{"slug":"tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1","title":"Antiquum Martyrologium Gallicanum","title_source":"Antiquum Martyrologium Gallicanum","author":"Anomynus","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:47:00Z","cost_usd":0.013558},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1231/tmp1231/tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":27,"english_words":5258,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":18443,"commentary_units":160,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":50,"work_notes":4,"external_links":3,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Antiquum Martyrologium Gallicanum is an anonymous Latin hagiographic work, a martyrology that lists saints and feasts according to the liturgical calendar of the early Gallican Church. Its sole surviving witness is a ninth-century manuscript from the region of Autun, likely copied from an older exemplar dating to the sixth or early seventh century. The text shows signs of local liturgical adaptation and was not widely copied, limiting its influence to a few later Gallican liturgical books. It was not used in the Roman Martyrology. The edition cannot reconstruct the original sixth-century text due to possible scribal errors and local variants introduced by the ninth-century copyist, and gaps in the manuscript are unrecoverable.","historical_context":"The core of the Antiquum Martyrologium Gallicanum dates to the sixth or early seventh century, a period when the Gallican Church maintained its own liturgical traditions distinct from Rome. The sole surviving manuscript, from the ninth century, was copied in the region of Autun, reflecting local liturgical practices. The work is anonymous, with its attribution to a Gallican compiler being modern. It was not widely disseminated, and its influence is limited to a few later Gallican liturgical books. The text was not incorporated into the Roman Martyrology, indicating its regional character. The manuscript source is attributed to Henri de Chauvelin (d. 1740), Keeper of the Seals of France, showing its circulation in 18th-century learned circles. The text's transmission is fragmentary, with gaps unrecoverable, and the ninth-century copyist may have introduced errors or local variants.","significance":"The Antiquum Martyrologium Gallicanum is significant as a rare witness to early Gallican liturgical practice, distinct from the Roman tradition. It provides insight into local saint cults, such as that of Saint Genevieve, and the conflation of feasts like Epiphany with commemorations of Peter and Mark. Its limited circulation and survival highlight the diversity of early medieval Christian liturgy.","timeline":[{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Core of the martyrology composed, likely in Gaul."},{"date":"9th c.","event":"Sole surviving manuscript copied in the region of Autun."},{"date":"18th c.","event":"Manuscript attributed to Henri de Chauvelin, indicating circulation in learned circles."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Attribution to an anonymous Gallican compiler made by scholars."}],"relations":[{"work":"Roman Martyrology","relation":"Not used in; represents a distinct Gallican tradition.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Hieronymian Martyrology","relation":"Possible source or parallel for early martyrological content.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Gallican liturgical books","relation":"Influenced a few later Gallican liturgical books.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Autun","label":"Autun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autun","reason":"Region where the manuscript was copied."},{"key":"wikipedia:Gallican Rite","label":"Gallican Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallican_Rite","reason":"Context for the liturgical tradition."},{"key":"wikipedia:Martyrology","label":"Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrology","reason":"Genre of the work."}],"cautions":["The date of the original composition is uncertain; the core is 6th–7th c., but the manuscript is 9th c.","Authorship is anonymous; attribution to a Gallican compiler is modern.","The text survives in a single manuscript with gaps and possible scribal errors.","The edition cannot reconstruct the original 6th-century text due to local variants and errors."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000394,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:47:00Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp1231/tmp1231/tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp1231.tmp1231.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"repetition-warn","i":24}],"stats":{"passages":27,"translated":27,"commentary_passages":27,"commentary_units":160,"english_words":5258,"source_letters":18327,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole surviving witness is a ninth-century manuscript from the region of Autun, likely copied from an older exemplar. The text shows signs of local liturgical adaptation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The core of the martyrology dates to the sixth or early seventh century, but the manuscript is from the ninth. The work's attribution to an anonymous Gallican compiler is modern.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This text was not widely copied; its influence is limited to a few later Gallican liturgical books. It was not used in the Roman Martyrology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition cannot reconstruct the original sixth-century text; the ninth-century copyist may have introduced errors or local variants. Gaps in the manuscript are unrecoverable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 27 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":27},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ANTIQUUM MARTYROLOGIUM GALLICANUM EX MS. ILLUSTRISSIMI DOMINI CHAUVELIN, REGIORUM SIGILLORUM CUSTODIS.\n\n(Marten. ampliss. coll. tom. VI.)\n\nINCIPIT MARTYROLOGIUM.]\n\nJANUARIUS.\n\nJanuarius habet dies XXXI, luna xxx.\n\nKalendas Januarii, Circumcisio Domini nostri Jesu Christi secundum carnem.\n\nIn Oriente, Stephani. Nicomedia, Euphrosini episcopi, Primiani.\n\nIV Nonas Jan., Antiochia, Syridoui episcopi, Firmi, Macharii abbatis. Haec in Æthiopia, Rutuli, Claudiæ, Aurigo, Vetali, Yertiæ, Stephani.\n\nIII Nonas Jan., Cyrici, Primi. Parisii civitate, Depositio sanctae Genovefae virginis. Vienna civitate, beati Florenti episcopi.\n\nPridie Nonas Jan., in Africa, Aquilini Gemini Qoioti. In oriente, Bononia, Ermentis, Aggei et Gagi.\n\nNonas Jan., Hierosolyma, Depositio Simeonis prophetae.\n\nVIII Idus Januar., Epiphania Domini nostri Jesu Christi, Petri et Marci. Civitate Rcdonis, nativitas et ordinatio episcopatus et depositio sancti Melanii episcopi ibidem celebris.","english":"ANTIQUUM MARTYROLOGIUM GALLICANUM FROM THE MANUSCRIPT OF THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS LORD CHAUVELIN, KEEPER OF THE ROYAL SEALS.\n\n(Marten. ampliss. coll. tom. VI.)\n\nHERE BEGINS THE MARTYROLOGY.\n\nJANUARY.\n\nJanuary has 31 days, the moon 30.\n\nOn the Kalends of January, the Circumcision of our Lord Jesus Christ according to the flesh.\n\nIn the East, Stephen. At Nicomedia, Euphrosinus bishop, Primianus.\n\nOn the 4th Nones of January, at Antioch, Syridous bishop, Firmus, Macharius abbot. These in Ethiopia, Rutulus, Claudia, Aurigo, Vetalis, Yertia, Stephen.\n\nOn the 3rd Nones of January, Cyricus, Primus. In the city of Paris, the deposition of Saint Genevieve virgin. In the city of Vienne, the blessed Florentius bishop.\n\nOn the day before the Nones of January, in Africa, Aquilinus, Geminus, Qoiotus. In the East, at Bononia, Ermentis, Aggeus and Gagus.\n\nOn the Nones of January, at Jerusalem, the deposition of Simeon the prophet.\n\nOn the 8th Ides of January, the Epiphany of our Lord Jesus Christ, Peter and Mark. In the city of Rennes, the birth and ordination to the episcopate and deposition of Saint Melanius bishop, celebrated there.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"INCIPIT MARTYROLOGIUM","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'INCIPIT MARTYROLOGIUM' marks the formal beginning of the martyrology, a standard incipit in Latin liturgical manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Circumcisio Domini nostri Jesu Christi secundum carnem","severity":"info","text":"The entry for January 1 refers to the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, a standard observance in the Latin West, distinct from Eastern traditions that emphasize the naming of Jesus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio sanctae Genovefae virginis","severity":"info","text":"The deposition of Saint Genevieve (c. 422–512) is recorded on January 3 in the Parisian calendar, reflecting her local cult as patroness of Paris.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"EX MS. ILLUSTRISSIMI DOMINI CHAUVELIN","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript source is attributed to Henri de Chauvelin (d. 1740), Keeper of the Seals of France, indicating the martyrology's circulation in 18th-century learned circles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Qoioti","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Qoioti' (Pridie Nonas Jan., in Africa) is likely a scribal corruption or misreading; it does not correspond to known martyrs and may be a variant of 'Quiotti' or a garbled toponym.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII Idus Januar.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for January 6 (VIII Idus) combines Epiphany with the commemoration of Peter and Mark, a conflation typical of early Gallican calendars before the separation of feasts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Syridoui', 'Qoioti', and 'Yertiæ' are obscure and may be corrupt; 'Bononia' could refer to Bologna or a site in the East; the relationship between the Ethiopian and Antiochene entries on IV Nonas is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"VII Idus Jan., Nicomedia, Luciani presbyteri, Felicis, Januarii, Poliarci, Filoronis.\n\nVI Idus Jan., in Græcia, Timothei, Jocundi. Agustoduno civitate, Depositio Egimoni episcopi, Petri, Luci.\n\nV Idus Jan., in Africa Epictati, Jocondi, Quinti, Secundi, Saturnini, Felicis, Fortunati, Vitalis, Martialis.\n\nIV Idus Jan., Depositio Melchiadis episcopi. In Africa, Revocati, Firmi, Saturi.\n\nIII Idus Jan., in Alexandria, Petri, Siveris, Eliuci. Pridie Idus Jan., in Achaia, Cyriaci, Moscenei, Saturi.\n\ntdus Jan., Romæ, Secundae, Zoronæ et militum XLI. Pictavis, Depositio sancti Hilarii confessoris.\n\nXIX Kal. Februarii, Nola Campanias, Passio sancti Felicis, Pauli, Succisi, Victurini.\n\nXVIII Kal. Febr., Antiochia, Depositio Abbacuc prophetæ. Remis civitate, Depositio sancti Remegii, episcopi et confessoris.\n\nXVII Kalendas Februarii, Romae, Depositio sancti Marcelli episcopi et confessoris. Arelate, Depositio sancti Honorati episcopi.","english":"On the seventh day before the Ides of January, at Nicomedia, of Lucianus the presbyter, Felix, Januarius, Poliarcus, Filoro.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Ides of January, in Greece, of Timothy, Jocundus. At the city of Augustodunum, the deposition of Egimonius the bishop, Peter, Lucius.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Ides of January, in Africa, of Epictatus, Jocundus, Quintus, Secundus, Saturninus, Felix, Fortunatus, Vitalis, Martialis.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Ides of January, the deposition of Melchiades the bishop. In Africa, of Revocatus, Firmus, Saturus.\n\nOn the third day before the Ides of January, at Alexandria, of Peter, Siveris, Eliucius. On the day before the Ides of January, in Achaia, of Cyriacus, Mosceneus, Saturus.\n\nOn the Ides of January, at Rome, of Secunda, Zorona, and forty-one soldiers. At Pictavis, the deposition of Saint Hilarius the confessor.\n\nOn the nineteenth day before the Kalends of February, at Nola in Campania, the passion of Saint Felix, Paulus, Succesus, Victorinus.\n\nOn the eighteenth day before the Kalends of February, at Antioch, the deposition of the prophet Habakkuk. At the city of Remis, the deposition of Saint Remigius, bishop and confessor.\n\nOn the seventeenth day before the Kalends of February, at Rome, the deposition of Saint Marcellus, bishop and confessor. At Arelate, the deposition of Saint Honoratus, bishop.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"VII Idus Jan.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for January 7 (VII Idus Jan.) follows the standard Roman calendar dating system used throughout the martyrology, listing saints by their feast day.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio","severity":"info","text":"Depositio (deposition) refers to the burial or death date of a saint, a common term in early martyrologies to mark the day of commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nicomedia","severity":"info","text":"Nicomedia (modern İzmit, Turkey) was a major Roman city and site of Diocletianic persecutions, explaining the presence of multiple martyrs listed there.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Augustodunum","severity":"info","text":"Augustodunum (modern Autun, France) was a Roman city in Gaul; the deposition of Bishop Egimonius reflects the local Gallic cult of saints.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Hilarii confessoris","severity":"info","text":"Saint Hilary of Poitiers (c. 300–367), bishop and confessor, was a key figure in Latin Christianity; his inclusion shows the martyrology's Gallican focus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Poliarci","severity":"caution","text":"The name Poliarci is uncertain; it may be a variant or corruption of a more common name like Poliarchus, and its exact identity is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name Poliarci is uncertain and may be a textual corruption.","The entry for January 13 (Idus Jan.) lists 'Secundae, Zoronae et militum XLI' but the number of soldiers (41) is ambiguous in relation to the named saints."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"XVI Kal. Feb., in Tbebaide, Depositio sancti Antonii monachi. Bituricas civitate, sancti Sulpicii episcopi. Linguinis, Passio sanctorum Geminorum Speusippi, Leonellu, Junellæ, Neonis; et Deasci civitate, Depositio Marcelli episcopi.\n\nXV Kal. Feb., Romæ, Dedicatio cathedræ sancti Petri apostoli, qui primo Romæ sedit. Romae, sancti Prisci, Tyrsi et Gallinici. Turonis, monasterio Majori, Depositio sancti Leobardi confessoris.\n\nXIII Kal. Feb., Romae, sancti Sebastiani et Fabiani martyrum. Lugduno, Clementis presbyteri.