{"slug":"tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1","title":"Calendarium Anglicanum","title_source":"Calendarium Anglicanum","author":"Anomynus","genre":"liturgy","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:20:41Z","cost_usd":0.006588},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1232/tmp1232/tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":13,"english_words":1909,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":8373,"commentary_units":77,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":25,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Calendarium Anglicanum is an anonymous liturgical calendar from medieval England, listing feasts and observances to order the liturgical year. It survives in a single manuscript tradition, likely copied in a monastic scriptorium, with no known early printed edition. Internal evidence, such as the inclusion of certain feasts, suggests a 13th-century origin, though this remains conjectural. The calendar is practical rather than theological, reflecting English church usage. It influenced later English liturgical compilations, including Sarum Rite calendars. The text is based on a single source, with unexamined variants in other witnesses. The attribution to 'Anonymus' is a modern editorial convention; the work may be a compilation of multiple hands.","historical_context":"The Calendarium Anglicanum was produced in England, likely in a monastic scriptorium, during the 13th century, though the exact date and place are unknown. The calendar reflects the liturgical practices of the English church after the Norman Conquest, incorporating both Anglo-Saxon and continental influences. Its use of Latin and inclusion of feasts like Paul of Thebes indicate a learned, monastic community engaged in hagiographic and computistical traditions. The work survives in a single manuscript, suggesting limited circulation, but it served as a source for later English liturgical compilations, such as the Sarum Rite calendars. The calendar's anonymous and undated nature, along with potential scribal errors like 'Educlio' for 'Fuga', highlight the challenges of reconstructing its transmission. The work may have been compiled by multiple hands, reflecting a collaborative liturgical tradition.","significance":"The Calendarium Anglicanum is significant as a witness to medieval English liturgical practice and its evolution. It influenced the development of the Sarum Rite, a dominant liturgical use in late medieval England. The calendar's inclusion of Hebrew and Egyptian month names reflects the learned computus tradition, while its practical register provides insight into the ordering of the church year. Its anonymous, compiled nature exemplifies the collaborative and adaptive character of medieval liturgical texts.","timeline":[{"date":"13th c.","event":"Probable origin of the Calendarium Anglicanum based on internal feast evidence."},{"date":"6th c.","event":"Feast of the Circumcision established in the Latin West, later included in the calendar."},{"date":"4th c.","event":"Jerome's 'Vita Pauli' popularizes Paul of Thebes as first hermit, influencing hagiographic feasts."},{"date":"Post-Conquest","event":"English church adopts continental liturgical elements, reflected in the calendar."},{"date":"Medieval","event":"Manuscript copied in a monastic scriptorium; single tradition survives."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Edition based on single source; attribution to 'Anonymus' as editorial convention."}],"relations":[{"work":"Sarum Rite calendars","relation":"Influenced by the Calendarium Anglicanum in selection of feasts","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Jerome's 'Vita Pauli'","relation":"Source for feast of Paul of Thebes","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Roman Julian calendar","relation":"Structural basis for Kalends, Nones, Ides system","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Medieval computus texts","relation":"Shared tradition of correlating Jewish and Egyptian calendars","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Anglo-Saxon liturgical calendars","relation":"Possible precursor or parallel tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Date is conjectural; internal evidence suggests 13th century but not confirmed.","Attribution to 'Anonymus' is a modern editorial convention; no contemporary authorial claim survives.","Work may be a compilation of multiple hands, not a single author.","Survives in a single manuscript tradition; textual variants in other witnesses unexamined.","Scribal errors like 'Educlio' for 'Fuga' indicate potential corruption in transmission."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000514,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:20:41Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1232/tmp1232/tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1232.tmp1232.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":13,"translated":13,"commentary_passages":13,"commentary_units":77,"english_words":1909,"source_letters":8263,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Calendarium Anglicanum is a liturgical calendar, listing feasts and observances of the English church. Its register is practical, not theological, serving to order the liturgical year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, likely copied in a monastic scriptorium. No early printed edition is known before the modern era.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The calendar is anonymous and undated. Internal evidence (e.g., inclusion of certain feasts) suggests a 13th-century origin, but this remains conjectural.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Calendarium Anglicanum was used as a source for later English liturgical compilations, including the Sarum Rite calendars. Its influence is seen in the selection of feasts adopted by the English church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus for variant readings across manuscripts. The text is based on a single source, and textual variants in other witnesses remain unexamined.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The attribution to 'Anonymus' is a modern editorial convention. No contemporary authorial claim survives, and the work may be a compilation of multiple hands.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: liturgy in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 13 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":13},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"CALENDARIUM ANGLICANUM.\n\nJANUARIUS.\n\nHebraice vacatur Tebeth, Ægyptiace Tubi, Graece Cynidios, Latine Januarius, Saxonice Giul.\n\nLuna Januarii ih media nocte accenditur.\n\nPRINCIPIUM JANI SANCIT TROPICUS CAPRICORNUS.\n\nJanuarius habet dies xxxi, luna xxx.\n\nKalend. Januarii, Circumcisio Domini nostri Jesu Christi.\n\nIV Nonas, sancti isidori episcopi\n\nIII Nonas, sanctæ Genovefæ virginis.\n\nNonis, sancti Symennis monachi.\n\nVIII Idus, Epiphania Domini nostri Jesu Christi.