{"slug":"tlg1750.tlg004","id":"greek:tlg1750.tlg004","title":"Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","author":"Vitae Prophetarum","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"greek","coverage":"none","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:21:54Z","cost_usd":0.019896},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:tlg1750.tlg004","work_id":"tlg1750.tlg004","edition":"first1k","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"},"stats":{"passages":38,"english_words":8183,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":227,"commentary_kinds":10,"derived_notes":8,"ambiguities":72,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tlg1750.tlg004","abstract":"The Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini, often transmitted with the Vitae Prophetarum, is a Greek para-biblical catalogue listing the apostles and disciples of Jesus, along with their missionary fields and death places. It survives in multiple fluid manuscripts from the 5th–6th century CE, though its exact date and authorship remain uncertain. The work conflates historical and legendary figures, serving as a source for Byzantine and Orthodox hagiography and church history. The edition relies on a single base manuscript without full collation or critical apparatus, making some readings conjectural.","historical_context":"The work is conventionally dated to the 5th–6th century CE based on manuscript evidence and internal references, but lacks secure external attestation. It was composed in Greek, likely in the Eastern Roman Empire, and transmitted in monastic or ecclesiastical circles. The text is often appended to the Vitae Prophetarum, a collection of prophetic biographies, suggesting a context of para-biblical compilation. Its lists of apostles and disciples, including legendary figures, reflect late antique efforts to systematize apostolic traditions and missionary territories. The fluid textual tradition indicates multiple recensions, with variant names and assignments, pointing to a living tradition rather than a fixed canon. The work is pseudepigraphically attributed to Dorotheus of Tyre, but no extant writings securely belong to him.","significance":"The Index apostolorum is significant for its influence on Byzantine and later Orthodox traditions regarding apostolic missions and church foundations. It bridges canonical lists (e.g., Romans 16) and hagiographical legends, shaping medieval and modern understandings of early Christian geography. Its transmission with the Vitae Prophetarum highlights the genre of para-biblical catalogue, distinct from narrative gospels or acts.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Conventional dating of the work based on manuscript evidence and internal references."},{"date":"4th c.","event":"Eusebius of Caesarea mentions Cleopas as the Lord's cousin (Hist. eccl. 3.11), a tradition echoed in the Index."},{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Development of the Vitae Prophetarum, with which the Index is often transmitted."},{"date":"6th–9th c.","event":"Manuscript transmission of the Index in Greek, with fluid lists and variant assignments."},{"date":"Byzantine period","event":"Use of the Index in Byzantine hagiography and church history to supply apostolic missionary fields."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Critical editions rely on single base manuscripts; no full collation of all known witnesses."}],"relations":[{"work":"Vitae Prophetarum","relation":"Often transmitted together; the Index is appended to this collection of prophetic biographies.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Romans 16","relation":"The list of seventy disciples alludes to Paul's greetings in Romans 16, a key biblical basis.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica","relation":"Eusebius attests Cleopas/Symeon as the Lord's cousin, a tradition used in the Index.","key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"},{"work":"Dorotheus of Tyre","relation":"The work is pseudepigraphically attributed to Dorotheus, but no secure writings survive.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Apostolic lists in later hagiography","relation":"The Index influenced Byzantine and Orthodox traditions of apostolic missions and church foundations.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of the work is uncertain; conventional 5th–6th century dating rests on manuscript evidence and internal references, not external attestation.","Authorship is pseudepigraphical; no writings securely attributed to Dorotheus of Tyre survive.","The textual tradition is fluid, with variant lists of names and assignments; the edition does not collate all known manuscripts.","Some readings are conjectural; the edition relies on a single base manuscript with limited cross-referencing.","The list conflates historical figures with legendary ones, and no critical apparatus is provided for variant readings."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000561,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:21:54Z"},"checks":{"work":"tlg1750.tlg004","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"repetition-warn","i":5},{"code":"repetition-warn","i":24}],"stats":{"passages":38,"translated":38,"commentary_passages":38,"commentary_units":227,"english_words":8183,"source_letters":38742,"commentary_kinds":10},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a Greek list of apostles and disciples, often transmitted with the Vitae Prophetarum. Its genre is para-biblical catalogue, not narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text is conventionally dated to the 5th–6th century CE, but this rests on manuscript evidence and internal references, not on external attestation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Survives in multiple Greek manuscripts, often appended to the Vitae Prophetarum. The textual tradition is fluid, with variant lists of names and assignments.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Used in Byzantine and later Orthodox tradition to supply apostolic missionary fields. Not canonical but influential in hagiography and church history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not collate all known manuscripts; some readings are conjectural. The list conflates historical figures with legendary ones.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No critical apparatus is provided for variant readings. The edition relies on a single base manuscript, with limited cross-referencing to other witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 38 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"6 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: first1k — CC BY-SA 4.