\n\nXII Kal. Feb., Romae, sanctae Agnetis virginis. Arvernis, Depositio sancti Aviti episcopi, Projecli, Amerini, Saturnini\n\nXI Kal. Feb., in Spaniis, Valerii episcopi et Vincenti diaconi et martyrum XVIII, cum sociis eorum.\n\nX Kal. Feb., in Mauritania, Passio Severiani et Aquilæ et uxoris ejus, Eugeni et Machari, Donat!.","english":"On the sixteenth day before the Kalends of February, in the Thebaid, the Deposition of Saint Antony the monk. At the city of Bourges, of Saint Sulpicius the bishop. At Langres, the Passion of the holy Twins Speusippus, Leonellus, Junella, and Neo; and at the city of Déols, the Deposition of Marcellus the bishop.\n\nOn the fifteenth day before the Kalends of February, at Rome, the Dedication of the Chair of Saint Peter the apostle, who first sat at Rome. At Rome, of Saints Priscus, Thyrsus, and Gallinicus. At Tours, in the Major Monastery, the Deposition of Saint Leobardus the confessor.\n\nOn the thirteenth day before the Kalends of February, at Rome, of Saints Sebastian and Fabian the martyrs. At Lyon, of Clement the presbyter.\n\nOn the twelfth day before the Kalends of February, at Rome, of Saint Agnes the virgin. At Clermont, the Deposition of Saint Avitus the bishop, Proiectus, Amerinus, Saturninus.\n\nOn the eleventh day before the Kalends of February, in Spain, of Valerius the bishop and Vincent the deacon and martyrs, eighteen, with their companions.\n\nOn the tenth day before the Kalends of February, in Mauretania, the Passion of Severianus and Aquila and his wife, Eugenius and Macharius, Donatus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XVI Kal. Feb.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 17 January opens the passage. The Roman calendar date 'XVI Kal. Feb.' corresponds to 17 January, a standard martyrological formula.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio","severity":"info","text":"'Depositio' (deposition) denotes the burial or death date of a saint, a technical term in early martyrologies distinguishing it from 'passio' (martyrdom).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Dedicatio cathedræ sancti Petri apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The 'Dedicatio cathedræ sancti Petri' (Dedication of the Chair of Saint Peter) on 18 January commemorates Peter's episcopal see at Rome, a feast later fixed in the liturgical calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Sebastiani et Fabiani martyrum","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of Sebastian and Fabian on 20 January appears in other early Roman martyrologies, such as the Martyrologium Hieronymianum, reflecting their shared cult in Rome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctae Agnetis virginis","severity":"info","text":"Agnes's feast on 21 January is one of the oldest Roman virgin-martyr feasts, attested in the 4th-century Depositio martyrum and widely venerated in later Latin tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Donat!","severity":"caution","text":"The exclamation mark after 'Donat!' in the Latin may indicate a textual corruption or scribal emphasis; the name is likely Donatus, but the form is irregular.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Donat!' may be a scribal error for 'Donati' or an emphatic form; the intended name is Donatus.","The location 'Deasci civitate' (Déols) is uncertain in some manuscripts, but here it is identified as Déols in central France."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"IX Kal. Feb., Antiochia, Passio sancti Babyllæ, cum tribus. Par., et aliorum. Eugeni, Felicissimi, Saturnini.\n\nVIII Kal. Feb., Antmasius, Sabinus, Leodotius, Thrugenis. Romæ, Translatio sancti Pauli apostoli.\n\nVI Kal. Feb., in Apollonia, Gagi, Celesti, Donativi, Publii.\n\nV Kal. Febr., Romae, Natale sanctae Agnetis virginis de nativitate, Daviti, Juliani.\n\nIV Kat. Feb., in Tuscia, Constanti, Hyppoliti episcopi. Treveris, Depositio Valerii episcopi.\n\nIII Kal. Feb., in Africa, Belleani, Cieri, Philippiani et aliorum CXXIV.\n\nPridie Kalend. Februar., in Alexandria, Ammoni, Cyriaci, Gemmeoi, Zelasi.\n\nFEBRUARIUS.\n\nFebruarius habet dies XXVIII, luna xxix.\n\nKalend. Feb., Ravenna,,Severi episcopi, Victoris, et Passio sanctorum Vindimiali et Singenii.\n\nIV Nonas Febr., Purificatio beatae Mariæ quando repræsentatus est esus in templo. Marini, Victori.","english":"On the ninth day before the Kalends of February, at Antioch, the Passion of Saint Babylas, with three children, and others: Eugenius, Felicissimus, Saturninus.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Kalends of February, at Antmasius, Sabinus, Leodotius, Thrugenis. At Rome, the Translation of Saint Paul the Apostle.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Kalends of February, at Apollonia, Gagius, Caelestis, Donativus, Publius.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Kalends of February, at Rome, the Nativity of Saint Agnes the virgin, of her birth; David, Julian.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Kalends of February, in Tuscia, Constans, Hyppolitus the bishop. At Trier, the Deposition of Valerius the bishop.\n\nOn the third day before the Kalends of February, in Africa, Belleanus, Cierus, Philippianus, and 124 others.\n\nOn the day before the Kalends of February, at Alexandria, Ammonius, Cyriacus, Gemmeus, Zelas.\n\nFEBRUARY.\n\nFebruary has 28 days, the moon 29.\n\nOn the Kalends of February, at Ravenna, Severus the bishop, Victor, and the Passion of the Saints Vindimialis and Singenius.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Nones of February, the Purification of the Blessed Mary, when he was presented in the temple. Marinus, Victor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IX Kal. Feb.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 24 January (IX Kal. Feb.) lists Babylas with three children and then other names, but the Latin 'cum tribus. Par., et aliorum' is ambiguous; 'Par.' may be a truncated place or name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Translatio sancti Pauli apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The 'Translation of Saint Paul the Apostle' on 25 January (VIII Kal. Feb.) is a feast commemorating the transfer of relics, not his death; this is distinct from the common feast of the Conversion of Paul on the same date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Antmasius","severity":"caution","text":"The place 'Antmasius' for 25 January is obscure and likely a scribal corruption; it may be a miswriting of a known site or a conflation of names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale sanctae Agnetis virginis de nativitate","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 28 January (V Kal. Feb.) notes Agnes's 'nativity' (birth) rather than her martyrdom, reflecting an alternative tradition; her main feast is 21 January.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Februarius habet dies XXVIII, luna xxix","severity":"info","text":"The note that February has 28 days and the moon 29 is a standard computational formula for calendar reckoning, common in early medieval martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Purificatio beatae Mariæ quando repræsentatus est esus in templo","severity":"info","text":"The Purification of Mary (2 February, IV Nonas Feb.) is described as 'when he was presented in the temple'; 'esus' is a misspelling of 'Iesus' (Jesus), referring to the Presentation of the Lord.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 'Par.' in the entry for 24 January is unclear; it may stand for a place (e.g., Parium) or be a scribal error.","The names 'Antmasius, Sabinus, Leodotius, Thrugenis' on 25 January are of uncertain identification and may be corrupt.","The entry for 30 January (III Kal. Feb.) lists 124 others without names, a common formula for group martyrs."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"III Nonas Feb., in Africa, Felicis. Vapingo, Depositio episcoporum sanctorum Ferridi et ReMedii. Lugduno, Lupicini episcopi.\n\nPridie Nonas Feb., Foro Semfroni, Natale Gimini, Gelasii Magni, Donati, Timoi, Filiae episcopi cum filia sua.\n\nNonas Febr., in Sicilia, Cathenas, Passio sanctae Agathæ martyris. Vienna Depositio Aviti episcopi.\n\nVIII Idus Febr., in Achaia, Saturnini, Revocatae. Caesarea Cappadociæ, Passio saucti Dorothei et Thiophili.\n\nVII Idus Febr., in Britannis, Natale Aguli episcopi Anatholi, Amonis.\n\nVI Idus Febr. In India civilaLe, Passio sancti Thomei apostoli. In Arminia Minore, Natale Diunysii, Oneliani, Luci. Depositio Pauli episcopi.\n\nV Idus Feb., Suevo apud Cyprum, Natale Alexandri, Pauli, Dionusii. Depositio Praejecti.\n\nIV Idus Febr., Romæ, sanctae Sotheris virginis. Sanctanis civitate, sancti Trojani episcopi et Baldecundis abbatissae.","english":"On the third day before the Nones of February, in Africa, of Felix. At Vapingo, the Deposition of the holy bishops Ferridus and Remedius. At Lyons, of Lupicinus, bishop.\n\nOn the day before the Nones of February, at Forum Sempronii, the Nativity of Geminus, Gelasius Magnus, Donatus, Timotheus, and of Filia, bishop, with his daughter.\n\nOn the Nones of February, in Sicily, at Catania, the Passion of Saint Agatha, martyr. At Vienna, the Deposition of Avitus, bishop.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Ides of February, in Achaia, of Saturninus, Revocata. At Caesarea in Cappadocia, the Passion of Saint Dorotheus and Theophilus.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Ides of February, in Britain, the Nativity of Agulus, bishop, of Anatolius, of Amo.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Ides of February. In the city of India, the Passion of Saint Thomas the apostle. In Lesser Armenia, the Nativity of Dionysius, Onelianus, Lucius. The Deposition of Paul, bishop.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Ides of February, at Suevum in Cyprus, the Nativity of Alexander, Paul, Dionysius. The Deposition of Praejectus.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Ides of February, at Rome, of Saint Sotheris, virgin. At the city of Saintes, of Saint Trojanus, bishop, and Baldecundis, abbess.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Vapingo","severity":"info","text":"The place name 'Vapingo' is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known site; it is not securely identified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale Gimini, Gelasii Magni, Donati, Timoi, Filiae episcopi cum filia sua","severity":"info","text":"'Natale' here means the feast of martyrdom or death. The list includes 'Gelasius Magnus' (Pope Gelasius I) and 'Filiae episcopi cum filia sua' (a bishop named Filia with his daughter).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio sanctae Agathae martyris","severity":"info","text":"Saint Agatha of Catania is a well-known virgin martyr, commemorated on 5 February in the Roman Martyrology. Her cult was widespread in the Latin West.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio sancti Thomei apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Saint Thomas the Apostle on 6 February (VIII Idus Feb.) is unusual; his principal feast in the West is 21 December. This may reflect an Eastern tradition or a local Gallican usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"In India civilaLe","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'In India civilaLe' is garbled; likely intended as 'In India civitate' (in the city of India) or a specific city name. The text is corrupt here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III Nonas Feb. ... IV Idus Febr.","severity":"info","text":"This passage covers entries from 3 February to 10 February, following the Roman calendar dating system (Nones and Ides). The sequence is chronological but includes multiple locations per day.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The place 'Vapingo' is unidentified; possibly a scribal error for a known see.","'In India civilaLe' is corrupt; the intended location is unclear.","The identity of 'Filiae episcopi cum filia sua' is uncertain; 'Filia' may be a name or a title."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"III Idus Februarii, in Apulia, Poenis, Seufraxi. In Campania, Basiliani.\n\nPridie Idus Februarii, in Africa, Damiani, in Iulia Donati, Heraclii, Vincentii, Susannae.\n\nIdus Febr., Nicomedia, Passio Juliani, Tulliani. Lugduno, Depositio beati Stephani episcopi.\n\nXVI Kalendas Martii. Romae, Passio Valentini martyris, Felicolæ. In Tuscia, Spoleti civitate, Vitalis, Cyrion, Martiani.\n\nXV Kal. Mart., Antiochia, Josippi diaconi, Apollonii, Romani et sanctae Agapæ, virginis.\n\nXIV Kal. Mart., in Britanniis, Faustini, Viventiæ. In Ægypto, Juliani, cum Ægyptiis numero v millium.\n\nXIII Kalend. Martias, in Africa, Concordiæ, Donati, Casti, Secundiani.\n\nXII Kal. Martias, in Africa, Rutulos, Silvani, Dar. sici, Sccundini. Depositio Benedicti abbatis.\n\nXI Kal. Martias, in Africa, Publii, Juliani, Marcelli, Majulii, Julii.\n\nX Kal. Martias, Romae, Depositio Gagi episcopi, Victoris, Coronae, Didimi.","english":"On the third day before the Ides of February, in Apulia, of the Punics, of Seufrax. In Campania, of Basilianus.\n\nOn the day before the Ides of February, in Africa, of Damianus, in Iulia of Donatus, of Heraclius, of Vincentius, of Susanna.\n\nOn the Ides of February, at Nicomedia, the Passion of Julianus, of Tullianus. At Lyons, the Deposition of the blessed Stephen, bishop.\n\nOn the sixteenth day before the Kalends of March. At Rome, the Passion of Valentinus, martyr, of Felicola. In Tuscia, at the city of Spoleto, of Vitalis, of Cyrion, of Martianus.\n\nOn the fifteenth day before the Kalends of March, at Antioch, of Josippus, deacon, of Apollonius, of Romanus, and of the holy Agape, virgin.\n\nOn the fourteenth day before the Kalends of March, in Britain, of Faustinus, of Vivientia. In Egypt, of Julianus, with the Egyptians to the number of five thousand.\n\nOn the thirteenth day before the Kalends of March, in Africa, of Concordia, of Donatus, of Castus, of Secundianus.\n\nOn the twelfth day before the Kalends of March, in Africa, at Rutuli, of Silvanus, of Darisicus, of Secundinus. The Deposition of Benedict, abbot.\n\nOn the eleventh day before the Kalends of March, in Africa, of Publius, of Julianus, of Marcellus, of Majulius, of Julius.\n\nOn the tenth day before the Kalends of March, at Rome, the Deposition of Gaius, bishop, of Victor, of Corona, of Didymus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III Idus Februarii","severity":"info","text":"The entry for III Idus Februarii (11 February) begins a new sequence of dates, continuing the martyrological list from the previous passage. The pattern of date, place, and names is consistent with the genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Poenis","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'Poenis' likely refers to the Poeni (Carthaginians or Punics), but the phrase 'in Apulia, Poenis, Seufraxi' is obscure. 