\n\nIV Idus, sancti Pauli primi eremitæ.\n\nIII Idus, Educlio Domini de Ægypto.\n\nIdus, Octavas Epiphanise. Sancti Hilarii episcopi.\n\nXIX Kal. Februarii, sancti Folicis in Pincis.\n\nXVIII Kal., sancli Mauri abbatis.\n\nXVII Kal., sancti Marcelli papae.\n\nXVI Kal., sancti Antonii monachi.\n\nXV Kal., sanctæ Priscæ virginis.\n\nXIV Kal., sanctarum Mariæ et Marthae.\n\nXIII Kal. sanctorum Fabiani et Sebastiam martyris.","english":"The English Calendar.\n\nJanuary.\n\nIn Hebrew it is called Tebeth, in Egyptian Tubi, in Greek Cynidios, in Latin Januarius, in Saxon Giul.\n\nThe moon of January is lit at midnight.\n\nThe beginning of Janus sanctifies the Tropic of Capricorn.\n\nJanuary has 31 days, the moon 30.\n\nKalends of January, the Circumcision of our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nIV Nones, Saint Isidore the bishop.\n\nIII Nones, Saint Genevieve the virgin.\n\nNones, Saint Symeon the monk.\n\nVIII Ides, the Epiphany of our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nIV Ides, Saint Paul the first hermit.\n\nIII Ides, the Flight of the Lord into Egypt.\n\nIdes, the Octave of the Epiphany. Saint Hilary the bishop.\n\nXIX Kalends of February, Saint Felix in Pincis.\n\nXVIII Kalends, Saint Maurus the abbot.\n\nXVII Kalends, Saint Marcellus the pope.\n\nXVI Kalends, Saint Anthony the monk.\n\nXV Kalends, Saint Prisca the virgin.\n\nXIV Kalends, Saints Mary and Martha.\n\nXIII Kalends, Saints Fabian and Sebastian the martyrs.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"CALENDARIUM ANGLICANUM","severity":"info","text":"The title 'Calendarium Anglicanum' indicates a liturgical calendar for use in England, likely from an Anglo-Saxon or post-Conquest context. The Saxon month names (e.g., 'Giul' for January) confirm an English provenance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Hebraice vacatur Tebeth","severity":"info","text":"The Hebrew month name 'Tebeth' (Tevet) and the Egyptian 'Tubi' (Tybi) reflect a learned tradition of correlating Jewish and Egyptian calendars with the Roman Julian calendar, common in medieval computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"PRINCIPIUM JANI SANCIT TROPICUS CAPRICORNUS","severity":"info","text":"This hexameter line links the Roman god Janus (guardian of beginnings) with the sun's entry into Capricorn at the winter solstice, a standard astronomical note in medieval calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalend. Januarii, Circumcisio Domini","severity":"info","text":"The calendar follows the standard Roman system of Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The feast of the Circumcision (1 January) was established in the Latin West by the 6th century, replacing pagan New Year observances.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Pauli primi eremitæ","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Paul of Thebes (10 January) as 'first hermit' reflects the influence of Jerome's 'Vita Pauli' and the popularity of desert monasticism in medieval hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Educlio Domini de Ægypto","severity":"caution","text":"'Educlio' is a scribal error for 'Fuga' (Flight) or 'Reversio' (Return). The Flight into Egypt is commemorated on 13 January in some medieval calendars, but the form 'Educlio' is corrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Educlio' is uncertain; it likely represents a corruption of 'Fuga' or 'Reversio'.","The phrase 'sancti Folicis in Pincis' (19 Kal. Feb.) is obscure; 'Folicis' may be a misspelling of 'Felix', and 'Pincis' possibly a place name or error for 'Pincis' (Pinci?); the identity of this Felix is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"XII Kat., Natale Agnetis virginis.\n\nX Kal., sanctorum Emerentianae virga et Macharii.\n\nII Kal., sancti Babilli episcopi, et trium Puerorum.\n\nVIII Kal., Conversio sancti Pauli aposloli et Projecti martyris.\n\nVII Kal., sancti Polycarpi presbyteri.\n\nV Kal., Octavæ sanctae Agnetis virginis.\n\nFEBRUARIUS.\n\nIlebraice Sabath, Ægyptiace Mechir, Græce Peni tios, Latine Februarius, Saxonice Solmon.\n\nLuna inter mediam noctem et galli cantum accenditur.\n\nKal. Februarii, sanctae Brigidae virginis\n\nIV Nonas, Purificalio sanctæ Mariæ.\n\nNonas, sanctae Agathae virginis.\n\nVIII ldus, sanctorum Vedasti et Amandi.\n\nVI Idus, sancti Cuthmanni confessoris. Ante istum locum non potestesse Quadragesima.\n\nIV Idus, sanctae Scolasticæ, sanctæ Sotheris virginis.\n\nIII Idus, sanctæ Radegundis virginis.\n\nIdus, sanctæ Eormenhildæ virginis.\n\nXVI Kal., Martii, sancti Valentini martyris.","english":"12 Kalends, Feast of Agnes, virgin.\n\n11 Kalends, Saints Emerentiana, virgin, and Macharius.\n\n2 Kalends, Saint Babillus, bishop, and the Three Boys.\n\n8 Kalends, Conversion of Saint Paul, apostle, and Projectus, martyr.\n\n7 Kalends, Saint Polycarp, presbyter.\n\n5 Kalends, Octave of Saint Agnes, virgin.\n\nFebruary.\n\nIn Hebrew Sabath, in Egyptian Mechir, in Greek Peritios, in Latin Februarius, in Saxon Solmon.\n\nThe moon is lit between midnight and cockcrow.\n\nKalends of February, Saint Brigid, virgin.\n\n4 Nones, Purification of Saint Mary.\n\nNones, Saint Agatha, virgin.\n\n8 Ides, Saints Vedastus and Amandus.\n\n6 Ides, Saint Cuthmannus, confessor. Before this day Lent cannot fall.\n\n4 Ides, Saint Scholastica, Saint Sotheris, virgin.\n\n3 Ides, Saint Radegundis, virgin.\n\nIdes, Saint Eormenhilda, virgin.\n\n16 Kalends of March, Saint Valentine, martyr.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XII Kat.","severity":"info","text":"The Roman calendar dating system uses Kalends, Nones, and Ides. 'XII Kat.' means 12 days before the Kalends of February, i.e., January 21.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale Agnetis virginis","severity":"info","text":"'Natale' here means 'feast' or 'heavenly birthday' (dies natalis) of a martyr, not a biological birth. Agnes was a Roman virgin martyr.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"trium Puerorum","severity":"info","text":"'Three Boys' refers to the biblical Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (Dan 3), commemorated in some Western calendars as martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ante istum locum non potestesse Quadragesima","severity":"info","text":"This note indicates that Lent (Quadragesima) cannot begin before January 8 (6 Ides), a practical rule for movable feasts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctae Eormenhildae virginis","severity":"info","text":"Eormenhilda (Ermenhild) is a rare Anglo-Saxon saint, suggesting the calendar's English origin or use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Purificalio sanctæ Mariæ","severity":"caution","text":"'Purificalio' is a scribal error for 'Purificatio' (Purification of Mary, February 2). The misspelling may indicate a careless copyist.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Macharius' (11 Kalends) is uncertain; possibly Macarius of Alexandria or another saint.","'Projecti martyris' (8 Kalends) is obscure; Projectus may be a local martyr of Auvergne."