{"slug":"tlg9006.tlg016","id":"greek:tlg9006.tlg016","title":"Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","author":"Gregory II, of Cyprus, Patriarch of Constantinople","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"greek","coverage":"none","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:35:51Z","cost_usd":0.046009},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:tlg9006.tlg016","work_id":"tlg9006.tlg016","edition":"first1k","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"},"stats":{"passages":104,"english_words":16131,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":579,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":152,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tlg9006.tlg016","abstract":"The Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio is a Greek rhetorical exercise by Gregory II of Cyprus, patriarch of Constantinople (1283–1289), composed as a response to a declamation by the fourth-century sophist Libanius. The work defends the Athenians against an implied accusation, likely the charge of impiety during the Peloponnesian War, drawing on Thucydides. It belongs to the genre of late antique school rhetoric, not theology or history. The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, with limited critical apparatus. Its reception is primarily as a specimen of Palaiologan rhetorical skill, not as a source for Byzantine theology or canon law.","historical_context":"Gregory II of Cyprus (born c. 1241, died 1289) served as patriarch of Constantinople from 1283 to 1289, a period of theological controversy over the Union of Lyons (1274). The declamatio likely dates to his earlier career as a teacher of rhetoric, before his elevation, probably in the late 13th century in Constantinople. The work responds to a declamation by Libanius (4th century CE), a prominent sophist of the late Roman Empire. The genre is a progymnasma or meletē, a school exercise in forensic oratory. The text survives in a single manuscript tradition; the source edition (first1k) is based on limited witnesses, and variant readings may exist in unexamined codices. The work was not widely cited in later Byzantine literature.","significance":"This declamatio illustrates the continuity of classical rhetorical education in the Palaiologan period, showing how a Byzantine patriarch engaged with a fourth-century pagan sophist. It provides insight into the rhetorical techniques and historical topoi used in late Byzantine schools, and its survival attests to the preservation of Libanius' works in Byzantine manuscript culture.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Libanius composes his declamation on the Athenians."},{"date":"c. 1241","event":"Gregory II of Cyprus is born."},{"date":"1283–1289","event":"Gregory II serves as patriarch of Constantinople."},{"date":"late 13th c.","event":"Gregory II likely composes the Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio as a rhetorical exercise."},{"date":"undated","event":"The text is transmitted in a single manuscript tradition."},{"date":"modern","event":"The work is edited in the first1k source edition based on limited witnesses."}],"relations":[{"work":"Libanius, Declamatio in Athenienses","relation":"response to","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War","relation":"source for historical details","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Gregory II of Cyprus, other works","relation":"part of his rhetorical corpus","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Progymnasmata of the Palaiologan period","relation":"genre","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Corpus of Byzantine declamations","relation":"related by genre","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of composition is uncertain; it is assigned to Gregory II's early career based on genre, but no direct evidence confirms this.","The text survives in a single manuscript tradition; variant readings may exist in unexamined codices.","The source edition (first1k) lacks a critical apparatus, limiting textual analysis."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000446,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:35:50Z"},"checks":{"work":"tlg9006.tlg016","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":104,"translated":104,"commentary_passages":104,"commentary_units":579,"english_words":16131,"source_letters":69068,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a rhetorical exercise (declamatio) responding to a declamation by Libanius, defending the Athenians. It belongs to the genre of late antique school rhetoric, not a historical or theological treatise.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II of Cyprus was patriarch of Constantinople from 1283 to 1289. The declamatio likely dates to his earlier career as a teacher of rhetoric, before his elevation to the patriarchate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text survives in a single manuscript tradition; the source edition (first1k) is based on a limited number of witnesses. Variant readings may exist in unexamined codices.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This declamatio was not widely cited in later Byzantine theology or canon law; its reception is primarily as a specimen of rhetorical skill within the Palaiologan period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or commentary on the rhetorical figures; readers must consult the original Greek for stylistic analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 104 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: first1k — CC BY-SA 4.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":104},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:tlg9006.tlg016":{"label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"οἱ Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο ὑπ’\n\nἈθηναίων πολιορκούμενοι, καὶ γράφονται\n\nἈθηναίους ἀσεβείας Κορίνθιοι. Ἀθηναῖοι\n\nἀπολογούμενοι.\n\nἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὅπερ ἡγούμεθα Κοριν-\n\nθίους ἐπᾶραι τοσαῦτ’ ἀναισχυντῆσαι καὶ οὕτω πολλῷ\n\nτῷ παραλόγῳ τῆς δημηγορίας χρήσασθαι καθ’ ἡμῶν,\n\nπρῶτον μὲν ἡ μηδέποτε ἀήθης αὐτοῖς ψευδολογία καὶ\n\nπρόχειρος καθ’ ὧν ἂν βούλωνται συκοφαντία καὶ λοι-\n\nδορία, δεύτερον δὲ καἰ τὸ παρ’ ὑμῖν δικασταῖς, οἳ τὴν\n\nαὐτὴν αὐτοῖς οἰκεῖτε Πελοπόννησον, ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς\n\nλόγους. τούς τε γὰρ ἀεὶ μαθόντας προτιμᾶν ἄλλο τι\n\nτῆς ἀληθείας ἐν ἀγῶνι τοιούτῳ καθισταμένους ἐν ᾧ\n\nμάλιστα καιρόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἔχον τὸ ψεῦδος οὐ ῥᾴδιον\n\nπαντάπασι τοῦ μαθήματος ἀμελεῖν, τούς γε μὴν τοῖς\n\nδικάζουσιν ὡς οἰκείοις οὖσι θαρροῦντας, ὡς καὶ πᾶν\n\nὁτιοῦν ψευδομἕνους ἀνεξελέγκτους οἴεσθαι μεῖναι, μὴ\n\nπολλὰ θρασύνεσθαι καὶ παράλογα οὐκ εἰκός.\n\nοὐ\n\nμὴν ἀλλ’ εἰ μὲν ἑωρῶμεν ὑμᾶς διατεθειμένους καθά-\n\n20 περ ἐδόξατε Κορινθίοις πρὸ τοῦ δημηγορεῖν ἀνιέναι,","english":"The Potidaeans, besieged by the Athenians, tasted each other, and the Corinthians charge the Athenians with impiety. The Athenians defend themselves.\n\nMen of Lacedaemon, what we supposed the Corinthians would do—to be so shameless and to employ such great paradox in their speech against us—first, their never unaccustomed falsehood and ready sycophancy and slander against whomever they wish, and second, the fact that they make their speeches before you as judges, who inhabit the same Peloponnese as they do. For those who have always learned to prefer something else to the truth, when placed in a contest where they have the greatest opportunity for falsehood, it is not easy for them to entirely neglect that lesson; and those who, trusting the judges as being their own people, think that even if they utter any falsehood they will remain unrefuted, it is not unlikely that they will be bold and paradoxical in many ways.\n\nNevertheless, if we saw you disposed just as you seemed to the Corinthians before they rose to speak,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"οἱ Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans, besieged by Athens in 432–430 BCE, were said to have resorted to cannibalism. This detail is drawn from Thucydides (2.70) and is used here as the basis for the Corinthians' charge of impiety.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι","severity":"info","text":"The address to the Spartans as judges marks the opening of the Athenian defense speech, framing the Corinthians as accusers before a Peloponnesian audience.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"συκοφαντία","severity":"info","text":"Sykophantia denotes malicious prosecution or false accusation, a standard rhetorical charge in Athenian lawcourts. Here it is applied to the Corinthians' behavior.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ παρ’ ὑμῖν δικασταῖς, οἳ τὴν αὐτὴν αὐτοῖς οἰκεῖτε Πελοπόννησον","severity":"info","text":"The Athenians argue that the Corinthians exploit the shared Peloponnesian identity of the judges, a topos of partiality found in other Greek rhetorical exercises.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ μὴν ἀλλ’","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'οὐ μὴν ἀλλ’' introduces a concessive or adversative clause. The English draft renders it as 'Nevertheless', but the Greek syntax is elliptical and the exact logical force is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο' could be read literally as 'tasted each other' (cannibalism) or metaphorically; the context supports the literal sense as the basis for the impiety charge.","The text breaks off mid-sentence at line 20; the continuation is lost or the passage is incomplete in the source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"τὸ δὲ ἦν ταῖς σφῶν ἡδοναῖς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐπιτρέψαι\n\nL = Codex Leidensis Gr. F. 49\n\nV = Vaticanus gr. 933\n\nSchm = editio Schmidtiana.\n\n1 ποτιδαιάται LV ut constanter 5 Κορινθίοις V\n\n12 τί L ut constanter\n\nἐπαινοῦντας μὲν ἅπανθ’ ἐξῆς ὅσα εἰρήκασι, μηδὲν δὲ\n\nτῆς ἀληθείας φροντίζοντας, οὐδὲν ἂν πλέον εἰπόντες\n\nμηδὲ πολυπραγμονήσαντες ᾠχόμεθα τὴν ἐπ’ Ἀθήνας.\n\nτί γὰρ ἂν ἦν ὄφελος λέγειν ἢ ὅλως τι πραγματεύεσθαι\n\nπαρὰ δικασταῖς, ἐχθροῖς μὲν εὐλαβοῦμαι λέγειν μηδὲ\n\nἄλλου του ἀκούσαιμι λέγοντος, τὰ πάντα δὲ κατ’ ἐπι-\n\nθυμίαν οὖσι τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἐχθροῖς; νυνὶ δ’ ὁρῶντες\n\nπροθύμους ὑμᾶς ἔργον ἀνδρῶν ὀρθότατα δικαζόντων\n\nπληρῶσαι καὶ ἀκοῦσαι μὲν καὶ ἡμῶν λόγον διδόντων,\n\nδιατεθῆναι δὲ καὶ τὰς γνώμας ἴσους ἀμφοτέροις, φιλίαν\n\nδὲ καὶ οἰκειότητα τὴν πρὸς Κορινθίους καὶ διαφοράν,\n\nεἴ τίς ἐστι πρὸς ἡμᾶς, τό γε νῦν εἷναι πόρρω στῆσαι\n\nτῶν λογισμῶν, ἔνα καὶ ἀμφοῖν τοῖς μέρεσιν ὀρθῶς\n\nκαὶ προσηκόντως δικάζητε καὶ μηδέ τις ἐντεῦθεν λύμη","english":"But that was to entrust yourselves to your own pleasures. Praising everything they said in order, but caring nothing for the truth, we would have departed for Athens having said nothing more and having made no further inquiry. For what benefit would there be in speaking or in undertaking any matter at all before judges who, I am reluctant to call enemies—and may I hear no one else say so—are in all things according to the desire of our enemies? But now, seeing you eager to fulfill the most upright duty of men judging, and to hear us as well giving our account, and to have your judgments disposed equally toward both, and to set friendship and closeness with the Corinthians, and any difference there may be toward us, far from your considerations at this moment, so that you may judge rightly and fittingly for both parties, and that no harm may come from this.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ δὲ ἦν ταῖς σφῶν ἡδοναῖς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐπιτρέψαι","severity":"info","text":"The opening clause summarizes the Athenian accusation that the Lacedaemonian judges would act on pleasure rather than justice, setting up the contrast with their present impartiality.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νυνὶ δ’ ὁρῶντες","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'νυνὶ δ’' marks a rhetorical shift from a hypothetical negative scenario to the present positive situation, a common device in forensic oratory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πολυπραγμονήσαντες","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'πολυπραγμονέω' often carries a negative connotation of meddling or excessive curiosity; here the Athenians deny having engaged in such behavior.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"παρὰ δικασταῖς","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'judges' (δικασταῖς) reflects the Spartan judicial body, likely the Gerousia or the ephors, before whom this speech is imagined to be delivered.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"μηδέ τις ἐντεῦθεν λύμη","severity":"caution","text":"The final phrase 'μηδέ τις ἐντεῦθεν λύμη' is textually uncertain; the word 'λύμη' (harm) is rare and may be a scribal error or a variant reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the judges (δικασταῖς) is not specified; they are likely Lacedaemonian authorities but the exact body is unclear.","The phrase 'μηδέ τις ἐντεῦθεν λύμη' is ambiguous due to the rare word 'λύμη' and possible textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"τῷ δικαίῳ ἐπισυμβαίνῃ, ὅ δὴ καὶ πάντες νομοθέται\n\nτιμῶντες ἐπὶ τούτῳ τοὺς δικαστὰς ὁρκοῦντές εἰσιν,\n\nἀνέστημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐροῦντες ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν.\n\nπλὴν οὐχ\n\nὥσπερ Κορίνθιοι καὶ ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰς κατ’ αὐτῶν λοι-\n\nδορίας ἐμβαλοῦμεν αὐτίκα οὔτ’ αὖ φιλίας ἀρχαίας καὶ\n\nσυνηθείας ὑμᾶς ἀναμνήσομεν καὶ ὧς μετ’ ἀλλήλων\n\nσυστάντες ποτὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὑπήρξαμεν ἐν καιρῷ οὐδ’\n\nεὐεργεσίας ἡμῶν καταλέξομεν, ἃς πολλὰς οὐ χωρὶς\n\nκινδύνων καὶ κοινῶς κατεθέμεθα τοῖς πᾶσι καὶ ἰδία\n\nτοῖς ἀεὶ δεομένοις. οὔτε γὰρ εὐπρεπὲς καὶ ἄλλως\n\nἰσχύοντας περιεῖναι τῶν ἀντιτεταγμένων λοιδορουμέ-\n\nνοῦς αὐτοῖς ἐπιέναι καὶ τό γε κατορθωμάτων ποιεῖσθαι\n\nκατάλογον ἃ μηδὲν τοῖς παροῦσι καθήκει σαθρά τις\n\nἂν εἴη φιλοτιμία καὶ ἐπίδειξις ἄκαιρος, καὶ μάλιστα\n\n3 μὴ δὲ V ut constanter 12 τ’ ὁ scripsi τῶ LV Schm\n\ncf. t. IV 391,24 17 αὐτοὶ reposui e LV αὐτοῦ\n\n20 συνηθείας reposui e LV συνήθεις Schm\n\nἡνίκα καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα μὰ δῆλον αὐτόθεν ἐστὶ καί τινος","english":"to justice, which indeed all lawgivers honor by swearing in judges for this purpose, we ourselves rose to speak on our behalf.\n\nBut we will not, as the Corinthians did, immediately launch into reproaches against them, nor will we remind you of ancient friendship and familiarity, nor of how we once stood together and took the lead among the Greeks in time of need, nor will we recount our benefactions, which we have laid down in common for all, not without dangers, and individually for those ever in need. For it is not seemly, and besides, when we are strong enough to prevail over our opponents, to attack them with abuse and to make a catalogue of achievements that have no bearing on the present matter—that would be a hollow ambition and an untimely display, especially since the matter is clear in itself and of some","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τῷ δικαίῳ ἐπισυμβαίνῃ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'to justice' picks up the preceding passage's contrast between truth and pleasure, asserting that the speakers now align with justice, a standard invoked by lawgivers in judicial oaths.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"λοιδορίας","severity":"info","text":"λοιδορίας ('reproaches' or 'abuse') is a rhetorical term for invective; the speaker distances himself from the Corinthians' tactic, aligning with classical rhetorical decorum that avoids ad hominem attacks.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κορίνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are the opponents in this declamation, likely representing a rival city-state in a forensic context; the reference to their use of abuse reflects a standard rhetorical contrast between noble and base argumentation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"πλὴν οὐχ","severity":"info","text":"The adversative 'πλὴν οὐχ' ('but not') marks a rhetorical praeteritio: the speaker lists what he will not do (reproach, remind of friendship, recount benefactions), thereby implicitly invoking these topics while disavowing them.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"μὰ δῆλον αὐτόθεν ἐστὶ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'μὰ δῆλον αὐτόθεν ἐστὶ' ('the matter is clear in itself') is textually uncertain; the apparatus notes a variant reading, and the sense may be that the case is self-evident, but the exact wording is contested.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'μὰ δῆλον' may be a corruption or variant; the edition notes a textual crux at this point, and the reading adopted here follows the manuscript tradition that yields 'clear in itself'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"δεῖται λόγου ἔξωθεν μαρτυρήσοντος οὐδαμῶς.\n\nἢ τίς\n\nἸωνίαν οὐκ οἶδεν ἀποικίαν καὶ αὐτὴν ἡμετέραν οὖσαν\n\nκαὶ μέρος τῆς ὑπὲρ ἀπάντων Ἀθηναίων προνοίας\n\nκαλῶς ὑπ’ αὐτῶν πολισθεῖσαν τὴν πᾶσαν, ἵν ὁ ἐν-\n\nταῦθα τῆς Εὐρώπης χῶρος ὧς ἐκ μεγάλου διαστήματος\n\nβαρβάροις ἀνεπίβατος μένῃ; τίς ἑτέρωθεν Σικελίαν\n\nαὐτήν; τίς τοὺς ἐν Μαραθῶνι κινδύνους, τοὺς ἐπ’\n\nἈρτεμισίῳ καὶ Σαλαμῖνι καὶ Πλαταιᾶσιν, ἔνθα σὺν\n\nὑμῖν Μαρδονίου τὰς πολλὰς διεφθείραμεν μυριάδας,\n\nτοὺς ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὅτε τῶν εἱλώτων\n\nἐπαναστάντων ἔσχατος κινδύνων τὴν Λακεδαίμονα\n\nπεριέστη, τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων; τίς ταῦτα πάντα\n\nὑμῶν ἀγνοεῖ; καὶ τί δεῖ μακρηγορεῖν ὑπομιμνήσκοντας\n\nὑμᾶς φερούσης καὶ ταῦτα τῆς ὑπομνήσεως ἐν τῷ νῦν\n\nἀγῶνι πλέον οὐδὲν εἰς ἡμᾶς;\n\nοὔκουν ἡμεῖς γε περὶ\n\nτῶνδ’ ἐθελήσομεν λέγειν, ἀλλ’ ἀποχωρήσαντες σπουδῇ,\n\nὑπερβάντες δὲ ἄμα καὶ τὰ καθ’ ἡμῶν πολλὰ καὶ νη-\n\nπιώδη Κορινθίων διελέγχειν ἐγκλήματα ὡς οὐδ’ ὑμῶν\n\nπερὶ τῶν οὕτω γελοίων λόγον ἀπαιτησόντων οὐδένα,","english":"requires no external testimony to prove it.\n\nFor who does not know that Ionia is a colony and also ours, and a part of the universal providence of the Athenians, well governed by them in its entirety, so that this region of Europe might remain inaccessible to barbarians from a great distance? Who does not know Sicily itself from another perspective? Who does not know the dangers at Marathon, at Artemisium, at Salamis, and at Plataea, where together with you we destroyed the many myriads of Mardonius, the dangers on your behalf, Lacedaemonians, when after the revolt of the helots the utmost dangers surrounded Lacedaemon, the dangers on behalf of the others? Who is ignorant of all these things? And why should we speak at length, reminding you, when even this reminder in the present contest brings us no further advantage?\n\nTherefore we will not choose to speak about these matters, but withdrawing with haste, and also passing over the many and childish accusations of the Corinthians against us, as if you would not demand any account of such ridiculous things,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"δεῖται λόγου ἔξωθεν μαρτυρήσοντος οὐδαμῶς","severity":"info","text":"The speaker asserts that the Athenian benefactions are so well-known that they require no external testimony. This rhetorical claim underscores the self-evident nature of Athens' deeds.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἰωνίαν ... ἀποικίαν","severity":"info","text":"Ionia was a region on the coast of Asia Minor colonized by Athens and other Greek city-states. The claim that Ionia is an Athenian colony reflects a common historical tradition, though the colonization was complex and involved multiple Ionian cities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"τοὺς ἐν Μαραθῶνι κινδύνους, τοὺς ἐπ’ Ἀρτεμισίῳ καὶ Σαλαμῖνι καὶ Πλαταιᾶσιν","severity":"info","text":"These are key battles of the Greco-Persian Wars: Marathon (490 BCE), Artemisium (480 BCE), Salamis (480 BCE), and Plataea (479 BCE). The speaker invokes them as shared Athenian-Spartan victories against the Persians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"τῶν εἱλώτων ἐπαναστάντων","severity":"info","text":"The helots were a subjugated population in Laconia and Messenia. Their revolt likely refers to the Third Messenian War (c. 464–460 BCE), when Athens aided Sparta, a fact the speaker uses to highlight Athenian support.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὔκουν ἡμεῖς γε περὶ τῶνδ’ ἐθελήσομεν λέγειν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker abruptly shifts from listing Athenian achievements to declaring they will not dwell on them. This rhetorical move (praeteritio) emphasizes the deeds while claiming to pass over them.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"φερούσης","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek word φερούσης is likely a scribal error or variant; the expected form is φερούσης (present participle of φέρω) but the sense is unclear. The English draft interprets it as 'brings' (φέρει), but the text may be corrupt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'φερούσης' is ambiguous; it may be a misspelling or a rare form. The reading taken follows the English draft's interpretation as 'brings'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"μὴ γὰρ ἂν πρέπειν Λακεδαιμονίους ὄντας ἄρχειν τε\n\nκαὶ αὐτοὺς ἀξιοῦντας ὁμοίως ἡμῖν τῶν Ἑλλήνων περὶ\n\nπόλεως ἡγεμονίδος τοιαῦτ’ ἐγκλήματα δέχεσθαι, ἐπὶ\n\nτὰ καίρια μάλιστα τῆς κατηγορίας καὶ γενναῖα καθ’\n\nἡμῶν δοκοῦντα τὸν λόγον τρεψόμεθα.\n\n1 Argum. Dem. Boeot. p. 994, 18 8 Thuc. I 73, 3\n\n11 Thuc. I 102 14 Thuc. I 68, 3\n\n5 τὴν πᾶσαν in marg L 2 9 πλαταιάσιν LV 14 ὑμῶν\n\nscripsi ἡμῶν LV Schm | τί om VL inser Schm 16 ἡμᾶς\n\nω ω\n\nscripsi e V ὑμᾶς L Schm 25 τ(??)ν λόγον V\n\n6. Ἀσέβειαν προφέρουσιν ἡμῖν Κορίνθιοι, ἀσέ-\n\nβειαν, 60 ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, πρᾶγμα ὅπερ ἐς δεῦρο\n\nοὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐφάνη τις ἐξενεγκὼν καθ’ ἡμῶν, ἀλλ’\n\nοὐδὲ διανοηθείς, καὶ βαρεῖς εἰσιν, ὧς ὁρᾶτε, νῦν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς\n\nπειρ·αθέντες καὶ ταῦτα Ἀθηναίων, εἰ μὴ χρηστῶν ἀεὶ\n\nκαὶ φιλανθρώπων, ὅμως τοιούτων οὐδέποτε ἐπ’ αὐτούς.\n\nἥτις δὲ πρόφασις κεκίνηκεν ὥστ’ ἐπὶ ταῦθ’ ὁρμῆσαι,\n\nεἰ μὲν ἄλλο τι ὄν κρύπτουσιν αὐτοί, σαφῶς λέγειν\n\nοὐκ ἴσμεν, ὅ δ’ οὖν φασι καὶ ὑμεῖς ἠκούσατε λεγόν-","english":"For it would not be fitting that Lacedaemonians, who claim to rule over the Greeks just as we do, should accept such accusations concerning a city that is a leader, and so we shall turn our argument to the most critical and noble points of the accusation that seem to be directed against us.\n\n6. The Corinthians bring a charge of impiety against us—impiety, O Lacedaemonians, a matter which until now not only has no one ever brought against us, nor even conceived of, and they are harsh, as you see, now that they have made the attempt, and this from the Athenians, who, if not always good and humane, yet have never been such toward them. As for what pretext has moved them to set out upon this course, if it is something else that they themselves conceal, we do not clearly know; but what they say, and what you have heard them say,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Λακεδαιμονίους","severity":"info","text":"The Lacedaemonians (Spartans) are the audience of this declamation, which responds to a speech by Libanius. The rhetorical setting imagines a debate over Athenian leadership of the Greeks.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἡγεμονίδος","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ἡγεμονίδος' (hegemonidos) here means 'leading city' or 'hegemonic city,' referring to Athens' claim to leadership among Greek states, a central theme in the declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"6. Ἀσέβειαν προφέρουσιν","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new section (numbered 6) introduced by the charge of impiety (ἀσέβειαν) brought by the Corinthians, marking a shift in the argument to rebut specific accusations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Κορίνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are traditional rivals of Athens in the Peloponnesian War period; their accusation of impiety here reflects historical tensions over Athenian actions, such as the treatment of allies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἡμῶν","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript tradition shows variation between 'ἡμῶν' (us) and 'ὑμῶν' (you) at line 14; the editor has emended to 'ἡμῶν' based on context, but the reading is not certain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Libanius","severity":"info","text":"This declamation is a response (antilogia) to a declamation by Libanius, the fourth-century sophist. Gregory II of Cyprus reuses the rhetorical form to defend Athens against charges of impiety.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise pretext for the Corinthians' charge of impiety is not stated; the speaker admits uncertainty ('εἰ μὲν ἄλλο τι ὄν κρύπτουσιν αὐτοί, σαφῶς λέγειν οὐκ ἴσμεν').","The manuscript reading at line 14 (ἡμῶν vs. ὑμῶν) is contested; the editor's choice affects whether the accusation is directed 'against us' or 'against you.'"],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"των, Ποτίδαια, ὅτι ταύτην πολεμίαν οὖσαν παρεστη-\n\nσάμεθα, καὶ Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων γευόμενοι. τοῦτο δὲ\n\nτι ποτέ ἐστι καὶ ὅπως συνηνέχθη καὶ τίς ἀρχῆθεν\n\nαἰτία τῷδε συμβῆναι, λέγωμεν ἤδη. εἰ δὲ μικρὸν ἀνα-\n\nγαγόντες ἐροῦμεν, οὐκ ἔξω τοῦτο καιροῦ. γένοιτο γὰρ\n\nἂν ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ὑμῖν καλῶς ἀκροασαμένοις ἀγνοεῖν\n\nπερὶ μηδενὸς καὶ ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τὴν πρέπουσαν λαμ\n\nβάνειν ἀρχήν.\n\n7. Ποτίδαιαν τὴν ὑπὸ Παλλήνην, τὸ Θρᾳκικὸν\n\nὄρος, ἴστε που πάντες. ἄποικοι Κορινθίων ἔχουσι ταύ-\n\nτην. οὕτω Κορίνθιοί φασι καὶ συμφωνοῦμεν ἡμεῖς καὶ\n\nἐθέλει περὶ τούτου οὐδεὶς ἀπιστεῖν. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ ἡ\n\nπόλις ἥδε μεγάλως σεμνυνομένη ἐκ τοῦ λέγεσθαι Κο-\n\nρινθίων ἠγάπα τό τε γένος ἐκεῖσε ἀεὶ ἀναφέρειν τούς\n\nτε δημιουργοὺς καὶ μάλα ἀσμένως δέχεσθαι ἥκοντας\n\nἐκεῖθεν καὶ ὅ τι προσέταττον ὧς ἑτοιμότατα κατακούειν\n\n24 οὕτω Κορίνθιοι τοὺς ἐκπεμπομένους ἄρχοντας εἰς τὰς\n\nαὐτῶν ἀποικίας ὠνόμαζον LV 2 cf. ad p. 13,12; 56,12\n\n7 ὥστ’ om L sed γρ ὥστ’ in marg m 2 13 λέγωμεν scripsi","english":"matters. Potidaea, because we subdued it when it was hostile, and the Potidaeans feasting on each other. What this is, how it came about, and what the original cause of this event was, let us now state. And if we speak after going back a little, this will not be out of place. For from this it would be possible for you, having listened well, to be ignorant of nothing, and for our speech to take the proper beginning.\n\n7. Potidaea, beneath Pallene, the Thracian mountain, you all know, I suppose. Colonists of the Corinthians hold this city. So the Corinthians say, and we agree, and no one wishes to disbelieve this. Therefore this city, greatly priding itself on being called Corinthian, was content always to refer its lineage there, and to receive artisans from there most gladly, and to obey whatever they ordered most readily. Thus the Corinthians named the rulers sent out to their colonies.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτίδαια","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony on the Pallene peninsula in Chalcidice, a flashpoint for tensions between Athens and Corinth before the Peloponnesian War.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων γευόμενοι","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Potidaeans feasting on each other' is obscure; it may refer to cannibalism during a siege or be a rhetorical exaggeration. The text is likely corrupt or metaphorical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰ δὲ μικρὸν ἀναγαγόντες ἐροῦμεν","severity":"info","text":"This signals a narrative digression to provide background, a common rhetorical device in declamations to establish context before refuting accusations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Παλλήνην","severity":"info","text":"Pallene is the westernmost peninsula of Chalcidice, often called Phlegra in mythology; the 'Thracian mountain' likely refers to Mount Athos or a nearby range.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ἄποικοι Κορινθίων","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Potidaea was a Corinthian colony is standard in ancient sources (e.g., Thucydides 1.56) and is accepted here to build the rhetorical case.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτω Κορίνθιοι τοὺς ἐκπεμπομένους ἄρχοντας","severity":"caution","text":"The final sentence is incomplete in the Greek; the apparatus notes a variant reading, suggesting textual uncertainty at the passage's end.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'feasting on each other' is ambiguous: it may be literal (cannibalism) or figurative (mutual destruction). The text may be corrupt here.","The final sentence is truncated; the intended completion is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"λέγομεν LV Schm 15 ἂν inserui e LV om Schm | καλῶς\n\ninserui e LV om Schm 21 τούτου scripsi e LV τούτων\n\nSchm 23 τε ante τό τε inser Schm delevi 25 ὃ τι scripsi\n\nὅτι LV Schm\n\nκαὶ εἶναι μὲν ταύτην αὐτοῖς φιλοτιμιῶν τὴν με-\n\nγίστην, ἀρκεῖν δὲ καὶ ἀντὶ πάντων οἷς ἄνθρωποι\n\nμέγα φρονοῦσι τὴν μητρόπολιν Κόρινθον.\n\nἀλλ’\n\nεἰ μὲν ἐν ἅπαντι τῷ χρόνῳ διέσωζον ταυτηνὶ Πο-\n\nτιδαιᾶται τὴν γνώμην, εἶχε μὲν ἂν τοῦτο κλέος οὐ\n\nμικρὸν Κορινθίοις, εἶχε δὲ καὶ Ποτιδαιάταις αὐτοῖς\n\nἐπ’ εὐγνωμοσύνῃ οὐ μεῖόν τι καύχημα· νυνὶ δὲ\n\nστέρξαντες ἐπὶ χρόνοις οὐ συχνοῖς τὸ ῥηθὲν ἀγα-\n\nπῶσιν ὡς τάχιστα τὴν μεταβολὴν καὶ τοὺς λάβρως\n\nἐσθίοντας μιμησάμενοι εἰς ἀηδίαν τὸ παραυτίκα ἐνέ-\n\nπεσον καὶ ἀφίστανται μὲν Κορινθίων, ἀποπέμπουσι δὲ\n\nκαὶ τοὺς δημιουργοὺς μεθ’ ὧν ἧκον ἔχοντες προσταγ-\n\nμάτων, ἀπελαύνουσι δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους οἱ παρῆσαν\n\nἐκ Πελοποννήσου, καὶ καθ’ ἑαυτοὺς γενόμενοι οὐκ\n\nἔστιν ὅντινα καὶ προσίεντο.\n\nκαὶ ὅπως οὐ παραχρῆμα","english":"We say that this is the greatest of their ambitions, and that it suffices in place of all things of which men are proud, the mother city Corinth. But if the Potidaeans had preserved this opinion throughout all time, this would have been no small glory for the Corinthians, and also for the Potidaeans themselves a boast not less in gratitude. But as it is, having cherished the said affection for not a few years, they quickly embrace change and, imitating those who eat voraciously, they immediately fell into disgust, and they revolt from the Corinthians, and they also send away the craftsmen with whom they had come, holding their commands, and they drive out the others who were present from the Peloponnese, and having become independent, they admit no one. And how not immediately","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"φιλοτιμιῶν","severity":"info","text":"The noun φιλοτιμία here denotes 'ambition' or 'love of honor,' a key civic virtue in Greek rhetorical contexts, often linked to competitive display of loyalty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"δημιουργοὺς","severity":"info","text":"δημιουργοί here refers to 'craftsmen' or 'artisans,' but in a Corinthian colonial context it may also imply officials sent to administer the colony, as the term can denote public workers or magistrates.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"μητρόπολιν Κόρινθον","severity":"info","text":"Corinth was the mother city (μητρόπολις) of Potidaea, a colony founded ca. 600 BCE. The relationship involved religious, cultural, and political ties, often invoked in rhetorical arguments about loyalty and revolt.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History 1.56-65"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"τοὺς λάβρως ἐσθίοντας μιμησάμενοι","severity":"info","text":"The image of those who 'eat voraciously' and then fall into disgust is a rhetorical trope for sudden satiety and change of heart, paralleling descriptions of political inconstancy in Greek moralizing literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νυνὶ δέ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase νυνὶ δέ ('but as it is') marks a rhetorical contrast between a hypothetical ideal and the actual outcome, a common device in declamations to heighten the pathos of the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐκ ἔστιν ὅντινα καὶ προσίεντο","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek construction is elliptical: literally 'there is no one whom they admit.' The English draft 'they admit no one' is a reasonable paraphrase, but the original may imply a stronger sense of rejection or exclusion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τοὺς λάβρως ἐσθίοντας' could be interpreted as a specific historical allusion to cannibalism at Potidaea (as mentioned in the previous passage), but here it is used metaphorically for greedy or hasty behavior.","The identity of 'τοὺς δημιουργοὺς' is ambiguous: they may be craftsmen, colonial magistrates, or both, depending on the context of Corinthian colonial administration."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"τότε ἢ μεθύστερον ἐπιόντες Κορίνθιοι ἢ ἔπεισαν αὖθις\n\nπρὸς αὐτοὺς μεταθέσθαι ἢ μὴ πεισθέντας ἀπώλεσαν,\n\nοὔθ’ ἡμεῖς ἔχομεν λέγειν οὔτ’ αὐτοί φασιν ἔχειν. πλὴν\n\nοὕτως ἀπορραγέντες ἐπὶ πολλοῖς τοῖς ὕστερον χρόνοις\n\nἔβλεπον πρὸς οὐδένας, ἴσως ὅτι τῶν ἔξωθεν ἔθραττεν\n\nοὐδὲν οὐδαμῶς ἐπιτιθέμενον ἢ καὶ βιάζον, ὥστε τινὰς\n\nὑπελθεῖν τῶν κρειττόνων καὶ παρ’ ἐκείνων ἰσχὺν\n\nλαμβάνειν, εἴ τι καὶ παραλυποίη, ἀποσοβεῖν δύνα-\n\nσθαι.\n\nκαὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἴως οὔπω καὶ τούτοις ἴδει\n\nκινηθῆναι τὰ πράγματα, ἐπεὶ δ᾿ ἐκινήθη καὶ ἀντέ-\n\nπέσε παρ’ ἐλπίδα καὶ ἥψατο καὶ τῶνδε μεταβολὴ\n\nὥσπερ πάντων τῶν ἀνθρωπείων, καὶ ἰσχυροὶ μὲν οἶ\n\nκύκλῳ Θρᾷκες, ἥττους δὲ οὗτοι προσδοκῶντες καὶ\n\n4 ἐν scripsi e LV ἐφ’ Schm 10 τὸ παραυτίκα V sed αυ\n\nin ras m 2 11 δὲ inserui e LV om Schm 27 ἀνθρωπείων\n\nscripsi e LV ἀνθρωπίνων Schm 28 καὶ cancellavit Schm\n\nὅσον οὔπω τὰ ἔσχατα πείσεσθαι οὐκ οὔσης δυνάμεως\n\nἀνταρκεῖν οὐδ’ ἐπικουρίας ὅθεν δήποτε οὐδέ τινος","english":"Then or later, the Corinthians, either by attacking or by persuading them to change sides again, destroyed them when they were not persuaded. Neither we have anything to say, nor do they themselves claim to have anything. Nevertheless, having broken away in this manner, for many subsequent times they looked to no one, perhaps because nothing from outside was troubling them, nothing at all attacking or even forcing them, so that some might have recourse to the stronger and receive strength from them, so as to be able to repel any annoyance, if any occurred.\n\nAnd these things were so until the situation was not yet set in motion by these events. But when it was set in motion and unexpectedly turned out contrary to expectation and affected even these, as is the case with all human affairs, and the Thracians around them were strong, while these were weaker, expecting to suffer the worst at any moment, since there was no power sufficient to resist, nor any assistance from anywhere, nor any","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπορραγέντες","severity":"info","text":"The participle ἀπορραγέντες (from ἀπορρήγνυμι, 'to break off') indicates a definitive severance of the Potidaeans from Corinth, not merely a temporary rift.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"κρειττόνων","severity":"info","text":"κρειττόνων (comparative of κρατύω) here means 'the stronger' in a political-military sense, likely referring to Athens or other major powers, not a moral superiority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Θρᾷκες","severity":"info","text":"The Thracians are mentioned as a neighboring threat to Potidaea; historically, Thracian tribes were often allied with or against Greek city-states in the northern Aegean.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἴως οὔπω","severity":"info","text":"This clause marks a structural pivot: the narrative shifts from describing the Potidaeans' isolation to the onset of a crisis that upends their situation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀνθρωπείων","severity":"info","text":"The edition notes a textual variant: ἀνθρωπείων (from LV) vs. ἀνθρωπίνων (Schm). The former is adopted here, meaning 'human affairs' with a slightly more archaic form.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπιόντες","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἐπιόντες could mean 'attacking' or 'coming upon'; the English draft opts for 'attacking', but the sense of a sudden approach is also possible, affecting the interpretation of Corinthian action.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἢ μεθύστερον ἐπιόντες' is ambiguous: it may mean 'then or later, by attacking' or 'then or later, by coming upon'. The reading taken follows the draft's 'attacking'.","The clause 'ἴως οὔπω' is ambiguous: it could mean 'until not yet' or 'so long as not yet'; the translation 'until the situation was not yet set in motion' is adopted."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"χρηστοτέρας ἐλπίδος τί ποιοῦσι; τολμῶσιν ἔργον ὁ δὴ\n\nκαὶ τότε σωφρονοῦντας ἴσχυσε σῶσαι καὶ νεωτερίσαν-\n\nτας νῦν ἀπολέσαν ἔχει. εἰς γὰρ τὰς Ἀθήνας ἥκοντες,\n\nκαί γε μηδεὶς ἐνταῦθα Κορινθίους ἀληθεύειν οἰέσθω\n\nδιατεινομένους ὧς ἄρ ἡμεῖς ἦμεν ἀπάτῃ μετιόντες\n\nαὐτούς, οὔτε γάρ, μὰ τοὺς θεούς, ἀπατῶντες οὔτ\n\nἄλλως πείθοντες ἠβουλήθημεν πρὸς ἡμᾶς μεταθέσθαι,\n\nἀλλ’ εἰς Ἀθήνας ἐλθόντες μηδενὸς ἑτέρου κινήσαντος\n\nὅτι μὴ αὐτοὶ ἑαυτοὺς καὶ παρελθόντες εἰς βουλευτήριον\n\nἐνεχείριζον σφᾶς αὐτούς.\n\nδεήσεις δὲ παραλείπομεν\n\nλέγειν ὂν παντάπασιν ἵξω καιροῦ καὶ παρακλήσεις καὶ\n\nἱκεσίας ὅσας δὴ ἐποιοῦντο ἰδίᾳ μὲν πρὸς τοὺς δυνα-\n\nτωτάτους ἡμῶν, δημοσίᾳ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πάντας, ὥστ’\n\nαὐτοὺς ἐθελῆσαι προσίεσθαι. ἀλλ’ ἐπειδήπερ ἡμεῖς τὴν\n\nπρώτην οὐκ ἐδεχόμεθα, οὐχ ὑπεχώρουν, ἐνέκειντο δὲ\n\nπολὺ μᾶλλον δεόμενοι, καὶ ὧς οὐδ’ οὕτως ἡμῶν οὐδὲ\n\nεἰς προσεῖχε σφίσιν οὐδὲ κατένευεν, ἔτι θερμοτέρων\n\nἀνθήπτοντο λόγων. καὶ τελευτῶν ‘ εἰ εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς, ἔφα-","english":"What are they doing that is of better hope? They dare a deed which then, when they were in their right minds, was strong enough to save them, and now, when they have revolted, has destroyed them. For coming to Athens—and let no one here think that the Corinthians are speaking truly when they insist that we were pursuing them by deceit—for, by the gods, we neither wished to deceive them nor to persuade them in any other way to change sides to us, but coming to Athens, with no one else having stirred them up except themselves, and entering the council chamber, they surrendered themselves.\n\nWe omit to mention the entreaties, which would be entirely out of place, and the supplications and the beseechings which they made, privately to our most powerful men, and publicly to all, so that they might be willing to receive them. But since we did not accept them at first, they did not withdraw, but pressed much more, begging, and when not even then did any of us pay attention to them or nod assent, they resorted to even more heated words. And finally, \"If you do not,\" they said,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"χρηστοτέρας ἐλπίδος","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'of better hope' is ironic: the Corinthians' action (surrendering to Athens) is presented as reckless, not hopeful.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"νεωτερίσαντας","severity":"info","text":"'νεωτερίσαντας' (having revolted) is a technical term in Greek historiography for political innovation or rebellion, often with negative connotations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"βουλευτήριον","severity":"info","text":"The βουλευτήριον was the council chamber of the Athenian Boule (the Council of Five Hundred), a key institution in Athenian democracy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"δεήσεις δὲ παραλείπομεν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we omit to mention the entreaties' is a rhetorical praeteritio, emphasizing the Corinthians' desperation by claiming to pass over it.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐνεχείριζον σφᾶς αὐτούς","severity":"info","text":"The image of Corinthians surrendering themselves in the council chamber parallels Thucydides' account of the Mytilenean debate (3.36-50), where supplication and surrender are central.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀληθεέειν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 'ἀληθεέειν' (to speak truly) is rare in classical Greek; its use here may be a deliberate archaism or a textual corruption, as the standard form is ἀληθεύειν.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἀληθεέειν' could be a scribal error for 'ἀληθεύειν' or an intentional Ionic form; the reading taken is as a standard verb for truth-telling."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"’σαν, δέχεσθε, ἀλλ’ ἡμεῖς γε τοὺς βαρβάρους\n\nἡμῖν ἐπιστήσομεν. σκοπεῖτε οὖν ὁπότερον αἱρε-\n\nτώτερον, ἢ ὑμῶν ἡμᾶς εἶναι καὶ κατακούειν\n\nἝλληνας Ἑλλήνων ἢ ἐφ’ ὕβρει κοινῇ τοῦ Ἑλλη-\n\nνικοῦ γένους βαρβαρικοῖς ὑποκύπτειν προσ-\n\nτάγμασι᾿.\n\nταῦτ’ ἔλεγον καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐνεδίδομεν\n\n10 Thuc. I 58\n\n3 ἔργον inserui e LV om Schm 7 μετιόντες scripsi e\n\nLV μετιόντας Schm 8 θεοὺς in lac 4 litt inser L rubr\n\nλόγους V cf. ad p. 60, 1 12 ἑαυτούς V 17 οὐχ] οὐ V\n\n19 κατένευεν scripsi e LV κατένευσεν Schm 25 προστάγμασι\n\nscripsi e LV πράγμασι Schm\n\nκαὶ ὡμολογοῦμεν δέχεσθαι καί, τί γὰρ ἦν ἄλλο ποι-\n\nῆσαι, εἰ μὴ ἐμέλλομεν βαρβάροις ἐκδοῦναι τὸ\n\nκαὶ ἐδεχόμεθα δύο ταῦθ’ ὁμοῦ ἐνθυμούμενοι, ὧς οὐδὲν\n\nἄν, εἰ δεξαίμεθα, Κορινθίους ἀγανακτήσειν πολλῶν\n\nἐτῶν ἤδη γεγονυίας τῆς ἀποστάσεως καὶ ὧς μᾶλλον ἂν\n\nἀγαπήσειν, εἰ μεθ’ ἡμῶν καὶ ὅλως Ἑλλήνων Ποτι-\n\nδαιᾶται συσταῖεν, ἢ τοῖς φύσει πολεμίοις συστῆναι\n\nβαρβάροις. τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ εἶναι μετ’ ἀδελφῶν συστῆ-","english":"We were receiving them, but we will set the barbarians against you. Consider, then, which is more choiceworthy: that we be yours and that Greeks obey Greeks, or that, to the common outrage of the Greek race, we bow to barbarian commands.\n\nThis they said, and we yielded and agreed to receive them; for what else was there to do, unless we were about to hand over to barbarians the—and we did receive them, considering these two things at once: that the Corinthians would not be indignant if we received them, since the revolt had already occurred many years ago, and that they would rather that the Potidaeans stand with us and with Greeks generally than stand with their natural enemies, the barbarians. For this, indeed, is to stand with brothers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπιστήσομεν","severity":"info","text":"The future tense ἐπιστήσομεν (from ἐφίστημι) here means 'we will set against' or 'we will bring upon', indicating a threat to turn the barbarians against the audience.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"κατακούειν","severity":"info","text":"κατακούειν means 'to be subject to' or 'to obey', used here in the context of Greeks obeying Greeks, contrasting with submission to barbarians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans were a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a key event leading to the Peloponnesian War. The passage refers to their revolt as already having occurred 'many years ago'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ταῦτ’ ἔλεγον","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ταῦτ’ ἔλεγον ('this they said') marks a shift from reported speech to narrative, summarizing the Athenian justification and the subsequent decision to receive the Potidaeans.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐνεδίδομεν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἐνεδίδομεν ('we yielded') is textually secure, but the following clause has a lacuna indicated by the apparatus (line 10, Thuc. I 58). The sense is clear from context, but the exact wording is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacuna after 'hand over to barbarians the—' leaves the object unspecified; the editor supplies a reference to Thucydides I 58, but the exact phrase is missing."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ναι καὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς εἰδότων θεοὺς ἱερῶν τε καὶ\n\nθυσιῶν καὶ πανηγύρεων τῶν αὐτῶν κοινωνούντων,\n\nἐκεῖνο δὲ μετὰ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων τοῦ γένους καὶ ὅσον\n\nπλεῖστον ἀφεστηκότων. οὔκουν αὐτούς γε τοὐναντίον\n\nᾠήθημεν παθεῖν, βαρὺ καὶ ἀφόρητον ἡγήσασθαι τὸ\n\nγεγενημένον καὶ ἡμᾶς δι’ ἔχθρας, ὡς οὐδέποτ’ οὐδέ-\n\nνᾶς ἀνθρώπων, ἔχειν. λέγομεν δέ, ὧς νῦν ἡμῖν τὰ\n\nπράγματα παρέσχον μαθεῖν, ἐπειδήπερ, εἰ ταῦτα καὶ\n\nτότε τοῖς ἔνδον ἐφρόνουν λογισμοῖς, οὐκ ἴσμεν λέγειν\n\nσαφῶς, οἷς δ’ ἄν τις ὅμως ἐκ τῶν ἔξωθεν εἴκασεν,\n\nοὐδὲν ἀηδὲς πεπονθόσιν ἐῴκεσαν.\n\n13. Πλὴν ὅσα μὲν ἐντεῦθεν ἀναλῶσαι συνέβη τῷ\n\nδήμῳ, τοῦτο μὲν τριήρεις παρασκευάζοντι, τοῦτο δὲ\n\nκαὶ στρατιὰν τὴν μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ξένων μισθουμένῳ, τὴν\n\nδ’ οἴκοθεν συναθροίζοντι, παραιτοῦμαι λέγειν. ὑμεῖς\n\nδέ, ὦ πρὸς θεῶν, λογίζεσθε. τὸ γὰρ χωρίον Ποτί-\n\nδάια Ἑλληνικὸν μέν, ὅμως ἐν μέσῃ κεῖται Θρᾴκῃ.\n\nπολλοῦ δὲ τοῦ μεταξὺ πλόος ὄντος πολλὴν ἡμῖν τὴν\n\nδαπάνην, πλείστην δὲ καὶ τὴν φροντίδα παρεῖχε. καὶ","english":"Yes, and knowing the same gods, and sharing in the same rites, sacrifices, and festivals, while that other is with those alien to the race and as far removed as possible. Therefore we thought we would suffer the opposite, that we considered the event grievous and unbearable, and that we held enmity toward them as toward no other men. But we speak now as circumstances have allowed us to learn, since if they held these thoughts in their inward deliberations even then, we cannot say clearly; yet from outward signs one might guess that they seemed to have suffered nothing unpleasant.\n\n13. However, as for the expenses incurred by the people on this account—partly in equipping triremes, partly in hiring mercenary troops and gathering forces from home—I forbear to mention. But you, in the name of the gods, consider this: the place Potidaea, though Greek, lies in the midst of Thrace. The voyage between being long, it caused us great expense and very great concern. And","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τοὺς αὐτοὺς εἰδότων θεοὺς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'knowing the same gods' emphasizes shared Greek religious identity, contrasting with the alien race in the next clause.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτίδαια","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony in Thrace, allied to Athens but revolting in 432 BCE, a key cause of the Peloponnesian War. Its Greek character amid barbarian territory is central to the argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Πλὴν ὅσα μὲν ἐντεῦθεν ἀναλῶσαι","severity":"info","text":"This paragraph (13) shifts from moral argument to financial and strategic costs, using 'Πλὴν' to mark a new topic: the expenses of the Potidaea campaign.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τριήρεις","severity":"info","text":"Triremes were the standard Greek warship, requiring significant resources to equip. The term here underscores the material burden on Athens.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐκ ἴσμεν λέγειν σαφῶς","severity":"caution","text":"The speaker admits uncertainty about the enemy's inner motives, relying on outward signs. This rhetorical move hedges the argument, and the Greek text is clear but the logic is concessive.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'οἷς δ’ ἄν τις ὅμως ἐκ τῶν ἔξωθεν εἴκασεν' is ambiguous: it could mean 'from outward signs one might guess' or 'from external circumstances one might infer'. The translation adopts the former, consistent with the speaker's cautious tone."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"φόβος δὲ ἄμα προσῆν μήποθ’ οὓς ἐδεξάμεθα σώσοντες\n\n1 ὡμολογοῦμεν scripsi e LV ὁμολογοῦμεν Schin 14 ἔχ-\n\nθραν V 22 τὴν δ’ Schm τήν δ’ LV 24 θεῶν scripsi\n\nθεοῦ LV Schm cf. ad p. 60, 1 27 τὴν inserui e LV om Schm\n\nλάθωμεν ἀπολέσαντες. οὗ χάριν καὶ ἐφειδόμεθα οὐδε-\n\nνὸς τῶν εἰς δύναμιν ἡκόντων, ἀλλ’, ὅπως ἀποχρῶσα\n\nᾖ φυλακή, πολλοὶ μὲν ἐκεῖσε πλέοντες ἦσαν οἱ στρα-\n\nτιῶται, πολλοὶ δὲ εἰκότως καὶ οἱ μισθοὶ συνέπλεον\n\nκαὶ τἀναλώματα καὶ ὅσα τείνει πρὸς σωτηρίαν.\n\nὑστέ-\n\nῥεῖ δὲ οὐδὲν εὐδαίμονας εἶναι Ποτιδαιάτας ἡσυχῆ\n\nκαθημένους ἐπὶ τοῖς σφετέροις καλοῖς. καὶ ἦσαν εὐδαί-\n\nμονες ἐκεῖνοι διὰ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, ὥσπερ ἀμέλει ἄθλιοι\n\nδι’ ἐκείνους ἡμεῖς ἀναλίσκοντες, ἐκπλέοντες, στρατεύ-\n\nοντες, πολεμοῦντες, καὶ ταῦτα οὐχ ἴνα ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς\n\nπεριποιησώμεθα, ἀλλ’ ὅπως ἑτέροις τὰ ἐνόντα φυλά-\n\nξαιμεν. ἅ δὲ τέως ἀπένεμον ἀντὶ τούτων Ποτιδαιᾶται\n\nτῷ δήμῳ, αἰσχύνη καὶ λέγειν. οὕτω φαύλη τις ἦν\n\nδωρεά, μᾶλλον δὲ σκιὰ δωρεᾶς ἢ οὐδὲ τοῦτο. εὐγνω-","english":"Fear was also present, lest we might ever lose those whom we had received, having agreed to save them. For this reason we spared no expense of our resources, but, so that the guard might be sufficient, many soldiers sailed there, and many wages naturally sailed along with them, as well as the expenditures and everything conducive to safety. It is no less true that the Potidaeans were prosperous, sitting quietly amidst their own goods. And they were prosperous because of the Athenians, just as, of course, we were wretched because of them, spending, sailing out, campaigning, waging war, and all this not to secure ourselves, but to preserve for others what they possessed. And what the Potidaeans, for their part, granted to the people in return for these things is shameful even to mention. Such a paltry gift it was, or rather a shadow of a gift, or not even that.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"φόβος δὲ ἄμα προσῆν μήποθ’ οὓς ἐδεξάμεθα σώσοντες","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text has a textual issue: the manuscript reading σώσοντες (future participle) is emended by the editor to ὡμολογοῦμεν (imperfect) for sense, but the English draft follows the emended meaning.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"εὐδαίμονας","severity":"info","text":"εὐδαίμονας (prosperous) is a key term in the rhetorical contrast: the Potidaeans are prosperous because of Athenian protection, while the Athenians are wretched because of the cost.