'Seufrax' may be a corrupt proper name or place; the text may be garbled.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio Valentini martyris","severity":"info","text":"The Passion of Valentinus at Rome on XVI Kalendas Martii (14 February) is one of several early martyrs named Valentine. This entry predates the later association with a single saint's day on 14 February.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"in Britanniis","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Britain (in Britanniis) on XIV Kal. Mart. (16 February) is rare in early martyrologies, indicating early Christian presence. The names Faustinus and Vivientia are otherwise unattested in British hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio Benedicti abbatis","severity":"info","text":"The Deposition of Benedict, abbot, on XII Kal. Mart. (18 February) likely refers to Benedict of Nursia, though his traditional feast is 11 July. This early Gallican source may preserve an alternative commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Dar. sici","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'Dar. sici' is likely a scribal abbreviation or corruption; the intended name may be 'Darisicus' or a place name. The text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Seufrax' and 'Dar. sici' are corrupt or obscure; 'Poenis' may be a place or ethnic group; the identity of 'Benedicti abbatis' is not certain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"II Kal. Mart., in Africa, Veroli, Secundini, Servuli, Jucundi.\n\nVIII Kal. Martias, Cathedra sancti Petri apud Antiochiam. Romæ, Natale sauctae Concordiæ, Teclae Virginis discipulae sancti Pauli apostoli, Valeri, Gagoni.\n\nVII Kal. Martias, in Pannoniis, Seneroti, Antigoni, Rutuli. Id Asia, Cosani.\n\nVI Kalendas Martias. In Cæsarea Heroli, Luci, SurIi, Felicis. Nicomedia, Luciani presbyteri.\n\nV Kal. Martias, in Africa, Donati, Jusli, Aurili. Pampilia, Natale sancti Nestoris et Casti.\n\nIV Kal. Mart., Natale sanctorum Alexandri, Nestoris, Epicini, Justi.\n\nIII Kal. Martias, in Thessalonica Alexandri, Thiciani, Gayani.\n\nPridie KalendaS Mart., Natalis sanctorum Celeris, Pupilli, Justiopuli. '\n\nMARTIUS.\n\nMartius habet dies XXXI, luna xxx.\n\nKalend. Martii, Natale sancti Leonis, Donati, Abundanti, Adriani, Victoris,\n\nVI Nonas Mart., Georgii, Heroli, Absalooi. In Cæsaria, Luci episcopi, Primitivi, Januarii","english":"On the second day before the Kalends of March, in Africa, of Verulus, Secundinus, Servulus, Jucundus.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Kalends of March, the Chair of Saint Peter at Antioch. At Rome, the Nativity of Saint Concordia, of Thecla the Virgin, a disciple of the Apostle Paul, of Valerius, of Gagonus.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Kalends of March, in Pannonia, of Senerotus, Antigonus, Rutulus. In Asia, of Cosanus.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Kalends of March. In Caesarea, of Herolus, Lucius, Surius, Felix. At Nicomedia, of Lucianus the presbyter.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Kalends of March, in Africa, of Donatus, Justus, Aurilius. In Pamphylia, the Nativity of Saint Nestor and Castus.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Kalends of March, the Nativity of the Saints Alexander, Nestor, Epicinus, Justus.\n\nOn the third day before the Kalends of March, at Thessalonica, of Alexander, Thicianus, Gayanus.\n\nOn the day before the Kalends of March, the Nativity of the Saints Celer, Pupillus, Justiopulus.\n\nMARCH.\n\nMarch has 31 days, the moon 30.\n\nOn the Kalends of March, the Nativity of Saint Leo, of Donatus, Abundantius, Hadrian, Victor.\n\nOn the sixth Nones of March, of George, Herolus, Absalom. In Caesarea, of Lucius the bishop, of Primitivus, Januarius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"II Kal. Mart.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 28 February (II Kal. Mart.) lists four African martyrs, continuing the pattern of daily entries with place and name clusters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cathedra sancti Petri apud Antiochiam","severity":"info","text":"The feast of the Chair of Saint Peter at Antioch (22 February) commemorates Peter's episcopal see in Antioch, a major feast in early Western martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Teclae Virginis discipulae sancti Pauli apostoli","severity":"info","text":"Thecla, a virgin and disciple of Paul, was venerated in early Christianity; her cult spread from Asia Minor to Rome, as reflected in this Roman entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Martius habet dies XXXI, luna xxx","severity":"info","text":"The note that March has 31 days and the moon 30 is a standard computational formula for lunar-solar calendar reckoning, common in martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Gagoni","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Gagonus' (Gagoni) is rare and possibly a scribal error or variant; it may be a corruption of a more common name like Gorgonius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Cathedra sancti Petri apud Antiochiam","severity":"info","text":"This feast appears in the Hieronymian Martyrology and later Roman Martyrology, but its placement on 22 February is distinctive to Western sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Gagoni' (Gagonus) is uncertain; it may be a scribal error or a rare local saint.","The location 'Pampilia' (for Pamphylia) is a variant spelling; the intended province is clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"V Nonas Martias, Felicis, Lucioli, Justi, Furtinati, Marciæ.\n\nIV Nonas Mart., Luci episcopi, Roligagi, Palatini, Orani, Sabellini, Pauli, Gregorii.\n\nIII Nonas Mart., in Africa, Adriani, Evoli, Eusebii. Antiochia, Passio sancti Focae, Saturnini.\n\nPridie Nonas Mart., Nicomedia, Victoris, Victurini, Pabiae, Diodori, Claudiani.\n\nNonas Martii, in Africa, Saturi, Revocat!, Jocundi. In Mauritania, Passio sanctarum Perpetuæ et Felicitatis. In Sischam, Depositio Hildomarceæ virginis.\n\nVIII Idus Martias, Nicomedia, Quirilli episcopi et Cavitulini, Rogati, Felicis.\n\nVII Idus Martias, Juliani, Sici, Cyrilli. Mariani, Rogati, Concessi.\n\nVI Idus Mart., in Niora, Gorgonii, Palatini, Firmi. In Antiochia, Agaphae virginis et Marianæ.\n\nV Idus Martii, Iti Carthagine, Heracli, Zosimi, Philomi episcopi, Candidi.\n\nIV Idus Mart., Romæ, Depositio Gregorii papæ beatae memoriae, Innocentii Episcopi, Racsi episcopi.","english":"On the fifth day before the Nones of March, of Felix, Luciolus, Justus, Fortunatus, Marcia.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Nones of March, of Lucius bishop, Roligagus, Palatinus, Oranus, Sabellinus, Paulus, Gregorius.\n\nOn the third day before the Nones of March, in Africa, of Adrianus, Evolus, Eusebius. At Antioch, the Passion of Saint Focas, of Saturninus.\n\nOn the day before the Nones of March, at Nicomedia, of Victor, Victorinus, Pabia, Diodorus, Claudianus.\n\nOn the Nones of March, in Africa, of Saturus, Revocatus, Jucundus. In Mauritania, the Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas. At Sischam, the Deposition of Hildomarcea virgin.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Ides of March, at Nicomedia, of Quirillus bishop and Cavitulinus, Rogatus, Felix.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Ides of March, of Julianus, Sicus, Cyrillus, Marianus, Rogatus, Concessus.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Ides of March, at Niora, of Gorgonius, Palatinus, Firmus. At Antioch, of Agapha virgin and Mariana.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Ides of March, at Carthage, of Heraclius, Zosimus, Philomus bishop, Candidus.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Ides of March, at Rome, the Deposition of Pope Gregory of blessed memory, of Innocentius bishop, of Racus bishop.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"V Nonas Martias","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 3 March (V Nonas Martias) begins a sequence of daily notices that continues through the Nones and Ides of March, following the Roman calendar format typical of martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Passio sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatis","severity":"info","text":"The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, commemorated on 7 March (Nonas Martii), is a celebrated early third-century account of martyrdom in Carthage, widely venerated in North Africa.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio Gregorii papae beatae memoriae","severity":"info","text":"The deposition of Pope Gregory (likely Gregory the Great, d. 604) on 12 March (IV Idus Mart.) reflects the early medieval veneration of this pope, whose works shaped Latin liturgy and pastoral care.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Roligagi","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Roligagi' (IV Nonas Mart.) is obscure and may be a scribal corruption or a variant of a known saint's name; no certain identification exists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio","severity":"info","text":"'Depositio' (deposition) refers to the burial or death date of a saint, a standard term in early martyrologies for commemorating non-martyred confessors and bishops.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII Idus Martias","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 8 March (VIII Idus Martias) at Nicomedia lists Quirillus bishop and others, indicating the spread of the cult of eastern martyrs in this Gallican compilation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Roligagi' is uncertain; 'Hildomarcea' may be a variant of Hildemar or similar; 'Sischam' location unidentified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"III Idus Mart., Nicomedia, Matidoni presbyteri, Julii episcopi, Ploni, Victurini.\n\nPridie Idus Martii, Nicomedia, Felicissimi, Dativi, Petri Frunimi.\n\nIdus Mart., Nicomedia, Luci episcopi et martyris, Fausti, Silvii, Lucæ evangelistæ, sanctorum Longini, Pauli, Trupoli, Octavi. Nicomedia, Depositio sanctae Eufaxiæ.\n\nXVII Kalendas Aprilis, in Aquileia, Hilaritas, Jaoi, Datiani, Papini.\n\nXVI Kal. April., Nicomedia, Diunysii, Januril, Nonnae. Romae Alexandri episcopi, Theodoli diaconi.\n\nXV Kalend. Aprilis, in Alexandria, Collegi diaconi, Colodii diaconi, Quinto, Rogati.\n\nXIV Kal. April., in Caesarea Cappadociæ, Tbeodori presbyteri, Lucelli, Theodori episcopi, Leontii episcopi.\n\nXIII Kat. April., in Antiochia, Maneti Joseph. InSyna, Pauli, Valentini. FonteneUa monasterio in Gallia, Wlframni episcopi.\n\nXII Kal. April., in Alexandria, Seraphionis, Josip phi, Voluutiani, Ainmoni, Polycarpi.","english":"On the third day before the Ides of March, at Nicomedia, of Matido the presbyter, Julius the bishop, Plonus, Victurinus.\n\nOn the day before the Ides of March, at Nicomedia, of Felicissimus, Dativus, Peter Frunimus.\n\nOn the Ides of March, at Nicomedia, of Lucius the bishop and martyr, Faustus, Silvius, Luke the evangelist, of the saints Longinus, Paulus, Trupolus, Octavius. At Nicomedia, the deposition of Saint Eufaxia.\n\nOn the seventeenth day before the Kalends of April, at Aquileia, of Hilaritas, Jaus, Datianus, Papinus.\n\nOn the sixteenth day before the Kalends of April, at Nicomedia, of Dionysius, Januarius, Nonna. At Rome, of Alexander the bishop, Theodolus the deacon.\n\nOn the fifteenth day before the Kalends of April, at Alexandria, of Collegus the deacon, Colodius the deacon, Quintus, Rogatus.\n\nOn the fourteenth day before the Kalends of April, at Caesarea in Cappadocia, of Theodorus the presbyter, Lucellus, Theodorus the bishop, Leontius the bishop.\n\nOn the thirteenth day before the Kalends of April, at Antioch, of Manetus Joseph. At Synnada, of Paulus, Valentinus. At the monastery of Fontenelle in Gaul, of Wlframnus the bishop.\n\nOn the twelfth day before the Kalends of April, at Alexandria, of Serapion, Joseph, Volusianus, Ammonius, Polycarp.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III Idus Mart.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for III Idus Mart. (13 March) begins a sequence of Nicomedia entries, establishing a local martyrological cluster.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Matidoni presbyteri","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Matidoni' is likely a variant or corruption of 'Matidius' or 'Matthidius'; the Latin form is irregular.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nicomedia","severity":"info","text":"Nicomedia (modern İzmit, Turkey) was a major imperial city and a center of Diocletianic persecution, explaining the high density of martyr entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Lucæ evangelistæ","severity":"caution","text":"The inclusion of Luke the evangelist among martyrs at Nicomedia on the Ides of March is anomalous; his traditional feast is 18 October. This may be a scribal error or a conflation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Wlframni episcopi","severity":"info","text":"Wlframnus (Wolfram) of Fontenelle (c. 700) is a Frankish saint; his inclusion shows the Gallican origin of this manuscript layer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Collegi diaconi","severity":"info","text":"'Collegi' is likely a scribal error for 'Collegius' or 'Colodius'; the English draft reads 'Collegus'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Matidoni' may be a corruption; 'Lucæ evangelistæ' on this date is suspect; 'Collegi' may be a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"XI Kal. April., Narbonia civitate, Natale Pauli confessoris, Saturnini, Decroni, Arionis.\n\nX Kal. Aprilis, Natalis sanctornm Fidelis, Theodori presbyteri, Pauli, Cæsariæ, Juliani, Diunysii.\n\nII Kal. April., in Syria Seleucia. Agapiti, Romuli, Rogati, Victorini, Saturnini.\n\nVIII Kal. Aprilis, Adnuntiatio sanctae Mariæ per angelum. Dominus noster Jesus Christus crucifixos est, et natale Castuli, Erostrati.\n\nVII Kal. April., Natale sancti Castuli, Munati presbyteri, Petri episcopi, Casiani episcopi.\n\nVI Kal. April.. Hierosolyma, Resurrectio Domini nostri Jesu Christi, et Natale sanctorum Romuli, Acuti.\n\nV Kal. Aprilis, in Caesarea, Rogati, Alexandri. Cavillonis civitate, Depositio Guhtramni regis.\n\nIV Kal. April., Nicomedia, Pastoris, Victorini, Saturnini, Theodori presbyteri, Pentałi.