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"XV Kal., diabolus a Domino recessit.\n\nXIV Kal., sanctæ Julianae virginis.\n\nVIII Kal., Cathedra sancti Petri apostoli.\n\nVI Kal., sancti Matthæi apostoli.\n\nIII Inventio capitis sancti Johannis Baptistae post annos CCL.\n\nII Kal., sancti Oswaldi arcbiepiscopi.\n\nMARTIUS.\n\nHebraice Adar, Ægyptiace Famenoth, Græce Distros. Latine Martius, Saxonire Hpedmonad.\n\nLuna Martii in tnedia nocte accenditur,\n\nVI Nonas Martii, sancti Ceaddæ episcopi.\n\nV Nonas, sanctorum vn Martyrum, et sancti Adriani.\n\nIt Nonas, sanctarum Perpetuæ et Felicitatis.\n\nVII Idus, Passio XL militum Romæ.\n\nIV Idus, sancti Gregorii papa.\n\nXVI Kal.. sanctæ Withhurgæ virginis. Sancti Patricii episcopi.\n\nXV Kal., sancti Eadweardi regis. Primus dies sæculi-\n\nXIV Kal., sancti Joseph sponsi sanctæ Mariæ.\n\nXIII Kal., sancti Cuthbertbi episcopi.\n\nXII Kal,, sancti Benedicti abbatis.","english":"15 Kalends, the devil departed from the Lord.\n\n14 Kalends, Saint Juliana, virgin.\n\n8 Kalends, the Chair of Saint Peter the Apostle.\n\n6 Kalends, Saint Matthew the Apostle.\n\n3 Kalends, the Invention of the Head of Saint John the Baptist after 250 years.\n\n2 Kalends, Saint Oswald, archbishop.\n\nMARCH.\n\nIn Hebrew Adar, in Egyptian Phamenoth, in Greek Distros. In Latin Martius, in Saxon Hrēþmōnaþ.\n\nThe moon of March is kindled at midnight.\n\n6 Nones of March, Saint Cedd, bishop.\n\n5 Nones, the Seven Holy Martyrs and Saint Adrian.\n\n3 Nones, Saints Perpetua and Felicitas.\n\n7 Ides, the Passion of the Forty Soldiers at Rome.\n\n4 Ides, Saint Gregory, pope.\n\n16 Kalends, Saint Withburga, virgin. Saint Patrick, bishop.\n\n15 Kalends, Saint Edward, king. The first day of the world.\n\n14 Kalends, Saint Joseph, spouse of Saint Mary.\n\n13 Kalends, Saint Cuthbert, bishop.\n\n12 Kalends, Saint Benedict, abbot.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"diabolus a Domino recessit","severity":"info","text":"This entry for 15 Kalends (15 February) is unique to this calendar and likely refers to a legendary event, not a standard feast. The phrase 'the devil departed from the Lord' may allude to a temptation narrative or a local tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cathedra sancti Petri apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The feast of the Chair of Saint Peter (22 February) commemorates Peter's episcopal authority. In the Roman tradition, it is celebrated on 18 January (Cathedra Romae) and 22 February (Cathedra Antiochena); this entry follows the latter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Inventio capitis sancti Johannis Baptistae post annos CCL","severity":"info","text":"The Invention of the Head of John the Baptist is dated to 24 February, with the note 'after 250 years' indicating a tradition that the head was discovered in the 4th century, roughly 250 years after the Baptist's death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Oswaldi arcbiepiscopi","severity":"info","text":"Saint Oswald of York (d. 992) was Archbishop of York and a key figure in the 10th-century Benedictine reform in England. His feast on 28 February reflects the calendar's Anglo-Saxon provenance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Martii in tnedia nocte accenditur","severity":"info","text":"This note on the moon of March being 'kindled at midnight' is a computational or astronomical remark, typical of calendars that include lunar data for dating movable feasts like Easter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Primus dies sæculi","severity":"info","text":"The annotation 'The first day of the world' for 16 Kalends (16 March) reflects a medieval tradition that the creation occurred on 18 March, as found in some computistical works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 15 Kalends ('diabolus a Domino recessit') is obscure; it may be a corruption or a unique local legend. The reading taken is literal, but the intended feast or event is uncertain.","The spelling 'arcbiepiscopi' for 'archiepiscopi' is a scribal error or variant.","The phrase 'sanctorum vn Martyrum' likely means 'sanctorum septem Martyrum' (the Seven Holy Martyrs), but the abbreviation 'vn' is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"VIII Kal., Annuntiatio sanctae Mariæ.\n\nVI Kal., Resurrectio Domini.\n\nIII. Ordinatio sancti Gregorii papae.\n\nAPRILIS.\n\nHebraice Nilan, Ægyptiace Famuth, Græce Xanticos, Latine Aprilis, Saxonice Eaftor monud.\n\nLuna Aprilis in galii cantu accenditur.\n\nKal. Aprilis, beati Borauti [Forsan, Baronti] monachi.\n\nII Nonas, sancti Ambrosii episcopi.\n\nV Idus, sanctæ Mariae Ægyptiacæ.\n\nIII Idus, sancti Guthlaci confessoris, et sancti Deonis papæ\n\nIdus, sanctae Eufemiæ virginis.\n\nXVIII Kalendas Maii, sanctorum Tiburtii, Valeriani et Maximi.\n\nAll Kal., sancti Petri diaconi.\n\nIX Kal., sancti Georgii martyris.\n\nVIII Kal., sancti Wilfridi.\n\nVII Kal., sancti Marci evangelistæ. Lætania major.\n\nIV Kal., sancti Vitalis martyris.\n\nII Kal., sancti Ercenwoldi episcopi.\n\nMAIU9.\n\nHebraice Jar, Agyptiace Pactio, Græce Antemiseos, Latine Maius, Saxonice Trimilci.","english":"8 Kalends, the Annunciation of Saint Mary.\n\n6 Kalends, the Resurrection of the Lord.\n\n3 Kalends, the Ordination of Saint Gregory the Pope.\n\nAPRIL.\n\nIn Hebrew, Nilan; in Egyptian, Famuth; in Greek, Xanticos; in Latin, Aprilis; in Saxon, Eaftor monud.\n\nThe moon of April is lit at the crowing of the cock.\n\nKalends of April, the blessed Borautus [perhaps, Barontus] the monk.\n\n2 Nones, Saint Ambrose the bishop.\n\n5 Ides, Saint Mary of Egypt.\n\n3 Ides, Saint Guthlac the confessor, and Saint Deon the pope.\n\nIdes, Saint Euphemia the virgin.\n\n18 Kalends of May, Saints Tiburtius, Valerianus, and Maximus.\n\nAll Kalends, Saint Peter the deacon.\n\n9 Kalends, Saint George the martyr.\n\n8 Kalends, Saint Wilfrid.\n\n7 Kalends, Saint Mark the evangelist. The Greater Litany.\n\n4 Kalends, Saint Vitalis the martyr.\n\n2 Kalends, Saint Ercenwold the bishop.\n\nMAY.\n\nIn Hebrew, Jar; in Egyptian, Pactio; in Greek, Antemiseos; in Latin, Maius; in Saxon, Trimilci.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Annuntiatio sanctae Mariæ","severity":"info","text":"The feast of the Annunciation (25 March) is here placed at VIII Kal. Aprilis (25 March), its standard date in the Latin calendar, though it often shifted when coinciding with Easter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Resurrectio Domini","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Resurrectio Domini' at VI Kal. Aprilis (27 March) is unusual; Easter is a moveable feast, not fixed to a Kalends. This may reflect a local tradition or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Eaftor monud","severity":"info","text":"The Old English name 'Eaftor monud' (April) is a variant of 'Ēastermōnaþ' (Easter month), reflecting the month's association with the Paschal feast in Anglo-Saxon England.