th indiction.\n\nIn this year King Chlotharius died; and his sons, that is, Charibertus, Guntecramnus, Hilpericus, and Sigibertus, divided his kingdom.\n\nIn the 21st year of the consulship of Basilius, 10th indiction.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Childebertus rex Francorum transiit","severity":"info","text":"Childebertus, king of the Franks, died; his kingdom passed to his brother Chlotharius. This entry records a succession event in the Merovingian dynasty.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Basilii anno XVIII, ind. VII","severity":"info","text":"The consular year formula 'P. C. Basilii' (post consulatum Basilii) anchors the chronicle's dating system. The indiction numbers (7, 8, 9, 10) provide a second chronological marker, though the sequence here shows a scribal error: year 12 follows year 18.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Basilii anno XII, ind. VIII","severity":"caution","text":"The consular year 12 appears after year 18, a clear chronological inversion. This likely results from a scribal misplacement or confusion in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"serenitate cœli, inter stellas splendidas obscurata est luna XVI","severity":"info","text":"A lunar obscuration (possibly an eclipse) is reported on the 16th day of the lunar month under a clear sky. The phrasing suggests a natural omen, common in chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Chramnus ... ad Britannos petiit","severity":"info","text":"Chramnus, son of Chlotharius I, rebelled with Breton allies. His father captured him, executed him by burning along with his wife and children, and devastated the region. This reflects Merovingian civil strife and the use of Brittany as a refuge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Chlothacarius rex mortuus est; et diviserunt regnum ejus filii ipsius","severity":"info","text":"Chlotharius I died, and his kingdom was divided among his four sons: Charibert, Guntram, Chilperic, and Sigebert. This division follows Frankish custom and sets the stage for further conflicts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular year sequence is disordered: year 12 appears after year 18, likely a scribal error. The lunar obscuration on the 16th day may refer to an eclipse, but the exact astronomical event is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"P. C. Basilii anno XIII, ind. XI.\n\nHoc anno mons validus Tauretunensis, in territorio Vallensi, ita subito ruit, ut castrum cui vicinus eral, et vicos cum omnibus ibidem habitantibus oppressisset; et lacum in longitudine LX millium, et latitudine xx millium, ita totum movit, ut egressus utraque ripa vicos antiquissimos cum hominibus et pecoribus vastasset; etiam multa sacrosancta loca cum eis servientibus demolisset, et pontem Genavacum, molinas et homines per, vim dejecit; et Genava civitate egressus plures homines interfecit.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno XXIII, ind. XII.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno xxiv, ind. XIII.\n\nHoc anno monachi Agaunenses iracundiae spiritu incitati, noctis tempore episcopum suum Agricolam cum clero, et cives qui cum ipso erant, occidere nitentes, domum ecclesiae effregerunt: et dum episcopum suum clerici vel cives defensare conati sunt, graviter ab ipsis monachis vulnerati sunt.","english":"After the consulship of Basilius, year 13, 11th indiction.\n\nIn this year, the great mountain of Tauretunum, in the territory of the Valais, suddenly collapsed in such a way that it crushed the castle which was near it, and the villages with all the inhabitants dwelling there; and it so thoroughly moved the lake, sixty miles in length and twenty miles in width, that its overflow on both banks devastated very ancient villages with their people and livestock; it also demolished many sacred places with their servants, and violently destroyed the bridge of Geneva, the mills, and the men; and its overflow at the city of Geneva killed many people.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 23, 12th indiction.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 24, 13th indiction.\n\nIn this year, the monks of Agaunum, incited by a spirit of anger, attempting by night to kill their bishop Agricola with the clergy and the citizens who were with him, broke into the church house; and when the clergy or citizens tried to defend their bishop, they were seriously wounded by those same monks.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Basilii anno XIII, ind. XI","severity":"info","text":"The consular year of Basilius 13 and 11th indiction correspond to AD 562. The following entries for Basilius 23 (ind. 12) and 24 (ind. 13) correspond to AD 572 and 573 respectively.