\n\nIII Kal. April., Natale Domlhi, Acacf, Palatim. Aurelianis civitate, Depositio Pastoris.","english":"On the eleventh day before the Kalends of April, in the city of Narbonne, the birthday of Paul the confessor, Saturninus, Decronus, Arion.\n\nOn the tenth day before the Kalends of April, the birthday of the saints Fidelis, Theodore the presbyter, Paul, at Caesarea, Julian, Dionysius.\n\nOn the second day before the Kalends of April, in Syria, at Seleucia, of Agapitus, Romulus, Rogatus, Victorinus, Saturninus.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Kalends of April, the Annunciation of holy Mary by the angel. Our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified, and the birthday of Castulus, Erostratus.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Kalends of April, the birthday of holy Castulus, Munatus the presbyter, Peter the bishop, Casianus the bishop.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Kalends of April, at Jerusalem, the Resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the birthday of the saints Romulus, Acutus.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Kalends of April, at Caesarea, of Rogatus, Alexander. In the city of Chalon, the deposition of King Guntramnus.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Kalends of April, at Nicomedia, of Pastor, Victorinus, Saturninus, Theodore the presbyter, Pentalius.\n\nOn the third day before the Kalends of April, the birthday of the Lord, Acacius, Palatinus. In the city of Orléans, the deposition of Pastor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XI Kal. April.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for March 22 (XI Kal. April.) is the first in this passage, but the sequence of dates is not strictly chronological: VIII Kal. April. (March 25) appears before VII Kal. April. (March 26), and II Kal. April. (March 31) appears out of order between March 23 and March 25.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Natalis","severity":"info","text":"Natalis (birthday) in martyrological context refers to the day of a saint's death, i.e., their birth into eternal life, not their earthly birth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Adnuntiatio sanctae Mariæ per angelum","severity":"info","text":"The Annunciation (March 25) is here paired with the Crucifixion, reflecting an early tradition that both events occurred on the same calendar date, a common patristic view (e.g., in Augustine and the Computus).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII Kal. Aprilis","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin for March 25 reads 'Dominus noster Jesus Christus crucifixos est' — 'crucifixos' is a non-standard form; the expected classical form would be 'crucifixus'. This may be a scribal error or a late Latin variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Guhtramni regis","severity":"info","text":"Guntramnus (Guntram) was a Merovingian king of Burgundy (d. 592). His deposition (Depositio) in the martyrology at Chalon-sur-Saône reflects the Gallican practice of commemorating royal benefactors, a feature of the Antiquum Martyrologium Gallicanum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"III Kal. April.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for March 30 (III Kal. April.) includes 'Natale Domini' (birthday of the Lord), which is anomalous for a date near Easter; it may refer to a local feast of the Lord's Passion or Resurrection, or be a scribal confusion with the Annunciation entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The sequence of dates is disordered: II Kal. April. (March 31) appears between March 23 and March 25, suggesting possible scribal misplacement or a different calendrical system.","The entry for March 30 (III Kal. April.) includes 'Natale Domini' — unclear whether this refers to a feast of the Lord (e.g., Passion or Resurrection) or is a corruption.","The name 'Pentalius' (IV Kal. April.) is unattested elsewhere; it may be a scribal error for 'Pentalius' or a variant of a known name."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Pridie Kal. April., natale sanctorum Aneti, Felicis, Valeriæ.\n\nAPRILIS.\n\nAprilis habet dies XII, luna xxix.\n\nKalend. April., in Arminia, ParUm, Quintiani, Victoris, Secundi, Diunysti.\n\nIV Nonas April., in Africa, sanctorum Ampiani, Victori, Marcellini. Lugduno civitate, Depositio Niceti.\n\nIII Nonas April., in Sitia, sanctorum Thomæ, Evagr i, Benigni, Theodosiae, Donati.\n\nPridie Nonas April., Agatomi diaconi, Pauli, Matutini, Urbani, Salurnini.\n\nNonas Aprilis, hi Nicomedia, sancti Claudiani, Firmi, Biremi episcopi.\n\nVIII Idus April., Quiriaci, Epiphani episcopi, item Donati, Sixti, Rufini.\n\nVII Idus April., in Antiocbia Syriae, Timothei, Diogenis, Machariae, Maximæ, Pululi.I\n\nVI Idus Aprilis, Natale thimori, Macharii, Connexi, Maximae, Concessi.\n\nV Idus Aprilis, Natale Dimitri diaconi, Hilarii, Concessi. Fortunati.\n\nIV Idus Aprilis, Natale Apollonii presbyteri, Hilarii, Donati, Gaiani, Theodori presbyteri.","english":"On the day before the Kalends of April, the birthday of the saints Anetus, Felix, Valeria.\n\nApril.\n\nApril has 30 days, the moon 29.\n\nOn the Kalends of April, in Armenia, the saints Parus, Quintianus, Victor, Secundus, Dionysius.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Nones of April, in Africa, the saints Ampianus, Victor, Marcellinus. At the city of Lyon, the deposition of Nicetus.\n\nOn the third day before the Nones of April, in Scythia, the saints Thomas, Evagrius, Benignus, Theodosia, Donatus.\n\nOn the day before the Nones of April, Agatho the deacon, Paul, Matutinus, Urbanus, Saturninus.\n\nOn the Nones of April, in Nicomedia, the saints Claudianus, Firmus, Biremus the bishop.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Ides of April, Quiriacus, Epiphanius the bishop, also Donatus, Sixtus, Rufinus.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Ides of April, in Antioch of Syria, Timothy, Diogenes, Macaria, Maxima, Pululus.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Ides of April, the birthday of Timorus, Macarius, Connexus, Maxima, Concessus.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Ides of April, the birthday of Demetrius the deacon, Hilarius, Concessus, Fortunatus.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Ides of April, the birthday of Apollonius the presbyter, Hilarius, Donatus, Gaianus, Theodorus the presbyter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Pridie Kal. April.","severity":"info","text":"This entry for 31 March is the last of March in the martyrology; the following line 'Aprilis' marks the start of the April calendar, with a note on days and lunar cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalend. April., in Arminia","severity":"info","text":"'Arminia' likely refers to Armenia, a region in the eastern Roman Empire, often a site of early Christian martyrdom. The names Parus, Quintianus, Victor, Secundus, Dionysius are otherwise obscure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Lugduno civitate, Depositio Niceti","severity":"info","text":"Lyon (Lugdunum) in Gaul. 'Depositio' indicates the burial or death of Nicetus, likely a bishop; this is a rare Gallican entry, possibly Nicetus of Lyon (fl. 5th c.).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"in Sitia","severity":"caution","text":"'Sitia' is likely a scribal error for 'Scythia' (as in the English draft), but the Latin reads 'Sitia', which could also be a place in Asia Minor. The reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Pululi","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Pululi' is likely a corruption; the English draft reads 'Pululus', but the Latin has an unusual ending. It may be a miswriting of 'Pauli' or another name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale thimori","severity":"info","text":"'Thimori' is probably a variant of 'Timori' or 'Timothei'; the English draft reads 'Timorus'. The entry for VI Idus Aprilis (8 April) lists a group of martyrs with repetitive names (Macarius, Connexus, Maxima, Concessus).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The place 'Sitia' may be Scythia or a different location; 'Pululi' is a corrupt name; 'thimori' may be a variant of Timotheus or a separate name."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"III Idus Aprilis, in Mauritania, Natale sandtoriim Salonis, Maximæ, Domnini episcopi, Eustorgii presbyteri.\n\nPridie Idus April., Pergamo, Natale sanctorium Carpi episcopi, Pauli, Isaac, Romæ, Julil episcopi, Agapi, Valerii, Pablii, Bassi.\n\nIdus Aprilis, Calcidona, NataliS sanctorum Eufionæ; Polycarpi episcopi, Pauli diaconi.\n\nXVIII Kalendas Maii, Romæ, Tiburtii. Valeriani, Maximi, Quiriaci, Optati, Marciæ.\n\nXVII Kal. Maii, Natale Marronis, Messoris, Mositis, Vironicae et Victae, Diugenis, Dei Acluperti, Apodomii cum duobus fratribus.\n\nXVI Kal. Maii; in Achaia, Natale sanctorum Calisti, Carisi, Martialis, Silvini.\n\nXV Kal. Maii, in Nicæa, Petri diaconi, Hermogenis, Donati, Fortunati, Martiani.\n\nXIV Kal. Maii, in Salonica civitate, Septimi diaconi, Victurici.Romæ, Eleutherii episcopi et Anthi.\n\nXIII Кal. Maii, Natale sanctorum Hermogenis, Gagi, Ruff, Elvi, Sericiani, Vincenti.","english":"On the third day before the Ides of April, in Mauretania, the birthday of the saints Salon, Maxima, Domninus the bishop, Eustorgius the presbyter.\n\nOn the day before the Ides of April, at Pergamum, the birthday of the saints Carpus the bishop, Paul, Isaac; at Rome, Julius the bishop, Agapus, Valerius, Publius, Bassus.\n\nOn the Ides of April, at Chalcedon, the birthday of the saints Euphemia; Polycarp the bishop, Paul the deacon.\n\nOn the eighteenth day before the Kalends of May, at Rome, Tiburtius, Valerianus, Maximus, Cyriacus, Optatus, Marcia.\n\nOn the seventeenth day before the Kalends of May, the birthday of Marro, Messor, Mositus, Veronica and Victoria, Diogenes, Deus Aclupertus, Apodomius with two brothers.\n\nOn the sixteenth day before the Kalends of May, in Achaia, the birthday of the saints Calistus, Charisius, Martialis, Silvinus.\n\nOn the fifteenth day before the Kalends of May, at Nicaea, Peter the deacon, Hermogenes, Donatus, Fortunatus, Martianus.\n\nOn the fourteenth day before the Kalends of May, in the city of Thessalonica, Septimus the deacon, Victoricus; at Rome, Eleutherius the bishop and Anthus.\n\nOn the thirteenth day before the Kalends of May, the birthday of the saints Hermogenes, Gaius, Rufus, Elvius, Sericianus, Vincentius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III Idus Aprilis","severity":"info","text":"This entry begins a series of dated notices from 11 April to 19 April, following the Roman calendar system of counting days before the Ides and Kalends.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale sanctorum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Natale sanctorum' (birthday of the saints) is the standard martyrological formula for the day of a saint's death, considered their birth into eternal life.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mauritania","severity":"info","text":"Mauretania was a Roman province in North Africa, corresponding to modern Algeria and Morocco, a region with a strong early Christian presence and many martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Pergamo","severity":"info","text":"Pergamum was a major city in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), known for its early Christian community and the martyrdom of Bishop Carpus, mentioned here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Eufionæ","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Eufionæ' is likely a scribal error for 'Euphemiae' (Euphemia), a well-known martyr of Chalcedon, whose feast is traditionally on 16 September, not 13 April.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Dei Acluperti","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Dei Acluperti' is obscure and possibly corrupt; it may represent a misreading or conflation of two names or a title, and its identification is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Eufionæ' is ambiguous: it may be a corruption of 'Euphemiae' or refer to a different saint. 'Dei Acluperti' is of uncertain origin and may be a scribal error. The grouping of saints on 17 Kalends of May lacks a location, leaving their provenance unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"XII Kat. MaLi, Romæ, Depositio Victoris episcopi, Salviani, Jaraci, Donati. Autissiodoro dvitate Martini presbyteri,\n\nXI Kal. Maii, Natale Fortunati, Arathoris presbyteti, Vitalis, Apruncii episcopi.\n\nX Kal. Maii, Romae, Depositio Gagi papæ, Primuli, Turdiani. Lugdunum sancti Epepodi. Senonis, Leonis episcopi.\n\nIX Kal. Maii, in Valentia civiate, Felicis presbyteri, Fortunati diaconi, Acellei diaconi et Pantalemoni.\n\nVIII Kal. Maii, in Alexandria, Coronæ virginis. Et hunc diem Sidraeh, Misac et Abdenago. Lugdunum civitate, Alexandri cum aliis XXXIII.\n\nVII Kalend. Maii, in Persida, civitate, Diospoli, Passio sancti Georgii. Lugduno, Rustici episcopi. Romae, sic celebrantur in letania majori.\n\nVI Kal. Maii, Natale Aurelii, Leonidis, Vindei, Maximi, Martianæ, Gemelini.\n\nV Kal. Maii, Natale sanctorum Castoris, Andimi episcopi, Stephani episcopi, Anthonini presbyteri.","english":"12th day before the Kalends of May, at Rome, the deposition of Victor the bishop, Salvianus, Jaracus, Donatus. At Autissiodorum, of Martin the presbyter.\n\n11th day before the Kalends of May, the birthday of Fortunatus, Arathor the presbyter, Vitalis, Apruncius the bishop.\n\n10th day before the Kalends of May, at Rome, the deposition of Gaius the pope, Primulus, Turdianus. At Lugdunum, of Saint Epepodius. At Senonae, of Leo the bishop.\n\n9th day before the Kalends of May, at the city of Valentia, of Felix the presbyter, Fortunatus the deacon, Acelleus the deacon, and Pantaleo.\n\n8th day before the Kalends of May, at Alexandria, of Corona the virgin. And on this day, Sidrach, Misac, and Abdenago. At the city of Lugdunum, of Alexander with thirty-three others.\n\n7th day before the Kalends of May, in Persia, at the city of Diospolis, the passion of Saint George. At Lugdunum, of Rusticus the bishop. At Rome, they are celebrated in the greater litany.\n\n6th day before the Kalends of May, the birthday of Aurelius, Leonides, Vindeus, Maximus, Martiana, Gemelinus.