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":38},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:tlg1750.tlg004":{"label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Δωροθέου ἐπισκόπου Τύρου ἀρχαίου ἀνδρὸς πνευματοφόρου καὶ μάρτυρος γεγονότος ἐν τοῖς καιροῖς Λικινίου καὶ Κωνσταντίνου τῶν βασιλέων. Οὗτος ὁ προλεχθεὶς ἀοίδιμος ἀνὴρ συγγράμματα διάφορα καταλέλοιπε Ῥωμαϊκά τε καὶ Ἑλληνικά, ἐπειδήπερ καὶ ἑκατέρων τῶν γλωσσῶν ἔμπειρος ὑπῆρχε· γέγονε δὲ καὶ πολυστωρ δι᾽ εὐφυΐαν. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν τελευτὴν Διοκλητιανοῦ καὶ Λικινίου κατέλαβε καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν ἰδίαν παροικίαν καὶ ἦν ἰθύνων τὴν ἐν Τύρῳ ἐκκλησίαν μέχρις Ἰουλιανοῦ τοῦ τυράννου. Καὶ ἐπειδήπερ οὐκ αὐτοφανῶς, ἀλλὰ κρυπνῶς διὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων Ἰουλιανὸς ἀνῄρει τοὺς Χριστιανούς, πάλιν ὁ Δωρόθεος κατέλαβε τὴν Ὀδυσσούπολιν, ἔνθα καὶ συσχεθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουλιανοῦ ἀρχόντων, καὶ πολλοὺς αἰκισμοὺς ὑπομείνας ἐν βαθυτάιῳ γήρᾳ διὰ τὴν εἰς Χριστὸν ὁμολογίαν ταῖς βασάναις ἐναπέθανεν, ἑκατὸν καὶ ἑπτὰ ἐτῶν ἤδη τυγχάνων. Οὗτος τοίνυν ὁ μέγας πρεσβύτης καὶ συγγράματα ἡμῖν ἐκκλησιαστικὰ καταλέλοιπεν, ἐν οἷς καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν οʹ μαθηππ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἱστόρησε, καὶ ἔνθα ὁ καθεὶς τῶν προφητῶν καὶ ἀποστόλων τὸν βίον ἐτελεσεν. Ἐν πρώτοις μὲν τοὺς ο´ ἐκείνους εἶναι λέγει, ὧν οἱ πλείους καὶ ἐπίσκοποι ἐν διαφόροις παροικίαις ἐγένοντο, ὧν καὶ ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος ἐν τοῖς ἀσπασμοῖς αὐτοῦ μέμνηται· μετὰ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν πάντας αὐτοὺς ἐπιστρέψαι σημαίνει καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις γεγενῆσθαι, ὧν καὶ τὰς ἐπωνυμίας ὧδε που οὗτος ἐπισημαίνεται λέγων.","english":"Dorotheus, bishop of Tyre, an ancient man, spirit-bearing and a martyr, who lived in the times of Licinius and Constantine the emperors. This aforementioned renowned man left behind various writings, both in Latin and Greek, since he was experienced in both languages; he was also a polymath by reason of his natural ability. After the death of Diocletian and Licinius, he also took over his own parish and governed the church in Tyre until the time of Julian the tyrant. And since Julian did not destroy Christians openly but secretly through his officials, Dorotheus again took refuge in Odyssupolis, where, having been seized by Julian’s officials and having endured many tortures in extreme old age on account of his confession of Christ, he died under the torments, being already one hundred and seven years old. This great elder, then, has left us ecclesiastical writings, among which he also recorded the matters concerning the seventy disciples of the Savior, and where each of the prophets and apostles ended his life. First, he says that those seventy are the ones whom the majority also became bishops in various parishes, whom the divine apostle also mentions in his greetings; for after the resurrection of our Savior from the dead, he indicates that all of them returned and were numbered among the apostles, whose names he here somewhere records, saying.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Δωροθέου ἐπισκόπου Τύρου","severity":"info","text":"Dorotheus of Tyre is a shadowy figure; this preface claims he was a bishop, polymath, and martyr under Licinius and Constantine, but no independent early source confirms his writings or martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἑκατὸν καὶ ἑπτὰ ἐτῶν","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Dorotheus died at 107 years old under Julian (361–363) is chronologically strained if he was active under Licinius (d. 325) and Constantine (d. 337).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"οʹ μαθηππ","severity":"info","text":"The list of seventy disciples attributed to Dorotheus was widely transmitted in Byzantine and later manuscripts, though its authenticity is doubted; it likely originated in the 5th–6th centuries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"συγγράμματα διάφορα","severity":"caution","text":"No extant writings securely attributed to Dorotheus of Tyre survive; the works here described (on the seventy disciples and the deaths of prophets and apostles) are probably pseudepigraphical.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐν πρώτοις μὲν τοὺς ο´","severity":"info","text":"This sentence introduces the main content: a list of the seventy disciples, followed by accounts of where each prophet and apostle ended his life, forming the core of the work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀσπασμοῖς","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the apostle's greetings likely alludes to Romans 16, where Paul names many coworkers, a key biblical basis for the list of seventy disciples.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Dorotheus of Tyre is uncertain; the preface may conflate him with a later figure or be entirely legendary.","The phrase 'ἑκατὸν καὶ ἑπτὰ ἐτῶν' (107 years old) is textually secure but historically implausible.","The work's attribution to Dorotheus is contested; it may be a compilation from various sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"αʹ. Ἰάκωβος ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ κυρίου καὶ πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ κυρίου γενόμενος.\n\nβʹ. Κλεοπᾶς ὁ καὶ Συμεών, ὁ ἀνέψιος τοῦ κυρίου γεo γενόμενος καὶ δεύτερος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων, ὅς καὶ εἶδεν αὐτὸν μετὰ τὸ ἀναστῆναι αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν.\n\nγʹ. Ματθίας ὁ ἀναπληρώσας τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν ιβʹ ἀποστόλων.\n\nδʹ. Θαδδαῖος ὁ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν Αὐγάρῳ τοπάρχῳ ἀποκοs ἐν Ἐδέσσῃ καὶ ἰασάμενος αὐτοῦ τὸ πάθος.\n\nεʹ. Ἀνανίας ὁ βαπτίσας τὸν ἅγιον Παῦλον καὶ Δαμασκοῦ μετέπειτα γενόμενος ἐπίσκοπος.\n\nϛʹ. Στέφανος ὁ πρωτομάρτυς ὁ εἷς τῶν ἐκλελεγμένων ὑπὸ τῶν ιβʹ ἀποστόλων εἰς διακονίαν.\n\nζʹ. Φίλιππος ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὁ καὶ Σίμωνα καὶ τὸν εὐνοῦχον βαπτίσας, καὶ ἐν Τράλλεσι τῆς Ἀσίας γεγονὼς ἐπίσκοπος.\n\nηʹ. Πρόχωρος ὁ εἷς τῶν. ζʹ καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Νικομηδείας τῆς Βιθυνίας γενόμενος.