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"mons validus Tauretunensis","severity":"info","text":"The Tauretunum mountain is identified with the Tauredunum or Mont-Tauredunum in the Valais region of Switzerland. Its collapse in AD 563 (not 562 as the consular date suggests) caused a catastrophic landslide into Lake Geneva, generating a tsunami that devastated Geneva.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"monachi Agaunenses","severity":"info","text":"The monastery of Agaunum (modern Saint-Maurice, Valais) was a major religious center. The attack on Bishop Agricola reflects tensions between the monastic community and the episcopal authority, a recurring theme in early medieval Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Basilii anno XIII, ind. XI","severity":"caution","text":"The consular year and indiction for the Tauretunum event are inconsistent: the 13th year of Basilius (AD 562) does not match the 11th indiction (AD 562–563) or the known date of the landslide (AD 563). Marius may have misaligned his sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Basilii anno XXIII, ind. XII","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Basilius 23 (ind. 12) and Basilius 24 (ind. 13) are bare consular formulas with no narrative, suggesting either a lacuna in Marius's source or a deliberate pause in the chronicle's record.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular year for the Tauretunum event (Basilius 13) conflicts with the indiction (11) and the known date of AD 563; the reading taken follows the indiction and external evidence.","The phrase 'P. C. Basilii' is ambiguous: it may mean 'post consulatum Basilii' (after the consulship of Basilius) or 'post consulatum' as a standard consular dating formula."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Eo anno transiit Magnacarius dux Francorum.\n\nP. C. Basilii anno xxv, ind. xiv.\n\nHoc anno signum apparuit in coelo per dies LXX.\n\nEo anno mortuus est Justinianus Augustus, et suscepit Justinus nepos ipsius imperium.\n\nEo anno hiems valentissima fuit, ut quinque aut eo amplius mensibus propter nivis magnitudineM terra videri non posset: ipsaque asperitas multa animalia necavit.\n\nEo anno Sindewala Erolus tyrannidem assumpsit, et a Narseo patricio interfectus est.\n\nAnno primo consulatus Justini junioris Aug., ind. XV.\n\nA principio mundi usque ad hunc consulem fiunt anni VIIDCCLIVIII.\n\nAnno II cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. I.\n\nHoc anno Narses ex præposito et patricio, post tantos prostratos tyrannos, id est Baduilam et Tejam. reges Gothorum, et Buccelenum ducem Francorum, nec non et Sindewalem Erolum; Mediolanum vel re. liquas civitates quas Gothi destruxerant, laudabiliter reparatas, de ipsa Italia a supra scripto Augusto remotus est.","english":"In that year, Magnacarius, duke of the Franks, died.\n\nAfter the consulship of Basilius, year 25, 14th indiction.\n\nIn this year, a sign appeared in the sky for seventy days.\n\nIn that year, Justinian Augustus died, and his nephew Justin took up the imperial office.\n\nIn that year, there was a very severe winter, so that for five months or more the earth could not be seen because of the great depth of snow; and the harshness itself killed many animals.\n\nIn that year, Sindewala the Herulian assumed tyranny, and was killed by the patrician Narses.\n\nIn the first year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 15th indiction.\n\nFrom the beginning of the world up to this consul, there are 6,758 years.\n\nIn the second year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 1st indiction.\n\nIn this year, Narses, former praepositus and patrician, after having laid low so many tyrants—that is, Baduila and Teja, kings of the Goths, and Buccelenus, duke of the Franks, and also Sindewala the Herulian—and after having laudably restored Milan and the remaining cities which the Goths had destroyed, was removed from Italy itself by the above-mentioned Augustus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"P. C. Basilii anno xxv, ind. xiv","severity":"info","text":"The consular year after Basilius (consul 541) is used as a chronological marker; year 25 corresponds to ca. 566/567 CE. The indiction (14) aligns with that period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Magnacarius dux Francorum","severity":"info","text":"Magnacarius is a Frankish duke otherwise unattested in major sources; his death is noted without context, possibly a local figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sindewala Erolus","severity":"info","text":"Sindewala the Herulian led a rebellion (tyrannidem assumpsit) and was killed by Narses. The Heruli were a Germanic people; this event is part of the post-Gothic War consolidation in Italy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Narses ex præposito et patricio","severity":"info","text":"Narses, a eunuch and general, served as praepositus sacri cubiculi and patrician. His removal from Italy by Justin II reflects political shifts after his victories over Goths and Franks.