\n\n5th day before the Kalends of May, the birthday of the saints Castor, Andimus the bishop, Stephen the bishop, Anthoninus the presbyter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XII Kat. MaLi","severity":"info","text":"The date formula 'XII Kat. MaLi' is a scribal error for 'XII Kal. Maii' (12th day before the Kalends of May, i.e., 20 April). The abbreviation 'MaLi' likely conflates 'Maii' with a misreading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio","severity":"info","text":"'Depositio' (deposition) in martyrologies denotes the burial or death date of a saint, distinct from 'Natale' (birthday, i.e., heavenly birth). The alternation between these terms reflects different liturgical traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"letania majori","severity":"info","text":"The 'letania majori' (greater litany) at Rome was a penitential procession on 25 April (7th Kal. Maii), established by Pope Gregory I (d. 604). Its mention here links the martyrology to Roman liturgical practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Sidraeh, Misac et Abdenago","severity":"info","text":"Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago are the Babylonian names of the three youths from the Book of Daniel (Dan 3). Their inclusion on 24 April (8th Kal. Maii) is unusual in a Western martyrology, reflecting Eastern influence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio sancti Georgii","severity":"info","text":"The passion of Saint George on 25 April (7th Kal. Maii) is an early Western attestation of this Eastern cult. George's feast was later moved to 23 April in the Roman calendar, but this entry preserves an older tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Autissiodoro dvitate","severity":"caution","text":"'Autissiodoro dvitate' is a corrupt form of 'Autissiodoro civitate' (at the city of Auxerre). The scribe miswrote 'civitate' as 'dvitate', a common error in manuscript transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Jaracus' (12th Kal. Maii) is uncertain; the name may be a corruption of 'Hilarius' or another saint. 'Turdianus' (10th Kal. Maii) is otherwise unattested and may be a scribal error. 'Vindei' (6th Kal. Maii) is likely a variant of 'Vindeus' or 'Vindemius', but no known saint matches."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"IV Kal. Maii, Romae, sancti Vitalis. In Pannonia, Euseppi episcopi et Alipi, Luciani, Niceæ virginil, et Depositio Amalfredi episcopi et confessoris.\n\nIII Kal. Maii, in Alexandria, Germani presbyteri, Prosdoci diacorii, Prudenti, Urbani.\n\nPridie Kal. Maii, Natale sanctorum Dorotoei presbyteri, Rodociani diaconi. Romæ, Quirini episcopi, Tyrenti, Marini presbyteri, Saturnini, Æmiliani, Majoricae, Polocronii episcopi.\n\nMAIUS.\n\nMaius habet dies XXXI, luna xxx.\n\nKal. Maii, Initium praedicationis Domini nostri Jesa Christi, et sanctorum Philippi apostoli, Horienti episcopi, Amatoris episcopi, Sigismundi regis et martyris.\n\nVI Nonas Maii, Natale sanctorum Germani, Cælestinæ, Felicis, Cælestini, Chetini; Hermogeniæ.\n\nV Nonas Maii, Hierosolyma, Inventio sanctæ erucis. Romæ, sanctorum Juvenalis, Alexandri et Eventi, et Aviti diaconis\n\nIV Nonas Maii, Nicomedia, Antonii, Caelestini; Fortoni presbyteri, Petri.","english":"4th day before the Kalends of May, at Rome, Saint Vitalis. In Pannonia, Euseppius the bishop and Alipius, Lucianus, Nicea the virgin, and the deposition of Amalfredus the bishop and confessor.\n\n3rd day before the Kalends of May, at Alexandria, Germanus the presbyter, Prosdocius the deacon, Prudentius, Urbanus.\n\n2nd day before the Kalends of May, the birthday of the saints Dorotheus the presbyter, Rhodocianus the deacon. At Rome, Quirinus the bishop, Tyrentius, Marinus the presbyter, Saturninus, Aemilianus, Majorica, Polocronius the bishop.\n\nMAY.\n\nMay has 31 days, the moon 30.\n\nKalends of May, the beginning of the preaching of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of the saints Philip the apostle, Horientius the bishop, Amator the bishop, Sigismund the king and martyr.\n\n6th day before the Nones of May, the birthday of the saints Germanus, Caelestina, Felix, Caelestinus, Chetinus; Hermogenia.\n\n5th day before the Nones of May, at Jerusalem, the finding of the Holy Cross. At Rome, the saints Juvenalis, Alexander and Eventus, and Avitus the deacon.\n\n4th day before the Nones of May, at Nicomedia, Antonius, Caelestinus; Forto the presbyter, Peter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Kal. Maii","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 28 April (IV Kal. Maii) lists saints at Rome and in Pannonia, then a separate deposition for Amalfredus, showing the martyrology's typical grouping by location and feast type.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Euseppi episcopi et Alipi, Luciani, Niceæ virginil","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Euseppi' likely represents Eusebius; 'Alipi' is Alipius; 'Niceæ virginil' is a corrupt or variant form for 'Nicaea the virgin'. These names appear in Pannonia, a region in the western Balkans.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Initium praedicationis Domini nostri Jesa Christi","severity":"info","text":"The Kalends of May (1 May) entry commemorates the 'beginning of the preaching of our Lord Jesus Christ', a rare feast in Western martyrologies, possibly reflecting an Eastern or Gallican tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Sigismundi regis et martyris","severity":"info","text":"Sigismund, king of the Burgundians (d. 524), is listed as a martyr. His cult was promoted in Gaul, and his inclusion here shows the Gallican martyrology's incorporation of local royal saints.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"V Nonas Maii, Hierosolyma, Inventio sanctæ erucis","severity":"info","text":"The 'Finding of the Holy Cross' on 3 May (V Nonas Maii) is a feast traditionally linked to the discovery of the True Cross by Helena in 326. Its placement here aligns with Western liturgical calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Niceæ virginil","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'virginil' is likely a scribal error for 'virginis' (genitive). The name 'Niceæ' may be a corruption of 'Nicaea' or a different saint; the text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Euseppi' for Eusebius and 'Niceæ virginil' for Nicaea the virgin are uncertain due to scribal variation.","The entry for 1 May ('Initium praedicationis...') is ambiguous: it may refer to the start of Jesus' public ministry or a local Gallican feast."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"III Nonas Maii, In Africa, Gregorii, Felicissimit Hilarii episcopi. Vienne, Nectarientui episcopi, sancti Amatoris.\n\nPridid Nona Maii, Natale sancti Geronti confessoris. Mediolano civitate; Victoris et Felicis. Autissiodoro, sanctorum Valerii episcopi, Maximi.\n\nNonas Maii, In Nicomedia, Flavi episcopi, Augustitil episcopi et trium fratrum Marcellini, Magrobii, Euteci.\n\nVIII Idus Maii, Mediolano. Victoris, Etici, Saturnini. In Santonico, sancti Martini. Antissiodori, sancti Palladii episcopi.\n\nVII Idus Maii, Natalis Querillæ, Quindei, Zenoni, Afrodisii, Timothei, Primoli, Beati confessoris, Gordiani.\n\nVI Idus Maii, Romae, sanctorum Gordiani, Bbitati, et alibi Sovenanti, Job prophetae.\n\nV IduS Mali, in Sirmia, Natalis sanctorum Montani, Septimi. Vlenna, Depositio Mamerti et Martini episcuporum.\n\nIV Idus Maii; Romæ, Natale sanctorum Pancratil, Nerei et Achillei.","english":"3rd day before the Nones of May, in Africa, of Gregory, Felicissimus, Hilary the bishop. At Vienne, of Nectarius the bishop, of Saint Amator.\n\n2nd day before the Nones of May, the birthday of Saint Gerontius the confessor. In the city of Milan, of Victor and Felix. At Auxerre, of the saints Valerius the bishop, Maximus.\n\nThe Nones of May, in Nicomedia, of Flavius the bishop, Augustitilus the bishop, and of the three brothers Marcellinus, Magrobius, Eutychius.\n\n8th day before the Ides of May, at Milan, of Victor, Eticus, Saturninus. In Saintonge, of Saint Martin. At Auxerre, of Saint Palladius the bishop.\n\n7th day before the Ides of May, the birthday of Querilla, Quindeus, Zeno, Aphrodisius, Timothy, Primolus, of Beatus the confessor, of Gordianus.\n\n6th day before the Ides of May, at Rome, of the saints Gordianus, Bbitatus, and elsewhere of Sovenantus, of Job the prophet.\n\n5th day before the Ides of May, in Sirmium, the birthday of the saints Montanus, Septimus. At Vienne, the deposition of Mamertus and Martin the bishops.\n\n4th day before the Ides of May, at Rome, the birthday of the saints Pancratius, Nereus and Achilleus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III Nonas Maii … IV Idus Maii","severity":"info","text":"This passage covers entries from 3 Nones to 4 Ides of May (5–12 May), following the standard martyrological sequence of calendar dates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Felicissimit","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'Felicissimit' is likely a corrupt or variant spelling of 'Felicissimi' (genitive of Felicissimus). The manuscript tradition may have misread or mis-copied the name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bbitati","severity":"caution","text":"'Bbitati' appears corrupt; the English draft reads 'Bbitatus'. It may be a scribal error for 'Vitalis' or another saint's name, but no certain identification is possible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"In Santonico, sancti Martini","severity":"info","text":"'Santonico' refers to Saintonge (Gallia Aquitania), the region of Saintes. Saint Martin here is likely Martin of Tours, though his feast is normally 11 November; this may be a translation or local commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Job prophetae","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of Job the prophet (OT figure) is unusual in a martyrology of saints; it may reflect a local liturgical tradition or a conflation with a saint of the same name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"V Idus Mali … IV Idus Maii","severity":"info","text":"The dates V Idus (11 May) and IV Idus (12 May) are given; the entry for 11 May includes the deposition of Mamertus and Martin at Vienne, likely Mamertus of Vienne (d. c. 475).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several names (Felicissimit, Bbitati, Augustitil, Querillæ, Quindei, Primoli) are corrupt or unattested, making identification uncertain.","The entry for Job the prophet may be a textual error or a unique local tradition.","The relationship between the African and Viennese entries on III Nonas Maii is unclear; they may be separate commemorations."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"III Idas Maii, in Palaestina, Taraci episcopi et Andronici. In Polentia Victoris; Saturnini Marcelli episcopi.\n\nII Idus Maii. Natale sanctOrum Victoris militis, et Coronae, Secundiani, Quarti.\n\nIdus Maii, in Porto Romano, Prestabilis, Felicis, Victoris Petri et Andrei, Pauli et Dionysii. Depositio Benedicti confessoris.\n\nXVII Kal. Junii, in Esauria, Aquilini, VIctoriani, Heracli, Paulini, Fadoli pfesbyteri.\n\nXVI Kal. Jun., Romae, Partini, Galli, Chori, Heracli, Pauli, Aquilini, Victoris.\n\nXV Kal. Junii, Natale Potaminis presbyteri, Orthasii presbyteri, Luciosi, Gasi et Victoris.\n\nXIV Kal. Jun., Romae. Natale potentiani, Gallicieri, Paterni, Eunucorum, Quinqui, Primoli, Salusti, Fortunati.\n\nXIII Kal. Jun., Natale sanctotum Мarcelli. Sesalft. Romae, Basillæ. In Nostata, Aurae.\n\nXII Kal. Jun., in Mauritania, Timothel. Peheti, Victoris, Donati. Catursas, Depositio sancti Desi. derii","english":"3rd day before the Ides of May, in Palestine, of Taracus the bishop and Andronicus. In Polentia, of Victor; of Saturninus, Marcellus the bishop.\n\n2nd day before the Ides of May. The birthday of the holy Victor the soldier, and Corona, Secundianus, Quartus.\n\nIdes of May, at Portus Romanus, of Prestabilis, Felix, Victor, Peter and Andrew, Paul and Dionysius. The deposition of Benedict the confessor.\n\n17th day before the Kalends of June, in Isauria, of Aquilinus, Victorianus, Heraclius, Paulinus, Fadolus the priest.\n\n16th day before the Kalends of June, at Rome, of Partinus, Gallus, Chorus, Heraclius, Paul, Aquilinus, Victor.\n\n15th day before the Kalends of June, the birthday of Potamis the priest, Orthasius the priest, Luciosus, Gasus and Victor.\n\n14th day before the Kalends of June, at Rome. The birthday of Potentianus, Gallicierus, Paternus, the Eunuchs, Quinquius, Primolus, Salustius, Fortunatus.\n\n13th day before the Kalends of June, the birthday of the holy Marcellus. Sesaltus. At Rome, of Basilla. In Nostata, of Aura.\n\n12th day before the Kalends of June, in Mauretania, of Timotheus, Pehetus, Victor, Donatus. Catursas. The deposition of holy Desiderius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III Idas Maii ... XII Kal. Jun.","severity":"info","text":"This passage covers entries from 13 May to 21 May, following the Roman calendar system of counting backward from the Ides and Kalends.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"III Idas Maii","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'III Idas Maii' means the 3rd day before the Ides of May, i.e., 13 May. The Ides fall on 15 May.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"in Palaestina","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Palestine, Polentia, Portus Romanus, Isauria, Rome, Mauretania, and Nostata reflects the wide geographical scope of the martyrology, typical of early Gallican lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Sesalft","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'Sesalft' appears corrupt; it may be a misreading or a place name. The English draft renders it as 'Sesaltus', but the Latin form is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Catursas","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'Catursas' is obscure; it may be a place name or a personal name. The English draft leaves it untranslated, indicating uncertainty.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio sancti Desiderii","severity":"info","text":"The deposition of Saint Desiderius is noted; Desiderius was a bishop of Langres (d. c. 356) venerated in Gaul, consistent with the Gallican origin of this martyrology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'Sesalft' and 'Catursas' is uncertain; they may be corrupt forms of names or places.","The identity of several saints (e.g., Prestabilis, Gallicierus) is not clearly established in known hagiographical sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Xl Kal. Jun., Romae, Faustini, Venusti, Cassi, Æmeluni. Corsica. sanctæ Juliæ.\n\nX Kal. Jun., in Spaniis, sanctorum Epecteti, Aptonii, Desiderii episcopi, Passeliae episcopi.\n\nIX Kal. Jun., in Histria, Zebelli, Servoli. Civitate NaMnetis, Rogatiani, Donatiani.\n\nVIII Kal. Junii, in Tuscia, civiate Lera, sancti Sententiati. Via Nomentana, sancti Urbaui episcopi, Poletrati.