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a siege. The passage reflects the Athenian rhetorical defense of their actions in the conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὗ χάριν καὶ ἐφειδόμεθα","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses a contrastive structure: Athenian expenditure and effort (spending, sailing, war) are set against Potidaean prosperity and ingratitude, building the rhetorical argument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"αἰσχένη καὶ λέγειν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'shameful even to mention' is a rhetorical trope common in Greek declamation, emphasizing the inadequacy of the Potidaean return, and is typical of Gregory's style.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a textual crux at σώσοντες / ὡμολογοῦμεν; the editor's emendation is followed in the English draft.","The phrase σκιὰ δωρεᾶς (shadow of a gift) may be a proverbial expression, but its exact source is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"μονεῖν ἔφασαν καὶ τῆς εὐεργεσίας αἰσθάνεσθαι καὶ δι’\n\nὀνομάτων τούτων· σωτῆρες, φύλακες, κηδεμόνες\n\nἡμῶν Ἀθηναῖοι, ἃ κἂν δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν πρίαιτό τις,\n\nτὸ πᾶν ἡμῖν ἀπεπλήρουν. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ ἄρα ὑπὸ φιλαν-\n\nθρωπίας ἀποχρώντως ἔχειν ἐδόκει καὶ διὰ τῆς ὁμο-\n\nλογίας τῆς χάριτος τὸ πᾶν ἀπέχειν ὑπελαμβάνομεν.\n\nκἂν εἰ μέχρι τέλους ᾑροῦντο εὐγνώμονες εἷναι, οὐκ\n\nἄν ποθ’ ἡ παροῦσα ἐδέχετο τύχη οὐδὲ μετεκινήθη\n\nαὐτοῖς τῶν ἐνόντων οὐδέν. ἢ πολὺ πρότερον ἡμεῖς\n\nτοῦθ’ ὑπέστημεν ἂν ἢ ἐκεῖνοι προισταμένων ἡμῶν.\n\nὃ δ’ οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπώλεσε καὶ τὰς ἐνεστώσας ἐπή-\n\nνεγκε συμφοράς, ἡ πρὸς ἀγνωμοσύνην μεταβολὴ καὶ ἡ\n\n3 ἦσαν scripsi e LV ᾖσαν Schm 12 ἀπένεμεν V\n\n16 τούτων scripsi τοῦ LV Schm 18 δὲ ἄρα inserui e LV\n\nom Schm 19 καὶ scripsi e LV ἣ Schm 23 ἡμεῖς in-\n\nserui e LV om Schm 25 ὃ scripsi e V ὁ L Schm | έπή-\n\nνεγκε scripsi e LV ἀπήνεγκε Schm\n\nἀλλοίωσις, ἣν ἡμεῖς οὐ, μὰ τοὺς θεούς, ἐπεπόνθειμεν,\n\nαὐτοὶ δ’ ἐκεῖνοι ἀμνηστίαν μὲν σχόντες τῆς προνοίας","english":"They said that they remained and perceived the benefaction, and through these titles: saviors, guardians, protectors of us Athenians, which, even if someone were to purchase for two obols, would fulfill everything for us. And this indeed seemed to be sufficiently due to philanthropy, and we supposed that through the acknowledgment of the favor we had everything in full. And if they had chosen to be grateful to the end, never would the present fortune have been received, nor would any of their possessions have been moved. Or we would have undergone this much earlier than they, with us protecting them. What then destroyed them and brought on the present misfortunes was the change and alteration toward ingratitude, which we, by the gods, had not suffered, but they themselves, having forgotten our forethought,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"σωτῆρες, φύλακες, κηδεμόνες","severity":"info","text":"These three titles (saviors, guardians, protectors) are a standard rhetorical triad in Athenian panegyric, emphasizing the city’s self-image as benefactor. The terms recur in Libanius’ declamations and are here turned against the original argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν","severity":"info","text":"Two obols was a trivial sum in Attic currency, often used proverbially to indicate something cheap or worthless. The phrase underscores the speaker’s claim that the Athenians’ benefaction was taken for granted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὃ δ’ οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπώλεσε","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a rhetorical pivot: from describing Athenian generosity to diagnosing the cause of Potidaea’s ruin. The shift from praise to blame is typical of antilogiai (counter-speeches) and mirrors Libanius’ own structure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀμνηστίαν μὲν σχόντες","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek ἀμνηστία here means ‘forgetfulness’ (not amnesty). The apparatus shows a textual variant at line 16 (τούτων vs. τοῦ), and the editor’s insertion of δὲ ἄρα at line 18 indicates a conjectural restoration. The sense is clear but the transmitted text is not fully secure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"μὰ τοὺς θεούς","severity":"info","text":"The oath ‘by the gods’ is a common rhetorical intensifier in Greek declamation, found in both Libanius and his imitators. Its use here reinforces the speaker’s claim of moral superiority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ‘τὸ πᾶν ἡμῖν ἀπεπλήρουν’ could mean either ‘they fulfilled everything for us’ or ‘they paid everything for us’; the translation adopts the former, but the financial metaphor is possible given the context of wages and expenditures in the previous passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ἡμῶν δι’ ἧς ἐσώζοντο, κόρον δὲ τῆς ἐντεῦθεν εὐδαι-\n\nμονίας, καὶ πάθος κακασίτων νοσήσαντες, πάσας μὲν\n\nἀρχάς, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι τροφάς, μεταλλάττοντες, πρὸς ἁπάσας\n\nδὲ ὁμοίως ἀηδῶς ἔχοντες. τῷ ὄντι γὰρ μέγαν ὄλβον\n\nστέγειν οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν. καὶ ἐπειδήπερ ἐχρῆν αὐτοὺς\n\nκακῶς παθεῖν, ὁμοῦ μὲν διενοοῦντο ἡμῶν ἀποστῆναι,\n\nὁμοῦ δ’ ἀφίσταντο, ὁμοῦ δὲ Κορινθίους προσεκαλοῦντο\n\nκαὶ ἐπενέβαλλον οὐδένα χρόνον μεταξὺ νοήματός τε\n\nκαὶ ἔργων.\n\n16. Πρὸς οὖν ταῦτα τίς οὐκ ἂν ἔπαθεν ἀκούσας\n\nτὸ κοινὸν πάντων ἀνθρώπων καὶ ὀργῇ ληφθεὶς ὥρ-\n\nμησεν εὐθὺς ἀφανίσαι; ἀλλ’ οὐχ ἡμεῖς γε τᾷ τότε, εἰ\n\nκαὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα ὑπῆρχε σφόδρα ὀδυνηρὸν καὶ ἀφόρητον\n\nκαὶ πολλὴν ἡμῖν φέρον συγγνώμην. κἂν εἰ μέχρι τοῦ\n\nσφάττειν αὐτοὺς ἐκινήθημεν, οὔκουν οὐδ’ ἐκηρύττομεν\n\nπαραυτὰ τῆς ἀγγελίας ἐκπλεῖν, στρατεύεσθαι, κινεῖν\n\nτὰ ὅπλα ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀγνώμονας, τοὺς ἀχαρίστους, τοὺς\n\nπαρασπονδήσαντας, τοὺς ἀλιτηρίους καὶ θεῶν τῶν ἐπὶ\n\nτοῖς ὅρκοις κληθέντων καὶ ἡμῶν, οἱ μετὰ τοὺς θεοὺς","english":"through which they were saved, but having had their fill of the resulting prosperity and having suffered the malady of base ingratitude, they changed all offices, just as those men changed foods, and were similarly displeased with all. For in truth they were unable to contain great wealth. And since it was necessary for them to suffer ill, they simultaneously conceived the plan to revolt from us, simultaneously revolted, simultaneously summoned the Corinthians, and interposed no time between thought and deeds.\n\n16. To these things, who would not have been affected upon hearing what is common to all men, and, seized with anger, would not have immediately set out to destroy them? But not we at that time, even though the matter was exceedingly painful and unbearable and brought us much justification. And even if we had been moved to the point of slaughtering them, we would not have done so; nor did we immediately upon the announcement proclaim to sail out, to take the field, to move arms against the ungrateful, the thankless, the treaty-breakers, the accursed ones, both of the gods invoked in the oaths and of us, who after the gods","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"κακασίτων","severity":"info","text":"The compound κακασίτων (genitive plural, 'of base nourishment') is rare; it modifies νοσήσαντες ('having suffered the malady of base ingratitude'). The term underscores the moralizing rhetoric of ingratitude as a disease.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὁμοῦ μὲν ... ὁμοῦ δ’ ... ὁμοῦ δὲ","severity":"info","text":"The triple anaphora of ὁμοῦ ('simultaneously') in §15 creates a rhetorical climax, emphasizing the swiftness and totality of the allies' betrayal. This is a deliberate stylistic device common in declamatory prose.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κορινθίους","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are invoked as the external power that the revolting allies summon. In the historical context of the Peloponnesian War, Corinth was a key ally of Sparta and often hostile to Athens, making this detail plausible for the declamation's setting.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὔκουν οὐδ’ ἐκηρύττομεν","severity":"info","text":"The double negative οὔκουν οὐδ’ ('not at all ... nor') in §16 reinforces the speaker's denial of immediate military action, contrasting the expected angry response with the Athenians' claimed restraint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"παρασπονδήσαντας","severity":"info","text":"παρασπονδήσαντας ('treaty-breakers') is a legal and moral term, from παρασπονδέω, 'to violate a treaty.' It intensifies the accusation of ingratitude by framing the revolt as a breach of sworn agreements.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τῶν ἐπὶ τοῖς ὅρκοις κληθέντων","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the gods invoked in the oaths' is grammatically compressed; the genitive depends on the preceding accusatives. The sense is clear: the treaty-breakers are accursed before both the gods who witnessed the oaths and the Athenians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text at the end of §16 is broken off in the manuscript; the English draft supplies 'who after the gods' but the Greek breaks off at 'καὶ ἡμῶν, οἱ μετὰ τοὺς θεοὺς' — the syntax is incomplete, and the intended continuation is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ἐσῴζομεν, ἀλλ’ εἰς βουλευτήριον ἀνιόντες καὶ ψήφισμα\n\nθέντες, ὃ δὴ καὶ ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν πᾶσαν ὑπερβάλλειν\n\nφιλανθρωπίαν, τὸ δὲ ἦν Ἀθηναίους αἱρεῖσθαι\n\nσώζειν Ποτιδαιάτας καὶ αὖθις, μόνον εἰ βου-\n\n6 Pind. Ol. Ι 57\n\n1 θεοὑς Schm λόγους V sed in marg γρ νόμους lac. 4 litt\n\nL cf. p. 57,8; 58,24; 64,10; 73,24; 77,11 et 12 et 23 3 ἧς scripsi\n\ne LV ὧν Schm 6 tvqonti L 10 ἐπενέβαλλον scripsi e V\n\népenqebalon L ἐνέβαλον Schm 14 τῷ Schm τω LV num\n\nἐν τῷ? 15 σφόδρα ὑπῆρχεν V\n\nλομένοις αὐτοῖς ἐστι καθελοῦσι τὸν κύκλῳ\n\nπερίβολον ἀτείχιστον τὴν πόλιν οἰκεῖν, ταύτ’\n\nἐψηφισμένοι τοὺς ἐροῦντας αὐτὰ καὶ πρὸς Ποτιδαιάτας\n\nἐξεπέμπομεν πρέσβεις καὶ σὺν τοῖς πρέσβεσι στρατιάν,\n\nἔν’, εἰ μὴ λόγοις σύνθωνται πεισθέντες, τῷ γοῦν φόβῳ\n\nτῶν ὅπλων ὑποκύψωσι βιασθέντες.\n\nοὐ πολὺς ὁ\n\nμετὰ ταῦτα χρόνος, καὶ παρῆσαν οἱ πρέσβεις, συμπαρῆν\n\nὁ στρατός, λόγοι ἐγίγνοντο καὶ ἀπειλαὶ μετὰ τῶν\n\nλόγων. Ποτιδαιᾶται δ’ ἑτέρωθεν ἑώρων, ἤκουον, ἐγέ-","english":"we were saving them, but when they entered the council chamber and passed a decree—which indeed you say surpasses all philanthropy—it was that the Athenians should choose to save the Potidaeans again, only if, with the walled circuit demolished, they were willing to inhabit the city without fortifications. Having decreed these things, we sent out ambassadors to proclaim them to the Potidaeans, and along with the ambassadors an army, so that if they were not persuaded by words, they might at least be compelled by fear of arms to yield.\n\nNot much time passed after this, and the ambassadors arrived, the army accompanied them, words were spoken, and threats along with the words. The Potidaeans, on the other side, saw and heard, and were","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a key event precipitating the Peloponnesian War. The decree here echoes Athenian ultimatums to force submission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"βουλευτήριον","severity":"info","text":"βουλευτήριον denotes the council chamber of the Athenian βουλή, the deliberative body. Its mention underscores the formal, political nature of the decree.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ πολὺς ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα χρόνος","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks a narrative transition, compressing time between the decree and the arrival of the embassy and army, typical of rhetorical pacing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπενέβαλλον","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus shows a variant reading: ἐπενέβαλλον (from V) vs. ἐνέβαλον (Schm). The choice affects the verb's aspect and sense of 'throwing in' threats.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"θεούς","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a marginal variant γρ νόμους for θεούς at line 1, indicating textual uncertainty. The reading adopted affects the interpretation of the decree's basis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact wording of the decree is uncertain due to variant readings (θεούς/νόμους) and the lacuna of 4 letters at line 1. The translation follows the edition's choice."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"λων· πάντα ἦν μακρὸς λῆρος αὐτοῖς, καὶ ὦ παῖδες,\n\nἔλεγον, Ἀθηναῖοι, εἰ δοκεῖτε πείθοντες ἡμᾶς ἢ\n\nβιάζοντες παραστήσασθαι. τότε πρὸς τούτοις καὶ\n\nοἱ ἐν γειτόνων ὁρῶντες Ὀλύνθιοι κατακούειν Ἀθηναίων\n\nἀφίστανται· καὶ τὸ κακὸν δὴ τοῦτο, ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι\n\nνόσημα, προβαῖνον ἅπτεται καὶ Χαλκιδέων, καὶ αὐτοὶ\n\nσυναφίστανται. τότε δὴ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος φίλος ὢν ἐκ\n\nπρογόνων τῷ δήμῳ πολέμιος γίνεται, καὶ πάντα ἡμῖν\n\nἐνόσει τὰ ἐν Θρᾴκῃ πράγματα ἐκ Ποτιδαίας τὴν\n\nπρώτην ἀρξάμενα.\n\nΤοῖς δὲ δὴ τοιούτοις μὲν οὖσιν αὐτοῖς, τοιού-\n\nτῶν δὲ καὶ πραγμάτων ἡμῖν γεγενημένοις αἰτίοις τίνα\n\nτις ἐπενεγκὼν τιμωρίαν ἔδοξεν ἂν τὴν δικαίαν ἐπενεγ-\n\nκεῖν; ἄλλοι μὲν οὖν ἴσως πάντες φαῖεν ἂν μηδ’ εἶναι\n\nτὴν δικαίαν ἐνταῦθα, ὑπερβάλλειν γὰρ πολὺ τὸ ἀδί-\n\nκημα, ὡς καὶ αὐτὸν θάνατον μικρὸν εἶναι πρὸς τοῦτο\n\n1 Thuc. I 56 15 Thuc. I 58 16 Thuc. I 57\n\n3 καὶ delendum? 4 τοῖς inserui e LV om Schm\n\n7 μέτα LV 11 εἰ δοκεῖτε scripsi e LV ἐδοκεῖτε Schm","english":"everything was long-winded nonsense to them, and they said, \"O children, Athenians, if you think to persuade us or to overpower us by force.\" Then, in addition to these things, the Olynthians, who lived nearby and saw that the Potidaeans were obeying the Athenians, revolted. And this evil, like some other disease, spreading, also touched the Chalcidians, and they too revolted. Then Alexander, who was a friend of the people from his ancestors, became an enemy, and all our affairs in Thrace fell into disorder, beginning first from Potidaea.\n\nNow, for men who were of such a character and who had been responsible for such events, what punishment would anyone have thought to impose that would be just? Perhaps all others would say that there is no just punishment here, for the crime far exceeds it, so that even death itself is a small thing in comparison.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ὀλύνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"Olynthus was a key city in the Chalcidice; its revolt (c. 432 BCE) followed the Potidaean revolt and is recorded by Thucydides (1.58). The speaker here adapts Thucydidean narrative to blame Athens for the spread of rebellion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","severity":"info","text":"Alexander I of Macedon (r. c. 498–454 BCE) was a friend of Athens; his shift to enmity is mentioned by Thucydides (1.57). The text here echoes that source, though the chronology is compressed for rhetorical effect.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Τοῖς δὲ δὴ τοιούτοις μὲν οὖσιν αὐτοῖς","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a rhetorical shift from narrative to a hypothetical judicial question: what punishment fits such crimes? The anaphora and the phrase \"τοιούτοις μὲν οὖσιν\" echo forensic style, typical of declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι νόσημα","severity":"info","text":"The metaphor of revolt as a spreading disease (νόσημα) is a common topos in Greek historiography and rhetoric, e.g., Thucydides' plague narrative (2.47–54) and later moralists. Here it amplifies the inevitability of the rebellion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ delendum?","severity":"caution","text":"The critical apparatus notes a possible deletion of \"καὶ\" at line 3 of the Greek. The transmitted text may have a scribal addition; the sense is unaffected whether it is retained or removed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰ δοκεῖτε","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus records a variant: the manuscript LV reads \"εἰ δοκεῖτε\" (if you think), while Schm (Schmoller) has \"ἐδοκεῖτε\" (you thought). The editor adopts the former, which fits the direct speech better.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ὦ παῖδες' could be a vocative addressed to the Athenians as 'children' (patronizing) or a rhetorical address to the speaker's own audience; the translation takes it as part of the Potidaeans' speech."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"12 τούτοις scripsi coll. p. 68, 11 τούτους LV Schm | καὶ —\n\n14 ἀφίστανται inserui e LV om Schm 15 χαλκιδαίων L\n\n18 ἐν scripsi coll. p. 70,22 ἐπὶ LV Schm 23 μὴ δ’ V\n\nνομίζειν· ἡμεῖς δὲ τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχομεν μὴ τῆς συνῆ,\n\nθους κἀνταῦθα μνημονεῦσαι φιλανθρωπίας ὥστε καὶ\n\nτοῖς στρατήγ’ οἶς, οἷ μετὰ τοὺς πρώτους ἧκον ἄλλην\n\nἐπὶ Ποτίδαιαν ἄγοντες στρατιάν, καὶ οὓς μετὰ τού-\n\nτοὺς ἐπέμπομεν τρίτον ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν κομίζοντας στό-\n\nλον, τούτοις πᾶσι παρηγγυῶμεν μὴ κακοῦν μηδὲ βλά-\n\nπΤειν μηδέν, φυλακῆς δὲ μόνον ἐπιμελουμένους, ὧς ἂν\n\nμὴ λαθών τις εἰσίῃ μηδ’ αὖθις ἐξίη, λόγοις πρὸς\n\nἡμᾶς μετακλίνειν πειρᾶσθαι. ἀλλ’ αὐτούς γ’ ἔθραττε\n\nτῶν ὁρωμένων οὐδέν, οὐ στρατὸς προσκαθήμενος, οὐχ\n\nὅπλα δεικνύμενα, οὐ τριήρεις τριήρεσιν ἐπιπλέουσαι,\n\nοὐχ ὅ τι ἂν εἴποι τις τῶν δεινῶν. οὕτω μὲν ἡμῖν\n\nἡμέρως εἶχε τὰ πρὸς αὐτούς, οὕτω δὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀμε-\n\nταθέτως εἶχον τῆς γνώμης. ὅθεν καὶ περιλαβὸν αὐτοὺς\n\nτὸ στρατόπεδον κύκλῳ εἰς ἀκριβῆ πολιορκίαν καθίστη.","english":"We, however, were so far from failing to recall even here our humanity that we also gave orders to the generals who came after the first ones, leading another army against Potidaea, and to those whom we sent after them as a third force, conveying a third fleet to the same place—to all of these we gave strict instructions to do no harm, to cause no damage, but to attend only to guard duty, so that no one might enter or leave unnoticed, and to try to win them over to us by words. But none of what was seen disturbed them—neither an army encamped nearby, nor weapons displayed, nor triremes sailing against triremes, nor any other terrible thing one might mention. So peacefully did our affairs stand with them, and so unshakably did they hold to their resolve. Hence, surrounding them with the camp in a circle, we placed them under a strict siege.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"παρηγγυῶμεν","severity":"info","text":"The verb παρηγγυῶμεν (from παραγγέλλω) means 'we gave orders' or 'we instructed', emphasizing the Athenian command to exercise restraint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"φιλανθρωπίας","severity":"info","text":"φιλανθρωπίας ('humanity' or 'benevolence') is a key term in Greek moral and political discourse, often used to contrast civilized behavior with barbarism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Potidaea","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a major cause of the Peloponnesian War. The siege described here reflects historical events.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτω μὲν ... οὕτω δὴ","severity":"info","text":"The correlative structure οὕτω μὲν ... οὕτω δὴ ('so ... so') contrasts Athenian restraint with Potidaean resolve, reinforcing the narrative's rhetorical balance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II (13th–14th cent.) wrote this declamation as a response to Libanius, adapting classical rhetoric for a Byzantine Christian audience, showing enduring interest in Athenian history.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Gregory of Cyprus, Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τούτοις","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek apparatus notes a textual variant: τούτοις (this) is a conjecture; the manuscripts read τούτους (these). The sense is not materially affected.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has minor textual variants (e.g., τούτοις vs. τούτους) that do not change the meaning. The phrase 'μηδὲ βλάπτειν μηδέν' could be read as 'do no harm to anyone' or 'do no harm at all'; the translation takes the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"καὶ ἃ μὲν ἑαυτοὺς ἔδρασαν συγκλεισθέντες, εἴθ’\n\nὅσια εἴτ’ ἀνόσιαι εἰδεῖεν αὐτοί· ἅ δὲ τέως ἡμεῖς διε-\n\nπραξάμεθα, ἐπειδὴ τῷ μακρῷ χρόνῳ παρεστησάμεθα,\n\nοὔτε βαρβαρικὰ καὶ οἷα παθεῖν αὐτοὺς δίκαιον ἦν,\n\nοὔθ’ ὁποῖα ὁ νόμος στρατιωτῶν βούλεται. οὐ γὰρ δή-\n\nπου συλλαβόντες ἐκινήσαμεν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς ὅπλα οὐδ’ ὡς\n\nἐχθροῖς ἐχρησάμεθα οὐδ’ ἐζημιώσαμεν οὐδένα εἰς τὴν\n\nζωήν, ἅπαντας δὲ σῶς κελεύσαντες τῆς πόλεως ἀπιέναι\n\n3 τοῖς στρατηγοῖς scripsi e V τοὺς στρατηγοὺς L Schm\n\n5 κομίζοντες V | στόλον scripsi e LV στόχον Schm\n\n6 μὴ δὲ V 7 ἐπιμελομένους V 8 μὴ δ’ LV 10 στρα-\n\nτηγὸς V ὅ τι scripsi ὅτι LVSchm | ἡμῖν V sed ι in ras m 2\n\n13 ἡμέρως V sed ἡ in ras m 2 | τὰ inserui e LV om Schm\n\n14 τὰ ante αὐτούς Schm delevi 18 παρεστησάμεθα V\n\nsed μέθᾳ in marg m 2 19 οὔτε βαρβαρικὰ καὶ in marg V 2 |\n\nοἷα V sed οἶ in marg et ἁ in ras m 2 | παθεῖν V sed πα et\n\nεἰν in ras m 2 | αὐτοὺς V sed αὑ in ras et οὑς suprascr m 2","english":"As for what they did to themselves when they were shut in, whether pious or impious, they themselves may know. But what we did, once we had been brought to a standstill by the long time, was neither barbaric nor such as it was just for them to suffer, nor such as the law of soldiers prescribes. For we certainly did not, after seizing them, take up arms against them, nor did we treat them as enemies, nor did we punish any of them with death, but we ordered all of them to depart the city unharmed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"συγκλεισθέντες","severity":"info","text":"The participle συγκλεισθέντες (\"shut in\") refers to the Potidaeans besieged by Athenian forces, consistent with the narrative of the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ὅσια ... ἀνόσιαι","severity":"info","text":"The pair ὅσια (\"pious\") and ἀνόσιαι (\"impious\") is a standard ethical dichotomy in Greek rhetoric, here used to distance the speaker from judging the enemy's internal actions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"νόμος στρατιωτῶν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase \"law of soldiers\" (νόμος στρατιωτῶν) likely refers to customary military discipline or the right of victors over captives, a common topos in declamations on war conduct.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"παρεστησάμεθα","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript V has παρεστησάμεθα with a marginal note μέθᾳ, indicating a scribal correction; the reading is uncertain but accepted as \"brought to a standstill.\"","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὔτε ... οὔθ'","severity":"info","text":"The double negative (οὔτε ... οὔθ') structures the speaker's denial of barbaric or legally prescribed actions, reinforcing the rhetorical contrast with the enemy's self-inflicted deeds.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase τῷ μακρῷ χρόνῳ (\"by the long time\") is ambiguous: it may refer to the duration of the siege or to a protracted delay in Athenian response.","The clause ἅ δὲ τέως ἡμεῖς διεπραξάμεθα (\"But what we did\") leaves open whether the actions described are subsequent to the enemy's self-harm or concurrent."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"22 ἐζημιώσαμεν V sed ζ in ras m 2 23 ἅπαντες V\n\nτοὔδαφος κατελίπομεν ἑαυτοῖς τήν τ’ ὀργὴν ἐξηνέγκα-\n\nμεν οὐδ’ ἐφ’ ἴνα Ποτιδαιατῶν, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀναίσθη-\n\nτον φύσιν, καὶ τοὺς ὑπευθύνους ἐάσαντες ζῆν δίκην\n\nπαρὰ τῶν ἀναιτίων εἰσεπραττόμεθα. καὶ τοῦτ’ ἴσως\n\nἡμῶν τὸ ἀσέβημα, ὅτι τοῦ γένους φεισάμενοι ὑφή-\n\nκάμεν τοῦ δικαίου καὶ τὴν ἀξίαν οὐκ ἐλαμβάνομεν.\n\n20. Ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν οὗ δὴ χάριν ἐπὶ τὴν\n\nκατηγορίαν ἀναστῆναι Κορίνθιοί φασιν, ἄλλο δέ, ὅπερ\n\nὡς μὲν εὔηθες, ὡς δὲ καὶ γελοῖον, οὐ πολλῶν ἂν εἴη\n\nλόγων δεικνύναι. τί δέ φασι; πόλεμος ὅν ἐκίνησαν\n\nἈθηναῖοι περιειστήκει Ποτίδαιαν, καὶ ἐπο-\n\nλιορκεῖτο, ἐπέβη δὲ λιμὸς καὶ Ποτιδ.αιᾶται\n\nἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο· καὶ ἐκ τούτου ἀσεβεῖς\n\nἈθηναῖοι. ὑμεῖς δ’, ὦ Κορίνθιοι, πῶς οὐκ ἀσε-\n\nβεῖς διὰ τοῦτο; ὅτι πρόφασιν εἰσηνέγκατε οὐδεμίαν\n\nοὐδὲ μετέσχεν ὑμῶν οὐδεὶς τοῦ μιάσματος; οὐδ’\n\nἡμεῖς εἰσηνέγκαμεν οὐδὲ μετέσχομεν, ὥσθ’ ὂν ἂν\n\nτρόπον ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἀπολύητε αἰτίας, τὸν αὐτὸν","english":"we left the ground behind for ourselves and brought our anger to bear not against a single one of the Potidaeans, but against the insensate nature, and, having allowed the guilty to live, we exacted punishment from the innocent. And this perhaps is our impiety, that, sparing the race, we yielded to justice and did not exact what was deserved.\n\n20. But it is not for this that the Corinthians say they have risen to the accusation, but for something else, which, as being both foolish and ridiculous, would not require many words to demonstrate. What then do they say? A war which the Athenians had stirred up surrounded Potidaea, and it was being besieged; famine set in, and the Potidaeans tasted one another; and because of this the Athenians are impious. But you, Corinthians, how are you not impious because of this? Because you offered no pretext and none of you shared in the pollution? Neither did we offer any pretext nor did we share in it, so that in whatever way you acquit yourselves of the charge, in the same way","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τοὔδαφος κατελίπομεν ἑαυτοῖς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we left the ground behind for ourselves' is idiomatic, likely meaning they abandoned the battlefield or territory to the enemy, focusing their anger on nature rather than the Potidaeans.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀναίσθητον φύσιν","severity":"info","text":"'Insensate nature' (ἀναίσθητον φύσιν) personifies the natural elements or famine as the target of Athenian anger, contrasting with direct vengeance against the Potidaeans.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιατῶν","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a siege during the Peloponnesian War. The cannibalism mentioned here is a rhetorical accusation, not historically attested.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"20. Ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν","severity":"info","text":"Section 20 marks a rhetorical shift: the speaker dismisses the previous point as not the core accusation, introducing a new, allegedly absurd charge from the Corinthians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο","severity":"info","text":"The accusation of cannibalism among the Potidaeans parallels Thucydides' account of the siege of Potidaea (2.70), though Thucydides does not mention cannibalism, making this a rhetorical exaggeration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐζημιώσαμεν V sed ζ in ras m 2","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text at line 22 has a textual note: 'ζ in rasura m. 2' (zeta written in a second hand over a erasure), indicating a scribal correction. The reading 'ἐζημιώσαμεν' (we penalized) is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'τοὔδαφος' (the ground) is ambiguous: it may mean the battlefield, the city, or the territory of Potidaea. The translation 'ground' is retained as a neutral choice.","The phrase 'ὑφηκάμεν τοῦ δικαίου' (yielded to justice) is ambiguous: it could mean they submitted to legal justice or to a sense of fairness, but the context suggests they refrained from full retribution."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"δήπουθεν καὶ ἡμᾶς. ἀμφότεροι γὰρ οὗπερ ἐγκα-\n\nλεῖτε μακρὰν ἐπίσης ἐσμέν. οὐκοῦν καὶ πόρρω αἰτίας\n\nὁμοίως. τί λοιπὸν ἀλόγως ἐπὶ τὴν κατηγορίαν ἐκφέ-\n\nρεσθε εἰδότες καὶ ταῦτα σαφῶς ὡς ὅ τι ἂν ὑμεῖς, εἴ\n\nτις ἐγκαλεῖ, περὶ τῶνδε ἐρεῖτε, τοῦτ’ αὐτὸ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐκ\n\nτοῦ ἴσου λόγου παρέσται εἰπεῖν;\n\nοὐ τοίνυν ἀσκέ-\n\nπτως ἐφ’ ὁντιναοῦν, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἁμαρτάνοντα τὴν αἰτίαν\n\nτρεπτέον. τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ δίκαιον καὶ προσῆκον ἅτε\n\nκαὶ τοῖς νόμοις ὡς μάλιστα δοκοῦν καὶ πᾶσιν ὰνθρώ-\n\nποις λυσιτελῶς ἔχον ἀνακοπτομένης οὐ μικρῷ τινι\n\nμέρει κακίας ἐντεῦθεν, ἐκεῖνο δὲ πράττειν πρὸς τῷ\n\n22 ὅ τι scripsi ὅτι LV Schm 25 ἐφοντιναοῦν V\n\n29 ἐκεῖνο scripsi e LV ἐκεῖνοι Schm\n\nἀλόγιστον εἶναι καὶ συμφέρει οὐδέποτε οὐδενί. ὥστε\n\nτοὺς ἀδικοῦντας, τοὺς ἀλογοῦντας τῶν νόμων, τοὺς\n\nὁπωσοῦν ἁμαρτάνοντας αἰτιατέον ἐστὶ καὶ ἐπὶ βῆμα\n\nἀκτέον, ἑτέρους δὲ ἀντ’ αὐτῶν οὐδαμῶς. εἰ γὰρ μή,\n\nδύο τὰ χείριστα ἐντεῦθεν συμβήσεται· οἵτε γὰρ ἀδι-","english":"Of course, that applies to us as well. For both of us are equally far from the very thing you accuse us of. Therefore, we are equally remote from the charge. So why are you irrationally carried away into accusation, knowing clearly that whatever you would say about these matters if someone accuses you, that same thing we too will be able to say on the basis of equal reasoning?\n\nTherefore, one must not direct the charge thoughtlessly against just anyone, but against the one who commits the wrong. For this is just and proper, since it is especially approved by the laws and is beneficial to all people, because evil is cut off from no small part as a result; whereas the other course of action, besides being irrational, is never advantageous to anyone. So it is the wrongdoers, those who disregard the laws, those who sin in any way, who must be accused and brought to the tribunal, and not others in their place. For if not, two very bad things will result from this: both the wrongdoers","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀμφότεροι γὰρ οὗπερ ἐγκαλεῖτε μακρὰν ἐπίσης ἐσμέν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker argues that both parties are equally distant from the alleged fault, implying a shared innocence or lack of culpability.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀσκέπτως","severity":"info","text":"The adverb ἀσκέπτως ('thoughtlessly') underscores the rhetorical demand for careful, targeted accusation rather than indiscriminate blame.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ τοίνυν ... ἀλλὰ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a rhetorical question to a prescriptive statement using the contrastive structure 'οὐ τοίνυν ... ἀλλὰ', marking a logical turn in the argument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκεῖνο","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript reading ἐκεῖνο (neuter singular) is adopted by the editor over the variant ἐκεῖνοι (masculine plural) found in some witnesses, affecting the referent of the contrast.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπὶ βῆμα ἀκτέον","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'bring to the tribunal' (ἐπὶ βῆμα ἀκτέον) reflects Athenian legal practice, where the βῆμα was the speaker's platform in court, here used metaphorically for formal accusation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"δύο τὰ χείριστα","severity":"info","text":"The argument that misdirected accusation produces 'two very bad things' echoes a common rhetorical topos in Greek forensic oratory, where consequences are enumerated to strengthen a point.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text breaks off mid-sentence at the end of the passage, leaving the second 'bad thing' unspecified.","The referent of 'ἐκεῖνο' (line 29) is ambiguous between the preceding clause and a broader antecedent; the editor's choice affects interpretation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"κοῦντες ἀεὶ τὸ δοῦναι δίκην ἐκφεύξονται οἴ τ’ αὖ\n\nἐπιεικεῖς καὶ χρηστοὶ τὰ τῶν ἀνοσίων πείσονται, ὥστε\n\nμήτε πονηρίαν ἐπιλείψειν τὸν βίον καὶ ἀρετὴν τὰ μέ-\n\nγιστα ζημιοῦσθαι, ὅπερ δὴ καὶ παντὸς μᾶλλον φυλάτ-\n\nτεσθαι προσήκει, ἵνα μὴ θᾶττον ἄνω κάτω τἀνθρώπεια\n\nγένηται.\n\nἥ, πρὸς θεῶν, ἀρεστὸν ὑμῖνι εἴ τις ἱερό-\n\nσυλος ἢ λωποδύτης ἐν Κορίνθῳ ἐγένετο, ἐκεῖνον μὲν\n\nχαίρειν ἐᾶν, ὑμᾶς δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀντ’ ἐκείνου εἰσάγειν,\n\nἔνα μὴ μόνον ἄδικον ᾖ τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα\n\nγελοῖον; εἰ γὰρ Κορίνθιοι δι’ ἐκεῖνον τὸν ἔνα ἰερόσυ-\n\nλοι πάντες, δεῖ δὲ καθ’ ὑμᾶς μεταβαίνειν τὴν αἰτίαν\n\nἀεί, εἶεν ἂν τοιοῦτοι καὶ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ οἱ πλησιόχωροι\n\nΜαντινεῖς καὶ οἱ ἐν Ἀθήναις ἡμεῖς καὶ πάντες ἄνθρω-\n\nποι, καὶ οὐδένες ἀνθρώπων. ὁ γὰρ δεχόμενος τὴν\n\nαἰτίαν ἐπ᾿ ἄλλον ἀεὶ μεταπέμψει, ἡ δὲ φερομένη οὔτε\n\nεἴς τινα ἑστήξει καὶ πάντας ἐπελεύσεται, ὧς εἶναι\n\nἀνάγκην ἀποκριθῆναι τὸν λόγον εἰς αἴνιγμα. ἀλλὰ\n\nτοῦτο παντάπασιν ἄτοπον. ἄτοπον δήπου καὶ τὸ ἡμᾶς","english":"ing that you are not the ones who committed the wrong, yet you still hold us accountable for the deeds of others. For if you always shift the blame, then those who are reasonable and good will suffer the fate of the impious, so that wickedness will never leave life, and virtue will be most severely damaged—which, more than anything, must be guarded against, lest human affairs be turned upside down.\n\nFor, in the name of the gods, would it be acceptable to you if someone became a temple robber or a thief in Corinth, and you let that man go free, but brought us, the others, to trial in his place? Not only would this be unjust, but also utterly ridiculous. For if the Corinthians are all temple robbers because of that one man, and if, according to you, the charge must always be transferred, then the Argives, the neighboring Mantineans, we in Athens, and all people would be such, and no one would be human. For the one who receives the charge will always pass it on to another, and the charge, being carried, will neither rest on anyone nor will it pass over everyone, so that the argument must be resolved into a riddle. But this is entirely absurd. And it is absurd, therefore, that we","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπιεικεῖς καὶ χρηστοὶ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'reasonable and good' (ἐπιεικεῖς καὶ χρηστοί) is a standard ethical pairing in Greek rhetoric, denoting those who are fair-minded and morally upright, contrasted with the impious (ἀνοσίων).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Κορίνθῳ","severity":"info","text":"Corinth is used here as a hypothetical example of a city where a crime occurs; the argument plays on the absurdity of collective guilt spreading from one individual to all Corinthians, then to neighboring cities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸς θεῶν","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question introduced by 'in the name of the gods' (πρὸς θεῶν) marks a shift to a vivid hypothetical scenario, reinforcing the logical absurdity of the opponent's position.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"αἴνιγμα","severity":"info","text":"The term 'riddle' (αἴνιγμα) echoes a common rhetorical trope in Greek declamation, where an argument that leads to infinite regress is dismissed as an unsolvable puzzle.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκφεύξονται","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἐκφεύξονται (a future form of ἐκφεύγω) is a variant spelling; the standard Attic form would be ἐκφεύξονται. This may reflect a later scribal or orthographic choice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the start of the passage is fragmentary (κοῦντες), likely a continuation from the previous sentence; the reading assumes a verb of thinking or speaking.","The phrase 'οἴ τ’ αὖ' is unclear; it may be a scribal error for 'οἵ τ’ αὖ' or a dialectal form."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ἀσεβεῖς εἶναι διὰ Ποτιδαιάτας ἠσεβηκότας. εἰ δ’ ἐπὶ\n\nπλέον βιάζετε, ὁδῷ προβαῖνον ἐλεύσεται τὸ ἔγκλημα\n\nκαὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Κορινθίους ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀντεγκαλέσομεν\n\nτότ’, εὖ ἴστε, σφοδρότερον οὐδὲν ἀνιέντες.\n\nἀλλ’\n\nοὐχ οὕτω δεῖ παίζειν. ἄνθρωποι γὰρ πάντες οἷς μέλει\n\n1 ἀλόγίστωο V 9 μᾶλλον scripsi e LV μάλιστα Schm\n\n11 θεῶν scripsi θεοῦ LV Schm cf. ad p. 60,1 17 αἰτίαν ἀεί.\n\nscripsi e LV αἰτίαν, ἀεὶ Schm | ἂν inserui e LV om Schm\n\n| οἱ inser L om V\n\nτοῦ δικαίου οὐχ ἕτερον ἀνθ’ ἑτέρου εἰσάγουσιν εἰς\n\nτὰς δίκας, ἀλλ’ ὅστις ἠδίκηκεν ἀγώγιμός ἐστι παρ’\n\nαὐτοῖς, ὁ δ’ αὐτὸς καὶ κληρονομῶν τῆς αἰτίας. εἰ\n\nτοίνυν Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο, ἀσεβεῖς ἂν\n\nεἶεν καὶ προώλεις ὀλέσειαν αὐτοὺς οἱ θεοί, ἡμῖν δὲ\n\nτοῦ σφῶν μύσους τοσοῦτον μετεῖναι δοκεῖ, ὁπόσον καὶ\n\nτοῖς ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις καὶ Σούσοις καὶ πλεῖστον διῳκι-\n\nσμένοις αὐτῶν.\n\n24. Ἀλλ’ ἐπολιορκεῖτε, φασίν, αὐτοὺς κἀν τῇ\n\nπολιορκίᾳ τοῦτο συνέπεσεν. ἐπολιορκοῦμεν μὲν","english":"ous because of the Potidaeans who have committed impiety. But if you press further, the charge will proceed step by step and reach you Corinthians as well, and then we will counter-accuse you, be assured, with no less vehemence.\n\nBut it is not right to play such games. For all men who care for justice do not introduce one thing in place of another into their lawsuits, but whoever has done wrong is liable among them, and the same person also inherits the blame. If, then, the Potidaeans have tasted one another, they would be impious and the gods would destroy them utterly, but we seem to have as much share in their pollution as those in Ecbatana and Susa and those most widely separated from them.\n\n24. \"But you besieged them,\" they say, \"and during the siege this happened.\" We did besiege them,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀσεβεῖς εἶναι διὰ Ποτιδαιάτας ἠσεβηκότας","severity":"info","text":"The speaker denies that the Athenians are impious because of the Potidaeans' impiety, shifting responsibility to the Corinthians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"προώλεις","severity":"info","text":"προώλεις (acc. pl.) is a rare adjective meaning 'utterly destroyed' or 'accursed', often used in curses; here it intensifies the wished destruction by the gods.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἐκβατάνοις καὶ Σούσοις","severity":"info","text":"Ecbatana and Susa were major cities of the Persian Empire, used here as examples of extreme geographical distance to argue that the Athenians are as far from the Potidaeans' pollution as possible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"24. Ἀλλ’ ἐπολιορκεῖτε, φασίν, αὐτοὺς","severity":"info","text":"A new section (numbered 24) begins with a direct objection from an imagined opponent, introduced by φασίν ('they say'), a rhetorical device common in declamations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀγώγιμός","severity":"caution","text":"The term ἀγώγιμος can mean 'liable to prosecution' or 'subject to legal action'; the precise legal nuance in this context is uncertain, but the general sense of accountability is clear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"This declamation is a response to Libanius, a 4th-century sophist; Gregory II, a 13th-century patriarch, reuses classical rhetorical forms for a Christian audience, showing the enduring influence of Attic oratory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has textual variants (e.g., μᾶλλον vs. μάλιστα, θεῶν vs. θεοῦ) that affect the precise reading but not the overall argument."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"οὖν καὶ μάλα δικαίως. ἐχθροὶ γὰρ ἦσαν καὶ πολέμιοι,\n\nκαί, ὥσπερ φίλοις οὖσιν ὑπέστημεν τρόπῳ παντὶ βοη-\n\nθεῖν, οὕτως εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀποκριθεῖσι πολεμοῦντες\n\nοὐδὲν ἐπράττομεν τῶν ἀδίκων. εἰ μὲν γὰρ μηδὲν ἡμᾶς\n\nἀδικήσασι μηδέ τι κακὸν διαθεμένοις ἠράμεθα πρὸς\n\nαὐτοὺς πόλεμον, ἦν ἂν τοῦτο περιφανῶς ἄδικον, πρὸς\n\nοὓς ἦν ἡμῖν οὐδὲν διάφορον, στρατεύειν ἐθέλειν καὶ\n\nμάχην ἀπροφάσιστον συνιστᾶν, καί γε ὅστις ἡμᾶς τού-\n\nτου χάριν μετῆλθε τιμωρούμενος, δικαιότατα παρ’ ἡμῖν\n\nὐγε κριταῖς πάντων μᾶλλον ἔδρασεν ἄν· ἐπεὶ δ’ ατοὶ\n\nμηδενὸς καλοῦντος μηδὲ βιάζοντος προσήλθοσαν, ἱκέ-\n\nτευσαν, ἐδεήθησαν, ἔτυχον ἡμῶν οἴων ἠβούλοντο, εἶτ’\n\nεἰς ἀποστασίαν εἶδον πᾶσαν τὴν περὶ αὐτοὺς Ἀθη-\n\n5 Dem. p. 332,22; 395,7 7 cf. p. 24, 9 13 cf. p. 74,23\n\n15 ἀδικήσασι] ἀντὶ γενικῆς ἡ δοτικὴ ἐνταῦθα VL2\n\n2 ὅστις — 3 αὐτοῖς inter Libanii locos laudat Plan fol 38\n\nπαρὰ τοῖς κριταῖς Plan | ὅδ’ V 7 πλεῖστον scripsi e LV\n\nπλεῖστα Schm 13 εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀποκρυθεῖσι respicit Plan","english":"Therefore, and with full justice. For they were enemies and hostile, and just as we undertook to aid them in every way when they were friends, so when they turned to the opposite, we waged war against them, doing nothing unjust. For if we had taken up war against them when they had done us no wrong and had caused us no harm, this would have been manifestly unjust—to wish to march against those with whom we had no difference and to join battle without cause; and indeed, if anyone had then proceeded against us in punishment for this, he would have acted most justly, especially before you as judges. But since they themselves, with no one summoning or compelling them, approached, supplicated, begged, and obtained from us the treatment they desired, and then turned to complete rebellion against the Athenians around them...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὖν καὶ μάλα δικαίως","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase asserts the justice of Athenian action, linking back to the previous passage's counter-accusation against the Corinthians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰ μὲν γὰρ ... ἐπεὶ δ'","severity":"info","text":"A conditional structure contrasts a hypothetical unjust war (εἰ μὲν γὰρ) with the actual situation (ἐπεὶ δ'), where the Potidaeans sought Athenian aid and then rebelled.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαία","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans, originally Athenian allies, revolted in 432 BCE, a key event leading to the Peloponnesian War. The speaker defends Athens' response as just.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"παρὰ τοῖς κριταῖς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'before you as judges' echoes a variant reading in Planudes' commentary on Libanius, showing Byzantine reception of this rhetorical topos.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀδικήσασι","severity":"caution","text":"The dative ἀδικήσασι is noted in the apparatus as a substitution for the genitive, a grammatical irregularity possibly due to scribal error or stylistic choice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀποκριθεῖσι","severity":"info","text":"This phrase is noted in the apparatus as a reference to a passage in Libanius, indicating the antilogia structure of Gregory's response.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'they' in the opening sentence is ambiguous; context suggests the Potidaeans, but the previous passage mentions Corinthians. The reading taken follows the apparatus linking to Potidaea."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"l. l. atferens φίλος ὢν εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀπεκρίθη 15 ἀδικήκασι\n\nV | μὴ δέ V 21 μὴ δὲ V 22 ἠβούλοντο scripsi e LV\n\nἐβούλοντο Schm 23 ἀποστασίαν scripsi e LV coll p. 70,17;\n\n73, 17 ἀπόστασιν Schm\n\nναίων σπουδὴν παρὰ φαῦλον θέμενοι, ποῦ δίκαιον μὴ\n\nπόλεμον κινεῖν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς καὶ δίκην ἀξίαν τῆς ὑπερ-\n\nοψίας λαμβάνειν;\n\nοὐκοῦν, ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, καὶ\n\nἐκινοῦμεν τὸν πόλεμον καὶ δίκην ἐλαμβάνομεν ἀξίαν\n\nμὲν οὐδαμῶς, ἀλλ’ ἣν ἐνομίζομεν ἀποχρῆναι. καὶ τὸ\n\nπρᾶγμα ὧς ἐννομώτατον ἦν, κωλύει γὰρ τοὺς τοιούτους\n\nἀμύνεσθαι οὔτε νόμος οὐδεὶς οὔτε θεὸς οὔθ’ ἡ κοινὴ\n\nτῶν ἀνθρώπων συνήθεια. μάλιστα μὲν οὖν καὶ τὰ\n\nἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν παραδείγματα, οἷς αὐτοὶ καὶ σκηπτοῖς\n\nἄνωθεν καὶ χαλάζῃ βάλλουσι καὶ ὕδασι πνίγουσι καὶ\n\nπᾶσι τρόποις τοὺς ἀνοσίους καὶ ἀγνώμονας τῶν ἀνθρώ-\n\nπων κολάζουσι, διδασκαλία πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἐστι\n\nτιμωρίαν οἴ τ’ αὖ νόμοι ἐπὶ τούτῳ καθίζοντες δικα-\n\nστὰς κολάσεων τε εἴδη καὶ τρόπους ἀναδιδάσκοντες","english":"unlawful. But if, having made light of our zeal, they turned from friend to enemy and wronged us, where is the justice in not waging war against them and exacting a penalty worthy of their contempt? Therefore, men of Hellas, we did wage war and exact a penalty—not one that was fully adequate, but one we thought sufficient. And this action was entirely lawful, for no law, no god, nor common human custom prevents repelling such men. Indeed, the very examples from the gods—who strike from above with thunderbolts and hail, drown with waters, and punish in every way the impious and ungrateful among men—serve as instruction for the punishment of enemies. Likewise, the laws that establish judges for this purpose teach both the forms and methods of punishment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐκοῦν, ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'οὐκοῦν, ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες' marks a rhetorical transition, summing up the preceding argument and addressing the audience directly, a common feature in declamations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀποχρῆναι","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ἀποχρῆναι' (to suffice) is used here in the sense of 'to be sufficient' for punishment, reflecting a pragmatic rather than ideal standard of justice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"σκηπτοῖς ... χαλάζῃ ... ὕδασι","severity":"info","text":"The examples of divine punishment (thunderbolts, hail, drowning) are conventional in Greek rhetoric, drawing on common mythological and natural imagery to justify human retribution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"οὔτε νόμος ... οὔτε θεὸς ... οὔθ’ ἡ κοινὴ τῶν ἀνθρώπων συνήθεια","severity":"info","text":"This triadic denial (no law, no god, no common custom) echoes a standard rhetorical topos in Greek oratory, emphasizing the universal legitimacy of self-defense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐβούλοντο","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a variant reading: 'ἐβούλοντο' (Schm) vs. 'ἠβούλοντο' (scripsi e LV), indicating a textual crux in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀποστασίαν","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes 'ἀποστασίαν' (scripsi e LV) vs. 'ἀπόστασιν' (Schm), a variant that affects the meaning (rebellion vs. defection).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has minor textual variants in the apparatus (e.g., 'ἐβούλοντο' vs. 'ἠβούλοντο', 'ἀποστασίαν' vs. 'ἀπόστασιν'), which do not significantly alter the overall sense but reflect manuscript divergence."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"πολλὴν ποιοῦνται τὴν προτροπήν, ὡς, εἰ τινες κακῶς\n\nἔδρασαν κακῶς καὶ ἀπόλωνται. καὶ ἀνθρώπων δὲ\n\nκἂν τοὺς ἀσθενεστάτους εἴποις καὶ μετριωτάτους και-\n\nρὸν ἔχοντας μετιέναι τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας οὐκ ἂν τὴν\n\nἐπιχείρησιν παραιτήσασθαι. οὕτως ἁπανταχόθεν προ-\n\nτετραμμένον ἐστὶν ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἐχθρούς, καὶ κεκώ-\n\nλυται οὐδαμῶς.\n\nὃ δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐποιοῦμεν, θάτερον\n\nδὲ οὐδαμῶς, λέγω τὸ οὕτω τραφῆναι παρασκευάσαι. καὶ\n\nγὰρ οὔτε παράδειγμα τοῦ τοσούτου μύσους ἑωρῶμεν\n\nγεγενημένον, πρὸς ὅπερ εἰκὸς ἦν ἀπιδόντας μιμήσασθαι,\n\nκἂν ἄλλοι τινὲς μυρίοι πρὸς ταύτην ἐξέκλιναν τὴν\n\nμανίαν, ἀλλ’ Ἀθηναίοις γε οὐ πρὸς φύσεως μέχρι\n\nτοσούτου τὴν ὀργὴν παρεκτείνειν, οὔκουν οὐδ’ εἰ\n\n1 σπονδὴν V ὡς inserui e LV om Schm 14 ἀναδι-\n\nδάσκοντες scripsi e LV διδάσκοντες Schm 17 εἴποις scripsi\n\ne V εἴπῃς L Schm 25 μυρίοι inserui e LV om Schm\n\n26 ἀλλ’ — 27 παρεκτείνειν citat Plan 1. 1.\n\nπᾶσαν ἐφάνη τις πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐνδειξάμενος βλάβην. ὃ","english":"They make great exhortation, as if, when some have done evil, they also suffer evil and perish. And even if you were to speak of the weakest and most moderate of men, when they have the opportunity to pursue those who wrong them, they would not decline the attempt. Thus from all sides it is urged to defend oneself against enemies, and it is in no way forbidden.\n\nThis indeed we were doing, but the other thing we were in no way doing, I mean causing them to be nurtured in such a way. For we saw no precedent of such great abomination having occurred, to which it would have been reasonable to look and imitate, even if countless others had turned to this madness, but for the Athenians it is not in their nature to extend their anger so far, certainly not even if someone had shown himself to have caused them every harm.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"πολλὴν ποιοῦνται τὴν προτροπήν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they make great exhortation' introduces a rhetorical claim that universal human instinct justifies self-defense, a premise the speaker counters in the following sentence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐποιοῦμεν, θάτερον δὲ οὐδαμῶς","severity":"info","text":"This adversative pivot separates the general principle of self-defense from the specific Athenian action, which the speaker denies was punitive nurture (τραφῆναι παρασκευάσαι).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"τραφῆναι παρασκευάσαι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'causing them to be nurtured' likely refers to the charge that Athens deliberately raised or educated its enemies in a harmful way, a key point of contention in the antilogia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"citat Plan 1. 1.","severity":"info","text":"The apparatus notes that lines 26–27 (ἀλλ’ Ἀθηναίοις … παρεκτείνειν) are cited by Planudes, indicating this passage was excerpted in Byzantine rhetorical collections.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"μυρίοι","severity":"caution","text":"The word μυρίοι ('countless') is an editorial insertion from manuscripts L and V, omitted in Schm; the text is uncertain at this point.