\n\nθʹ. Νικάνωρ ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς κατ᾽ αὐτὴν τὴν ἡμέραν ἀπέθανε, καθ᾽ ἣν ὁ ἅγιος Στέφανος σὺν δισχιλίοις ἄλλοις τῶν ἠλπικότων εἰς τὸν Χριστόν.","english":"1. James, the brother of the Lord and first bishop of Jerusalem, appointed by the Lord himself.\n\n2. Cleopas, also called Symeon, the cousin of the Lord and second bishop of Jerusalem, who also saw him after his resurrection from the dead.\n\n3. Matthias, who filled the number of the twelve apostles.\n\n4. Thaddaeus, who delivered the letter to Abgar the toparch in Edessa and healed his affliction.\n\n5. Ananias, who baptized Saint Paul and later became bishop of Damascus.\n\n6. Stephen, the protomartyr, one of those chosen by the twelve apostles for the diaconate.\n\n7. Philip, one of the seven, who also baptized Simon and the eunuch, and became bishop in Tralles of Asia.\n\n8. Prochorus, one of the seven and became bishop of Nicomedia in Bithynia.\n\n9. Nicanor, one of the seven, who died on the same day on which Saint Stephen, together with two thousand others who had hoped in Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"αʹ. Ἰάκωβος ... βʹ. Κλεοπᾶς ... γʹ. Ματθίας ... δʹ. Θαδδαῖος ... εʹ. Ἀνανίας ... ϛʹ. Στέφανος ... ζʹ. Φίλιππος ... ηʹ. Πρόχωρος ... θʹ. Νικάνωρ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a numbered list of nine figures, each introduced by a Greek numeral (αʹ–θʹ). The sequence moves from James and Cleopas (relatives of Jesus) to Matthias (replacement apostle) to Thaddaeus, Ananias, and the seven deacons (Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀνέψιος","severity":"info","text":"The Greek term ἀνέψιος (anepsios) means 'cousin' or 'nephew'. Here it describes Cleopas/Symeon as the Lord's cousin, a relationship also attested in early Christian tradition (e.g., Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.11).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαδδαῖος ... Αὐγάρῳ τοπάρχῳ","severity":"info","text":"Thaddaeus's mission to Abgar V, toparch of Edessa, and the healing of Abgar's affliction are part of the Abgar legend, widely circulated in Syriac and Greek sources (e.g., Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 1.13). The letter to Abgar is a famous apocryphal correspondence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Στέφανος ὁ πρωτομάρτυς","severity":"info","text":"Stephen is called 'protomartyr' (πρωτομάρτυς), a title derived from Acts 6–7, where he is the first Christian martyr. The passage notes he was one of the seven chosen by the apostles for the diaconate, echoing Acts 6:5–6.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Νικάνωρ ... σὺν δισχιλίοις ἄλλοις","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Nicanor died on the same day as Stephen 'together with two thousand others who had hoped in Christ' is not found in canonical Acts or early patristic sources. It likely reflects a later hagiographic expansion or a conflation with a separate persecution narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Φίλιππος ... Σίμωνα καὶ τὸν εὐνοῦχον βαπτίσας","severity":"info","text":"Philip's baptism of Simon (likely Simon Magus) and the eunuch (the Ethiopian eunuch from Acts 8:26–39) is a conflation of two distinct New Testament figures. The pairing is unusual and may reflect a local tradition or scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text of entry βʹ has 'γεo γενόμενος', likely a scribal error for 'γεγονώς' or 'γενόμενος' (having become). The translation renders it as 'the cousin of the Lord and second bishop of Jerusalem'.","Entry δʹ has 'ἀποκοs', probably a corruption of 'ἀποκομίσας' (having delivered) or 'ἀποστείλας' (having sent). The translation follows the sense of delivering the letter.","Entry θʹ breaks off mid-sentence; the Greek ends with 'τῶν ἠλπικότων εἰς τὸν Χριστόν' (of those who had hoped in Christ), leaving the clause incomplete. The translation supplies 'died' to complete the sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ιʹ. Τίμων ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Βοστρῶν τῶν Ἀράβων γενόμενος ἐκαύθη ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων.\n\nιαʹ. Παρμενᾶς ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς ἐπ᾽ ὄψεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπέθανεν ἐν τῇ διακονίᾳ αὐτοῦ.\n\nιβʹ. Νικόλαος ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Σαμαρείας γενόμενος ἑτεροδόξησεν ἅμα τῷ Σίμωνι.\n\nιγʹ. Βαρνάβας ὁ μετὰ Παύλου τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας πρῶτον ἐν Ῥώμῃ τὸν Χριστὸν ἐκήρυξεν, ἐπίσκοπος εδιολάνου μετέπειτα γεγονώς.\n\nιδʹ. Μάρκος, ὅς ὑπὸ Πέτρου τοῦ ἀποστόλου ἐπίσκοπος Ἀλεξανδρείας ἐγένετο καὶ εὐαγγελιστής.\n\nιεʹ. Σιλᾶς ὁ σὺν τῷ Παύλῳ τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας καὶ ἐν Κορίνθῳ ἐπίσκοπος γεγονώς.\n\nιϛʹ. Λουκᾶς, ὅς κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον σὺν Παύλῳ ἐκήρυξεν.\n\nιζʹ. Σιλουανὸς ὁ σὺν τῷ Παύλῳ τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας Θεσσαλονίκης ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν.\n\nιηʹ. Κρήσκης, οὗ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Τιμόθεον δευτέρᾳ ἐπιστολῇ, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Χαλκηδόνος τῆς ἐν Γαλλίᾳ ἐγένετο.\n\nιθʹ. Ἐπαίνετος, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Καρθαγένης ἐγένετο.","english":"10. Timon, one of the Seven, who became bishop of Bostra of the Arabs and was burned by the Greeks.\n\n11. Parmenas, one of the Seven, who died in the presence of the apostles while in his ministry.\n\n12. Nicholas, one of the Seven, who became bishop of Samaria and deviated in doctrine together with Simon.\n\n13. Barnabas, who served with Paul in the word, first preached Christ in Rome, later becoming bishop of Mediolanum.\n\n14. Mark, who was made bishop of Alexandria by the apostle Peter and also an evangelist.\n\n15. Silas, who served with Paul in the word and became bishop in Corinth.\n\n16. Luke, who preached the gospel throughout the whole earth together with Paul.\n\n17. Silvanus, who served with Paul in the word and became bishop of Thessalonica.\n\n18. Crescens, whom the apostle mentions in the second epistle to Timothy, and who also became bishop of Chalcedon in Gaul.\n\n19. Epaenetus, whom the apostle mentions in the epistle to the Romans, and who also became bishop of Carthage.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Τίμων","severity":"info","text":"Timon is listed among the Seven in Acts 6:5, but the tradition of his bishopric in Bostra and martyrdom by fire is not attested in canonical sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Παρμενᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Parmenas is also one of the Seven in Acts 6:5; the claim that he died before the apostles is otherwise unknown.