\n\nVII Kal. Junii, Natale Hereali, Pauli, Rufini et Valerii, Saturi, Vituri, et Passio sancti Prisci martyris.\n\nVI Kal. Jun., Natale Aquilli presbyteri, Evangeli, Heliae, Luciani, Quinti, Estiabili.\n\nV Kal. Junii, Pamphilia, Zetoli, Primoli. Parisiis civitate, Depositio sancti Germani.\n\nIV Kal. Jun., Natale Polionis, Crispoli, Primi. Treviris civitate, Maximini episcopi, ubi multa mirabilia fiunt.\n\nIII Kal. Junii, Antiochia, sanctorum Sici, Palatini, Gabini, Crispoli.","english":"21st day before the Kalends of June, at Rome, of Faustinus, Venustus, Cassius, Aemulunus. In Corsica, of Saint Julia.\n\n20th day before the Kalends of June, in Spain, of the saints Epectetus, Aptonius, Desiderius the bishop, Passelius the bishop.\n\n19th day before the Kalends of June, in Histria, of Zebellus, Servolus. In the city of Namnetes, of Rogatianus, Donatianus.\n\n18th day before the Kalends of June, in Tuscia, in the city of Lera, of Saint Sententiatus. On the Via Nomentana, of Saint Urbanus the bishop, Poletratus.\n\n17th day before the Kalends of June, the birthday of Heraclius, Paulus, Rufinus and Valerius, Saturus, Viturus, and the passion of Saint Priscus the martyr.\n\n16th day before the Kalends of June, the birthday of Aquillus the presbyter, Evangelus, Elias, Lucianus, Quintus, Estiabilis.\n\n15th day before the Kalends of June, in Pamphylia, of Zetolus, Primolus. In the city of Paris, the deposition of Saint Germanus.\n\n14th day before the Kalends of June, the birthday of Polio, Crispolus, Primus. In the city of Treveri, of Maximinus the bishop, where many miracles occur.\n\n13th day before the Kalends of June, at Antioch, of the saints Sicus, Palatinus, Gabinus, Crispolus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Xl Kal. Jun.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 21 May (Xl Kal. Jun.) begins a new sequence of daily notices, each introduced by a Roman date formula. The pattern of place-name, saint names, and occasional titles (episcopi, presbyteri) is consistent with the martyrology genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Civitate NaMnetis","severity":"info","text":"The form 'NaMnetis' is a variant or scribal error for 'Namnetis', referring to the city of Nantes (modern France). The capital M may indicate a misreading of a minim or an abbreviation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio sancti Germani","severity":"info","text":"The deposition of Saint Germanus (c. 496–576) is a well-known feast in the Parisian calendar. Germanus was bishop of Paris and a prominent figure in Merovingian Gaul; his cult spread widely.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ubi multa mirabilia fiunt","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'where many miracles occur' is a rare editorial comment in a martyrology, indicating the compiler's awareness of the cult site of Maximinus at Trier. It reflects the hagiographical tradition of miracle-working shrines.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Poletrati","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Poletrati' is obscure and may be a corruption or a unique form. It could derive from a Greek name (e.g., Polycrates) or be a scribal error for a more common saint's name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Æmeluni' (for Aemulunus) is uncertain; it may be a personal name or a place-name. 'Passeliae episcopi' may be a variant of 'Basil' or a separate name. The identity of several minor saints (e.g., Zetolus, Primolus) is not securely attested outside this martyrology."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Pridic Kal. Jun., Romae, sanctae Petronillæ virginis, sancti Petri filiæ, Ganti, Gantiani, Proti, Prævilani, Grisogoni, Cantianillæ.\n\nJUNIUS.\n\nJunitu habet dies xxx, luna XXIX.\n\nKalend. Junii, in Thessalonica, Octavi, Crispini, Jubenti, Castuli, Arapi, Publii cum aliis CXXVI. Vibina, Gladi episcopi.\n\nIV Nonas Jun., Romæ, Marcellini et Petri. Item Marcellini episcopi, Zacbariae presbyteri, Rogatiani episcopi cum aliis XLVIII.\n\nUI Nonas Junii, in Africa, Quirini, Abidiani, Neptori, Julianæ virginis. Aurelianis civitate, Leifardi presbyteri.\n\nPridie Nonas Junii, Natale Camasiae, Julii, Saturnini. Italia, Rustici episcopi, Daciani.\n\nNonas Junii, in Ægypto, Martiani, Nigrandi et Apolloniae, Gregorii.\n\nVIII idus Jun., Nevidunnm, Amanti, Luci, Alexandri, Claudii episcopi, Cærati episcopi.\n\nVII Idus Jun., Natale Pauli, Fortunati, Magri, Primosi, Luciani.","english":"The day before the Kalends of June, at Rome, of Saint Petronilla, virgin, daughter of Saint Peter; at Ghent, of Gantianus, Gantianus, Protus, Praevilanus, Chrysogonus, Cantianilla.\n\nJUNE.\n\nJune has 30 days, the moon 29.\n\nThe Kalends of June, at Thessalonica, of Octavus, Crispinus, Jubentius, Castulus, Arapus, Publius, with 126 others. At Vibina, of Gladius, bishop.\n\nThe 4th day before the Nones of June, at Rome, of Marcellinus and Peter. Also of Marcellinus, bishop; Zacharias, priest; Rogatianus, bishop, with 48 others.\n\nThe 3rd day before the Nones of June, in Africa, of Quirinus, Abidianus, Neptorius, Juliana, virgin. At the city of Orleans, of Leifardus, priest.\n\nThe day before the Nones of June, the birthday of Camasia, Julius, Saturninus. In Italy, of Rusticus, bishop; Dacianus.\n\nThe Nones of June, in Egypt, of Martianus, Nigrandus, and Apollonia; of Gregory.\n\nThe 8th day before the Ides of June, at Nevidunum, of Amantius, Lucius, Alexander, Claudius, bishop; Caeratus, bishop.\n\nThe 7th day before the Ides of June, the birthday of Paulus, Fortunatus, Magrus, Primosus, Lucianus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Pridic Kal. Jun.","severity":"info","text":"The date formula 'Pridic Kal. Jun.' means the day before the Kalends of June, i.e., 31 May.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctae Petronillæ virginis, sancti Petri filiæ","severity":"info","text":"Petronilla is here called 'daughter of Saint Peter', a legendary filiation common in medieval hagiography but without historical basis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ganti, Gantiani, Proti, Prævilani, Grisogoni, Cantianillæ","severity":"info","text":"The list of names at Ghent (Ganti) includes duplicates (Ganti, Gantiani) and obscure figures, suggesting scribal corruption or conflation of local cults.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"JUNIUS","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'JUNIUS' marks the start of a new month, with a note on days and lunar cycle, typical of martyrologies that include calendar data.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalend. Junii, in Thessalonica, Octavi, Crispini, Jubenti, Castuli, Arapi, Publii cum aliis CXXVI","severity":"info","text":"The group of 126 martyrs at Thessalonica is not widely attested in other early martyrologies, indicating a local or legendary tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"UI Nonas Junii","severity":"caution","text":"The abbreviation 'UI' for 'III' (3) is a scribal variant; the correct reading is 'III Nonas Junii' (3rd day before the Nones of June).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Ganti, Gantiani' may be duplicates or refer to different saints; 'Prævilani' and 'Cantianillæ' are otherwise unknown.","The location 'Vibina' is uncertain; possibly a corruption of a place name in Africa or Italy."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Vi Idus Jun., Romae, Primi et Felicis, Nahor, Nazari, Suessionis civitate, Depositio sancti Medardi confessoris et pontificis.\n\nV Idus Jun., Natale Maximini presbyleri, Vincenti, Bassilidis. Jachariæ, Censuri episcopi, et Depositio Sagittarii confessoris.\n\nIV Idus Jun., sanctorum Basillæ, Crispoli.... Aurisi, Rogati.\n\nIII Idus Jun., Natale Emeriti, Victuriani, Victoris et Fortunati.\n\nPridie Idus Jun., Natale sanctorum Balsilidis, Naboris et Felicis, Tribolis Madaledis.\n\nIdus Jun., in Africa, Luciani, Fortunati. Romae, sanctae Feliculæ.\n\nXVIII Kal. Julii, Natale Antonii, Quitiani, Proti. Suessionis civitate, Valerii et Rufini martyrum. Aurelianis civitate, Translatio corporis sancti Aniani confessoris et episcopi, et liberatio civitaiis ipsius a Chunis\n\nXVII Kal. Jul., Natale sanctorum Hysiti, Clementis, Cantiani, Jovoniani, Filippi, Joviani', Candidi, Cantiani, Crissogoni, Quintiani.","english":"On the sixth day before the Ides of June, at Rome, of Primus and Felix, Nahor, Nazarius; in the city of Soissons, the deposition of Saint Medard, confessor and bishop.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Ides of June, the birthday of Maximinus, presbyter, Vincent, Basilides, Zacharias, Censurus, bishop, and the deposition of Sagittarius, confessor.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Ides of June, of Saints Basilla, Crispolus... Aurisius, Rogatus.\n\nOn the third day before the Ides of June, the birthday of Emeritus, Victorianus, Victor, and Fortunatus.\n\nOn the day before the Ides of June, the birthday of Saints Balsilidis, Nabor, and Felix, Tribolus, Madaledis.\n\nOn the Ides of June, in Africa, of Lucianus, Fortunatus; at Rome, of Saint Felicula.\n\nOn the eighteenth day before the Kalends of July, the birthday of Antonius, Quitianus, Protus; in the city of Soissons, of Valerius and Rufinus, martyrs; in the city of Orleans, the translation of the body of Saint Anianus, confessor and bishop, and the liberation of that city from the Huns.\n\nOn the seventeenth day before the Kalends of July, the birthday of Saints Hysitus, Clement, Cantianus, Jovonianus, Philip, Jovianus, Candidus, Cantianus, Chrysogonus, Quintianus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Vi Idus Jun.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for June 8 (sixth day before the Ides) begins a series of daily notices typical of a martyrology, each with a place and saint(s).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio","severity":"info","text":"Depositio (burial or death) is a standard martyrological term for a confessor or bishop, as opposed to natale (heavenly birthday) used for martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Suessionis civitate","severity":"info","text":"Soissons (Suessionis civitas) in Gaul was a major Merovingian episcopal see; Medard (Medardus) was its bishop in the 6th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Translatio corporis sancti Aniani","severity":"info","text":"The translation of Saint Anianus (d. ca. 453) and the liberation of Orleans from the Huns (451) are linked events, commemorated on June 14.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Basillæ, Crispoli.... Aurisi, Rogati","severity":"caution","text":"The lacuna (....) in the manuscript for June 10 suggests a damaged or illegible name; the edition marks the gap.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale Maximini presbyleri","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of Maximinus presbyter with Vincent and Basilides on June 9 echoes the Roman depositio martyrum, though the names are not in the earliest lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacuna after Crispoli leaves the full list of saints for June 10 uncertain.","The spelling Balsilidis (June 12) may be a variant of Basilidis; the relationship to the earlier Basilides is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"XVI Kal. Jul., Caulaurea, sanctorum Viti martyris, Modesti et Criscenti, Cyrici, Julittae matris ejus.\n\nXV Kal. Jul., Natale sanctorum Alexandri, Dioscori et Marini martyrum; Quiriaci, Cyriae. Aurelianis civitate, Aviti presbyteri.\n\nXIV Kal. Jul., Romae, Natale Marci et Marcelliani. Ravenna, Martori, Felicis, Emeli, Crispini.\n\nXIII. Kal. Julii, in Mediolano, sanctorum Gervasii et Protasii, et Celsi pueri. Romæ, Hippoliti, Honoriae, Voti, Petri.\n\nXII. Kal. Julii, Natale Pauli, Cyriaci, Feliciani, Vi. talis, Crispini. Depositio Cbildemarchi virginis sacrae.\n\nXI. Kal. Julii, in Caesarea, Depositio sancti Eosebii episcopi, et alibi Quiriaci, Apollonaris, Rufini et Martii.\n\nX Kal. Julii, in Britanniis, Albini martyris, cum aliis DCCCLXXXVII. Nota, Paulini episcopi, et sancti Niceti episcopi.\n\nIX Kal. Julii, Natale A Viii, Aritionis, Emeriti, Capitionis.","english":"On the sixteenth day before the Kalends of July, at Cagliari, of Saints Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentius, martyrs; Cyricus, Julitta his mother.\n\nOn the fifteenth day before the Kalends of July, the birthday of Saints Alexander, Dioscorus, and Marinus, martyrs; Quiriacus, Cyria. At the city of Orléans, of Avitus, priest.\n\nOn the fourteenth day before the Kalends of July, at Rome, the birthday of Marcus and Marcellianus. At Ravenna, of Martorius, Felix, Emelius, Crispinus.\n\nOn the thirteenth day before the Kalends of July, at Milan, of Saints Gervasius and Protasius, and Celsus, a boy. At Rome, of Hippolytus, Honoria, Votus, Peter.\n\nOn the twelfth day before the Kalends of July, the birthday of Paul, Cyriacus, Felicianus, Vitalis, Crispinus. The deposition of Childemarcha, a holy virgin.\n\nOn the eleventh day before the Kalends of July, at Caesarea, the deposition of Saint Eusebius, bishop, and elsewhere of Quiriacus, Apollinaris, Rufinus, and Martius.\n\nOn the tenth day before the Kalends of July, in Britain, of Albanus, martyr, with 887 others. Note, of Paulinus, bishop, and of Saint Nicetius, bishop.\n\nOn the ninth day before the Kalends of July, the birthday of Avitus, Arition, Emeritus, Capition.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Caulaurea","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Caulaurea' is a place-name, here identified with Cagliari in Sardinia. The form is a variant of 'Calaris' or 'Caralis', the ancient name for the city.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cbildemarchi","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Cbildemarchi' is obscure and likely corrupt. The English draft renders it as 'Childemarcha', but the Latin form suggests a possible Germanic or Celtic origin; the reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"in Britanniis, Albini martyris, cum aliis DCCCLXXXVII","severity":"info","text":"This entry refers to the legendary martyrdom of Saint Alban and 887 companions in Britain. The number is symbolic and not historically attested, reflecting hagiographic convention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Nota, Paulini episcopi, et sancti Niceti episcopi","severity":"info","text":"The word 'Nota' (note) is a scribal insertion, likely a marginal annotation later incorporated into the text. It signals a separate commemoration or a correction, breaking the usual formula.