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Aprilis in galii cantu accenditur","severity":"info","text":"This phrase describes the lunar phase calculation: the April moon is 'lit' (i.e., the new moon begins) at cockcrow, a traditional time for marking the start of the ecclesiastical lunar day.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"beati Borauti [Forsan, Baronti] monachi","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Borautus' (or 'Barontus') is obscure; the bracketed 'Forsan, Baronti' suggests the scribe or editor was uncertain. Barontus (7th cent.) was a Frankish monk venerated at Ponthieu, but his cult is rare in English calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Lætania major","severity":"info","text":"The 'Greater Litany' (25 April) follows the feast of St Mark (VII Kal. Maii, 25 April). This is a standard Roman liturgical pairing, marking the Rogation procession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Resurrectio Domini' at a fixed date (27 March) is ambiguous: it may be a scribal error for a different feast, or a local custom of commemorating the Resurrection on that date.","The name 'Borauti' is uncertain; the gloss 'Forsan, Baronti' indicates the editor's doubt about the saint's identity."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Luna Maii marte accenditur.\n\nKal. Maii, sanctorum Philippi e1 Jacobi.\n\nV Nonas, Inventio sanctæ Crucis, sanctorum Alexandri, Eventii et Theoduli.\n\nII Nonas, sancti Jobannis aposloli ante portam w tinam.\n\nNonas, sancti Johannis episcopi in Beverlisco.\n\nVII Idus, Translatio sancti Andreæ apostoli. tis initium. Habet dies XCI.\n\nVI Idus, sanctorum Gordiani, Epimacbi, Septimi, Cyrilli.\n\nIV Idus,.aCtorum Nerei et Achilei, et Paneratil.'\n\nIII Idus, Dedicatio basilicæ sanctæ Mariæ.\n\nXV Kal., sanctae Ælsgyfæ reginæ.\n\nXIV Kal., sanciee PotentianaE virginis.\n\nVIII Kal., sancti Urbani martyris,\n\nVII Kal., sancti Augustini episcopi.\n\nIII Kal., sancti Felicis papae.\n\nII Kal., sanctae Petronillæ virginis.\n\nJUNIUS.\n\nHebraice Sivan, Ægyptiace Parni, Græce Deseos, Latine Junius, Saxonice Lithe vocatur.\n\nLuna Junii tertie hora accenditur.\n\nKal. Junii, sanati Nicomedis martyris.","english":"May: the moon is kindled on the third hour.\n\nKalends of May, of Saints Philip and James.\n\n4 Nones, the Finding of the Holy Cross, of Saints Alexander, Eventius, and Theodulus.\n\n2 Nones, of Saint John the Apostle before the Latin Gate.\n\nNones, of Saint John the Bishop in Beverliscum.\n\n7 Ides, the Translation of Saint Andrew the Apostle. The beginning of summer. It has 91 days.\n\n6 Ides, of Saints Gordian, Epimachus, Septimus, and Cyril.\n\n4 Ides, of the Acts of Nereus and Achilleus, and of Pancratius.\n\n3 Ides, the Dedication of the Basilica of Saint Mary.\n\n15 Kalends, of Saint Ælfgifu the Queen.\n\n14 Kalends, of Saint Potentiana the Virgin.\n\n8 Kalends, of Saint Urban the Martyr.\n\n7 Kalends, of Saint Augustine the Bishop.\n\n3 Kalends, of Saint Felix the Pope.\n\n2 Kalends, of Saint Petronilla the Virgin.\n\nJUNE.\n\nIn Hebrew, Sivan; in Egyptian, Parni; in Greek, Deseos; in Latin, Junius; in Saxon, it is called Lithe.\n\nJune: the moon is kindled on the third hour.\n\nKalends of June, of Saint Nicomedes the Martyr.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Maii marte accenditur","severity":"info","text":"The Latin phrase 'Luna Maii marte accenditur' is corrupt; 'marte' likely results from a scribal error for 'hora tertia' (third hour), as the parallel June entry reads 'Luna Junii tertie hora accenditur'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctorum Philippi e1 Jacobi","severity":"info","text":"The 'e1' in 'Philippi e1 Jacobi' is a scribal abbreviation for 'et' (and), a common feature in medieval manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Jobannis aposloli ante portam w tinam","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Saint John before the Latin Gate (6 May) commemorates the dedication of a basilica in Rome; the Latin text is garbled ('aposloli' for 'apostoli', 'w tinam' for 'Latinam').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Johannis episcopi in Beverlisco","severity":"info","text":"Saint John of Beverley (d. 721) was a bishop of York and a major Anglo-Saxon saint; his feast on 7 May reflects the English origin of this calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctae Ælsgyfæ reginæ","severity":"info","text":"Saint Ælfgifu (often Latinized as Elgiva or Ælfgyth) was an Anglo-Saxon queen and saint; her feast on 17 May is rare and indicates local English veneration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"tis initium. Habet dies XCI","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'tis initium' (beginning of summer) and 'Habet dies XCI' (it has 91 days) are inserted after the 7 Ides entry, marking the seasonal division typical of medieval computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Luna Maii marte accenditur' is corrupt; 'marte' may be a scribal error for 'hora tertia' (third hour) or possibly 'mane' (in the morning).","The entry 'sancti Johannis episcopi in Beverlisco' could refer to John of Beverley or another John; the context favors the Anglo-Saxon saint."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"IV Nonas, sanctorum Marcellini et Petri martyris.\n\nII Nonas, sancti Petroci confessoris.\n\nNonis, sancti Bonifacii episcopi.\n\nVII idus, sancti Audomari episcopi.\n\nVI Idus, Depositio sancti Medardi episcopi.\n\nV Idus, sanctorum Primi et Feliciani martyrun.\n\nIII Idus, sancti Barnabæ apostoli.\n\nII Idus, sanctorum Basilidis, Cyrini, Naboris et dazarii.\n\nXVII Kal. Jul., sanctorum Viti, Modesti, et sanctae Eadburgæ virginis.\n\nXVI Kal., sanctorum Cyrini et Julittæ cum sociis eorum.\n\nXV Kal., sancti Bonifacii confessoris.\n\nXIV Kal., sanctorum Marci et Marcelliani Martyrum.\n\nXIII Kal., sanctorum Gervasii et Protasii Martyrum.\n\nXI Kal., sancti Apollinaris martyris, et sancti Leuthfredi abbatis.\n\nX Kal., sancti Albani marlyris.\n\nIX Kal., sanctæ Ætheldrythæ virginis. Vigilia.\n\nVIII Kal., sancti Johannis Baptistæ.\n\nIV Kal., sancti Leonis papæ. Vigilia.","english":"4 Nones, of Saints Marcellinus and Peter, martyrs.\n\n2 Nones, of Saint Petroc, confessor.\n\nNones, of Saint Boniface, bishop.\n\n7 Ides, of Saint Omer, bishop.\n\n6 Ides, Deposition of Saint Medard, bishop.\n\n5 Ides, of Saints Primus and Felicianus, martyrs.\n\n3 Ides, of Saint Barnabas, apostle.\n\n2 Ides, of Saints Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor, and Dazarius.\n\n17 Kalends of July, of Saints Vitus, Modestus, and Saint Eadburga, virgin.\n\n16 Kalends, of Saints Cyrinus and Julitta with their companions.\n\n15 Kalends, of Saint Boniface, confessor.\n\n14 Kalends, of Saints Mark and Marcellianus, martyrs.\n\n13 Kalends, of Saints Gervasius and Protasius, martyrs.\n\n11 Kalends, of Saint Apollinaris, martyr, and Saint Leutfrid, abbot.\n\n10 Kalends, of Saint Alban, martyr.\n\n9 Kalends, of Saint Ætheldrytha, virgin. Vigil.\n\n8 Kalends, of Saint John the Baptist.\n\n4 Kalends, of Saint Leo, pope. Vigil.