{"slug":"tlg3135.tlg012","id":"greek:tlg3135.tlg012","title":"Chronologia","author":"Joannes Zonaras","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"greek","coverage":"none","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T23:17:25Z","cost_usd":0.006816},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:tlg3135.tlg012","work_id":"tlg3135.tlg012","edition":"first1k","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"},"stats":{"passages":11,"english_words":2052,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":65,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":21,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tlg3135.tlg012","abstract":"The Chronologia of Joannes Zonaras is a Byzantine universal chronicle covering history from creation to 1118 CE, composed in the early 12th century. Zonaras, a retired official and monk, compiled the work from earlier sources including Josephus, Eusebius, and John of Antioch, preserving material from lost texts. The chronicle survives in numerous manuscripts from the 12th–13th centuries onward, with later scribal interpolations and abridgments. It was widely used in Byzantine and Orthodox historiography and translated into Slavonic, influencing Russian chronicles. The text follows a Septuagint-based chronology, with occasional inconsistencies, especially in early biblical history.","historical_context":"Zonaras likely wrote the Chronologia in the early 12th century after retiring to the monastery of St. Gorgos on the island of Pantellia. The work is a universal chronicle from creation to 1118 CE, reflecting the Byzantine tradition of world chronicles that began with Julius Africanus and Eusebius. Zonaras drew extensively on earlier historians such as Josephus, Eusebius, and John of Antioch, often preserving sources now lost. The Chronologia survives in numerous manuscripts, with the earliest dating to the 12th–13th centuries, and shows signs of scribal interpolation and abridgment in later copies. It was widely used in Byzantine and later Orthodox historiography and was translated into Slavonic, influencing Russian chronicles. The text follows a Septuagint-based chronology, with occasional inconsistencies, especially in early biblical history, where Zonaras harmonizes conflicting sources without comment.","significance":"The Chronologia is significant as a major Byzantine universal chronicle that preserves excerpts from lost historical works. It influenced later Orthodox historiography and was translated into Slavonic, impacting Russian chronicles. Its compilation method and use of sources reflect Byzantine scholarly practices.","timeline":[{"date":"early 12th c.","event":"Zonaras composes the Chronologia after retiring to the monastery of St. Gorgos on Pantellia."},{"date":"12th–13th c.","event":"Earliest surviving manuscripts of the Chronologia are produced."},{"date":"12th–15th c.","event":"The Chronologia is copied and abridged in Byzantine scriptoria."},{"date":"14th–15th c.","event":"Slavonic translation of the Chronologia appears, influencing Russian chronicles."},{"date":"19th–20th c.","event":"Modern critical editions of the Chronologia are published."}],"relations":[{"work":"Antiquities of the Jews","relation":"source for early biblical history","key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"},{"work":"Chronicle of Eusebius","relation":"source for chronology and historical framework","key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"},{"work":"Chronicle of John of Antioch","relation":"source for later historical material","key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"},{"work":"Russian Primary Chronicle","relation":"influenced via Slavonic translation","key":"wikipedia:Primary Chronicle","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The exact date of composition is uncertain; only the early 12th century is known.","The text survives in multiple manuscripts with scribal interpolations and abridgments; no critical apparatus of variants is included in this edition.","Zonaras' chronology is sometimes inconsistent, especially for early biblical history, where he harmonizes conflicting sources without comment."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000418,"generated":"2026-11-14T23:17:25Z"},"checks":{"work":"tlg3135.tlg012","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":11,"translated":11,"commentary_passages":11,"commentary_units":65,"english_words":2052,"source_letters":9026,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Zonaras likely composed the Chronologia in the early 12th century, after retiring to the monastery of St. Gorgos on the island of Pantellia. The work is a universal chronicle from creation to 1118 CE.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Zonaras draws extensively on earlier historians such as Josephus, Eusebius, and John of Antioch. His chronicle is a compilation, often preserving sources now lost.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Chronologia survives in numerous manuscripts, with the earliest dating to the 12th–13th centuries. The text shows signs of scribal interpolation and abridgment in later copies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Zonaras’ chronicle was widely used in Byzantine and later Orthodox historiography, and was translated into Slavonic, influencing Russian chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include a critical apparatus of manuscript variants. Readers should consult the TLG edition for textual notes and sigla.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Zonaras’ chronology is sometimes inconsistent, especially for early biblical history, where he harmonizes conflicting sources without comment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 11 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: first1k — CC BY-SA 4.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":11},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:tlg3135.tlg012":{"label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Ταῦθ’ ἱστορεῖ ὁ Καισαρεὺς Εὐσέβιος ὁ Παμφίλου \nν τῷ λόγῳ ὃς ἐκλήθη Βασιλικός.\nἈρχὴ κόσμου. \n Ἐπιτομὴ χρόνων τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ ἴς τοῦ\nςφπθ΄ ἔτους, ἕως τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ\nκυρίου Ἀλεξίου τοῦ Κομνηνοῦ.1) \n Ἀδὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Σὴθ \n Σὴθ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἐνώς \n Ἐνὼς ἐγέννησε τὸν Καϊνὰν \n Καϊνὰν ἐγέννησε τὸν Μαλαλεὴλ \n Μαλαλεὴλ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰαρὲδ \n Ἰαρὲδ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἑνὼχ \n Ἑνὼχ ἐγέννησε τὸν Μαθουσάλα \n Μαθουσάλα ἐγέννησε τὸν Λαμὲχ \n Λαμὲχ ἐγέννησε τὸν Νῶε \n Νῶε ἐγέννησε τὸν Σῆμ’ \n Σῆμ’ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἀρφαξὰδ \n Ἀρφαξὰδ ἐγέννησε τὸν Καϊνὰν \n Καϊνὰν ἐγέννησε τὸν Σάλα \n Σάλα ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἕβερ \n Ἕβερ ἐγέννησε τὸν Φαλὲκ \n Φαλὲκ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ῥαγαῦ \n Ῥαγαῦ ἐγέννησε τὸν Σεροὺχ \n 1) De bac epitome V. Ducangius praef. vol. 1, p. XXI\nhuius ed.","english":"These things are recorded by Eusebius of Caesarea, the son of Pamphilus, in the discourse that was called the Basilikos.\n\nBeginning of the world.\nAn epitome of the times from Adam to the year 6589, until the beginning of the reign of the lord Alexios Komnenos.\n\nAdam begot Seth.\nSeth begot Enos.\nEnos begot Kainan.\nKainan begot Malaleel.\nMalaleel begot Jared.\nJared begot Enoch.\nEnoch begot Mathousala.\nMathousala begot Lamech.\nLamech begot Noah.\nNoah begot Sem.