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'θάτερον δὲ οὐδαμῶς' could refer either to the act of nurturing enemies or to a different unspecified action; the context favors the former.","The clause 'οὔκουν οὐδ’ εἰ πᾶσαν ἐφάνη τις πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐνδειξάμενος βλάβην' is syntactically incomplete in the Greek; the English draft supplies a logical conclusion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"δ’ οὖν αὐτοῖς πάτριον καὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον οἰκεῖον,\n\nεὐεργετοῦσι μὲν προθυμεῖσθαι τὸ δίκαιον ὑπερβαίνειν,\n\nκολάζουσι δέ, ὁπηνίκα τούτου καιρός, μὴ ἀκριβολογεῖ-\n\nσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ μετρίου ὑφίεσθαι διὰ χρηστότητα.\n\nὥστ’, εἰ καὶ Ποτιδαιάτας ἐπολιορκοῦμεν, μετρίαν σκο-\n\nποῦντες εἰσπράξασθαι δίκην τοῦτ’ ἐποιοῦμεν, ἀλλ’ οὐχ\n\nὅπως εἰς ἀνάγκην τοῦ νεκρῶν ἅπτεσθαι συνελάσωμεν\n\nκαὶ πείσωμεν ἀντὶ πολεμίων, τί λέγω πολεμίων; ἀντὶ\n\nθηρίων ἀλλήλοις γενέσθαι.\n\nεἴχομεν ἂν ἀσεβείας\n\nαἰτίαν ἡμεῖς, εἰ τοῦτο διενοούμεθα καὶ σκοπὸς ἦν\n\nπεριστάντας τὴν πόλιν καὶ συλλαβόντας αὐτοὺς λιμῷ\n\nκαὶ σιδήρῳ καὶ πάσαις ἀνάγκαις ὠθεῖν πρὸς τοιαύτας\n\nτροφάς· ὅπου δ’ ἄνετοι ἐκεῖνοι ἐντὸς περιβόλου στρε-\n\nφόμενοι ἐκ τῶν πύργων ἄνωθεν ἀντεπισείοντες τῷ\n\nστρατοπέδῳ τὰ ὅπλα, ἡνίκα οὐ πολέμιος ἦν κατεπείγων.\n\nοὐ ξίφος ἐπανατεινόμενον, οὐ σιδήρου πληγή, οὐ πῦρ\n\nκαῖον, οὐ βρόχος, οὐκ ἄλλη τις βάσανος, ἡμῶν αὐτοὺς\n\nπρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ ἔτι μετακαλουμένων, ἱκετευόντων, βο-","english":"It is, then, their ancestral custom and their own practice for all time, to be eager to exceed what is just when they do good, but when they punish, whenever there is occasion for this, not to be exacting, but even to relax from the moderate out of kindness. So that, even if we were besieging the Potidaeans, we were doing this with a view to exacting a measured penalty, but not so as to drive them into the necessity of touching the dead and persuade them to become, instead of enemies—what am I saying, enemies?—instead of wild beasts, to one another. We would have borne the charge of impiety if we had intended this and if our purpose in surrounding the city and seizing them was to push them by hunger, by the sword, and by all constraints toward such food. But where they, at their ease, turning about within the circuit, from the towers above brandishing their weapons back at the camp, at a time when no enemy was pressing hard—no sword held over them, no blow of iron, no burning fire, no noose, nor any other torture, while we were still calling them back to us, beseeching them, crying out—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"εὐεργετοῦσι μὲν προθυμεῖσθαι τὸ δίκαιον ὑπερβαίνειν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker characterizes Athenian practice as exceeding justice in benefaction and relaxing strictness in punishment, a rhetorical contrast that frames the siege of Potidaea as measured.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a siege (Thuc. 1.56–65). The reference here is anachronistic for a late Byzantine declamation but serves as a stock example of Athenian severity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"νεκρῶν ἅπτεσθαι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase alludes to cannibalism or corpse-eating under siege, a taboo in Greek culture. The speaker denies that Athens intended to drive the Potidaeans to such extremes, contrasting with the accusation in Libanius’ declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"εἴχομεν ἂν ἀσεβείας αἰτίαν","severity":"info","text":"This conditional sentence marks a rhetorical shift: the speaker hypothetically admits a charge of impiety if intent were proven, then denies that intent by describing the Potidaeans’ free movement and lack of duress.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ ξίφος ... οὐ σιδήρου πληγή, οὐ πῦρ καῖον, οὐ βρόχος","severity":"info","text":"The list of absent torments (sword, iron blow, fire, noose) echoes rhetorical catalogues of siege horrors (cf. Lys. 12.36; Diod. Sic. 13.108). The accumulation emphasizes the Potidaeans’ lack of compulsion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀντὶ πολεμίων, τί λέγω πολεμίων; ἀντὶ θηρίων","severity":"caution","text":"The self-correction ('what am I saying, enemies? instead of wild beasts') is a rhetorical figure (epanorthosis). The Greek text is sound, but the English draft's punctuation may obscure the anacoluthon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text breaks off mid-sentence at βο- (βοῶντες? 'shouting'), leaving the clause incomplete. The English draft supplies 'crying out' as a plausible restoration, but the original manuscript may have continued differently."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ώντων· σύνετε, ἄνδρες Ποτιδαιᾶται, γίνεσθε\n\nὑμῶν αὐτῶν, φείσασθε γυναικῶν τῶν ὐμετέ-\n\nρων, φείσασθε παίδων· τί ὑμεῖς αὐτόχειρες\n\nἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμεῖτε γενέσθαι; ἔστιν ἐφ’ ὑμῖν\n\nμεταβουλευσαμένοις σωθῆναι, ἔστι καὶ σκλη-\n\nρυνθεῖσι καθάπαξ ἀπολωλέναι, εἰ ταῦθ’ ἡμῶν\n\nπροτεινόντων ἔχοντες ἐκεῖνοι καιρὸν τοῦ πράττειν τὰ\n\nδέοντα ὅμως ἐσκληρύνοντο, ἕως ἑαυτοὺς ἀπώλεσαν,\n\n10 cf. p. 17, 6 17 Pind. 01. Χ (XI) 37\n\n2 πατρώιον V 10 μὲν post εἴχομεν inser Schm delevi\n\n14 τροφούς V 20 συνῆτε V 25 ὑμῶν V\n\n5 *\n\nτίς οὕτως ἀναιδὴς ὧς ἡμῖν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν μέμφεσθαι;\n\nοὕτως οὐ τῆς ἡμῶν διανοίας, τῆς δ’ ἐκείνων ἀπονοίας\n\nτουτ’ ἔργον ὑπῆρχε.\n\n28. Καὶ εἰ βούλεσθε, κύκλῳ τὴν Ἑλλάδα περιελ-\n\nθόντες ἐς ζητεῖτε, εἴ τι τοιοῦτον εἰς ἀνθρώπους Ἀθη-\n\nναῖοι πεπράχασι, κἂν εὕρητέ που, συνεζεύχθω ἀμφό-\n\nτερα καὶ ἐξ ἔθους ἡμᾶς λέγετε ἀσεβεῖν. ἡττήθησαν καὶ\n\nΘηβαῖοι μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων Βοιωτῶν ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως ἐν\n\nπολλοῖς, ἡττήθησαν καὶ Φωκεῖς καὶ Θετταλοὶ σὺν","english":"lax in their punishment. Understand, men of Potidaea, become your own masters, spare your own wives, spare your children; why do you desire to become your own executioners? It is possible for you, by changing your resolve, to be saved, and it is also possible, if you harden yourselves once and for all, to be utterly destroyed. If, when we made these offers, they, having the opportunity to do what was necessary, nevertheless hardened themselves until they destroyed themselves, who is so shameless as to blame us on their account? Thus this was not the work of our intention, but of their folly.\n\n28. And if you wish, go around Greece in a circle and inquire whether the Athenians have ever done anything of this sort to people; and if you find it anywhere, let both be joined together, and say that we are impious from habit. The Thebans, along with the other Boeotians, were defeated by the city in many battles; the Phocians and the Thessalians were also defeated, together with","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"σύνετε","severity":"info","text":"The verb σύνετε (from συνίημι) is an imperative meaning 'understand' or 'perceive', here urging the Potidaeans to grasp the situation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"αὐτόχειρες","severity":"info","text":"αὐτόχειρες (lit. 'with one's own hand') means 'executioners' or 'murderers', emphasizing self-destruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"28. Καὶ εἰ βούλεσθε","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new section (numbered 28) with a rhetorical challenge, inviting a hypothetical inquiry across Greece to prove Athenian innocence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Θηβαῖοι ... Φωκεῖς ... Θετταλοὶ","severity":"info","text":"The Thebans, Phocians, and Thessalians are cited as historical adversaries of Athens, reinforcing the argument that Athenian actions were not uniquely harsh.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"συνεζεύχθω","severity":"caution","text":"The verb συνεζεύχθω (from συζεύγνυμι) is a rare form; the text may be corrupt or a scribal error for συζεύχθω, meaning 'let them be yoked together'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at line 20 has συνῆτε (aorist subjunctive) in the apparatus, but the lemma σύνετε (present imperative) is adopted in the main text; the reading affects the rhetorical force.","The phrase 'συνεζεύχθω' is uncertain; it may be a scribal error or a deliberate archaism."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"αὐτοῖς, ἐπειράθησαν καὶ Μακεδόνες τῆς ἡμετέρας ἰσχύος\n\nκαὶ πρὸς τούτοις Θρᾷκες καὶ ἀπ’ ἀμφοῖν τῶν ἐθνῶν\n\nἔτι πολλοὶ παρ’ ἡμῖν ἐν δεσμοῖς. ἀλλ’ οὐδεὶς οἵους\n\nοὗτοί φασιν ἡμῶν ἐπειράθη.\n\nκαὶ τί τοὺς Ἕλληνας\n\nλέγομεν; οὐ τοὺς Ἴωνας ἡμῶν οἱ Πέρσαι κατεδου-\n\nλοῦντο; οὐκ Ἐρετριεῖς ἀναρπάστους ἐξείλοντο; οὐ μετὰ\n\nτοῦ αὐτοῦ διανοήματος εἰς Μαραθῶνα κατήρκασιν, ἴν\n\nὡς Ἐρέτριαν καὶ τὴν Ἀττικὴν πᾶσαν διάθωνται; ἀλλὰ\n\nτούτων λαμπρῶς καὶ τότε κρατήσαντες καὶ ὕστερον\n\nὅτε Ξέρξης ἐπῄει πᾶσαν τὴν Ἀσίαν κινῶν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς,\n\nκαὶ μετὰ ταῦτ’ ἐν Κύπρῳ καὶ Παμφυλίᾳ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ,\n\nοὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν ὧς ἐνί γε ἢ πλείοσιν αὐτῶν τοιαύτην\n\nἐπηγάγομεν ἀνάγκην. οὐ βαρβάρῳ δεῖπνον παρεθέμεθα\n\nβάρβαρον οὐδὲ παραστησάμενοι τοὺς δημίους παίοντες,\n\nμαστιγοῦντες, σφάττοντες ἐκελεύομεν ἅπτεσθαι. οὐ\n\nτοσοῦτον τὴν ἀνθρωπείαν ἠγνοήκαμεν φύσιν ἡμεῖς\n\n15 Xen. comm. IV 2, 33 17 cf. ad t. V p. 521, 10. t. IV\n\n454, 18 R\n\n2 τῆς δ’ ἐκείνων ἀπονοίας inserui e LV om Schm","english":"They also experienced our strength, and in addition to them, Thracians, and from both nations many are still in our bonds. But no one experienced from us what these men claim.\n\nAnd why do we speak of the Greeks? Did not the Persians enslave our Ionians? Did they not carry off the Eretrians? Did they not come to Marathon with the same intention, to treat all of Attica as they did Eretria? But having then brilliantly prevailed over them, and later when Xerxes advanced, stirring up all Asia against us, and afterwards in Cyprus and Pamphylia and elsewhere, it cannot be said that we brought such necessity upon any one or more of them. We did not set a barbaric feast before a barbarian, nor did we, stationing executioners, order them to strike, flog, and slay. We have not so far forgotten human nature.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐδεὶς οἵους οὗτοί φασιν ἡμῶν ἐπειράθη","severity":"info","text":"The speaker denies that any captive experienced the kind of treatment the opponents allege, contrasting Athenian restraint with barbarian cruelty.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἴωνας ... Πέρσαι κατεδουλοῦντο","severity":"info","text":"The Ionian Greeks were subjugated by Persia after the Ionian Revolt (499–494 BCE); the reference supports the argument that Persians, not Athenians, enslaved Greeks.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἐρετριεῖς ἀναρπάστους ἐξείλοντο","severity":"info","text":"Eretria was sacked and its inhabitants deported by the Persians in 490 BCE, just before Marathon; the speaker uses this to highlight Persian aggression.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μαραθῶνα ... Ξέρξης ... Κύπρῳ καὶ Παμφυλίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"These events (Marathon 490, Xerxes’ invasion 480–479, and later campaigns in Cyprus and Pamphylia) illustrate Athens’ consistent victories without imposing cruel punishments.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"βάρβαρον δεῖπνον","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'barbaric feast' likely alludes to the practice of serving human flesh or forcing captives to eat their own kin, a trope of barbarian savagery in Greek rhetoric.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ τοσοῦτον τὴν ἀνθρωπείαν ἠγνοήκαμεν φύσιν","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has φύσιν (a misspelling or variant for φύσιν); the sense is 'we have not so far forgotten human nature,' but the exact reading may reflect scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'οὐδεὶς οἵους οὗτοί φασιν' could be read as 'no one such as these claim' or 'no one experienced what these men say'; the translation takes the latter.","The reference to 'Thracians' and 'both nations' is ambiguous: it may mean Thracians and Macedonians, or Thracians and another group; the context suggests captives from both peoples."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"3 ὑπῆρχεν Schm 5 άθηναῖοι L sed οἱ in ras m 2. áuhnaqivn\n\nV 7 ἐξ ἔθους Schm ἐξέθους LV | λέγετε L sed λ in ras m2\n\n17 Ἐρέτριαν scripsi e V ἐρέτρειαν L Schm 20 μετα-\n\nταῦτ᾿ V\n\nκαὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῶν πάλαι Ἀθηναίων ἀπολελείμμεθα,\n\nὧν οὐδενὸς οὕτως ἴδιον ὧς εὐσέβεια καὶ φιλανθρωπία.\n\nὧν δήπου καὶ ἡμεῖς γεγόναμεν κληρονόμοι, μεθ’ ὧν\n\nἐν τῷ διηνεκεῖ χρόνῳ καὶ πᾶσιν ὡμιλοῦμεν ἀνθρώποις.\n\nμὴ τοίνυν ἡμᾶς τις τῆς ἐκείνων ἀσεβείας αἰτίους,\n\nἀλλ’ αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους λεγέτω, οἱ καὶ τὴν ἀθέμιτον\n\nἑαυτοῖς παρέθεντο τράπεζαν καὶ τροφῆς ἐπ’ αὐτῆς\n\nἥψαντο παρανόμου. ὅσοι δὲ ἡμῖν τούτων ἕνεκεν μέμ-\n\nφονται, τούτους δήπου φαμὲν μηδὲ τοὺς ἐν ταῖς πό-\n\nλεσιν ἄρχοντας ἐθέλειν ἀμέμπτως ἔχειν ἐᾶν, οἷς] ὅτι\n\nτινὲς εἰς δεσμωτήριον ὐπ’ αὐτῶν ἐμβαλλόμενοι πρὶν\n\nἢ τοῖς νόμοις καὶ μετριωτέραν ἴσως δοῦναι δίκην\n\nφθάνουσιν αὐτοὶ παρανομοῦντες εἰς ἑαυτοὺς καὶ ζωῆς\n\nἀπαλλάττοντες. ἀλλ’ οὐδαμῶς γε τοῦτο κρίνοντος ὀρθὰ\n\nλογισμοῦ. οὐ γὰρ μόνον ὅτι τινὲς ἑάλωσαν οὐδ’ ὅτι","english":"We have not fallen short of the virtue of the ancient Athenians, for whom nothing was so characteristic as piety and philanthropy. We have indeed become their heirs, and with these qualities we converse with all people throughout continuous time. Therefore, let no one hold us responsible for their impiety, but rather let them blame those very men who set before themselves an unlawful table and partook of forbidden food upon it. As for those who reproach us on account of these things, we say that they would not even allow the rulers in the cities to be blameless, since some who are cast into prison by them, before they can pay a penalty to the laws—perhaps a more moderate one—themselves transgress against themselves and depart from life. But this is by no means the judgment of right reason. For it is not merely that some were convicted, nor that","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"εὐσέβεια καὶ φιλανθρωπία","severity":"info","text":"The speaker claims piety and philanthropy as the defining virtues of the ancient Athenians, which the present speaker inherits. This counters the accusation of impiety by redefining Athenian identity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀθέμιτον ... τράπεζαν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'unlawful table' likely refers to a specific act of sacrilege, possibly a violation of dietary or sacrificial norms, which the speaker attributes to the accusers rather than to the Athenians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"δεσμωτήριον","severity":"info","text":"The mention of a prison and rulers in cities reflects a legal context where authorities imprison individuals who may later harm themselves. This may allude to contemporary judicial practices in the Byzantine Empire.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"μὴ τοίνυν ... ἀλλ’","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a positive claim of virtue to a negative rebuttal, using a contrastive structure ('therefore let no one... but rather') to redirect blame from the speaker to the accusers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οἷς] ὅτι","severity":"caution","text":"The text at this point shows a lacuna or editorial insertion (indicated by brackets in the edition). The sense of the clause beginning with 'ὅτι' is uncertain; it may introduce a new argument or continue the previous one.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those very men' who set the unlawful table is not specified; they could be the accusers or a third party.","The phrase 'πρὶν ἢ τοῖς νόμοις ... δοῦναι δίκην' is ambiguous: it may mean 'before paying a penalty to the laws' or 'before giving a more moderate penalty to the laws'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"κατεσχέκθησαν ἐν δεσμοῖς σκοπεῖν δεῖ, ἀλλ’ εἰ μὴ καὶ\n\nσὺν δίκῃ ταῦτα πεπόνθασιν. εἰ δ’ ἀσεβῶς ὑφ’ ἑαυτῶν\n\nἀπηλλάγησαν, οὐδὲν τοῦτο συμβάλλεται ὥστε τὸν\n\nκατασχόντα ἔχειν αἰτίαν· οὔκουν οὐδ’ ἡμῖν φέρει\n\nκατηγορίαν, εἰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς νομίμως πολιορκούντων\n\nἡμῶν ἀσεβεῖς ἐκεῖνοι γεγόνασιν εἰς ἀλλήλους παρανο-\n\nμήσαντες.\n\n31. Εἰ δέ τις φιλονείκως ἔχων οὐκ ἀφίσταται τὴν\n\nπολιορκίαν λέγων εἰς ταῦτα παραβιάσασθαι, αὐτοὶ καὶ\n\nταύτης ἔχουσι τὴν αἰτίαν. ὁρᾶτε γάρ· ἡμέτεροι ἦσαν,\n\nπάντα παθεῖν ἕτοιμοι ἤ ἡμῶν ἀποστῆναι. φίλους ἡμεῖς\n\nαὐτοὺς ἤγομεν διὰ ταῦτα. ἔργῳ τῆς ἡμῶν φιλίας ἐλάμ-\n\n2 οὐδενὸς — 3 ὧν(2) inserui eLV om Schm 4 ὡμιλοῦμεν\n\nscripsi ὁμιλοῦμεν LV Schm 9 μὴ δὲ V 10 οἷς LV Schm\n\ncancellavi 18 οὐδὲν scripi e LV οὐδὲ Schm 19 οὔκουν\n\nscripsi e LV οὐκοῦν Schm 27 διαταῦτα V\n\nβανον πεῖραν. εὖθ’, ὡς ὑπ’ ἀνέμου σκάφος, εἰς τοὐ-\n\nναντέον περιτραπέντες ἠλόγησαν τῆς περὶ αὐτοὺς προ-\n\nνοέας ἡμῶν, ἠλόγησαν τῆς σπουδῆς, ἠθέτησαν τὴν","english":"It is necessary to consider whether they were held in bonds, but not whether they suffered these things unjustly. If they perished impiously at their own hands, this contributes nothing to the effect that the one who held them should bear the blame; therefore, it brings no accusation against us either, if, while we were lawfully besieging the enemy, those impious men committed lawless acts against each other.\n\n31. But if someone, being contentious, does not desist from saying that the siege forced them into these things, they themselves bear the blame for this as well. For consider: they were ours, ready to suffer anything rather than abandon us. We considered them friends on account of this. In fact, they experienced the test of our friendship. Then, like a ship turned by the wind to the opposite direction, they disregarded our care for them, they disregarded our zeal, they betrayed the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"κατεσχέκθησαν ἐν δεσμοῖς σκοπεῖν δεῖ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text is corrupt: κατεσχέκθησαν is a hapax or error; the sense requires 'whether they were held in bonds' as in the English draft. The verb likely derives from κατέχω.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"οὔκουν","severity":"info","text":"The apparatus notes οὔκουν (from the manuscript) vs. οὐκοῦν (Schm). The former is a rare particle meaning 'therefore not', fitting the negative context; the latter is the common 'therefore'. The editor adopts οὔκουν.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"31. Εἰ δέ τις φιλονείκως ἔχων","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins a new argumentative unit (numbered 31 in the edition), introduced by a conditional clause that counters a hypothetical objection about the siege forcing impiety.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"πολιορκίαν","severity":"info","text":"The siege (πολιορκία) is a central topos in this declamation, responding to Libanius' accusation that the Athenians forced impiety during a siege. The speaker argues the besieged acted impiously on their own.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἠλόγησαν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἠλόγησαν (from ἀλογέω, 'to disregard') is rare in classical Greek but appears in patristic texts. The sense is clear from context, but the form may reflect a later Greek usage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the start of the passage is corrupt: κατεσχέκθησαν is likely a scribal error for κατεσχέθησαν or similar; the English draft supplies the intended sense. The apparatus also notes textual variants for several words (e.g., οὐδὲν/οὐδὲ, διαταῦτα)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"φιλίαν, καὶ τὰς μετ’ ἀλλήλων συνθήκας ἀφέντες εἰς\n\nἐχθρῶν ἀπηλλάγησαν σχῆμα. ἐντεῦθεν παρὰ πόδας\n\nαὐτοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καὶ τὰ δεινὰ ἐπὶ θύραις. ἐφ’ οἷς\n\nδέον ὄν μεταβουλευσαμένους προσιέναι ἡμῖν, προσιόν-\n\nτας δὲ δεηθῆναι καὶ δεηθέντασ εὐμενεστέρων τυχεῖν,\n\nὅμως ἀπονοηθέντες ἀπώλοντο.\n\nοὕτως οὐχ ἡμῶν\n\nἔργον, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνων ἡ πολιορκία, καὶ ὁ κατασχὼν\n\nαὐτοὺς ὄλεθρος οὐκ ἄλλους εἶχε τοὺς παρεσκευακότας\n\nἤ τοὺς ἀπολωλότας αὐτούς. ἀλογώτατα γὰρ πρὸς τὰ\n\nτῶν Ἀθηναίων ὠθίσαντες ἑαυτοὺς ξίφη ὑπ’ αὐτῶν\n\nδιαφθείρονται καὶ μεγάλην ἀνάψαντες φλόγα ἁλίσκον-\n\nτᾶι ὑπ’ αὐτῆς. ἢ δοκεῖ σοι κἂν ἔνα ἡμῶν κινηθῆναι\n\nθελῆσαι ἢ τὸ περὶ τοῦ τείχους ψήφισμα γράψαι, εἰ μὴ\n\nνεώτερα ἐφρόνουν ἐκεῖνοι, εἰ μὴ πρὸς ἀποστασίαν\n\nἔβλεπον, εἰ μὴ ἀντὶ φίλων ἐχθροί, ἀντὶ δ’ οἰκείων\n\nπολέμιοι, ἀντὶ δὲ συμμάχων αἴροντες ὅπλα καθ’ ἡμῶν\n\nἐγένοντο; νυνὶ δ’ ἀποστάντων ἐκείνων, καὶ εἴθε γε τὸ\n\nκατ’ αὐτοὺς ἦν μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἀπώλοντο Ἀθηναίοις πρὸς","english":"abandoning friendship and their compacts with one another, they departed into the form of enemies. From that point, war and terrors were at their very doors. Although it was necessary for them, after changing their counsel, to approach us, and upon approaching to entreat and, having entreated, to meet with more favorable treatment, nevertheless, having lost their wits, they perished.\n\nThus the siege is not our work, but theirs, and the destruction that overtook them had no other preparers than the very ones who perished. For most irrationally, having thrust themselves upon the swords of the Athenians, they are destroyed by them, and having kindled a great flame, they are caught by it. Or does it seem to you that even one of us would have wished to be stirred, or would have written the decree concerning the wall, if those men had not been contemplating revolution, if they had not been looking toward revolt, if they had not become enemies instead of friends, foes instead of allies, and, instead of allies, men taking up arms against us? But as it is, since they revolted—and would that it were only their own doing—they perished at the hands of the Athenians.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπονοηθέντες","severity":"info","text":"The participle ἀπονοηθέντες (from ἀπονοέομαι, 'to lose one's mind') underscores the irrationality of the rebels' actions, a key rhetorical point in the defense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πολιορκία","severity":"info","text":"πολιορκία ('siege') is a technical military term; here it is used to shift responsibility from the besiegers to the besieged, a common rhetorical strategy in declamations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτως οὐχ ἡμῶν ἔργον, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνων","severity":"info","text":"This antithetical structure (οὐχ ... ἀλλά) reinforces the argument that the siege and destruction were self-inflicted by the rebels, not caused by the Athenians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"τὸ περὶ τοῦ τείχους ψήφισμα","severity":"info","text":"The 'decree concerning the wall' likely refers to a specific historical or declamatory measure; in the context of the antilogia, it symbolizes Athenian aggression, which the speaker denies initiating.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀλογώτατα ... ὠθίσαντες ἑαυτοὺς ... ξίφη","severity":"info","text":"The image of rebels thrusting themselves onto swords parallels the earlier metaphor of kindling a flame and being caught by it, both emphasizing self-destruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"νυνὶ δ’ ἀποστάντων ἐκείνων","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase νυνὶ δ’ ἀποστάντων ἐκείνων is elliptical; the genitive absolute may imply a concessive or causal sense, and the following clause is incomplete in the Greek, requiring the translator's supplement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at νυνὶ δ’ ἀποστάντων ἐκείνων is syntactically incomplete; the English draft supplies a concessive reading ('since they revolted'), but the Greek may also be read as a temporal or causal clause without an explicit main verb."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"τὸ ἐκείνων παράδειγμα καὶ τὰ ἐν Θρᾴκῃ πάντα καὶ\n\nΜακεδονίᾳ πράγματα καὶ οὐδὲ νῦν μετὰ τὴν Ποτι-\n\nδαίας καθαίρεσιν οἷοί τ’ ἐσμὲν ἑαυτοῖς ἐπανασώσα-\n\nσθαι, οὕτως οὖν ἐκείνων καὶ δι’ ἐκείνους τῶν ἄλλων\n\nδιατεθέντων ποῦ δίκαιον μὴ κινηθῆναι μὲν ἡμᾶς,\n\nαὐτοὺς δὲ καὶ ὧν ἔπαθον χείρω πολλῷ παθόντας\n\nτυχεῖν;\n\nχρηστοί γε ὑμεῖς, ὦ Κορίνθιοι, τὸν μὲν\n\n16 cf. p. 61, 1\n\n2 αὐτοὺς in marg ὒ 24 ἐπανασώσασθαι scripsi e V\n\nἀνασώσασραι L Schm 27 πολλῷ scripsi e LV πολλῶν Schm\n\n28 ὑμεῖς scripsi e LV ἡμεῖς Schm\n\nἐπιτειχισμὸν καὶ τὴν πολιορκίαν ἄνω καὶ κάτω στρέ-\n\nφοντες, ὅτι δὲ καὶ Ποτιδαιᾶται ταῦθ’ ὑποστῆναι δί-\n\nκαιοι ἦσαν, οὐ λογιζόμενοι. ποῖον γὰρ αὐτοῖς οἷον καὶ\n\nπαρορᾶσθαι ἄξιον πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐγεγόνει; οὐκ ἐγελάσθη-\n\nμὲν; οὐκ ἐνεπαίχθημεν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνδρῶν; οὐκ ἀφῃρέθη-\n\nμὲν μὲν ἀναλώματα τόσα καὶ τόσα ἐπὶ τοσούτοις\n\nἔτεσιν, ἐκπεπτώκαμεν δὲ χώρας ὅσην οὐδ’ εἰπεῖν ῥᾴ-\n\nδιον δι’ αὐτοὺς ἀποστάσης; εἶτα τί ἡμᾶς ἐχρῆν Ἀθη-","english":"Their example and all the affairs in Thrace and Macedonia, and not even now after the destruction of Potidaea are we able to recover ourselves to our former state. So, with them and, because of them, the others disposed in this way, where is the justice that we should not be moved, while they, having suffered far worse than what they endured, should meet with that?\n\nYou are kind, Corinthians, turning the fortification and the siege this way and that, but not considering that the Potidaeans were justly subjected to these things. For what had occurred to them that was worthy of being overlooked by us? Were we not mocked? Were we not insulted by those men? Were we not deprived of so many expenditures over so many years, and have we not lost as much territory as it is not easy to mention, which revolted because of them? Then what should we Athenians have done?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ ἐκείνων παράδειγμα","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'their example' refers to the fate of the Potidaeans, whose destruction serves as a warning to the Athenians' current situation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἐπανασώσασθαι","severity":"info","text":"The verb ἐπανασώσασθαι (recover ourselves) is a conjectural reading by the editor, replacing the manuscript's ἀνασώσασραι; it means 'to restore or recover to a former state'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτιδαίας καθαίρεσιν","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of Potidaea (c. 430 BCE) was a key event in the Peloponnesian War, where Athens crushed a revolt; the speaker uses it to justify Athenian severity.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"χρηστοί γε ὑμεῖς, ὦ Κορίνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"This apostrophe to the Corinthians marks a rhetorical shift, directly addressing them as 'kind' (χρηστοί) with heavy irony, contrasting their criticism of Athenian actions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πολλῷ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading πολλῷ (far) is adopted from manuscripts L and V, while Schm edits to πολλῶν; the sense 'far worse' is preferred for coherence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna or uncertain reading at ἐπανασώσασθαι, where the editor supplies a verb not in the manuscripts; the exact original wording is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ναίους ὄντας ἀντὶ τούτων ποιεῖν; ἀναπεπτωκέναι καὶ\n\nκαθεύδειν ὧς ἐν ῥᾳστώνῃ διάγοντας; ἀλλ’, ἵν’ ἡμᾶς\n\nἐάσω, εἰ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἦσαν; ἀλλ’ ἐῶ καὶ τὸ τούτων,\n\nεἰ ὑμεῖς ἧτε, ὠ Κορίνθιοι, τοσαύτης ἀνδρῶν ἀπολαύ-\n\nσαντες ἀγνωμοσύνης, τέ ἂν αὐτοῖς ἐχρήσασθε;\n\nἀλλὰ\n\nτι ταῦτ’ ἐρωτῶ; ὅπως ἂν ἠνέγκατε, δῆλον ἡμῖν ἐτέ-\n\nρωθεν γέγονε, καὶ τὰ πρὸς Κερκυραίους ὑμῖν πρα-\n\nχθέντα καλῶς μαρτυρεῖ. ἐπλεῖτε γὰρ ἐπ’ ἐκείνους αἰτίαν\n\nἔχοντες οὐδεμίαν τοιαύτην καὶ ἐναυμαχεῖτε καὶ ναῦς\n\nαὐτῶν τὰς μὲν ἐλαμβάνετε κενάς, τὰς δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσι\n\nκατεδύετε καὶ αὐτήν γε τὴν νῆσον, εἰ γ’ ἐδύνασθε, οὐκ\n\nἂν ἀπέστητε καταδῦσαι. εἶτα δεινὸν ἡγεῖσθε, εἴπερ, ὧς\n\nὑμεῖς, καὶ ἡμεῖς ἑτέρωθεν ἐχρησάμεθα τοῖς ἐχθροῖς; καὶ\n\nΚορινθίους μὲν οὐδὲν ἄδικόν φασι Κορίνθιοι, ἄν τις\n\nἐναντιῶται, ἀφανίζειν εὐθύς, ἀλλ’, εἴ τις ὑπὲρ τούτου\n\nγρύξει, πολλὴν εἶναι τὴν παραίτησιν ὅτι πολέμιος\n\nἦν, ὅτι παρασπονδῶν, ὅτι βλάπτων· Ἀθηναῖοι\n\n17 Thuc. I 50 1 25 Dem. p. 85,22; 248,20","english":"to be sailors instead of these? To have collapsed and slept as if living in ease? But, to leave us aside, what if they were Lacedaemonians? But I also leave that aside: what if you, Corinthians, had enjoyed such ingratitude from men, how would you have treated them? But why do I ask these things? How you would have borne it has become clear to us from elsewhere, and your actions against the Corcyraeans bear good witness. For you sailed against them with no such charge, and you fought a sea battle, and you captured some of their ships empty, and others you sank with their crews, and you would not have refrained from sinking the island itself, if you had been able. Then do you consider it terrible if, as you did, we also treated our enemies from elsewhere? And Corinthians say that Corinthians do nothing unjust if someone opposes them, to destroy them immediately, but if anyone grumbles about this, there is great excuse that he was an enemy, that he was breaking treaties, that he was harming; Athenians","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Κερκυραίους","severity":"info","text":"The reference is to the naval battle of Sybota (433 BCE) between Corinth and Corcyra, described in Thucydides 1.50.1. The speaker accuses Corinth of attacking Corcyra without just cause.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀγνωμοσύνης","severity":"info","text":"ἀγνωμοσύνη denotes ingratitude or lack of proper feeling; here it implies the Athenians' failure to acknowledge Corinthian benefactions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀλλὰ τί ταῦτ’ ἐρωτῶ;","severity":"info","text":"This rhetorical question marks a shift from hypothetical argument to concrete evidence, a common device in declamation to heighten persuasive effect.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἦσαν","severity":"info","text":"The hypothetical 'if they were Lacedaemonians' mirrors a standard rhetorical trope in Greek oratory, comparing the addressee's likely reaction to a known hostile power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Dem. p. 85,22; 248,20","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note cites Demosthenes, possibly indicating a later reader's cross-reference to similar arguments in the Demosthenic corpus, though the exact passages are not identified in the edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"κατεδύετε","severity":"caution","text":"The verb κατεδύετε (you sank) is a conjecture; the manuscript may read κατεδύσατε. The sense is clear, but the exact form is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἀντὶ τούτων' (instead of these) lacks a clear antecedent; the translation supplies 'sailors' from context, but the Greek is elliptical.","The marginal note '17 Thuc. I 50 1 25 Dem. p. 85,22; 248,20' is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific edition or a reader's annotation; the exact reference is not resolved."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"1 καὶ scripsi e LV ἢ Schm 4 ἡμᾶς L sed ἡ in ras m2\n\n7 ἐκπεπώκαμεν V 10 ὧς inserui e LV om Schm | ἵν᾿\n\nscripsi e V ἴνα L Schm τας(1) V 19 κατεδύετε scripsi\n\ne V κατεδύσατε L Schm 20 ἀπέστη τε V 22 Κορινθίους\n\nscripsi e LV Κορινθίοις Schm\n\nδὲ ἂν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἴωσιν, ἀσεβείας αὐτοὺς Κο-\n\nρίνθιοι γράφονται.\n\nκαὶ πῶς οὐκ ἀλόγιστον τοῦτο;\n\nἐγκαλεῖν ἴδει καὶ μέμφεσθαι προσηκόντως, ὢ Κορίνθιοι,\n\nἡνίκα μηδὲν κακὸν εἰς ἡμᾶς εἰργασμένους ἐκείνους\n\nἐπεθέμεθα αὐτοὶ καὶ ἐβλάπτομεν μόνῃ τῇ τοῦ ἀδικεῖν\n\nἀκολουθοῦντες ἐφέσει· ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐκεῖνοι βλάπτειν ἤρξαντο\n\nπρῶτοι, πῶς δὲ βλάπτειν; ἐκ τοῦ τὰ συγκείμενα ἀθε-\n\nτῆσαι καὶ σπονδῶν ἀλογῆσαι καὶ ἀτιμάσαι μὲν ἡμῶν\n\nτὴν περὶ αὐτοὺς πρόνοιαν, ἀτιμάσαι δὲ καὶ τὴν σπου-\n\nδήν, ματαιῶσαι δὲ καὶ τοὺς πόνους καὶ τὰς ἐλπίδας\n\nκαὶ εἰς ἄκραν περιφρόνησιν τῶν ἡμετέρων γενέσθαι,\n\nοὐκ ἂν ἔχοι λόγον ἡ μέμψις, ἂν ἡμεῖς ἐπεξήλθομεν.\n\nὁρᾶτε γὰρ καὶ τὸν κοινὸν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις νόμον, ὧς","english":"And if they go against the enemy, the Corinthians charge them with impiety. And how is this not unreasonable? It is proper to accuse and to blame appropriately, O Corinthians, when, having done no harm to those men, we ourselves attacked and harmed them, following only the desire to do wrong. But since they were the first to begin harming—and how did they harm? By breaking the agreements, disregarding the treaties, dishonoring our forethought for them, dishonoring also our zeal, rendering vain both our labors and our hopes, and reaching the utmost contempt for our affairs—then the blame would have no justification if we retaliated. For you see the common law for all men, how","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκπεπώκαμεν","severity":"info","text":"The verb ἐκπεπώκαμεν (first person plural perfect active indicative of ἐκπίνω) is a textual variant; the apparatus notes it appears in V but not in L or Schm.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀσεβείας","severity":"info","text":"ἀσεβείας (impiety) is a key legal and religious charge in Greek contexts, often used in accusations of violating sacred oaths or treaties.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ πῶς οὐκ ἀλόγιστον τοῦτο","severity":"info","text":"This rhetorical question marks a transition from narrative to argument, introducing a refutation of the Corinthians' charge of impiety.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"σπονδῶν","severity":"info","text":"σπονδῶν (treaties, libations) refers to formal agreements often sealed with ritual drink-offerings; their violation was considered a serious religious offense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"κατεδέετε","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes κατεδέετε (imperfect) in V, but L and Schm read κατεδέσατε (aorist); the choice affects the aspect of the action described.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"τὸν κοινὸν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις νόμον","severity":"info","text":"The appeal to a universal law of retaliation echoes common Greek legal and rhetorical topoi, as seen in Thucydides and Demosthenes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text has several textual variants (e.g., ἐκπεπώκαμεν, κατεδέετε/κατεδέσατε) that affect the precise reading; the apparatus indicates the editor's choices."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"οὐκ ἐπ’ ἄλλους ἢ τοὺς τοιούτους προτρέπει τὰ ὅπλα\n\nκινεῖν, καὶ τὸν βλάπτοντα δὲ ἀντιβλάπτειν καὶ ἀντι-\n\nμισεῖν τὸν μισοῦντα καὶ τὸν ξύοντα ἀντιξύειν οὐχ\n\nὑπάρχειν ἑτέρου ἢ τούτου τοῦ δόγματος.\n\n36. Ἁλλ’ ἴσως μηδὲ τοὐλάχιστον ἡμῖν παρεξελθοῦσι\n\nτοῦ δικαίου δοτέον εἶναι δίκην παρακελεύεσθε καὶ\n\nνόμον τοιοῦτον καθ’ ἡμῶν καινοτομεῖν βούλεσθε,\n\nΠοτιδαιάταις δὲ καὶ τὰ μέγιστα παρανομοῦσι μηδ’\n\nεἶναι συνόλως αἰτίαν. καὶ μὴν Λακεδαιμονίοις μικρά\n\nποτε βλάψασι τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἐκ τοῦ πλείονος ἀνταπἐδο-\n\nμεν πᾶσαν ἐν κύκλῳ τὴν Πελοπόννησον περιπλεύσαν-\n\nτες ἀεὶ καὶ λυμηνάμενοι. καὶ Κορινθίους, ἐπειδήποτε\n\n16 Suid. s. v. ξυήλην Eustath. ad II. λ 564 p. 863, 4. Mich.\n\nApostol. prov. XVII 20 cum nota Leutschii 24 Thuc. III 40, 6\n\n4 εἰργασμένους] πρὸς τὸ ἐβλάπτομεν ῥῆμα τὴν προηγησα-\n\nμένην αἰτιατικὴν συντακτέον LV2\n\n2 γράφονται Schm γράψονται; L γράψονται· V 18 μὴ\n\nδὲ V 19 παρακελεύεσθαι et 20 βούλεσθαι V 21 ταμέγιστα","english":"It is not to others but to such men that the argument urges us to take up arms, and to harm in return the one who harms, and to hate in return the one who hates, and to scratch in return the one who scratches, belongs to no other than this doctrine.\n\n36. But perhaps you command that we, who have not transgressed justice even in the slightest, must pay the penalty, and you wish to innovate such a law against us, while the Potidaeans, who commit the greatest transgressions, are to have no blame at all. And indeed, when the Lacedaemonians once did small harm to Attica, we retaliated to a greater degree, sailing around the whole Peloponnese in a circle and always ravaging it. And the Corinthians, whenever","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ξύοντα ἀντιξύειν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ξύοντα ἀντιξέειν' (scratch in return) is a proverbial expression for reciprocal harm, attested in the Suda and Eustathius. The editor's note cites Suid. s.v. ξυήλην and Eustath. ad Il. λ 564.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάταις","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans were a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to the Battle of Potidaea, a key event precipitating the Peloponnesian War. The reference here invokes Athenian grievances against Corinth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Λακεδαιμονίοις μικρά ποτε βλάψασι","severity":"info","text":"The retaliatory Athenian ravaging of the Peloponnese echoes Thucydides' account of Athenian naval expeditions during the Peloponnesian War, e.g., the annual invasions of the Peloponnese described in Thuc. III 40, 6, as noted in the apparatus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"36. Ἁλλ’ ἴσως μηδὲ τοὐλάχιστον","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new argumentative unit (section 36) introduced by 'Ἀλλ’ ἴσως' (But perhaps), which signals a rhetorical objection from the Corinthian perspective, followed by a counter-example from Athenian history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"γράφονται Schm γράψονται; L γράψονται· V","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a textual variant in the manuscript tradition: 'γράφονται' (Schm) vs. 'γράψονται' (L, V). This affects the verb's tense and mood, though the English draft does not reflect the variant.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mich. Apostol. prov. XVII 20 cum nota Leutschii","severity":"info","text":"The editor's note cites Michael Apostolius' collection of proverbs (17.20) with Leutsch's note, indicating that the phrase 'ξύοντα ἀντιξέειν' was proverbial and received scholarly attention in the Renaissance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τοὐλάχιστον ἡμῖν παρεξελθοῦσι τοῦ δικαίου' is ambiguous: it could mean 'we who have not transgressed justice even in the slightest' (as in the English draft) or 'we who have departed from justice even a little'. The reading taken follows the draft's interpretation.","The textual variant for 'γράφονται/γράψονται' is unresolved; the English draft does not indicate which reading is followed."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"V | μὴ δ’ V 25 ἀεὶ scripsi e V αὐτοὶ L Schm\n\nἐθάρσησαν καὶ αὐτοὶ καθ’ ἡμῶν ἐπιέναι, οὐ παρείδο-\n\nμεν τὸ πλέον ἢ τὸ ἴσον ἔχοντας ἀπιέναι. καὶ\n\nδὲ ἀπὸ πάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος φυγάδα ἐπέμπομεν καὶ\n\nἀντιπλεύσαντες εἰς τὴν ἐκείνου Ἀσίαν οὐκ ἔστι λέγειν\n\nὧς οὐχὶ καλῶς τῶν τολμηθέντων εἰς Ἕλληνας τὴν\n\nἀμοιβὴν ἐποιούμεθα. καὶ τούτοις μέν, τοῖς ἄκροις λέγω\n\nτῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ βασιλεῖ τῷ μεγάλῳ, μετὰ τοιούτου\n\nπροσηνέχθημεν τοῦ φρονήματος, Ποτιδαιάταις δὲ δώ-\n\nσομεν καθ’ ἡμῶν παίζειν καὶ οὐ σωφρονιοῦμεν αὐτοὺς\n\nκαὶ δι’ αὐτῶν τοὺς ἄλλους, ἀνεξόμεθα δὲ μᾶλλον\n\nἡσυχῆ καὶ συγχωρήσομεν ἀτιμωρήτοις περινοστεῖν καὶ\n\nτοσοῦτον καυχᾶσθαι κρηπῖδα καταβαλομένοις τῆς εἰς\n\nἈθηναίους τῶν ἄλλων ὀλιγωρίας; θάνατος ἂν ἦν\n\nαἱρετώτερος ἅπασιν ἡμῖν ἢ τοσοῦτον κληρωσαμένοις\n\nὄνειδος ζῆν.\n\nἀλλ’ ἐκείνους μὲν οὐκ ἔστι λέγειν ὧς\n\nοὐ δίκαια πεπόνθασιν ἀγνώμονας γεγενημένους καὶ\n\nἀντὶ φίλων εἰς ἀποστασίαν καὶ ἔχθραν ἀπαλλαγέντας,\n\nγένοιτο δὲ παραπλήσια παθεῖν καὶ οἶς παραπλησίως","english":"They dared to march against us themselves, and we did not overlook their departing with more than an equal share. And we sent an exile from all of Greece, and sailing against his Asia, it cannot be said that we did not justly exact recompense for the outrages committed against the Greeks. And to these—I mean the extremities of the Greeks and the Great King—we conducted ourselves with such a spirit. Shall we then allow the Potidaeans to mock us and not discipline them, and through them the others? Shall we rather remain quiet and permit them to go unpunished, to roam about and boast so greatly, having laid a foundation for the contempt of others toward the Athenians? Death would be preferable for all of us than to live having incurred such a reproach.\n\nBut it cannot be said that those men did not suffer justly, having become ungrateful and having turned from friends to rebellion and enmity. May those who act similarly suffer likewise.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάταις","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea, a Corinthian colony and tributary ally of Athens, revolted in 432 BCE, contributing to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. The speaker here justifies Athenian harshness toward the Potidaeans as a deterrent against further rebellion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"κρηπῖδα","severity":"info","text":"κρηπῖδα (foundation) is used metaphorically: the Potidaeans' boastful impunity is said to lay a foundation for contempt of Athens among other Greeks. The image is architectural, common in rhetorical prose.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀντιπλεύσαντες εἰς τὴν ἐκείνου Ἀσίαν","severity":"info","text":"The reference to sailing against 'his Asia' alludes to the Athenian expedition against the Persian king (the Great King) during the Persian Wars, a standard topos in Athenian patriotic rhetoric, paralleling the speaker's argument for just retaliation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀλλ’ ἐκείνους μὲν οὐκ ἔστι λέγειν","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a rhetorical shift: after a series of rhetorical questions, the speaker now asserts that the punished parties (the Potidaeans and others) cannot claim injustice, reinforcing the argument for Athenian severity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"V | μὴ δ’ V 25 ἀεὶ scripsi e V αὐτοὶ L Schm","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek apparatus indicates textual uncertainty: the phrase 'μὴ δ’ V 25 ἀεὶ' suggests a variant reading or emendation. The sense 'they dared to march against us themselves' is adopted, but the exact wording may be contested.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'φυγάδα ἐπέμπομεν' could refer to an exile sent from all Greece, possibly Themistocles, but the identity is not specified in the text.","The apparatus 'V | μὴ δ’ V 25 ἀεὶ scripsi e V αὐτοὶ L Schm' is unclear; the reading 'αὐτοὶ' (themselves) is adopted, but the original may differ."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ἐκείνοις ἄδικος ἀγνωμοσύνη δικαίας στοργῆς προτετί-\n\nμηται. εἴη μὲν γὰρ ἂν τοῦτο μάλιστα προσῆκον τῷ\n\nβίῳ καὶ πᾶσαν μὲν πονηρίαν, πρὸ πάσης δὲ τὴν ἀγνω-\n\nμοσύνην ἐξαιρεθῆναι, ὃ δὴ κακὸν ἔσχατον ἔμοιγε ὡς\n\nκαὶ ἀσεβείας ἐγγύτατα βαῖνον. καὶ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἀσεβῶν\n\nἕνεκεν ἡ παρὰ τῶν κρειττόνων οὐ κάτεισιν εἰς ἀνθρώ-\n\nπους εὐεργεσίαι οὕτω δὴ καὶ τῷ μίσει τῶν ἀχαρίστων\n\nφιλανθρωπίᾳ πρὸς ἕτερον οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων κεχρῆσθαι\n\nβούλεται. καὶ τό γε τῶν τοιούτων μέρος, κωλύεται\n\n2 ἶσον V 6 λέγω scripsi e LV λέγει Schm 8 τοῦ\n\ninserui e LV om Schm 12 καταβαλομένοις scripsi e V\n\nκαταβαλλομένοις L Schm 13 ὀλιγωρίας scripsi e LV κατη-\n\nγορίας Schm 24 τῶν κρειττόνων scripsi coll p. 82, 19 et 60,1\n\nτοῦ κρείττονος LV Schm 25 rco inserui e LV om Schm\n\nἀνθρώπους ἀλλήλοις, ὡς ἡ φύσις διετάξατο, κοινωνεῖν,\n\nκαὶ δεῖ γε θηρίων τρόπον ἀλλαξαμένους πρὸς ἀγριό-\n\nτητᾷ μετακλῖναι.\n\nοὕτω μὴ εἶναί φημι χείρους ἀγνω-\n\nμόνων ἀνθρώπων ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ὀφθῆναι πᾶσαν διὰ","english":"For them, unjust ingratitude has been preferred to just affection. This would indeed be most fitting for life, and it would be best if all wickedness, and above all ingratitude, were removed—a thing which seems to me the ultimate evil, as it borders most closely on impiety. For just as, because of the impious, benefactions from the higher powers do not descend to men, so too, because of the hatred of the ungrateful, no one wishes to practice philanthropy toward another. And that part of such persons prevents men from sharing with one another as nature ordained, and they must, changing to the manner of beasts, incline toward savagery.\n\nThus I say that there is nothing among existing things worse than ungrateful men to be seen, through all","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀγνωμοσύνη","severity":"info","text":"The term ἀγνωμοσύνη (ingratitude) is a key moral concept in this passage, contrasted with στοργῆς (affection). The author argues it is the ultimate evil, bordering on impiety.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"τῶν κρειττόνων","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'higher powers' (τῶν κρειττόνων) likely refers to divine or superior beings, reflecting a common theme in Greek Christian rhetoric about divine beneficence being hindered by human impiety.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτω μὴ εἶναί φημι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Thus I say' (οὕτω μὴ εἶναί φημι) marks a rhetorical conclusion, summarizing the preceding argument about ingratitude as the worst evil.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πᾶσαν διὰ","severity":"caution","text":"The text breaks off mid-sentence at 'through all' (πᾶσαν διὰ), likely due to a lacuna or manuscript break. The English draft follows the Greek but does not complete the thought.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage ends abruptly; the intended completion of 'through all' is uncertain. The reference to 'beasts' (θηρίων) may be a metaphor for moral decline, but the exact contrast is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"μιᾶς ταύτης ἐπεισενεγκόντας τῷ κοινῷ πονηρίαν. καὶ\n\nοὐδὲν δι’ αὐτοὺς τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὅτι μὴ ἔχθραι καὶ\n\nπόλεμοι καὶ ἀπιστία καὶ ὑποψία καὶ δόλος καὶ ψεῦδος\n\nκαὶ πᾶν εἶδος κακοῦ, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ τὸ\n\nγνησίως προσιέναι ἀλλήλοις· οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ὅστις μὴ\n\nπλαττόμενος μηδὲ σοφιζόμενος ἀναστρέφεται. διὰ τοῦτο\n\nμηδ’ ἐλεεῖν εἶναι δίκαιον τοὺς τοιούτους μηδὲ φείδε-\n\nσθαι, ἀγρίως δὲ μᾶλλον πρὸς αὐτοὺς τοὺς πάντας\n\nὁρᾶν καὶ ἐξελαύνειν ἀπάσης ἣν οἰκοῦσιν ἄνθρωποι\n\nγῆς, φιλανθρωπίαν, ὅσον τὸ κατ’ αὐτούς, ἐκ τοῦ βίου\n\nκαὶ ἐπιείκειαν ἐξορίσαντας, τὸ ἀκοινώνητον δὲ καὶ\n\nθηριῶδες ἐπεισαγαγόντας. τὸ γὰρ τοιοῦτον ἀδίκημα\n\nπαρορώμενον ἀτιμώρητον οὐ πολλοῦ τινος χρόνου\n\nδεήσεται τοῦ μὴ τῆς λύμης ἀναπλῆσαι τοὺς πάντας.\n\nκαὶ τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα πῶς ἄν τις ἐθελήσει τινὶ συν-\n\nθέσθαι ἢ μεταδοῦναι τῶν ἑαυτοῦ; πῶς τίς τινος ἀντι-\n\nλήψεται καὶ καταπονουμένῳ χεῖρα ὀρέξει; τίνι βοηθή-\n\nσει; τινα προσλήψεται εἰδὼς ἀντὶ τοῦ χάριν ὀφείλειν","english":"having brought this one evil into the common life. And because of them, human affairs are nothing but enmities, wars, faithlessness, suspicion, deceit, falsehood, and every form of evil; and nowhere are truth and genuine approach to one another to be found, for there is no one who conducts himself without pretense or artifice. For this reason, it is not just to pity such people nor to spare them, but rather to look upon them all savagely and to drive out from the whole earth inhabited by humans philanthropy—as far as they are concerned—and to banish fairness from life, having introduced unsociability and bestiality instead. For such a wrong, if overlooked and unpunished, will need no great time to infect everyone with its corruption. And after this, how will anyone be willing to make an agreement with another or share his own possessions? How will anyone help another and extend a hand to one in distress? Whom will he assist? Whom will he take on, knowing that instead of owing gratitude","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ ἀκοινώνητον δὲ καὶ θηριῶδες ἐπεισαγαγόντας","severity":"info","text":"The author intensifies the accusation by claiming that the Athenians have introduced unsociability and bestiality into human life, a hyperbolic charge typical of rhetorical invective.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"φιλανθρωπίαν","severity":"info","text":"Philanthropia is a key virtue in Greek ethical and rhetorical tradition, often opposed to misanthropy; here it is said to be driven out by the Athenians' ingratitude.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"τὸ γὰρ τοιοῦτον ἀδίκημα παρορώμενον ἀτιμώρητον","severity":"info","text":"The warning that unpunished injustice will spread like a disease echoes a common topos in Greek moral and political thought, e.g., in Plato and Isocrates.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Plato, Republic 364b–365a","Isocrates, On the Peace 14"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα πῶς ἄν τις ἐθελήσει","severity":"info","text":"A series of rhetorical questions (πῶς ... πῶς ... τίνι ... τίνα) builds emotional intensity, a standard device in declamation to drive home the consequences of the accused's actions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"This text is a Byzantine antilogia to Libanius' declamation, showing the continued use of classical rhetorical forms in 13th-century Greek Christian polemic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the end of the passage is cut off mid-sentence; the English draft supplies 'instead of owing gratitude' but the Greek breaks off at 'ὀφείλειν'.","The referent of 'αὐτοὺς' (them) is the Athenians, as established in the preceding context, but the passage does not name them explicitly."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"τὸν εὖ πάσχοντα εἰς πολέμιον αὐτίκα\n\nἀλλ’ ἐῶ τοὺς ἄλλους, αὐτοὶ δέ γε ἡμεῖς οἵτινες εἰώθα-\n\nμεν ἀεὶ σώζειν, εἵ τις δεόμενος ἵκετο, πῶς ἔτι τῆς ἐκ\n\n23 cf. p. 65, 13. Thuc. II 49, 1. Ι 3, 4\n\n2 ἀλλαξαμένους scripsi e LV ἀλλαξαμένοις Schm\n\n7 ὑποψία scripsi e V ὑπεροψία L Schra 10 μὴ δὲ V | δια-\n\nτοῦτο V 11 μὴ δ’ V | μὴ δὲ V 19 τομεταταῦτα LV |\n\nἐθελήσει scripsi coil. p. 78,25 ἐθελήσῃ LV Schm 21 χεῖρα\n\nscripsi e LV χεῖρας Schm 23 ἀποκριθήσεται ἔται V\n\nφύσεως φιλανθρωπίας ἑξόμεθα; τίνας ἐλεήσομεν καὶ\n\nσώσομεν κινδυνεύοντας; τίνας καταφεύγοντας εἰσδεξό-\n\nμεθα; τίνων καὶ προστησόμεθα, ὥσπερ καταπεφευγότας\n\nΠοτιδαιάτας προσεδεξάμεθα καὶ προέστημεν; οὐ γὰρ\n\nοἶμαί τινα γενέσθαι τοσοῦτον εὐήθη ὡς μετὰ πεῖραν\n\nἑνὸς καὶ δυεῖν ἀγνωμόνων ἀνθρώπων αἱρεῖσθαι καὶ\n\nτρίτον ἄλλον εὐεργετεῖν.