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"A principio mundi usque ad hunc consulem fiunt anni VIIDCCLIVIII","severity":"info","text":"This anno mundi calculation (6,758 years) is a typical chronicle device, likely based on the Septuagint chronology, marking the consulship of Justin the Younger.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"signum apparuit in coelo per dies LXX","severity":"caution","text":"The 'sign in the sky for 70 days' is vague; it may refer to a comet or atmospheric phenomenon. The duration is unusually precise but unverifiable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Magnacarius is uncertain; no other source confirms his dukedom.","The 'sign in the sky' is not specified; it could be a comet, aurora, or other celestial event.","The exact year of Narses' removal is debated; the chronicle places it in Justin II's second consulship (ca. 568 CE)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Anno III cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. II.\n\nHoc anuo Alboenus rex Langobardorum cum omni exercitu reliuquens atque incedens Pannoniam, suam I patriam, cum mulieribus, vel omni populo suo, ut I fera Italiam oecupavit: ibique alii morbo, alii fame, nonnulli gladio interempti sunt. Eo anno etiam in finitima loca Galliarum ingredi præsumpserunt, ubi multitudo captivorum gentis ipsius venundata est\n\nAnno IV cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. III.\n\nHoc anno morbus validus, cum profluvio ventris et variola, Italiam Galliamque valde afflixit, et animalia bubula per loca supra scripta maxime interierunt\n\nEo anno mortuus est Celsus patricius.\n\nAnno v cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. iv.\n\nHoc anno infanda infirinitas atque glandula, cujus nomen est pustula, in supra dictis regionibus innumerabilem populum devastavit.\n\nAnno VI cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. v.","english":"In the third year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 2nd indiction.\n\nIn this year, Alboenus, king of the Langobards, with his entire army, leaving and departing from Pannonia, his own homeland, with their women and all his people, like a wild beast, seized Italy: and there some were destroyed by disease, others by famine, and not a few by the sword. In that year also they presumed to enter the neighboring regions of Gaul, where a multitude of captives of that same people were sold.\n\nIn the fourth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 3rd indiction.\n\nIn this year, a severe sickness, with a flux of the bowels and smallpox, greatly afflicted Italy and Gaul, and cattle in the above-mentioned regions perished in great numbers.\n\nIn that year, Celsus the patrician died.\n\nIn the fifth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 4th indiction.\n\nIn this year, an unspeakable infirmity and glandular swelling, whose name is pustule, devastated an innumerable population in the above-mentioned regions.\n\nIn the sixth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 5th indiction.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ut fera Italiam oecupavit","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ut fera' (like a wild beast) is a simile describing Alboenus's invasion of Italy, emphasizing the perceived savagery of the Lombards.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"glandula","severity":"info","text":"'Glandula' (glandular swelling) likely refers to bubonic plague symptoms, as described in earlier plague accounts (e.g., Procopius).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Alboenus rex Langobardorum","severity":"info","text":"Alboenus led the Lombard migration into Italy in 568 AD, a key event in early medieval Italian history, as recorded by Paul the Deacon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno III ... Anno VI","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured by consular years and indictions, a typical annalistic format for late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno III cons. Justini jun. Aug.","severity":"info","text":"The third consulship of Justin II corresponds to 568 AD, aligning with the Lombard invasion of Italy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"morbus validus ... variola","severity":"info","text":"This plague description (with smallpox) is one of the earliest Western references to variola, later identified as smallpox in medical history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The spelling 'oecupavit' for 'occupavit' may be a scribal error or variant.","The term 'glandula' could refer to buboes or other swellings; the exact disease is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Hoc anno Albuenus rex Langobardorum a suis, id est, Hilmegis cum reliquis, consentiente uxore sua, interfectus est; et supra scriptus Hilmegis, cum ante dicta uxore ipsius quam sibi in matrimonium sociaverat, et omni thesauro, tam quod de Pannoma exhibuerat, quam quod de Italia congregaverat, cum parte exercitus, Ravennæ reipublicae se tradidit.