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Νικόλαος","severity":"info","text":"Nicholas, one of the Seven, is here linked with Simon Magus in heterodoxy; this association is not found in the New Testament but appears in later patristic heresiology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Βαρνάβας","severity":"info","text":"Barnabas is said to have first preached Christ in Rome and later become bishop of Mediolanum (Milan); this tradition is not in the New Testament and likely reflects later hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Κρήσκης","severity":"info","text":"Crescens is mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:10; the note that he became bishop of Chalcedon in Gaul is an extra-biblical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐπαίνετος","severity":"info","text":"Epaenetus is mentioned in Romans 16:5; the claim that he became bishop of Carthage is not in the New Testament.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text uses ordinal numerals (ιʹ, ιαʹ, etc.) for the entries; the English draft renders them as Arabic numerals. The phrase 'τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας' (served with Paul in the word) is ambiguous: it may mean serving as a companion in preaching or as a secretary/amanuensis. The location 'Χαλκηδόνος τῆς ἐν Γαλλίᾳ' (Chalcedon in Gaul) is problematic, as Chalcedon is historically in Bithynia; this m"],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"κʹ. Ἀνδρόνικος, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Σπανίας ἐγένετο.\n\nκαʹ. Ἀμπλίας, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς ωμαίους, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ὀδυσσοῦ ἐγένετο.\n\nκβʹ. Οὐρβανὸς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς ἐπίσκοπος Μακεδονίας ἐγένετο.\n\nκγʹ. Στάχυς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃν καὶ Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀπόστολος τὴν Ποντιδικὴν θάλασσαν διαπλέων ἐν Ἀργυροπόλει τῆς Θρᾴκης ἐπίσκοπον τοῦ Βυζαντίου κατέστησεν.\n\nκδʹ. Ἀπελλῆς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Ἡρακλείας ἐγένετο.\n\nκεʹ. Φύγελλος τὰ Σίμωνος φρονήσας Ἐφέσου ἐπίσκοπος ἐγένετο.\n\nκϛʹ. Ἑρμογένης, ὃς ἐν Μεγάροις καὶ αὐτὸς κατέστη ἐπίσκοπος.\n\nκζʹ. Δημᾶς, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μνημονεύει ἐν τῇ πρὸς ιμόθεον βʹ ἐπιστολῇ, ὅτι ἑτεροδοξήσαντες Φύγελλος καὶ Ἑρμογένης ἀντέστησαν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ αὐτοῦ. Ὁ δὲ Δημᾶς ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα κατέλιπε τὸν εὐαγγελικὸν λόγον, καὶ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ ἱερεὺς τῶν εἰδώλων ἐγένετο, περὶ οὗ καὶ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀπόστολος ἔγραψεν· ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐξῆλθον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἦσαν ἐξ ἡμῶν.","english":"20. Andronicus, whom the apostle mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Spain.\n\n21. Amplias, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who became bishop of Odessus.\n\n22. Urbanus, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who became bishop of Macedonia.\n\n23. Stachys, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, whom the apostle Andrew, while sailing the Pontic Sea, appointed bishop of Byzantium in Argyropolis of Thrace.\n\n24. Apelles, whom the apostle also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who himself became bishop of Heraclea.\n\n25. Phygellus, who adopted the opinions of Simon, became bishop of Ephesus.\n\n26. Hermogenes, who was also appointed bishop in Megara.\n\n27. Demas, whom the apostle mentions in the Second Epistle to Timothy, that Phygellus and Hermogenes, having become heterodox, opposed his teaching. But Demas, loving the present world, abandoned the evangelical word and became a priest of idols in Thessalonica, concerning whom the apostle John also wrote: They went out from us, but they were not of us.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸς Ῥωμαίους","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'in the Epistle to the Romans' refers to Romans 16:7–10, where Paul greets Andronicus, Amplias, Urbanus, Stachys, and Apelles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σπανίας","severity":"info","text":"Andronicus is said to have become bishop of Spain, a claim not found in the New Testament and likely legendary, reflecting later traditions about the apostles' missionary journeys.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀργυροπόλει","severity":"info","text":"Argyropolis of Thrace is a historical site near Byzantium; the text claims Andrew appointed Stachys bishop of Byzantium there, linking the see to apostolic foundation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸς Τιμόθεον βʹ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Demas in 2 Timothy 4:10 is echoed here; the text adds that Phygellus and Hermogenes became heterodox, expanding on Paul's warning.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀπόστολος","severity":"info","text":"The quotation 'They went out from us, but they were not of us' is attributed to John the apostle, but is not found in canonical Johannine writings; it may derive from early Christian oral tradition or apocryphal sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Φύγελλος","severity":"caution","text":"The name Phygellus (Φύγελλος) is a variant of Phygelus (Φύγηλος) in 2 Timothy 1:15; the spelling here may reflect scribal variation or a different manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text does not specify the source for John's quotation about Demas; it may be apocryphal or a misattribution.","The location 'Odessus' for Amplias is ambiguous: it could be Odessus in Thrace (modern Varna) or another site."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"κηʹ. Ἀπελλῆς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Σμύρνης ἐγένετο πρὸ τοῦ ἁγίου Πολυκάρπου.\n\nκθʹ. Ἀριστόβουλος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς Βρετανίας ἐπίσκοπος ἐγένετο.\n\nλʹ. Νάρκισσος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς ωμαίους, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Ἀθηνῶν γέγονεν.\n\nλαʹ. Ἡρωδίων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς ωμαίους, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Παταρῶν ἐγένετο.\n\nλβʹ. Ἄγαβος ὁ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων μνημονευόμενος, ὅς καὶ προφητικοῦ χαρίσματος ἠξιώθη.