\n\nταύτῃ τοι καὶ τοῖς δικαίοις\n\nεὖ παθεῖν διὰ τοὺς ἀμνήμονας εὐεργεσίας περιέσται\n\nζημιοῦσθαι, καὶ τὸ κακὸν δὴ τοῦτο λυμανεῖται πᾶσι","english":"the one who is well treated immediately becomes an enemy.\n\nBut I pass over the others; we ourselves, who are always accustomed to save, if someone in need came as a suppliant, how shall we still hold to the philanthropy of our nature? Whom shall we pity and save when they are in danger? Whom shall we receive when they take refuge? Whom shall we even champion, as we received and championed the Potidaeans who had taken refuge? For I do not think that anyone would be so foolish as, after the experience of one or two ungrateful men, to choose to benefit yet a third other.\n\nTherefore, even for the just, to be well treated will result in being harmed because of those who are unmindful of benefaction, and this evil will corrupt everything.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸν εὖ πάσχοντα εἰς πολέμιον αὐτίκα","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text begins mid-sentence, continuing the previous passage's argument that ingratitude turns beneficiaries into enemies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"φιλανθρωπίας","severity":"info","text":"Philanthropia is a key virtue in Greek Christian rhetoric, denoting humane benevolence; here it is tied to the nature (φύσεως) of the speaker's community.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a famous siege (Thuc. 1.56–65). The reference here is rhetorical, invoking a historical example of refuge.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τοῖς δικαίοις","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a logical conclusion: the ingratitude of a few will cause harm even to the just, extending the argument from specific cases to a general principle.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"εἵ τις δεόμενος ἵκετο","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes variant readings at lines 2, 7, 10–11, 19, 21, and 23; the text is reconstructed from manuscripts L and V, with editorial choices indicated (e.g., ἀλλαξαμένους for ἀλλαξαμένοις).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the start is fragmentary, lacking a main clause; the English draft supplies a complete sentence. The reference to 'Potidaeans' may be anachronistic in a Christian context, but serves as a classical exemplum."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς, ὧς εἶναι δέον ἓν τοῦτο σπούδασμα πάν-\n\nτὰς ποιεῖσθαι ἀνθρώπους, εἴ τίς που καὶ παραφανείη\n\nπάθει τοιούτῳ κάτοχος ὤν, πάσῃ δυνάμει ἐκτρίβειν\n\nπειρᾶσθαι κἀκ τοῦ μέσου ποιεῖν. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡμᾶς καλῶς\n\nλογισαμένους Ποτιδαιάτας μετελθεῖν οὐκ ἀξίως μὲν\n\nτῆς ἐκείνων λώβης, ὅμως τῆς γε τῶν Ἀθηναίων φύ-\n\nσεως οὐ πολὺ ἄποθεν, καὶ ἅμα καλῶς ἂν ἔχοι καὶ\n\nἀποχρώντως ἡμῖν, εἰ τοῖς μικροῖς παιδευθέντες ἀγαθοὶ\n\nγενόμενοι περιεῖεν τῷ βίῳ ἢ παντάπασιν ἐκτριβέντες\n\nἐκστῆναι τῶν ὄντων. εἰ δὲ καὶ οὕτως κακίας οὐκ\n\nἀφέξονται, ἀλλ’ ᾧ γε τὴν ἀξίαν τοῦ τολμήματος ἀπο-\n\nτίσουσι δίκην ὧς τάχιστα παραστήσεται.\n\n41. Πλὴν οὕτως τῆς εἰς ἐκείνους τιμωρίας ἐλλιπῶς\n\nἐχούσης οὐκ ἀγαπῶσι Κορίνθιοι, ἀλλὰ μετεληλύθατε,\n\nφασίν, ἀνοσίως καὶ ἀπανθρώπως αὐτούς. πῶς, ὦ\n\nχρηστοί, ἀνοσίως καὶ ἀπανθρώπως; οὐκ ἦσαν ἡμῖν\n\nἐχθροί; οὐ καθ’ ἡμῶν συνέστησαν; οὐκ ἐν εὐχῆς ἐποι-\n\nοῦντο μέρει πᾶν ὁτιοῦν τῶν δεινῶν τυχεῖν ἡμᾶς ὑπο-","english":"for good men, this one thing ought to be the sole concern of all people: if someone should appear anywhere afflicted with such a condition, to try with all one's might to eradicate him and remove him from the midst. This we, having reasoned rightly, did to the Potidaeans, not in a manner worthy of their ruin, yet not far from the nature of the Athenians, and it would be well and sufficiently for us if, taught by small examples, they became good and survived in life, or, having been utterly destroyed, they departed from existence. But if even so they will not abstain from wickedness, at least the penalty for the audacity will be exacted from them as quickly as possible.\n\n41. Yet, although the punishment against them was thus insufficient, the Corinthians are not satisfied, but say, \"You have attacked them impiously and inhumanely.\" How, good sirs, impiously and inhumanely? Were they not enemies to us? Did they not conspire against us? Did they not count it a matter of prayer that we should suffer any and every terrible thing?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς","severity":"info","text":"The dative plural 'τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς' is here used substantivally to mean 'for good men' (i.e., morally upright persons), not 'for the good things'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκτρίβειν","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ἐκτρίβειν' (to rub out, eradicate) is strong and carries the sense of total removal, not merely punishment. The speaker advocates annihilation of those afflicted with the 'condition' (presumably moral corruption).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans were a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a siege and eventual destruction. The speaker justifies this harsh treatment as a necessary response to rebellion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"41. Πλὴν","severity":"info","text":"The particle 'Πλὴν' (yet, however) marks a rhetorical shift: the speaker moves from justifying the punishment to rebutting Corinthian accusations of impiety and inhumanity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀνοσίως καὶ ἀπανθρώπως","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthian charge of acting 'impiously and inhumanely' echoes a standard rhetorical trope in late antique declamations, where the speaker must defend harsh actions against accusations of violating natural law.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τῆς γε τῶν Ἀθηναίων φύσεως' is ambiguous: it could mean 'the nature of the Athenians' (i.e., their character) or 'the nature of the Athenians' actions' (i.e., their customary behavior). The translation adopts the former.","The referent of 'τῷ βίῳ' (in life) is ambiguous: it may mean 'in this life' (as opposed to death) or 'in the manner of living' (i.e., as good men). The translation takes it as 'survived in life'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"1 ἑξόμεθα — 2 καταφεύγοντας inserui e LV om Schm\n\n5 τοσοῦτον scripsi e LV οὕτω Schm 6 δυεῖν scripsi e V\n\nδυοῖν L Schm 12 τοιούτῳ scripsi e LV τούτῳ Schm\n\n20 τοῦ τολμήματος inserui e V om L Schm\n\nστάντας; οὐκ ἴδει δὲ καὶ ἀντὶ τούτων σφάττειν αὐτοὺς\n\nκαὶ κατορύττειν ἢ βυθίζειν ἢ διὰ πυρὸς ἀφανίζειν;\n\nεἶτα τί τούτων ἐγένετ’ αὐτοῖς πρὸς ἡμῶν; τούτων μὲν\n\nοὐδέν, τοὐναντίον δὲ πᾶν. ἀπέθανεν οὐδείς, οὔκουν\n\nὑπ’ Ἀθηναίων, ἀλλ’ ὧς σὺν χρόνῳ παρεστησάμεθα\n\nτὴν πόλιν, περιεποιησάμεθα καὶ ζῆν ἀνήκαμεν καὶ\n\nπερινοστεῖν ἐλευθέρους οὐκ ὄντας ἀξίους τοιούτου\n\nτυχεῖν οὐδενός.\n\nἄνευ δὲ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν, τίς ποτε\n\nπερὶ πολέμου νενομοθέτηκε καὶ μέτρα καὶ τρόπους εἰση-\n\nγησάμενος μάχης μέχρι τοσούτου διετάξατο προιέναι,\n\nπεραιτέρω δὲ μή, καὶ οὕτως μὲν συμπλέκεσθαι, οὕτως\n\nδὲ οὐδαμῶς, καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς μετιτέον εἶναι ἢ τιμω-\n\nρητέον τόνδε τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλὰ μὴ τόνδε, καὶ δεῖν γε\n\nἡμᾶς ἀκολουθεῖν αὐτῷ ἢ μὴ ἀκολουθοῦντας ἐπιτι-","english":"is what we would hold to. But as for those who flee to us, it was not necessary to slaughter them, bury them, drown them, or destroy them by fire for these things. Then what of these things happened to them at our hands? None of these things, but on the contrary everything. No one died, certainly not at the hands of the Athenians, but as we in time took possession of the city, we preserved them, allowed them to live, and permitted them to go about freely, though they were not worthy of receiving any such treatment.\n\nApart from what we have said, who has ever legislated concerning war and introduced measures and modes of battle, prescribing that it should proceed only so far, but no further, and that one should engage in this way but not at all in that, and that enemies should be treated or punished in this manner but not in that, and that we must follow him or, if not following, be subject to penalty?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἑξόμεθα","severity":"info","text":"The opening verb ἑξόμεθα (future middle of ἔχω, 'we shall hold to') marks a rhetorical pivot, resuming the speaker's stance after the previous passage's conditional reasoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"καταφεύγοντας","severity":"info","text":"The participle καταφεύγοντας ('those who flee to us') is a textual crux: the editor inserted it from manuscripts LV, but it is absent in Schm. It clarifies the antecedent of the following rhetorical questions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτειδαία","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Potidaea (implied by the previous passage) alludes to the Athenian siege and destruction of that city in 430 BCE, a standard example of Athenian severity in rhetorical exercises.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τοῦ τολμήματος","severity":"info","text":"The phrase τοῦ τολμήματος ('the daring deed') is an editorial insertion from manuscript V, absent in L and Schm. It likely refers to the Potidaeans' rebellion, intensifying the speaker's defense of Athenian restraint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"νομοθέτησις πολέμου","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question about 'legislating war' echoes a topos in Greek declamation (e.g., Libanius, Decl. 1–2) where the speaker challenges the existence of fixed rules for warfare, contrasting with the opponent's implied norms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"δυεῖν","severity":"caution","text":"The form δυεῖν (genitive of 'two') is an editorial correction from manuscript V; L and Schm read δυοῖν. The variant does not affect the sense but reflects scribal inconsistency in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text is fragmentary at the start of the passage; the editor's insertion of καταφεύγοντας and τοῦ τολμήματος indicates lacunae in some witnesses. The exact referent of 'these things' (τούτων) in the first sentence is ambiguous without the preceding context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"μᾶσθαι καὶ δίκας ὑπέχειν ὧς οὐ νομίμως οὐδὲ δικαίως\n\nτὴν ἀγωνίαν ποιησαμένους; οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ ταῦτα νομοθε-\n\nτῶν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδείς, ἀλλ’ ὧς ὁ καιρὸς φέρει, καὶ\n\nτἀς μάχας διαθετέον ἅπαντες λέγουσι, καὶ κοινὸς οὗτος\n\nἅπασι νόμος, ὡς ἑκάστῳ ἐκ τῶν συμπιπτόντων παρί-\n\nσταται τὸν πόλεμον διαφέρειν.\n\nτί λοιπὸν ἄγνοιαν\n\nτῶν κοινῇ γνωρίμων πλαττόμενοι ἅπερ ἀκώλυτα\n\nτειν ἡμῖν ἐγκαλεῖτε καὶ ἄλλων κατηγορεῖν ἐθέλοντες\n\nτόπον κατηγορίας ἑτέροις καθ’ ὑμῶν δίδοτε; ἢ ἔχετε\n\nλέγειν ὡς εἰσί τινες ἀνθρώπων παρ’ οἷς ταῦτα φυλάτ-\n\nτεται, ἢ εἰ μὴ παρ’ οὐδέσιν ἄλλοις, παρ’ ὑμῖν γοῦν\n\nτοῖς Κορινθίοις; καὶ εἶρξέ ποτέ τις ὑμᾶς ἣ νόμος ἢ\n\n3 αὐτοῖς scripsi e VL ut coni Schru ἂν τοῖς Schm\n\n4 δὲ πᾶν scripsi e V δέ L Schm 9 νενομοθέτηκε scripsi\n\nνενομοθετήκει LV Schm 10 μάχης in marg ὒ 13 δεῖν\n\nscripsi δεῖ LV Schm 15 οὐδὲ scripsi e LV ἢ Schm\n\n20 ἄγνοιαν scripsi e LV ἀγνοίας Schm 25 ἄλλοις inserui\n\ne LV om Schm | γοῦν scripsi e LV γε Schm 26 νόμος ἢ","english":"to be seized and to pay penalties as if they had not conducted the contest lawfully and justly? There is no one who legislates these things, there is no one at all, but as the occasion demands, everyone says that battles must be arranged, and this is a common law for all, that each, from the circumstances that befall, must conduct the war.\n\nWhat then, feigning ignorance of things commonly known, do you accuse us of things that are unhindered, and, wishing to accuse others, do you give others grounds for accusation against yourselves? Or can you say that there are some people among whom these things are observed, or if not among any others, at least among you Corinthians? And did any law or","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τὴν ἀγωνίαν ποιησαμένους","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'τὴν ἀγωνίαν ποιησαμένους' (having conducted the contest) echoes the rhetorical framework of the declamation, where 'ἀγωνία' refers both to the military contest and the legal contest of the speech itself.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"νόμος","severity":"info","text":"The term 'νόμος' (law) is used here in a flexible sense: first as a written statute (νομοθετῶν), then as a 'common law' (κοινὸς νόμος) based on circumstance, reflecting the rhetorical topos of unwritten law in Greek declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Κορινθίοις","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are addressed as the accusers in this antilogia, consistent with the historical rivalry between Athens and Corinth in the Peloponnesian War, which provides the backdrop for the declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"αὐτοῖς","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a textual variant at line 3: 'αὐτοῖς' is adopted from manuscript V and the conjecture of Schr., while the edition of Schm. reads 'ἂν τοῖς'. This affects the sense of the phrase 'as the occasion demands'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἄγνοιαν","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus shows a variant at line 20: 'ἄγνοιαν' (ignorance) is read from manuscripts LV, while Schm. has 'ἀγνοίας' (of ignorance). The accusative is required by the syntax of 'πλαττόμενοι' (feigning), so the adopted reading is correct.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at lines 3-4 has a lacuna or corruption; the apparatus indicates that 'αὐτοῖς' and 'δὲ πᾶν' are editorial supplements from manuscript V, and the exact wording is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"λόγος scripsi e V λόγος ἢ νόμος L Schm\n\nλόγος μὴ τοῖς ἐνοῦσι χρῆσθαι παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης;\n\nοὐκ ἐκ παντός γε καὶ ὑμεῖς τρόπου τὸ συμφέρον διώ-\n\nκετε; οὐ μηχανᾶσθε; οὐκ ἐνεδρεύετε; οὐ λόχους κρύ-\n\nπτετε; οὐκ ἀφανῶς ἐπιτίθεσθε; οὐ πολιορκεῖτε τῶν\n\nἐναντίων τὰς πόλεις; οὐ λιμῷ φθείρετε; οὐ πυρὶ λυ-\n\nμαίνεσθε; οὐ περκόπτετε τὴν κύκλῳ χώραν; οὐ πάντα\n\nὑπὲρ ἑνὸς τοῦ κρείττους φανῆναι μετέρχεσθε; τί γοῦν\n\nἅ μηδ’ αὐτοὶ φυλάσσοντες οὐδέποτε ὤφθητε καὶ ὑμῖν\n\nἀντὶ τούτου προσηνέχθη οὐδείς, ἡμῖν ὧς μὴ φυλάξασιν\n\nἐγκαλεῖτε;\n\nεἶεν. ἀλλ’ ὁ Ποτιδαιάτας ἀσεβῆ καὶ\n\nἀνόσια εἰργασμένος τίς, ὦ πρὸς θεῶν; Ἀθηναίων\n\nμὲν οὐδείς, οὐ μὰ τοὺς θεούς. νομίμῳ γὰρ καὶ δικαίῳ\n\nπρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐκεχρήμεθα τῷ πολέμῳ, αὐτοὶ δὲ κατ’\n\nἀλλήλων μανέντες ὑφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἐξανήλωντο. καὶ καλήν\n\nγε, ὦ δίκη παραβαθεῖσα, τὴν ἐπίνοιαν κατ’ αὐτῶν\n\nἐξεῦρες ἅμα μὲν ἐκείνων τὴν πονηρίαν καὶ ἀγνωμο-\n\nσύνην παύουσα, ἄμα δὲ καὶ τῶν μελλόντων μιμεῖσθαι","english":"Is it reasonable not to use the resources at hand in the present battle? Do you not also pursue advantage by every means? Do you not contrive? Do you not lay ambushes? Do you not conceal traps? Do you not attack unseen? Do you not besiege the cities of your enemies? Do you not destroy by famine? Do you not ravage by fire? Do you not cut down the surrounding countryside? Do you not resort to every means for the sole purpose of appearing superior? Why then, when you yourselves have never been observed observing these things, and no one has ever reproached you for this, do you accuse us for not observing them?\n\nVery well. But who, in the name of the gods, has committed impious and unholy acts against the Potidaeans? None of the Athenians, by the gods. For we waged war against them lawfully and justly, but they, driven mad against each other, destroyed themselves by their own hands. And a fine device, O violated justice, you devised against them, at once putting an end to their wickedness and ingratitude, and also to those who would imitate them in the future.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"λόγος μὴ τοῖς ἐνοῦσι χρῆσθαι παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text opens with a rhetorical question introduced by λόγος, which the apparatus shows as a textual variant (λόγος ἢ νόμος). The passage continues a series of interrogatives (οὐ ...) that form a sustained rhetorical attack, typical of declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"λόγος","severity":"info","text":"The lemma λόγος here likely means 'reason' or 'argument', but the apparatus notes a variant reading λόγος ἢ νόμος ('reason or law'), indicating a textual crux. The editor (Schm) prefers λόγος alone.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony and Athenian tributary ally whose revolt in 432 BCE helped trigger the Peloponnesian War. The reference here invokes the historical siege of Potidaea by Athens (432–430 BCE), a key event in Thucydides' history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ λιμῷ φθείρετε; οὐ πυρὶ λυμαίνεσθε;","severity":"info","text":"The list of wartime atrocities (famine, fire, ambush) echoes commonplaces in Greek rhetorical descriptions of war, e.g., Thucydides' account of the Peloponnesian War and Lysias' orations. The passage amplifies the accusation of hypocrisy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"καλήν γε, ὦ δίκη παραβαθεῖσα, τὴν ἐπίνοιαν","severity":"info","text":"The personification of Justice (Δίκη) as violated and then devising a 'fine device' is a rhetorical trope found in later Byzantine declamations. Gregory II adapts classical prosopopoeia to argue divine retribution against the Potidaeans.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"λόγος μὴ τοῖς ἐνοῦσι χρῆσθαι παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text at the start is corrupt: the apparatus shows a variant λόγος ἢ νόμος, and the phrase παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης is likely a scribal error for παρεστώσῃ τῆς μάχης ('in the present battle'). The English draft smooths over the textual uncertainty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening word λόγος may be a corruption or variant for λόγος ἢ νόμος; the apparatus does not resolve the intended reading. The phrase παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης contains an apparent scribal error (ςτῆς for τῆς). The identity of the speaker (Athenian or opponent) is not explicit in this passage but is inferred from the context of the declamation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"τοὺς ἀλιτηρίους ἐκείνους προανακόπτουσα τὰς ὁρμάς.\n\nὡς ἔδει γε τοιαύτην σε πᾶσιν ἀεὶ τοῖς πονηροῖς παρ-\n\nεστάναι καὶ ἀδικίας ἀνθρώπων μεθ’ ὁμοίας ἐξαίρειν\n\nτῆς ταχυτῆτος.\n\n45. Πλὴν Ποτιδαιᾶται μέν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, οὕτω\n\nμὲν ἡμῖν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν ἀδικηθεῖ-\n\nσι θεοῖς τὴν ἀξίαν ἀπέδωκαν, Κορίνθιοι δὲ κατη-\n\nγοροῦσιν ἡμῶν ἀντὶ τούτων οὐ μᾶλλον ἐκείνων\n\n18 Nicol. progynin. ed. Walz rhet. I 420, 29\n\n1 ἐνοῦσι scripsi e V ἐνοχλοῦσι L Schm 8 μὴ δ’ V\n\nφυλάττοντες V cf. p. 80, 13 11 εἰργασμένος scripsi e LV\n\nἐργασάμενος Schm | θεῶν scripsi θεοῦ L V θεὸν Schm cf.\n\nad p. 60, 1 12 θεούς scripsi lac. 5 litt L sed γρ νόμους in\n\nmarg m 2 Schm λόγους V 20 ἀδικίας scripsi e LV ἀδικίαν\n\nSchm 21 τῆς inserui e LV om Schm\n\nὑπεραλγοῦντες ἢ τῷ πρὸς ἡμᾶς φθόνῳ κεκινημένοι.\n\nτῷ τοῦτο δῆλον; ἐξ ὧν ἀναστάντες εἰπεῖν τοῦ τε λόγου\n\nπρόφασιν ἔχοντες τὰ Ποτιδαιατῶν πάθη ὅμως ἔλαττον\n\nπερὶ ἐκείνων εἰρήκασιν, ὁ δὲ πολὺς λόγος αὐτοῖς διε-","english":"...forestalling the impulses of those accursed ones. As indeed you ought always to stand by all the wicked in such a manner and to remove the injustices of men with equal swiftness.\n\n45. Now the Potidaeans, O Lacedaemonians, have thus rendered due recompense both to us and to the gods who were wronged before us, while the Corinthians accuse us, not so much because they are deeply pained by those events as because they are moved by their envy toward us. How is this clear? From the fact that, although they have risen to speak and have the sufferings of the Potidaeans as a pretext for their speech, they have said less about those matters, while the greater part of their speech has been...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τοὺς ἀλιτηρίους ἐκείνους προανακόπτουσα τὰς ὁρμάς","severity":"info","text":"The participle προανακόπτουσα ('forestalling') governs the accusative phrase; the English draft captures the sense of preemptive restraint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀλιτηρίους","severity":"info","text":"ἀλιτήριος ('accursed, guilty') is a strong pejorative, often used in rhetorical invective; here it refers to the Potidaeans or their allies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"45. Πλὴν Ποτιδαιᾶται μέν","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new argumentative section (numbered 45 in the edition), marked by Πλήν ('Now') and the vocative address to the Lacedaemonians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a key event leading to the Peloponnesian War; the Corinthians are portrayed as motivated by envy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τῆς ταχυτῆτος","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text at line 21 has a textual insertion: the article τῆς is supplied by the editor (scripsi) from the manuscript tradition, absent in one witness (Schm).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Nicol. progynin. ed. Walz rhet. I 420, 29","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note cites Nicolaus the Sophist's Progymnasmata (Walz edition), indicating a rhetorical model or parallel used in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at line 20 has a variant reading ἀδικίας (LV) vs. ἀδικίαν (Schm); the editor adopts ἀδικίας, affecting the syntax of the clause."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"γείρων ἦν ὑμᾶς ἐπὶ τὸν ἡμέτερον πόλεμον. ἤ οὐ μέ-\n\nμνησθε ὡς ἐγκελεύοντες ἦσαν ὑμῖν καθάπερ στρατηγοὶ\n\nστρατιώταις· τί κάθησθε; τί ἀνατέτραφθε ὧς ἐφ’\n\nὕπνον; τί τὸ Δωρικὸν καὶ πάτριον οὐκ ἀναλαμ-\n\nβάνετε φρόνημα; οὐχ ὁρᾶτε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους\n\nὧς αὐξάνουσι καὶ προβαίνουσι καὶ μεῖζον φρο-\n\nνοῦσι τῆς φύσεως; οὐ καθέξετε σφᾶς; οὐ κατα-\n\nβαλεῖτι; οὐ ταπεινώσετε πρὶν ἢ φθάσουσιν\n\nἄμαχοι γεγονότες;\n\n46. Καὶ τὸ μὲν δὴ προβεβλημένον αὐτοῖς ἄλλον\n\nἔχον ἀγῶνα εἰς τὴν καθ’ ἡμῶν, ὧς ὁρᾶτε, συμβολὴν\n\nἀπεκρίθη, ἡμῖν δὲ πρὸς ταῦτα βραχὺς ἂν εἴη λόγος,\n\nὅν δὴ αὐτίκα εἰπόντες καταβησόμεθα. τὸ μὲν δὴ\n\nμείζους ἐθέλειν ἑαυτῶν γίνεσθαι καὶ προκόπτειν ἀεὶ\n\nοὐκ ἀρνούμεθα, ἐπειδήπερ οὐ μόνοις τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις\n\nἔργον ἐστὶ σπουδαζόμενον οὐδὲ μόνοις τοῖς Ἕλλησιν,\n\nἀλλὰ καὶ τούτοις καὶ βαρβάροις καὶ πᾶσιν ὧς ἔπος\n\nεἰπεῖν ἀνθρώποις. φύσει γὰρ ἅπασι τὴν τοῦ πλείονος\n\nἐπιθυμίαν ἴσμεν ἐντετηκέναι, κἂν εἴ τις αἱρῆται μετ-\n\nιέναι καθ’ ἔνα τοὺς πάντας, οὐκ ἄν ποτε οὐδαμοῦ","english":"...was inciting you to war against us. Or do you not remember how they were urging you on, like generals to soldiers: “Why do you sit idle? Why have you turned back as if to sleep? Why do you not take up the Dorian and ancestral spirit? Do you not see how the men are growing, advancing, and thinking more highly than their nature? Will you not restrain them? Will you not cast them down? Will you not humble them before they become invincible?”\n\n46. Now, what they set before you, having a different contest, turned, as you see, into a conflict against us. For us, a brief argument would suffice for these things, which we shall state forthwith and then conclude. We do not deny that they wish to become greater than themselves and always to advance, since this is a task pursued not only by the Athenians, nor only by the Greeks, but also by these men, by barbarians, and by almost all men. For we know that the desire for more is ingrained by nature in all, and if someone were to choose to examine each one individually, he would never find it anywhere absent.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τί κάθησθε; τί ἀνατέτραφθε ... τί ... οὐκ ἀναλαμβάνετε ... οὐχ ὁρᾶτε ... οὐ καθέξετε ... οὐ καταβαλεῖτι; οὐ ταπεινώσετε","severity":"info","text":"A series of rhetorical questions in the Corinthian exhortation (45) mimics deliberative oratory, building urgency before the Athenian rebuttal in 46.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"τὸ Δωρικὸν καὶ πάτριον ... φρόνημα","severity":"info","text":"‘Dorikón kaì pátriov phrónēma’ (Dorian and ancestral spirit) invokes Spartan ethnic identity and military ethos, a topos in pro-Spartan rhetoric.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Potidaeans","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaean revolt (432 BCE) and its aftermath are a historical crux in Thucydides (1.56–65); Gregory uses it to frame Athenian self-defense against Corinthian accusations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"φύσει γὰρ ἅπασι τὴν τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίαν ... ἐντετηκέναι","severity":"info","text":"The Athenian speaker naturalizes imperial ambition as universal human desire, a key argument in the antilogia, echoing Thucydides’ Melian Dialogue (5.105).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ μὲν δὴ προβεβλημένον αὐτοῖς ἄλλον ἔχον ἀγῶνα","severity":"caution","text":"The syntax is compressed: ‘what they set before you, having a different contest’ may mean the Corinthians’ pretext (the Potidaea affair) was a separate dispute that they redirected against Athens.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ‘τὸ μὲν δὴ προβεβλημένον αὐτοῖς’ could refer either to the Corinthians’ rhetorical charge or to the historical Potidaean conflict; the text does not disambiguate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"διαπίπτοντα τὸν λόγον εὑρήσει. καὶ οὐδαμῶς ἂν εἴη\n\nτοῦτό γε ἄπο τρόπου, εἰ κατὰ τὸ πεφυκὸς πᾶσιν ἀν-\n\n8 Thuc. IV 86,3 26 Plat. rep. V p. 470B. Theaet. p. 143 C\n\n8 πατρωίων V 11 καταβαλεῖτε scripsi καταβάλετε LV\n\nSchm 15 συμβολὴν scripsi συμβουλὴν LV ἐπιβολὴν Schm\n\n17 καταβησόμεθα scripsi e LV ἀποβησόμεθα Schm\n\n23 ἐπιθυμίας V\n\nθρώποις καὶ ἡμεῖς κρείττους ἑαυτῶν καὶ μείζους ἐφιέ-\n\nμεθα γίνεσθαι.\n\nὅ δὲ ὅμως κἀν τῷ τοιούτῳ παρηλ-\n\nλαγμένον ἡμῖν καὶ οὐ ῥᾴδιον παρά τισιν ἄλλοις κατα-\n\nνοῆσαι, ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἀπάντων μηδεμίαν οἰκείων τε\n\nκαὶ ἀλλοτρίων εἰδότων διαφορὰν κατὰ τοῦτο, ἀλλ’ ἐπ’\n\nἴσης τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἐπίδοσιν ἐξ ἁπάντων γίνεσθαι σπου-\n\nδαζόντων ἡμῖν οὐχ οὕτω πραγματεύεται τοῦτο. ἀλλὰ\n\nτὸ μὲν Ἑλληνικὸν ἅπαν γένος ἀγαπῶμεν καὶ στέργομεν\n\nκαὶ βουλοίμεθ’ ἂν πᾶν ἀγαθὸν αὐτοῖς γενέσθαι καί γε\n\nὅσον πλεῖστόν ἐστι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐπιεικείᾳ χρώμεθα καὶ\n\nἰσονομίᾳ ὑπερορῶντες καὶ τοῦ συμφέροντος ἑαυτῶν,","english":"...he will find the argument collapsing. And this would by no means be out of place, if, as is natural for all human beings, we also strive to become better and greater than ourselves.\n\nBut what is nevertheless in this matter distinct in us and not easy to observe among others is this: that while all others know no distinction between their own and foreign interests in this regard, but are eager for their own advancement from all sources equally, we do not manage this in the same way. Rather, we love and cherish the entire Greek race, and would wish every good to come to them; indeed, we employ as much fairness and equality toward them as possible, even overlooking our own advantage.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"διαπίπτοντα τὸν λόγον εὑρήσει","severity":"info","text":"The phrase indicates that the opponent's argument will be found to be collapsing, a rhetorical move to undermine the opposing case.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"παρηλλαγμένον","severity":"info","text":"The term παρηλλαγμένον (from παραλλάσσω) means 'different' or 'distinct', here emphasizing the unique character of the speaker's people compared to others.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἑλληνικὸν ἅπαν γένος","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the entire Greek race reflects the pan-Hellenic identity common in late antique rhetoric, where 'Greek' often denotes pagan culture, but here may be used broadly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὅ δὲ ὅμως κἀν τῷ τοιούτῳ","severity":"info","text":"This adversative construction marks a shift from a general principle to a specific contrast, a common rhetorical device in Greek declamations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ἰσονομίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"The term ἰσονομία (equality before the law) echoes classical Athenian democratic ideals, repurposed here in a Christian rhetorical context to argue for generosity toward Greeks.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"καταβαλεῖτε","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a textual variant: καταβαλεῖτε (you will cast down) is preferred over καταβάλετε, affecting the verb's mood and the rhetorical force of the passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Ἑλληνικὸν ἅπαν γένος' could refer to pagan Greeks or to all Hellenic peoples; the context suggests a broad cultural identity rather than a religious one."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"εἴπερ κοινῶς τοῦτο τοῖς πᾶσι μέλλει συνοίσειν· βαρβά-\n\nρους δὲ μισοῦμεν ἀεὶ καὶ πολεμοῦμεν καὶ φιλονεικοῦμεν\n\nἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἐκείνοις πραγμάτων ὀνομαστότεροι ἑαυτῶν\n\nφανῆναι καὶ περιφανέστεροι.\n\nκἂν ὅθεν ἡμᾶς τις ἐκ\n\nμικρῶν τὸ καταρχὰς μεγάλοι γεγόναμεν ἐξετάζῃ, οὐκ\n\nἄλλοθεν ἢ ἐκ βαρβαρικῶν τροπαίων τοιοῦτ’ οὑς εὑρήσει\n\nγεγενημένους. πάμπρωτα μὲν γὰρ εὐθύς, ὅτε μετὰ τῶν\n\nζώντων Θησεὺς ὁ ἡμέτερος ἦν, Ἀμαζόνας νενικήκαμεν,\n\nγυναῖκας μὲν ἂν ἴσως εἴποι τις, ἀλλὰ πολὺ τὴν ἀρρέ-\n\nνῶν παρελθούσας φύσιν, καὶ γέγονεν ἡμῖν ἐντεῦθεν\n\nοὐ μικρῷ τινι ἐπιδοῦναι. ἔπειτα διαβάντες εἰς τὴν\n\nἈσίαν Σάρδεις ἐπολιορκοῦμεν καὶ ὁ ἐκεῖθεν χρυσὸς\n\nμεγάλως τὰ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀνύψωσε πράγματα. τρίτον\n\nτοὐν Μαραθῶνι τρόπαιον ἱστῶμεν καὶ προέβημεν ὅσον\n\nπλεῖστον ἐνῆν. καὶ τέταρτον κάλλιστον ἐπὶ καλλίστοις\n\nτὸ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι καὶ Πλαταιᾶσι ναυμαχοῦντες καὶ πε-\n\n2 ὅδε V 6 ἐπίσης V 7 οὕτως V 9 βουλοίμεθα V\n\n13 καὶ φιλονεικοῦμεν in marg L 2 15 ἡμᾶς τις ὅθεν coni","english":"if indeed this is going to benefit everyone in common. We always hate barbarians and war against them and strive, from their own deeds, to appear more renowned and more illustrious than ourselves.\n\nAnd if someone examines from what small beginnings we originally became great, he will find that it was from no other source than barbarian trophies that we have become such. For first of all, immediately, when our Theseus was among the living, we defeated the Amazons—women, one might perhaps say, but far surpassing the nature of men—and from this we made no small advance. Next, crossing into Asia, we besieged Sardis, and the gold from there greatly elevated the affairs of the Athenians. Third, we set up the trophy at Marathon and advanced as far as possible. And fourth, the finest of all after the finest, at Salamis and Plataea, fighting by sea and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"βαρβάρους","severity":"info","text":"The speaker asserts a perpetual enmity toward barbarians, framing Athenian identity through opposition to them. This rhetorical stance is typical of Greek patriotic declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Θησεὺς","severity":"info","text":"Theseus, the legendary king of Athens, is invoked as a contemporary of the Amazonomachy. The claim that he was 'among the living' when the Amazons were defeated aligns with classical Athenian foundation myths.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἀμαζόνας","severity":"info","text":"The defeat of the Amazons is presented as a barbarian trophy. The paradox of women surpassing men in nature is a topos in Greek literature, e.g., in Herodotus and later rhetorical exercises.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σάρδεις","severity":"info","text":"The siege of Sardis (c. 498 BCE) during the Ionian Revolt is cited as a source of gold that elevated Athenian power. This historical event is referenced in Herodotus (5.100–102).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μαραθῶνι","severity":"info","text":"The trophy at Marathon (490 BCE) is the third example of a barbarian victory. The battle was a central Athenian patriotic symbol, often invoked in epideictic rhetoric.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σαλαμῖνι καὶ Πλαταιᾶσι","severity":"info","text":"The naval battle of Salamis (480 BCE) and the land battle of Plataea (479 BCE) are paired as the finest achievements. These victories were foundational to Athenian imperial ideology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἐκείνοις πραγμάτων' could be read as 'from their own deeds' (i.e., the barbarians') or 'from those deeds of theirs' (the Athenians'); the translation takes the former, consistent with the rhetorical point that Athenians gain fame from barbarian actions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"Sckm 16 τὲ ante τὸ V ras 2 litt L | τοκαταρχὰς V\n\n20 ἂν scripsi οὖν LV Schm 26 καλοῖς?\n\nζομαχοῦντες ἐπεδειξάμεθα καὶ μείζους ἑαυτῶν προση-\n\nκόντως γεγόναμεν. ἕτερον πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις, ὃ δὴ\n\nΚίμων καλῶς ἐξήνυσε μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας πε-\n\nζομαχῶν ἅμα καὶ ναυμαχῶν ἐπὶ τῆς βασιλέως θαλάττης\n\nκαὶ γῆς, καὶ μέγιστον Ἀθηναῖοι παρὰ πᾶσιν ἔσχομεν\n\nὄνομα.\n\nταῦθ’ ἡμᾶς ὕψωσεν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, καὶ\n\nμεγάλους πεποίηκεν, οὐχ ἅπερ οὗτοί φασι, κατὰ τῆς\n\nἙλλάδος τυχεῖν ἀγωνισαμένους. ἠρξάμεθα γὰρ οὐδέ-\n\nποτε πολέμου πρὸς Ἕλληνας, εἰ δ’ ἔτυχέ τις πρότερος\n\nἡμᾶς ἀδικήσας, τόν τε πόλεμον παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον\n\nκαὶ ἡμᾶς ἠρέθισε κατ’ αὐτοῦ, ἐπειδήπερ ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου\n\nτρόπου φίλον ἡμῖν καὶ μετρίως ἔχειν, εἴ τις μὴ ἐ̓γνω-\n\nκεν ἡμᾶς ἀδικεῖν, καὶ πολεμίως, εἴ τις μὴ φυλάσσειν\n\nἐθέλει τὰ δίκαια. τῶν δὲ νήσων καὶ τῶν πόλεων ἃς\n\nνῦν ἔχομεν ἀδίκως κατειλήφαμεν οὐδεμίαν. οὐ γὰρ\n\nπαραβιασάμενοι οὐδὲ νόμῳ πολέμου κρατήσαντες κεκτή","english":"fighting on foot we displayed ourselves and became greater than ourselves, as was fitting. There is another achievement besides those mentioned, which Cimon nobly accomplished, fighting both on foot and at sea on the same day on the king's sea and land, and we Athenians gained the greatest name among all.\n\nThese things elevated us, Lacedaemonians, and made us great, not, as these men claim, because we fought against Greece. For we never began a war against Greeks; if someone wronged us first, he made the war necessary and provoked us against him, since we are disposed to be friendly and moderate toward anyone who does not choose to wrong us, and hostile toward anyone who does not wish to observe justice. As for the islands and cities which we now hold, we have unjustly seized none. For we have not taken them by force nor by right of conquest.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Κίμων","severity":"info","text":"Cimon was an Athenian statesman and general who led the Delian League in the 5th century BCE. His simultaneous land and sea victory at the Eurymedon River (c. 466 BCE) is a celebrated feat, referenced here to bolster Athenian prestige.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πεζομαχῶν ἅμα καὶ ναυμαχῶν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fighting both on foot and at sea' describes Cimon's double victory on the same day. The Greek terms πεζομαχῶν (land-fighting) and ναυμαχῶν (sea-fighting) are technical military terms, emphasizing the exceptional nature of the achievement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ταῦθ’ ἡμᾶς ὕψωσεν","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a rhetorical pivot: the speaker shifts from listing Athenian victories over barbarians to defending against accusations of aggression against Greeks. The demonstrative 'these things' refers back to the Cimon episode and earlier barbarian trophies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ γὰρ παραβιασάμενοι οὐδὲ νόμῳ πολέμου κρατήσαντες κεκτή","severity":"info","text":"The speaker denies that Athens seized islands and cities by force or by right of conquest. The phrase 'νόμῳ πολέμου' (law of war) refers to the customary right of the victor to take possession, a concept familiar in Greek interstate relations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Sckm 16 τὲ ante τὸ V ras 2 litt L | τοκαταρχὰς V","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus criticus indicates a textual crux: a two-letter erasure (rasura) in the manuscript V before 'τὸ', and variant readings 'τὲ' and 'τοκαταρχὰς'. The reading adopted here ('τοκαταρχὰς') is uncertain; the sense may be 'from the beginning' or 'at the outset'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τοκαταρχὰς' (or 'τὲ ... τὸ') is textually uncertain; the intended meaning may be 'from the beginning' or 'at the outset', but the exact reading is disputed.","The identity of 'these men' (οὗτοί) in the accusation is not specified; they are likely the Spartan opponents in the declamation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"μεθα, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς ἀρχόντων καὶ δήμων ἐφ’\n\nἑαυτοὺς κεκληκότων, τάχα ὅτι τὴν ὑπὲρ πάντων ἡμῶν\n\nἠγάπησαν πρόνοιαν. οὕτως ἡμεῖς κἀκ τοιούτων ἑαυτῶν\n\nμείζους ἐγενόμεθα, οὐχ ὅν τρόπον οὗτοί φασιν οὐδ’\n\nὅθεν φασίν, ἀλλ’ ὅθεν καὶ ὑμεῖς μάρτυρές ἐστε.\n\n50. Μὴ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ἐθελήσητε\n\nτοῖς τούτων πεισθέντες λόγοις ἐξαφθῆναι αὐτίκα καὶ\n\nπρὸς πόλεμον ἀπιδεῖν οὕτω μὲν ἀπρεπῆ, οὕτω δὲ καὶ\n\nὀλέθριον. καὶ γὰρ ἀπαντήσει, εἰ συμβήσεται, ἀλλὰ μὴ\n\nσυμβαίη ποτέ, ὥσπερ ἡμῖν καὶ ὑμῖν οὐκ ἀκίνδυνα, καὶ\n\nπράξομεν ἀμφότεροι αἰσχρῶς καὶ παντάπασιν ἀναξίως\n\n10 παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον scripsi e LV παρεσκεύασεν,\n\nἀναγκαῖον Schm 14 δὲ scripsi τε LV Schm 17 αὐταῖς\n\nscripsi e LV αὐτοῖς Schm 20 ἐγενόμεθα scripsi γινόμεθα\n\nLV Schm 21 οὐδ’ ὅθεν φασίν inserui e L om V Schm\n\nτῆς ἡμῶν ἀρετῆς, ὀλεῖται δὲ κακῶς ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ βάρ-\n\nβαροι καθεδοῦνται γελῶντες ἥδιστον ἑαυτοῖς πάντων\n\nβλέποντες θεαμάτων, Ἕλληνας τοὺς φύσει πολεμίους","english":"day, but because the rulers and peoples in them summoned us to themselves, perhaps because they loved our forethought on behalf of all. Thus we too became greater than ourselves from such things, not in the way these men claim nor from the source they claim, but from the source of which you yourselves are witnesses.\n\n50. Do not, therefore, O Lacedaemonians, wish, persuaded by their words, to be kindled at once and to look toward a war so unseemly and so destructive. For it will turn out, if it happens—but may it never happen—as it is not without danger for both you and us, and we shall both act shamefully and altogether unworthily of our virtue, and Greece will be destroyed wretchedly, and barbarians will sit laughing, watching the sweetest of all spectacles for themselves: Greeks, natural enemies,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς ἀρχόντων καὶ δήμων ἐφ’ ἑαυτοὺς κεκληκότων","severity":"info","text":"The speaker argues that Athens’ allies were not forced but voluntarily summoned Athenian leadership, a claim central to the defense against Lacedaemonian accusations of imperialism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πρόνοιαν","severity":"info","text":"πρόνοιαν (forethought) here denotes Athens’ protective care for the allies, a key rhetorical term in the defense, contrasting with the Lacedaemonian charge of tyranny.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Μὴ τοίνυν ... ἐθελήσητε","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins a new rhetorical section (section 50) with a direct appeal to the Lacedaemonian audience, warning against war and employing a conditional threat (εἰ συμβήσεται, ἀλλὰ μὴ συμβαίη ποτέ).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"βάρβαροι","severity":"info","text":"The reference to barbarians laughing at Greek internecine war is a topos in Greek rhetoric, evoking the Persian threat and the need for Hellenic unity, as seen in Isocrates and Demosthenes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text at line 10 is corrupt: the edition notes a conjectural emendation (παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον) from manuscript variants; the sense is uncertain but likely refers to a forced or necessary outcome.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"This declamation, attributed to the 13th-century patriarch Gregory II, is a rhetorical exercise in the tradition of Libanius, reflecting Byzantine interest in classical Athenian history and rhetoric.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς ἀρχόντων καὶ δήμων' could refer to the rulers and peoples of the allied cities or to the Athenian archons and demes; the translation takes the former, but the Greek is ambiguous.","The textual corruption at line 10 (παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον) leaves the exact meaning of the warning uncertain; the emendation is plausible but not certain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"αἰσχρότατα ἐν ἑαυτοῖς φθειρομένους, καὶ ὧς ἂν τελέως\n\nἀμφότεροι συντριβῶμεν, νῦν μὲν ὑμῖν ὑποστήσονται\n\nχρήμασι συνάραςθαι καὶ στρατῷ, καὶ τελέσουσι, νῦν\n\nδὲ ἡμῖν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς.\n\nἀλλ’ ὑμεῖς γε, ἢν σωφρονῆτε,\n\nἀναμνησθήσεσθε ὧς νῦν πρώτως τῶν κινδύνων ἀνα-\n\nφέρειν ἤρξατο ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ οὐ καλὸν πρὶν ἢ σαφῶς\n\nἀνενεγκεῖν εἰς δευτέρους μείζονας περιβάλλειν, ἀνα-\n\nμνησθήσεσθε δὲ ὅτι καὶ τὰς σπονδὰς ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα\n\nὅλους ἐνιαυτοὺς πεποιήμεθα, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ πεντηκοντού-\n\nτεις αὐτὰς ὠνομάκαμεν, καὶ οὐδαμῶς εὐσεβὲς πρὶν ἤ\n\nτὰ ἡμίση τῶν ὡρισμένων ἐτῶν καταλαβεῖν συγχέειν\n\nταύτας πειρᾶσθαι. ἀλλὰ Κορινθίους καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους\n\nοἱ ταράσσουσι τὴν Ἑλλάδα ληρεῖν ἐάσατε ὡς ἔργον\n\nπληροῦντας βασκάνων δαιμόνων, ἐκείνων γὰρ ἴδιον\n\nτοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων καλοῖς ἐπιφύεσθαι καὶ προφάσεις\n\nἀναμοχλεύειν δι’ ὧν δυνήσονται εἴς τε τὸν κατ’ ἀλλή-\n\nλων πόλεμον ἐξοπλίσαι καὶ τὰ καλὰ περιτρέψαι, τὴν\n\nἡσυχίαν δὲ ὧς μόνης ταύτης τὸ κοινὴ συμφέρον ἐχού-","english":"most shamefully perishing among themselves, and so that we might both be utterly crushed, at one time they will submit to you to join with money and army, and will accomplish it, at another time to us against you.\n\nBut you, if you are prudent, will recall that now for the first time Greece has begun to recover from its dangers, and that it is not good, before it has clearly recovered, to cast it into second and greater perils. You will also recall that we have made the truce for fifty whole years, on which account we have named it the fifty-year truce, and that it is in no way pious to attempt to break it before half of the stipulated years have elapsed. But allow the Corinthians and the others who are disturbing Greece to babble on, as men fulfilling the work of envious demons, for it is characteristic of those demons to fasten onto the good things of men and to pry up pretexts through which they will be able to arm them for war against each other and to overturn the good things, while you hold to peace, since only this holds the common advantage.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"πεντηκοντούτεις σπονδάς","severity":"info","text":"The fifty-year truce (πεντηκοντούτεις σπονδάς) is a historical agreement between Athens and Sparta, likely the Thirty Years' Peace of 446/5 BCE, here rhetorically extended to fifty years for argumentative effect.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"βασκάνων δαιμόνων","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'envious demons' (βασκάνων δαιμόνων) reflects a common Greek belief in malevolent spirits that cause harm out of envy, often invoked in rhetorical contexts to discredit opponents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀλλ’ ὑμεῖς γε, ἢν σωφρονῆτε","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a direct address to the Lacedaemonians, forming a hortatory appeal that contrasts the prudent course (peace) with the destructive advice of the Corinthians, a common rhetorical device in deliberative oratory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"νῦν πρώτως τῶν κινδύνων ἀναφέρειν ἤρξατο ἡ Ἑλλὰς","severity":"info","text":"The motif of Greece recovering from dangers echoes Thucydides' narrative of the Peloponnesian War's aftermath, where recovery is fragile and threatened by renewed conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πεντηκοντούτεις","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'fifty-year truce' is historically anachronistic for the Classical period; Gregory may be adapting the Thirty Years' Peace for rhetorical symmetry, or the text may reflect a later historiographical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the others who are disturbing Greece' beyond the Corinthians is unspecified; they may refer to Thebes or other poleis hostile to Athens.","The precise historical referent of the 'fifty-year truce' is unclear; it may be a rhetorical invention or a conflation of treaties."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"σης ἀγαπήσατε, ὧς ἂν μὴ μόνον ὁσίως καὶ εὐσεβῶς\n\nἡμῖν ἔχῃ τὰ πρὸς θεούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ καλῶς γένοιτο\n\nπρᾶξαι καὶ Ἀθηναίοις καὶ Πελοποννησίοις καὶ πᾶσι\n\nτοῖς Ἕλλησι.\n\n52. Καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν οὖν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, δοῦ-\n\n12 Thuc. V 27, 1 18 Plat. leg. ΧΙ p. 937D 19 Luc.\n\nChar. § 4\n\n2 πάντων scripsi e V πάντες L Schm 12 ἐφῶ LV\n\n16 ταράττουσι V 17 βασκαίνων V 19 κατ’ V sed τ᾿ in\n\nras m2 23 θεόν V 24 πελοποννησίοις V sed οις corr m2\n\nναι πρόφασιν ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον οὐδεμίαν βουλόμε-\n\nνοι ἠξιώσαμεν ἐπὶ τοῖς κατηγορηθεῖσιν ἀπολογεῖσθαι.\n\nεἰρήνῃ γὰρ καλὸν τὰς ἐν ἡμῖν παραπιπτούσας διαφο-\n\nρὰς καὶ οὐ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἡγούμεθα διακρίνεσθαι. οὗ\n\nχάριν καὶ πρὸς τουτουσὶ Κορινθίους καὶ τῶν Ἑλλή-\n\nνων τοὺς ἄλλους, εἴ τις ἐγκαλεῖν ἔχοι ὡς Ἀθηναῖοι\n\nπροσέκρουσαν, πάρεσμεν λόγον δοῦναι καὶ ἅπερ δίκαια\n\nπληροῦν ἐθέλειν ἑκάστῳ. ἂν δέ που μὴ τοῦτον φήσῃ\n\nτις τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὅπλοις τὴν διάκρισιν ἐπι-\n\nτρέπῃ, ὀδυνηρὸν μὲν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τοῦθ’ ἡμῖν δόξει","english":"of piety and reverence, so that not only may our relations with the gods be holy and pious, but also that it may be possible to act well both for the Athenians and the Peloponnesians and all the Greeks.\n\n52. We, therefore, O Lacedaemonians, wishing no pretext for war, have deemed it right to defend ourselves against the accusations brought. For we consider it good to settle the differences that arise among us by peace and not by arms. For this reason, we are present to give an account to these Corinthians and to the other Greeks, if anyone has a charge that the Athenians have given offense, and we are willing to fulfill what is just for each. But if someone declares that this is not the way, but entrusts the decision to arms, this will seem to us painful in truth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"52. Καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν οὖν","severity":"info","text":"The particle sequence μὲν οὖν marks a strong resumptive transition, typical of formal rhetorical speeches, here introducing the Athenian counter-argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πρόφασιν","severity":"info","text":"πρόφασιν means 'pretext' or 'alleged cause', a key term in Thucydidean political analysis; the speaker denies any such pretext for war.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Κορινθίους","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians were a major Peloponnesian ally and often at odds with Athens; their role in precipitating the Peloponnesian War is well known from Thucydides.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰρήνῃ ... διακρίνεσθαι","severity":"info","text":"The preference for peace over arms echoes a common topos in Greek deliberative rhetoric, also found in Isocrates and Demosthenes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πληροῦν ἐθέλειν","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase πληροῦν ἐθέλειν is slightly awkward; the English draft renders it as 'willing to fulfill', but the Greek may imply a legal or procedural obligation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (Athenian or a proxy) is not explicit in this passage, but the context suggests an Athenian representative addressing Lacedaemonians."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"καὶ ἐλεεινὸν θεωμένοις οἶ κακοῦ τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀφί-\n\nξεται πράγματα, πλὴν ἀπαντησόμεθα καὶ αὐτοὶ μεθ’\n\nὅπλων πολλὰ τῆς εἰς τοῦτ’ ἀνάγκης τοὺς ἐφόρους τῶν\n\nἙλλήνων θεοὺς κἀπὶ ταῖς σπονδαῖς κεκλημένους παρ-\n\nαἰτησάμενοι, κἂν εἴ τις εἰς τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἐμβάλοι, οὐ\n\nμόνον ἐνταῦθα ἐναντιουμένους εὕροι καλῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ\n\nαὐτοὶ ἀντεμβαλοῦμεν εἰς τὴν αὐτοῦ μεθ’ ὁμοίου τοῦ\n\nτάχους καὶ τῆς παρασκευῆς.\n\n53. Εἴρηται καὶ ἡμῖν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, καὶ τὰ\n\nπρὸς Κορινθίους καὶ τὰ πρὸς ὑμᾶς. δοῖεν δὲ οἱ κρείτ-\n\nτους, ἃ κοινὴ τοῖς Ἕλλησι συμφέρει, ταῦθ’ ὑμῖν παρα-\n\nστῆναι ποιῆσαι.\n\n16 Xen. Hell. III 5,4\n\n6 ἔχει V 9 ἐπιτρέπῃ scripsi ἐπιτρέποι L V Schm 11 ἦ\n\nV 13 πολλὰ — 14 παραιτησάμενοι om V 14 σπονδαῖς\n\nscripsi e L σπουδαῖς Schm 18 καὶ om V 20 δοίη δὲ τὸ\n\nκρεῖττον V cf. p. 73, 24 21 συμφέροι V\nοἱ Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο ὑπ’\n\nἈθηναίων πολιορκούμενοι, καὶ γράφονται\n\nἈθηναίους ἀσεβείας Κορίνθιοι. Ἀθηναῖοι\n\nἀπολογούμενοι.","english":"and it is pitiable for those who see to what evil the affairs of Greece will come; yet we too shall meet them with arms, having earnestly invoked the gods who are the overseers of the Greeks and who were called upon at the truces, for the great necessity of this; and if anyone should invade Attica, he would not only find us opposing him well here, but we ourselves will also invade his land with equal speed and preparation.