\nSem begot Arphaxad.\nArphaxad begot Kainan.\nKainan begot Sala.\nSala begot Heber.\nHeber begot Phalek.\nPhalek begot Rhagau.\nRhagau begot Serouch.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Εὐσέβιος ὁ Παμφίλου","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260–339 CE) was a church historian and exegete. His lost work Βασιλικός (or Basilikos Logos) is cited here as a source for Zonaras' chronicle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ςφπθ΄","severity":"info","text":"The year 6589 in the Byzantine era corresponds to 1081 CE, the accession year of Alexios I Komnenos, marking the endpoint of Zonaras' epitome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρχὴ κόσμου","severity":"info","text":"This heading introduces a genealogical list from Adam, following the Septuagint chronology, which is a standard opening for Byzantine world chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀδὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Σὴθ","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy from Adam to Serouch follows the Septuagint text of Genesis 5 and 11, with the inclusion of a second Kainan (Cainan) after Arphaxad, a variant found in the Septuagint but not the Masoretic text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἐπιτομὴ χρόνων","severity":"info","text":"The note by Du Cange (pref. vol. 1, p. XXI) indicates that this epitome was known to early modern editors; the manuscript tradition of Zonaras' chronicle is complex, with this passage possibly excerpted from a fuller work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Καϊνὰν","severity":"caution","text":"The name Kainan appears twice in the list (after Enos and after Arphaxad). This duplication reflects the Septuagint tradition but is absent from the Hebrew Bible; some manuscripts of Zonaras may vary in this detail.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τῷ λόγῳ ὃς ἐκλήθη Βασιλικός' could refer to a specific lost work of Eusebius or to a generic 'royal discourse'; the reading as a title is adopted here.","The year ςφπθ΄ is given without explicit era, but the Byzantine world era (from creation) is standard in such chronicles."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Σεροὺχ ἐχέννησε τὸν Ναχὼρ ἐτῶν ρλ',γρξγ' \n Ναχὼρ ἐγέννησε τὸν Θάρα ἐτῶν οθ' ,γσμβ' \n Θάρα ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἀβραὰμ ἐτῶν ο' ,γτιβ' \n Ἀβραὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰσαὰκ ἐτῶν ρ' ,γυιβ' \n ᾿Ισαὰκ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἐτῶν ξ' ,γυοβ' \n Ίακὼβ ἐγέννησε τὸν Λευὶ ἐτῶν πβ' ,γφνδ' \n Λευὶ ἐγέννησε τὸν Καὰθ ἐτῶν μζ' ,γχα' \n Καὰθ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἀβρὰμ ἐτῶν ξ' ,γχξά \n Ἀβρὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Μωϋσῆ ἐτῶν οε' ,γψλς' \n Μωυσῆς ἔζησεν ἔτη ρκ' ,γωνς' \n Ίησοῦς ἡγήσατο Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κδ' ,γωπ' \n Φινεὲς ἱεράτευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κδ' ,γ ABBREV ε΄ \n Χουσὰρ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ν' ,γ ABBREV νε' \n Γοθονιὴλ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη μ' ,γ ABBREV ε' \n Εγλὼμ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ιη' ,διγ' \n Ἀὼθ καὶ Σεπφόρα ἔκρινε τὸν\nἸσραὴλ ἔτη π' ,δρκς' \n Ἰαβεὶμ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ' ,δρκς' \n Δεβώρα ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη μ' δρξς' \n Ώρὴβ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ζ' ,δρογ' \n Γεδεὼν ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη μ' ,δσιγ' \n Ἀβιμελὲχ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη γ' ,δσις' \n Θωλᾶς ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη γ' δισς' \n Ίαὰρ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κβ' ,δσξά \n Ἀμὰν ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ιη' ,δσοθ΄ \n Ἰεφθάε ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ς' ,δσπε' \n Έσβὰλ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ζ' ,δο ABBREV β' \n Έλωμ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ι' ,δτβ' \n Ἀβδὼμ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη η' ,δτι' \n Φιλιστιεὶμ ἐβασίλευσαν τοῦ\nΊσραὴλ ἔτη λ' ,δτμ' \n Σαμψὼμ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ' ,δτξ' \n Άναρχία καὶ εἰρήνη τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη λβ' ,δτ ABBREV β' \n Ἠλεὶ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ' ,δυιβ'","english":"Serouch begat Nachor at age 130, year 3363. Nachor begat Thara at age 79, year 3242. Thara begat Abraham at age 70, year 3312. Abraham begat Isaac at age 100, year 3412. Isaac begat Jacob at age 60, year 3472. Jacob begat Levi at age 82, year 3554. Levi begat Kaath at age 47, year 3601. Kaath begat Abram at age 60, year 3661. Abram begat Moses at age 75, year 3736. Moses lived 120 years, year 3856. Jesus ruled Israel 24 years, year 3880. Phinees served as priest of Israel 24 years, year 3905. Chousar ruled Israel 50 years, year 3955. Gothoniel judged Israel 40 years, year 4005. Eglom ruled Israel 18 years, year 4013. Aoth and Sepphora judged Israel 80 years, year 4136. Iabeim ruled Israel 20 years, year 4136. Deborah judged Israel 40 years, year 4166. Oreb judged Israel 7 years, year 4173. Gedeon judged Israel 40 years, year 4213. Abimelech judged Israel 3 years, year 4216. Tholas judged Israel 3 years, year 4216. Iaar judged Israel 22 years, year 4261. Aman ruled Israel 18 years, year 4279. Iephthae judged Israel 6 years, year 4285. Esbal judged Israel 7 years, year 4292. Elom judged Israel 10 years, year 4302. Abdom judged Israel 8 years, year 4310. Philistieim ruled Israel 30 years, year 4340. Sampson judged Israel 20 years, year 4360. Anarchy and peace of Israel 32 years, year 4392. Heli the priest judged Israel 20 years, year 4412.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Σεροὺχ ... Μωϋσῆ","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the genealogical list from Adam to Moses, each entry giving the father's age at the son's birth and a cumulative year from creation. The pattern is consistent with the earlier part of the epitome.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰησοῦς ... Ἠλεὶ","severity":"info","text":"After Moses, the list shifts from genealogical begetting to rulers and judges of Israel, each with a regnal or judicial term and a cumulative year. This marks a transition from patriarchal history to the period of the Judges.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"year numbers (e.g., γρξγ', γσμβ')","severity":"info","text":"The year numbers are given in Greek alphabetic numerals (e.g., γρξγ' = 3363, γσμβ' = 3242). These are cumulative years from the beginning of the world (anno mundi), consistent with Byzantine chronographic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"year numbers (e.g., γ ABBREV ε', γ ABBREV νε')","severity":"caution","text":"Several year entries contain the abbreviation 'ABBREV' (e.g., 'γ ABBREV ε''), indicating that the manuscript or edition uses a shorthand for numerals. The exact values may be uncertain; here they are rendered as 3905, 3955, etc., but the abbreviation could represent a different number.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰησοῦς","severity":"info","text":"Ἰησοῦς here refers to Joshua, the successor of Moses, not Jesus Christ. The Greek name Ἰησοῦς is used for Joshua in the Septuagint and in Byzantine chronography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Φινεὲς","severity":"info","text":"Phinees (Phinehas) is the grandson of Aaron, known from the biblical account (Numbers 25) for his zeal. He served as high priest, and his 24-year term here follows the tradition found in Josephus and later chronographers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 'ABBREV' in several year entries is ambiguous; the exact numeral intended is not certain from the text alone.","The name 'Ἀβρὰμ' for Kaath's son is unusual; it may be a scribal variant for 'Amram' (the father of Moses), but the text clearly reads Ἀβρὰμ."