\n\nλγʹ. Ῥοῦφος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Θηβῶν ἐγένετο.\n\nλδʹ. Ἀσύγκριτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Ὑρκανίας ἐγένετο.\n\nλεʹ. Φλέγων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Μαραθῶνος ἐγένετο.\n\nλϛʹ. Ἑρμῆς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Δαλματίας ἐγένετο.","english":"28. Apelles, whom the apostle also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Smyrna before Saint Polycarp.\n\n29. Aristobulus, whom the apostle also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who became bishop of Britain.\n\n30. Narcissus, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Athens.\n\n31. Herodian, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Patara.\n\n32. Agabus, who is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, who was also deemed worthy of the gift of prophecy.\n\n33. Rufus, whom the apostle also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Thebes.\n\n34. Asyncritus, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Hyrcania.\n\n35. Phlegon, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Marathon.\n\n36. Hermes, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Dalmatia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"κηʹ. Ἀπελλῆς … κθʹ. Ἀριστόβουλος … λʹ. Νάρκισσος … λαʹ. Ἡρωδίων … λβʹ. Ἄγαβος … λγʹ. Ῥοῦφος … λδʹ. Ἀσύγκριτος … λεʹ. Φλέγων … λϛʹ. Ἑρμῆς","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists nine figures (28–36) in a uniform pattern: each entry names a person, notes their mention in Romans (or Acts for Agabus), and assigns a bishopric. This serial structure is typical of the Index apostolorum.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'in the Epistle to the Romans' refers to Romans 16, where Paul greets various individuals (e.g., Apelles, Aristobulus, Narcissus, Herodian, Rufus, Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes). Agabus is instead cited from Acts 11:28 and 21:10.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀπελλῆς … ἐπίσκοπος Σμύρνης … πρὸ τοῦ ἁγίου Πολυκάρπου","severity":"info","text":"Apelles is said to have been bishop of Smyrna before Polycarp, a known second-century bishop and martyr. This chronological claim is not attested in earlier sources and may reflect later hagiographic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀριστόβουλος … Βρετανίας ἐπίσκοπος","severity":"info","text":"Aristobulus is assigned as bishop of Britain, a claim found in later legends (e.g., the 13th-century 'Life of Aristobulus'). No early evidence supports this; it likely arose from the desire to apostolicize the British church.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"προφητικοῦ χαρίσματος ἠξιώθη","severity":"info","text":"Agabus is said to have been 'deemed worthy of the gift of prophecy,' a phrase echoing Acts 11:28 and 21:10, where he is described as a prophet. The term 'charisma' here denotes a spiritual gift, not an office.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὑρκανίας","severity":"caution","text":"Asyncritus is said to be bishop of 'Hyrcania,' a region south of the Caspian Sea. This is geographically improbable for a disciple of Paul; the name may be a corruption or a later invention.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text uses the same formula for each entry, but the historical reliability of the bishoprics (e.g., Britain, Hyrcania) is uncertain. The reading taken is that the list reflects later legendary expansions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"caution","code":"repetition-warn","text":"Automatic check flagged formulaic repetition. Coptic homiletic style repeats by design, so this records the pattern rather than correcting it."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"λζʹ. Πατροβᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Ποτιόλοις γέγονεν.\n\nληʹ. Ἑρμᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Φιλιππουπόλεως ἐγένετο.\n\nλθʹ. Λίνος ὁ μετὰ Πέτρου τὸν ἀπόστολον Ῥώμης ἐπίσκοπος γεγονώς.\n\nμʹ. Γάϊος, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Ἐφέσου ἐγένετο μετὰ Τιμόθεον τὸν μαθητὴν Παύλου τοῦ ἀποστόλου.\n\nμαʹ. Φιλόλογος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν ὑπὸ Ἀνδρέου ἀποστόλου ἐν Σινώπῃ.\n\nμβʹ. Ὀλυμπᾶς.\n\nμγʹ. Ῥωδίων, ὧν καὶ αὐτῶν ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, οἳ καὶ ἐν Ῥώμῃ ἅμα Πέτρῳ τῷ ἀποστόλῳ ὑπὸ Νέρωνος τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀπετμήθησαν.\n\nμδʹ. Λουκᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ τῆς Συρίας ἐγένετο.\n\nμεʹ. Ἰάσων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ταρσοῦ ἐγένετο.\n\nμϛʹ. Σωσίπατρος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἰκονίου ἐγένετο.","english":"37. Patrobas, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop in Puteoli.\n\n38. Hermas, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Philippopolis.\n\n39. Linus, who became bishop of Rome after the apostle Peter.\n\n40. Gaius, whom the apostle mentions, who became bishop of Ephesus after Timothy, the disciple of the apostle Paul.\n\n41. Philologus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop under the apostle Andrew in Sinope.\n\n42. Olympas.\n\n43. Rhodion, both of whom the apostle also mentions, who also had their heads cut off in Rome together with the apostle Peter under Nero.\n\n44. Lucas, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop in Laodicea of Syria.\n\n45. Jason, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Tarsus.\n\n46. Sosipater, whom he also mentions in the Epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Iconium.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Πατροβᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Patrobas is listed among the seventy disciples and is mentioned in Romans 16:14. The claim that he became bishop of Puteoli is not attested in the New Testament.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἑρμᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Hermas is greeted in Romans 16:14. The identification with the author of the Shepherd of Hermas is debated; the text here makes him bishop of Philippopolis, a tradition not found in early patristic sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Λίνος","severity":"info","text":"Linus is traditionally regarded as the second bishop of Rome after Peter (Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.3.3). The text places him immediately after Peter, consistent with early episcopal lists.