\n\nAnno VII cons. Justini jun. AMg., ind. vi.\n\nHoc anno dux Langobardorum, nomine Cleb, genti ipsius rex ordinatus est, et plures seniores et mediocres ab ipso interiecti sunt.\n\nEo anno Vxfarius dux Francorum obiit, et ordinatus est Theodofridus in locum ejus dux.\n\nAmo VIII cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. Vi!.\n\nHoc anno Clebus rex Langobardorum a puero suo interfectus esl.\n\nEo anno iterum Langobardi in Valle ingressi sunt, et Clusas obtinuerunt, et in monasterio sanctorum Acaunensium diebus multis habitaverunt; et postea in Baccis pugnam contra exercitum Francorum com. miserunt, ubi pene ad integrum interfecti sunt, pauci CUBa liberati. Sed et Mauri et aliae gentes, qui in Provincia eorum ingredi praesumpserunt, ab ipsis Francis devicti sunt","english":"In this year, Alboenus, king of the Langobards, was killed by his own men, that is, by Hilmegis and the rest, with the consent of his wife; and the aforementioned Hilmegis, together with the said wife of his, whom he had joined to himself in marriage, and with all the treasure, both that which he had brought from Pannonia and that which he had gathered from Italy, with a part of the army, surrendered himself to the republic at Ravenna.\n\nIn the seventh year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 6th indiction.\n\nIn this year, a duke of the Langobards, named Cleb, was appointed king of that people, and many of the higher and middle ranks were killed by him.\n\nIn that year, Vxfarius, duke of the Franks, died, and Theodofridus was appointed duke in his place.\n\nIn the eighth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, 6th indiction.\n\nIn this year, Cleb, king of the Langobards, was killed by his own servant.\n\nIn that year, the Langobards again entered the Valley and seized the Clusas, and dwelt for many days in the monastery of the Holy Acaunensians; and afterwards they joined battle at Baccis against the army of the Franks, where they were almost entirely destroyed, few being saved. But also the Moors and other peoples who presumed to enter their province were overcome by the Franks themselves.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Albuenus rex Langobardorum a suis ... interfectus est","severity":"info","text":"Marius records the assassination of Alboenus by his own men, including Hilmegis, with the consent of his wife. This account aligns with other early medieval sources, such as Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Hilmegis","severity":"info","text":"The name Hilmegis (also spelled Hilmegis or Helmegis) is a variant of Helmichis, the assassin of Alboenus. The spelling reflects Marius's Latin orthography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ravennæ reipublicae se tradidit","severity":"info","text":"Ravenna was the capital of the Byzantine exarchate in Italy. Hilmegis's surrender to the 'republic' (res publica) indicates submission to Byzantine authority, a common pattern for Lombard defectors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno VII cons. Justini jun. AMg., ind. vi.","severity":"info","text":"The seventh year of Justin the Younger's consulship corresponds to 572 CE, with the 6th indiction. This dating system is typical of Marius's chronicle, combining consular and indictional years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Eo anno ... Eo anno","severity":"info","text":"Marius uses the formula 'Eo anno' (In that year) to introduce multiple events under the same chronological heading, a common structural device in his chronicle to group contemporary occurrences.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Clusas","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'Clusas' likely refers to the Clusae, a fortified pass or narrows in the Alps, but the exact location is uncertain. It may be a variant of 'Clusae' or a scribal error for 'Clusas' (Chiusa).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Baccis' as a battle site is unclear; it may be a corruption of a place name. The phrase 'pene ad integrum interfecti sunt' (almost entirely destroyed) is ambiguous as to whether the Lombards or the Franks suffered the near-annihilation, though context suggests the Lombards."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Anno ix cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. VIII.\n\nAnno icona. Justini jun. Aug., ind. IX.\n\nHoc anno Sigibertus rex Francorum, bellum contra fratrem suum Hilpericuw movet; et cum eum jam inclusum haberet, et de ejus interfectione cogitaret, ab hominibus Chilperici per fraudem interfectus est: et suscepit regnum ejus Chilbebertus filius ipsius.\n\nAnno XI cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. I..