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Κατὰ δὲ τοὺς χρόνους Ἤλει τοῦ ἱερέως ὁ πρὸς τοὺς\nΤρῶας πόλεμος συνέστη τοῖς Ἕλλησιν· καθ’ οὑς\n καὶ Ὅμηρος ἤκμαζεν. \nΣαμουὴλ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἴτη κ’ δυλβ΄\nΣαοὺλ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ’ δυνβ΄\nΔαβὶδ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἴτη μ’ δυ(?)β΄\nἈπὸ δὲ τῆς βασιλείας Δαβὶδ ἴως τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων\nβασιλείας ἔτη ABBREVμ΄, ἀπὸ δὲ κτίσεως κόσμου ἔτη\n τακισχίλια ὗν. \nΓάιος Ἰούλιος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη δ’ ευν\nΑὔγουστος ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη νς΄ εφς΄ \n Τῷ τούτου μβ΄ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας γεννᾶται ὁ\nκύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς κατὰ σάρκα ἐν Βηθλεὲμ\nτῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐκ τῆς ἀειπαρθένου Μάριας,\nκαὶ πάσχει τὸ ἑκούσιον πάθος ἐν τῷ ἴη ἔτει τῆς\nβασιλείας Τιβερίου Καίσαρος· τῷ γὰρ ἴε τοῦ αὐτοῦ\nΤιβερίου ἐβαπτίσθη.\nΤιβέριος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη\nΓάιος ἄλλος ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη\nΚλαύδιος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη\nΝέρων ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη\nΓάλβας μῆνας\nὌθων μῆνας\nΟὐιτέλλιος μῆνας\nΟὐεσπασιανὸς ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη\nΤίτος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη \n Ἐπὶ τούτου καὶ ἡ τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ἅλωσις γέ-\nγονε καὶ ἡ παντελὴς τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐρήμωσις. ἀπὸ\nδὲ τῆς τοιαύτης ἁλώσεως ἴως τῆς βασιλείας Κωνσταντίνου\nτοῦ μεγάλου ἤτοι τῆς τῶν Χριστιανῶν\nβασιλείας ἔτη σλζ΄ ἀπὸ δὲ κτίσεως κόσμου ἔτη εωμά,\nἀπὸ δὲ τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἀναλήψεως ἕως τῆς ἁλώσεως\nἹεροσολύμων ἴτη μὴ.","english":"During the time of the priest Eli, the war against the Trojans was undertaken by the Greeks, at which time Homer also flourished. Samuel judged Israel for 20 years, year 4332. Saul reigned over Israel for 20 years, year 4352. David reigned over Israel for 40 years, year 4392. From the reign of David to the reign of the Romans, 40 years, and from the creation of the world, 6000 years. Gaius Julius reigned for 4 years, year 4555. Augustus reigned for 56 years, year 4566. In the 42nd year of his reign, our Lord Jesus Christ was born in the flesh in Bethlehem of Judea from the ever-virgin Mary, and he suffered his voluntary passion in the 18th year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar; for in the 15th year of the same Tiberius he was baptized. Tiberius reigned for 22 years. Another Gaius reigned for 4 years. Claudius reigned for 13 years. Nero, his son, reigned for 14 years. Galba for 7 months. Otho for 3 months. Vitellius for 8 months. Vespasian reigned for 9 years. Titus reigned for 2 years. Under him, the capture of Jerusalem occurred and the complete desolation of the Jews. From that capture to the reign of Constantine the Great, that is, the reign of the Christians, 237 years, and from the creation of the world, 5841 years, and from the ascension of Christ to the capture of Jerusalem, 40 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἤλει τοῦ ἱερέως","severity":"info","text":"Eli the priest is a figure from 1 Samuel, serving as high priest and judge of Israel. The synchronism with the Trojan War reflects a common Byzantine chronographic trope linking biblical and classical history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπὸ δὲ κτίσεως κόσμου ἔτη τακισχίλια ὗν","severity":"info","text":"The year 6000 from creation (Anno Mundi) is a significant eschatological marker in Byzantine chronography, often associated with the birth of Christ or the end of the world.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀειπαρθένου Μάριας","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ever-virgin Mary' (ἀειπαρθένου) is a standard epithet in Byzantine theology, affirming the perpetual virginity of Mary after Christ's birth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἡ τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ἅλωσις","severity":"info","text":"The capture of Jerusalem under Titus in 70 CE is described, echoing the prophecy of desolation in Daniel 9:26 and the historical account in Josephus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς βασιλείας Δαβὶδ ἴως τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων βασιλείας","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from biblical to Roman history, using regnal years as a structural framework, typical of Byzantine chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἴτη μὴ","severity":"caution","text":"The final phrase 'ἴτη μὴ' is likely a scribal error or abbreviation; the intended number is probably 40 (μ'), as in the English draft, but the Greek is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The year numbers in the Greek are partially abbreviated or corrupt (e.g., 'δυλβ΄', 'δυνβ΄', 'δυ(?)β΄'), making precise reconstruction uncertain. The final 'ἴτη μὴ' may be a miswriting of 'ἔτη μ'' (40 years)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ μέγας ἔτη λγ' ,εωμά' \n Κωνστάντιος ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κδ΄ ,εωξέ \n Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ παραβάτης ἔτη β΄ ,εωξζ΄ \n Ἰοβιανὸς ἔτος α΄ ,εωξη΄ \n Οὐαλεντινιανὸς ἔτη ιβ΄ ,εωπ΄ \n Οὐάλης ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη γ΄ ,εωπγ΄ \n Γρατιανὸς ἔτη γ΄ ,εωπς΄ \n Θεοδόσιος ὁ μέγας ἔτη ιζ΄ ,ε ABBREV \n Ἀρκάδιος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ιγ΄ ,ε ABBREV ιγ΄ \n Θεοδόσιος ὁ μικρὸς ἔτη μβ΄ ,ε ABBREV νέ \n Μαρκιανὸς ἔτη ς΄ ,ε ABBREV ξά΄ \n Λέων ὁ μέγας ἔτη ιζ΄ ,ε ABBREV οη΄ \n Λέων ὁ μικρὸς ἔτος α΄ ,ε ABBREV οθ΄ \n Ζήνων ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη ις΄ ,ε ABBREV ς΄ \n Ἀναστάσιςο ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη κζ΄ ,ςκγ΄ \n Ἰουστῖνος ὁ γέρων ἔτη θ΄ ,ςλβ΄ \n Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ μέγας ἔτη λθ΄ ,ςοα΄ \n Ἰουστῖνος ὁ νέος ἔτη ιγ΄ ,ςπδ΄ \n Τιβέριος ἔτη δ΄ ,ςπδ΄ \n Μαυρίκιος ἔτη κ΄ ,ςρθ΄ \n Φωκὰς ὁ τύραννος ἔτη η΄ ,ςρθ΄ \n Ἡράκλειος ἔτη λα΄ ,ςρμη΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτος α΄ ,ςρμθ΄ \n Ἡράκλειος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ μῆνας ς΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κζ΄ ,ςρος΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ πατὴρ Ἰουστινιανοῦ\nἔτη ιζ΄ ,ςρ ABBREV ς΄ \n Ἰουστινιανὸς τὸ πρῶτον ἔτη ι΄ ,ςσγ, \n Λεόντιος ἔτη γ΄ ,ςσς, \n Τιβέριος Ἀψίμαρος ἔτη ξι΄ ,ςσιγ΄ \n Ἰουστινιανὸς τὸ β΄ καὶ Τιβέριος \nὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ς΄ ,ςσιθ΄ \n Φίλιππος ὁ Βαρδάνης ἔτη β΄ μῆν. η΄ ,ςσκα΄ \n Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Ἀρτέμιος ἔτη β΄,ςσκγ΄ \n Θεοδόσιος ὁ Ἀτραμυτινὸς ἔτος α΄ ,ςσκδ΄ \n Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος ἔτη κδ΄ ,ςσμη΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ\nΚοπρώνυμος ἔτη κδ᾿ ,ςσπβ΄","english":"Constantine the Great, 33 years, 5841.\nConstantius, his son, 24 years, 5865.\nJulian the Apostate, 2 years, 5867.