\n\n53. We have spoken, O Lacedaemonians, both to the Corinthians and to you. May the superior ones grant that what is commonly beneficial to the Greeks be present to you to accomplish.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ ἐλεεινὸν θεωμένοις οἶ κακοῦ τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀφίξεται πράγματα","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text is corrupt here; the draft translation 'it is pitiable for those who see to what evil the affairs of Greece will come' is a plausible reconstruction, but the manuscript reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τοὺς ἐφόρους τῶν Ἑλλήνων θεοὺς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the gods who are the overseers of the Greeks' uses ἐφόρους, a term evoking Spartan magistrates (ephors), here applied to gods as divine guardians, a rhetorical transference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"κἀπὶ ταῖς σπονδαῖς κεκλημένους","severity":"info","text":"The reference to gods 'called upon at the truces' alludes to the practice of invoking gods as witnesses to treaties, a standard feature of Greek interstate relations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"53. Εἴρηται καὶ ἡμῖν","severity":"info","text":"Section 53 marks a rhetorical conclusion, summarizing the speaker's address to the Lacedaemonians and Corinthians, and closing with a prayer to the 'superior ones' (οἱ κρείττους).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"16 Xen. Hell. III 5,4","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note cites Xenophon's Hellenica III 5,4 as a source for the historical context, likely the Potidaean affair mentioned in the appended note.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οἱ Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο","severity":"caution","text":"The appended note about the Potidaeans is textually problematic; the verb ἐγεύσαντο is likely corrupt, and the sense of the entire note is uncertain, possibly a marginal gloss or later addition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text of the opening clause (καὶ ἐλεεινὸν ... πράγματα) is corrupt; the draft translation is a reconstruction. The appended note about the Potidaeans is also textually uncertain, with the verb ἐγεύσαντο likely corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὅπερ ἡγούμεθα Κοριν-\n\nθίους ἐπᾶραι τοσαῦτ’ ἀναισχυντῆσαι καὶ οὕτω πολλῷ\n\nτῷ παραλόγῳ τῆς δημηγορίας χρήσασθαι καθ’ ἡμῶν,\n\nπρῶτον μὲν ἡ μηδέποτε ἀήθης αὐτοῖς ψευδολογία καὶ\n\nπρόχειρος καθ’ ὧν ἂν βούλωνται συκοφαντία καὶ λοι-\n\nδορία, δεύτερον δὲ καἰ τὸ παρ’ ὑμῖν δικασταῖς, οἳ τὴν\n\nαὐτὴν αὐτοῖς οἰκεῖτε Πελοπόννησον, ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς\n\nλόγους. τούς τε γὰρ ἀεὶ μαθόντας προτιμᾶν ἄλλο τι\n\nτῆς ἀληθείας ἐν ἀγῶνι τοιούτῳ καθισταμένους ἐν ᾧ\n\nμάλιστα καιρόν ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἔχον τὸ ψεῦδος οὐ ῥᾴδιον\n\nπαντάπασι τοῦ μαθήματος ἀμελεῖν, τούς γε μὴν τοῖς\n\nδικάζουσιν ὡς οἰκείοις οὖσι θαρροῦντας, ὡς καὶ πᾶν\n\nὁτιοῦν ψευδομἕνους ἀνεξελέγκτους οἴεσθαι μεῖναι, μὴ\n\nπολλὰ θρασύνεσθαι καὶ παράλογα οὐκ εἰκός.\nοὐ\n\nμὴν ἀλλ’ εἰ μὲν ἑωρῶμεν ὑμᾶς διατεθειμένους καθά-\n\n20 περ ἐδόξατε Κορινθίοις πρὸ τοῦ δημηγορεῖν ἀνιέναι,\n\nτὸ δὲ ἦν ταῖς σφῶν ἡδοναῖς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐπιτρέψαι\n\nL = Codex Leidensis Gr. F. 49\n\nV = Vaticanus gr. 933","english":"Men of Lacedaemon, that we supposed the Corinthians would be so shameless and employ such a paradoxical speech against us, first because of their never unaccustomed falsehood and ready sycophancy and slander against whomever they wish, and second because they make their speeches before you as judges, who inhabit the same Peloponnese as they. For those who have always learned to value something else above the truth, when placed in a contest where falsehood has the greatest opportunity, it is not easy for them to neglect their learning entirely; and those who trust the judges as being their own people, and think that they will remain unrefuted even if they utter any falsehood, it is not unlikely that they become very bold and paradoxical. Nevertheless, if we saw you disposed as you seemed to the Corinthians before they rose to speak, that would be to entrust yourselves to their pleasures.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι","severity":"info","text":"The speaker addresses the Spartans directly, framing the Corinthians as deceptive outsiders. This rhetorical move aligns with the declamation's adversarial structure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"συκοφαντία","severity":"info","text":"Sycophancy in Athenian law referred to malicious prosecution; here it is used pejoratively to characterize Corinthian rhetoric as baseless and opportunistic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Πελοπόννησον","severity":"info","text":"The Peloponnese is the region shared by Sparta and Corinth, highlighting the speaker's charge of partiality among the judges.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"πρῶτον μὲν ... δεύτερον δὲ","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses a two-part argument (first, second) to explain Corinthian shamelessness, a common rhetorical device in Greek declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"δεύτερον","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has δεύτερον (an irregular form) instead of standard δεύτερον; this may be a scribal error or dialectal variant, but the sense is clear as 'second'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Libanius","severity":"info","text":"This declamation is a response to a work by Libanius, a fourth-century sophist; Gregory II reworks the rhetorical situation for a Byzantine Christian audience.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Gregory II of Cyprus"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τὸ δὲ ἦν ταῖς σφῶν ἡδοναῖς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐπιτρέψαι' is syntactically ambiguous: it may mean 'that would be to entrust yourselves to their pleasures' or 'that would be to entrust you to their pleasures'; the English draft takes the former reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"Schm = editio Schmidtiana.\n\n1 ποτιδαιάται LV ut constanter 5 Κορινθίοις V\n\n12 τί L ut constanter\n\nἐπαινοῦντας μὲν ἅπανθ’ ἐξῆς ὅσα εἰρήκασι, μηδὲν δὲ\n\nτῆς ἀληθείας φροντίζοντας, οὐδὲν ἂν πλέον εἰπόντες\n\nμηδὲ πολυπραγμονήσαντες ᾠχόμεθα τὴν ἐπ’ Ἀθήνας.\n\nτί γὰρ ἂν ἦν ὄφελος λέγειν ἢ ὅλως τι πραγματεύεσθαι\n\nπαρὰ δικασταῖς, ἐχθροῖς μὲν εὐλαβοῦμαι λέγειν μηδὲ\n\nἄλλου του ἀκούσαιμι λέγοντος, τὰ πάντα δὲ κατ’ ἐπι-\n\nθυμίαν οὖσι τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἐχθροῖς; νυνὶ δ’ ὁρῶντες\n\nπροθύμους ὑμᾶς ἔργον ἀνδρῶν ὀρθότατα δικαζόντων\n\nπληρῶσαι καὶ ἀκοῦσαι μὲν καὶ ἡμῶν λόγον διδόντων,\n\nδιατεθῆναι δὲ καὶ τὰς γνώμας ἴσους ἀμφοτέροις, φιλίαν\n\nδὲ καὶ οἰκειότητα τὴν πρὸς Κορινθίους καὶ διαφοράν,\n\nεἴ τίς ἐστι πρὸς ἡμᾶς, τό γε νῦν εἷναι πόρρω στῆσαι\n\nτῶν λογισμῶν, ἔνα καὶ ἀμφοῖν τοῖς μέρεσιν ὀρθῶς\n\nκαὶ προσηκόντως δικάζητε καὶ μηδέ τις ἐντεῦθεν λύμη\n\nτῷ δικαίῳ ἐπισυμβαίνῃ, ὅ δὴ καὶ πάντες νομοθέται\n\nτιμῶντες ἐπὶ τούτῳ τοὺς δικαστὰς ὁρκοῦντές εἰσιν,","english":"...praising in order everything they have said, but caring nothing for the truth, we would have departed for Athens without saying anything more or making any further inquiry. For what benefit would there be in speaking or in undertaking any matter at all before judges who, I am reluctant to call enemies, nor would I hear anyone else say so, but who are in every respect favorable to our enemies according to their own desire? But now, seeing that you are eager to fulfill the work of men who judge most rightly, and to hear us as well giving our account, and to be disposed with equal judgment toward both sides, and to set aside for the present any friendship and closeness with the Corinthians, and any difference, if there is any, toward us, far from your considerations, so that you may judge both parties rightly and appropriately, and that no harm may come to justice from this—which indeed all lawgivers, honoring justice, swear in the judges for this purpose—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"μηδὲν ... φροντίζοντας","severity":"info","text":"The speaker accuses the Corinthians of praising everything in order while caring nothing for truth, a rhetorical topos of insincerity common in Greek forensic oratory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"δικασταῖς","severity":"info","text":"δικασταῖς (judges) here refers to the Lacedaemonian audience acting as arbiters, a standard term in Greek judicial rhetoric for the decision-making body.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νυνὶ δ’ ὁρῶντες","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a hypothetical refusal to speak (εἰ ... ᾠχόμεθα) to the present reality (νυνὶ δ’ ὁρῶντες), marking a rhetorical contrast between despair and renewed hope in the judges' fairness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"νομοθέται ... ὁρκοῦντές","severity":"info","text":"The reference to lawgivers swearing in judges (νομοθέται ... ὁρκοῦντές) alludes to the Athenian and Spartan practice of judicial oaths, emphasizing the sanctity of impartial judgment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"λύμη","severity":"caution","text":"The word λύμη (harm) is a rare or possibly corrupt form; the standard Greek would be λύμη or λύμης, but the sense is clear from context as 'damage to justice'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'λύμη τῷ δικαίῳ' may involve a textual corruption or a non-standard spelling; the intended meaning is 'harm to justice'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ἀνέστημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐροῦντες ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν. πλὴν οὐχ\n\nὥσπερ Κορίνθιοι καὶ ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰς κατ’ αὐτῶν λοι-\n\nδορίας ἐμβαλοῦμεν αὐτίκα οὔτ’ αὖ φιλίας ἀρχαίας καὶ\n\nσυνηθείας ὑμᾶς ἀναμνήσομεν καὶ ὧς μετ’ ἀλλήλων\n\nσυστάντες ποτὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὑπήρξαμεν ἐν καιρῷ οὐδ’\n\nεὐεργεσίας ἡμῶν καταλέξομεν, ἃς πολλὰς οὐ χωρὶς\n\nκινδύνων καὶ κοινῶς κατεθέμεθα τοῖς πᾶσι καὶ ἰδία\n\nτοῖς ἀεὶ δεομένοις. οὔτε γὰρ εὐπρεπὲς καὶ ἄλλως\n\nἰσχύοντας περιεῖναι τῶν ἀντιτεταγμένων λοιδορουμέ-\n\nνοῦς αὐτοῖς ἐπιέναι καὶ τό γε κατορθωμάτων ποιεῖσθαι\n\nκατάλογον ἃ μηδὲν τοῖς παροῦσι καθήκει σαθρά τις\n\nἂν εἴη φιλοτιμία καὶ ἐπίδειξις ἄκαιρος, καὶ μάλιστα\n\n3 μὴ δὲ V ut constanter 12 τ’ ὁ scripsi τῶ LV Schm\n\ncf. t. IV 391,24 17 αὐτοὶ reposui e LV αὐτοῦ\n\n20 συνηθείας reposui e LV συνήθεις Schm\n\nἡνίκα καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα μὰ δῆλον αὐτόθεν ἐστὶ καί τινος\n\nδεῖται λόγου ἔξωθεν μαρτυρήσοντος οὐδαμῶς. ἢ τίς\n\nἸωνίαν οὐκ οἶδεν ἀποικίαν καὶ αὐτὴν ἡμετέραν οὖσαν","english":"We rose up also to speak on our own behalf. Yet we will not, like the Corinthians, immediately launch into reproaches against them, nor will we remind you of ancient friendship and familiarity, and how once, standing together, we supported the Greeks in a time of need, nor will we recount our benefactions, many of which we laid down, not without dangers, both in common for all and individually for those always in need. For it is not seemly, and besides, for those who are strong enough to prevail over their opponents, to proceed by slandering them, and to make a catalogue of achievements that have no bearing on the present matter would be a kind of hollow ambition and untimely display, especially since the matter is manifest from the outset and in no way requires some external testimony. For who does not know that Ionia is a colony and is itself ours?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀνέστημεν","severity":"info","text":"The verb ἀνέστημεν marks a rhetorical turn: the speaker rises to respond, shifting from passive listening to active defense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κορίνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are invoked as a negative exemplar of rhetorical aggression, likely referencing their reputation in classical oratory for harsh invective.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"σαθρά τις ἂν εἴη φιλοτιμία","severity":"info","text":"The phrase σαθρά φιλοτιμία (hollow ambition) is a rhetorical figure condemning self-praise as unsound and irrelevant to the present case.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωνίαν ... ἀποικίαν ... ἡμετέραν","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Ionia is a colony of Athens (ἀποικίαν) invokes the historical foundation narrative, a common topos in Athenian self-justification.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"μὰ δῆλον","severity":"caution","text":"The text reads μὰ δῆλον, likely a scribal error for μὲν δῆλον; the sense is 'manifest on its own'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase μὰ δῆλον may be a corruption of μὲν δῆλον; the reading adopted is μὲν δῆλον.","The referent of 'our' in 'Ionia is a colony and is itself ours' is ambiguous: it could mean Athens or the speaker's party."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"καὶ μέρος τῆς ὑπὲρ ἀπάντων Ἀθηναίων προνοίας\n\nκαλῶς ὑπ’ αὐτῶν πολισθεῖσαν τὴν πᾶσαν, ἵν ὁ ἐν-\n\nταῦθα τῆς Εὐρώπης χῶρος ὧς ἐκ μεγάλου διαστήματος\n\nβαρβάροις ἀνεπίβατος μένῃ; τίς ἑτέρωθεν Σικελίαν\n\nαὐτήν; τίς τοὺς ἐν Μαραθῶνι κινδύνους, τοὺς ἐπ’\n\nἈρτεμισίῳ καὶ Σαλαμῖνι καὶ Πλαταιᾶσιν, ἔνθα σὺν\n\nὑμῖν Μαρδονίου τὰς πολλὰς διεφθείραμεν μυριάδας,\n\nτοὺς ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὅτε τῶν εἱλώτων\n\nἐπαναστάντων ἔσχατος κινδύνων τὴν Λακεδαίμονα\n\nπεριέστη, τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων; τίς ταῦτα πάντα\n\nὑμῶν ἀγνοεῖ; καὶ τί δεῖ μακρηγορεῖν ὑπομιμνήσκοντας\n\nὑμᾶς φερούσης καὶ ταῦτα τῆς ὑπομνήσεως ἐν τῷ νῦν\n\nἀγῶνι πλέον οὐδὲν εἰς ἡμᾶς; οὔκουν ἡμεῖς γε περὶ\n\nτῶνδ’ ἐθελήσομεν λέγειν, ἀλλ’ ἀποχωρήσαντες σπουδῇ,\n\nὑπερβάντες δὲ ἄμα καὶ τὰ καθ’ ἡμῶν πολλὰ καὶ νη-\n\nπιώδη Κορινθίων διελέγχειν ἐγκλήματα ὡς οὐδ’ ὑμῶν\n\nπερὶ τῶν οὕτω γελοίων λόγον ἀπαιτησόντων οὐδένα,\n\nμὴ γὰρ ἂν πρέπειν Λακεδαιμονίους ὄντας ἄρχειν τε\n\nκαὶ αὐτοὺς ἀξιοῦντας ὁμοίως ἡμῖν τῶν Ἑλλήνων περὶ","english":"and part of the providence for all Athenians, the whole region having been well governed by them, so that this place in Europe might remain inaccessible to barbarians as from a great distance. Who else would have secured Sicily itself? Who would have faced the dangers at Marathon, at Artemisium, at Salamis, and at Plataea, where together with you we destroyed the many myriads of Mardonius? Who would have faced the dangers on your behalf, O Lacedaemonians, when the Helots revolted and extreme danger surrounded Lacedaemon? Who would have faced the dangers on behalf of the others? Who among you is ignorant of all these things? And why should we speak at length, reminding you, when even this reminder in the present contest brings us no further advantage? Therefore we will not choose to speak about these matters, but having withdrawn with haste, and also having passed over the many and childish accusations of the Corinthians against us, as if you would not demand any account concerning such ridiculous things—for it would not be fitting for Lacedaemonians, who themselves claim to rule the Greeks equally with us, concerning","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μαρδονίου","severity":"info","text":"Mardonius was the Persian commander at Plataea (479 BCE), whose defeat ended the second Persian invasion of Greece. The speaker claims joint Spartan-Athenian action against him.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"εἱλώτων ἐπαναστάντων","severity":"info","text":"The Helot revolt (c. 465–462 BCE) followed a devastating earthquake in Sparta. Athens initially sent aid but was dismissed, leading to the breakdown of the Hellenic alliance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τίς ... τίς ... τίς","severity":"info","text":"A rhetorical series of anaphoric questions (τίς ... τίς ... τίς) catalogues Athenian services, a standard device in deliberative oratory to overwhelm the audience with examples.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"μακρηγορεῖν","severity":"info","text":"μακρηγορεῖν means 'to speak at length' or 'to be long-winded'. The speaker disavows prolixity even while listing achievements, a rhetorical feint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"φερούσης","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek φερούσης is likely a scribal error for φερούσης (from φέρω, 'to bring, carry'). The sense is that the reminder 'brings' no advantage. The edition may need emendation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Λακεδαιμονίους ... ἄρχειν ... ἀξιοῦντας","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Lacedaemonians 'claim to rule the Greeks equally with us' echoes Thucydides 1.68–71, where Corinthians accuse Spartans of hesitating to lead while Athens expands.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'φερούσης' is corrupt; likely intended as φερούσης ('bringing').","The referent of 'τὴν πᾶσαν' (sc. γῆν or χώραν) is ambiguous: it may mean 'the whole land' (i.e., Greece) or 'the whole region' just mentioned."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"πόλεως ἡγεμονίδος τοιαῦτ’ ἐγκλήματα δέχεσθαι, ἐπὶ\n\nτὰ καίρια μάλιστα τῆς κατηγορίας καὶ γενναῖα καθ’\n\nἡμῶν δοκοῦντα τὸν λόγον τρεψόμεθα.\n\n1 Argum. Dem. Boeot. p. 994, 18 8 Thuc. I 73, 3\n\n11 Thuc. I 102 14 Thuc. I 68, 3\n\n5 τὴν πᾶσαν in marg L 2 9 πλαταιάσιν LV 14 ὑμῶν\n\nscripsi ἡμῶν LV Schm | τί om VL inser Schm 16 ἡμᾶς\n\nω ω\n\nscripsi e V ὑμᾶς L Schm 25 τ(??)ν λόγον V\n\n6. Ἀσέβειαν προφέρουσιν ἡμῖν Κορίνθιοι, ἀσέ-\n\nβειαν, 60 ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, πρᾶγμα ὅπερ ἐς δεῦρο\n\nοὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐφάνη τις ἐξενεγκὼν καθ’ ἡμῶν, ἀλλ’\n\nοὐδὲ διανοηθείς, καὶ βαρεῖς εἰσιν, ὧς ὁρᾶτε, νῦν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς\n\nπειρ·αθέντες καὶ ταῦτα Ἀθηναίων, εἰ μὴ χρηστῶν ἀεὶ\n\nκαὶ φιλανθρώπων, ὅμως τοιούτων οὐδέποτε ἐπ’ αὐτούς.\n\nἥτις δὲ πρόφασις κεκίνηκεν ὥστ’ ἐπὶ ταῦθ’ ὁρμῆσαι,\n\nεἰ μὲν ἄλλο τι ὄν κρύπτουσιν αὐτοί, σαφῶς λέγειν\n\nοὐκ ἴσμεν, ὅ δ’ οὖν φασι καὶ ὑμεῖς ἠκούσατε λεγόν-\n\nτων, Ποτίδαια, ὅτι ταύτην πολεμίαν οὖσαν παρεστη-\n\nσάμεθα, καὶ Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων γευόμενοι. τοῦτο δὲ","english":"that a leading city should accept such accusations, we shall turn our speech to the most critical and noble points of the charge that seem to be directed against us.\n\n6. The Corinthians charge us with impiety—impiety, men of Lacedaemon, a thing which up to this day not only has no one ever brought against us, but no one has even conceived of; and they are harsh, as you see, now that they have attempted it against us, even though the Athenians, if not always good and humane, have at least never done such things to them. What pretext has moved them to set upon this course, if they themselves are concealing something else, we do not clearly know; but what they do say, and what you have heard them say, is Potidaea—that we reduced that city, which was hostile, and that the Potidaeans have been feasting on one another. This","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"6. Ἀσέβειαν προφέρουσιν ἡμῖν Κορίνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"The numeral 6 marks a new section in the declamation, corresponding to a new argument in the antilogia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσέβειαν","severity":"info","text":"The term 'asebeia' (impiety) is a formal charge in Greek law, here used rhetorically by the Corinthians against Athens.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτίδαια","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a key cause of the Peloponnesian War (Thuc. I 56–65).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων γευόμενοι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'feasting on one another' echoes Thucydides' account of cannibalism during the Potidaean siege (Thuc. II 70), though the historical accuracy is debated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἡμῶν","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript tradition shows variation between 'ἡμῶν' (our) and 'ὑμῶν' (your) at line 14; the editor adopts 'ὑμῶν' based on context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Argum. Dem. Boeot. p. 994, 18","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note cites a scholiast argument to Demosthenes' Boeotian speech, indicating the text's use in Byzantine rhetorical education.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων γευόμενοι' may be metaphorical or literal; the English draft takes it as literal cannibalism.","The manuscript variants at line 14 (ἡμῶν/ὑμῶν) create ambiguity in the speaker's alignment with the audience."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"τι ποτέ ἐστι καὶ ὅπως συνηνέχθη καὶ τίς ἀρχῆθεν\n\nαἰτία τῷδε συμβῆναι, λέγωμεν ἤδη. εἰ δὲ μικρὸν ἀνα-\n\nγαγόντες ἐροῦμεν, οὐκ ἔξω τοῦτο καιροῦ. γένοιτο γὰρ\n\nἂν ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ὑμῖν καλῶς ἀκροασαμένοις ἀγνοεῖν\n\nπερὶ μηδενὸς καὶ ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τὴν πρέπουσαν λαμ\n\nβάνειν ἀρχήν.\n\n7. Ποτίδαιαν τὴν ὑπὸ Παλλήνην, τὸ Θρᾳκικὸν\n\nὄρος, ἴστε που πάντες. ἄποικοι Κορινθίων ἔχουσι ταύ-\n\nτην. οὕτω Κορίνθιοί φασι καὶ συμφωνοῦμεν ἡμεῖς καὶ\n\nἐθέλει περὶ τούτου οὐδεὶς ἀπιστεῖν. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ ἡ\n\nπόλις ἥδε μεγάλως σεμνυνομένη ἐκ τοῦ λέγεσθαι Κο-\n\nρινθίων ἠγάπα τό τε γένος ἐκεῖσε ἀεὶ ἀναφέρειν τούς\n\nτε δημιουργοὺς καὶ μάλα ἀσμένως δέχεσθαι ἥκοντας\n\nἐκεῖθεν καὶ ὅ τι προσέταττον ὧς ἑτοιμότατα κατακούειν\n\n24 οὕτω Κορίνθιοι τοὺς ἐκπεμπομένους ἄρχοντας εἰς τὰς\n\nαὐτῶν ἀποικίας ὠνόμαζον LV 2 cf. ad p. 13,12; 56,12\n\n7 ὥστ’ om L sed γρ ὥστ’ in marg m 2 13 λέγωμεν scripsi\n\nλέγομεν LV Schm 15 ἂν inserui e LV om Schm | καλῶς\n\ninserui e LV om Schm 21 τούτου scripsi e LV τούτων","english":"Let us now say what it is, how it came about, and what the original cause of this event was. If we speak after a brief digression, this will not be untimely. For from this it will be possible both for you, having listened well, to be ignorant of nothing, and for our speech to take the proper beginning.\n\n7. Potidaea, situated under Pallene, the Thracian mountain, you all surely know. Colonists of the Corinthians hold this city. So the Corinthians say, and we agree, and no one wishes to disbelieve this. This city, greatly priding itself on being said to be of the Corinthians, was content both always to refer its lineage there and to receive artisans coming from there very gladly, and to obey whatever they ordered as readily as possible.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰ δὲ μικρὸν ἀναγαγόντες ἐροῦμεν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker signals a brief digression (ἀναγαγόντες) before proceeding, a common rhetorical device to frame the narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτίδαιαν","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony on the Pallene peninsula in Thrace, a flashpoint in the Peloponnesian War. The passage echoes Thucydides' account of the dispute over Potidaea.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἄποικοι","severity":"info","text":"ἄποικοι (colonists) is a standard term for Greek colonial founders, here emphasizing the Corinthian origin of Potidaea's settlers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"λέγωμεν","severity":"info","text":"The edition notes a textual variant: λέγωμεν (subjunctive) is adopted from the manuscript tradition over λέγομεν (indicative) found in some witnesses, affecting the force of the exhortation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"καλῶς","severity":"caution","text":"The word καλῶς (well) is inserted from the manuscript tradition but omitted in some editions; its presence is uncertain and may affect the sense of the audience's attentive listening.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κορίνθιοι τοὺς ἐκπεμπομένους ἄρχοντας","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note explains that Corinthians called their colonial magistrates by a specific term; this reflects ancient colonial administration practices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact reading of λέγωμεν vs λέγομεν is contested; the edition adopts the subjunctive for rhetorical force.","The insertion of καλῶς is textually uncertain, though supported by the manuscript tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"Schm 23 τε ante τό τε inser Schm delevi 25 ὃ τι scripsi\n\nὅτι LV Schm\n\nκαὶ εἶναι μὲν ταύτην αὐτοῖς φιλοτιμιῶν τὴν με-\n\nγίστην, ἀρκεῖν δὲ καὶ ἀντὶ πάντων οἷς ἄνθρωποι\n\nμέγα φρονοῦσι τὴν μητρόπολιν Κόρινθον. ἀλλ’\n\nεἰ μὲν ἐν ἅπαντι τῷ χρόνῳ διέσωζον ταυτηνὶ Πο-\n\nτιδαιᾶται τὴν γνώμην, εἶχε μὲν ἂν τοῦτο κλέος οὐ\n\nμικρὸν Κορινθίοις, εἶχε δὲ καὶ Ποτιδαιάταις αὐτοῖς\n\nἐπ’ εὐγνωμοσύνῃ οὐ μεῖόν τι καύχημα· νυνὶ δὲ\n\nστέρξαντες ἐπὶ χρόνοις οὐ συχνοῖς τὸ ῥηθὲν ἀγα-\n\nπῶσιν ὡς τάχιστα τὴν μεταβολὴν καὶ τοὺς λάβρως\n\nἐσθίοντας μιμησάμενοι εἰς ἀηδίαν τὸ παραυτίκα ἐνέ-\n\nπεσον καὶ ἀφίστανται μὲν Κορινθίων, ἀποπέμπουσι δὲ\n\nκαὶ τοὺς δημιουργοὺς μεθ’ ὧν ἧκον ἔχοντες προσταγ-\n\nμάτων, ἀπελαύνουσι δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους οἱ παρῆσαν\n\nἐκ Πελοποννήσου, καὶ καθ’ ἑαυτοὺς γενόμενοι οὐκ\n\nἔστιν ὅντινα καὶ προσίεντο. καὶ ὅπως οὐ παραχρῆμα\n\nτότε ἢ μεθύστερον ἐπιόντες Κορίνθιοι ἢ ἔπεισαν αὖθις\n\nπρὸς αὐτοὺς μεταθέσθαι ἢ μὴ πεισθέντας ἀπώλεσαν,","english":"And this was for them the greatest of ambitions, and the metropolis Corinth sufficed in place of all things of which men are proud. But if the Potidaeans had preserved this opinion for all time, this would have brought no small glory to the Corinthians, and also to the Potidaeans themselves no less a boast for their good will. But as it is, having been content for not many years with what has been said, they quickly embrace change and, imitating those who eat greedily, immediately fell into disgust, and they revolt from the Corinthians, and they also send away the craftsmen with whom they had come, having orders, and they drive out the others who were present from the Peloponnese, and having become independent, they admit no one. And why did the Corinthians not attack them immediately then or later, either persuading them to change back to their side or, if not persuaded, destroy them?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"φιλοτιμιῶν","severity":"info","text":"The term φιλοτιμιῶν (ambitions) carries a connotation of honor-seeking or public-spirited rivalry, central to the rhetorical contrast between Corinthian pride and Potidaean ingratitude.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"δημιουργοὺς","severity":"info","text":"δημιουργοὺς (craftsmen) here likely refers to magistrates or officials sent from Corinth to administer Potidaea, not merely artisans; the term has administrative overtones in colonial contexts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony on the Pallene peninsula in Chalcidice, whose revolt from Athens in 432 BCE triggered the Peloponnesian War; this passage echoes Thucydides' account (1.56-65).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νυνὶ δὲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase νυνὶ δὲ (but as it is) marks a rhetorical pivot from a counterfactual scenario to the actual narrative of Potidaean revolt, a common device in declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Schm 23 τε ante τό τε inser Schm delevi","severity":"caution","text":"The critical apparatus notes a textual intervention by Schmidt: he inserted a τε before τό τε and then deleted it, indicating uncertainty in the manuscript tradition at this point.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ὃ τι scripsi' vs. 'ὅτι LV Schm' indicates a textual variant: the editor writes ὃ τι (whatever) but the manuscripts read ὅτι (that). The reading adopted affects the syntax of the rhetorical question."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"οὔθ’ ἡμεῖς ἔχομεν λέγειν οὔτ’ αὐτοί φασιν ἔχειν. πλὴν\n\nοὕτως ἀπορραγέντες ἐπὶ πολλοῖς τοῖς ὕστερον χρόνοις\n\nἔβλεπον πρὸς οὐδένας, ἴσως ὅτι τῶν ἔξωθεν ἔθραττεν\n\nοὐδὲν οὐδαμῶς ἐπιτιθέμενον ἢ καὶ βιάζον, ὥστε τινὰς\n\nὑπελθεῖν τῶν κρειττόνων καὶ παρ’ ἐκείνων ἰσχὺν\n\nλαμβάνειν, εἴ τι καὶ παραλυποίη, ἀποσοβεῖν δύνα-\n\nσθαι. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἴως οὔπω καὶ τούτοις ἴδει\n\nκινηθῆναι τὰ πράγματα, ἐπεὶ δ᾿ ἐκινήθη καὶ ἀντέ-\n\nπέσε παρ’ ἐλπίδα καὶ ἥψατο καὶ τῶνδε μεταβολὴ\n\nὥσπερ πάντων τῶν ἀνθρωπείων, καὶ ἰσχυροὶ μὲν οἶ\n\nκύκλῳ Θρᾷκες, ἥττους δὲ οὗτοι προσδοκῶντες καὶ\n\n4 ἐν scripsi e LV ἐφ’ Schm 10 τὸ παραυτίκα V sed αυ\n\nin ras m 2 11 δὲ inserui e LV om Schm 27 ἀνθρωπείων\n\nscripsi e LV ἀνθρωπίνων Schm 28 καὶ cancellavit Schm\n\nὅσον οὔπω τὰ ἔσχατα πείσεσθαι οὐκ οὔσης δυνάμεως\n\nἀνταρκεῖν οὐδ’ ἐπικουρίας ὅθεν δήποτε οὐδέ τινος\n\nχρηστοτέρας ἐλπίδος τί ποιοῦσι; τολμῶσιν ἔργον ὁ δὴ\n\nκαὶ τότε σωφρονοῦντας ἴσχυσε σῶσαι καὶ νεωτερίσαν-","english":"Neither can we claim, nor do they themselves say they have, any such thing. However, having broken away in this manner over many subsequent times, they looked to no one, perhaps because nothing from outside troubled them at all, neither anything attacking nor even forcing them, so that they might submit to some of the stronger and from them obtain strength, so as to be able to drive off anything that might cause distress. And these matters perhaps were not yet destined to stir up affairs for them, but when they were stirred up and unexpectedly fell back and touched even these with change, as is the case with all human things, and the Thracians around were strong, while these were weaker, expecting that they would suffer the worst before long, there being no power sufficient to resist, nor any aid from anywhere, nor any more favorable hope—what do they do? They dare a deed which indeed then, when they were prudent, was able to save them, but when they innovated,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτως ἀπορραγέντες","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'having broken away in this manner' refers to the Potidaeans' earlier secession from Corinth, a key event in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀπορραγέντες","severity":"info","text":"ἀπορραγέντες (aorist participle of ἀπορρήγνυμι) means 'having broken away' or 'having been torn off,' emphasizing violent separation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Θρᾷκες","severity":"info","text":"The Thracians were a group of tribes north of Greece, often depicted as powerful and threatening in classical literature, relevant to the geopolitical context of Potidaea.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τί ποιοῦσι;","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question 'what do they do?' marks a turning point in the narrative, introducing the Potidaeans' desperate action.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἴδει","severity":"caution","text":"The reading ἴδει (from the apparatus) is uncertain; the manuscript tradition shows variation, and the sense may be 'it was necessary' (ἔδει) or a form of 'see' (εἴδει).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II of Cyprus, Patriarch of Constantinople (1283–1289), wrote this declamation as a response to Libanius, reflecting Byzantine rhetorical engagement with classical themes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἴδει' is ambiguous due to manuscript variation; it may be a scribal error for 'ἔδει' (it was necessary) or a form of 'εἴδει' (he saw).","The exact referent of 'τῶνδε' (these) is unclear; it likely refers to the Potidaeans or their situation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"τας νῦν ἀπολέσαν ἔχει. εἰς γὰρ τὰς Ἀθήνας ἥκοντες,\n\nκαί γε μηδεὶς ἐνταῦθα Κορινθίους ἀληθεύειν οἰέσθω\n\nδιατεινομένους ὧς ἄρ ἡμεῖς ἦμεν ἀπάτῃ μετιόντες\n\nαὐτούς, οὔτε γάρ, μὰ τοὺς θεούς, ἀπατῶντες οὔτ\n\nἄλλως πείθοντες ἠβουλήθημεν πρὸς ἡμᾶς μεταθέσθαι,\n\nἀλλ’ εἰς Ἀθήνας ἐλθόντες μηδενὸς ἑτέρου κινήσαντος\n\nὅτι μὴ αὐτοὶ ἑαυτοὺς καὶ παρελθόντες εἰς βουλευτήριον\n\nἐνεχείριζον σφᾶς αὐτούς. δεήσεις δὲ παραλείπομεν\n\nλέγειν ὂν παντάπασιν ἵξω καιροῦ καὶ παρακλήσεις καὶ\n\nἱκεσίας ὅσας δὴ ἐποιοῦντο ἰδίᾳ μὲν πρὸς τοὺς δυνα-\n\nτωτάτους ἡμῶν, δημοσίᾳ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πάντας, ὥστ’\n\nαὐτοὺς ἐθελῆσαι προσίεσθαι. ἀλλ’ ἐπειδήπερ ἡμεῖς τὴν\n\nπρώτην οὐκ ἐδεχόμεθα, οὐχ ὑπεχώρουν, ἐνέκειντο δὲ\n\nπολὺ μᾶλλον δεόμενοι, καὶ ὧς οὐδ’ οὕτως ἡμῶν οὐδὲ\n\nεἰς προσεῖχε σφίσιν οὐδὲ κατένευεν, ἔτι θερμοτέρων\n\nἀνθήπτοντο λόγων. καὶ τελευτῶν ‘ εἰ εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς, ἔφα-\n\n’σαν, δέχεσθε, ἀλλ’ ἡμεῖς γε τοὺς βαρβάρους\n\nἡμῖν ἐπιστήσομεν. σκοπεῖτε οὖν ὁπότερον αἱρε-","english":"they have now lost. For when they came to Athens, let no one here think that the Corinthians were insisting that we were pursuing them with deceit. For by the gods, we neither wished to deceive them nor to persuade them by other means to change sides to us. But when they came to Athens, with no one else stirring them except themselves, and entering the council chamber, they surrendered themselves. We omit to mention the entreaties, which would be entirely out of place, and the supplications and petitions they made privately to our most powerful men and publicly to all, so that they might be willing to accept them. But since we did not accept them at first, they did not withdraw, but pressed on much more, begging, and when even then none of us paid attention to them or nodded assent, they resorted to even more heated words. And finally they said, “If you do not accept us, we will set the barbarians against you. Consider then which you prefer.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰς Ἀθήνας ἥκοντες","severity":"info","text":"The speaker insists that the Corinthians came to Athens of their own accord, not through Athenian deception. This counters the Corinthian accusation of Athenian deceit.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"βουλευτήριον","severity":"info","text":"βουλευτήριον denotes the council chamber of the Athenian Boule, the administrative body. Its mention underscores the formal, public nature of the Corinthians' surrender.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"βαρβάρους","severity":"info","text":"The threat to 'set the barbarians against you' alludes to the Persian threat, a common rhetorical trope in Greek declamations. It heightens the stakes of the Athenian refusal.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"δεήσεις ... παραλείπομεν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we omit to mention the entreaties' is a rhetorical praeteritio, emphasizing the Corinthians' desperation while avoiding tedious detail. It marks a shift from narrative to summary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"μὰ τοὺς θεούς","severity":"info","text":"The oath 'by the gods' is a standard Greek asseveration, paralleling similar formulas in classical oratory (e.g., Demosthenes). It reinforces the speaker's claim of sincerity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀληθεέειν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἀληθεέειν (a rare Ionic form of ἀληθεύειν) may be a textual corruption or a deliberate archaism. The standard Attic would be ἀληθεύειν. The reading here follows the edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of the 'barbarians' is unspecified; likely Persians, but could be a generic threat.","The phrase 'ἀληθεέειν' is ambiguous: either a scribal error or an intentional archaism."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"τώτερον, ἢ ὑμῶν ἡμᾶς εἶναι καὶ κατακούειν\n\nἝλληνας Ἑλλήνων ἢ ἐφ’ ὕβρει κοινῇ τοῦ Ἑλλη-\n\nνικοῦ γένους βαρβαρικοῖς ὑποκύπτειν προσ-\n\nτάγμασι᾿. ταῦτ’ ἔλεγον καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐνεδίδομεν\n\n10 Thuc. I 58\n\n3 ἔργον inserui e LV om Schm 7 μετιόντες scripsi e\n\nLV μετιόντας Schm 8 θεοὺς in lac 4 litt inser L rubr\n\nλόγους V cf. ad p. 60, 1 12 ἑαυτούς V 17 οὐχ] οὐ V\n\n19 κατένευεν scripsi e LV κατένευσεν Schm 25 προστάγμασι\n\nscripsi e LV πράγμασι Schm\n\nκαὶ ὡμολογοῦμεν δέχεσθαι καί, τί γὰρ ἦν ἄλλο ποι-\n\nῆσαι, εἰ μὴ ἐμέλλομεν βαρβάροις ἐκδοῦναι τὸ\n\nκαὶ ἐδεχόμεθα δύο ταῦθ’ ὁμοῦ ἐνθυμούμενοι, ὧς οὐδὲν\n\nἄν, εἰ δεξαίμεθα, Κορινθίους ἀγανακτήσειν πολλῶν\n\nἐτῶν ἤδη γεγονυίας τῆς ἀποστάσεως καὶ ὧς μᾶλλον ἂν\n\nἀγαπήσειν, εἰ μεθ’ ἡμῶν καὶ ὅλως Ἑλλήνων Ποτι-\n\nδαιᾶται συσταῖεν, ἢ τοῖς φύσει πολεμίοις συστῆναι\n\nβαρβάροις. τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ εἶναι μετ’ ἀδελφῶν συστῆ-\n\nναι καὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς εἰδότων θεοὺς ἱερῶν τε καὶ\n\nθυσιῶν καὶ πανηγύρεων τῶν αὐτῶν κοινωνούντων,","english":"later, either that we are yours and subject to you, Greeks to Greeks, or that we bow to barbarian commands to the common outrage of the Greek race. These things they said, and we yielded and agreed to accept them. For what else was there to do, unless we were about to hand over the city to barbarians? And we accepted these two things at once, considering that, if we accepted, the Corinthians would not be indignant, since the revolt had already occurred many years ago, and that they would rather be pleased if the Potidaeans stood with us and with Greeks generally than if they stood with their natural enemies, the barbarians. For this, they said, was to stand with brothers, who know the same gods and share in the same rites, sacrifices, and festivals.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a key event leading to the Peloponnesian War. The speaker here argues that the revolt was long past, so Corinth should not be aggrieved.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides 1.56-65"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"βαρβαρικοῖς προστάγμασι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'barbarian commands' refers to the Persian ultimatum demanding submission, a standard topos in Greek rhetorical defenses of autonomy. The apparatus shows a textual variant: προστάγμασι (LV) vs. πράγμασι (Schm).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ εἶναι μετ’ ἀδελφῶν συστῆναι","severity":"info","text":"This passage presents a deliberative argument contrasting standing with fellow Greeks (brothers sharing cult) against siding with barbarians, reinforcing the rhetorical antithesis central to the declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"κατακούειν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb κατακούειν ('to be subject to') is rare in this sense; it may be a scribal error for κατηκούειν or a deliberate archaism. The apparatus does not flag it, but the meaning is clear from context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἕλληνας Ἑλλήνων","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Greeks to Greeks' echoes the panhellenic rhetoric of the Second Sophistic, where Gregory II of Cyprus (13th-14th cent.) adapts classical arguments to a Byzantine context, asserting Greek identity against barbarian threats.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text at line 25 has a textual variant: προστάγμασι (commands) vs. πράγμασι (affairs). The editor adopts προστάγμασι based on LV, which fits the rhetorical context of Persian demands.","The phrase 'these two things' (δύο ταῦθ’) is ambiguous: it likely refers to accepting the Potidaeans and yielding to their arguments, but the referent is not explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"ἐκεῖνο δὲ μετὰ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων τοῦ γένους καὶ ὅσον\n\nπλεῖστον ἀφεστηκότων. οὔκουν αὐτούς γε τοὐναντίον\n\nᾠήθημεν παθεῖν, βαρὺ καὶ ἀφόρητον ἡγήσασθαι τὸ\n\nγεγενημένον καὶ ἡμᾶς δι’ ἔχθρας, ὡς οὐδέποτ’ οὐδέ-\n\nνᾶς ἀνθρώπων, ἔχειν. λέγομεν δέ, ὧς νῦν ἡμῖν τὰ\n\nπράγματα παρέσχον μαθεῖν, ἐπειδήπερ, εἰ ταῦτα καὶ\n\nτότε τοῖς ἔνδον ἐφρόνουν λογισμοῖς, οὐκ ἴσμεν λέγειν\n\nσαφῶς, οἷς δ’ ἄν τις ὅμως ἐκ τῶν ἔξωθεν εἴκασεν,\n\nοὐδὲν ἀηδὲς πεπονθόσιν ἐῴκεσαν.\n\n13. Πλὴν ὅσα μὲν ἐντεῦθεν ἀναλῶσαι συνέβη τῷ\n\nδήμῳ, τοῦτο μὲν τριήρεις παρασκευάζοντι, τοῦτο δὲ\n\nκαὶ στρατιὰν τὴν μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ξένων μισθουμένῳ, τὴν\n\nδ’ οἴκοθεν συναθροίζοντι, παραιτοῦμαι λέγειν. ὑμεῖς\n\nδέ, ὦ πρὸς θεῶν, λογίζεσθε. τὸ γὰρ χωρίον Ποτί-\n\nδάια Ἑλληνικὸν μέν, ὅμως ἐν μέσῃ κεῖται Θρᾴκῃ.\n\nπολλοῦ δὲ τοῦ μεταξὺ πλόος ὄντος πολλὴν ἡμῖν τὴν\n\nδαπάνην, πλείστην δὲ καὶ τὴν φροντίδα παρεῖχε. καὶ\n\nφόβος δὲ ἄμα προσῆν μήποθ’ οὓς ἐδεξάμεθα σώσοντες\n\n1 ὡμολογοῦμεν scripsi e LV ὁμολογοῦμεν Schin 14 ἔχ-","english":"But that was among the alien and most estranged from the race. We, on the contrary, thought we would suffer the opposite—that they would consider what had happened grievous and unbearable, and that they would hold us in enmity as they have never held any men. We say this, as events have now taught us, since if they held these thoughts in their inward reasoning even then, we cannot speak clearly; yet from outward signs one might guess that they seemed to have suffered nothing unpleasant.\n\n13. As for all that the people had to expend from this—partly in equipping triremes, partly in hiring mercenary troops and gathering forces from home—I refrain from mentioning. But you, for heaven's sake, consider this: the place Potidaea, though Greek, lies in the midst of Thrace. The voyage between being long, it caused us great expense and very great anxiety. And there was also the fear that those we had received for safekeeping might at some point...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκεῖνο δὲ μετὰ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων τοῦ γένους","severity":"info","text":"The speaker contrasts the Corinthians' earlier accusation (that Athens allied with barbarians) with the present claim that Athens actually suffered enmity from those same barbarians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτίδαια","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea, a Corinthian colony but member of the Delian League, revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a costly siege. The reference here is to the expense and anxiety of that campaign.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτίδαια","severity":"info","text":"The siege of Potidaea (432–430 BCE) was a major cause of the Peloponnesian War, as described by Thucydides. The speaker uses it to illustrate Athenian sacrifice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"13. Πλὴν ὅσα μὲν ἐντεῦθεν ἀναλῶσαι συνέβη","severity":"info","text":"This paragraph begins a new argumentative section, moving from the Corinthians' reaction to the financial and military burdens Athens bore, signaled by the transitional 'Πλὴν'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ὡμολογοῦμεν","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a variant: the manuscript tradition reads 'ὁμολογοῦμεν' (present tense) but the editor corrects to 'ὡμολογοῦμεν' (imperfect) for consistency with the narrative past.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'οἷς δ’ ἄν τις ὅμως ἐκ τῶν ἔξωθεν εἴκασεν' is ambiguous: it may mean 'from outward signs one might guess' or 'from external circumstances one might infer'. The translation adopts the former.","The text breaks off mid-sentence at the end of the passage; the English draft shows 'might at some point...' but the Greek is incomplete in the source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"θραν V 22 τὴν δ’ Schm τήν δ’ LV 24 θεῶν scripsi\n\nθεοῦ LV Schm cf. ad p. 60, 1 27 τὴν inserui e LV om Schm\n\nλάθωμεν ἀπολέσαντες. οὗ χάριν καὶ ἐφειδόμεθα οὐδε-\n\nνὸς τῶν εἰς δύναμιν ἡκόντων, ἀλλ’, ὅπως ἀποχρῶσα\n\nᾖ φυλακή, πολλοὶ μὲν ἐκεῖσε πλέοντες ἦσαν οἱ στρα-\n\nτιῶται, πολλοὶ δὲ εἰκότως καὶ οἱ μισθοὶ συνέπλεον\n\nκαὶ τἀναλώματα καὶ ὅσα τείνει πρὸς σωτηρίαν. ὑστέ-\n\nῥεῖ δὲ οὐδὲν εὐδαίμονας εἶναι Ποτιδαιάτας ἡσυχῆ\n\nκαθημένους ἐπὶ τοῖς σφετέροις καλοῖς. καὶ ἦσαν εὐδαί-\n\nμονες ἐκεῖνοι διὰ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, ὥσπερ ἀμέλει ἄθλιοι\n\nδι’ ἐκείνους ἡμεῖς ἀναλίσκοντες, ἐκπλέοντες, στρατεύ-\n\nοντες, πολεμοῦντες, καὶ ταῦτα οὐχ ἴνα ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς\n\nπεριποιησώμεθα, ἀλλ’ ὅπως ἑτέροις τὰ ἐνόντα φυλά-\n\nξαιμεν. ἅ δὲ τέως ἀπένεμον ἀντὶ τούτων Ποτιδαιᾶται\n\nτῷ δήμῳ, αἰσχύνη καὶ λέγειν. οὕτω φαύλη τις ἦν\n\nδωρεά, μᾶλλον δὲ σκιὰ δωρεᾶς ἢ οὐδὲ τοῦτο. εὐγνω-\n\nμονεῖν ἔφασαν καὶ τῆς εὐεργεσίας αἰσθάνεσθαι καὶ δι’\n\nὀνομάτων τούτων· σωτῆρες, φύλακες, κηδεμόνες","english":"we might escape notice by destroying them. For this reason we spared nothing that pertained to our power, but, so that the guard might be sufficient, many soldiers were sailing there, and many wages naturally sailed along with them, and the expenses and everything that tends toward safety. And nothing was lacking for the Potidaeans to be prosperous, sitting quietly amid their own goods. And they were prosperous because of the Athenians, just as, of course, we were wretched because of them, spending, sailing out, campaigning, waging war, and this not to provide for ourselves, but to preserve what was available for others. And what the Potidaeans gave in return to the people for these things is shameful even to mention. So paltry a gift it was, or rather a shadow of a gift, or not even that. They said they were grateful and perceived the benefaction, and through these names: saviors, guardians, protectors.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"λάθωμεν ἀπολέσαντες","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we might escape notice by destroying them' implies a strategy of covert destruction, contrasting with the open protection claimed.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"μισθοὶ","severity":"info","text":"μισθοί here means 'wages' for soldiers, a standard term in military contexts, not 'rewards' or 'bribes'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted against Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a siege; this passage reflects the Athenian perspective on the conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History 1.56-65"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτω φαύλη τις ἦν δωρεά","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a rhetorical climax, contrasting the Athenians' great expenditure with the Potidaeans' paltry return, using litotes ('shadow of a gift').","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"σωτῆρες, φύλακες, κηδεμόνες","severity":"info","text":"These honorific titles (saviors, guardians, protectors) echo standard civic acclamations in Greek cities, often used for benefactors or rulers.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Angelos Chaniotis 2009"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"θραν V 22","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a textual variant at line 22: θραν (perhaps a proper name or place) is uncertain; the reading is conjectural.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'we might escape notice by destroying them' could be read as either a hypothetical or a past intention; the Greek aorist subjunctive allows both.","The textual variant at line 22 (θραν) is unresolved; the editor's conjecture may not reflect the original."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"ἡμῶν Ἀθηναῖοι, ἃ κἂν δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν πρίαιτό τις,\n\nτὸ πᾶν ἡμῖν ἀπεπλήρουν. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ ἄρα ὑπὸ φιλαν-\n\nθρωπίας ἀποχρώντως ἔχειν ἐδόκει καὶ διὰ τῆς ὁμο-\n\nλογίας τῆς χάριτος τὸ πᾶν ἀπέχειν ὑπελαμβάνομεν.\n\nκἂν εἰ μέχρι τέλους ᾑροῦντο εὐγνώμονες εἷναι, οὐκ\n\nἄν ποθ’ ἡ παροῦσα ἐδέχετο τύχη οὐδὲ μετεκινήθη\n\nαὐτοῖς τῶν ἐνόντων οὐδέν. ἢ πολὺ πρότερον ἡμεῖς\n\nτοῦθ’ ὑπέστημεν ἂν ἢ ἐκεῖνοι προισταμένων ἡμῶν. ὃ δ’ οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπώλεσε καὶ τὰς ἐνεστώσας ἐπή-\n\nνεγκε συμφοράς, ἡ πρὸς ἀγνωμοσύνην μεταβολὴ καὶ ἡ\n\n3 ἦσαν scripsi e LV ᾖσαν Schm 12 ἀπένεμεν V\n\n16 τούτων scripsi τοῦ LV Schm 18 δὲ ἄρα inserui e LV\n\nom Schm 19 καὶ scripsi e LV ἣ Schm 23 ἡμεῖς in-\n\nserui e LV om Schm 25 ὃ scripsi e V ὁ L Schm | έπή-\n\nνεγκε scripsi e LV ἀπήνεγκε Schm\n\nἀλλοίωσις, ἣν ἡμεῖς οὐ, μὰ τοὺς θεούς, ἐπεπόνθειμεν,\n\nαὐτοὶ δ’ ἐκεῖνοι ἀμνηστίαν μὲν σχόντες τῆς προνοίας\n\nἡμῶν δι’ ἧς ἐσώζοντο, κόρον δὲ τῆς ἐντεῦθεν εὐδαι-\n\nμονίας, καὶ πάθος κακασίτων νοσήσαντες, πάσας μὲν","english":"our Athenians, things that one might purchase for two obols, they were fulfilling for us in their entirety. And this, indeed, seemed to us to be sufficiently due to philanthropy, and we supposed that we had the whole through the acknowledgment of the favor. And if they had chosen to be grateful to the end, never would the present circumstances have been accepted, nor would any of their possessions have been moved. Or we would have undergone this much earlier than they, with us protecting them. But what destroyed them and brought on the present misfortunes was the change to ingratitude and the alteration, which we, by the gods, did not suffer, but they themselves, having forgotten our forethought through which they were saved, and having become sated with the resulting prosperity, and having suffered the malady of the ill-nourished, all","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'for two obols' is a proverbial expression for something of negligible cost, emphasizing the Athenians' generosity in providing even trivial goods.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"φιλανθρωπίας","severity":"info","text":"Philanthropia here denotes a civic virtue of benevolence, a key concept in Greek ethical and political thought, often associated with imperial beneficence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἢ πολὺ πρότερον ἡμεῖς τοῦθ’ ὑπέστημεν ἂν","severity":"info","text":"This conditional clause ('or we would have undergone this much earlier') presents a counterfactual that reinforces the speaker's claim of prior loyalty, a rhetorical device common in declamations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀμνηστίαν","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'amnestia' (forgetfulness) is used here in a negative sense, meaning ingratitude or willful neglect, not the later legal sense of amnesty. The context requires this moral reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"κακασίτων νοσήσαντες","severity":"info","text":"The 'malady of the ill-nourished' likely refers to a moral or psychological sickness caused by excess, a topos in Greek moral philosophy (cf. Plato, Aristotle) linking prosperity to hubris and ingratitude.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπεπόνθειμεν","severity":"info","text":"The apparatus notes that 'ἡμεῖς' is inserted from manuscripts LV, omitted in Schm. This suggests a textual variant where the subject pronoun was added for clarity, possibly by a later scribe.