\n\nEo anno mortui sunt regit atque egregii adolescentes, Chlotacarius et Chlodomeris, filii Gunthegramni regis.\n\nAnno XII cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. I!.\n\nHoc anno Meroveus filius Hilperici regis occisus est.\n\nAnno XIII cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. XII.\n\nHoc anno duo Germani, Salonius et Sagittarius episcopi a synodo quae Cabalonno collecta est, pro diversis criminibus ab episcopatus honore dejecti sunt.\n\nEo anno mortuus est Justinus Augustus, et suoeessit Tiberius in loco ejus.","english":"In the ninth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, indiction VIII.\n\nIn the ninth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, indiction IX.\n\nIn this year, Sigibertus, king of the Franks, waged war against his brother Hilpericus; and when he had already surrounded him and was contemplating his killing, he was killed by the men of Chilpericus through deceit; and Chilbebertus, his son, received his kingdom.\n\nIn the eleventh year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, indiction I.\n\nIn that year, the royal and noble youths Chlotacarius and Chlodomeris, sons of King Gunthegramnus, died.\n\nIn the twelfth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, indiction II.\n\nIn this year, Meroveus, son of King Hilpericus, was killed.\n\nIn the thirteenth year of the consulship of Justin the Younger Augustus, indiction XII.\n\nIn this year, the two brothers, Salonius and Sagittarius, bishops, were deposed from the honor of the episcopate by a synod which was assembled at Cabalonnum, for various crimes.\n\nIn that year, the Augustus Justin died, and Tiberius succeeded in his place.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno ix cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. VIII.","severity":"info","text":"The consular year and indiction are repeated for the same year (ix) before the entry on Sigibertus, likely a scribal error or a double dating formula.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sigibertus","severity":"info","text":"Sigibertus is the Latin form of Sigibert, a Frankish king; the name varies in manuscripts (e.g., Sigibertus, Sigibert).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cabalonno","severity":"info","text":"Cabalonnum is the Latin name for Chalon-sur-Saône, a city in Burgundy where a synod deposed bishops Salonius and Sagittarius for various crimes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Salonius et Sagittarius episcopi","severity":"info","text":"The deposition of Salonius and Sagittarius is recorded in Gregory of Tours' Histories (5.20), providing a parallel account of their crimes and synodal judgment.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Gregory of Tours Histories"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno XIII cons. Justini jun. Aug., ind. XII.","severity":"info","text":"The death of Justin Augustus and succession of Tiberius is dated to the thirteenth consular year of Justin the Younger, indiction XII, corresponding to 578 CE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"icona","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'icona' in the second dating line is likely a scribal error for 'nona' (ninth), as the consular year repeats; the text may be corrupt here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The repetition of the ninth consular year (Anno ix and Anno icona) may indicate a textual corruption or a deliberate double dating; the reading taken treats 'icona' as a scribal error for 'nona'.","The names Chilbebertus and Chilpericus vary in spelling; the reading taken follows the manuscript forms as given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Anno i cons. Tiberii Constantini Augusti, ind. XIII.\n\nEo anu, mense Octobre, ita in Vallensi territorio Rhodanus cxundavit, ut copias messium denegaret; et intra Italiam ita fluvii exundaverunt, ut damna agricolæ paterentur.\n\nAnno II cons. Tiberii Constantini Augusti, ind. xiv.\n\nEa indictione, mense Septembri, Austregildis regina obiit; propter cujus transitum interfecti sunu duo medici, Nicolaus et Donatus.\n\nEo anno Mummolus patricius cum uxore et filiis, et multitudine familiæ ac divitiis multis, in marca Childeberti regis, id est, Avinione, confugit\n\nAPPENDIX AD MARII, AVENTICENSIS EPISCOPI, CHRONICON,\n\nAUCTORE IGNOTO, SED PERANTIQUO.\n\nUsque hic Marius episcopus.\n\nAlio III Tiberii Aug., ind. xv.\n\nAnno iv Tiberii Aug., ind, i.\n\nAnno v Tiberii Aug., ind. II.\n\nAnno VI Tiberii Aug., ind. III.\n\nAnno VM Tiberii Aug., ind. IV.\n\nGothi sub Ermengildo Leubegildi regis filio bifarie divisi, mutua caede vastantur.","english":"In the first year of the consulship of Tiberius Constantinus Augustus, indiction XIII.\n\nIn that year, in the month of October, the Rhone flooded so greatly in the territory of the Valais that it denied the harvests of the crops; and within Italy the rivers flooded so greatly that the farmers suffered losses.