\nJovian, 1 year, 5868.\nValentinian, 12 years, 5880.\nValens, his brother, 3 years, 5883.\nGratian, 3 years, 5886.\nTheodosius the Great, 17 years, 5903.\nArcadius, his son, 13 years, 5916.\nTheodosius the Younger, 42 years, 5958.\nMarcian, 6 years, 5964.\nLeo the Great, 17 years, 5981.\nLeo the Younger, 1 year, 5982.\nZeno reigned 16 years, 5998.\nAnastasius reigned 27 years, 6025.\nJustin the Elder, 9 years, 6034.\nJustinian the Great, 39 years, 6073.\nJustin the Younger, 13 years, 6086.\nTiberius, 4 years, 6090.\nMaurice, 20 years, 6110.\nPhocas the Tyrant, 8 years, 6118.\nHeraclius, 31 years, 6149.\nConstantine, his son, 1 year, 6150.\nHeraclius, his son, 6 months.\nConstantine, his son, 27 years, 6177.\nConstantine, the father of Justinian, 17 years, 6194.\nJustinian the first time, 10 years, 6204.\nLeontius, 3 years, 6207.\nTiberius Apsimar, 7 years, 6214.\nJustinian the second and Tiberius his son, 6 years, 6220.\nPhilippicus Bardanes, 2 years 8 months, 6222.\nAnastasius Artemius, 2 years, 6224.\nTheodosius of Adramyttium, 1 year, 6225.\nLeo the Isaurian, 24 years, 6249.\nConstantine, his son, Copronymus, 24 years, 6273.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ μέγας ... Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ Κοπρώνυμος","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a regnal list from Constantine the Great to Constantine V Copronymus, typical of Byzantine chronicles. Each entry gives reign length and an AM year.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"εωμά'","severity":"info","text":"The AM year 5841 for Constantine the Great's reign start corresponds to 333/334 CE in the Byzantine era, which is later than his actual accession (306 CE). This reflects the chronicle's schematic chronology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"παραβάτης","severity":"info","text":"The epithet παραβάτης ('apostate') for Julian is standard in Christian historiography, marking his rejection of Christianity. It is not a neutral descriptor but a polemical label.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τύραννος","severity":"info","text":"Phocas is called τύραννος ('tyrant'), a pejorative term used by Byzantine sources for usurpers or unpopular rulers. It implies illegitimacy, not just harsh rule.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Κοπρώνυμος","severity":"info","text":"The epithet Κοπρώνυμος ('dung-named') for Constantine V is a derogatory nickname from iconophile sources, reflecting his iconoclast policies. It is not his official name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ABBREV","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text contains 'ABBREV' markers where the manuscript likely used abbreviations for numerals. The English draft supplies reconstructed AM years, but the exact values may vary in other witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The AM years for Theodosius the Great through Leo the Younger are partially abbreviated in the Greek; the English draft's reconstructions (e.g., 5903, 5916) are plausible but not certain from the manuscript alone.","The entry for Heraclius's son Constantine gives 1 year, but the next entry for Heraclius's son (another Heraclius) gives 6 months without an AM year; the English draft omits the AM year for the latter, which is consistent with the Greek."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Λέων ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ε΄ ,ςσπζ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὀ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ σὺν\nτῇ μητρὶ ἔτη ι΄ ,ςσ ABBREV ξ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος μόνος ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ\nἔτη ζ΄ ,ςτδ΄ \n Εἰρήνη μόνη ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ ἔτη ε΄ ,ςτθ΄ \n Νικηφόρος ὁ ἀπὸ γενικῶν ἔτη η΄ μῆν. θ΄ ,ςτιζ΄ \n Σταυράκιος ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ μῆνας γ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ Ῥαγαβὲ ἔτος α΄ μῆν. θ΄ ,ςτκ΄ \n Λέων ὁ Ἀρμένιος ἔτη ς΄ μῆν. ε΄ ,ςτκξ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ Τραυλὸς ἔτη η΄ μῆν. θ΄ ,ςτλς΄ \n Θεόφιλος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ιβ΄ μὴν. γ΄ ,ςτμη΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κς΄ ,ςτοδ΄ \n Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδὼν ἔτη ιθ ,ςτ ABBREV γ΄ \n Λέων ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κέ μῆν. η΄ ,ςυιθ΄ \n Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτος α΄ ,ςυκ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς Λέοντος ἔτη μη΄ ,ςυξή \n Ῥωμανὸς ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη γ΄ ,ςυοα΄ \n Νικηφόρος ὁ Φωκᾶς ἔτη ς΄ ,ςτυοη΄ \n Ἰωάννης ὁ Τξιμίσκος ἔτη ς΄ ,ςυπδ΄ \n Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος ἔτη νε΄ σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ\nΚωνσταντίνῳ ,ςφλζ΄ \n Ἐν οἷς βασιλεῦσι Σέργιος ὁ πατριάρχης τὸν πάπαν\nῬώμης ἀπὸ τῶν διπτύχων ἐξέωσεν. \n Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Ἀργυρόπολος ἔτη ε΄ μῆν. ς΄ ,ςφμβ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγὼν ἔτη ξ΄ ,ςφμθ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μονομάχος ἔτη ιγ΄ ,ςφξγ΄ \n Θεοδώρα ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος ἔτος α΄ ,ςφξε΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀπὸ Στρατιωτικῶν ἔτος α΄ ,ςφξς΄ \n Ἰσαάκιος ὁ Κομνηνὸς ἔτη β΄ ,ςφξη΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Δούκα ἔτη ς΄ ,ςφοε΄ \n Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Διογένης ἔτη γ΄ ,ςφοθ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Δούκα ἔτη ς΄ ,ςφπε΄ \n Νικηφόρος ὁ Βατανιάτης ἔτη γ΄ ,ςφπη΄ \n Ἀλέξιος ὁ Κομνηνὸς ἔτη λη΄ ,ςχκς΄","english":"Leo, his son, 5 years, 6287.\nConstantine, his son, with his mother, 10 years, 6290.\nConstantine alone, his son, 7 years, 6304.\nIrene alone, his mother, 5 years, 6309.\nNikephoros, from the genikon, 8 years, 9 months, 6317.\nStaurakios, his son, 3 months.\nMichael Rhangabe, 1 year, 9 months, 6320.\nLeo the Armenian, 6 years, 5 months, 6326.\nMichael the Amorian, 8 years, 9 months, 6336.\nTheophilos, his son, 12 years, 3 months, 6348.\nMichael, his son, 26 years, 6374.\nBasil the Macedonian, 19 years, 6383.\nLeo, his son, 25 years, 8 months, 6419.\nAlexander, his brother, 1 year, 6420.\nConstantine, son of Leo, 48 years, 6468.\nRomanos, his son, 3 years, 6471.\nNikephoros Phokas, 6 years, 6478.\nJohn Tzimiskes, 6 years, 6484.\nBasil the Bulgar-Slayer, 55 years with his brother Constantine, 6537.\nDuring these reigns, Sergios the patriarch removed the pope of Rome from the diptychs.\nRomanos Argyropoulos, 5 years, 6 months, 6542.\nMichael the Paphlagonian, 7 years, 6549.\nConstantine Monomachos, 13 years, 6563.\nTheodora the Porphyrogennete, 1 year, 6565.\nMichael from the Stratiotikon, 1 year, 6566.\nIsaac Komnenos, 2 years, 6568.\nConstantine Doukas, 6 years, 6575.\nRomanos Diogenes, 3 years, 6579.\nMichael, son of Doukas, 6 years, 6585.\nNikephoros Botaneiates, 3 years, 6588.\nAlexios Komnenos, 38 years, 6626.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Λέων ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the annalistic list of Byzantine emperors from Leo IV (775–780) through Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118), with regnal years and AM dates. The sequence is interrupted by a note on Patriarch Sergios and the pope.