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio","severity":"info","text":"Depositio (deposition) is the liturgical term for the death or burial of a saint, often used in martyrologies to mark the day of commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"sancti Bonifacii episcopi (Nonis)","severity":"info","text":"This entry for Boniface on the Nones of June (5 June) likely refers to Boniface of Mainz, the Anglo-Saxon missionary martyred in 754, whose feast is 5 June in the Roman calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"sancti Johannis Baptistæ (VIII Kal.)","severity":"info","text":"The Vigil of John the Baptist (23 June) and the Nativity (24 June) are among the oldest feasts in the Latin Church, fixed by the sixth century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"sancti Albani martyris (X Kal.)","severity":"info","text":"Alban, protomartyr of Roman Britain, appears in the calendar of the Anglo-Saxon church; his cult was promoted at St Albans Abbey after its foundation in the 8th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Bonifacii confessoris (XV Kal.)","severity":"caution","text":"This second Boniface entry (17 June) is ambiguous: it may refer to Boniface of Mainz again (a duplication) or to a different confessor; the calendar does not distinguish them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Vigilia","severity":"info","text":"The two vigils (before Ætheldrytha and before Leo) mark the liturgical day beginning at sunset, a standard feature of the sanctorale in medieval calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the second Boniface (XV Kal. Jul.) is uncertain; it may be a duplicate or a different saint.","The spelling 'dazarii' (for Dazarius) and 'marlyris' (for martyris) are scribal variants or errors.","The feast of Saint John the Baptist is given without a title (Nativity or Vigil) on VIII Kal. Jul., but the preceding Vigil entry clarifies the sequence."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"III Kal., sancti Petri apostoli.\n\nII Kal., sancti Pauli apostoli.\n\nJULIUS.\n\nHebraice Thamul, Ægyptiace Episi, Graece Pane mos, Latine Julius, Saxonice Litha.\n\nLuna Julii in media die accenditur.\n\nVI Nonas, Depositio sancti Swithuni episcopi; et Processi et Martiniani.\n\nV Nonos, Translatio sancti Thomae apostoli.\n\nIV Nonas, Ordinatio et translatio sancti Martini episcopi.\n\nII Nonas, Octava apostolorum, et sanctæ Sexburgæ virginis.\n\nNonis, sanctae Marinae virginis.\n\nVIII Idus, sancti Grimboldi sacerdotis. Obitus Eadgari regis.\n\nVI Idus, sanctorum VII Fratrum cum matre.\n\nIV Idus, sanctae Mildrythæ virginis.\n\nIdus, Translatio sancti Swithuni episcopi.\n\nXVI Kal., sancti Kenelmi martyris.\n\nXIV Kal., sanctæ Cristinæ virginis.\n\nXHI Kal., sancti Vulimari confessoris, sanctæ Margaritæ virginis.\n\nXII Kal., sanctæ Praxedis virginis.\n\nXI Kal., sancta: Mariæ Magdalenæ.","english":"3 Kalends, of Saint Peter the Apostle.\n\n2 Kalends, of Saint Paul the Apostle.\n\nJuly.\n\nIn Hebrew Thamul, in Egyptian Episi, in Greek Panemos, in Latin Julius, in Saxon Litha.\n\nThe moon of July is kindled at midday.\n\n6 Nones, Deposition of Saint Swithun the Bishop; and of Processus and Martinianus.\n\n5 Nones, Translation of Saint Thomas the Apostle.\n\n4 Nones, Ordination and Translation of Saint Martin the Bishop.\n\n2 Nones, Octave of the Apostles, and of Saint Sexburga the Virgin.\n\nNones, of Saint Marina the Virgin.\n\n8 Ides, of Saint Grimbald the Priest. Death of King Edgar.\n\n6 Ides, of the Seven Brothers with their Mother.\n\n4 Ides, of Saint Mildritha the Virgin.\n\nIdes, Translation of Saint Swithun the Bishop.\n\n16 Kalends, of Saint Kenelm the Martyr.\n\n14 Kalends, of Saint Christina the Virgin.\n\n13 Kalends, of Saint Wulmar the Confessor, of Saint Margaret the Virgin.\n\n12 Kalends, of Saint Praxedes the Virgin.\n\n11 Kalends, of Saint Mary Magdalene.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III Kal., sancti Petri apostoli.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 3 Kalends of July (29 June) pairs Peter and Paul on consecutive days, a common Western arrangement that separates their feasts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Hebraice Thamul, Ægyptiace Episi, Graece Pane mos, Latine Julius, Saxonice Litha.","severity":"info","text":"The month names in Hebrew, Egyptian, Greek, Latin, and Old English reflect the calendar's encyclopedic character, typical of medieval computus manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Julii in media die accenditur.","severity":"info","text":"This note on the moon's lighting at midday is a computational detail, linking lunar phase to the Julian calendar for liturgical reckoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Obitus Eadgari regis.","severity":"info","text":"The death of King Edgar (8 Ides, 8 July) is a rare secular obit in a liturgical calendar, indicating Anglo-Saxon royal commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"XHI Kal., sancti Vulimari confessoris, sanctæ Margaritæ virginis.","severity":"caution","text":"The numeral 'XHI' is a scribal error for 'XIII' (13 Kalends, 19 June), as the sequence from 16 to 11 Kalends requires.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 2 Nones (6 July) 'Octava apostolorum' likely refers to the octave of Saints Peter and Paul, but the phrase is ambiguous without specifying which apostles.","The identity of 'sanctæ Sexburgæ virginis' (2 Nones) is uncertain; she may be the same as Saint Sexburga of Ely, but the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"X Kal., sancti Apollinaris martyris.\n\nVIII Kal., sancti Jacobi apostoli.\n\nVII Kal., sanctorum vu Dormientium.\n\nVI Kal., sancti Samsonis episcopi, sancti Pantaleonis martyris.\n\nV Kal., sanctorum Simplicii, Faustini et Beatricis.\n\nIV Kal., sanclorum Abdon et Sennen martyrum.\n\nIII Kal., sancti Germani episcopi.\n\nAUGUSTUS.\n\nHebraice Dominab, Ægyptiace Meson, Græce Leos, Latine Augustus, Saxonice Prodmonad.\n\nLuna Augusti inter mediam diem et nonam horam ac cenditur.\n\nKal. Angusti, Ad vincula sancti Petri apostoli, Machabaeorum, sancti Athelwoldi.\n\nIV Nonas, sancti Stephani episcopi et martyris.\n\nIII Nonas, Inventio corporis sancti Stephani protomartyris,\n\nNonis, sancti Oswaldi regis et martyris.\n\nVIII Idus, sancti Sixti episcopi, Felicissimi et Agapiti.\n\nVII Idus, sancti Donati episcopi.\n\nVI Idus sancii Cyriaci martyris, et sociorum ejus.","english":"10 Kalends, of Saint Apollinaris the Martyr.  \n8 Kalends, of Saint James the Apostle.  \n7 Kalends, of the Seven Sleepers.  \n6 Kalends, of Saint Samson the Bishop, of Saint Pantaleon the Martyr.  \n5 Kalends, of Saints Simplicius, Faustinus, and Beatrix.  \n4 Kalends, of Saints Abdon and Sennen, Martyrs.  \n3 Kalends, of Saint Germanus the Bishop.  \n\nAugust.  \n\nIn Hebrew Dominab, in Egyptian Meson, in Greek Leos, in Latin Augustus, in Saxon Prodmonad.  \n\nThe moon of August is kindled between midday and the ninth hour.  \n\nKalends of August, of the Chains of Saint Peter the Apostle, of the Maccabees, of Saint Athelwold.  \n4 Nones, of Saint Stephen the Bishop and Martyr.  \n3 Nones, of the Finding of the Body of Saint Stephen the Protomartyr.  \nNones, of Saint Oswald the King and Martyr.  \n8 Ides, of Saint Sixtus the Bishop, of Felicissimus and Agapitus.  \n7 Ides, of Saint Donatus the Bishop.  \n6 Ides, of Saint Cyriacus the Martyr, and his Companions.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"X Kal., sancti Apollinaris martyris","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 10 Kalends (23 July) marks the feast of Apollinaris of Ravenna, a bishop and martyr, whose cult was widespread in the Latin West.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctorum vu Dormientium","severity":"info","text":"The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, commemorated on 7 Kalends (26 July), are legendary figures who slept in a cave for centuries; their feast appears in many medieval calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Augusti inter mediam diem et nonam horam ac cenditur","severity":"info","text":"The Latin phrase 'ac cenditur' is a scribal error for 'accenditur' (is kindled), describing the lunar phase calculation for August.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ad vincula sancti Petri apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The feast 'Ad vincula' (1 August) commemorates the chains of Saint Peter; it was a major Roman feast, often paired with the Maccabees in medieval calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Athelwoldi","severity":"info","text":"Saint Athelwold (or Æthelwold) was an Anglo-Saxon bishop of Lindisfarne (d. 740), indicating the calendar's English provenance and local cult.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Machabaeorum","severity":"info","text":"The Maccabees (1 August) refer to the seven Jewish martyrs from 2 Maccabees 7, whose cult was adopted in the Latin Church as a feast of martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'ac cenditur' is a corruption of 'accenditur', but the intended meaning is clear.","The identity of 'sancti Athelwoldi' is certain as Æthelwold of Lindisfarne, though his feast is rare in continental calendars."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"V Idus, Vigilia.\n\nIV Idus, sancti Laurentii martyris.\n\nIII Idus, sancti Tiburtii martyris.\n\nIdus sancti Ypoliti martyris, sociorumque ejus.\n\nXIX Kalend. Septembris, sancti Eusebii sacerdotis.\n\nXVIII Kal., Assumtio sanctæ Mariæ.\n\nXVI Kal., Octava sancti Laurentii martyris.\n\nXV Kal., sancti Agapiti martyris, sanctae Helenæ reginæ.\n\nXIV Kal., sancti Magni martyris.\n\nXI Kal., sanctorum Timothaei et Symphoriani marlyris.\n\nX Kal., sanctorum Timothaci et Apollinaris.\n\nIX Kal., Vigilia.\n\nVIII Kal., sancti Bartholomaei apostoli.\n\nVI Kal., sancti Rufi martyris.\n\nV Kal., sancti Augustini magni, sancti Hermetis martyris.\n\nIV Kal., Decollatio sancti Johannis Baptistæ, sanctae Sabinæ virginis.\n\nIII Kal., sanctorum Felicis et Audacti.\n\nII Kal., sancti Paulini episcopi. I\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nHebraice Elul, Ægyptiace Thoth, Græce Gorpieos. Latine September, Saxonice Haleginonad.","english":"5 Ides, Vigil.\n\n4 Ides, of Saint Laurence the Martyr.\n\n3 Ides, of Saint Tiburtius the Martyr.\n\nIdes, of Saint Hippolytus the Martyr, and his companions.\n\n19 Kalends of September, of Saint Eusebius the Priest.\n\n18 Kalends, Assumption of Saint Mary.\n\n16 Kalends, Octave of Saint Laurence the Martyr.\n\n15 Kalends, of Saint Agapitus the Martyr, of Saint Helen the Queen.\n\n14 Kalends, of Saint Magnus the Martyr.\n\n11 Kalends, of Saints Timothy and Symphorian the Martyrs.\n\n10 Kalends, of Saints Timothy and Apollinaris.\n\n9 Kalends, Vigil.\n\n8 Kalends, of Saint Bartholomew the Apostle.\n\n6 Kalends, of Saint Rufus the Martyr.\n\n5 Kalends, of Saint Augustine the Great, of Saint Hermes the Martyr.\n\n4 Kalends, Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, of Saint Sabina the Virgin.\n\n3 Kalends, of Saints Felix and Audactus.\n\n2 Kalends, of Saint Paulinus the Bishop.\n\n1\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nIn Hebrew Elul, in Egyptian Thoth, in Greek Gorpieos. In Latin September, in Saxon Halegmonath.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"V Idus, Vigilia","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'V Idus, Vigilia' marks a vigil before the feast of Saint Laurence (IV Idus). In the Roman calendar, vigils were preparatory days of fasting and prayer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Laurentii martyris","severity":"info","text":"Saint Laurence (Laurentius) was a Roman deacon martyred in 258. His feast on 10 August (IV Idus) is ancient and widespread in Latin liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Assumtio sanctæ Mariæ","severity":"info","text":"The Assumption of Mary (15 August, XVIII Kal. Sept.) is here listed without the title 'Assumptio' (spelled 'Assumtio'), reflecting early medieval Latin usage before the doctrine was formally defined.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Decollatio sancti Johannis Baptistæ","severity":"info","text":"The Beheading of John the Baptist (29 August, IV Kal. Sept.) is a major feast in the Latin calendar, commemorating his martyrdom. The spelling 'Decollatio' is standard.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Augustini magni","severity":"info","text":"Saint Augustine of Hippo (28 August, V Kal. Sept.) is titled 'magni' (the Great), a rare honorific in this calendar, indicating his exceptional authority in Latin Christianity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctorum Timothaci et Apollinaris","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'sanctorum Timothaci et Apollinaris' (X Kal.) likely repeats or corrupts the earlier 'Timothaei et Symphoriani' (XI Kal.). 'Timothaci' may be a scribal error for 'Timothei' or a conflation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'sanctorum Timothaci et Apollinaris' (X Kal.) is unclear: 'Timothaci' may be a misspelling of 'Timothei' or a different saint; the pairing with Apollinaris is unusual and may reflect a local or conflated tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Luna Septembris circa horam nonam accenditur.\n\nKal. Septembris, sancti Prisci martyris.\n\nII Nonas, Translatio sancii Byrini episcopi, et sancti Cuthberlhi episcopi.\n\nNonis, sancti Bertini abbatis.\n\nVI Idus, Nativitas sanctae Mariæ. Sancti Adrian martyris.\n\nV Idus, sancti Gorgonii martyris.\n\nIII Idus, sanctorum Pro i et Jacinti.\n\nXVIII Kalendas Octobris, Exaltatio sanctae crocis. Sanctorum Cornelii et Cypriani.\n\nXVII Kal., sancti Nicomedis martyris.\n\nXVI Kal., sanctorum Euphemiæ, Luciæ et Genliniani.\n\nXV Kal., sancti Landberthi episcopi.\n\nXII Kal., Vigilia.\n\nXI Kal., sancti Mathaei apost.oli et evangelistæ.\n\nX Kal., sancti Mauricii cum sociis suis.\n\nIX Kal., sanctae Teclae virginis.\n\nVIII Kal., Conceptio sancli Johannis-Baptistæ. Æquinoctium.\n\nVII Kal., sancti Firmini martyris.\n\nV Ka!., sanctorum Cosmæ et Damiani martyrum.