\n\nIn the second year of the consulship of Tiberius Constantinus Augustus, indiction XIV.\n\nIn that indiction, in the month of September, Queen Austregildis died; on account of her passing, two physicians, Nicolaus and Donatus, were killed.\n\nIn that year, the patrician Mummolus, with his wife and children, and a multitude of his household and many riches, fled into the march of King Childebertus, that is, to Avignon.\n\nAPPENDIX TO THE CHRONICLE OF MARIUS, BISHOP OF AVENTICUM,\n\nBY AN UNKNOWN BUT VERY ANCIENT AUTHOR.\n\nThus far Bishop Marius.\n\nIn the third year of Tiberius Augustus, indiction XV.\n\nIn the fourth year of Tiberius Augustus, indiction I.\n\nIn the fifth year of Tiberius Augustus, indiction II.\n\nIn the sixth year of Tiberius Augustus, indiction III.\n\nIn the seventh year of Tiberius Augustus, indiction IV.\n\nThe Goths, divided into two parts under Ermengildus, son of King Leubegildus, are devastated by mutual slaughter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno i cons. Tiberii Constantini Augusti, ind. XIII","severity":"info","text":"Tiberius Constantinus Augustus is Tiberius II Constantine, Byzantine emperor 578–582. His consular years here begin in 578/579.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Austregildis regina obiit","severity":"info","text":"Austregildis (or Austrechild) was the wife of King Guntram of Burgundy. Her death and the execution of her physicians reflect contemporary court violence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mummolus patricius","severity":"info","text":"Mummolus was a Gallo-Roman patrician and general who served Guntram, then defected to Childebert II. His flight to Avignon marks a shift in Merovingian power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"APPENDIX AD MARII ... AUCTORE IGNOTO","severity":"info","text":"The appendix is a later continuation by an unknown author, extending Marius’ chronicle beyond his death. The note 'Usque hic Marius episcopus' marks the end of Marius’ original work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno VM Tiberii Aug., ind. IV","severity":"caution","text":"The numeral 'VM' is likely a scribal error for 'VII' (7), as the sequence runs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. The indiction numbers also shift inconsistently.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gothi sub Ermengildo Leubegildi regis filio bifarie divisi","severity":"info","text":"This refers to internal conflict among the Visigoths under Ermengild, son of King Leuvigild (Leubegildus). The division and mutual slaughter reflect the civil war of the late 570s.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The year numbering in the appendix is corrupt: 'VM' may stand for VII, and the indiction cycle is irregular.","The identity of 'Chilbebertus' in the previous passage is ambiguous; here 'Childeberti' likely refers to Childebert II."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Indictione v.\n\nMauricius annis xxi Suevi a Leubegildo rege obtenti, Gothis subjiciuntur.\n\nIndictione VI.\n\nGothi Recarido rege intendente, a fide catholica revertuntur.\n\nAvares adversus Romanos dimicantes, auro magis quam ferro pelluntur.\n\nPhocas annos IX. Iste seditiene militari imperator factus, Mauricium Augustum nobiliumque multos\n\nHujus tempore Parisini et Veneti per Orientem vel AEgyptum civile bellum faciunt, ac se mutua cæde prosternunt. Praelia quoque Persarum gravissima adversus rempublicam excitantur, a quibus Romani fortiter debellati, plurimas provincias et ipsam Hierosolymam amiserunt.\n\nHeraclius quinto imperii sui dum fungitur anno, Sisebotus Gothorum rex in 8pania plurimas Romanæ militiæ urbes, quarto regni sui sibi bellando suhjicit; et Judæos sui regni subditos, præter cos qui fuga lapsi sunt ad Francos, ad Christi fidem Invertit.","english":"Indiction V.\n\nMaurice for 21 years: the Suebi, subdued by King Leovigild, are subjected to the Goths.\n\nIndiction VI.\n\nThe Goths, under King Reccared, return to the Catholic faith.\n\nThe Avars, fighting against the Romans, are repelled more by gold than by the sword.\n\nPhocas for 9 years. This man, made emperor by a military sedition, slew Maurice Augustus and many nobles.\n\nIn his time, the Parisians and Venetians wage civil war throughout the East and Egypt, and lay each other low in mutual slaughter. Also, very severe battles of the Persians are stirred up against the Republic, by which the Romans, stoutly defeated, lost many provinces and Jerusalem itself.