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Εἰρήνη μόνη ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ","severity":"info","text":"Irene the Athenian, mother of Constantine VI, ruled as sole empress after blinding her son (797–802). Zonaras records her as 'Irene alone, his mother', reflecting her usurpation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Νικηφόρος ὁ ἀπὸ γενικῶν","severity":"info","text":"Nikephoros I, formerly finance minister (genikos logothetes), reigned 802–811. The epithet 'from the genikon' distinguishes him from later Nikephoroi.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σέργιος ὁ πατριάρχης τὸν πάπαν Ῥώμης ἀπὸ τῶν διπτύχων ἐξέωσεν","severity":"info","text":"Patriarch Sergios I of Constantinople (1009–1019) removed the pope from the diptychs, a key event in the growing schism between Eastern and Western churches, often linked to the Filioque dispute.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"AM dates","severity":"info","text":"The AM (Anno Mundi) years given here follow the Byzantine era (creation 5509 BC). For example, AM 6287 corresponds to AD 779/780. The sequence is continuous but contains minor inconsistencies in totals.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγὼν ἔτη ξ΄","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek reads 'ἔτη ξ΄' (60 years) for Michael IV the Paphlagonian, but his actual reign was 1034–1041 (7 years). The English draft corrects to '7 years'. This is likely a scribal error for ζ΄ (7).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The AM year for Constantine VI alone (6304) is given without a preceding year for his joint rule with Irene; the text may imply a continuous count. The abbreviation 'ςτξ' after 'Κωνσταντῖνος ὀ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ σὺν τῇ μητρὶ' is unclear; the English reads 6290. The reign of Michael IV is given as 60 years in Greek but corrected in translation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Οὗτος ἦρξε τῆς βασιλείας ἀπὸ τοῦ ςφπθ΄ ἔτους,\nἰνδικτιῶνος δ’, καὶ μηνὸς ἀπριλίου ἁ, τῇ μεγάλῃ\nπέμπτῃ , ὅτε καὶ ἡ ἁρπαγὴ γέγονε.\nἈπὸ κυρίου Ἀλεξίου τοῦ βασιλέως ἕς ἄρτι\nἔτη σμέ, ἔτους ςωξή.\nΤαῦθ’ ἱστορεῖ ὁ Καισαρεὺς Εὐσέβιος ὁ Παμφίλου \nν τῷ λόγῳ ὃς ἐκλήθη Βασιλικός.\nἈρχὴ κόσμου. \n Ἐπιτομὴ χρόνων τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ ἴς τοῦ\nςφπθ΄ ἔτους, ἕως τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ\nκυρίου Ἀλεξίου τοῦ Κομνηνοῦ.1) \n Ἀδὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Σὴθ \n Σὴθ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἐνώς \n Ἐνὼς ἐγέννησε τὸν Καϊνὰν \n Καϊνὰν ἐγέννησε τὸν Μαλαλεὴλ \n Μαλαλεὴλ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰαρὲδ \n Ἰαρὲδ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἑνὼχ \n Ἑνὼχ ἐγέννησε τὸν Μαθουσάλα \n Μαθουσάλα ἐγέννησε τὸν Λαμὲχ \n Λαμὲχ ἐγέννησε τὸν Νῶε \n Νῶε ἐγέννησε τὸν Σῆμ’ \n Σῆμ’ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἀρφαξὰδ \n Ἀρφαξὰδ ἐγέννησε τὸν Καϊνὰν \n Καϊνὰν ἐγέννησε τὸν Σάλα \n Σάλα ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἕβερ \n Ἕβερ ἐγέννησε τὸν Φαλὲκ \n Φαλὲκ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ῥαγαῦ \n Ῥαγαῦ ἐγέννησε τὸν Σεροὺχ \n 1) De bac epitome V. Ducangius praef. vol. 1, p. XXI\nhuius ed.","english":"He began his reign in the year 6289, indiction 4, on the first of April, on Great Thursday, when also the abduction occurred. From the Lord Alexios the Emperor until now, 245 years, in the year 6878. These things are recorded by Eusebios of Caesarea, the son of Pamphilos, in the discourse which was called the Basilikos. Beginning of the world. An epitome of the times from Adam up to the year 6289, until the beginning of the reign of the Lord Alexios Komnenos. Adam begot Seth. Seth begot Enos. Enos begot Kainan. Kainan begot Malaleel. Malaleel begot Iared. Iared begot Enoch. Enoch begot Mathousala. Mathousala begot Lamech. Lamech begot Noe. Noe begot Sem. Sem begot Arphaxad. Arphaxad begot Kainan. Kainan begot Sala. Sala begot Heber. Heber begot Phalek. Phalek begot Rhagau. Rhagau begot Serouch.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ςφπθ'","severity":"info","text":"The year 6289 (Byzantine era) corresponds to 780/781 CE. The indiction 4 and April 1 (Great Thursday) anchor the reign of a ruler, likely Constantine VI, whose sole rule began after Irene's regency.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ςωξή","severity":"info","text":"The year 6878 (Byzantine era) corresponds to 1369/1370 CE, indicating the date when Zonaras or a continuator wrote 'until now'—245 years after Alexios I Komnenos (reigned 1081–1118).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Εὐσέβιος ὁ Παμφίλου","severity":"info","text":"Eusebios of Caesarea (c. 260–340 CE) wrote the 'Basilikos' (a lost panegyric of Constantine I). Zonaras cites him as a source for the early chronology, reflecting the Chronicon's reliance on Eusebian world chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρχὴ κόσμου. Ἐπιτομὴ χρόνων","severity":"info","text":"This heading marks a new section: a summary of years from Adam to 6289 (780/781 CE), introducing the genealogical list that follows. It is a typical feature of Byzantine chronicles, structuring time from creation to the present.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀδὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Σὴθ","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy from Adam to Serouch follows the Septuagint version of Genesis 5 and 11, with the addition of a second Kainan (Cainan) between Arphaxad and Sala, a variant found in the Septuagint and Luke 3:36.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἡ ἁρπαγὴ γέγονε","severity":"caution","text":"The 'abduction' (ἁρπαγή) is ambiguous: it may refer to the abduction of Irene by Constantine VI (historical event) or a symbolic event. The text does not specify, and the phrase is not elaborated in the surviving passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the ruler who began his reign in 6289 is not named in this passage; from context it is likely Constantine VI, but the text does not confirm.","The 'abduction' (ἁρπαγή) is not explained; it may refer to a specific historical event (e.g., Irene's abduction of Constantine VI) or a metaphorical one.","The transition from the regnal list to the genealogy is abrupt; the heading 'Beginning of the world' may be a later insertion or a structural marker."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Σεροὺχ ἐχέννησε τὸν Ναχὼρ ἐτῶν ρλ',γρξγ' \n Ναχὼρ ἐγέννησε τὸν Θάρα ἐτῶν οθ' ,γσμβ' \n Θάρα ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἀβραὰμ ἐτῶν ο' ,γτιβ' \n Ἀβραὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰσαὰκ ἐτῶν ρ' ,γυιβ' \n ᾿Ισαὰκ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἐτῶν ξ' ,γυοβ' \n Ίακὼβ ἐγέννησε τὸν Λευὶ ἐτῶν πβ' ,γφνδ' \n Λευὶ ἐγέννησε τὸν Καὰθ ἐτῶν μζ' ,γχα' \n Καὰθ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἀβρὰμ ἐτῶν ξ' ,γχξά \n Ἀβρὰμ ἐγέννησε τὸν Μωϋσῆ ἐτῶν οε' ,γψλς' \n Μωυσῆς ἔζησεν ἔτη ρκ' ,γωνς' \n Ίησοῦς ἡγήσατο Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κδ' ,γωπ' \n Φινεὲς ἱεράτευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κδ' ,γ ABBREV ε΄ \n Χουσὰρ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ν' ,γ ABBREV νε' \n Γοθονιὴλ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη μ' ,γ ABBREV ε' \n Εγλὼμ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ιη' ,διγ' \n Ἀὼθ καὶ Σεπφόρα ἔκρινε τὸν\nἸσραὴλ ἔτη π' ,δρκς' \n Ἰαβεὶμ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ' ,δρκς' \n Δεβώρα ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη μ' δρξς' \n Ώρὴβ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ζ' ,δρογ' \n Γεδεὼν ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη μ' ,δσιγ' \n Ἀβιμελὲχ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη γ' ,δσις' \n Θωλᾶς ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη γ' δισς' \n Ίαὰρ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κβ' ,δσξά \n Ἀμὰν ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ιη' ,δσοθ΄ \n Ἰεφθάε ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ς' ,δσπε' \n Έσβὰλ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ζ' ,δο ABBREV β' \n Έλωμ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη ι' ,δτβ' \n Ἀβδὼμ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη η' ,δτι' \n Φιλιστιεὶμ ἐβασίλευσαν τοῦ\nΊσραὴλ ἔτη λ' ,δτμ' \n Σαμψὼμ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ' ,δτξ' \n Άναρχία καὶ εἰρήνη τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη λβ' ,δτ ABBREV β' \n Ἠλεὶ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ' ,δυιβ'","english":"Serouch begat Nachor at age 130, year 3363. Nachor begat Thara at age 79, year 3242. Thara begat Abraham at age 70, year 3312. Abraham begat Isaac at age 100, year 3412. Isaac begat Jacob at age 60, year 3472. Jacob begat Levi at age 82, year 3554. Levi begat Kaath at age 47, year 3601. Kaath begat Abram at age 60, year 3661. Abram begat Moses at age 75, year 3736. Moses lived 120 years, year 3856. Jesus ruled Israel 24 years, year 3880. Phinees served as priest of Israel 24 years, year 3905. Chousar ruled Israel 50 years, year 3955. Gothoniel judged Israel 40 years, year 4005. Eglom ruled Israel 18 years, year 4013. Aoth and Sepphora judged Israel 80 years, year 4136. Iabeim ruled Israel 20 years, year 4136. Deborah judged Israel 40 years, year 4166. Oreb judged Israel 7 years, year 4173. Gedeon judged Israel 40 years, year 4213. Abimelech judged Israel 3 years, year 4216. Tholas judged Israel 3 years, year 4216. Iaar judged Israel 22 years, year 4261. Aman ruled Israel 18 years, year 4279. Iephthae judged Israel 6 years, year 4285. Esbal judged Israel 7 years, year 4302. Elom judged Israel 10 years, year 4302. Abdom judged Israel 8 years, year 4310. The Philistines ruled Israel 30 years, year 4340. Sampson judged Israel 20 years, year 4360. Anarchy and peace of Israel 32 years, year 4392. Eli the priest judged Israel 20 years, year 4412.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Σεροὺχ ... Ἠλεὶ","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a genealogical and chronological list from Serouch to Eli, typical of Byzantine chronicles. Each entry gives a patriarch or judge, their age at a key event, and a year from creation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"year 3363 ... year 4412","severity":"info","text":"The years are given in the Byzantine era (Anno Mundi), starting from 3363 for Serouch and ending at 4412 for Eli. These numbers are consistent with the Septuagint-based chronology used by Eusebius and later chroniclers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus ruled Israel 24 years","severity":"info","text":"This refers to Joshua (Ἰησοῦς), not Jesus Christ. In the Septuagint, Joshua is called Ἰησοῦς, and the chronicle follows the biblical narrative of the conquest of Canaan.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"year 4136 (Iabeim) and year 4136 (Aoth and Sepphora)","severity":"caution","text":"The year 4136 is repeated for two different entries (Aoth/Sepphora and Iabeim), which may indicate a scribal error or a shared chronological point. The English draft preserves this duplication.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀβρὰμ","severity":"info","text":"The name Ἀβρὰμ here refers to the father of Moses (Amram in the Bible), not the patriarch Abraham. The Greek spelling distinguishes him from Ἀβραάμ (Abraham).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Eusebios of Caesarea","severity":"info","text":"The previous passage attributes this chronology to Eusebius of Caesarea, but the list here is a later Byzantine compilation, likely drawing on Eusebius' Chronicon and other sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The year 4136 appears twice, possibly due to a scribal error or a shared chronological point.","The abbreviation 'γ ABBREV' in the Greek text is unclear; it may indicate a missing numeral or a scribal shorthand."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Κατὰ δὲ τοὺς χρόνους Ἤλει τοῦ ἱερέως ὁ πρὸς τοὺς\nΤρῶας πόλεμος συνέστη τοῖς Ἕλλησιν· καθ’ οὑς\n καὶ Ὅμηρος ἤκμαζεν. \nΣαμουὴλ ἔκρινε τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἴτη κ’ δυλβ΄\nΣαοὺλ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἔτη κ’ δυνβ΄\nΔαβὶδ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἴτη μ’ δυ(?)β΄\nἈπὸ δὲ τῆς βασιλείας Δαβὶδ ἴως τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων\nβασιλείας ἔτη ABBREVμ΄, ἀπὸ δὲ κτίσεως κόσμου ἔτη\n τακισχίλια ὗν. \nΓάιος Ἰούλιος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη δ’ ευν\nΑὔγουστος ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη νς΄ εφς΄ \n Τῷ τούτου μβ΄ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας γεννᾶται ὁ\nκύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς κατὰ σάρκα ἐν Βηθλεὲμ\nτῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐκ τῆς ἀειπαρθένου Μάριας,\nκαὶ πάσχει τὸ ἑκούσιον πάθος ἐν τῷ ἴη ἔτει τῆς\nβασιλείας Τιβερίου Καίσαρος· τῷ γὰρ ἴε τοῦ αὐτοῦ\nΤιβερίου ἐβαπτίσθη.\nΤιβέριος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη\nΓάιος ἄλλος ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη\nΚλαύδιος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη\nΝέρων ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη\nΓάλβας μῆνας\nὌθων μῆνας\nΟὐιτέλλιος μῆνας\nΟὐεσπασιανὸς ἐβασίλευσεν ἴτη\nΤίτος ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη \n Ἐπὶ τούτου καὶ ἡ τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ἅλωσις γέ-\nγονε καὶ ἡ παντελὴς τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐρήμωσις. ἀπὸ\nδὲ τῆς τοιαύτης ἁλώσεως ἴως τῆς βασιλείας Κωνσταντίνου\nτοῦ μεγάλου ἤτοι τῆς τῶν Χριστιανῶν\nβασιλείας ἔτη σλζ΄ ἀπὸ δὲ κτίσεως κόσμου ἔτη εωμά,\nἀπὸ δὲ τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἀναλήψεως ἕως τῆς ἁλώσεως\nἹεροσολύμων ἴτη μὴ.","english":"In the time of Eli the priest, the war against the Trojans was undertaken by the Greeks; at that time Homer also flourished.\n\nSamuel judged Israel for 20 years, year 4732.\nSaul reigned over Israel for 20 years, year 4752.\nDavid reigned over Israel for 40 years, year 47?2.\nFrom the reign of David to the reign of the Romans, 1,040 years, and from the creation of the world, 5,850 years.\n\nGaius Julius reigned for 4 years, year 4555.\nAugustus reigned for 56 years, year 5606.\nIn the 42nd year of his reign, our Lord Jesus Christ was born in the flesh in Bethlehem of Judea from the ever-virgin Mary, and he suffered his voluntary passion in the 18th year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar; for in the 15th year of the same Tiberius he was baptized.\n\nTiberius reigned for 22 years.\nAnother Gaius reigned for 4 years.\nClaudius reigned for 14 years.\nNero, his son, reigned for 14 years.\nGalba for 7 months.\nOtho for 3 months.\nVitellius for 8 months.\nVespasian reigned for 10 years.\nTitus reigned for 2 years.\nIn his time the capture of Jerusalem occurred and the complete desolation of the Jews. From that capture to the reign of Constantine the Great, that is, the reign of the Christians, 237 years, and from the creation of the world, 5841 years, and from the ascension of Christ to the capture of Jerusalem, 40 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἤλει τοῦ ἱερέως","severity":"info","text":"Eli the priest is a figure from 1 Samuel, serving as high priest and judge of Israel. Zonaras synchronizes biblical history with the Trojan War, a common chronographic technique.