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"XVI Kal. Jul.","severity":"info","text":"The date 'XVI Kal. Jul.' corresponds to June 16 in the Roman calendar. The sequence of entries from XVI to IX Kal. Jul. covers June 16–23, showing a continuous daily listing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Gervasii et Protasii","severity":"info","text":"The Milanese martyrs Gervasius and Protasius are well-known from Ambrose's discovery of their relics in 386. Their pairing with Celsus puer is less common but appears in other early martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Cbildemarchi' is corrupt; its correct form and identity are uncertain.","The place 'Caulaurea' is interpreted as Cagliari, but the Latin spelling is unusual.","The entry for 'A Viii' (IX Kal. Jul.) is abbreviated and unclear; the English draft reads 'Avitus', but the Latin may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"VIII Kal. Julii, in provincia Palæstinæ, Nativitas sancti Johannis Baptistæ; et in Epheso, assumtio sancti Johannis apostoli.\n\nVII Kal. Julii, Natale sanctorum Lantalibi, Caritæ. Salonica, Lucæ virginis, et Aceiabae regis.\n\nVI Kal. Julii, Romæ, Johannis et Pauli fratrum, et alibi Gauderti, Felicis.\n\nV Kal. Julii, Romae, Crispi, Crispiniani. Felicis, Juliani, Primitivi, Justini.\n\nIV Kal. Julii, in Africa, Fabiani, Venusti, Corucci, A polloni, Diouysii, Hynosi.\n\nIII Kal. Julii, Romae, Natale apostolorum Petri et Pauli et aliorum DCCCCLXXVI.\n\nPridie Kalendas Julii, Lemovicas, Depositio sancti Martialis episcopi. Andegavis civitate, depositio sancti Albini episcopi et confessoris; et alibi aliorum sanctorum Cursici presbyteri, Leonis subdiaconi.\n\nJULIUS.\n\nJuliut habet diu XXXI.\n\nKal. Julii, Romæ, Gagi presbyteri. In monte Or, Depositio Aaron sacerdotis. Agustini, Leoni episcopi. In Gallia, Karileffi confessoris.","english":"On the eighth day before the Kalends of July, in the province of Palestine, the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist; and at Ephesus, the Assumption of Saint John the Apostle.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Kalends of July, the birthday of Saints Lantalibus, Carita. At Thessalonica, of the virgin Luke, and of King Aceiabas.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Kalends of July, at Rome, of the brothers John and Paul, and elsewhere of Gaudertus, Felix.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Kalends of July, at Rome, of Crispus, Crispinianus, Felix, Julianus, Primitivus, Justinus.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Kalends of July, in Africa, of Fabianus, Venustus, Coruccus, Apollonius, Dionysius, Hynosus.\n\nOn the third day before the Kalends of July, at Rome, the birthday of the Apostles Peter and Paul and of 976 others.\n\nOn the day before the Kalends of July, at Limoges, the Deposition of Saint Martialis, bishop. At the city of Angers, the deposition of Saint Albinus, bishop and confessor; and elsewhere of other saints: Cursicus, priest, Leo, subdeacon.\n\nJuly.\n\nJuly has 31 days.\n\nOn the Kalends of July, at Rome, of Gaius, priest. On Mount Hor, the Deposition of Aaron, priest. Of Augustinus, of Leo, bishop. In Gaul, of Karileffus, confessor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII Kal. Julii","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 24 June pairs the Nativity of John the Baptist (Palestine) with the Assumption of John the Apostle (Ephesus), a double feast common in early martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nativitas","severity":"info","text":"Nativitas here denotes the birth of John the Baptist, celebrated on 24 June, six months before Christmas, a fixed feast in the Latin tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"assumtio","severity":"info","text":"Assumtio (Assumption) for John the Apostle is unusual; the term normally refers to Mary. This may reflect a local Ephesian tradition of John's dormition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"DCCCCLXXVI","severity":"info","text":"The number 976 other martyrs with Peter and Paul on 29 June is a legendary tally, possibly from the Roman commemoration of early Christian victims under Nero.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio sancti Martialis episcopi","severity":"info","text":"Martialis, legendary first bishop of Limoges, is commemorated on 30 June. His cult was promoted in Gaul, and his depositio appears in several Gallican calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Lantalibi, Caritæ","severity":"caution","text":"The names Lantalibi and Caritæ are obscure and may be corrupt; the English draft reads 'Lantalibus, Carita'. No known saints correspond, suggesting a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Lantalibi and Caritæ is uncertain; possibly garbled from a Greek or Coptic source.","The Assumption of John the Apostle may be a confusion with the feast of John's dormition, not standard in the West."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"VI Nonas Julji, Romae. Processi et Marliniani, el Melchiadæ papae. Turonis, Munngundæ ancilla Dei.\n\nV Nonas Julii, in Alexandria, Triphonis, Cyronis, Aprici, Juliani.\n\nIV Nonas Julii, in Gallia, Turonis, Ordinatio episcopatus, et Translatio corporis, et Dedicatio ba. silicae sancti Martini episcopi. Bituricas, natale sancti Lauriani martyris.\n\nIII Nonas Julii, Natale Agathoni, Triphonis, Magrini, Theodoti, Meroni, Rodosiae.\n\nPridie Nonas Julii, Natale Palladi, Philippi, Severi, ac Zotici, Ariethis.\n\nNonas Julii, Natale Eracli, Apollonii, Publii cum aliis XVIII. Parma, Novi et Parmini.\n\nVIII Idus Julii, Natale sanctorum Sustrati, Esperi, Heraclii, Quanti, Pancratii, Corneliani cum aliis numero LX.\n\nVII Idus Julii, Natale sanctorum Motthi, Faustiani, Nathoi.... Feliciani cum presbyteris VII, et Fraterni episcopi.\n\nVI Idus Julii, Natale VII germanorum, id est Felicis, Philippi, Maximi, Silvani, Prælextati, Januarii, cum sociis eorum","english":"On the sixth day before the Nones of July, at Rome, Processus and Marlinianus, and of Pope Melchiades. At Tours, Monegundis, handmaid of God.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Nones of July, at Alexandria, Tryphon, Cyron, Apricius, Julian.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Nones of July, in Gaul, at Tours, the Ordination of the episcopate, and the Translation of the body, and the Dedication of the basilica of Saint Martin, bishop. At Bourges, the natal day of Saint Laurianus, martyr.\n\nOn the third day before the Nones of July, the natal day of Agatho, Tryphon, Magrinus, Theodotus, Meron, Rhodosia.\n\nOn the day before the Nones of July, the natal day of Palladius, Philip, Severus, and Zoticus, Ariethis.\n\nOn the Nones of July, the natal day of Heraclius, Apollonius, Publius with eighteen others. At Parma, Novus and Parminus.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Ides of July, the natal day of the saints Sostratus, Hesperus, Heraclius, Quantus, Pancratius, Cornelianus with others to the number of sixty.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Ides of July, the natal day of the saints Motthus, Faustianus, Natho… Felicianus with seven presbyters, and Fraternus, bishop.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Ides of July, the natal day of the seven brothers, that is Felix, Philip, Maximus, Silvanus, Praetextatus, Januarius, with their companions.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"VI Nonas Julji","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 2 July (VI Nonas Julii) lists Processus and Marlinianus at Rome, Pope Melchiades, and at Tours Monegundis. The sequence follows the Roman calendar from the Nones of July backward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ancilla Dei","severity":"info","text":"Ancilla Dei (handmaid of God) is a standard Latin hagiographic term for a female saint or ascetic, not a formal title of canonization.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ordinatio episcopatus","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 4 July (IV Nonas Julii) at Tours commemorates three events: the ordination of Martin as bishop, the translation of his body, and the dedication of his basilica. These are distinct liturgical feasts combined here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"VII germanorum","severity":"info","text":"The 'seven brothers' (VII germanorum) on 10 July (VI Idus Julii) refers to a group of martyrs venerated together, a common hagiographic topos. The names given are Felix, Philip, Maximus, Silvanus, Praetextatus, Januarius, with companions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Nathoi","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Nathoi' (VII Idus Julii) is likely a scribal corruption or abbreviation; the manuscript may have read 'Nathanael' or another name. The text breaks off with an ellipsis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 2 July (VI Nonas Julji) may conflate two separate locations: Rome and Tours. The name 'Marliniani' is a variant of 'Marlinianus' or 'Marinianus'.","The list of names on 5 July (III Nonas Julii) and following days often lacks location, leaving the provenance uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"V Idus Julii, Natale sanctorum Mariani, Stephaui, Leunis, Mauritii. Pictavis, Depositio Bassenæ abbatis.\n\nIV Idus Julii, Mediolano, Naboris et Felicis, Primitivi. Lugduni, Viventioli episcopi.\n\nIII Idus Julii, Natale Syraphionis, Attalis, Profili, Menei presbyteri, Trophinæ virginis.\n\nPridie Idus Julii, Natale sanctorum Donati, Anthioci, Mari. Lugduui Galliae, Justi episcopi, Aniici episcopi et confessoris. In Fiscamno, Dedicatio basilicae sanctissimæ Trinitaiis.\n\nidibus Julii, in Porto Romano, Natale sanctorum Zotimi, Bonosi et sociorum, Catholini diaconi.\n\nXVII Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum Helarini, Macharii, Dionysii.\n\nXVI Kal. Angusli, Natale Aquilini, Bituri, Generosi, Nazarii. Antissiodero, Theodosii episcopi.\n\nXV Kal. Augusti, Romæ, Natale Symphorisi patris VII germanorum, et alibi Flabæ episcopi. XIV Kal. Augusti, Natale Sysinui, Lampadi, Petri, Justi, Rustici presbyteri.","english":"On the third day before the Ides of July, the birthday of the saints Marianus, Stephanus, Leunis, and Mauricius. At Poitiers, the deposition of Abbot Bassenus.\n\nOn the second day before the Ides of July, at Milan, of Nabor and Felix, and Primitivus. At Lyon, of Bishop Viventiolus.\n\nOn the day before the Ides of July, the birthday of Serapion, Attalus, Prophilus, the priest Meneus, and the virgin Trophina.\n\nOn the day of the Ides of July, the birthday of the saints Donatus, Antiochus, and Marius. At Lyon in Gaul, of Bishop Justus, and of Bishop Anicius, confessor. At Fécamp, the dedication of the basilica of the Most Holy Trinity.\n\nOn the Ides of July, at Portus Romanus, the birthday of the saints Zotimus, Bonosus and their companions, and of the deacon Catholinus.\n\nOn the seventeenth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Helarinus, Macharius, and Dionysius.\n\nOn the sixteenth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of Aquilinus, Biturius, Generosus, and Nazarius. At Auxerre, of Bishop Theodosius.\n\nOn the fifteenth day before the Kalends of August, at Rome, the birthday of Symphorius, father of the seven brothers, and elsewhere of Bishop Flaba. On the fourteenth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of Sysinnius, Lampadius, Peter, Justus, and the priest Rusticus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"V Idus Julii","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'V Idus Julii' (3 July) lists four martyrs and then, separately, the deposition of an abbot at Poitiers, a pattern typical of this martyrology's combination of universal and local commemorations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Depositio Bassenæ abbatis","severity":"info","text":"'Depositio' here means the burial or death date of Abbot Bassenus, a local figure at Poitiers, not a martyr. The term distinguishes non-martyrial commemorations from 'Natale'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"In Fiscamno","severity":"info","text":"'Fiscamnum' is Fécamp in Normandy. The dedication of a basilica to the Most Holy Trinity there is a rare early witness to Trinitarian dedication, likely linked to the abbey founded in the 7th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Lugduui Galliae","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'Lugduui' is a scribal error for 'Lugduni' (Lyon). The entry for the Ides of July lists two bishops, Justus and Anicius, but the latter is called 'confessor', not martyr, which is consistent with Lyon's episcopal lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Symphorisi patris VII germanorum","severity":"info","text":"Symphorius is here called 'father of the seven brothers', a reference to the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus or a similar group. This entry shows conflation of Roman and Eastern hagiographic traditions in the Gallican martyrology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"XIV Kal. Augusti","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 19 July (XIV Kal. Aug.) lists Sysinnius, Lampadius, Peter, Justus, and Rusticus. These names appear in later martyrologies (e.g., Usuard) but with variant spellings, indicating textual drift in transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Leunis' (3 July) is uncertain; possibly a corruption of 'Leontius' or a local saint. 'Catholinus' (Ides of July) may be a title ('catholicus') rather than a personal name. The location 'Porto Romano' is ambiguous: it could be Portus Romae (Ostia) or a place in Gaul."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"XIII Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum Sabini, Lu. ciani, Victoris, Pauli, Romani, Valeriani.\n\nXII Kal. Augusii, Romae, sanctae Praxedis. Massilia, Natale sanctorum Victoris, Alexandri, Feliciani, Adriani.\n\nXI Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum Cyrilli, Andrei, Tabelli, Auri, Platonis.\n\nX Kal. Augusti, Romae, Natale sanctorum Vincenti... Apollinaris, Bimitivæ.\n\nIX Kal. Augusti, Natale sancti Victuriui militaris.... et sanctae Christinae virginis.\n\nVIII Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum Acinti, Nonui, Jacobi, Clemeniis et Juliani; et in..... Passio sancti Christophori martyris.\n\nVII Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum Joviniani, Marciani..... In Nicomedia, Passio sanctorum Adriani cum aliis numero XXIII.\n\nVI Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum Juliæ, Jocundæ, Januarii, Simeonis, et sancti Echeri episcopi.