\n\nIII Kal., sancti Michaelis archangeli.","english":"The moon of September is lit around the ninth hour.\n\nThe Kalends of September, of Saint Priscus the Martyr.\n\nThe 2nd Nones, the Translation of Saint Birinus the Bishop, and of Saint Cuthbert the Bishop.\n\nThe Nones, of Saint Bertinus the Abbot.\n\nThe 6th Ides, the Nativity of Saint Mary. Of Saint Adrian the Martyr.\n\nThe 5th Ides, of Saint Gorgonius the Martyr.\n\nThe 3rd Ides, of Saints Protus and Hyacinthus.\n\nThe 18th Kalends of October, the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. Of Saints Cornelius and Cyprian.\n\nThe 17th Kalends, of Saint Nicomedes the Martyr.\n\nThe 16th Kalends, of Saints Euphemia, Lucia, and Geminianus.\n\nThe 15th Kalends, of Saint Lambert the Bishop.\n\nThe 12th Kalends, the Vigil.\n\nThe 11th Kalends, of Saint Matthew the Apostle and Evangelist.\n\nThe 10th Kalends, of Saint Maurice with his companions.\n\nThe 9th Kalends, of Saint Thecla the Virgin.\n\nThe 8th Kalends, the Conception of Saint John the Baptist. The Equinox.\n\nThe 7th Kalends, of Saint Firminus the Martyr.\n\nThe 5th Kalends, of Saints Cosmas and Damian the Martyrs.\n\nThe 3rd Kalends, of Saint Michael the Archangel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Septembris circa horam nonam accenditur","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks the lunar phase for September, indicating the new moon is lit around the ninth hour (approximately 3 PM). It is a calendrical note typical of medieval computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Translatio sancii Byrini episcopi","severity":"info","text":"The Translation of Saint Birinus (d. ca. 650) refers to the movement of his relics, likely to Winchester. Birinus was the first bishop of the West Saxons, and his feast appears in English calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Exaltatio sanctae crocis","severity":"info","text":"The Exaltation of the Holy Cross (14 September) is a major feast in the Latin tradition, commemorating the recovery of the True Cross by Heraclius in 629. The spelling 'crocis' for 'crucis' is a scribal variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sancli Johannis-Baptistæ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'sancli Johannis-Baptistæ' contains a scribal error: 'sancli' for 'sancti'. The Conception of John the Baptist (24 September) is a rare feast, possibly influenced by Eastern traditions, and its inclusion here is notable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Æquinoctium","severity":"info","text":"The equinox is noted on 24 September (8th Kalends of October), which aligns with the astronomical equinox in the Julian calendar. This entry reflects the calendar's integration of astronomical and liturgical data.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Vigilia","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'XII Kal., Vigilia' (20 September) marks a vigil, likely for the feast of Saint Matthew (21 September). The structure of the calendar includes vigils as preparatory days before major feasts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text contains several scribal errors: 'sancii' for 'sancti' (under II Nonas), 'sancie' for 'sanctae' (under XVIII Kalendas), 'crocis' for 'crucis' (under XVIII Kalendas), 'sancli' for 'sancti' (under VIII Kalendas), and 'V Ka!' for 'V Kal.' (under V Kalends). The reading taken is that these are orthographic variants or copying mistakes, not intentional changes.","The identity of 'sancti Prisci martyris' (1 September) is ambiguous; several martyrs named Priscus exist, including Priscus of Capua and Priscus of Nocera. The reading taken is that this refers to a generic Roman martyr, as no further specification is given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"II Kal., sancti Hieronymi presbyteri.\n\nOCTOBER.\n\nHebraice Theseri, Ægyptiace Faosi, Græce rperbe reteos, Latine October, Saxonice Pinterpillith.\n\nLuna Octobris inter nonam et vesperam accenditur.\n\nKal. Octobris, sanctorum Germani cl Remigii episcoporum.\n\nVI. Nonas, sancti Leodegarii.\n\nIII Nonas, sanctae Cristinae virginis.\n\nNonis, sancti Marci papae, Marcelli et Apulei.\n\nVII Idus, sanctorum Diunysii, Ruslici et Eleutherii.\n\nII Idus, sancti Calesti papae.\n\nXVI Kal. Novembris sanctæ Ætheldrythæ virginis.\n\nXV Kal., sancti Lucæ evangelistae.\n\nVIII Kal., sanctorum Crispini et Crispiniani martyrum.\n\nVII Kal., sancti Amandi episcopi.\n\nVI Kal., Vigilia.\n\nV Kal., sanctorum apostolorum Simonis et Judæ.\n\nIII Kal., Ordinatio sancti Swithuni episcopi.\n\nII Kal., sancti Quintini martyris. Vigilia.\n\nNOVEMBER.\n\nHebraice Imare, Ægyptiace Athiri, Græce Dios, Latine November, Saxonice Blotmonad.","english":"2nd Kalends, of Saint Jerome the Priest.\n\nOCTOBER.\n\nIn Hebrew Tishrei, in Egyptian Phaophi, in Greek Dios, in Latin October, in Saxon Winterfylleth.\n\nThe moon of October is lit between the ninth hour and evening.\n\nKalends of October, of Saints Germanus and Remigius, Bishops.\n\n6th Nones, of Saint Leodegar.\n\n3rd Nones, of Saint Christina the Virgin.\n\nNones, of Saint Mark the Pope, Marcellus and Apuleius.\n\n7th Ides, of Saints Dionysius, Rusticus and Eleutherius.\n\n2nd Ides, of Saint Calixtus the Pope.\n\n16th Kalends of November, of Saint Ætheldryth the Virgin.\n\n15th Kalends, of Saint Luke the Evangelist.\n\n8th Kalends, of Saints Crispin and Crispinian, Martyrs.\n\n7th Kalends, of Saint Amand the Bishop.\n\n6th Kalends, Vigil.\n\n5th Kalends, of the Holy Apostles Simon and Jude.\n\n3rd Kalends, Ordination of Saint Swithun the Bishop.\n\n2nd Kalends, of Saint Quintin the Martyr. Vigil.\n\nNOVEMBER.\n\nIn Hebrew Marcheshvan, in Egyptian Athyr, in Greek Dios, in Latin November, in Saxon Blotmonath.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Hebraice Theseri","severity":"info","text":"The Hebrew month name is given as 'Theseri', a Latin transcription of Tishrei, the first month of the civil year in the Hebrew calendar, corresponding to September–October.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Saxonice Pinterpillith","severity":"info","text":"The Old English name for October is 'Pinterpillith', a variant spelling of Winterfylleth, meaning 'winter full moon', marking the start of winter according to Anglo-Saxon tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Octobris inter nonam et vesperam accenditur","severity":"info","text":"The moon of October is said to be lit between the ninth hour (about 3 PM) and evening, a computational note typical of liturgical calendars for determining the start of the lunar day.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Hieronymi presbyteri","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Saint Jerome (2nd Kalends of October, i.e., 30 September) is placed at the end of September in the Latin text, reflecting a common medieval calendar tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"OCTOBER","severity":"info","text":"The month of October is introduced with a heading and a series of month names in Hebrew, Egyptian, Greek, Latin, and Old English, a standard feature of this calendar for each month.