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπὸ δὲ κτίσεως κόσμου ἔτη τακισχίλια ὗν","severity":"info","text":"The year 5850 from creation is given for the end of David's reign to the Roman Empire. The numeral 'ὗν' (850) is clear, but the preceding 'τακισχίλια' is a scribal variant for 'πεντακισχίλια' (5000).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Δαβὶδ ἐβασίλευσε τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἴτη μ’ δυ(?)β΄","severity":"caution","text":"The year for David's reign is given as 'δυ(?)β΄' (4752?), but the manuscript has a lacuna or illegible character. The English draft reads '47?2', reflecting uncertainty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Τῷ τούτου μβ΄ ἔτει","severity":"info","text":"Zonaras dates the birth of Christ to the 42nd year of Augustus's reign, which corresponds to 2 BCE in modern reckoning. This aligns with some early Christian chronographers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκ τῆς ἀειπαρθένου Μάριας","severity":"info","text":"The title 'ever-virgin Mary' reflects post-Nicene Marian doctrine, not found in the New Testament but standard in Byzantine liturgical and theological texts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ἡ τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ἅλωσις","severity":"info","text":"The capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE under Titus is a key event in Christian historiography, seen as divine punishment for the Jews. Zonaras uses it as a chronological marker.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The year for David's reign is partially illegible: 'δυ(?)β΄' could be 4752 or another number.","The numeral 'τακισχίλια' is a non-standard form for 5000; the intended reading is likely 'πεντακισχίλια'.","The reign lengths for Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, and Titus are omitted in the Greek text, though the English draft supplies numbers."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ μέγας ἔτη λγ' ,εωμά' \n Κωνστάντιος ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κδ΄ ,εωξέ \n Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ παραβάτης ἔτη β΄ ,εωξζ΄ \n Ἰοβιανὸς ἔτος α΄ ,εωξη΄ \n Οὐαλεντινιανὸς ἔτη ιβ΄ ,εωπ΄ \n Οὐάλης ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη γ΄ ,εωπγ΄ \n Γρατιανὸς ἔτη γ΄ ,εωπς΄ \n Θεοδόσιος ὁ μέγας ἔτη ιζ΄ ,ε ABBREV \n Ἀρκάδιος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ιγ΄ ,ε ABBREV ιγ΄ \n Θεοδόσιος ὁ μικρὸς ἔτη μβ΄ ,ε ABBREV νέ \n Μαρκιανὸς ἔτη ς΄ ,ε ABBREV ξά΄ \n Λέων ὁ μέγας ἔτη ιζ΄ ,ε ABBREV οη΄ \n Λέων ὁ μικρὸς ἔτος α΄ ,ε ABBREV οθ΄ \n Ζήνων ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη ις΄ ,ε ABBREV ς΄ \n Ἀναστάσιςο ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη κζ΄ ,ςκγ΄ \n Ἰουστῖνος ὁ γέρων ἔτη θ΄ ,ςλβ΄ \n Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ μέγας ἔτη λθ΄ ,ςοα΄ \n Ἰουστῖνος ὁ νέος ἔτη ιγ΄ ,ςπδ΄ \n Τιβέριος ἔτη δ΄ ,ςπδ΄ \n Μαυρίκιος ἔτη κ΄ ,ςρθ΄ \n Φωκὰς ὁ τύραννος ἔτη η΄ ,ςρθ΄ \n Ἡράκλειος ἔτη λα΄ ,ςρμη΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτος α΄ ,ςρμθ΄ \n Ἡράκλειος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ μῆνας ς΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κζ΄ ,ςρος΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ πατὴρ Ἰουστινιανοῦ\nἔτη ιζ΄ ,ςρ ABBREV ς΄ \n Ἰουστινιανὸς τὸ πρῶτον ἔτη ι΄ ,ςσγ, \n Λεόντιος ἔτη γ΄ ,ςσς, \n Τιβέριος Ἀψίμαρος ἔτη ξι΄ ,ςσιγ΄ \n Ἰουστινιανὸς τὸ β΄ καὶ Τιβέριος \nὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ς΄ ,ςσιθ΄ \n Φίλιππος ὁ Βαρδάνης ἔτη β΄ μῆν. η΄ ,ςσκα΄ \n Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Ἀρτέμιος ἔτη β΄,ςσκγ΄ \n Θεοδόσιος ὁ Ἀτραμυτινὸς ἔτος α΄ ,ςσκδ΄ \n Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος ἔτη κδ΄ ,ςσμη΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ\nΚοπρώνυμος ἔτη κδ᾿ ,ςσπβ΄","english":"Constantine the Great, 33 years, 5841.\nConstantius, his son, 24 years, 5865.\nJulian the Apostate, 2 years, 5867.\nJovian, 1 year, 5868.\nValentinian, 12 years, 5880.\nValens, his brother, 3 years, 5883.\nGratian, 3 years, 5886.\nTheodosius the Great, 17 years, 5903.\nArcadius, his son, 13 years, 5916.\nTheodosius the Younger, 42 years, 5958.\nMarcian, 6 years, 5964.\nLeo the Great, 17 years, 5981.\nLeo the Younger, 1 year, 5982.\nZeno reigned 16 years, 5998.\nAnastasius reigned 27 years, 6025.\nJustin the Elder, 9 years, 6034.\nJustinian the Great, 39 years, 6073.\nJustin the Younger, 13 years, 6086.\nTiberius, 4 years, 6090.\nMaurice, 20 years, 6110.\nPhocas the Tyrant, 8 years, 6118.\nHeraclius, 31 years, 6149.\nConstantine, his son, 1 year, 6150.\nHeraclius, his son, 6 months.\nConstantine, his son, 27 years, 6177.\nConstantine, the father of Justinian, 17 years, 6194.\nJustinian the first time, 10 years, 6204.\nLeontius, 3 years, 6207.\nTiberius Apsimar, 7 years, 6214.\nJustinian the second and Tiberius his son, 6 years, 6220.\nPhilippicus Bardanes, 2 years 8 months, 6222.\nAnastasius Artemius, 2 years, 6224.\nTheodosius of Adramyttium, 1 year, 6225.\nLeo the Isaurian, 24 years, 6249.\nConstantine, his son, Copronymus, 24 years, 6283.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a continuous list of Roman and Byzantine emperors with regnal years and world-year dates, following the pattern of the previous passage. The list extends from Constantine the Great to Constantine Copronymus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The world-year dates are given in Greek alphabetic numerals (e.g., ,εωμά' = 5841). The sequence shows a consistent annalistic framework, though some dates are abbreviated or missing, as with the repeated ,ε ABBREV entries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"παραβάτης","severity":"info","text":"The epithet παραβάτης ('apostate') for Julian reflects the standard Byzantine Christian condemnation of his pagan revival. It is a conventional label in Greek chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τύραννος","severity":"info","text":"Phocas is called τύραννος ('tyrant'), a pejorative term used in Byzantine historiography for usurpers or unpopular rulers. This reflects the chronicle's moralizing perspective.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list includes emperors from the Constantinian dynasty through the Heraclian and Isaurian dynasties, ending with Constantine V Copronymus (741–775). This suggests the chronicle was composed or updated during or after the 8th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several world-year dates are abbreviated or missing (e.g., ,ε ABBREV). The English draft supplies conjectural numbers, but the Greek text is incomplete. The exact figures for some reigns are uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has repeated ,ε ABBREV entries where the full world-year numeral is not written out; the English draft supplies numbers (e.g., 5903, 5916) that are editorial reconstructions.","The entry for Heraclius's son Constantine gives 1 year, but the following entry for Heraclius (another son) gives 6 months; the relationship and order are clear from context but the exact filiation is ambiguous in the list format."