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Γάϊος","severity":"info","text":"Gaius is mentioned in Romans 16:23 as Paul’s host. The claim that he succeeded Timothy as bishop of Ephesus is a later tradition; Timothy’s own episcopacy is attested in the Pastoral Epistles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥωδίων","severity":"info","text":"Rhodion (or Rhodo) is said to have been beheaded with Peter under Nero. This tradition conflates the martyrdom of Peter with that of other Roman Christians, as recorded in apocryphal Acts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὀλυμπᾶς","severity":"caution","text":"Olympas is listed without any biographical detail, unlike the surrounding entries. The omission may indicate a lacuna in the manuscript tradition or a deliberate abbreviation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text does not specify whether the apostle mentioned is Paul or Peter; the repeated phrase 'the apostle' likely refers to Paul, given the context of Romans, but the reference to Peter in entry 39 and 43 introduces ambiguity.","The entry for Olympas lacks any predicate, leaving his role or fate unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"μζʹ. Τέρτιος ὁ καὶ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους γράψας ἐπιστολήν, ὅς δεύτερος ἐπίσκοπος Ἰκονίου ἐγένετο.\n\nμηʹ. Ἔραστος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ, ὃς καὶ οἰκονόμος τῆς ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐκκλησίας γέγονεν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος μετέπειτα Πανιάδος.\n\nμθʹ. Κούαρτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Βηρυτοῦ γέγονεν.\n\nνʹ. Ἀπολλώς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Κορινθίους ἐπιστολῇ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Καισαρείας γέγονεν.\n\nναʹ. Κηφᾶς, ὃν ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ ἤλεγξεν, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Κονίας ἐγένετο.\n\nνβʹ. Σωσθένης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Κολοφωνίας ἐγένετο.\n\nνγʹ. Τύχικος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Κολοφωνίας ἐγένετο.\n\nνδʹ. Ἐπαφρόδιτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἀνδριακῆς γέγονεν.\n\nνεʹ. Καῖσαρ, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Δυῤῥαχίου γέγονεν.\n\nνϛʹ. Μάρκος ὁ ἀνέψιος Βαρνάβα, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἀπολλωνιάδος γέγονεν.","english":"47. Tertius, who also wrote the Epistle to the Romans, who became the second bishop of Iconium.\n\n48. Erastus, whom he also mentions in the same epistle, who also became steward of the church in Jerusalem and later bishop of Paneas.\n\n49. Quartus, whom he also mentions in the same epistle, who also became bishop of Berytus.\n\n50. Apollos, whom the apostle also mentions in the Epistle to the Corinthians, who also became bishop of Caesarea.\n\n51. Cephas, whom the apostle Paul rebuked in Antioch, who also became bishop of Conia.\n\n52. Sosthenes, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Colophonia.\n\n53. Tychicus, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Colophonia.\n\n54. Epaphroditus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Andriaca.\n\n55. Caesar, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Dyrrhachium.\n\n56. Mark, the cousin of Barnabas, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Apollonia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Τέρτιος","severity":"info","text":"Tertius is identified as the amanuensis who wrote the Epistle to the Romans (cf. Rom 16:22). The claim that he became second bishop of Iconium is not attested in early sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐπαφρόδιτος","severity":"info","text":"Epaphroditus is mentioned by Paul in Philippians 2:25 and 4:18. The text here assigns him a bishopric in Andriaca, a port in Lycia, which is not otherwise recorded.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κηφᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Cephas is here distinguished from Peter and identified as the man rebuked by Paul in Antioch (cf. Gal 2:11–14). The see of Conia is otherwise unknown; possibly a corruption of Iconium or a place in Cilicia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Μάρκος ὁ ἀνέψιος Βαρνάβα","severity":"info","text":"Mark is called the cousin (ἀνέψιος) of Barnabas, a relationship also noted in Col 4:10 and in early tradition (Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 2.15). The bishopric in Apollonia (likely in Macedonia or Crete) is otherwise unattested.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νϛʹ","severity":"info","text":"This passage (47–56) continues the list of seventy disciples and their legendary episcopal sees, following the pattern of the earlier entries in the Index apostolorum.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Καῖσαρ","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Caesar' as a disciple is otherwise unknown; it may be a textual corruption of 'Crescens' or another name. The see Dyrrhachium (modern Durrës, Albania) is plausible but unconfirmed.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Cephas (whether distinct from Peter) is ambiguous; the text treats him as a separate figure. The location 'Conia' is uncertain. The name 'Caesar' may be a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"νζʹ. Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰοῦστος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἐλευθεροπόλεως γέγονεν.\n\nνηʹ. Ἀρτεμᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν Λύστρας.\n\nνθʹ. Κλήμης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγων· μετὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν συνεργῶν μου, ὅς καὶ πρῶΚονίας] ἐξ ἐθνῶν καὶ Ἐλλήνων ἐπίστευσεν εἰς Χριστόν, ὃς καὶ μετέπειτα ἐπίσκοπος Σαρδικῆς γέγονεν.\n\nξʹ. Ὀνησίφορος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Κορωνίας γέγονεν.\n\nξαʹ. Τύχικος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος τῆς Χαλκηδόνος τῆς Βιθυνίας γέγονεν.\n\nξβʹ. Κάρπος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ Βεροίας τῆς Θρᾴκης ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν.\n\nξγʹ. Εὔοδος, ὃς μετὰ Πέτρον τὸν ἀπόστολον ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται.\n\nξδʹ. Ἀρίσταρχος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἀπαμείας τῆς Συρίας γέγονεν.","english":"57. Jesus, who is called Justus, whom the apostle also mentions in the Acts of the Apostles, who also became bishop of Eleutheropolis.\n\n58. Artemas, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Lystra.\n\n59. Clement, whom the apostle also mentions, saying: with Clement and the rest of my fellow workers, who first from among the nations and Greeks believed in Christ, who also later became bishop of Sardica.