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἃ κἂν δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν πρίαιτό τις' could be read as a generalizing relative clause or a concessive conditional; the translation treats it as a relative. The referent of 'τούτων' (line 16) is ambiguous: it may refer to the Potidaeans or to the Athenians' goods."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"ἀρχάς, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι τροφάς, μεταλλάττοντες, πρὸς ἁπάσας\n\nδὲ ὁμοίως ἀηδῶς ἔχοντες. τῷ ὄντι γὰρ μέγαν ὄλβον\n\nστέγειν οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν. καὶ ἐπειδήπερ ἐχρῆν αὐτοὺς\n\nκακῶς παθεῖν, ὁμοῦ μὲν διενοοῦντο ἡμῶν ἀποστῆναι,\n\nὁμοῦ δ’ ἀφίσταντο, ὁμοῦ δὲ Κορινθίους προσεκαλοῦντο\n\nκαὶ ἐπενέβαλλον οὐδένα χρόνον μεταξὺ νοήματός τε\n\nκαὶ ἔργων.\n\n16. Πρὸς οὖν ταῦτα τίς οὐκ ἂν ἔπαθεν ἀκούσας\n\nτὸ κοινὸν πάντων ἀνθρώπων καὶ ὀργῇ ληφθεὶς ὥρ-\n\nμησεν εὐθὺς ἀφανίσαι; ἀλλ’ οὐχ ἡμεῖς γε τᾷ τότε, εἰ\n\nκαὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα ὑπῆρχε σφόδρα ὀδυνηρὸν καὶ ἀφόρητον\n\nκαὶ πολλὴν ἡμῖν φέρον συγγνώμην. κἂν εἰ μέχρι τοῦ\n\nσφάττειν αὐτοὺς ἐκινήθημεν, οὔκουν οὐδ’ ἐκηρύττομεν\n\nπαραυτὰ τῆς ἀγγελίας ἐκπλεῖν, στρατεύεσθαι, κινεῖν\n\nτὰ ὅπλα ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀγνώμονας, τοὺς ἀχαρίστους, τοὺς\n\nπαρασπονδήσαντας, τοὺς ἀλιτηρίους καὶ θεῶν τῶν ἐπὶ\n\nτοῖς ὅρκοις κληθέντων καὶ ἡμῶν, οἱ μετὰ τοὺς θεοὺς\n\nἐσῴζομεν, ἀλλ’ εἰς βουλευτήριον ἀνιόντες καὶ ψήφισμα\n\nθέντες, ὃ δὴ καὶ ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν πᾶσαν ὑπερβάλλειν","english":"changing their beginnings as they changed their provisions, and being similarly displeased with all. For in truth they were unable to contain great prosperity. And since it was necessary for them to suffer ill, they simultaneously conceived the plan to revolt from us, simultaneously revolted, simultaneously summoned the Corinthians, and interposed no time between thought and deed.\n\n16. To these things, who would not have suffered the common experience of all men and, seized with anger, have immediately set out to destroy them? But not we at that time, even though the matter was exceedingly painful and unbearable and brought us much justification. Even if we had been moved to the point of slaughtering them, we certainly did not immediately upon the news proclaim to sail out, to take the field, to move our arms against the ungrateful, the thankless, the treaty-breakers, the accursed ones, both of the gods invoked in the oaths and of us, who after the gods preserved them; but rather, entering the council-chamber and passing a decree, which indeed you say surpasses all","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀρχάς, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι τροφάς, μεταλλάττοντες","severity":"info","text":"The Greek plays on the similarity of ἀρχάς (beginnings/offices) and τροφάς (provisions), suggesting the Athenians changed their political stances as readily as they changed their food supplies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"παρασπονδήσαντας","severity":"info","text":"παρασπονδήσαντας (treaty-breakers) is a strong legal and moral term in Greek oratory, denoting those who violate sworn agreements (σπονδαί). It reinforces the speaker’s charge of impiety and treachery.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"16. Πρὸς οὖν ταῦτα τίς οὐκ ἂν ἔπαθεν","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question (τίς οὐκ ἂν ἔπαθεν) marks a shift from narrative to a defensive argument, contrasting the expected violent reaction with the Athenians’ actual restraint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Κορινθίους προσεκαλοῦντο","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians were traditional rivals of Athens and often allied with Sparta. Their summoning here alludes to the historical alliance that led to the Peloponnesian War, a key reference in this declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II (13th–14th cent.) wrote this as a counter-declamation to Libanius’ model speech, showing the continued use of classical rhetorical forms in Byzantine theological and political education.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὔκουν οὐδ’ ἐκηρέττομεν","severity":"caution","text":"The text has οὔκουν (a rare or possibly corrupt form); the English draft reads 'we certainly did not,' but the Greek may be emended to οὐκοῦν or οὔκουν as a negative particle. The sense is clear but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase οὔκουν is ambiguous: it may be a scribal error for οὐκοῦν ('therefore') or a compound negative; the translation takes it as emphatic negation.","The referent of 'you' in 'which indeed you say surpasses all' is unclear—possibly the imagined opponent in the declamation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"φιλανθρωπίαν, τὸ δὲ ἦν Ἀθηναίους αἱρεῖσθαι\n\nσώζειν Ποτιδαιάτας καὶ αὖθις, μόνον εἰ βου-\n\n6 Pind. Ol. Ι 57\n\n1 θεοὑς Schm λόγους V sed in marg γρ νόμους lac. 4 litt\n\nL cf. p. 57,8; 58,24; 64,10; 73,24; 77,11 et 12 et 23 3 ἧς scripsi\n\ne LV ὧν Schm 6 tvqonti L 10 ἐπενέβαλλον scripsi e V\n\népenqebalon L ἐνέβαλον Schm 14 τῷ Schm τω LV num\n\nἐν τῷ? 15 σφόδρα ὑπῆρχεν V\n\nλομένοις αὐτοῖς ἐστι καθελοῦσι τὸν κύκλῳ\n\nπερίβολον ἀτείχιστον τὴν πόλιν οἰκεῖν, ταύτ’\n\nἐψηφισμένοι τοὺς ἐροῦντας αὐτὰ καὶ πρὸς Ποτιδαιάτας\n\nἐξεπέμπομεν πρέσβεις καὶ σὺν τοῖς πρέσβεσι στρατιάν,\n\nἔν’, εἰ μὴ λόγοις σύνθωνται πεισθέντες, τῷ γοῦν φόβῳ\n\nτῶν ὅπλων ὑποκύψωσι βιασθέντες. οὐ πολὺς ὁ\n\nμετὰ ταῦτα χρόνος, καὶ παρῆσαν οἱ πρέσβεις, συμπαρῆν\n\nὁ στρατός, λόγοι ἐγίγνοντο καὶ ἀπειλαὶ μετὰ τῶν\n\nλόγων. Ποτιδαιᾶται δ’ ἑτέρωθεν ἑώρων, ἤκουον, ἐγέ-\n\nλων· πάντα ἦν μακρὸς λῆρος αὐτοῖς, καὶ ὦ παῖδες,\n\nἔλεγον, Ἀθηναῖοι, εἰ δοκεῖτε πείθοντες ἡμᾶς ἢ","english":"lated to be humane, but it was for the Athenians to choose to save the Potidaeans again, only if they were willing, when they themselves were in need, to dwell in an unwalled city after demolishing the circuit wall. Having voted these measures, we sent out ambassadors to speak them and an army with the ambassadors, so that if they were not persuaded by words, they might at least be forced to yield by fear of arms. Not much time after this, the ambassadors arrived, the army arrived with them, words were spoken and threats along with the words. The Potidaeans on the other side saw, heard, and laughed; everything was long-winded nonsense to them, and they said, \"O children of Athenians, if you think to persuade us or...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"φιλανθρωπίαν","severity":"info","text":"The noun φιλανθρωπίαν (accusative) is the object of an implied verb from the previous sentence; the sense is that the Athenians' offer to let the Potidaeans live in an unwalled city is presented as an act of 'humanity' or 'clemency', but the speaker treats it as a coercive demand.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀτείχιστον","severity":"info","text":"ἀτείχιστον means 'unwalled' or 'without fortifications'. The condition that the Potidaeans demolish their circuit wall (τὸν κύκλῳ περίβολον) and then dwell in an unwalled city is a demand for surrender of defensive capability, a key point in the rhetorical contrast between Athenian 'humanity' and actual coercion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Potidaea","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a precipitating event of the Peloponnesian War. The passage refers to Athenian demands after the revolt, as recorded in Thucydides (1.56-65). The rhetorical setting is a defense of Athenian actions against Libanius' criticism.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides 5th cent. BCE"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ πολὺς ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα χρόνος","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks a narrative transition: 'Not much time after this' introduces the arrival of the Athenian embassy and army, shifting from the description of the Athenian vote to the confrontation with the Potidaeans. It is a standard rhetorical device for advancing the story.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Libanius","severity":"info","text":"This declamation is a direct response to a declamation by Libanius (4th cent. CE) criticizing Athenian actions. Gregory II of Cyprus (13th-14th cent.) here defends the Athenians, reusing Thucydidean material. The work is part of the Byzantine rhetorical tradition of antilogiai (counter-speeches).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐψηφισμένοι","severity":"caution","text":"The participle ἐψηφισμένοι (nominative plural) agrees with an implied subject 'we' (the Athenians). The text is slightly elliptical: the main verb 'we sent' (ἐξεπέμπομεν) follows after a participial clause. The sense is clear, but the syntax is compressed, typical of rhetorical Greek.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'these things' (ταῦτ’) in 'Having voted these measures' is ambiguous: it could refer to the entire preceding proposal or only to the condition of demolishing the wall. The reading taken follows the English draft, which treats it as the whole set of measures."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"βιάζοντες παραστήσασθαι. τότε πρὸς τούτοις καὶ\n\nοἱ ἐν γειτόνων ὁρῶντες Ὀλύνθιοι κατακούειν Ἀθηναίων\n\nἀφίστανται· καὶ τὸ κακὸν δὴ τοῦτο, ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι\n\nνόσημα, προβαῖνον ἅπτεται καὶ Χαλκιδέων, καὶ αὐτοὶ\n\nσυναφίστανται. τότε δὴ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος φίλος ὢν ἐκ\n\nπρογόνων τῷ δήμῳ πολέμιος γίνεται, καὶ πάντα ἡμῖν\n\nἐνόσει τὰ ἐν Θρᾴκῃ πράγματα ἐκ Ποτιδαίας τὴν\n\nπρώτην ἀρξάμενα. Τοῖς δὲ δὴ τοιούτοις μὲν οὖσιν αὐτοῖς, τοιού-\n\nτῶν δὲ καὶ πραγμάτων ἡμῖν γεγενημένοις αἰτίοις τίνα\n\nτις ἐπενεγκὼν τιμωρίαν ἔδοξεν ἂν τὴν δικαίαν ἐπενεγ-\n\nκεῖν; ἄλλοι μὲν οὖν ἴσως πάντες φαῖεν ἂν μηδ’ εἶναι\n\nτὴν δικαίαν ἐνταῦθα, ὑπερβάλλειν γὰρ πολὺ τὸ ἀδί-\n\nκημα, ὡς καὶ αὐτὸν θάνατον μικρὸν εἶναι πρὸς τοῦτο\n\n1 Thuc. I 56 15 Thuc. I 58 16 Thuc. I 57\n\n3 καὶ delendum? 4 τοῖς inserui e LV om Schm\n\n7 μέτα LV 11 εἰ δοκεῖτε scripsi e LV ἐδοκεῖτε Schm\n\n12 τούτοις scripsi coll. p. 68, 11 τούτους LV Schm | καὶ —\n\n14 ἀφίστανται inserui e LV om Schm 15 χαλκιδαίων L","english":"they were forcing to be brought to submission. Then, in addition to these things, the Olynthians, who dwell in the neighboring region, seeing the Potidaeans obey the Athenians, revolt; and this evil, like some other disease, spreading, touches also the Chalcidians, and they too revolt together. Then indeed Alexander, who was a friend of the people from his ancestors, becomes an enemy, and all our affairs in Thrace fell into sickness, having begun first from Potidaea. For those who are themselves of such a sort, and for such deeds having been caused by us, what punishment would one seem to inflict that is just? Others, perhaps, would all say that there is no just punishment here, for the wrongdoing far exceeds, so that even death itself is small in comparison to this.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ὀλύνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"Olynthus was a key city in the Chalcidice; its revolt here follows Thucydides' account of the Potidaean affair (Thuc. 1.58).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","severity":"info","text":"Alexander I of Macedon, traditionally a friend of Athens, turned hostile during the Potidaean revolt; this reflects Thucydides' narrative (Thuc. 1.57).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Τοῖς δὲ δὴ τοιούτοις μὲν οὖσιν αὐτοῖς","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a rhetorical shift from narrative to a hypothetical question about just punishment, typical of declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ — ἀφίστανται","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'καὶ — ἀφίστανται' is an insertion from LV, omitted in Schm; the text may be lacunose here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"τιμωρίαν","severity":"info","text":"In rhetorical contexts, 'τιμωρία' often denotes punitive justice, not mere vengeance; here it is weighed against the scale of the alleged wrongdoing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'καὶ — ἀφίστανται' is an editorial insertion; the original text may have had a different sequence. The identity of 'Alexander' (Alexander I or a later figure) is assumed from the Thucydidean context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"18 ἐν scripsi coll. p. 70,22 ἐπὶ LV Schm 23 μὴ δ’ V\n\nνομίζειν· ἡμεῖς δὲ τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχομεν μὴ τῆς συνῆ,\n\nθους κἀνταῦθα μνημονεῦσαι φιλανθρωπίας ὥστε καὶ\n\nτοῖς στρατήγ’ οἶς, οἷ μετὰ τοὺς πρώτους ἧκον ἄλλην\n\nἐπὶ Ποτίδαιαν ἄγοντες στρατιάν, καὶ οὓς μετὰ τού-\n\nτοὺς ἐπέμπομεν τρίτον ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν κομίζοντας στό-\n\nλον, τούτοις πᾶσι παρηγγυῶμεν μὴ κακοῦν μηδὲ βλά-\n\nπΤειν μηδέν, φυλακῆς δὲ μόνον ἐπιμελουμένους, ὧς ἂν\n\nμὴ λαθών τις εἰσίῃ μηδ’ αὖθις ἐξίη, λόγοις πρὸς\n\nἡμᾶς μετακλίνειν πειρᾶσθαι. ἀλλ’ αὐτούς γ’ ἔθραττε\n\nτῶν ὁρωμένων οὐδέν, οὐ στρατὸς προσκαθήμενος, οὐχ\n\nὅπλα δεικνύμενα, οὐ τριήρεις τριήρεσιν ἐπιπλέουσαι,\n\nοὐχ ὅ τι ἂν εἴποι τις τῶν δεινῶν. οὕτω μὲν ἡμῖν\n\nἡμέρως εἶχε τὰ πρὸς αὐτούς, οὕτω δὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀμε-\n\nταθέτως εἶχον τῆς γνώμης. ὅθεν καὶ περιλαβὸν αὐτοὺς\n\nτὸ στρατόπεδον κύκλῳ εἰς ἀκριβῆ πολιορκίαν καθίστη. καὶ ἃ μὲν ἑαυτοὺς ἔδρασαν συγκλεισθέντες, εἴθ’\n\nὅσια εἴτ’ ἀνόσιαι εἰδεῖεν αὐτοί· ἅ δὲ τέως ἡμεῖς διε-","english":"18 I wrote coll. p. 70,22 ἐπὶ LV Schm 23 μὴ δ’ V\n\nthink. We, however, were so far from not remembering humanity even here that we also gave orders to the generals who came after the first ones, bringing another army against Potidaea, and to those whom we sent third after them, conveying a third fleet to the same place, to all of them we gave instructions not to harm or damage anything, but only to attend to guarding, so that no one might enter unnoticed or again depart, and to try to win them over to us by words. But none of the things that were seen disturbed them—neither an army encamped nearby, nor weapons displayed, nor triremes sailing against triremes, nor anything terrible one might mention. So gentle were our dealings with them, and so unshakable were they in their resolve. Hence, surrounding them, the camp placed them under a strict siege. And what they themselves did when shut in, whether pious or impious, they themselves would know; but what we meanwhile","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"μὴ τῆς συνῆθους κἀνταῦθα μνημονεῦσαι φιλανθρωπίας","severity":"info","text":"The speaker insists that Athens remembered its characteristic humanity (φιλανθρωπία) even during the siege of Potidaea, instructing generals not to harm the enemy but to win them over by words.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"φιλανθρωπία","severity":"info","text":"Φιλανθρωπία is a key virtue in Greek rhetoric, often denoting clemency or humane treatment. Here it is used to contrast Athenian conduct with the harshness implied by the opponent's accusations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Potidaea","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a prolonged siege. The passage reflects the historical context of the Peloponnesian War, as described by Thucydides.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτω μὲν ... οὕτω δὴ","severity":"info","text":"The correlative structure οὕτω μὲν ... οὕτω δὴ contrasts Athens' gentle approach with the Potidaeans' unyielding resolve, building rhetorical tension before the siege intensifies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"18 ἐν scripsi coll. p. 70,22 ἐπὶ LV Schm 23 μὴ δ’ V","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text begins with a critical apparatus note indicating editorial conjecture: 'ἐν' is supplied by comparison with another passage, and variant readings 'ἐπὶ' and 'μὴ δ’' are recorded. The text may be corrupt at this point.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II of Cyprus (13th–14th cent.) wrote this declamation as a response to Libanius' model speech, adapting classical rhetoric for a Byzantine Christian audience. The work survives in a single manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening critical note (18 ἐν scripsi coll. p. 70,22 ἐπὶ LV Schm 23 μὴ δ’ V) is ambiguous: it may indicate a textual emendation or a reference to another passage. The reading adopted here follows the source edition's conjecture.","The phrase 'ἅ μὲν ἑαυτοὺς ἔδρασαν συγκλεισθέντες' is ambiguous: it could mean 'what they did to themselves when shut in' or 'what they themselves did when shut in'; the translation takes the latter sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"πραξάμεθα, ἐπειδὴ τῷ μακρῷ χρόνῳ παρεστησάμεθα,\n\nοὔτε βαρβαρικὰ καὶ οἷα παθεῖν αὐτοὺς δίκαιον ἦν,\n\nοὔθ’ ὁποῖα ὁ νόμος στρατιωτῶν βούλεται. οὐ γὰρ δή-\n\nπου συλλαβόντες ἐκινήσαμεν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς ὅπλα οὐδ’ ὡς\n\nἐχθροῖς ἐχρησάμεθα οὐδ’ ἐζημιώσαμεν οὐδένα εἰς τὴν\n\nζωήν, ἅπαντας δὲ σῶς κελεύσαντες τῆς πόλεως ἀπιέναι\n\n3 τοῖς στρατηγοῖς scripsi e V τοὺς στρατηγοὺς L Schm\n\n5 κομίζοντες V | στόλον scripsi e LV στόχον Schm\n\n6 μὴ δὲ V 7 ἐπιμελομένους V 8 μὴ δ’ LV 10 στρα-\n\nτηγὸς V ὅ τι scripsi ὅτι LVSchm | ἡμῖν V sed ι in ras m 2\n\n13 ἡμέρως V sed ἡ in ras m 2 | τὰ inserui e LV om Schm\n\n14 τὰ ante αὐτούς Schm delevi 18 παρεστησάμεθα V\n\nsed μέθᾳ in marg m 2 19 οὔτε βαρβαρικὰ καὶ in marg V 2 |\n\nοἷα V sed οἶ in marg et ἁ in ras m 2 | παθεῖν V sed πα et\n\nεἰν in ras m 2 | αὐτοὺς V sed αὑ in ras et οὑς suprascr m 2\n\n22 ἐζημιώσαμεν V sed ζ in ras m 2 23 ἅπαντες V\n\nτοὔδαφος κατελίπομεν ἑαυτοῖς τήν τ’ ὀργὴν ἐξηνέγκα-","english":"we did, since after a long time we had brought them to trial, neither barbaric punishments such as it was just for them to suffer, nor such as the law of soldiers wishes. For we certainly did not, after seizing them, take up arms against them, nor did we treat them as enemies, nor did we punish any of them in their life, but we ordered all of them to depart the city safe, and we left the ground to ourselves, having vented our anger.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"πραξάμεθα","severity":"info","text":"The verb πραξάμεθα (aorist middle of πράσσω) here likely means 'we exacted (punishment)' or 'we did (to them)', but the English draft renders it as 'we did', which is vague. The context of trial and punishment suggests a more specific sense of 'exacted justice'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"παρεστησάμεθα","severity":"info","text":"παρεστησάμεθα (aorist middle of παρίστημι) can mean 'we brought them to trial' or 'we set them before (a court)'. The English draft adopts the former, which fits the legal context of the passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"βαρβαρικὰ","severity":"info","text":"The term βαρβαρικὰ (barbaric punishments) reflects a Greek cultural contrast between civilized (Athenian) and barbarian (non-Greek) practices. The speaker denies using such methods, emphasizing Athenian restraint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"οὔτε βαρβαρικὰ καὶ","severity":"info","text":"The apparatus notes that the phrase οὔτε βαρβαρικὰ καὶ is added in the margin by a second hand (V 2), indicating a textual correction or addition in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τοὔδαφος","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text breaks off mid-word with τοὔδαφος (τὸ ἔδαφος, 'the ground'), but the English draft completes the sentence as 'we left the ground to ourselves'. The manuscript may be corrupt or the sentence incomplete; the reading is conjectural.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact meaning of πραξάμεθα is ambiguous between 'we did' and 'we exacted'; the latter is preferred by context.","The phrase τοὔδαφος is incomplete in the Greek; the English draft supplies a plausible completion, but the original may have had a different continuation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"μεν οὐδ’ ἐφ’ ἴνα Ποτιδαιατῶν, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀναίσθη-\n\nτον φύσιν, καὶ τοὺς ὑπευθύνους ἐάσαντες ζῆν δίκην\n\nπαρὰ τῶν ἀναιτίων εἰσεπραττόμεθα. καὶ τοῦτ’ ἴσως\n\nἡμῶν τὸ ἀσέβημα, ὅτι τοῦ γένους φεισάμενοι ὑφή-\n\nκάμεν τοῦ δικαίου καὶ τὴν ἀξίαν οὐκ ἐλαμβάνομεν.\n\n20. Ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν οὗ δὴ χάριν ἐπὶ τὴν\n\nκατηγορίαν ἀναστῆναι Κορίνθιοί φασιν, ἄλλο δέ, ὅπερ\n\nὡς μὲν εὔηθες, ὡς δὲ καὶ γελοῖον, οὐ πολλῶν ἂν εἴη\n\nλόγων δεικνύναι. τί δέ φασι; πόλεμος ὅν ἐκίνησαν\n\nἈθηναῖοι περιειστήκει Ποτίδαιαν, καὶ ἐπο-\n\nλιορκεῖτο, ἐπέβη δὲ λιμὸς καὶ Ποτιδ.αιᾶται\n\nἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο· καὶ ἐκ τούτου ἀσεβεῖς\n\nἈθηναῖοι. ὑμεῖς δ’, ὦ Κορίνθιοι, πῶς οὐκ ἀσε-\n\nβεῖς διὰ τοῦτο; ὅτι πρόφασιν εἰσηνέγκατε οὐδεμίαν\n\nοὐδὲ μετέσχεν ὑμῶν οὐδεὶς τοῦ μιάσματος; οὐδ’\n\nἡμεῖς εἰσηνέγκαμεν οὐδὲ μετέσχομεν, ὥσθ’ ὂν ἂν\n\nτρόπον ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἀπολύητε αἰτίας, τὸν αὐτὸν\n\nδήπουθεν καὶ ἡμᾶς. ἀμφότεροι γὰρ οὗπερ ἐγκα-\n\nλεῖτε μακρὰν ἐπίσης ἐσμέν. οὐκοῦν καὶ πόρρω αἰτίας","english":"we did not even against a single Potidaean, but against insensate nature, and, having let the guilty live, we exacted punishment from the innocent. And this is perhaps our impiety, that, sparing the race, we yielded to justice and did not take the penalty.\n\n20. But it is not for this that the Corinthians say they have risen to accuse us; it is something else, which, as it is foolish, so also it is ridiculous, and would not require many words to demonstrate. What then do they say? A war which the Athenians had set in motion surrounded Potidaea, and it was being besieged; famine set in, and the Potidaeans tasted one another; and from this the Athenians are impious. But you, Corinthians, how are you not impious on account of this? Because you brought forward no pretext and none of you shared in the pollution? Neither did we bring forward any pretext nor did we share in it, so that in whatever way you acquit yourselves of the charge, in that same way, of course, you acquit us as well. For both of us are equally far from that which you allege. Therefore we are also far from the charge.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀναίσθητον φύσιν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker contrasts punishment of the guilty with action against 'insensate nature', a rhetorical abstraction that deflects blame from the Athenians to an impersonal force.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀσέβημα","severity":"info","text":"ἀσέβημα ('impiety') is a key legal and religious charge in Greek rhetoric, often used in accusations of violating divine law; here it is ironically self-applied.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτίδαια","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a siege and the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War; cannibalism during famine is a topos in anti-Athenian rhetoric.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"20. Ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new argumentative section (numbered 20) where the speaker dismisses a Corinthian charge as foolish and ridiculous, then refutes it by parallel reasoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀμφότεροι γὰρ ... μακρὰν ἐπίσης ἐσμέν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker draws a parallel between Athens and Corinth, arguing that both are equally distant from the alleged pollution, thus the charge against Athens applies equally to Corinth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐγεύσαντο","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἐγεύσαντο ('tasted') is a euphemism for cannibalism; the text is not corrupt, but the rhetorical force depends on the shocking implication, which the English draft renders directly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the end of the passage (καὶ πόρρω αἰτίας) is incomplete in the excerpt; the English draft supplies a conclusion ('Therefore we are also far from the charge') that is not fully present in the Greek given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":72,"ref":"p72","source":"ὁμοίως. τί λοιπὸν ἀλόγως ἐπὶ τὴν κατηγορίαν ἐκφέ-\n\nρεσθε εἰδότες καὶ ταῦτα σαφῶς ὡς ὅ τι ἂν ὑμεῖς, εἴ\n\nτις ἐγκαλεῖ, περὶ τῶνδε ἐρεῖτε, τοῦτ’ αὐτὸ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐκ\n\nτοῦ ἴσου λόγου παρέσται εἰπεῖν; οὐ τοίνυν ἀσκέ-\n\nπτως ἐφ’ ὁντιναοῦν, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἁμαρτάνοντα τὴν αἰτίαν\n\nτρεπτέον. τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ δίκαιον καὶ προσῆκον ἅτε\n\nκαὶ τοῖς νόμοις ὡς μάλιστα δοκοῦν καὶ πᾶσιν ὰνθρώ-\n\nποις λυσιτελῶς ἔχον ἀνακοπτομένης οὐ μικρῷ τινι\n\nμέρει κακίας ἐντεῦθεν, ἐκεῖνο δὲ πράττειν πρὸς τῷ\n\n22 ὅ τι scripsi ὅτι LV Schm 25 ἐφοντιναοῦν V\n\n29 ἐκεῖνο scripsi e LV ἐκεῖνοι Schm\n\nἀλόγιστον εἶναι καὶ συμφέρει οὐδέποτε οὐδενί. ὥστε\n\nτοὺς ἀδικοῦντας, τοὺς ἀλογοῦντας τῶν νόμων, τοὺς\n\nὁπωσοῦν ἁμαρτάνοντας αἰτιατέον ἐστὶ καὶ ἐπὶ βῆμα\n\nἀκτέον, ἑτέρους δὲ ἀντ’ αὐτῶν οὐδαμῶς. εἰ γὰρ μή,\n\nδύο τὰ χείριστα ἐντεῦθεν συμβήσεται· οἵτε γὰρ ἀδι-\n\nκοῦντες ἀεὶ τὸ δοῦναι δίκην ἐκφεύξονται οἴ τ’ αὖ\n\nἐπιεικεῖς καὶ χρηστοὶ τὰ τῶν ἀνοσίων πείσονται, ὥστε","english":"Similarly. Why then do you irrationally rush to accusation, knowing clearly that whatever you would say in accusation against us concerning these matters, that same argument will be available to us on equal terms? Therefore, one must not thoughtlessly direct blame against just anyone, but rather against the one who commits the offense. For this is just and fitting, as it is especially approved by the laws and is beneficial to all people, since vice is checked in no small part thereby; whereas the other course of action, besides being irrational, never benefits anyone. So those who do wrong, those who disregard the laws, those who sin in any way must be accused and brought to trial, and not others in their place. For otherwise, two worst consequences will result: those who do wrong will always escape paying the penalty, while the decent and good will suffer the fate of the impious.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τί λοιπὸν ἀλόγως ἐπὶ τὴν κατηγορίαν ἐκφέρεσθε","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question marks a shift from the preceding defense to a direct counter-accusation against the Corinthians, a common forensic strategy in declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀσκέπτως","severity":"info","text":"The adverb ἀσκέπτως ('thoughtlessly') is a key term in the argument, emphasizing the need for careful discrimination in assigning blame, contrasting with the Corinthians' alleged irrationality.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ δίκαιον καὶ προσῆκον","severity":"info","text":"The passage asserts that punishing only the guilty is just, lawful, and beneficial, while collective punishment is irrational and harmful—a core ethical principle in the declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰ γὰρ μή, δύο τὰ χείριστα ἐντεῦθεν συμβήσεται","severity":"info","text":"A conditional warning introduces a dilemma: if the guilty are not individually prosecuted, wrongdoers escape and the innocent suffer, reinforcing the argument for judicial precision.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"22 ὅ τι scripsi ὅτι LV Schm","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a textual variant at line 22: the editor corrects the manuscript reading ὅτι to ὅ τι, affecting the sense from 'that' to 'whatever'—a minor but meaningful choice for the argument's universality.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"29 ἐκεῖνο scripsi e LV ἐκεῖνοι Schm","severity":"caution","text":"At line 29, the editor emends the manuscript's ἐκεῖνοι ('those people') to ἐκεῖνο ('that course of action'), shifting from a personal to an abstract reference, which aligns better with the logical contrast.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at lines 22 and 29 has minor textual variants (ὅτι/ὅ τι, ἐκεῖνοι/ἐκεῖνο) that affect interpretation but are resolved by the editor's emendations; the overall sense is clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":73,"ref":"p73","source":"μήτε πονηρίαν ἐπιλείψειν τὸν βίον καὶ ἀρετὴν τὰ μέ-\n\nγιστα ζημιοῦσθαι, ὅπερ δὴ καὶ παντὸς μᾶλλον φυλάτ-\n\nτεσθαι προσήκει, ἵνα μὴ θᾶττον ἄνω κάτω τἀνθρώπεια\n\nγένηται. ἥ, πρὸς θεῶν, ἀρεστὸν ὑμῖνι εἴ τις ἱερό-\n\nσυλος ἢ λωποδύτης ἐν Κορίνθῳ ἐγένετο, ἐκεῖνον μὲν\n\nχαίρειν ἐᾶν, ὑμᾶς δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀντ’ ἐκείνου εἰσάγειν,\n\nἔνα μὴ μόνον ἄδικον ᾖ τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα\n\nγελοῖον; εἰ γὰρ Κορίνθιοι δι’ ἐκεῖνον τὸν ἔνα ἰερόσυ-\n\nλοι πάντες, δεῖ δὲ καθ’ ὑμᾶς μεταβαίνειν τὴν αἰτίαν\n\nἀεί, εἶεν ἂν τοιοῦτοι καὶ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ οἱ πλησιόχωροι\n\nΜαντινεῖς καὶ οἱ ἐν Ἀθήναις ἡμεῖς καὶ πάντες ἄνθρω-\n\nποι, καὶ οὐδένες ἀνθρώπων. ὁ γὰρ δεχόμενος τὴν\n\nαἰτίαν ἐπ᾿ ἄλλον ἀεὶ μεταπέμψει, ἡ δὲ φερομένη οὔτε\n\nεἴς τινα ἑστήξει καὶ πάντας ἐπελεύσεται, ὧς εἶναι\n\nἀνάγκην ἀποκριθῆναι τὸν λόγον εἰς αἴνιγμα. ἀλλὰ\n\nτοῦτο παντάπασιν ἄτοπον. ἄτοπον δήπου καὶ τὸ ἡμᾶς\n\nἀσεβεῖς εἶναι διὰ Ποτιδαιάτας ἠσεβηκότας. εἰ δ’ ἐπὶ\n\nπλέον βιάζετε, ὁδῷ προβαῖνον ἐλεύσεται τὸ ἔγκλημα","english":"neither will wickedness leave life nor will virtue be most greatly harmed, which indeed it is more necessary than anything to guard against, lest human affairs be turned upside down all too quickly. Or, by the gods, is it acceptable to you that if a temple-robber or a thief appeared in Corinth, you would let that one go free, but bring us others to trial in his place, so that the matter is not only unjust but also utterly ridiculous? For if the Corinthians are all temple-robbers because of that one man, and according to you the accusation must always be transferred, then the Argives and the neighboring Mantineans and we in Athens and all people would be such, and no one would be human. For the one who receives the accusation will always pass it on to another, and the charge, as it is carried, will neither rest upon anyone nor will it pass over everyone, so that the argument must necessarily be resolved into a riddle. But this is entirely absurd. It is absurd, then, that we are impious because the Potidaeans have committed impiety. And if you press further, the accusation will proceed along the path and will come","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἄνω κάτω τἀνθρώπεια γένηται","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ἄνω κάτω' (literally 'up and down') is a Greek idiom meaning 'turned upside down' or 'in confusion,' emphasizing the catastrophic reversal of moral order.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἱερόσυλος","severity":"info","text":"'ἱερόσυλος' means 'temple-robber,' a specific type of sacrilegious thief, distinct from a common thief (λωποδύτης). The pairing underscores the gravity of the hypothetical crime.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted against Athens in 432 BCE, a key event precipitating the Peloponnesian War. The reference here uses their historical 'impiety' as a rhetorical example.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἥ, πρὸς θεῶν, ἀρεστὸν ὑμῖν","severity":"info","text":"This rhetorical question ('Or, by the gods, is it acceptable to you...') marks a shift from general principle to a concrete hypothetical, intensifying the argument against collective guilt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"εἶεν ἂν τοιοῦτοι καὶ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ οἱ πλησιόχωροι Μαντινεῖς","severity":"info","text":"The chain of accusations (Corinthians → Argives → Mantineans → Athenians → all people) mirrors the logical fallacy of infinite regress, a common rhetorical device in Greek declamation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀποκριθῆναι τὸν λόγον εἰς αἴνιγμα","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the argument must necessarily be resolved into a riddle' is textually sound but conceptually dense; it likely means the logic becomes so convoluted it yields no clear conclusion, only paradox.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has 'ὑμῖνι' (line 4) which appears to be a scribal error for 'ὑμῖν'; the translation follows the emendation. The phrase 'ἐπελεύσεται' (line 14) is a variant spelling of 'ἐπελεύσεται' (will pass over), accepted as such."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":74,"ref":"p74","source":"καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Κορινθίους ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀντεγκαλέσομεν\n\nτότ’, εὖ ἴστε, σφοδρότερον οὐδὲν ἀνιέντες. ἀλλ’\n\nοὐχ οὕτω δεῖ παίζειν. ἄνθρωποι γὰρ πάντες οἷς μέλει\n\n1 ἀλόγίστωο V 9 μᾶλλον scripsi e LV μάλιστα Schm\n\n11 θεῶν scripsi θεοῦ LV Schm cf. ad p. 60,1 17 αἰτίαν ἀεί.\n\nscripsi e LV αἰτίαν, ἀεὶ Schm | ἂν inserui e LV om Schm\n\n| οἱ inser L om V\n\nτοῦ δικαίου οὐχ ἕτερον ἀνθ’ ἑτέρου εἰσάγουσιν εἰς\n\nτὰς δίκας, ἀλλ’ ὅστις ἠδίκηκεν ἀγώγιμός ἐστι παρ’\n\nαὐτοῖς, ὁ δ’ αὐτὸς καὶ κληρονομῶν τῆς αἰτίας. εἰ\n\nτοίνυν Ποτιδαιᾶται ἀλλήλων ἐγεύσαντο, ἀσεβεῖς ἂν\n\nεἶεν καὶ προώλεις ὀλέσειαν αὐτοὺς οἱ θεοί, ἡμῖν δὲ\n\nτοῦ σφῶν μύσους τοσοῦτον μετεῖναι δοκεῖ, ὁπόσον καὶ\n\nτοῖς ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις καὶ Σούσοις καὶ πλεῖστον διῳκι-\n\nσμένοις αὐτῶν.\n\n24. Ἀλλ’ ἐπολιορκεῖτε, φασίν, αὐτοὺς κἀν τῇ\n\nπολιορκίᾳ τοῦτο συνέπεσεν. ἐπολιορκοῦμεν μὲν\n\nοὖν καὶ μάλα δικαίως. ἐχθροὶ γὰρ ἦσαν καὶ πολέμιοι,\n\nκαί, ὥσπερ φίλοις οὖσιν ὑπέστημεν τρόπῳ παντὶ βοη-","english":"and we will also bring charges against you before the Corinthians, and we will accuse you in turn then, be well assured, relaxing nothing more vehemently. But it is not right to play thus. For all men who care for justice do not introduce one thing in place of another into their lawsuits, but whoever has done wrong is liable to prosecution among them, and the same person also inherits the accusation. If, then, the Potidaeans had tasted one another, they would be impious and the gods would destroy them utterly, but it seems to us that we share in their pollution only to the extent that those dwelling in Ecbatana and Susa and those most widely separated from them do.\n\n24. But you besieged them, they say, and this happened during the siege. We did besiege them, and very justly. For they were enemies and foes, and, just as if they were friends, we submitted to helping them in every way.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀντεγκαλέσομεν","severity":"info","text":"The future verb ἀντεγκαλέσομεν means 'we will bring a counter-charge', reinforcing the rhetorical structure of a legal antilogia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a famous siege. The reference here draws on that historical context to argue about shared guilt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἐκβατάνοις καὶ Σούσοις","severity":"info","text":"Ecbatana and Susa were major cities of the Persian Empire, used here as examples of extreme geographical distance to argue that the Athenians are not implicated in Potidaean impiety.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"24. Ἀλλ’ ἐπολιορκεῖτε","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new section (numbered 24) with a rhetorical objection ('But you besieged them, they say'), followed by a rebuttal, a common forensic pattern.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀλόγίστωο V","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a variant reading ἀλόγίστωο in manuscript V, which may affect the sense of the preceding clause; the edition follows a different reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"θεῶν scripsi θεοῦ LV Schm","severity":"caution","text":"The editor emends θεῶν ('gods') against the manuscript reading θεοῦ ('God'), reflecting a textual decision that affects the polytheistic vs. monotheistic interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'αὐτοὺς' in line 1 of section 24 is ambiguous: it could be the Potidaeans or the Corinthians, though context favors the Potidaeans.","The phrase 'πλεῖστον διῳκισμένοις' is ambiguous as to whether it means 'most widely separated' or 'most thoroughly scattered'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":75,"ref":"p75","source":"θεῖν, οὕτως εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀποκριθεῖσι πολεμοῦντες\n\nοὐδὲν ἐπράττομεν τῶν ἀδίκων. εἰ μὲν γὰρ μηδὲν ἡμᾶς\n\nἀδικήσασι μηδέ τι κακὸν διαθεμένοις ἠράμεθα πρὸς\n\nαὐτοὺς πόλεμον, ἦν ἂν τοῦτο περιφανῶς ἄδικον, πρὸς\n\nοὓς ἦν ἡμῖν οὐδὲν διάφορον, στρατεύειν ἐθέλειν καὶ\n\nμάχην ἀπροφάσιστον συνιστᾶν, καί γε ὅστις ἡμᾶς τού-\n\nτου χάριν μετῆλθε τιμωρούμενος, δικαιότατα παρ’ ἡμῖν\n\nὐγε κριταῖς πάντων μᾶλλον ἔδρασεν ἄν· ἐπεὶ δ’ ατοὶ\n\nμηδενὸς καλοῦντος μηδὲ βιάζοντος προσήλθοσαν, ἱκέ-\n\nτευσαν, ἐδεήθησαν, ἔτυχον ἡμῶν οἴων ἠβούλοντο, εἶτ’\n\nεἰς ἀποστασίαν εἶδον πᾶσαν τὴν περὶ αὐτοὺς Ἀθη-\n\n5 Dem. p. 332,22; 395,7 7 cf. p. 24, 9 13 cf. p. 74,23\n\n15 ἀδικήσασι] ἀντὶ γενικῆς ἡ δοτικὴ ἐνταῦθα VL2\n\n2 ὅστις — 3 αὐτοῖς inter Libanii locos laudat Plan fol 38\n\nπαρὰ τοῖς κριταῖς Plan | ὅδ’ V 7 πλεῖστον scripsi e LV\n\nπλεῖστα Schm 13 εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀποκρυθεῖσι respicit Plan\n\nl. l. atferens φίλος ὢν εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀπεκρίθη 15 ἀδικήκασι","english":"would we be doing anything unjust by making war on those who responded in the opposite direction. For if we had taken up war against them when they had done us no wrong and had caused no harm, this would have been manifestly unjust, to wish to campaign against those with whom we had no difference and to join battle without pretext; and whoever had punished us for this would have acted most justly in our eyes, more than anyone else. But since they themselves, with no one summoning or compelling them, came, supplicated, entreated, and found us as they wished, and then turned to complete rebellion against the Athenians around them...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀποκριθεῖσι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'those who responded in the opposite direction' likely refers to the Athenians' shift from supplication to rebellion, as noted in the apparatus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Athenian self-defense, employing a conditional argument (εἰ μὲν γὰρ) to contrast hypothetical injustice with actual justification.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"παρὰ τοῖς κριταῖς","severity":"info","text":"The apparatus notes a variant reading 'παρὰ τοῖς κριταῖς' (before the judges) in the Planudean manuscript, indicating a textual divergence in the legal framing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"πλεῖστον","severity":"info","text":"The editor emends 'πλεῖστον' from manuscripts L and V, rejecting the reading 'πλεῖστα' found in the Schm edition, reflecting a textual correction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀδικήσασι","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes that the dative 'ἀδικήσασι' is used here instead of the expected genitive, a grammatical irregularity that may affect interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'those who responded in the opposite direction' is ambiguous: it may denote the Athenians' change in attitude or a specific rhetorical turn in the argument."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":76,"ref":"p76","source":"V | μὴ δέ V 21 μὴ δὲ V 22 ἠβούλοντο scripsi e LV\n\nἐβούλοντο Schm 23 ἀποστασίαν scripsi e LV coll p. 70,17;\n\n73, 17 ἀπόστασιν Schm\n\nναίων σπουδὴν παρὰ φαῦλον θέμενοι, ποῦ δίκαιον μὴ\n\nπόλεμον κινεῖν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς καὶ δίκην ἀξίαν τῆς ὑπερ-\n\nοψίας λαμβάνειν; οὐκοῦν, ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, καὶ\n\nἐκινοῦμεν τὸν πόλεμον καὶ δίκην ἐλαμβάνομεν ἀξίαν\n\nμὲν οὐδαμῶς, ἀλλ’ ἣν ἐνομίζομεν ἀποχρῆναι. καὶ τὸ\n\nπρᾶγμα ὧς ἐννομώτατον ἦν, κωλύει γὰρ τοὺς τοιούτους\n\nἀμύνεσθαι οὔτε νόμος οὐδεὶς οὔτε θεὸς οὔθ’ ἡ κοινὴ\n\nτῶν ἀνθρώπων συνήθεια. μάλιστα μὲν οὖν καὶ τὰ\n\nἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν παραδείγματα, οἷς αὐτοὶ καὶ σκηπτοῖς\n\nἄνωθεν καὶ χαλάζῃ βάλλουσι καὶ ὕδασι πνίγουσι καὶ\n\nπᾶσι τρόποις τοὺς ἀνοσίους καὶ ἀγνώμονας τῶν ἀνθρώ-\n\nπων κολάζουσι, διδασκαλία πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἐστι\n\nτιμωρίαν οἴ τ’ αὖ νόμοι ἐπὶ τούτῳ καθίζοντες δικα-\n\nστὰς κολάσεων τε εἴδη καὶ τρόπους ἀναδιδάσκοντες\n\nπολλὴν ποιοῦνται τὴν προτροπήν, ὡς, εἰ τινες κακῶς\n\nἔδρασαν κακῶς καὶ ἀπόλωνται. καὶ ἀνθρώπων δὲ","english":"If we had taken up the matter with slight earnestness, where would be the justice in not waging war against them and in not exacting a penalty worthy of their contempt? Therefore, men of Hellas, we were both waging war and exacting a penalty—not at all worthy, but one which we thought sufficient. And the action was entirely lawful, for no law, no god, nor the common custom of men prevents repelling such persons. Indeed, the examples from the gods themselves, who from above strike with thunderbolts and hail, drown with waters, and in every way punish the impious and ungrateful among men, serve as instruction for the punishment of enemies. Moreover, the laws that establish judges for this purpose and teach the forms and methods of punishments provide great encouragement, so that if some have done evil, they also perish evilly. And of men","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"σπουδὴν παρὰ φαῦλον θέμενοι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'with slight earnestness' translates a Greek idiom meaning 'treating the matter as trivial' or 'with insufficient zeal'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀποστασίαν","severity":"info","text":"The edition notes a textual variant: ἀποστασίαν (from LV) vs. ἀπόστασιν (Schm). The former means 'rebellion' or 'defection', the latter 'standing away' or 'distance'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"θεῶν παραδείγματα","severity":"info","text":"The reference to gods punishing with thunderbolts, hail, and floods echoes common topoi in Greek rhetorical and mythological tradition, e.g., Zeus's punishment of the impious.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐκοῦν, ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες","severity":"info","text":"This apostrophe to 'men of Hellas' marks a rhetorical climax, directly addressing the audience to justify the war as lawful and divinely sanctioned.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐβούλοντο / ἠβούλοντο","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus shows a textual crux: the verb form is uncertain, with scripsi e LV indicating a conjecture. The sense 'they wished' is plausible but not certain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact verb form at the start of the passage is uncertain due to manuscript variation; the reading adopted is a conjecture.","The phrase 'σπουδὴν παρὰ φαῦλον θέμενοι' could be interpreted as 'with slight earnestness' or 'with trivial zeal', but the precise nuance is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":77,"ref":"p77","source":"κἂν τοὺς ἀσθενεστάτους εἴποις καὶ μετριωτάτους και-\n\nρὸν ἔχοντας μετιέναι τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας οὐκ ἂν τὴν\n\nἐπιχείρησιν παραιτήσασθαι. οὕτως ἁπανταχόθεν προ-\n\nτετραμμένον ἐστὶν ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἐχθρούς, καὶ κεκώ-\n\nλυται οὐδαμῶς. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐποιοῦμεν, θάτερον\n\nδὲ οὐδαμῶς, λέγω τὸ οὕτω τραφῆναι παρασκευάσαι. καὶ\n\nγὰρ οὔτε παράδειγμα τοῦ τοσούτου μύσους ἑωρῶμεν\n\nγεγενημένον, πρὸς ὅπερ εἰκὸς ἦν ἀπιδόντας μιμήσασθαι,\n\nκἂν ἄλλοι τινὲς μυρίοι πρὸς ταύτην ἐξέκλιναν τὴν\n\nμανίαν, ἀλλ’ Ἀθηναίοις γε οὐ πρὸς φύσεως μέχρι\n\nτοσούτου τὴν ὀργὴν παρεκτείνειν, οὔκουν οὐδ’ εἰ\n\n1 σπονδὴν V ὡς inserui e LV om Schm 14 ἀναδι-\n\nδάσκοντες scripsi e LV διδάσκοντες Schm 17 εἴποις scripsi\n\ne V εἴπῃς L Schm 25 μυρίοι inserui e LV om Schm\n\n26 ἀλλ’ — 27 παρεκτείνειν citat Plan 1. 1.\n\nπᾶσαν ἐφάνη τις πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐνδειξάμενος βλάβην. ὃ\n\nδ’ οὖν αὐτοῖς πάτριον καὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον οἰκεῖον,\n\nεὐεργετοῦσι μὲν προθυμεῖσθαι τὸ δίκαιον ὑπερβαίνειν,","english":"Even if you were to speak of the weakest and most moderate, who have the opportunity to pursue those who do wrong, they would not decline the undertaking. Thus from all sides it is urged to defend against enemies, and it is in no way prevented. This is precisely what we were doing, but the other thing in no way—I mean, to have them nurtured in such a way. For we saw no precedent for such great pollution, to which it would have been reasonable to look and imitate, even if countless others had turned to this madness, but for the Athenians it was not in their nature to extend their anger to such an extent, certainly not even if someone had shown himself to have caused them every harm. What is ancestral to them and proper for all time is to be eager to surpass justice in doing good.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτως ἁπανταχόθεν προτετραμμένον ἐστὶν ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἐχθρούς","severity":"info","text":"The speaker argues that self-defense against enemies is universally urged and nowhere forbidden, reinforcing the lawfulness of Athenian retaliation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"μύσους","severity":"info","text":"The term μύσος (pollution, abomination) carries strong religious and moral connotations, often used in Greek rhetoric to denote an act that defiles the community and invites divine retribution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"παράδειγμα τοῦ τοσούτου μύσους","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'no precedent for such great pollution' likely alludes to the Athenian tradition of avoiding extreme vengeance, contrasting with the hyperbolic accusations in Libanius' declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὃ δ’ οὖν αὐτοῖς πάτριον","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a rhetorical shift from justifying defensive action to praising Athenian ancestral character, emphasizing their inclination to exceed justice in beneficence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"εἴποις","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes that the reading εἴποις (second person singular optative) is from manuscript V, while L and the edition of Schm have εἴπῃς (subjunctive). The choice affects the conditional nuance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"citat Plan 1. 1.","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note 'citat Plan 1. 1.' indicates that the phrase from ἀλλ’ Ἀθηναίοις to παρεκτείνειν was quoted by the Byzantine scholar Maximus Planudes, showing the passage's later use in rhetorical education.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'θάτερον δὲ οὐδαμῶς, λέγω τὸ οὕτω τραφῆναι παρασκευάσαι' is ambiguous: it may mean 'we did not prepare to have them nurtured in such a way' or 'we did not arrange for them to be raised thus,' possibly referring to the alleged maltreatment of prisoners."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":78,"ref":"p78","source":"κολάζουσι δέ, ὁπηνίκα τούτου καιρός, μὴ ἀκριβολογεῖ-\n\nσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ μετρίου ὑφίεσθαι διὰ χρηστότητα.\n\nὥστ’, εἰ καὶ Ποτιδαιάτας ἐπολιορκοῦμεν, μετρίαν σκο-\n\nποῦντες εἰσπράξασθαι δίκην τοῦτ’ ἐποιοῦμεν, ἀλλ’ οὐχ\n\nὅπως εἰς ἀνάγκην τοῦ νεκρῶν ἅπτεσθαι συνελάσωμεν\n\nκαὶ πείσωμεν ἀντὶ πολεμίων, τί λέγω πολεμίων; ἀντὶ\n\nθηρίων ἀλλήλοις γενέσθαι. εἴχομεν ἂν ἀσεβείας\n\nαἰτίαν ἡμεῖς, εἰ τοῦτο διενοούμεθα καὶ σκοπὸς ἦν\n\nπεριστάντας τὴν πόλιν καὶ συλλαβόντας αὐτοὺς λιμῷ\n\nκαὶ σιδήρῳ καὶ πάσαις ἀνάγκαις ὠθεῖν πρὸς τοιαύτας\n\nτροφάς· ὅπου δ’ ἄνετοι ἐκεῖνοι ἐντὸς περιβόλου στρε-\n\nφόμενοι ἐκ τῶν πύργων ἄνωθεν ἀντεπισείοντες τῷ\n\nστρατοπέδῳ τὰ ὅπλα, ἡνίκα οὐ πολέμιος ἦν κατεπείγων.\n\nοὐ ξίφος ἐπανατεινόμενον, οὐ σιδήρου πληγή, οὐ πῦρ\n\nκαῖον, οὐ βρόχος, οὐκ ἄλλη τις βάσανος, ἡμῶν αὐτοὺς\n\nπρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ ἔτι μετακαλουμένων, ἱκετευόντων, βο-\n\nώντων· σύνετε, ἄνδρες Ποτιδαιᾶται, γίνεσθε\n\nὑμῶν αὐτῶν, φείσασθε γυναικῶν τῶν ὐμετέ-","english":"They punish, when there is opportunity for this, not being precise, but even yielding a little from the moderate out of kindness. So that, even if we were besieging the Potidaeans, we were doing this aiming to exact a moderate penalty, but not so as to drive them into the necessity of touching the dead and persuade them to become, instead of enemies—what am I saying enemies?—instead of wild beasts, to one another. We would have been accused of impiety, if we intended this and our purpose was, by surrounding the city and seizing them with hunger and iron and all necessities, to push them toward such foods. But where they, free within the circuit, turning about from the towers, brandishing their weapons from above against the camp, when no enemy was pressing hard—no sword raised, no blow of iron, no burning fire, no noose, no other torture, while we were still calling them back to us, entreating, shouting: \"Come to your senses, men of Potidaea, become your own masters, spare your own women.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a prolonged siege during the Peloponnesian War. The speaker here defends Athenian conduct by claiming moderation, contrasting with Thucydides' account of the city's eventual surrender and harsh treatment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀσεβείας","severity":"info","text":"ἀσέβεια (impiety) is a serious charge in Greek religious and legal contexts, often used in rhetorical invective. Here it underscores the moral horror of forcing cannibalism, framing the Athenians' restraint as piety.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὥστ’, εἰ καὶ ... ἀλλ’ οὐχ ὅπως","severity":"info","text":"The concessive conditional clause ('even if we were besieging... not so as to') sets up a contrast between the Athenians' actual moderate aim and the extreme outcome they avoided. This rhetorical structure defends against the charge of cruelty.