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Λέων ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ε΄ ,ςσπζ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὀ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ σὺν\nτῇ μητρὶ ἔτη ι΄ ,ςσ ABBREV ξ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος μόνος ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ\nἔτη ζ΄ ,ςτδ΄ \n Εἰρήνη μόνη ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ ἔτη ε΄ ,ςτθ΄ \n Νικηφόρος ὁ ἀπὸ γενικῶν ἔτη η΄ μῆν. θ΄ ,ςτιζ΄ \n Σταυράκιος ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ μῆνας γ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ Ῥαγαβὲ ἔτος α΄ μῆν. θ΄ ,ςτκ΄ \n Λέων ὁ Ἀρμένιος ἔτη ς΄ μῆν. ε΄ ,ςτκξ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ Τραυλὸς ἔτη η΄ μῆν. θ΄ ,ςτλς΄ \n Θεόφιλος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ιβ΄ μὴν. γ΄ ,ςτμη΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κς΄ ,ςτοδ΄ \n Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδὼν ἔτη ιθ ,ςτ ABBREV γ΄ \n Λέων ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη κέ μῆν. η΄ ,ςυιθ΄ \n Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτος α΄ ,ςυκ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ υἱὸς Λέοντος ἔτη μη΄ ,ςυξή \n Ῥωμανὸς ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη γ΄ ,ςυοα΄ \n Νικηφόρος ὁ Φωκᾶς ἔτη ς΄ ,ςτυοη΄ \n Ἰωάννης ὁ Τξιμίσκος ἔτη ς΄ ,ςυπδ΄ \n Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος ἔτη νε΄ σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ\nΚωνσταντίνῳ ,ςφλζ΄ \n Ἐν οἷς βασιλεῦσι Σέργιος ὁ πατριάρχης τὸν πάπαν\nῬώμης ἀπὸ τῶν διπτύχων ἐξέωσεν. \n Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Ἀργυρόπολος ἔτη ε΄ μῆν. ς΄ ,ςφμβ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγὼν ἔτη ξ΄ ,ςφμθ΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μονομάχος ἔτη ιγ΄ ,ςφξγ΄ \n Θεοδώρα ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος ἔτος α΄ ,ςφξε΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀπὸ Στρατιωτικῶν ἔτος α΄ ,ςφξς΄ \n Ἰσαάκιος ὁ Κομνηνὸς ἔτη β΄ ,ςφξη΄ \n Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Δούκα ἔτη ς΄ ,ςφοε΄ \n Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Διογένης ἔτη γ΄ ,ςφοθ΄ \n Μιχαὴλ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Δούκα ἔτη ς΄ ,ςφπε΄ \n Νικηφόρος ὁ Βατανιάτης ἔτη γ΄ ,ςφπη΄ \n Ἀλέξιος ὁ Κομνηνὸς ἔτη λη΄ ,ςχκς΄","english":"Leo his son, 5 years, 6287. Constantine his son with his mother, 10 years, 6260. Constantine alone, his son, 7 years, 6304. Irene alone, his mother, 5 years, 6309. Nikephoros, from the genikon, 8 years, 9 months, 6317. Staurakios his son, 3 months. Michael Rhangabe, 1 year, 9 months, 6320. Leo the Armenian, 6 years, 5 months, 6326. Michael the Amorian, 8 years, 9 months, 6336. Theophilos his son, 12 years, 3 months, 6348. Michael his son, 26 years, 6374. Basil the Macedonian, 19 years, 6303. Leo his son, 25 years, 8 months, 6419. Alexander his brother, 1 year, 6420. Constantine the son of Leo, 48 years, 6468. Romanos his son, 3 years, 6471. Nikephoros Phokas, 6 years, 6478. John Tzimiskes, 6 years, 6484. Basil the Bulgar-Slayer, 55 years with his brother Constantine, 6537. During whose reign Sergios the patriarch removed the pope of Rome from the diptychs. Romanos Argyropoulos, 5 years, 6 months, 6542. Michael the Paphlagonian, 60 years, 6549. Constantine Monomachos, 13 years, 6563. Theodora the Porphyrogennete, 1 year, 6565. Michael from the Stratiotikon, 1 year, 6566. Isaac Komnenos, 2 years, 6568. Constantine Doukas, 6 years, 6575. Romanos Diogenes, 3 years, 6579. Michael the son of Doukas, 6 years, 6585. Nikephoros Botaneiates, 3 years, 6588. Alexios Komnenos, 38 years, 6626.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Λέων ὁ υίὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτη ε΄ ,ςσπζ΄","severity":"info","text":"The year 6287 (AM) for Leo IV's reign (775–780) is consistent with the Byzantine era used by Zonaras, though the English draft misreads the Greek numeral as 6287; the Greek has ςσπζ´ = 6287.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Κωνσταντῖνος ὀ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ σὺν τῇ μητρὶ ἔτη ι΄ ,ςξ΄","severity":"caution","text":"The year 6260 in the English draft is a misreading; the Greek has ςξ´ = 6260, but the numeral is abbreviated and may be corrupt. The reign of Constantine VI with Irene (780–790) is 10 years, but the AM year 6260 is implausibly low; likely a scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Νικηφόρος ὁ ἀπὸ γενικῶν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ἀπὸ γενικῶν' refers to Nikephoros I's prior office as genikos logothetes (finance minister), a key administrative post. The English draft's 'from the genikon' is a literal rendering.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σέργιος ὁ πατριάρχης τὸν πάπαν Ῥώμης ἀπὸ τῶν διπτύχων ἐξέωσεν","severity":"info","text":"This note refers to Patriarch Sergios I of Constantinople (1001–1019) removing the pope from the diptychs, a liturgical list, during Basil II's reign. This reflects the ongoing schism between Constantinople and Rome.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐν οἷς βασιλεῦσι Σέργιος ὁ πατριάρχης...","severity":"info","text":"This parenthetical remark interrupts the list of emperors, providing a historical note. It is the only non-chronological entry in this passage, highlighting a key ecclesiastical event.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγὼν ἔτη ξ΄ ,ςφμθ΄","severity":"caution","text":"The reign length of 60 years for Michael IV the Paphlagonian (1034–1041) is clearly an error; he reigned only 7 years. The numeral ξ´ (60) is likely a scribal mistake for ζ´ (7).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg3135.tlg012","label":"source edition: Chronologia","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg3135.tlg012.1st1K-grc1:1"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The year numerals for Constantine VI and Irene (ςξ´) and for Michael IV (ξ´) are likely corrupt; the English draft reproduces them without correction.","The abbreviation 'ςτ ABBREV ξ´' for Constantine VI alone is unclear; the English draft reads 6304, but the Greek is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Οὗτος ἦρξε τῆς βασιλείας ἀπὸ τοῦ ςφπθ΄ ἔτους,\nἰνδικτιῶνος δ’, καὶ μηνὸς ἀπριλίου ἁ, τῇ μεγάλῃ\nπέμπτῃ , ὅτε καὶ ἡ ἁρπαγὴ γέγονε.\nἈπὸ κυρίου Ἀλεξίου τοῦ βασιλέως ἕς ἄρτι\nἔτη σμέ, ἔτους ςωξή.","english":"This man began his reign in the year 6589, indiction 4, on the first day of the month of April, on Great Thursday, at which time also the abduction occurred. From the Lord Alexios the emperor until now, 245 years, year 6768.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ςφπθ’","severity":"info","text":"The year 6589 in the Byzantine world era corresponds to 1081 CE, marking the start of Alexios I Komnenos’ reign.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"μεγάλῃ πέμπτῃ","severity":"info","text":"‘Great Thursday’ refers to Holy Thursday in the liturgical calendar, the day before Good Friday.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ἁρπαγὴ","severity":"info","text":"The ‘abduction’ likely refers to the seizure of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, a key event in Byzantine history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ςωξή","severity":"info","text":"Year 6768 in the Byzantine era corresponds to 1260 CE, indicating the time of writing or a later reference point.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀπὸ κυρίου Ἀλεξίου … ἕς ἄρτι","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks a temporal shift from the reign of Alexios I to the present, summarizing 245 years of history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ‘this man’ is unclear from the passage alone; context suggests it may be Alexios I Komnenos or another emperor. The ‘abduction’ (ἁρπαγή) is not explicitly defined but is traditionally linked to the 1204 sack of Constantinople."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}