\n\n60. Onesiphorus, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Coronia.\n\n61. Tychicus, whom the apostle also mentions, who became the first bishop of Chalcedon in Bithynia.\n\n62. Carpus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Beroea in Thrace.\n\n63. Euodius, who after the apostle Peter became bishop in Antioch, whom the apostle also mentions.\n\n64. Aristarchus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Apamea in Syria.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰοῦστος","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Jesus called Justus' distinguishes this figure from Jesus Christ; he is mentioned in Acts (Acts 1:23? Acts 18:7?) but the text does not specify the verse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"πρῶΚονίας","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has 'πρῶΚονίας' which is likely a corruption; the English draft reads 'first from among the nations and Greeks' but the manuscript may be garbled here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαρδικῆς","severity":"info","text":"Sardica (modern Sofia, Bulgaria) was an important city in the Roman province of Thrace; Clement is said to have become its bishop.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Χαλκηδόνος τῆς Βιθυνίας","severity":"info","text":"Chalcedon in Bithynia (modern Kadıköy, Turkey) was a major city; Tychicus is listed as its first bishop, a claim not found in canonical Acts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ξγʹ. Εὔοδος","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Euodius (63) reverses the typical order: it first states his episcopal succession after Peter in Antioch, then notes that the apostle mentions him.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Κλήμης","severity":"info","text":"This Clement is distinct from Clement of Rome; the text claims he was the first Gentile convert to Christ and later bishop of Sardica, a tradition not widely attested elsewhere.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at passage 59 has 'πρῶΚονίας' which is likely a scribal error; the intended reading may be 'πρῶτος ἐξ ἐθνῶν' (first from among the nations) as in the English draft.","The identity of 'Jesus called Justus' is ambiguous; he may be the same as Justus of Eleutheropolis mentioned in other lists, but the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ξεʹ. Μάρκος ὁ καὶ Ἰωάννης καλούμενος, οὗ ὁ Λουκᾶς ταῖς πράξεσι μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Βύβλου γέγονεν.\n\nξϛʹ. Ζηνᾶς ὁ νομικός, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Διοσπόλεως γέγονεν.\n\nξζʹ. Φιλήμων, πρὸς ὃν καὶ ἐπιστολὴν ἔγραψεν, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Γάζης γέγονεν.\n\nξηʹ. ξθʹ. οʹ. Ἀρίσταρχος καὶ Πούδης καὶ Τροφιμος· οὗτοι οἱ τρεῖς ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς διωγμοῖς τοῦ ἀποστόλου συγκακοπαθήσαντες τέλος ἐν Ῥώμῃ σὺν τῷ αὐτῷ ἀποστόλῳ ὑπὸ Νέρωνος τοῦ βασιλέως τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀπετμήθησαν. Ταῦτα ὁ τρισμακάριος καὶ πανόλβιος Δωρόθεος ἐν Ῥώμῃ γεγονὼς διὰ Ῥωμαϊκῆς διαλέκτου ἐν ὑπομνήμασι καταλέλοιπεν, ἐξ ὧν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐρανισάμενοι καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν μεθερμηνεύσαντες φωνὴν ἐμφανῆ τοῖς πᾶσι πεποιήκαμεν, τὴν τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα μαθητῶν ἐκλογὴν πιστὴν καὶ ἀληθῆ αὐτὴν καταλαβόμενοι. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ ἀπόστολος γράφων περὶ αὐτῶν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι καὶ πρὸ ἡμῶν γεγόνασιν ἐν κυρίῳ. Καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἄπιστόν τις λογίσηται μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι τοὺς οʹ καὶ πιστεῦσαι εἰς αὐτόν, θεωρήσαντας τὴν ἀνάστασιν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν, ὃ μεῖζον πάντων τῶν θαυμάτων ὑπῆρξε καί ἐστιν. Οὗτος τοίνυν ὁ μέγας ἀρχιερεὺς Δωρόθεος διηγήσατο ἐν γραφαῖς, ὅτιπερ ὁ σεπτὸς οἶκος τῆς ἁγίας καὶ καλλινίκου μάρτυρος Εὐφημίας ἐν τῷ Πετρίῳ ὑπὸ Τίτου τινὸς ἐκτίσθη ἀπὸ πρώτης, ὅστις Τίτος γεγονὼς ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καὶ τελειωθεὶς ἐν αὐτῇ, ἀπετέθη πλησίον τῶν παλαιῶν τευχῶν, ἐξότε Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀπόστολος καὶ τοῖς τόποις ἐπέστη καὶ πολλὰ πλήθη Χριστιανῶν παρ᾽ αὐτὰ συντρέχειν παρεσκεύαζεν, ὡς μήτε τοσούτους ἐν ἄλλοις τόποις εὑρίσκεσθαι.","english":"65. Mark, also called John, whom Luke mentions in the Acts, who also became bishop of Byblus.\n\n66. Zenas the lawyer, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Diospolis.\n\n67. Philemon, to whom he also wrote an epistle, who also became bishop of Gaza.\n\n68, 69, 70. Aristarchus, Pudens, and Trophimus. These three, having suffered together with the apostle in all his persecutions, were finally beheaded in Rome with the same apostle by the emperor Nero. These things the thrice-blessed and all-blessed Dorotheus, who was in Rome, left behind in memoirs in the Latin language, from which we, having gathered and translated into the Greek tongue, have made manifest to all, having understood the selection of the seventy disciples to be faithful and true. For the apostle, writing about them, said that they were in the Lord even before us. And one would not consider it unbelievable that after the resurrection of Christ the seventy turned and believed in him, having beheld his resurrection from the dead, which was and is greater than all miracles. So this great high priest Dorotheus related in writings that the venerable house of the holy and victorious martyr Euphemia in the Petrion was built from the beginning by a certain Titus, who, having become bishop of Byzantium and having died there, was buried near the old walls, from the time when the apostle Andrew also oversaw the places and prepared many multitudes of Christians to gather there, so that not so many were found in other places.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Μάρκος ὁ καὶ Ἰωάννης καλούμενος","severity":"info","text":"This Mark, also called John, is distinct from the evangelist Mark; he is identified with John Mark, a companion of Paul and Barnabas, mentioned in Acts 12:25, 13:5, 13, 15:37-39.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ζηνᾶς ὁ νομικός","severity":"info","text":"Zenas the lawyer is mentioned by Paul in Titus 3:13 as one of his companions; the text here adds that he became bishop of Diospolis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Φιλήμων","severity":"info","text":"Philemon is the addressee of Paul's Epistle to Philemon; the text notes he became bishop of Gaza, a detail not in the New Testament.