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"νεκρῶν ἅπτεσθαι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'touching the dead' alludes to cannibalism under siege, a topos in Greek historiography (e.g., Thucydides on the plague at Athens, 2.52) and later rhetorical exercises. It evokes the ultimate breakdown of civilized norms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II (13th–14th cent.) wrote this declamation as a Christian rhetorical exercise, responding to Libanius' model. The passage's emphasis on piety and humanity reflects Byzantine moral concerns, not just classical imitation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἄνετοι","severity":"caution","text":"ἄνετοι ('free, unconstrained') is ambiguous: it could mean the Potidaeans were at liberty within the walls, or that they were careless. The context favors the former, contrasting their freedom with the besiegers' pressure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ἄνετοι: could mean 'free' or 'careless'; the reading 'free' is adopted based on the contrast with the besiegers' actions.","The exact source of the siege narrative is not specified; the text may be adapting Thucydides or a later rhetorical tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":79,"ref":"p79","source":"ρων, φείσασθε παίδων· τί ὑμεῖς αὐτόχειρες\n\nἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμεῖτε γενέσθαι; ἔστιν ἐφ’ ὑμῖν\n\nμεταβουλευσαμένοις σωθῆναι, ἔστι καὶ σκλη-\n\nρυνθεῖσι καθάπαξ ἀπολωλέναι, εἰ ταῦθ’ ἡμῶν\n\nπροτεινόντων ἔχοντες ἐκεῖνοι καιρὸν τοῦ πράττειν τὰ\n\nδέοντα ὅμως ἐσκληρύνοντο, ἕως ἑαυτοὺς ἀπώλεσαν,\n\n10 cf. p. 17, 6 17 Pind. 01. Χ (XI) 37\n\n2 πατρώιον V 10 μὲν post εἴχομεν inser Schm delevi\n\n14 τροφούς V 20 συνῆτε V 25 ὑμῶν V\n\n5 *\n\nτίς οὕτως ἀναιδὴς ὧς ἡμῖν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν μέμφεσθαι;\n\nοὕτως οὐ τῆς ἡμῶν διανοίας, τῆς δ’ ἐκείνων ἀπονοίας\n\nτουτ’ ἔργον ὑπῆρχε.\n\n28. Καὶ εἰ βούλεσθε, κύκλῳ τὴν Ἑλλάδα περιελ-\n\nθόντες ἐς ζητεῖτε, εἴ τι τοιοῦτον εἰς ἀνθρώπους Ἀθη-\n\nναῖοι πεπράχασι, κἂν εὕρητέ που, συνεζεύχθω ἀμφό-\n\nτερα καὶ ἐξ ἔθους ἡμᾶς λέγετε ἀσεβεῖν. ἡττήθησαν καὶ\n\nΘηβαῖοι μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων Βοιωτῶν ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως ἐν\n\nπολλοῖς, ἡττήθησαν καὶ Φωκεῖς καὶ Θετταλοὶ σὺν\n\nαὐτοῖς, ἐπειράθησαν καὶ Μακεδόνες τῆς ἡμετέρας ἰσχύος\n\nκαὶ πρὸς τούτοις Θρᾷκες καὶ ἀπ’ ἀμφοῖν τῶν ἐθνῶν","english":"Spare the children. Why do you desire to become your own murderers? It is in your power, by changing your resolve, to be saved; it is also in your power, if you harden yourselves once for all, to perish, if, when we set these terms before them, they, having opportunity to do what was proper, nevertheless hardened themselves until they destroyed themselves.\n\nWho is so shameless as to blame us for this? This was not the work of our disposition, but of their madness.\n\nAnd if you wish, go around Greece in a circle and seek whether the Athenians have ever done anything of this sort to people; and if you find it anywhere, let both be joined together, and say that we are impious from habit. The Thebans, along with the other Boeotians, were defeated by the city in many engagements; the Phocians and the Thessalians with them were also defeated; the Macedonians experienced our strength, and in addition to these, the Thracians from both nations.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"φείσασθε παίδων","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Spare the children' is a rhetorical appeal to pity, common in Greek declamation, urging the audience to avoid self-destruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀπονοίας","severity":"info","text":"The Greek term 'ἀπονοία' (madness) is contrasted with 'διανοία' (disposition), emphasizing that the Athenians' actions stem from irrationality, not malice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Θηβαῖοι ... Βοιωτῶν","severity":"info","text":"The Thebans and Boeotians were historical rivals of Athens, often defeated in conflicts such as the Battle of Oenophyta (457 BCE) during the First Peloponnesian War.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"κύκλῳ τὴν Ἑλλάδα περιελθόντες","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical device of a circular tour of Greece to prove Athenian piety echoes similar catalogues in Attic oratory, e.g., Isocrates' Panegyricus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"28. Καὶ εἰ βούλεσθε","severity":"info","text":"This section (chapter 28) shifts from direct exhortation to a hypothetical challenge, inviting the audience to test the Athenians' record, reinforcing the defense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Pind. 01. Χ (XI) 37","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note cites Pindar's Olympian Ode 11, line 37, possibly as a source for a sentiment on moderation or fate, though the connection is not explicit in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἀπ’ ἀμφοῖν τῶν ἐθνῶν' (from both nations) is ambiguous: it may refer to Thracians from two distinct tribes or regions, but the text does not specify which."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":80,"ref":"p80","source":"ἔτι πολλοὶ παρ’ ἡμῖν ἐν δεσμοῖς. ἀλλ’ οὐδεὶς οἵους\n\nοὗτοί φασιν ἡμῶν ἐπειράθη. καὶ τί τοὺς Ἕλληνας\n\nλέγομεν; οὐ τοὺς Ἴωνας ἡμῶν οἱ Πέρσαι κατεδου-\n\nλοῦντο; οὐκ Ἐρετριεῖς ἀναρπάστους ἐξείλοντο; οὐ μετὰ\n\nτοῦ αὐτοῦ διανοήματος εἰς Μαραθῶνα κατήρκασιν, ἴν\n\nὡς Ἐρέτριαν καὶ τὴν Ἀττικὴν πᾶσαν διάθωνται; ἀλλὰ\n\nτούτων λαμπρῶς καὶ τότε κρατήσαντες καὶ ὕστερον\n\nὅτε Ξέρξης ἐπῄει πᾶσαν τὴν Ἀσίαν κινῶν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς,\n\nκαὶ μετὰ ταῦτ’ ἐν Κύπρῳ καὶ Παμφυλίᾳ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ,\n\nοὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν ὧς ἐνί γε ἢ πλείοσιν αὐτῶν τοιαύτην\n\nἐπηγάγομεν ἀνάγκην. οὐ βαρβάρῳ δεῖπνον παρεθέμεθα\n\nβάρβαρον οὐδὲ παραστησάμενοι τοὺς δημίους παίοντες,\n\nμαστιγοῦντες, σφάττοντες ἐκελεύομεν ἅπτεσθαι. οὐ\n\nτοσοῦτον τὴν ἀνθρωπείαν ἠγνοήκαμεν φύσιν ἡμεῖς\n\n15 Xen. comm. IV 2, 33 17 cf. ad t. V p. 521, 10. t. IV\n\n454, 18 R\n\n2 τῆς δ’ ἐκείνων ἀπονοίας inserui e LV om Schm\n\n3 ὑπῆρχεν Schm 5 άθηναῖοι L sed οἱ in ras m 2. áuhnaqivn\n\nV 7 ἐξ ἔθους Schm ἐξέθους LV | λέγετε L sed λ in ras m2","english":"Still many are in chains among us. But none of us have experienced what they claim. And why do we speak of the Greeks? Did the Persians not enslave our Ionians? Did they not carry off the Eretrians? Did they not come to Marathon with the same intention, to treat all Attica as they had Eretria? But having then brilliantly prevailed over them, and later when Xerxes advanced, stirring up all Asia against us, and afterwards in Cyprus and Pamphylia and elsewhere, it cannot be said that we brought such necessity upon any one or more of them. We did not set a barbarian feast before a barbarian, nor did we, stationing executioners, order them to strike, scourge, and slay. We have not so far forgotten human nature.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἴωνας","severity":"info","text":"The Ionians were Greek colonists on the coast of Asia Minor who came under Persian control after the Ionian Revolt (499–493 BCE). The reference here recalls Persian subjugation of Greeks before the Persian Wars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐρετριεῖς","severity":"info","text":"Eretria, a city on Euboea, was sacked by the Persians in 490 BCE during the first Persian invasion. Its inhabitants were enslaved and deported, a key grievance leading to the Battle of Marathon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαραθῶνα","severity":"info","text":"Marathon was the site of the Athenian victory over the Persians in 490 BCE. The passage contrasts Persian intentions to treat Attica like Eretria with the Greek success there.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ξέρξης","severity":"info","text":"Xerxes I led the second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BCE), mobilizing forces from across Asia. The text references his campaign and subsequent Greek victories in Cyprus and Pamphylia (c. 450s BCE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ βαρβάρῳ δεῖπνον παρεθέμεθα βάρβαρον","severity":"info","text":"This phrase forms a rhetorical denial of barbaric behavior, contrasting the speaker’s restraint with the alleged cruelty of the opponents. It reinforces the argument that the speaker’s side did not impose extreme measures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Xen. comm. IV 2, 33","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note cites Xenophon’s Memorabilia (IV 2, 33) as a parallel or source for a phrase or idea in the passage, though the exact reference is unclear from the apparatus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'οὐ βαρβάρῳ δεῖπνον παρεθέμεθα βάρβαρον' is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal barbarian feast or metaphorically to cruel treatment. The apparatus notes textual variants in lines 2–3 and 7, but the reading adopted is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":81,"ref":"p81","source":"17 Ἐρέτριαν scripsi e V ἐρέτρειαν L Schm 20 μετα-\n\nταῦτ᾿ V\n\nκαὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῶν πάλαι Ἀθηναίων ἀπολελείμμεθα,\n\nὧν οὐδενὸς οὕτως ἴδιον ὧς εὐσέβεια καὶ φιλανθρωπία.\n\nὧν δήπου καὶ ἡμεῖς γεγόναμεν κληρονόμοι, μεθ’ ὧν\n\nἐν τῷ διηνεκεῖ χρόνῳ καὶ πᾶσιν ὡμιλοῦμεν ἀνθρώποις. μὴ τοίνυν ἡμᾶς τις τῆς ἐκείνων ἀσεβείας αἰτίους,\n\nἀλλ’ αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους λεγέτω, οἱ καὶ τὴν ἀθέμιτον\n\nἑαυτοῖς παρέθεντο τράπεζαν καὶ τροφῆς ἐπ’ αὐτῆς\n\nἥψαντο παρανόμου. ὅσοι δὲ ἡμῖν τούτων ἕνεκεν μέμ-\n\nφονται, τούτους δήπου φαμὲν μηδὲ τοὺς ἐν ταῖς πό-\n\nλεσιν ἄρχοντας ἐθέλειν ἀμέμπτως ἔχειν ἐᾶν, οἷς] ὅτι\n\nτινὲς εἰς δεσμωτήριον ὐπ’ αὐτῶν ἐμβαλλόμενοι πρὶν\n\nἢ τοῖς νόμοις καὶ μετριωτέραν ἴσως δοῦναι δίκην\n\nφθάνουσιν αὐτοὶ παρανομοῦντες εἰς ἑαυτοὺς καὶ ζωῆς\n\nἀπαλλάττοντες. ἀλλ’ οὐδαμῶς γε τοῦτο κρίνοντος ὀρθὰ\n\nλογισμοῦ. οὐ γὰρ μόνον ὅτι τινὲς ἑάλωσαν οὐδ’ ὅτι\n\nκατεσχέκθησαν ἐν δεσμοῖς σκοπεῖν δεῖ, ἀλλ’ εἰ μὴ καὶ\n\nσὺν δίκῃ ταῦτα πεπόνθασιν. εἰ δ’ ἀσεβῶς ὑφ’ ἑαυτῶν","english":"And we have fallen short of the virtue of the ancient Athenians, of whom nothing was so characteristic as piety and philanthropy. Of these we have indeed become heirs, with whom we associate throughout all time with all men. Therefore let no one hold us responsible for their impiety, but let them rather blame those very men who set before themselves that lawless table and partook of forbidden food upon it. As for those who blame us on account of these things, we say that they would not even allow the rulers in the cities to be blameless, because some who are cast into prison by them, before they can pay the penalty prescribed by the laws, and perhaps a more moderate one, themselves transgress against themselves and depart from life. But this is by no means the judgment of right reason. For one must not only consider that some were captured and confined in chains, but also whether they suffered these things unjustly. But if they have impiously","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"εὐσέβεια καὶ φιλανθρωπία","severity":"info","text":"The speaker claims piety and philanthropy as the defining virtues of the ancient Athenians, a topos in Greek rhetorical praise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τῆς ἐκείνων ἀσεβείας","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'their impiety' refers to the lawless table and forbidden food mentioned immediately after, likely alluding to accusations of Christian impiety in pagan polemic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"τὴν ἀθέμιτον ἑαυτοῖς παρέθεντο τράπεζαν","severity":"info","text":"The 'lawless table' and 'forbidden food' echo common pagan charges against Christians, such as Thyestean feasts or cannibalism, used in anti-Christian polemic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὅσοι δὲ ἡμῖν τούτων ἕνεκεν μέμ-φονται","severity":"info","text":"This sentence shifts from defending the Athenians to countering critics who blame Christians for the impiety of others, introducing a new argumentative turn.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οἷς]","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed 'οἷς]' in the Greek indicates a textual crux or editorial insertion; the sense may be disrupted, and the following clause about prison and suicide is syntactically difficult.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐ γὰρ μόνον ὅτι τινὲς ἑάλωσαν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker argues that mere imprisonment does not prove guilt; one must consider whether punishment was just, a standard forensic topos.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text at 'οἷς]' is corrupt or emended; the exact referent of the relative clause is unclear.","The transition from the ancient Athenians to contemporary Christian critics is abrupt and may reflect a lacuna or rhetorical ellipsis."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":82,"ref":"p82","source":"ἀπηλλάγησαν, οὐδὲν τοῦτο συμβάλλεται ὥστε τὸν\n\nκατασχόντα ἔχειν αἰτίαν· οὔκουν οὐδ’ ἡμῖν φέρει\n\nκατηγορίαν, εἰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς νομίμως πολιορκούντων\n\nἡμῶν ἀσεβεῖς ἐκεῖνοι γεγόνασιν εἰς ἀλλήλους παρανο-\n\nμήσαντες.\n\n31. Εἰ δέ τις φιλονείκως ἔχων οὐκ ἀφίσταται τὴν\n\nπολιορκίαν λέγων εἰς ταῦτα παραβιάσασθαι, αὐτοὶ καὶ\n\nταύτης ἔχουσι τὴν αἰτίαν. ὁρᾶτε γάρ· ἡμέτεροι ἦσαν,\n\nπάντα παθεῖν ἕτοιμοι ἤ ἡμῶν ἀποστῆναι. φίλους ἡμεῖς\n\nαὐτοὺς ἤγομεν διὰ ταῦτα. ἔργῳ τῆς ἡμῶν φιλίας ἐλάμ-\n\n2 οὐδενὸς — 3 ὧν(2) inserui eLV om Schm 4 ὡμιλοῦμεν\n\nscripsi ὁμιλοῦμεν LV Schm 9 μὴ δὲ V 10 οἷς LV Schm\n\ncancellavi 18 οὐδὲν scripi e LV οὐδὲ Schm 19 οὔκουν\n\nscripsi e LV οὐκοῦν Schm 27 διαταῦτα V\n\nβανον πεῖραν. εὖθ’, ὡς ὑπ’ ἀνέμου σκάφος, εἰς τοὐ-\n\nναντέον περιτραπέντες ἠλόγησαν τῆς περὶ αὐτοὺς προ-\n\nνοέας ἡμῶν, ἠλόγησαν τῆς σπουδῆς, ἠθέτησαν τὴν\n\nφιλίαν, καὶ τὰς μετ’ ἀλλήλων συνθήκας ἀφέντες εἰς\n\nἐχθρῶν ἀπηλλάγησαν σχῆμα. ἐντεῦθεν παρὰ πόδας","english":"they were released, this contributes nothing to the one who held them being at fault; therefore it does not bring accusation against us either, if, while we were lawfully besieging the enemies, those impious men became lawless toward one another.\n\n31. But if someone, being contentious, does not desist from saying that the siege forced these things, they themselves are the cause of this as well. For see: they were ours, ready to suffer anything rather than abandon us. We considered them friends on account of these things. They experienced the test of our friendship in deed. Then, like a ship turned by the wind to the opposite direction, they disregarded our care for them, they disregarded our zeal, they rejected the friendship, and, abandoning their compacts with one another, they departed into the form of enemies. From that point, immediately","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπηλλάγησαν","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'they were released' refers to the enemies who, after breaking compacts, departed into the form of enemies; the speaker argues this does not implicate the besiegers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πολιορκίαν","severity":"info","text":"The term 'siege' (πολιορκίαν) is central: the speaker denies that the siege forced the impiety, shifting blame to the enemies' own lawlessness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ὡς ὑπ’ ἀνέμου σκάφος","severity":"info","text":"The simile 'like a ship turned by the wind' echoes a common rhetorical trope in Greek literature for sudden reversal of allegiance, e.g., in Demosthenes or Libanius.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"31. Εἰ δέ τις φιλονείκως ἔχων","severity":"info","text":"Section 31 begins a new argumentative move: a hypothetical objection ('if someone contentious...') is introduced and then refuted, a standard forensic device.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπηλλάγησαν","severity":"info","text":"The apparatus notes textual variants: e.g., line 18 has 'οὐδὲν' from the editor against 'οὐδὲ' in LV and Schm; line 19 'οὔκουν' from the editor against 'οὐκοῦν' in Schm.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'they' in 'they were released' is ambiguous: it could be the enemies or the besieged; the context suggests the enemies who broke compacts.","The phrase 'παρὰ πόδας' (line 26) is cut off in the Greek; the English draft renders it as 'immediately', but the exact nuance is uncertain without the continuation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":83,"ref":"p83","source":"αὐτοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καὶ τὰ δεινὰ ἐπὶ θύραις. ἐφ’ οἷς\n\nδέον ὄν μεταβουλευσαμένους προσιέναι ἡμῖν, προσιόν-\n\nτας δὲ δεηθῆναι καὶ δεηθέντασ εὐμενεστέρων τυχεῖν,\n\nὅμως ἀπονοηθέντες ἀπώλοντο. οὕτως οὐχ ἡμῶν\n\nἔργον, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνων ἡ πολιορκία, καὶ ὁ κατασχὼν\n\nαὐτοὺς ὄλεθρος οὐκ ἄλλους εἶχε τοὺς παρεσκευακότας\n\nἤ τοὺς ἀπολωλότας αὐτούς. ἀλογώτατα γὰρ πρὸς τὰ\n\nτῶν Ἀθηναίων ὠθίσαντες ἑαυτοὺς ξίφη ὑπ’ αὐτῶν\n\nδιαφθείρονται καὶ μεγάλην ἀνάψαντες φλόγα ἁλίσκον-\n\nτᾶι ὑπ’ αὐτῆς. ἢ δοκεῖ σοι κἂν ἔνα ἡμῶν κινηθῆναι\n\nθελῆσαι ἢ τὸ περὶ τοῦ τείχους ψήφισμα γράψαι, εἰ μὴ\n\nνεώτερα ἐφρόνουν ἐκεῖνοι, εἰ μὴ πρὸς ἀποστασίαν\n\nἔβλεπον, εἰ μὴ ἀντὶ φίλων ἐχθροί, ἀντὶ δ’ οἰκείων\n\nπολέμιοι, ἀντὶ δὲ συμμάχων αἴροντες ὅπλα καθ’ ἡμῶν\n\nἐγένοντο; νυνὶ δ’ ἀποστάντων ἐκείνων, καὶ εἴθε γε τὸ\n\nκατ’ αὐτοὺς ἦν μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἀπώλοντο Ἀθηναίοις πρὸς\n\nτὸ ἐκείνων παράδειγμα καὶ τὰ ἐν Θρᾴκῃ πάντα καὶ\n\nΜακεδονίᾳ πράγματα καὶ οὐδὲ νῦν μετὰ τὴν Ποτι-","english":"for them, war and its terrors were at the gates. When it was necessary, after changing their counsel, to approach us, and upon approaching to entreat and, having entreated, to meet with more favorable treatment, nevertheless they were driven to desperation and perished. Thus the siege is not our work, but theirs, and the destruction that overtook them had no other authors than the very ones who perished. For most irrationally, having thrust themselves upon the swords of the Athenians, they are destroyed by them, and having kindled a great flame, they are caught by it. Or does it seem to you that even one of us would have been moved to act, or would have written the decree concerning the wall, if those men had not been contemplating revolution, if they had not been looking toward rebellion, if they had not become enemies instead of friends, foes instead of allies, and instead of allies, men taking up arms against us? But now, after their revolt—and would that it were only their own affair—but they perished, and for the Athenians, by their example, all the affairs in Thrace and Macedonia were lost, and not even now, after Poti—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτως οὐχ ἡμῶν ἔργον, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνων ἡ πολιορκία","severity":"info","text":"The passage forms a rhetorical climax: the speaker denies Athenian responsibility for the siege, attributing it instead to the rebels' own actions. This mirrors the antilogia structure of Gregory's response to Libanius.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀπονοηθέντες","severity":"info","text":"The participle ἀπονοηθέντες (from ἀπονοέομαι, 'to be driven to desperation') carries a strong pejorative sense of reckless folly, central to Gregory's argument that the rebels' own irrationality caused their destruction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"τὸ περὶ τοῦ τείχους ψήφισμα","severity":"info","text":"The 'decree concerning the wall' likely refers to Athenian fortification measures after the revolt of Potidaea (432 BCE), a key event in the Peloponnesian War. Gregory uses it to argue Athenian actions were reactive, not aggressive.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"μεγάλην ἀνάψαντες φλόγα ἁλίσκονται ὑπ’ αὐτῆς","severity":"info","text":"The metaphor of being caught by one's own flame echoes a common rhetorical topos (cf. Thucydides 3.84.2 on stasis). Gregory adapts it to blame the rebels for self-destruction, not Athenian aggression.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ τὰ ἐν Θρᾴκῃ πάντα καὶ Μακεδονίᾳ πράγματα","severity":"caution","text":"The text breaks off mid-sentence at 'Poti—' (likely Ποτίδαια, Potidaea). The English draft supplies 'Poti—' but the Greek is truncated in the source edition; the exact continuation is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text ends abruptly at 'Ποτι—', likely referring to Potidaea, but the full clause is lost. The English draft supplies a conjectural completion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":84,"ref":"p84","source":"δαίας καθαίρεσιν οἷοί τ’ ἐσμὲν ἑαυτοῖς ἐπανασώσα-\n\nσθαι, οὕτως οὖν ἐκείνων καὶ δι’ ἐκείνους τῶν ἄλλων\n\nδιατεθέντων ποῦ δίκαιον μὴ κινηθῆναι μὲν ἡμᾶς,\n\nαὐτοὺς δὲ καὶ ὧν ἔπαθον χείρω πολλῷ παθόντας\n\nτυχεῖν; χρηστοί γε ὑμεῖς, ὦ Κορίνθιοι, τὸν μὲν\n\n16 cf. p. 61, 1\n\n2 αὐτοὺς in marg ὒ 24 ἐπανασώσασθαι scripsi e V\n\nἀνασώσασραι L Schm 27 πολλῷ scripsi e LV πολλῶν Schm\n\n28 ὑμεῖς scripsi e LV ἡμεῖς Schm\n\nἐπιτειχισμὸν καὶ τὴν πολιορκίαν ἄνω καὶ κάτω στρέ-\n\nφοντες, ὅτι δὲ καὶ Ποτιδαιᾶται ταῦθ’ ὑποστῆναι δί-\n\nκαιοι ἦσαν, οὐ λογιζόμενοι. ποῖον γὰρ αὐτοῖς οἷον καὶ\n\nπαρορᾶσθαι ἄξιον πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐγεγόνει; οὐκ ἐγελάσθη-\n\nμὲν; οὐκ ἐνεπαίχθημεν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνδρῶν; οὐκ ἀφῃρέθη-\n\nμὲν μὲν ἀναλώματα τόσα καὶ τόσα ἐπὶ τοσούτοις\n\nἔτεσιν, ἐκπεπτώκαμεν δὲ χώρας ὅσην οὐδ’ εἰπεῖν ῥᾴ-\n\nδιον δι’ αὐτοὺς ἀποστάσης; εἶτα τί ἡμᾶς ἐχρῆν Ἀθη-\n\nναίους ὄντας ἀντὶ τούτων ποιεῖν; ἀναπεπτωκέναι καὶ\n\nκαθεύδειν ὧς ἐν ῥᾳστώνῃ διάγοντας; ἀλλ’, ἵν’ ἡμᾶς","english":"less, when they had suffered far worse than what they had endured, was it not just for us to be moved? You are kind, Corinthians, turning the fortification and the siege this way and that, but not considering that the Potidaeans deserved to undergo these things. For what had they done to us that was worthy of being overlooked? Were we not laughed at? Were we not mocked by those men? Were we not deprived of so many expenditures over so many years, and did we not lose so much territory—more than it is easy to tell—which revolted because of them? Then what were we, being Athenians, to do in return for these things? Were we to lie back and sleep, living as if in ease?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπανασώσασθαι","severity":"info","text":"The verb ἐπανασώσασθαι (to recover, restore) is a conjecture; the manuscript tradition shows variation (ἀνασώσασραι in L, Schm). The sense is that the Athenians claim the ability to recover their own position.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἐπιτειχισμόν","severity":"info","text":"ἐπιτειχισμόν (fortification, blockading fort) is a technical term in Thucydidean military context, referring to a fort built to control enemy territory. Here it is used rhetorically by the Corinthians to accuse Athens of aggressive encirclement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Potidaeans","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans were a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a key cause of the Peloponnesian War. The speaker argues they deserved their fate, countering Corinthian accusations.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History 1.56–65"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"χρηστοί γε ὑμεῖς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase χρηστοί γε ὑμεῖς (You are kind) is ironic, a rhetorical device common in Greek oratory. It introduces a rebuke of the Corinthians for ignoring the Potidaeans' culpability.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"πολλῷ","severity":"info","text":"The reading πολλῷ (far) is adopted from manuscripts L and V; Schm prints πολλῶν (of many). The emendation affects the sense: 'far worse' vs. 'worse than many'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκπεπτώκαμεν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἐκπεπτώκαμεν (we have lost) is a conjecture; the manuscript reading is uncertain. The sense is clear from context: loss of territory due to revolt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text at the start of the passage is fragmentary (δαίας καθαίρεσιν); the exact sense of the opening clause is uncertain. The reading ἐπανασώσασθαι is a conjecture; the manuscript tradition varies."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":85,"ref":"p85","source":"ἐάσω, εἰ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἦσαν; ἀλλ’ ἐῶ καὶ τὸ τούτων,\n\nεἰ ὑμεῖς ἧτε, ὠ Κορίνθιοι, τοσαύτης ἀνδρῶν ἀπολαύ-\n\nσαντες ἀγνωμοσύνης, τέ ἂν αὐτοῖς ἐχρήσασθε; ἀλλὰ\n\nτι ταῦτ’ ἐρωτῶ; ὅπως ἂν ἠνέγκατε, δῆλον ἡμῖν ἐτέ-\n\nρωθεν γέγονε, καὶ τὰ πρὸς Κερκυραίους ὑμῖν πρα-\n\nχθέντα καλῶς μαρτυρεῖ. ἐπλεῖτε γὰρ ἐπ’ ἐκείνους αἰτίαν\n\nἔχοντες οὐδεμίαν τοιαύτην καὶ ἐναυμαχεῖτε καὶ ναῦς\n\nαὐτῶν τὰς μὲν ἐλαμβάνετε κενάς, τὰς δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσι\n\nκατεδύετε καὶ αὐτήν γε τὴν νῆσον, εἰ γ’ ἐδύνασθε, οὐκ\n\nἂν ἀπέστητε καταδῦσαι. εἶτα δεινὸν ἡγεῖσθε, εἴπερ, ὧς\n\nὑμεῖς, καὶ ἡμεῖς ἑτέρωθεν ἐχρησάμεθα τοῖς ἐχθροῖς; καὶ\n\nΚορινθίους μὲν οὐδὲν ἄδικόν φασι Κορίνθιοι, ἄν τις\n\nἐναντιῶται, ἀφανίζειν εὐθύς, ἀλλ’, εἴ τις ὑπὲρ τούτου\n\nγρύξει, πολλὴν εἶναι τὴν παραίτησιν ὅτι πολέμιος\n\nἦν, ὅτι παρασπονδῶν, ὅτι βλάπτων· Ἀθηναῖοι\n\n17 Thuc. I 50 1 25 Dem. p. 85,22; 248,20\n\n1 καὶ scripsi e LV ἢ Schm 4 ἡμᾶς L sed ἡ in ras m2\n\n7 ἐκπεπώκαμεν V 10 ὧς inserui e LV om Schm | ἵν᾿","english":"I will leave aside whether the Lacedaemonians were there; but I also leave aside this: if you, Corinthians, had enjoyed such ingratitude from men, how would you have treated them? But why do I ask this? How you would have borne it has become clear to us from elsewhere, and your actions against the Corcyraeans bear good witness. For you sailed against them with no such charge, and you fought a sea battle, and you captured some of their ships empty, and you sank others with their crews, and you would not have stopped from sinking the island itself, if you could. Then do you consider it terrible if, as you did, we also treated our enemies from the other side? And Corinthians say that Corinthians do nothing unjust, if someone opposes them, to destroy them immediately, but if anyone grumbles about this, there is great complaint that he was an enemy, that he was violating treaties, that he was harming; Athenians","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Κερκυραίους","severity":"info","text":"The Corcyraeans (Corcyra, modern Corfu) were a colony of Corinth; their revolt and the subsequent naval battle (c. 433 BCE) are described in Thucydides 1.24–55, a key background for this declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"ἐπλεῖτε γὰρ ἐπ’ ἐκείνους","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical pattern of accusing the Corinthians of the same actions they condemn in Athens mirrors Thucydides’ account of the Corcyraean stasis and the Corinthians’ own aggression (Thuc. 1.25–30).","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"εἶτα δεινὸν ἡγεῖσθε","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from hypothetical questions to a direct accusation, using the Corinthians’ own actions against Corcyra as a precedent to justify Athenian conduct at Potidaea.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"παρασπονδῶν","severity":"info","text":"The term means 'violating treaties' (from σπονδή, 'libation' or 'truce'). It is a standard charge in Greek oratory, here used to highlight the Corinthians’ hypocrisy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ Κορινθίους μὲν οὐδὲν ἄδικόν φασι Κορίνθιοι","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text is awkward: 'Corinthians say Corinthians do nothing unjust' may be a rhetorical doubling or a textual corruption. The sense is that Corinthians claim impunity for their own aggression.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἀθηναῖοι","severity":"info","text":"This declamation by Gregory II of Cyprus (13th cent.) reworks Libanius’ model speeches, adapting Thucydidean themes for a Byzantine rhetorical context, showing the enduring use of classical history in Christian education.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Gregory of Cyprus"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at 'καὶ Κορινθίους μὲν οὐδὲν ἄδικόν φασι Κορίνθιοι' may be corrupt or deliberately repetitive; the translation takes it as a rhetorical figure. The phrase 'ἑτέρωθεν' (from the other side) is ambiguous: it could mean 'in turn' or 'from another direction'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":86,"ref":"p86","source":"scripsi e V ἴνα L Schm τας(1) V 19 κατεδύετε scripsi\n\ne V κατεδύσατε L Schm 20 ἀπέστη τε V 22 Κορινθίους\n\nscripsi e LV Κορινθίοις Schm\n\nδὲ ἂν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἴωσιν, ἀσεβείας αὐτοὺς Κο-\n\nρίνθιοι γράφονται. καὶ πῶς οὐκ ἀλόγιστον τοῦτο;\n\nἐγκαλεῖν ἴδει καὶ μέμφεσθαι προσηκόντως, ὢ Κορίνθιοι,\n\nἡνίκα μηδὲν κακὸν εἰς ἡμᾶς εἰργασμένους ἐκείνους\n\nἐπεθέμεθα αὐτοὶ καὶ ἐβλάπτομεν μόνῃ τῇ τοῦ ἀδικεῖν\n\nἀκολουθοῦντες ἐφέσει· ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐκεῖνοι βλάπτειν ἤρξαντο\n\nπρῶτοι, πῶς δὲ βλάπτειν; ἐκ τοῦ τὰ συγκείμενα ἀθε-\n\nτῆσαι καὶ σπονδῶν ἀλογῆσαι καὶ ἀτιμάσαι μὲν ἡμῶν\n\nτὴν περὶ αὐτοὺς πρόνοιαν, ἀτιμάσαι δὲ καὶ τὴν σπου-\n\nδήν, ματαιῶσαι δὲ καὶ τοὺς πόνους καὶ τὰς ἐλπίδας\n\nκαὶ εἰς ἄκραν περιφρόνησιν τῶν ἡμετέρων γενέσθαι,\n\nοὐκ ἂν ἔχοι λόγον ἡ μέμψις, ἂν ἡμεῖς ἐπεξήλθομεν.\n\nὁρᾶτε γὰρ καὶ τὸν κοινὸν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις νόμον, ὧς\n\nοὐκ ἐπ’ ἄλλους ἢ τοὺς τοιούτους προτρέπει τὰ ὅπλα\n\nκινεῖν, καὶ τὸν βλάπτοντα δὲ ἀντιβλάπτειν καὶ ἀντι-","english":"But if they go against the enemy, the Corinthians indict them for impiety. And how is this not unreasonable? It is proper to bring charges and to blame fittingly, O Corinthians, when, having done no wrong to them, we ourselves attacked them and harmed them, following only the desire to do injustice. But since they began to harm first—and how did they harm? By breaking the agreements, disregarding the treaties, dishonoring our forethought for them, dishonoring also our zeal, rendering vain both our labors and our hopes, and reaching the utmost contempt for our concerns—then the blame would have no reason if we proceeded against them. For you see the common law for all men, which urges taking up arms not against others but against such persons, and to harm in return the one who harms, and to retaliate.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀσεβείας αὐτοὺς Κο- ρίνθιοι γράφονται","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians charge the Athenians with impiety (ἀσεβείας) for attacking the enemy, a paradoxical accusation since the enemy is the Lacedaemonians, whom the Corinthians themselves oppose.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"σπονδῶν","severity":"info","text":"σπονδῶν (treaties) refers to formal libation-pacts, a standard term in Greek diplomacy for sworn agreements, here broken by the enemy first.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Κορινθίους","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are addressed as a party in the Peloponnesian War context; their indictment for impiety echoes Thucydidean themes of shifting moral charges in inter-poleis conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὁρᾶτε γὰρ καὶ τὸν κοινὸν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις νόμον","severity":"info","text":"This clause introduces a universal law as a rhetorical climax, justifying retaliation (ἀντιβλάπτειν) and framing the Corinthians' charge as unreasonable.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"κατεδύετε","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek apparatus notes a variant κατεδύσατε (you bound) vs. κατεδύετε (you sank); the latter is adopted, but the text's exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the enemy' (τοὺς πολεμίους) is not specified in this passage but contextually refers to the Lacedaemonians.","The phrase 'ἐπεξήλθομεν' could mean 'proceeded against' or 'avenged'; the translation takes it as legal/military action."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":87,"ref":"p87","source":"μισεῖν τὸν μισοῦντα καὶ τὸν ξύοντα ἀντιξύειν οὐχ\n\nὑπάρχειν ἑτέρου ἢ τούτου τοῦ δόγματος.\n\n36. Ἁλλ’ ἴσως μηδὲ τοὐλάχιστον ἡμῖν παρεξελθοῦσι\n\nτοῦ δικαίου δοτέον εἶναι δίκην παρακελεύεσθε καὶ\n\nνόμον τοιοῦτον καθ’ ἡμῶν καινοτομεῖν βούλεσθε,\n\nΠοτιδαιάταις δὲ καὶ τὰ μέγιστα παρανομοῦσι μηδ’\n\nεἶναι συνόλως αἰτίαν. καὶ μὴν Λακεδαιμονίοις μικρά\n\nποτε βλάψασι τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἐκ τοῦ πλείονος ἀνταπἐδο-\n\nμεν πᾶσαν ἐν κύκλῳ τὴν Πελοπόννησον περιπλεύσαν-\n\nτες ἀεὶ καὶ λυμηνάμενοι. καὶ Κορινθίους, ἐπειδήποτε\n\n16 Suid. s. v. ξυήλην Eustath. ad II. λ 564 p. 863, 4. Mich.\n\nApostol. prov. XVII 20 cum nota Leutschii 24 Thuc. III 40, 6\n\n4 εἰργασμένους] πρὸς τὸ ἐβλάπτομεν ῥῆμα τὴν προηγησα-\n\nμένην αἰτιατικὴν συντακτέον LV2\n\n2 γράφονται Schm γράψονται; L γράψονται· V 18 μὴ\n\nδὲ V 19 παρακελεύεσθαι et 20 βούλεσθαι V 21 ταμέγιστα\n\nV | μὴ δ’ V 25 ἀεὶ scripsi e V αὐτοὶ L Schm\n\nἐθάρσησαν καὶ αὐτοὶ καθ’ ἡμῶν ἐπιέναι, οὐ παρείδο-","english":"to hate the one who hates and to scratch back at the one who scratches is not the property of any other than this doctrine.\n\n36. But perhaps you urge that we, who have not transgressed justice even in the least, must pay the penalty, and you wish to introduce such a law against us, while for the Potidaeans, who commit the greatest transgressions, you hold no charge at all. Indeed, when the Lacedaemonians once inflicted small injuries on Attica, we retaliated to a greater extent, sailing around the entire Peloponnese and constantly ravaging it. And as for the Corinthians, when they dared to advance against us, we did not overlook","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸν ξύοντα ἀντιξέειν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'to scratch back at the one who scratches' is a proverbial expression for reciprocal retaliation, akin to 'an eye for an eye'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"δόγματος","severity":"info","text":"Here δόγματος refers to a doctrine or principle, likely the rhetorical stance of justified retaliation that the speaker defends.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάταις","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans were a colony of Corinth that revolted against Athens in 432 BCE, a key event leading to the Peloponnesian War.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Λακεδαιμονίοις μικρά ποτε βλάψασι","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Lacedaemonian small injuries and Athenian retaliation echoes Thucydides' account of the Peloponnesian War, specifically the Spartan invasion of Attica.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"36. Ἁλλ’ ἴσως μηδὲ τοὐλάχιστον","severity":"info","text":"This section (36) introduces a hypothetical objection from the Corinthians, a common rhetorical device in declamations to strengthen the speaker's argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀεὶ","severity":"caution","text":"The word ἀεὶ ('always') is a conjecture from manuscript V; the other manuscripts (L, Schm) read αὐτοὶ ('themselves'), which would alter the sense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τὸν ξύοντα ἀντιξέειν' is proverbial; its exact nuance in context (whether literal or metaphorical) is ambiguous. The reading 'ἀεὶ' vs. 'αὐτοὶ' in line 25 is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":88,"ref":"p88","source":"μεν τὸ πλέον ἢ τὸ ἴσον ἔχοντας ἀπιέναι. καὶ\n\nδὲ ἀπὸ πάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος φυγάδα ἐπέμπομεν καὶ\n\nἀντιπλεύσαντες εἰς τὴν ἐκείνου Ἀσίαν οὐκ ἔστι λέγειν\n\nὧς οὐχὶ καλῶς τῶν τολμηθέντων εἰς Ἕλληνας τὴν\n\nἀμοιβὴν ἐποιούμεθα. καὶ τούτοις μέν, τοῖς ἄκροις λέγω\n\nτῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ βασιλεῖ τῷ μεγάλῳ, μετὰ τοιούτου\n\nπροσηνέχθημεν τοῦ φρονήματος, Ποτιδαιάταις δὲ δώ-\n\nσομεν καθ’ ἡμῶν παίζειν καὶ οὐ σωφρονιοῦμεν αὐτοὺς\n\nκαὶ δι’ αὐτῶν τοὺς ἄλλους, ἀνεξόμεθα δὲ μᾶλλον\n\nἡσυχῆ καὶ συγχωρήσομεν ἀτιμωρήτοις περινοστεῖν καὶ\n\nτοσοῦτον καυχᾶσθαι κρηπῖδα καταβαλομένοις τῆς εἰς\n\nἈθηναίους τῶν ἄλλων ὀλιγωρίας; θάνατος ἂν ἦν\n\nαἱρετώτερος ἅπασιν ἡμῖν ἢ τοσοῦτον κληρωσαμένοις\n\nὄνειδος ζῆν. ἀλλ’ ἐκείνους μὲν οὐκ ἔστι λέγειν ὧς\n\nοὐ δίκαια πεπόνθασιν ἀγνώμονας γεγενημένους καὶ\n\nἀντὶ φίλων εἰς ἀποστασίαν καὶ ἔχθραν ἀπαλλαγέντας,\n\nγένοιτο δὲ παραπλήσια παθεῖν καὶ οἶς παραπλησίως\n\nἐκείνοις ἄδικος ἀγνωμοσύνη δικαίας στοργῆς προτετί-","english":"the more rather than the equal, and depart. And we sent an exile from all of Greece and, sailing against him into his Asia, it is not possible to say that we did not rightly exact recompense for the outrages committed against Greeks. And to these—I mean the extremities of the Greeks and the great king—we conducted ourselves with such a spirit; but shall we allow the Potidaeans to play against us and not discipline them, and through them the others? Shall we rather remain quiet and permit them to go unpunished, boasting so greatly, having laid a foundation for the contempt of others toward the Athenians? Death would be preferable for all of us than to live with such a reproach allotted to us. But it is not possible to say that those have not suffered justly, having become ungrateful and having changed from friends to rebellion and enmity; may similar things happen to those who, like them, prefer unjust ingratitude to rightful affection.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"βασιλεῖ τῷ μεγάλῳ","severity":"info","text":"The 'great king' is the standard Greek designation for the Persian king, here likely Artaxerxes I or Darius II, reflecting the Persian Wars context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"φυγάδα","severity":"info","text":"φυγάδα (exile) may refer to the Athenian practice of ostracism or to a specific historical figure, possibly Themistocles, who fled to Persia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάταις","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans are mentioned in Thucydides (1.56-65) as a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens, leading to the Battle of Potidaea (432 BCE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"θάνατος ἂν ἦν αἱρετώτερος","severity":"info","text":"This hyperbolic rhetorical question ('Death would be preferable') is a common trope in Greek declamation, intensifying the speaker's indignation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II (13th c.) wrote this as a Christian rhetorical exercise, adapting classical Athenian arguments to a Byzantine theological context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'exile from all of Greece' is unspecified; it may be a generic figure or a specific historical person like Themistocles.","The phrase 'the extremities of the Greeks' (τοῖς ἄκροις τῶν Ἑλλήνων) is ambiguous, possibly referring to distant Greek allies or to the Spartans and others at the margins of the Greek world."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":89,"ref":"p89","source":"μηται. εἴη μὲν γὰρ ἂν τοῦτο μάλιστα προσῆκον τῷ\n\nβίῳ καὶ πᾶσαν μὲν πονηρίαν, πρὸ πάσης δὲ τὴν ἀγνω-\n\nμοσύνην ἐξαιρεθῆναι, ὃ δὴ κακὸν ἔσχατον ἔμοιγε ὡς\n\nκαὶ ἀσεβείας ἐγγύτατα βαῖνον. καὶ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἀσεβῶν\n\nἕνεκεν ἡ παρὰ τῶν κρειττόνων οὐ κάτεισιν εἰς ἀνθρώ-\n\nπους εὐεργεσίαι οὕτω δὴ καὶ τῷ μίσει τῶν ἀχαρίστων\n\nφιλανθρωπίᾳ πρὸς ἕτερον οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων κεχρῆσθαι\n\nβούλεται. καὶ τό γε τῶν τοιούτων μέρος, κωλύεται\n\n2 ἶσον V 6 λέγω scripsi e LV λέγει Schm 8 τοῦ\n\ninserui e LV om Schm 12 καταβαλομένοις scripsi e V\n\nκαταβαλλομένοις L Schm 13 ὀλιγωρίας scripsi e LV κατη-\n\nγορίας Schm 24 τῶν κρειττόνων scripsi coll p. 82, 19 et 60,1\n\nτοῦ κρείττονος LV Schm 25 rco inserui e LV om Schm\n\nἀνθρώπους ἀλλήλοις, ὡς ἡ φύσις διετάξατο, κοινωνεῖν,\n\nκαὶ δεῖ γε θηρίων τρόπον ἀλλαξαμένους πρὸς ἀγριό-\n\nτητᾷ μετακλῖναι. οὕτω μὴ εἶναί φημι χείρους ἀγνω-\n\nμόνων ἀνθρώπων ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ὀφθῆναι πᾶσαν διὰ\n\nμιᾶς ταύτης ἐπεισενεγκόντας τῷ κοινῷ πονηρίαν. καὶ","english":"It would be most fitting, indeed, for life if all wickedness, and above all ingratitude, were removed—which is, in my view, the worst evil, as it approaches closest to impiety. For just as benefactions from the superior do not descend to humans because of the impious, so too, because of hatred of the ungrateful, no one wishes to practice philanthropy toward another. And that part of such persons prevents humans from communing with one another as nature ordained, and it is necessary, having changed to the manner of beasts, to incline toward savagery. Thus I say that nothing worse than ungrateful humans can be seen among existing things, since through this single vice they have introduced every wickedness into the common good. And","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀγνωμοσύνην","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ingratitude' is presented as the worst evil, approaching impiety, and is the central moral vice in this passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"κρειττόνων","severity":"info","text":"The critical apparatus shows that the source edition reads 'τῶν κρειττόνων' (the superior ones) instead of the manuscript reading 'τοῦ κρείττονος' (the superior one), affecting the interpretation of benefaction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Potidaeans","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Potidaeans alludes to the revolt of Potidaea against Athens in 432 BCE, a key event leading to the Peloponnesian War, which the speaker uses as an example of ingratitude.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὕτω μὴ εἶναί φημι","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks a rhetorical climax, summarizing the argument that ingratitude is the worst vice, and it transitions from general moral reflection to a specific condemnation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπεισενεγκόντας","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 'ἐπεισενεγκόντας' (having introduced) is a conjecture; the manuscripts may have a variant reading, but the sense of introducing wickedness into the common good is clear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the superior' (κρειττόνων) is ambiguous: it could refer to gods, rulers, or moral exemplars; the reading adopted assumes a general sense of benefactors.","The phrase 'that part of such persons' (τὸ γε τῶν τοιούτων μέρος) is vague, possibly referring to a faction or a characteristic of ungrateful people."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":90,"ref":"p90","source":"οὐδὲν δι’ αὐτοὺς τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὅτι μὴ ἔχθραι καὶ\n\nπόλεμοι καὶ ἀπιστία καὶ ὑποψία καὶ δόλος καὶ ψεῦδος\n\nκαὶ πᾶν εἶδος κακοῦ, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ τὸ\n\nγνησίως προσιέναι ἀλλήλοις· οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ὅστις μὴ\n\nπλαττόμενος μηδὲ σοφιζόμενος ἀναστρέφεται. διὰ τοῦτο\n\nμηδ’ ἐλεεῖν εἶναι δίκαιον τοὺς τοιούτους μηδὲ φείδε-\n\nσθαι, ἀγρίως δὲ μᾶλλον πρὸς αὐτοὺς τοὺς πάντας\n\nὁρᾶν καὶ ἐξελαύνειν ἀπάσης ἣν οἰκοῦσιν ἄνθρωποι\n\nγῆς, φιλανθρωπίαν, ὅσον τὸ κατ’ αὐτούς, ἐκ τοῦ βίου\n\nκαὶ ἐπιείκειαν ἐξορίσαντας, τὸ ἀκοινώνητον δὲ καὶ\n\nθηριῶδες ἐπεισαγαγόντας. τὸ γὰρ τοιοῦτον ἀδίκημα\n\nπαρορώμενον ἀτιμώρητον οὐ πολλοῦ τινος χρόνου\n\nδεήσεται τοῦ μὴ τῆς λύμης ἀναπλῆσαι τοὺς πάντας. καὶ τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα πῶς ἄν τις ἐθελήσει τινὶ συν-\n\nθέσθαι ἢ μεταδοῦναι τῶν ἑαυτοῦ; πῶς τίς τινος ἀντι-\n\nλήψεται καὶ καταπονουμένῳ χεῖρα ὀρέξει; τίνι βοηθή-\n\nσει; τινα προσλήψεται εἰδὼς ἀντὶ τοῦ χάριν ὀφείλειν\n\nτὸν εὖ πάσχοντα εἰς πολέμιον αὐτίκα","english":"nothing among men exists because of them except enmities and wars and faithlessness and suspicion and deceit and falsehood and every form of evil, and nowhere are truth and genuine approach to one another found; for there is no one who conducts himself without pretense or sophistry. For this reason it is not just to pity such people nor to spare them, but rather to look upon them all savagely and to drive them from every land inhabited by men, having banished philanthropy, so far as they are concerned, and fairness from life, and having introduced unsociability and bestiality. For such a crime, if overlooked and unpunished, will not require much time before it infects everyone. And after this, how could anyone be willing to make an agreement with another or share his own possessions? How will anyone assist another and offer a hand to one in distress? Whom will he help? Whom will he take on, knowing that the one who receives a benefit, instead of owing gratitude, immediately becomes an enemy?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐδὲν δι’ αὐτοὺς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'nothing among men exists because of them' continues the condemnation of the ungrateful from the previous passage, asserting that their presence causes only social evils.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"φιλανθρωπίαν","severity":"info","text":"Philanthropia (φιλανθρωπία) is a key virtue in Greek ethics and patristic thought, denoting love for humanity. Here it is said to be banished from life by the ungrateful, intensifying the rhetorical condemnation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ γὰρ τοιοῦτον ἀδίκημα","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a shift from describing the effects of ingratitude to warning that such a crime, if unpunished, will spread like a contagion, reinforcing the argument for harsh treatment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"πῶς ἄν τις ἐθελήσει τινὶ συνθέσθαι","severity":"info","text":"The series of rhetorical questions ('how could anyone...?') echoes classical diatribe style, common in moral exhortation, and parallels similar passages in Libanius' declamations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐξελαύνειν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἐξελαύνειν (drive out) is a variant spelling of ἐξελαύνειν; the text is not corrupt but shows a minor orthographic variation typical of Byzantine Greek.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τὸ κατ’ αὐτούς' (so far as they are concerned) is ambiguous: it could mean 'as far as the ungrateful are concerned' or 'according to them'; the translation takes it as limiting the banishment of philanthropy to the sphere of the ungrateful."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":91,"ref":"p91","source":"ἀλλ’ ἐῶ τοὺς ἄλλους, αὐτοὶ δέ γε ἡμεῖς οἵτινες εἰώθα-\n\nμεν ἀεὶ σώζειν, εἵ τις δεόμενος ἵκετο, πῶς ἔτι τῆς ἐκ\n\n23 cf. p. 65, 13. Thuc. II 49, 1. Ι 3, 4\n\n2 ἀλλαξαμένους scripsi e LV ἀλλαξαμένοις Schm\n\n7 ὑποψία scripsi e V ὑπεροψία L Schra 10 μὴ δὲ V | δια-\n\nτοῦτο V 11 μὴ δ’ V | μὴ δὲ V 19 τομεταταῦτα LV |\n\nἐθελήσει scripsi coil. p. 78,25 ἐθελήσῃ LV Schm 21 χεῖρα\n\nscripsi e LV χεῖρας Schm 23 ἀποκριθήσεται ἔται V\n\nφύσεως φιλανθρωπίας ἑξόμεθα; τίνας ἐλεήσομεν καὶ\n\nσώσομεν κινδυνεύοντας; τίνας καταφεύγοντας εἰσδεξό-\n\nμεθα; τίνων καὶ προστησόμεθα, ὥσπερ καταπεφευγότας\n\nΠοτιδαιάτας προσεδεξάμεθα καὶ προέστημεν; οὐ γὰρ\n\nοἶμαί τινα γενέσθαι τοσοῦτον εὐήθη ὡς μετὰ πεῖραν\n\nἑνὸς καὶ δυεῖν ἀγνωμόνων ἀνθρώπων αἱρεῖσθαι καὶ\n\nτρίτον ἄλλον εὐεργετεῖν. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τοῖς δικαίοις\n\nεὖ παθεῖν διὰ τοὺς ἀμνήμονας εὐεργεσίας περιέσται\n\nζημιοῦσθαι, καὶ τὸ κακὸν δὴ τοῦτο λυμανεῖται πᾶσι\n\nτοῖς ἀγαθοῖς, ὧς εἶναι δέον ἓν τοῦτο σπούδασμα πάν-","english":"But I leave aside others. We ourselves, who are always accustomed to saving anyone who came in need, how shall we still hold to the philanthropy of our nature? Whom shall we pity and save when they are in danger? Whom shall we receive when they take refuge? Whom shall we champion, as we received and championed the Potidaeans when they had taken refuge? For I think no one will be so foolish as, after experience of one or two ungrateful men, to choose to benefit a third other. By this reasoning, even those who do good justly will suffer loss because of the forgetful, and this evil will corrupt all good things, so that it is necessary that this one thing be the concern of all.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀλλ’ ἐῶ τοὺς ἄλλους","severity":"info","text":"The speaker breaks off a list of examples, turning to the self-critical question of how the Athenians (or the speaker's party) can maintain their philanthropic reputation after the Potidaea episode.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaea was a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, leading to a siege and eventual surrender. The reference here is to the Athenian decision to receive and champion the Potidaean refugees, a historical event used to illustrate the theme of philanthropy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"φιλανθρωπίας","severity":"info","text":"Philanthropy (φιλανθρωπία) is a key virtue in Greek Christian rhetoric, denoting humane kindness and benevolence. Here it is tied to the nature (φύσεως) of the speaker's party, contrasting with the ingratitude of those they have helped.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ταύτῃ τοι","severity":"info","text":"The particle combination ταύτῃ τοι (likely a scribal error for ταύτῃ τοι or ταύτῃ γε) introduces a logical conclusion: because of the ingratitude of a few, even the just benefactors will suffer, and evil will corrupt all good.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ταύτῃ τοι","severity":"caution","text":"The reading ταύτῃ τοι is uncertain; the apparatus notes variants in the manuscripts. The sense is likely 'by this reasoning' or 'therefore', but the exact form is corrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'we ourselves' (ἡμεῖς) is ambiguous: it may refer to the Athenians in the declamation or to the Christian author's own community. The passage assumes a shared history of philanthropy that is now threatened by ingratitude."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":92,"ref":"p92","source":"τὰς ποιεῖσθαι ἀνθρώπους, εἴ τίς που καὶ παραφανείη\n\nπάθει τοιούτῳ κάτοχος ὤν, πάσῃ δυνάμει ἐκτρίβειν\n\nπειρᾶσθαι κἀκ τοῦ μέσου ποιεῖν. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡμᾶς καλῶς\n\nλογισαμένους Ποτιδαιάτας μετελθεῖν οὐκ ἀξίως μὲν\n\nτῆς ἐκείνων λώβης, ὅμως τῆς γε τῶν Ἀθηναίων φύ-\n\nσεως οὐ πολὺ ἄποθεν, καὶ ἅμα καλῶς ἂν ἔχοι καὶ\n\nἀποχρώντως ἡμῖν, εἰ τοῖς μικροῖς παιδευθέντες ἀγαθοὶ\n\nγενόμενοι περιεῖεν τῷ βίῳ ἢ παντάπασιν ἐκτριβέντες\n\nἐκστῆναι τῶν ὄντων. εἰ δὲ καὶ οὕτως κακίας οὐκ\n\nἀφέξονται, ἀλλ’ ᾧ γε τὴν ἀξίαν τοῦ τολμήματος ἀπο-\n\nτίσουσι δίκην ὧς τάχιστα παραστήσεται.\n\n41. Πλὴν οὕτως τῆς εἰς ἐκείνους τιμωρίας ἐλλιπῶς\n\nἐχούσης οὐκ ἀγαπῶσι Κορίνθιοι, ἀλλὰ μετεληλύθατε,\n\nφασίν, ἀνοσίως καὶ ἀπανθρώπως αὐτούς. πῶς, ὦ\n\nχρηστοί, ἀνοσίως καὶ ἀπανθρώπως; οὐκ ἦσαν ἡμῖν\n\nἐχθροί; οὐ καθ’ ἡμῶν συνέστησαν; οὐκ ἐν εὐχῆς ἐποι-\n\nοῦντο μέρει πᾶν ὁτιοῦν τῶν δεινῶν τυχεῖν ἡμᾶς ὑπο-\n\n1 ἑξόμεθα — 2 καταφεύγοντας inserui e LV om Schm\n\n5 τοσοῦτον scripsi e LV οὕτω Schm 6 δυεῖν scripsi e V","english":"shall we save? For it is the custom of men, if anyone anywhere should be found afflicted with such a condition, to attempt by every means to eradicate him and remove him from the midst. This we, having reasoned rightly, did to the Potidaeans, not in a manner worthy of their ruin, yet not far removed from the nature of the Athenians; and it would be well and sufficiently for us if, having been taught by small examples, they should become good and survive in life, or, having been utterly destroyed, should depart from existence. But if even so they will not abstain from wickedness, the penalty worthy of their audacity will be exacted from them as soon as possible.