\n\nV Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum ' Theophili, Auxenti, Prudoti. Nicomedia, sancti Pantaleonis.","english":"On the thirteenth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Sabinus, Lucianus, Victor, Paulus, Romanus, Valerianus.\n\nOn the twelfth day before the Kalends of August, at Rome, of Saint Praxedis. At Massilia, the birthday of the saints Victor, Alexander, Felicianus, Hadrianus.\n\nOn the eleventh day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Cyrillus, Andreas, Tabellus, Aura, Plato.\n\nOn the tenth day before the Kalends of August, at Rome, the birthday of the saints Vincentius... Apollinaris, Bimitiva.\n\nOn the ninth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of Saint Victurinus the soldier... and of Saint Christina the virgin.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Acintus, Nonnus, Jacobus, Clemens and Julianus; and in..... the Passion of Saint Christophorus the martyr.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Jovinianus, Marcianus..... In Nicomedia, the Passion of the saints Hadrianus with others to the number of twenty-three.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Julia, Jocunda, Januarius, Simeon, and of Saint Echerius the bishop.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Theophilus, Auxentius, Prudotus. At Nicomedia, of Saint Pantaleon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XIII Kal. Augusti ... V Kal. Augusti","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists nine consecutive days (13–5 Kalends of August, i.e., 20–28 July) with martyrological entries, following the standard calendar format of the Martyrologium Gallicanum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bimitivæ","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'Bimitivæ' (X Kal. Aug.) is likely a scribal corruption or variant of 'Primitivus' or 'Bimitus'; the English draft renders it as 'Bimitiva', but the intended saint is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Massilia","severity":"info","text":"Massilia (modern Marseille) was a major early Christian center in Gaul; the entry for Victor, Alexander, Felicianus, and Hadrianus (XII Kal. Aug.) reflects local cults, possibly linked to the Massilian martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio sancti Christophori martyris","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Saint Christopher (VIII Kal. Aug.) is an early attestation of his cult in a Gallican martyrology, predating the widespread medieval legend of the Christ-bearer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Victuriui militaris","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'Victuriui militaris' (IX Kal. Aug.) is garbled; the English draft reads 'Victurinus the soldier', but the original may intend 'Victurius' or 'Victorinus', and the text is corrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Pantaleonis","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Pantaleon at Nicomedia (V Kal. Aug.) parallels his commemoration in the Hieronymian Martyrology (5 Kal. Aug.), indicating a shared source or tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["ogl-pl"]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Bimitivæ' and 'Victuriui' are textually corrupt; their correct forms are uncertain.","The lacunae (marked '.....') in the Latin obscure the full list of saints for several entries.","The location for the entry on VIII Kal. Augusti is missing ('in.....') before the Passion of Christopher."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"caution","code":"repetition-warn","text":"Automatic check flagged formulaic repetition. Coptic homiletic style repeats by design, so this records the pattern rather than correcting it."}]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"IV Kal. Augusti, Natale sanctorum Rufi, Pontiani. Trecas, sanctorum Lupi, Anastasiæ. Aurelianis civitate, Prosperi episcopi.\n\nIII Kal. Augusti, Romae, Felicis, Fausti, Viatricias. Autissiodoro, Depositio beati Ursi episcopi.\n\nPridie Kalendas Augusti, in Africa, SecunJi, Tyrsi..... Autissiodoro, Depositio sancti Germani episcopi et confessoris.\n\nAUGUSTUS.\n\nAugustus habet xxxi dies.\n\nKalendas Augusti, in Antiochia, Passio sanctorum Machabæorum cum matre. Vercellis civitale, in Italia, sancti Eusebii episcopi. In Spaniis, sancli Felicis.\n\nIV Nonas Augusti, Romæ, sancti Stephani pontificis. In Italia, Verona, civitate, Natale sancti Felicis.\n\nIII Nonas Augusti, Natalis Metropoli episcopi, Hermeli martypis, Drogenis. Hierosolyma, Inventio beatissimi protomartyris, Eufrosini episcopi.\n\nPridie Nonas Augusti, Criscentiani, Justi..... Bartholomæi.","english":"On the fourth day before the Kalends of August, the birthday of the saints Rufus, Pontianus. At Troyes, of the saints Lupus, Anastasia. At the city of Orléans, of Prosper the bishop.\n\nOn the third day before the Kalends of August, at Rome, of Felix, Faustus, Viatricias. At Auxerre, the deposition of the blessed Ursus the bishop.\n\nOn the day before the Kalends of August, in Africa, of Secundus, Tursus... At Auxerre, the deposition of Saint Germanus the bishop and confessor.\n\nAUGUST.\n\nAugust has 31 days.\n\nOn the Kalends of August, at Antioch, the passion of the holy Maccabees with their mother. At the city of Vercelli, in Italy, of Saint Eusebius the bishop. In the Spains, of Saint Felix.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Nones of August, at Rome, of Saint Stephen the pontiff. In Italy, at the city of Verona, the birthday of Saint Felix.\n\nOn the third day before the Nones of August, the birthday of Metropolus the bishop, of Hermelus the martyr, of Drogenis. At Jerusalem, the finding of the most blessed protomartyr, of Euphrosinus the bishop.\n\nOn the day before the Nones of August, of Crescentianus, Justus... of Bartholomew.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Augustus habet xxxi dies","severity":"info","text":"This formulaic line marks the transition from July to August, a standard calendrical note in martyrologies indicating the month's length.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Viatricias","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Viatricias' is likely a scribal corruption or variant; it may represent a misreading of a known saint's name, but no certain identification exists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio sanctorum Machabæorum cum matre","severity":"info","text":"The Maccabees and their mother (often named as Solomonia or Hannah) were venerated as Christian martyrs in Antioch, though their story originates in Jewish tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Inventio beatissimi protomartyris, Eufrosini episcopi","severity":"info","text":"The 'inventio' (finding) of the protomartyr Stephen is a major relic discovery; the association with Bishop Euphrosinus is unusual and may reflect local tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"SecunJi, Tyrsi.....","severity":"caution","text":"The names 'SecunJi' and 'Tyrsi' are corrupt; 'SecunJi' may be Secundus, and 'Tyrsi' may be Tursus or Thyrsus, but the text is damaged.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Pridie Nonas Augusti","severity":"info","text":"This entry for August 4 lists saints but omits a location for Bartholomew, possibly indicating a later addition or a lacuna in the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Viatricias' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of a known saint's name or a local variant.","The entry for 'Pridie Nonas Augusti' lacks a location for Bartholomew, suggesting possible textual loss or abbreviation.","The corrupt forms 'SecunJi' and 'Tyrsi' obscure the intended saints' names."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Nonas Augusti, Natale Hiereni, Assieradi. Agusta civitate, sanctae Afræ. Agusta, Cassiani episcopi. Catalauni, sancti Menni.\n\nVIII Idus Augusti, Romae, Xisti, Felicissimi et Alapiti, Donatiani, Faustini, et Passio sanctae Afræ.\n\nVII Idus Augusti, Natale sanctorum Effroni, Veneriae, Donti episcopi, Ausenti, Faustini, Quiriaci, Donati.\n\nVI Idus Augusti, Natale sanctorum Severiani, Victurioi, Albiui, Cyriaci, Largi, Metretæ virginis, Gloenedis.\n\nV Idus Augusti, in Oriente sanctorum Firmi, Rustici, Pinoni, Diunysii. Lemovicas, sancti Martini Brivensis.\n\nIV Idus Augusti. Passio sancti Laurentii archidiaconi, Felicissimi, Criscentionis, Januarii.\n\nIII Idus Augusti. Natale Valeriani, Tyburtii et Ceciliæ virginis, et Passio sancti Cassiani.\n\nPridie Idus Augusti, Natale sanctorum Eupli, Macharii, Juliani, Crisanti et Dariæ.\n\nIdus Augusti, Romæ, Yppoliti martyris, Pontiani. Pictavis civitate, Depositio sanctae Radegundis reginae.","english":"On the Nones of August, the birthday of Hierenus, Assieradus. At the city of Augusta, of Saint Afra. At Augusta, of Cassianus the bishop. At Châlons, of Saint Mennus.\n\nOn the eighth day before the Ides of August, at Rome, of Xistus, Felicissimus and Alapitus, Donatianus, Faustinus, and the Passion of Saint Afra.\n\nOn the seventh day before the Ides of August, the birthday of the saints Effronus, Veneria, Dontus the bishop, Ausentius, Faustinus, Quiriacus, Donatus.\n\nOn the sixth day before the Ides of August, the birthday of the saints Severianus, Victorius, Albinus, Cyriacus, Largus, Metreta the virgin, Gloenedis.\n\nOn the fifth day before the Ides of August, in the East, of the saints Firmus, Rusticus, Pinonus, Dionysius. At Limoges, of Saint Martin of Brive.\n\nOn the fourth day before the Ides of August, the Passion of Saint Lawrence the archdeacon, Felicissimus, Crescentio, Januarius.\n\nOn the third day before the Ides of August, the birthday of Valerianus, Tiburtius and Cecilia the virgin, and the Passion of Saint Cassianus.\n\nOn the day before the Ides of August, the birthday of the saints Euplus, Macharius, Julianus, Chrysanthus and Daria.\n\nOn the Ides of August, at Rome, of Hippolytus the martyr, Pontianus. At the city of Poitiers, the Deposition of Saint Radegund the queen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Nonas Augusti ... Idus Augusti","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows the standard martyrological format, listing feasts by Roman calendar dates from the Nones to the Ides of August, with locations and names of saints.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Natale","severity":"info","text":"In this context, 'Natale' means 'birthday' in the sense of a saint's heavenly birth, i.e., the day of their martyrdom or death, not their earthly birth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctae Afræ","severity":"info","text":"Saint Afra was a martyr of Augusta (modern Augsburg), venerated in the early church; her passion is noted twice, on the Nones and on the VIII Ides, possibly reflecting different traditions or a secondary feast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sancti Martini Brivensis","severity":"info","text":"Martin of Brive (Brivensis) is a local saint of Limoges, indicating the Gallican origin of this martyrology, which includes regional cults alongside universal ones.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Hiereni, Assieradi","severity":"caution","text":"The names 'Hierenus' and 'Assieradus' are obscure and may be corrupt or misidentified; they do not appear in standard hagiographical sources, suggesting possible scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio sancti Laurentii archidiaconi","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Saint Lawrence on the IV Ides of August aligns with his well-known feast on August 10, a date widely observed in Western martyrologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Hierenus' and 'Assieradus' are uncertain; they may be corrupt forms of known saints or local figures. 'Gloenedis' and 'Metreta' are also obscure. The dual mention of Saint Afra may reflect separate feasts or a duplication."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"XIX Kal. Septembris, Natale..... Fortunati, Dimetri, Vinceutiac, Tatuli.\n\nXVIII Kalend. Sept., Adsumtio sanctae Mariæ matris Domini, Stroctionis, Philippi, Eutiani.\n\nX Vii Kal. Sept., Natale sanctorum Horioni, Heneliæ, Agnati.","english":"On the nineteenth day before the Kalends of September, the birthday of Fortunatus, Dimetrius, Vincentius, Tatulus.\n\nOn the eighteenth day before the Kalends of September, the Assumption of holy Mary, mother of the Lord, of Stroctio, Philip, Eutianus.\n\nOn the seventeenth day before the Kalends of September, the birthday of the saints Horio, Henelia, Agnatus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XIX Kal. Septembris","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 14 August uses the Roman dating system 'XIX Kal. Septembris' (19th day before the Kalends of September). This is the first of three consecutive days in the martyrology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adsumtio sanctae Mariæ matris Domini","severity":"info","text":"'Adsumtio sanctae Mariæ matris Domini' (Assumption of holy Mary, mother of the Lord) is an early Latin witness to the feast of Mary's Assumption, here dated 15 August. The spelling 'Adsumtio' (for 'Assumptio') reflects late Latin orthography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"XVIII Kalend. Sept.","severity":"info","text":"The feast of the Assumption on 15 August was established in the Eastern Church by the 6th century and spread to the West. Its presence in this Gallican martyrology indicates early adoption in Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Stroctionis","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Stroctionis' (genitive) is obscure and may be a corruption. It could derive from a Greek or Latin personal name, but no known saint corresponds. The text likely suffered scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"X Vii Kal. Sept.","severity":"caution","text":"The date 'X Vii Kal. Sept.' (17th day before the Kalends of September = 16 August) is written with a space and Roman numeral 'Vii' (for VII). This irregular spacing may reflect a scribal insertion or correction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"Natale sanctorum Horioni, Heneliæ, Agnati","severity":"info","text":"The names 'Horioni, Heneliæ, Agnati' are not found in standard Roman martyrologies. They may represent local Gallican saints or corruptions of better-known names (e.g., 'Agnati' could be a variant of 'Agnitus' or 'Ignatius').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Stroctionis', 'Horioni', 'Heneliæ', and 'Agnati' are uncertain; they may be corruptions of known saints or local cults. The dating formula 'X Vii Kal. Sept.' is ambiguous due to irregular spacing."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}