\n\nIn the fifth year of his reign, Heraclius, while Sisebut, king of the Goths, in Spain, in the fourth year of his own reign, subdues many cities of the Roman soldiery by warring; and he converts the Jews subject to his kingdom, except those who fled to the Franks, to the faith of Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Indictione v.","severity":"info","text":"The indiction year V corresponds to 602/603 CE, marking the start of the reign of Phocas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mauricius annis xxi Suevi a Leubegildo rege obtenti, Gothis subjiciuntur.","severity":"info","text":"The Suebi were conquered by the Visigothic king Leovigild (Leubegildus) in 585 CE, ending the Suebic kingdom in Gallaecia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gothi Recarido rege intendente, a fide catholica revertuntur.","severity":"info","text":"Reccared (Recaredus) converted the Visigoths from Arianism to Catholicism at the Third Council of Toledo (589 CE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Avares adversus Romanos dimicantes, auro magis quam ferro pelluntur.","severity":"info","text":"The Avars were bought off with tribute by the Byzantine emperor Maurice, a policy that later contributed to his unpopularity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Phocas annos IX. Iste seditiene militari imperator factus, Mauricium Augustum nobiliumque multos","severity":"info","text":"Phocas (Phocas) usurped the throne in 602 CE after a military revolt, executing Maurice and his family.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Heraclius quinto imperii sui dum fungitur anno, Sisebotus Gothorum rex in 8pania plurimas Romanæ militiæ urbes, quarto regni sui sibi bellando suhjicit","severity":"info","text":"Sisebut (Sisebotus) campaigned against Byzantine holdings in Spain around 612-615 CE, capturing several cities.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text has '8pania' for 'Hispania' (Spain), a common scribal abbreviation or corruption.","The phrase 'a fide catholica revertuntur' could be read as 'return to the Catholic faith' or 'turn away from the Catholic faith'; context supports the former, as Reccared converted to Catholicism."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Hujus imperatoris temporibus, ad.isque imperii sui annum 14, et Chlotacarii gloriosissimi Francorum principis regni sui annum 40, multa reipublicae partibus, ubique pene a diversis gentibus dispendia illata fuere.\n\nNujus tempore Persi Calcidoniam usque pervenerunt.\n\nHuni murum longum interrumpentes, et ad moenia Constantinopolis peraccedentes, cum prædicto imperatore, mutuo in muro stante collocunlur; qui accePtum ab eo pacis pretium, ad tempus recedunt.\n\nPer idem tempus divisa in tribus olim regnis Francia, in uno a praefato rege Francorum regnum conjungitur; atque persequente Theuderico rege germanum suum Austrasiorum regem Theudebertum, vincentes Franci in Burgundiam moventes Austrasios, ad extremum ipsum occiderunt. Nec mora, victor Theudericus Mellis cum oblisset, Sigoberto filio parvulo eum avia sua Brunihilde, regnum male usurpatum reliquit; qui vivente adhuc germano suo, nepotem suum ad petram in albis elidi jussit.","english":"During the time of this emperor, up to the 14th year of his reign and the 40th year of the reign of Chlotacar, the most glorious prince of the Franks, many losses were inflicted upon the parts of the republic almost everywhere by various peoples.\n\nAt this time the Persians advanced as far as Chalcedon.\n\nThe Huns, breaking through the Long Wall and approaching the walls of Constantinople, conversed with the aforementioned emperor, who stood on the wall in turn; having received from him the price of peace, they withdrew for a time.\n\nAt the same time, Francia, once divided into three kingdoms, was united into one by the aforementioned king of the Franks; and as King Theuderic pursued his brother Theudebert, king of the Austrasians, the Franks, prevailing, moved against the Austrasians in Burgundy and finally killed him. Without delay, when the victor Theuderic died at Meaux, he left the kingdom, wrongly usurped, to his little son Sigobert, together with his grandmother Brunihild; while his brother was still alive, he ordered his own grandson to be dashed against a white rock.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"multa reipublicae partibus ... dispendia illata fuere","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'many losses were inflicted upon the parts of the republic' reflects the chronicler's perspective of the Roman Empire as a continuing entity, even under barbarian pressure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chlotacarii","severity":"info","text":"Chlotacarius is the Latin form of Chlothar II, king of the Franks (584–629). The spelling varies in manuscripts; here it reflects Merovingian Latin orthography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Persi Calcidoniam usque pervenerunt","severity":"info","text":"The Persian advance to Chalcedon (across the Bosporus from Constantinople) occurred during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, under Shah Khosrow II.