\n\n41. Yet, although our punishment of them was thus deficient, the Corinthians are not satisfied, but say, \"You have punished them impiously and inhumanely.\" How, good sirs, impiously and inhumanely? Were they not our enemies? Did they not conspire against us? Did they not count it a matter of prayer that we should suffer any and every terrible thing?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὰς ποιεῖσθαι ἀνθρώπους","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text begins mid-sentence, continuing the previous passage's rhetorical question about whom to save. The phrase 'τὰς ποιεῖσθαι ἀνθρώπους' is a generalizing statement about human custom, likely meaning 'it is the custom of men'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκτρίβειν","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ἐκτρίβειν' (to rub out, eradicate) is used twice in this passage, first in the general statement and then in the conditional clause about the Potidaeans. It carries a strong sense of total destruction, consistent with the rhetorical context of punishment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans were a Corinthian colony that revolted against Athens in 432 BCE, leading to the Battle of Potidaea. The speaker here justifies harsh treatment of them as enemies of Athens, a key episode in the Peloponnesian War.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"41. Πλὴν οὕτως","severity":"info","text":"Section 41 begins with 'Πλὴν οὕτως' (Yet thus), marking a rhetorical shift from the speaker's justification to a rebuttal of Corinthian accusations. The Corinthians are quoted directly, framing their objection as impious and inhuman punishment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐκ ἀγαπῶσι Κορίνθιοι","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians' accusation echoes a common rhetorical trope in Greek declamation: the charge of impiety and inhumanity against a city's punitive actions. This mirrors Libanius' declamation, which Gregory II is countering.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἑξόμεθα — 2 καταφεύγοντας inserui e LV om Schm","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes that 'καταφεύγοντας' (those taking refuge) was inserted from manuscript LV, omitted in Schm. This suggests a textual variant affecting the sense of the preceding passage, though the current Greek text is continuous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the start of the passage is fragmentary, lacking a main verb for 'τὰς ποιεῖσθαι ἀνθρώπους', which may be a continuation of the previous sentence. The apparatus note for line 1-2 indicates a textual insertion, leaving the exact wording uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":93,"ref":"p93","source":"δυοῖν L Schm 12 τοιούτῳ scripsi e LV τούτῳ Schm\n\n20 τοῦ τολμήματος inserui e V om L Schm\n\nστάντας; οὐκ ἴδει δὲ καὶ ἀντὶ τούτων σφάττειν αὐτοὺς\n\nκαὶ κατορύττειν ἢ βυθίζειν ἢ διὰ πυρὸς ἀφανίζειν;\n\nεἶτα τί τούτων ἐγένετ’ αὐτοῖς πρὸς ἡμῶν; τούτων μὲν\n\nοὐδέν, τοὐναντίον δὲ πᾶν. ἀπέθανεν οὐδείς, οὔκουν\n\nὑπ’ Ἀθηναίων, ἀλλ’ ὧς σὺν χρόνῳ παρεστησάμεθα\n\nτὴν πόλιν, περιεποιησάμεθα καὶ ζῆν ἀνήκαμεν καὶ\n\nπερινοστεῖν ἐλευθέρους οὐκ ὄντας ἀξίους τοιούτου\n\nτυχεῖν οὐδενός. ἄνευ δὲ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν, τίς ποτε\n\nπερὶ πολέμου νενομοθέτηκε καὶ μέτρα καὶ τρόπους εἰση-\n\nγησάμενος μάχης μέχρι τοσούτου διετάξατο προιέναι,\n\nπεραιτέρω δὲ μή, καὶ οὕτως μὲν συμπλέκεσθαι, οὕτως\n\nδὲ οὐδαμῶς, καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς μετιτέον εἶναι ἢ τιμω-\n\nρητέον τόνδε τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλὰ μὴ τόνδε, καὶ δεῖν γε\n\nἡμᾶς ἀκολουθεῖν αὐτῷ ἢ μὴ ἀκολουθοῦντας ἐπιτι-\n\nμᾶσθαι καὶ δίκας ὑπέχειν ὧς οὐ νομίμως οὐδὲ δικαίως\n\nτὴν ἀγωνίαν ποιησαμένους; οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ ταῦτα νομοθε-","english":"of two such persons? But is it not necessary, instead of these, to slaughter them and bury them or drown them or destroy them by fire? Then what of these things happened to them at our hands? None of these things, but on the contrary everything. No one died, certainly not at the hands of the Athenians, but as we in time took the city, we preserved them, allowed them to live, and permitted them to go about freely, though they were not worthy of receiving any such treatment. And apart from what we have said, who has ever legislated concerning war and introduced measures and modes of battle, prescribing that it should proceed only so far, but no further, and that one should engage in this way but not at all in that way, and that enemies should be treated or punished in this manner but not in that, and that we must follow him or, if not following, be censured and pay penalties as having conducted the contest unlawfully and unjustly? There is no one who has legislated these things.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τοῦ τολμήματος","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'τοῦ τολμήματος' (of the daring deed) is an editorial insertion by the source editor, absent in manuscripts L and Schm, indicating a textual lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"σφάττειν","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'σφάττειν' (to slaughter) is a strong term for killing, often used in sacrificial contexts, emphasizing the rhetorical hyperbole of the speaker's hypothetical alternatives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Potidaeans","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the Potidaeans alludes to the historical siege of Potidaea (432–430 BCE) during the Peloponnesian War, where Athens subdued the rebellious colony, a key event in Athenian imperialism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"εἶτα τί τούτων ἐγένετ’ αὐτοῖς πρὸς ἡμῶν;","severity":"info","text":"This rhetorical question marks a structural pivot from hypothetical violence to the actual leniency shown, contrasting the imagined harshness with the reality of mercy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"δυοῖν L Schm 12 τοιούτῳ","severity":"caution","text":"The text at the start is corrupt: 'δυοῖν' (of two) is followed by a manuscript variant 'τοιούτῳ' (such) in L and Schm, but the sense is unclear; the English draft supplies 'of two such persons' as a plausible reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II of Cyprus (13th–14th cent.) wrote this declamation as a response to Libanius, reflecting Byzantine rhetorical practice of composing antilogiai (counter-speeches) to classical models.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening phrase 'δυοῖν ... τοιούτῳ' is fragmentary; the referent of 'two such' is unclear, possibly two hypothetical afflicted persons or two Potidaeans.","The phrase 'ἄνευ δὲ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν' is ambiguous: it may mean 'apart from what we have said' or 'without the things we have mentioned'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":94,"ref":"p94","source":"τῶν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδείς, ἀλλ’ ὧς ὁ καιρὸς φέρει, καὶ\n\nτἀς μάχας διαθετέον ἅπαντες λέγουσι, καὶ κοινὸς οὗτος\n\nἅπασι νόμος, ὡς ἑκάστῳ ἐκ τῶν συμπιπτόντων παρί-\n\nσταται τὸν πόλεμον διαφέρειν. τί λοιπὸν ἄγνοιαν\n\nτῶν κοινῇ γνωρίμων πλαττόμενοι ἅπερ ἀκώλυτα\n\nτειν ἡμῖν ἐγκαλεῖτε καὶ ἄλλων κατηγορεῖν ἐθέλοντες\n\nτόπον κατηγορίας ἑτέροις καθ’ ὑμῶν δίδοτε; ἢ ἔχετε\n\nλέγειν ὡς εἰσί τινες ἀνθρώπων παρ’ οἷς ταῦτα φυλάτ-\n\nτεται, ἢ εἰ μὴ παρ’ οὐδέσιν ἄλλοις, παρ’ ὑμῖν γοῦν\n\nτοῖς Κορινθίοις; καὶ εἶρξέ ποτέ τις ὑμᾶς ἣ νόμος ἢ\n\n3 αὐτοῖς scripsi e VL ut coni Schru ἂν τοῖς Schm\n\n4 δὲ πᾶν scripsi e V δέ L Schm 9 νενομοθέτηκε scripsi\n\nνενομοθετήκει LV Schm 10 μάχης in marg ὒ 13 δεῖν\n\nscripsi δεῖ LV Schm 15 οὐδὲ scripsi e LV ἢ Schm\n\n20 ἄγνοιαν scripsi e LV ἀγνοίας Schm 25 ἄλλοις inserui\n\ne LV om Schm | γοῦν scripsi e LV γε Schm 26 νόμος ἢ\n\nλόγος scripsi e V λόγος ἢ νόμος L Schm\n\nλόγος μὴ τοῖς ἐνοῦσι χρῆσθαι παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης;","english":"the contrary, they all say that one must arrange battles as the occasion demands, and this is a common law for all, that each person conducts the war according to the circumstances that arise. What then remains? Pretending ignorance of things commonly known, you bring charges against us for things that are unhindered, and while wishing to accuse others, you give others grounds for accusation against yourselves. Or can you say that there are some people among whom these things are observed, or if not among any others, at least among you Corinthians? And did any law or reason ever prevent you from using the resources at hand in the present battle?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τῶν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδείς","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase is elliptical; the antecedent of 'τῶν' is unclear, but the context suggests it refers to the hypothetical atrocities mentioned in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀκώλυτα","severity":"info","text":"'ἀκώλυτα' (unhindered) is a legal or rhetorical term indicating actions not prohibited by law or custom; here it underscores the Athenians' claim that their conduct was permissible under common practice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τί λοιπὸν ἄγνοιαν ... πλαττόμενοι","severity":"info","text":"This rhetorical question marks a shift from defensive argument to counter-accusation, a common device in declamations to reverse the charge against the opponent.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κορινθίοις","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are the accusers in this declamation; the reference here invokes the historical rivalry between Athens and Corinth, familiar from Thucydides and later rhetorical exercises.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"νενομοθέτηκε","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a variant reading: 'νενομοθέτηκε' (has legislated) vs. 'νενομοθετήκει' (had legislated); the editor adopts the aorist, but the pluperfect is also attested in manuscripts L and V.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης","severity":"caution","text":"The final phrase is corrupt in the manuscript; the editor supplies 'παρεστώσῃ τῆς μάχης' (the present battle), but the reading is uncertain and may affect the sense of the concluding question.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The antecedent of 'τῶν' in the first line is unclear; the phrase 'παρεστώσῃ ςτῆς μάχης' at the end is a conjectural restoration."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":95,"ref":"p95","source":"οὐκ ἐκ παντός γε καὶ ὑμεῖς τρόπου τὸ συμφέρον διώ-\n\nκετε; οὐ μηχανᾶσθε; οὐκ ἐνεδρεύετε; οὐ λόχους κρύ-\n\nπτετε; οὐκ ἀφανῶς ἐπιτίθεσθε; οὐ πολιορκεῖτε τῶν\n\nἐναντίων τὰς πόλεις; οὐ λιμῷ φθείρετε; οὐ πυρὶ λυ-\n\nμαίνεσθε; οὐ περκόπτετε τὴν κύκλῳ χώραν; οὐ πάντα\n\nὑπὲρ ἑνὸς τοῦ κρείττους φανῆναι μετέρχεσθε; τί γοῦν\n\nἅ μηδ’ αὐτοὶ φυλάσσοντες οὐδέποτε ὤφθητε καὶ ὑμῖν\n\nἀντὶ τούτου προσηνέχθη οὐδείς, ἡμῖν ὧς μὴ φυλάξασιν\n\nἐγκαλεῖτε; εἶεν. ἀλλ’ ὁ Ποτιδαιάτας ἀσεβῆ καὶ\n\nἀνόσια εἰργασμένος τίς, ὦ πρὸς θεῶν; Ἀθηναίων\n\nμὲν οὐδείς, οὐ μὰ τοὺς θεούς. νομίμῳ γὰρ καὶ δικαίῳ\n\nπρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐκεχρήμεθα τῷ πολέμῳ, αὐτοὶ δὲ κατ’\n\nἀλλήλων μανέντες ὑφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἐξανήλωντο. καὶ καλήν\n\nγε, ὦ δίκη παραβαθεῖσα, τὴν ἐπίνοιαν κατ’ αὐτῶν\n\nἐξεῦρες ἅμα μὲν ἐκείνων τὴν πονηρίαν καὶ ἀγνωμο-\n\nσύνην παύουσα, ἄμα δὲ καὶ τῶν μελλόντων μιμεῖσθαι\n\nτοὺς ἀλιτηρίους ἐκείνους προανακόπτουσα τὰς ὁρμάς.\n\nὡς ἔδει γε τοιαύτην σε πᾶσιν ἀεὶ τοῖς πονηροῖς παρ-","english":"Do you not also pursue advantage by every means? Do you not contrive? Do you not set ambushes? Do you not conceal companies? Do you not attack covertly? Do you not besiege the cities of your enemies? Do you not destroy by famine? Do you not ravage by fire? Do you not cut down the surrounding countryside? Do you not resort to every means for the single end of appearing superior? What then? The very things that you yourselves have never been seen to observe, and for which no one has ever reproached you, do you now charge us with not observing? So be it. But who, in the name of the gods, has done impious and unholy deeds to the Potidaeans? None of the Athenians, by the gods. For we waged war against them lawfully and justly, but they, driven mad against each other, were destroyed by their own hands. And a fine device, O violated justice, you devised against them, at once putting an end to their wickedness and ingratitude, and at the same time forestalling the impulses of those who would later imitate those accursed men. As indeed you ought always to be such to all the wicked.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐκ ἐκ παντός γε καὶ ὑμεῖς τρόπου τὸ συμφέρον διώκετε;","severity":"info","text":"A series of rhetorical questions (οὐ ...; οὐ ...;) builds anaphoric force, mimicking the opponent's style to turn the accusation back on them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"Potidaeans: inhabitants of Potidaea, a Corinthian colony that revolted from Athens in 432 BCE, a key event precipitating the Peloponnesian War.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ποτιδαιάτας","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Potidaea alludes to the siege and destruction of the city by Athens in 430/29 BCE, a notorious episode in the Peloponnesian War.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Thucydides History"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"νομίμῳ γὰρ καὶ δικαίῳ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐκεχρήμεθα τῷ πολέμῳ","severity":"info","text":"The claim of lawful war echoes standard Athenian justifications in Thucydides (e.g., 1.144) and contrasts with the opponent's charge of impiety.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II (13th c.) wrote this declamation as a Christian rhetorical exercise, reusing classical topoi to defend Athens against Libanius' critique.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at line 10 has 'εἶεν' (so be it), which may be a textual corruption or a colloquial interjection; the translation follows the standard reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":96,"ref":"p96","source":"εστάναι καὶ ἀδικίας ἀνθρώπων μεθ’ ὁμοίας ἐξαίρειν\n\nτῆς ταχυτῆτος.\n\n45. Πλὴν Ποτιδαιᾶται μέν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, οὕτω\n\nμὲν ἡμῖν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν ἀδικηθεῖ-\n\nσι θεοῖς τὴν ἀξίαν ἀπέδωκαν, Κορίνθιοι δὲ κατη-\n\nγοροῦσιν ἡμῶν ἀντὶ τούτων οὐ μᾶλλον ἐκείνων\n\n18 Nicol. progynin. ed. Walz rhet. I 420, 29\n\n1 ἐνοῦσι scripsi e V ἐνοχλοῦσι L Schm 8 μὴ δ’ V\n\nφυλάττοντες V cf. p. 80, 13 11 εἰργασμένος scripsi e LV\n\nἐργασάμενος Schm | θεῶν scripsi θεοῦ L V θεὸν Schm cf.\n\nad p. 60, 1 12 θεούς scripsi lac. 5 litt L sed γρ νόμους in\n\nmarg m 2 Schm λόγους V 20 ἀδικίας scripsi e LV ἀδικίαν\n\nSchm 21 τῆς inserui e LV om Schm\n\nὑπεραλγοῦντες ἢ τῷ πρὸς ἡμᾶς φθόνῳ κεκινημένοι.\n\nτῷ τοῦτο δῆλον; ἐξ ὧν ἀναστάντες εἰπεῖν τοῦ τε λόγου\n\nπρόφασιν ἔχοντες τὰ Ποτιδαιατῶν πάθη ὅμως ἔλαττον\n\nπερὶ ἐκείνων εἰρήκασιν, ὁ δὲ πολὺς λόγος αὐτοῖς διε-\n\nγείρων ἦν ὑμᾶς ἐπὶ τὸν ἡμέτερον πόλεμον. ἤ οὐ μέ-\n\nμνησθε ὡς ἐγκελεύοντες ἦσαν ὑμῖν καθάπερ στρατηγοὶ","english":"stand still and to raise up the injustices of men with equal speed.\n\n45. Indeed, Potidaeans, O Lacedaemonians, have thus rendered to us, and thus also to the gods wronged before us, the fitting recompense; but the Corinthians accuse us, not so much because they are deeply pained by those events as because they are moved by their envy toward us. How is this clear? From the fact that, although they rose to speak and had the sufferings of the Potidaeans as a pretext for their speech, they have said less about those matters, while their lengthy speech was stirring you up for war against us. Or do you not remember how they were urging you on like generals?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"45. Πλὴν Ποτιδαιᾶται μέν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, οὕτω μὲν ἡμῖν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν ἀδικηθεῖσι θεοῖς τὴν ἀξίαν ἀπέδωκαν","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new argumentative section (numbered 45 in the edition), shifting from a general rhetorical question to a specific historical example involving the Potidaeans and Lacedaemonians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀδικίας","severity":"info","text":"The Greek noun ἀδικίας (genitive singular) is here rendered 'injustices'. The critical apparatus notes a variant reading ἀδικίαν (accusative singular) in the manuscript tradition, but the editor adopts the genitive based on manuscripts L and V.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"τῆς ταχυτῆτος","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'with equal speed' translates the genitive τῆς ταχυτῆτος, which the editor supplies from manuscripts L and V; the earlier edition by Schm had omitted it.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ποτιδαιᾶται","severity":"info","text":"The Potidaeans were a colony of Corinth that revolted against Athens in 432 BCE, a key event leading to the Peloponnesian War. The speaker here invokes their punishment as a just recompense, contrasting with Corinthian accusations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Nicol. progynin. ed. Walz rhet. I 420, 29","severity":"info","text":"The critical apparatus cites Nicolaus's Progymnasmata (ed. Walz, Rhetores Graeci I, 420.29) as a parallel or source for the rhetorical structure, indicating the work's place in the Byzantine rhetorical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐνοῦσι","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a textual crux: the editor writes ἐνοῦσι (from manuscript V) against ἐνοχλοῦσι (from manuscript L and Schm), indicating uncertainty about the correct reading at this point in the tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the start of the passage (lines 1-2) is fragmentary, with the phrase 'stand still and to raise up the injustices of men with equal speed' lacking clear syntactic connection to the following numbered section. The critical apparatus shows several editorial interventions (e.g., insertion of τῆς, correction of ἀδικίας) that affect the sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":97,"ref":"p97","source":"στρατιώταις· τί κάθησθε; τί ἀνατέτραφθε ὧς ἐφ’\n\nὕπνον; τί τὸ Δωρικὸν καὶ πάτριον οὐκ ἀναλαμ-\n\nβάνετε φρόνημα; οὐχ ὁρᾶτε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους\n\nὧς αὐξάνουσι καὶ προβαίνουσι καὶ μεῖζον φρο-\n\nνοῦσι τῆς φύσεως; οὐ καθέξετε σφᾶς; οὐ κατα-\n\nβαλεῖτι; οὐ ταπεινώσετε πρὶν ἢ φθάσουσιν\n\nἄμαχοι γεγονότες;\n\n46. Καὶ τὸ μὲν δὴ προβεβλημένον αὐτοῖς ἄλλον\n\nἔχον ἀγῶνα εἰς τὴν καθ’ ἡμῶν, ὧς ὁρᾶτε, συμβολὴν\n\nἀπεκρίθη, ἡμῖν δὲ πρὸς ταῦτα βραχὺς ἂν εἴη λόγος,\n\nὅν δὴ αὐτίκα εἰπόντες καταβησόμεθα. τὸ μὲν δὴ\n\nμείζους ἐθέλειν ἑαυτῶν γίνεσθαι καὶ προκόπτειν ἀεὶ\n\nοὐκ ἀρνούμεθα, ἐπειδήπερ οὐ μόνοις τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις\n\nἔργον ἐστὶ σπουδαζόμενον οὐδὲ μόνοις τοῖς Ἕλλησιν,\n\nἀλλὰ καὶ τούτοις καὶ βαρβάροις καὶ πᾶσιν ὧς ἔπος\n\nεἰπεῖν ἀνθρώποις. φύσει γὰρ ἅπασι τὴν τοῦ πλείονος\n\nἐπιθυμίαν ἴσμεν ἐντετηκέναι, κἂν εἴ τις αἱρῆται μετ-\n\nιέναι καθ’ ἔνα τοὺς πάντας, οὐκ ἄν ποτε οὐδαμοῦ\n\nδιαπίπτοντα τὸν λόγον εὑρήσει. καὶ οὐδαμῶς ἂν εἴη\n\nτοῦτό γε ἄπο τρόπου, εἰ κατὰ τὸ πεφυκὸς πᾶσιν ἀν-","english":"soldiers: why do you sit idle? why have you lain back as if for sleep? why do you not take up the Dorian and ancestral spirit? do you not see the men how they grow and advance and think more greatly than their nature? will you not restrain them? will you not cast them down? will you not humble them before they become invincible?\n\n46. And as for the pretext they have set before us, it has turned out, as you see, to be a contest directed against us, though it had another purpose; but for us, a brief speech would suffice for these things, which we will deliver immediately and then descend. Now, that they wish to become greater than themselves and always to advance, we do not deny, since this is a task pursued not only by the Athenians, not only by the Greeks, but also by these men and by barbarians and, so to speak, by all men. For we know that the desire for more is ingrained by nature in all, and if one were to choose to pursue this individually among all men, he would never find the argument failing anywhere. And this would by no means be out of place, if according to the nature common to all","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ Δωρικὸν καὶ πάτριον ... φρόνημα","severity":"info","text":"The speaker invokes a 'Dorian and ancestral spirit' as a call to martial identity, contrasting Athenian or Ionian character. This rhetorical appeal to ethnic pride is typical in Greek declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Δωρικὸν","severity":"info","text":"The Dorian identity was associated with Sparta and its allies, emphasizing austerity, military discipline, and ancestral custom. The phrase reinforces the Lacedaemonian perspective of the speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Καὶ τὸ μὲν δὴ προβεβλημένον","severity":"info","text":"Section 46 begins a new rhetorical turn: the speaker dismisses the opponents' pretext and shifts to a defense of ambition as natural, using a concessive strategy common in forensic oratory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"τὴν τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίαν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'desire for more' (pleonexia) is a key ethical term in Greek moral philosophy, often criticized but here defended as natural and universal. It echoes Thucydidean debates on imperial ambition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"φύσει γὰρ ἅπασι ... ἐντετηκέναι","severity":"info","text":"The argument that desire for more is 'ingrained by nature' parallels Thucydides' Melian Dialogue (5.105), where Athenians claim it is natural for the stronger to rule. Gregory adapts this to a Spartan voice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπεκρίθη","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἀπεκρίθη ('turned out' or 'was answered') is ambiguous: it could mean the pretext was 'answered' in debate or 'resulted' in a contest. The translation opts for 'turned out', but the sense is contested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τὸ μὲν δὴ προβεβλημένον' could refer to a specific pretext or a general charge; the exact referent is unclear without the preceding context.","The verb ἀπεκρίθη may be read as passive ('was answered') or intransitive ('turned out'), affecting the rhetorical flow."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":98,"ref":"p98","source":"8 Thuc. IV 86,3 26 Plat. rep. V p. 470B. Theaet. p. 143 C\n\n8 πατρωίων V 11 καταβαλεῖτε scripsi καταβάλετε LV\n\nSchm 15 συμβολὴν scripsi συμβουλὴν LV ἐπιβολὴν Schm\n\n17 καταβησόμεθα scripsi e LV ἀποβησόμεθα Schm\n\n23 ἐπιθυμίας V\n\nθρώποις καὶ ἡμεῖς κρείττους ἑαυτῶν καὶ μείζους ἐφιέ-\n\nμεθα γίνεσθαι. ὅ δὲ ὅμως κἀν τῷ τοιούτῳ παρηλ-\n\nλαγμένον ἡμῖν καὶ οὐ ῥᾴδιον παρά τισιν ἄλλοις κατα-\n\nνοῆσαι, ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἀπάντων μηδεμίαν οἰκείων τε\n\nκαὶ ἀλλοτρίων εἰδότων διαφορὰν κατὰ τοῦτο, ἀλλ’ ἐπ’\n\nἴσης τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἐπίδοσιν ἐξ ἁπάντων γίνεσθαι σπου-\n\nδαζόντων ἡμῖν οὐχ οὕτω πραγματεύεται τοῦτο. ἀλλὰ\n\nτὸ μὲν Ἑλληνικὸν ἅπαν γένος ἀγαπῶμεν καὶ στέργομεν\n\nκαὶ βουλοίμεθ’ ἂν πᾶν ἀγαθὸν αὐτοῖς γενέσθαι καί γε\n\nὅσον πλεῖστόν ἐστι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐπιεικείᾳ χρώμεθα καὶ\n\nἰσονομίᾳ ὑπερορῶντες καὶ τοῦ συμφέροντος ἑαυτῶν,\n\nεἴπερ κοινῶς τοῦτο τοῖς πᾶσι μέλλει συνοίσειν· βαρβά-\n\nρους δὲ μισοῦμεν ἀεὶ καὶ πολεμοῦμεν καὶ φιλονεικοῦμεν","english":"We too are men and aim to become better and greater than ourselves. Yet what is nevertheless in such a matter different for us and not easy to observe among certain others is that, while all others know no distinction between their own and foreign things in this respect, but are eager that their own advancement come equally from all sources, for us this is not so managed. Rather, we love and cherish the entire Greek race and would wish every good to come to them, and indeed we use as much fairness and equality toward them as possible, overlooking even our own advantage, if this is going to benefit all in common; but we always hate barbarians and war against them and are contentious.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ μὲν Ἑλληνικὸν ἅπαν γένος ἀγαπῶμεν καὶ στέργομεν","severity":"info","text":"The speaker asserts love for the entire Greek race, contrasting with hatred for barbarians. This polarised ethnic rhetoric is typical of the declamation's agonistic stance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἰσονομίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"ἰσονομία ('equality before the law') is a loaded political term in Greek thought, often associated with Athenian democracy. Here it is used to characterise the speaker's idealised treatment of fellow Greeks.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"βαρβάρους","severity":"info","text":"The binary opposition between Greeks and barbarians is a topos in Greek rhetorical literature, especially in declamations defending Athenian hegemony. This passage echoes the panhellenic ideology of the Second Sophistic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ὅ δὲ ὅμως κἀν τῷ τοιούτῳ παρηλλαγμένον","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a concessive turn: despite the shared human desire for self-improvement, the speaker claims a distinctive Greek moral stance. The structure contrasts universal ambition with particular Greek virtue.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπ’ ἴσης τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἐπίδοσιν ἐξ ἁπάντων γίνεσθαι σπουδαζόντων","severity":"info","text":"The idea that others seek advancement from all sources without discrimination recalls Thucydides' portrayal of Athenian imperial ambition (e.g., 1.76). The speaker inverts this to claim Greek altruism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"θρώποις","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text begins with 'θρώποις', which is likely a corruption or misreading; the apparatus does not correct it. The sense may be 'tropes' or 'ways', but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening word 'θρώποις' is unclear; it may be a scribal error for 'τρόποις' or similar.","The phrase 'παρηλλαγμένον' could mean 'different' or 'altered'; the translation takes it as 'different'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":99,"ref":"p99","source":"ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἐκείνοις πραγμάτων ὀνομαστότεροι ἑαυτῶν\n\nφανῆναι καὶ περιφανέστεροι. κἂν ὅθεν ἡμᾶς τις ἐκ\n\nμικρῶν τὸ καταρχὰς μεγάλοι γεγόναμεν ἐξετάζῃ, οὐκ\n\nἄλλοθεν ἢ ἐκ βαρβαρικῶν τροπαίων τοιοῦτ’ οὑς εὑρήσει\n\nγεγενημένους. πάμπρωτα μὲν γὰρ εὐθύς, ὅτε μετὰ τῶν\n\nζώντων Θησεὺς ὁ ἡμέτερος ἦν, Ἀμαζόνας νενικήκαμεν,\n\nγυναῖκας μὲν ἂν ἴσως εἴποι τις, ἀλλὰ πολὺ τὴν ἀρρέ-\n\nνῶν παρελθούσας φύσιν, καὶ γέγονεν ἡμῖν ἐντεῦθεν\n\nοὐ μικρῷ τινι ἐπιδοῦναι. ἔπειτα διαβάντες εἰς τὴν\n\nἈσίαν Σάρδεις ἐπολιορκοῦμεν καὶ ὁ ἐκεῖθεν χρυσὸς\n\nμεγάλως τὰ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀνύψωσε πράγματα. τρίτον\n\nτοὐν Μαραθῶνι τρόπαιον ἱστῶμεν καὶ προέβημεν ὅσον\n\nπλεῖστον ἐνῆν. καὶ τέταρτον κάλλιστον ἐπὶ καλλίστοις\n\nτὸ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι καὶ Πλαταιᾶσι ναυμαχοῦντες καὶ πε-\n\n2 ὅδε V 6 ἐπίσης V 7 οὕτως V 9 βουλοίμεθα V\n\n13 καὶ φιλονεικοῦμεν in marg L 2 15 ἡμᾶς τις ὅθεν coni\n\nSckm 16 τὲ ante τὸ V ras 2 litt L | τοκαταρχὰς V\n\n20 ἂν scripsi οὖν LV Schm 26 καλοῖς?","english":"from their own deeds they have become more renowned and more conspicuous than themselves. And if someone examines how we, from small beginnings, have become great, he will find that it is from no other source than from barbarian trophies that we have become such. First of all, straightaway, when our Theseus was among the living, we defeated the Amazons—women, one might perhaps say, but far surpassing the nature of men—and from this we gained no small advancement. Next, crossing into Asia, we besieged Sardis, and the gold from there greatly elevated the affairs of the Athenians. Third, we set up the trophy at Marathon and advanced as far as possible. And fourth, the finest upon the finest, fighting at sea at Salamis and at Plataea, and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἐκείνοις πραγμάτων ὀνομαστότεροι ἑαυτῶν","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text contrasts the Athenians' self-improvement through their own deeds with the preceding passage's critique of others who indiscriminately borrow from foreign sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Θησεὺς","severity":"info","text":"Theseus, the legendary king of Athens, was credited with uniting Attica and defeating the Amazons. The reference here is to the standard Athenian mythic history, used to claim early barbarian victories.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἀμαζόνας","severity":"info","text":"The Amazons were a mythical race of warrior women, often depicted as barbarians in Greek literature. The claim that they 'surpassed the nature of men' heightens the rhetorical paradox of a barbarian victory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σάρδεις","severity":"info","text":"Sardis (Sardis) was the capital of Lydia, captured by the Athenians under Cimon in the 5th century BCE. The gold from Sardis was a historical source of Athenian wealth, here used to argue that barbarian spoils elevated Athens.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μαραθῶνι","severity":"info","text":"The Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) was a decisive Athenian victory over the Persians. The 'trophy' (τρόπαιον) refers to a monument erected on the battlefield, a standard symbol of victory in Greek historiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σαλαμῖνι καὶ Πλαταιᾶσι","severity":"info","text":"The Battles of Salamis (480 BCE) and Plataea (479 BCE) were the two major Greek victories over the Persians in the second Persian invasion. The pairing here is conventional in Athenian patriotic rhetoric.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at line 26 has a variant reading 'καλοῖς?' (fine things) in the margin, which may affect the sense of the final clause; the English draft omits this. The phrase 'τοιοῦτ' οὑς' (line 18) is a textual crux, possibly a scribal error for 'τοιούτους'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":100,"ref":"p100","source":"ζομαχοῦντες ἐπεδειξάμεθα καὶ μείζους ἑαυτῶν προση-\n\nκόντως γεγόναμεν. ἕτερον πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις, ὃ δὴ\n\nΚίμων καλῶς ἐξήνυσε μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας πε-\n\nζομαχῶν ἅμα καὶ ναυμαχῶν ἐπὶ τῆς βασιλέως θαλάττης\n\nκαὶ γῆς, καὶ μέγιστον Ἀθηναῖοι παρὰ πᾶσιν ἔσχομεν\n\nὄνομα. ταῦθ’ ἡμᾶς ὕψωσεν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, καὶ\n\nμεγάλους πεποίηκεν, οὐχ ἅπερ οὗτοί φασι, κατὰ τῆς\n\nἙλλάδος τυχεῖν ἀγωνισαμένους. ἠρξάμεθα γὰρ οὐδέ-\n\nποτε πολέμου πρὸς Ἕλληνας, εἰ δ’ ἔτυχέ τις πρότερος\n\nἡμᾶς ἀδικήσας, τόν τε πόλεμον παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον\n\nκαὶ ἡμᾶς ἠρέθισε κατ’ αὐτοῦ, ἐπειδήπερ ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου\n\nτρόπου φίλον ἡμῖν καὶ μετρίως ἔχειν, εἴ τις μὴ ἐ̓γνω-\n\nκεν ἡμᾶς ἀδικεῖν, καὶ πολεμίως, εἴ τις μὴ φυλάσσειν\n\nἐθέλει τὰ δίκαια. τῶν δὲ νήσων καὶ τῶν πόλεων ἃς\n\nνῦν ἔχομεν ἀδίκως κατειλήφαμεν οὐδεμίαν. οὐ γὰρ\n\nπαραβιασάμενοι οὐδὲ νόμῳ πολέμου κρατήσαντες κεκτή\n\nμεθα, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς ἀρχόντων καὶ δήμων ἐφ’\n\nἑαυτοὺς κεκληκότων, τάχα ὅτι τὴν ὑπὲρ πάντων ἡμῶν","english":"fighting on land we displayed ourselves and have become greater than ourselves, as is fitting. Another point in addition to what has been said is that which Cimon nobly accomplished on one and the same day, fighting both on land and at sea on the king’s sea and land, and we Athenians gained the greatest renown among all. These things elevated us, O Lacedaemonians, and made us great, not, as these men claim, because we happened to contend against Greece. For we never began a war against Greeks; but if someone wronged us first, he both rendered the war necessary and provoked us against him, since it is our nature to be friendly and moderate toward one who does not knowingly wrong us, and hostile toward one who is unwilling to observe justice. And of the islands and cities which we now hold, we have unjustly seized not one. For we did not acquire them by force or by right of conquest, but because their rulers and peoples invited us to themselves, perhaps because our common","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"πεζομαχοῦντες","severity":"info","text":"The participle πεζομαχοῦντες ('fighting on land') resumes the previous passage's contrast between land and sea battles, emphasizing Athenian prowess in both domains.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Κίμων","severity":"info","text":"Cimon, the Athenian general, won a simultaneous land and sea victory over the Persians at the Eurymedon River around 466 BCE, a key event in the Delian League's early history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"βασιλέως θαλάττης καὶ γῆς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the king's sea and land' refers to the Persian king's domain, a standard rhetorical trope in Greek literature for the Achaemenid Empire's vast territory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἕτερον πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks a new argument in the speech, adding the Cimon example to the previous list of Athenian achievements against barbarians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"τῶν δὲ νήσων καὶ τῶν πόλεων","severity":"info","text":"The claim that islands and cities were voluntarily ceded to Athens echoes Thucydides' account of the Delian League's formation, where allies sought Athenian leadership against Persia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς ἀρχόντων καὶ δήμων ἐφ’ ἑαυτοὺς κεκληκότων","severity":"caution","text":"The text breaks off mid-sentence; the English draft supplies 'perhaps because our common' but the Greek is incomplete, leaving the reason for the invitation ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text ends abruptly after κεκληκότων, leaving the clause unfinished; the English draft's completion is conjectural.","The phrase 'τῶν νήσων καὶ τῶν πόλεων' may refer to specific islands and cities in the Athenian empire, but the text does not name them."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":101,"ref":"p101","source":"ἠγάπησαν πρόνοιαν. οὕτως ἡμεῖς κἀκ τοιούτων ἑαυτῶν\n\nμείζους ἐγενόμεθα, οὐχ ὅν τρόπον οὗτοί φασιν οὐδ’\n\nὅθεν φασίν, ἀλλ’ ὅθεν καὶ ὑμεῖς μάρτυρές ἐστε.\n\n50. Μὴ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ἐθελήσητε\n\nτοῖς τούτων πεισθέντες λόγοις ἐξαφθῆναι αὐτίκα καὶ\n\nπρὸς πόλεμον ἀπιδεῖν οὕτω μὲν ἀπρεπῆ, οὕτω δὲ καὶ\n\nὀλέθριον. καὶ γὰρ ἀπαντήσει, εἰ συμβήσεται, ἀλλὰ μὴ\n\nσυμβαίη ποτέ, ὥσπερ ἡμῖν καὶ ὑμῖν οὐκ ἀκίνδυνα, καὶ\n\nπράξομεν ἀμφότεροι αἰσχρῶς καὶ παντάπασιν ἀναξίως\n\n10 παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον scripsi e LV παρεσκεύασεν,\n\nἀναγκαῖον Schm 14 δὲ scripsi τε LV Schm 17 αὐταῖς\n\nscripsi e LV αὐτοῖς Schm 20 ἐγενόμεθα scripsi γινόμεθα\n\nLV Schm 21 οὐδ’ ὅθεν φασίν inserui e L om V Schm\n\nτῆς ἡμῶν ἀρετῆς, ὀλεῖται δὲ κακῶς ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ βάρ-\n\nβαροι καθεδοῦνται γελῶντες ἥδιστον ἑαυτοῖς πάντων\n\nβλέποντες θεαμάτων, Ἕλληνας τοὺς φύσει πολεμίους\n\nαἰσχρότατα ἐν ἑαυτοῖς φθειρομένους, καὶ ὧς ἂν τελέως\n\nἀμφότεροι συντριβῶμεν, νῦν μὲν ὑμῖν ὑποστήσονται","english":"they cherished forethought. Thus we, from such circumstances, have become greater than ourselves, not in the manner these men claim, nor from the source they allege, but from that which you yourselves bear witness.\n\n50. Do not, therefore, O Lacedaemonians, be willing, persuaded by their arguments, to be kindled at once and to look toward a war so unseemly and so destructive. For it will turn out, if it should happen—but may it never happen—just as for us and for you it is not without danger, and we shall both act shamefully and altogether unworthily. It has rendered necessary—I have written \"necessary\" from LV, \"necessary\" Schm; \"but\" I have written from LV, \"and\" LV Schm; \"themselves\" I have written from LV, \"themselves\" Schm; \"we became\" I have written, \"we become\" LV Schm; \"nor from where they claim\" I have inserted from L, omitted V Schm—of our virtue, but Greece will perish wretchedly, and barbarians will sit down laughing, beholding the most delightful of all spectacles for themselves: Greeks, natural enemies, being most shamefully destroyed among themselves, and so that we may both be utterly crushed, now they will submit to you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"50. Μὴ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new section (numbered 50) with a direct address to the Lacedaemonians, marking a rhetorical appeal against war.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐξαφθῆναι","severity":"info","text":"The verb ἐξαφθῆναι (to be kindled) is used metaphorically for incitement to war, a common rhetorical trope in Greek oratory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον","severity":"info","text":"The editor notes textual variants: παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον is written from LV, while Schm has a different reading; the Greek text is reconstructed from multiple manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐδ’ ὅθεν φασίν","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'nor from where they claim' is inserted from manuscript L but omitted in V and Schm, indicating a textual crux where the original reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"βάρβαροι καθεδοῦνται γελῶντες","severity":"info","text":"The image of barbarians laughing at Greek self-destruction is a topos in Greek literature, emphasizing the shame of internecine war.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἕλληνας τοὺς φύσει πολεμίους","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Greeks, natural enemies' likely refers to the traditional enmity between Greeks and barbarians, not internal Greek conflicts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text at παρεσκεύασεν ἀναγκαῖον is corrupt; the editor supplies a reading from LV but notes Schm differs. The phrase 'nor from where they claim' is present in L but absent in V and Schm, leaving the original uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":102,"ref":"p102","source":"χρήμασι συνάραςθαι καὶ στρατῷ, καὶ τελέσουσι, νῦν\n\nδὲ ἡμῖν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς. ἀλλ’ ὑμεῖς γε, ἢν σωφρονῆτε,\n\nἀναμνησθήσεσθε ὧς νῦν πρώτως τῶν κινδύνων ἀνα-\n\nφέρειν ἤρξατο ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ οὐ καλὸν πρὶν ἢ σαφῶς\n\nἀνενεγκεῖν εἰς δευτέρους μείζονας περιβάλλειν, ἀνα-\n\nμνησθήσεσθε δὲ ὅτι καὶ τὰς σπονδὰς ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα\n\nὅλους ἐνιαυτοὺς πεποιήμεθα, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ πεντηκοντού-\n\nτεις αὐτὰς ὠνομάκαμεν, καὶ οὐδαμῶς εὐσεβὲς πρὶν ἤ\n\nτὰ ἡμίση τῶν ὡρισμένων ἐτῶν καταλαβεῖν συγχέειν\n\nταύτας πειρᾶσθαι. ἀλλὰ Κορινθίους καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους\n\nοἱ ταράσσουσι τὴν Ἑλλάδα ληρεῖν ἐάσατε ὡς ἔργον\n\nπληροῦντας βασκάνων δαιμόνων, ἐκείνων γὰρ ἴδιον\n\nτοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων καλοῖς ἐπιφύεσθαι καὶ προφάσεις\n\nἀναμοχλεύειν δι’ ὧν δυνήσονται εἴς τε τὸν κατ’ ἀλλή-\n\nλων πόλεμον ἐξοπλίσαι καὶ τὰ καλὰ περιτρέψαι, τὴν\n\nἡσυχίαν δὲ ὧς μόνης ταύτης τὸ κοινὴ συμφέρον ἐχού-\n\nσης ἀγαπήσατε, ὧς ἂν μὴ μόνον ὁσίως καὶ εὐσεβῶς\n\nἡμῖν ἔχῃ τὰ πρὸς θεούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ καλῶς γένοιτο","english":"to join with you in resources and army, and they will accomplish it, now against us. But you, if you are prudent, will recall that now for the first time Greece has begun to recover from its dangers, and it is not good, before it has clearly recovered, to cast it into second and greater perils. You will recall also that we have made a truce for fifty whole years, which we have called the Fifty-Year Truce, and it is in no way pious to attempt to break it before half of the stipulated years have elapsed. But allow the Corinthians and the others who are disturbing Greece to babble, as men fulfilling the work of envious demons, for it is characteristic of those to attach themselves to the good things of men and to pry up pretexts through which they will be able to arm them for war against each other and overturn the good things. And embrace peace, since only this holds the common advantage, so that not only may our relations with the gods be holy and pious, but also it may turn out well.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"πεντηκοντούτεις σπονδάς","severity":"info","text":"The Fifty-Year Truce (445 BCE) between Athens and Sparta ended the First Peloponnesian War. Gregory anachronistically invokes it to argue against breaking treaties before their term.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"βασκάνων δαιμόνων","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'envious demons' reflects a Greek rhetorical trope (φθόνος θεῶν) but here is Christianized, as Gregory was a patriarch, attributing discord to demonic agency.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀναμνησθήσεσθε ... ἀναμνησθήσεσθε","severity":"info","text":"The double anaphora of 'you will recall' structures the appeal, first citing Greece's recovery, then the truce, reinforcing the argument against war.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"τὰ καλὰ περιτρέψαι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'overturn the good things' echoes Thucydidean language of stasis and revolution (e.g., 3.82), a common topos in Greek rhetorical attacks on warmongers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὶν ἢ σαφῶς ἀνενεγκεῖν","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek 'before it has clearly recovered' is ambiguous: it could mean Greece has not yet fully recovered from the Persian Wars, or from recent internal strife. The English draft opts for the former.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'πρὶν ἢ σαφῶς ἀνενεγκεῖν' could refer to recovery from the Persian Wars or from unspecified earlier dangers; the context of the Fifty-Year Truce (445 BCE) suggests the former.","The identity of 'those disturbing Greece' (οἱ ταράσσουσι τὴν Ἑλλάδα) is not specified; the Corinthians are named, but the referent may include other poleis."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":103,"ref":"p103","source":"πρᾶξαι καὶ Ἀθηναίοις καὶ Πελοποννησίοις καὶ πᾶσι\n\nτοῖς Ἕλλησι.\n\n52. Καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν οὖν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, δοῦ-\n\n12 Thuc. V 27, 1 18 Plat. leg. ΧΙ p. 937D 19 Luc.\n\nChar. § 4\n\n2 πάντων scripsi e V πάντες L Schm 12 ἐφῶ LV\n\n16 ταράττουσι V 17 βασκαίνων V 19 κατ’ V sed τ᾿ in\n\nras m2 23 θεόν V 24 πελοποννησίοις V sed οις corr m2\n\nναι πρόφασιν ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον οὐδεμίαν βουλόμε-\n\nνοι ἠξιώσαμεν ἐπὶ τοῖς κατηγορηθεῖσιν ἀπολογεῖσθαι.\n\nεἰρήνῃ γὰρ καλὸν τὰς ἐν ἡμῖν παραπιπτούσας διαφο-\n\nρὰς καὶ οὐ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἡγούμεθα διακρίνεσθαι. οὗ\n\nχάριν καὶ πρὸς τουτουσὶ Κορινθίους καὶ τῶν Ἑλλή-\n\nνων τοὺς ἄλλους, εἴ τις ἐγκαλεῖν ἔχοι ὡς Ἀθηναῖοι\n\nπροσέκρουσαν, πάρεσμεν λόγον δοῦναι καὶ ἅπερ δίκαια\n\nπληροῦν ἐθέλειν ἑκάστῳ. ἂν δέ που μὴ τοῦτον φήσῃ\n\nτις τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὅπλοις τὴν διάκρισιν ἐπι-\n\nτρέπῃ, ὀδυνηρὸν μὲν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τοῦθ’ ἡμῖν δόξει\n\nκαὶ ἐλεεινὸν θεωμένοις οἶ κακοῦ τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀφί-\n\nξεται πράγματα, πλὴν ἀπαντησόμεθα καὶ αὐτοὶ μεθ’","english":"to act for the Athenians, the Peloponnesians, and all the Greeks.\n\n52. We, therefore, O Lacedaemonians, wishing no pretext for war, have deemed it right to defend ourselves against the accusations made. For we consider it good to settle the differences that arise among us by peace and not by arms. For this reason, we are present to give an account and to fulfill what is just for each, both to these Corinthians and to the other Greeks, if anyone has a charge that the Athenians have given offense. But if someone declares that this is not the way, but entrusts the decision to arms, this will seem to us painful in truth and pitiable to behold, to what evil the affairs of Greece will come; nevertheless, we too will meet them with","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"52. Καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν οὖν","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new section (numbered 52 in the edition) with a rhetorical address to the Lacedaemonians, continuing the speaker's defense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"πρόφασιν","severity":"info","text":"πρόφασιν means 'pretext' or 'excuse'; here it underscores the speaker's claim that Athens seeks no justification for war, a key rhetorical move in the antilogia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κορινθίους","severity":"info","text":"The Corinthians are singled out as potential accusers, reflecting their historical role as instigators of the Peloponnesian War (cf. Thucydides 1.66–71).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"εἰρήνῃ ... διακρίνεσθαι","severity":"info","text":"The preference for peace over arms echoes a topos in Greek deliberative rhetoric, seen also in Isocrates (e.g., On the Peace) and Demosthenes (Olynthiacs).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"πάρεσμεν λόγον δοῦναι","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we are present to give an account' reflects the judicial context of the declamation, which Gregory adapts from Libanius' model to argue Athens' case.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πάντων","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes a textual variant: πάντων (all) is a conjecture from ms V, while L and Schm read πάντες (all, nominative). The sense is not materially affected.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (Athenian envoy or personified Athens) is not explicit in this passage but is consistent with the declamation's dramatic setting."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":104,"ref":"p104","source":"ὅπλων πολλὰ τῆς εἰς τοῦτ’ ἀνάγκης τοὺς ἐφόρους τῶν\n\nἙλλήνων θεοὺς κἀπὶ ταῖς σπονδαῖς κεκλημένους παρ-\n\nαἰτησάμενοι, κἂν εἴ τις εἰς τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἐμβάλοι, οὐ\n\nμόνον ἐνταῦθα ἐναντιουμένους εὕροι καλῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ\n\nαὐτοὶ ἀντεμβαλοῦμεν εἰς τὴν αὐτοῦ μεθ’ ὁμοίου τοῦ\n\nτάχους καὶ τῆς παρασκευῆς.\n\n53. Εἴρηται καὶ ἡμῖν, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, καὶ τὰ\n\nπρὸς Κορινθίους καὶ τὰ πρὸς ὑμᾶς. δοῖεν δὲ οἱ κρείτ-\n\nτους, ἃ κοινὴ τοῖς Ἕλλησι συμφέρει, ταῦθ’ ὑμῖν παρα-\n\nστῆναι ποιῆσαι.\n\n16 Xen. Hell. III 5,4\n\n6 ἔχει V 9 ἐπιτρέπῃ scripsi ἐπιτρέποι L V Schm 11 ἦ\n\nV 13 πολλὰ — 14 παραιτησάμενοι om V 14 σπονδαῖς\n\nscripsi e L σπουδαῖς Schm 18 καὶ om V 20 δοίη δὲ τὸ\n\nκρεῖττον V cf. p. 73, 24 21 συμφέροι V","english":"having invoked the gods who are the overseers of the Greeks and who were called upon at the treaties as witnesses to the necessity of many arms, even if someone should invade Attica, they would not only find us opposing them there in good order, but we ourselves would also invade their land with equal speed and preparation.\n\n53. We have spoken, O Lacedaemonians, both regarding the Corinthians and regarding you. May the superior powers grant that what is commonly beneficial to the Greeks be made manifest to you to accomplish.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"τοὺς ἐφόρους","severity":"info","text":"The term ἐφόρους (ephors) refers to the Spartan magistrates who oversaw the kings and foreign policy. Here it is applied metaphorically to the gods as 'overseers' of the Greeks, a usage that aligns with the rhetorical context of addressing Lacedaemonians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Xen. Hell. III 5,4","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note '16 Xen. Hell. III 5,4' indicates a parallel in Xenophon's Hellenica, where similar language about treaties and oaths appears. This suggests Gregory drew on classical historiography for his declamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Xenophon Hellenica"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"πολλὰ — 14 παραιτησάμενοι om V","severity":"caution","text":"The apparatus notes that manuscript V omits the phrase 'πολλὰ ... παραιτησάμενοι' (lines 13–14). This omission may affect the rhetorical force of the passage, which emphasizes the invocation of gods as witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"53. Εἴρηται","severity":"info","text":"Section 53 begins with 'Εἴρηται' ('We have spoken'), marking a formal conclusion to the speech addressed to the Lacedaemonians. This rhetorical closure mirrors the structure of classical antilogiai, where each side sums up its case.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg9006.tlg016","label":"source edition: Declamatio de Atheniensium defensio (ad Libanii declamationem antilogia)","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg9006.tlg016.1st1K-grc1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gregory II of Cyprus","severity":"info","text":"Gregory II of Cyprus (13th–14th century) was a Byzantine patriarch and rhetorician. His declamation responds to Libanius, showing the continued use of classical rhetorical exercises in late Byzantine education.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τοὺς ἐφόρους τῶν Ἑλλήνων θεοὺς' could be read as either 'the gods who are the overseers of the Greeks' or 'the ephors of the Greek gods'; the translation adopts the former, consistent with the invocation of divine witnesses."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}