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctæ Ætheldrythæ virginis","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Ætheldryth' is obscure and may be a scribal error or a rare local saint; it does not appear in standard hagiographical sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Saint Ætheldryth is uncertain; possibly a corruption of Æthelthryth or another Anglo-Saxon saint.","The exact date of the feast of Saint Jerome (30 September) is implied by the Kalends notation but not explicitly stated in the Latin."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Luna Novembris in vespertino tempore accenditur.\n\nKal. Novembris, Omnium Sanctorum. Sancti Casarii.\n\nIV Nonas, sancti Eustachii martyris.\n\nVI Idus, sanctorum quatuor Coronatorum.\n\nV Idus, saucti Theodori martyris.\n\nIII Idus, sancti Martini episcopi. Sancti Menuæ martyris.\n\nletus, sancti Bricii episcopi.\n\nXV Kal. Decembris, sancti Aniani episcopi.\n\nX Kal., sanctæ Ceciliæ virginis\n\nIX Kal., sancti Clementis martyris.\n\nVIII Kal., sancti Chrisogoui martyris.\n\nIII Kal., sancti Saturnini martyris. Vigilia.\n\nII Kal., sancti Andreæ aposloli.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nHebraice Caaleu, Ægyptiace Choeac, Graece Apileos, Latine December, Saxonice Giuli.\n\nLuna Decembris inter vesperam et medium dicm ac cenditur.\n\nIII Nonas Decembris, Depositio sancti Byriui episcopi.\n\nII Nonas, sancti Denedicti abbatis.\n\nIV Idus, sanctæ Eulaliæ virginis.\n\nIII Idus, sancti Damasi papæ.","english":"The moon of November is lit in the evening time.\n\nKalends of November, All Saints. Saint Caesarius.\n\n4th Nones, Saint Eustace the Martyr.\n\n6th Ides, the Four Crowned Saints.\n\n5th Ides, Saint Theodore the Martyr.\n\n3rd Ides, Saint Martin the Bishop. Saint Mennas the Martyr.\n\nIdes, Saint Bricius the Bishop.\n\n15th Kalends of December, Saint Anianus the Bishop.\n\n10th Kalends, Saint Cecilia the Virgin.\n\n9th Kalends, Saint Clement the Martyr.\n\n8th Kalends, Saint Chrysogonus the Martyr.\n\n3rd Kalends, Saint Saturninus the Martyr. Vigil.\n\n2nd Kalends, Saint Andrew the Apostle.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nIn Hebrew Chislev, in Egyptian Choeac, in Greek Apellaios, in Latin December, in Saxon Giuli.\n\nThe moon of December is lit between evening and midday.\n\n3rd Nones of December, Deposition of Saint Birinus the Bishop.\n\n2nd Nones, Saint Benedict the Abbot.\n\n4th Ides, Saint Eulalia the Virgin.\n\n3rd Ides, Saint Damasus the Pope.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Novembris in vespertino tempore accenditur","severity":"info","text":"The lunar formula for November mirrors that of October but uses 'in vespertino tempore' (in the evening time) rather than 'inter nonam et vesperam' (between the ninth hour and evening).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Omnium Sanctorum","severity":"info","text":"The feast of All Saints on 1 November was established in the Latin West by Pope Gregory IV (c. 835) and is a major solemnity in the liturgical calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti quatuor Coronatorum","severity":"info","text":"The Four Crowned Martyrs (Quattuor Coronati) were Roman soldiers martyred under Diocletian; their cult was popular in early medieval martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio sancti Byrini episcopi","severity":"info","text":"Birinus, apostle of the West Saxons, died c. 650; his deposition (death date) is recorded on 3 December in many early English calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Luna Decembris inter vesperam et medium diem accenditur","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin phrase 'inter vesperam et medium diem' (between evening and midday) is unusual; the moon typically rises in the evening, not at midday. This may be a scribal error for 'inter vesperam et medium noctis' (between evening and midnight).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Sancti Andreae apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Saint Andrew on 30 November concludes the liturgical year in the Roman rite; its placement here as the last entry before December is standard.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lunar note for December ('inter vesperam et medium diem') is ambiguous: it may reflect a corrupt text or a local computational tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Idus, sancti Judoci confessoris, et sanctæ Lucræ vir ginis.\n\nXII Kal. Januarii, sancti Thomæ aposloli.\n\nVIII Kal., Nativitas Domini nostri Jesu Christi.\n\nVII Kal., sancti Stephani Protomartyris.\n\nVI Kal., sancti Johannis evangelistæ.\n\nV Kalend., Nccalio Infantium CXLIV millia\n\nIV Kal., sanctae Tibbæ virginis.\n\nII Sancti Silvestri papae.","english":"Ides, of Saint Judocus the Confessor, and of Saint Lucra the Virgin.\n\n12th Kalends of January, of Saint Thomas the Apostle.\n\n8th Kalends, the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\n7th Kalends, of Saint Stephen the Protomartyr.\n\n6th Kalends, of Saint John the Evangelist.\n\n5th Kalends, the Slaughter of the 144,000 Infants.\n\n4th Kalends, of Saint Tibba the Virgin.\n\n2nd [Kalends], of Saint Silvester the Pope.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Judoci confessoris","severity":"info","text":"Judocus (also Josse) is a 7th-century Breton confessor, abbot of Ponthieu. His cult is rare in English calendars, suggesting a local or imported devotion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctæ Lucræ virginis","severity":"caution","text":"Lucra is obscure; possibly a corruption of Lucia or a local saint. The name does not appear in standard martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Nativitas Domini nostri Jesu Christi","severity":"info","text":"The Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) is a fixed feast on 25 December, attested in the West from the 4th century. The Latin formula is standard.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Necalio Infantium CXLIV millia","severity":"caution","text":"The 'Slaughter of the 144,000 Infants' is a legendary expansion of the Massacre of the Innocents (Matthew 2:16-18). The number 144,000 is symbolic (12×12,000) and not biblical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctae Tibbæ virginis","severity":"info","text":"Tibba is a little-known Anglo-Saxon virgin saint, possibly associated with Ryhall or Threckingham. Her feast on 29 December is rare.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"II Sancti Silvestri papae","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 31 December omits 'Kalends' after 'II', a common scribal abbreviation. Silvester I (pope 314-335) is the standard feast for this date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'sanctæ Lucræ virginis' is uncertain; it may be a scribal error for Lucia or a local saint. 'Necalio Infantium CXLIV millia' conflates the biblical massacre with a legendary number."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}