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Huni murum longum interrumpentes","severity":"info","text":"The 'Long Wall' (Anastasian Wall) was a defensive fortification west of Constantinople. The Huns here likely refers to Avars or a confederation, as historical Huns were earlier.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Per idem tempus","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks a parallel narrative thread, typical of chronicles that synchronize events across different regions (here, Frankish and Byzantine affairs).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"nepotem suum ad petram in albis elidi jussit","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ordered his own grandson to be dashed against a white rock' is ambiguous: 'nepotem' could mean 'grandson' or 'nephew'; the identity of the victim and the exact event are uncertain in the sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'nepotem suum' (his grandson or nephew) is unclear; the chronicle may conflate family relationships.","The Huns mentioned may actually be Avars or other steppe peoples, as the term is used loosely in late antique sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Per idem tempus victi filii sui a rege praefato Chlotacario capiuntur; ac præfata regina, praedictorum avia, ab eo capta, diversoque poenarum genere afflicta, deinde camelo imposita, multis suis spectaculum præbuit: postremo fcrocissimo colligata pedibus equi tergo, extremum spiritum exhalavit. Cujusque deinceps corpusculum incendentes populi, sepulerum ignis fuit; ad deinceps judicium paternum sine misericordia in germano et nepote quondam datum, in liliis redundavit; eosque a quibusdam, ut aiunt, interemptos, monarcbiam praenuncupatus rex in tribus regnis obtinuit; quam feliciter religioseque gubernans, nunc cum prioribus regni sui anno vitam ducit.\n\nFiunt igitur ab exordio mundi usque in æram præsentem, id est, Heraclii et Chlotacarii regis annum 40, anni VMDCCCIXII.","english":"At the same time, his sons were defeated and captured by the aforementioned king Chlotacarius; and the aforementioned queen, the grandmother of the aforesaid, was captured by him, afflicted with various kinds of torments, then placed upon a camel, and provided a spectacle for many; finally, bound by the most savage of means to the back of a horse, she breathed her last breath. Thereafter, the peoples, burning her little body, made a pyre her tomb; and then the paternal judgment, once given without mercy against brother and nephew, recoiled upon the lilies; and those, as they say, were slain by certain persons, and the aforementioned king obtained the monarchy in three kingdoms; which, governing happily and religiously, he now passes his life with the foremost men of his realm in the year of his reign.\n\nThus from the beginning of the world up to the present era, that is, the 40th year of the reign of Heraclius and Chlotacarius, there are 5,862 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Chlotacarius","severity":"info","text":"Chlotacarius (Chlothar II, r. 584–629) was the Merovingian king of Neustria who reunited the Frankish kingdoms after the death of Brunhild. The chronicle dates his 40th year to ca. 624.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"regina ... avia","severity":"info","text":"The queen is Brunhild, Visigothic princess and grandmother of Chlothar II’s nephews. Her execution by camel and horse is recorded in Gregory of Tours and the Liber Historiae Francorum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"liliis","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in liliis redundavit' is obscure. 'Liliis' may be a corruption of 'liberis' (children) or a metaphorical reference to the Frankish royal house (the lily as a symbol).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"monarcbiam","severity":"info","text":"'Monarcbiam' is a scribal error for 'monarchiam' (monarchy). The passage describes Chlothar II’s unification of the three Frankish kingdoms (Neustria, Austrasia, Burgundy).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"anni VMDCCCIXII","severity":"info","text":"The year count 5,862 from creation follows the Eusebian-Jerome era (5,199 years to Christ + 663 years to 624). This aligns with the 40th year of Chlothar II and Heraclius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"fcrocissimo","severity":"caution","text":"'Fcrocissimo' is a corrupt form; likely intended as 'ferocissimo' (most savage). The text shows signs of scribal error in this passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'in liliis redundavit' is ambiguous: it may mean 'recoiled upon the lilies' (a Frankish symbol) or be a corruption of 'in liberis redundavit' (recoiled upon the children).","The identity of 'eosque' (those slain) is unclear: possibly the sons of Brunhild or other relatives."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}