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Δωρόθεος","severity":"info","text":"The compiler claims to have translated Dorotheus's Latin memoirs into Greek; this Dorotheus is likely the 4th-century bishop of Tyre, though the attribution is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"οἶκος ... Εὐφημίας ἐν τῷ Πετρίῳ","severity":"info","text":"The church of St. Euphemia in the Petrion district of Constantinople was a famous martyr shrine; the text attributes its foundation to Titus, bishop of Byzantium, linking local tradition to apostolic times.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρίσταρχος καὶ Πούδης καὶ Τροφιμος","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Aristarchus, Pudens, and Trophimus were beheaded with Paul under Nero is not attested in early sources; it likely conflates later hagiography with Acts 20:4, 27:2, and 2 Timothy 4:21.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Dorotheus is ambiguous: the text calls him 'thrice-blessed and all-blessed' and a 'great high priest', but no specific historical figure is securely identified.","The relationship between the list of seventy disciples and the appended narrative about the church of St. Euphemia is unclear; the latter may be a later addition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Ἅπαντες γὰρ οἱ τοῦ Βυζαντίου διδάσκαλοι καὶ ὑπομονητικοὶ γενόμενοι διὰ ταπεινοφρωσύνην, τὰς μὲν τυῤῥανικὰς ἀπέφυγον ἀπειλάς, τοῖς δὲ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἢ ἐξ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ τὸν ἔνθεον ἐπέσπειρον λογισμόν, εἰ καὶ μάλιστα τοῦ Τίτου θαυματουργίας ἐπιτελοῦντος, οἵας τε καὶ ὁ Σωτὴρ ἐπετέλεσεν. Ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῆς τυραννίδος Λικινίου καὶ Διοκλητιανοῦ κρατούσης ἐν τῇ ὑποθέσει ταύτῃ ἀναιρεῖται. Καὶ Κάρος ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ οἱ τούτου υἱοὶ Καρῖνος καὶ Νουμεριανὸς λοιπὸν ἐν ἀδείᾳ οἱ τύρανοι γενόμενοι ἀναιδεστέρως πρὸς τὰς τιμωρίας τῶν Χριστιανῶν ηὐτομόλουν, εἰς χιλιάδας τὸ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν ἐκ τούτων ἀναιροῦντες· μεθ᾽ ὧν Ἀδριανὸς ὁ τοῦ Πρόβου υἱὸς θανεῖν ἔσπευσεν. Γενόμενος γὰρ ἐν τῇ Νικομηδέων πόλει μετὰ τὴν Κάρου ἀναίρεσιν καὶ ἰδὼν τὰ πλήθη τῶν Χριστιανῶν ὑπὸ Λικινίου ἀναιδῶς ἀναιρούμενα, προσελθὼν πρὸς τὸ βῆμα ἔλεγεν τῷ Λικινίῳ· διὰ τί οὕτως ἀναιδῶς τὸ στράτευμα τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀναιρεῖται; καὶ ἰδοὺ τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν Ῥωμαίων· βάρβαροι κατέχουσιν. Ὁ δὲ Λικίνιος πρὸς αὐτόν· μὴ καὶ σὺ Χριστιανὸς εἶ; Ὁ δὲ Ἀδριανὸς πρὸς αὐτόν· καὶ μὴν εὔχομαι ἐν τῇ ὁμολογίᾳ ταύτῃ τελειωθῆναι ἢ τὸ ἀρνήσασθαι τὸν Χριστόν. Λικίνιος δὲ πολλὰς μὲν βασάνους, πολλὰς δὲ καὶ θωπεύσεις καὶ ἐπαγγελίας πρὸς αὐτὸν προσήγαγεν. Ὡς δὲ ἑώρα αὐτὸν τῇ τοῦ Χριστιανοῦ ὁμολογίᾳ ἐνιστάμενον, :θυμομαχήσας κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐκέλευσεν τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἀπτμηθῆναι.","english":"All the teachers of Byzantium, having become patient through humility, avoided the tyrannical threats and sowed divine reason among those from the nations or from Judaism, even though Titus was performing miracles, of the same kind as the Savior performed. And while the tyranny of Licinius and Diocletian was still prevailing, in this matter he is killed. And Carus the emperor and his sons Carinus and Numerian, having become tyrants with impunity, resorted more shamelessly to the punishment of Christians, killing thousands of them daily; among them Hadrian, the son of Probus, hastened to die. For having come to the city of Nicomedia after the death of Carus and seeing the multitudes of Christians being shamelessly killed by Licinius, he approached the tribunal and said to Licinius: Why is the army of the Romans being so shamelessly destroyed? And behold, the barbarians hold most of the Romans. And Licinius said to him: Are you also a Christian? And Hadrian said to him: Indeed, I pray to be perfected in this confession rather than to deny Christ. And Licinius brought many tortures, and also many flatteries and promises to him. But when he saw him persisting in the confession of a Christian, he became enraged against him and ordered his head to be cut off.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Λικινίου καὶ Διοκλητιανοῦ","severity":"info","text":"Licinius and Diocletian were Roman emperors known for persecuting Christians in the early 4th century. Diocletian's Great Persecution (303–311) and Licinius's later anti-Christian measures provide the historical context for this passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Κάρος ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ οἱ τούτου υἱοὶ Καρῖνος καὶ Νουμεριανὸς","severity":"info","text":"Carus reigned as Roman emperor in 282–283 CE, with his sons Carinus and Numerian as co-emperors. Their brief rule precedes the Diocletianic persecution, but the text anachronistically places them alongside Licinius and Diocletian.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀδριανὸς ὁ τοῦ Πρόβου υἱὸς","severity":"caution","text":"Hadrian, son of Probus, is otherwise unattested in known historical sources. The narrative may conflate or invent figures to illustrate Christian martyrdom under Licinius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸν ἔνθεον ἐπέσπειρον λογισμόν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'sowed divine reason' echoes New Testament imagery of sowing the word (e.g., Luke 8:5–8, Acts 17:11–12), though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῆς τυραννίδος Λικινίου καὶ Διοκλητιανοῦ κρατούσης","severity":"info","text":"This sentence shifts abruptly from the teachers of Byzantium to the martyrdom of an unnamed figure ('he is killed'), likely a textual lacuna or compression of sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"θαυματουργίας ἐπιτελοῦντος","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Titus performed miracles like the Savior reflects later hagiographic traditions that magnified apostolic figures, common in Byzantine legendary cycles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the teacher killed in the persecution is unclear; the text may have lost a proper name or refer to a previously mentioned figure.","The relationship between the teachers of Byzantium and the subsequent narrative about Carus and Hadrian is not explicitly connected."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Τοῦ δὲ ἐν τῇ ὁμολογίᾳ ταύτῃ τελειωθέντος ὁ Μητροφάνης γνοὺς ἄρτι τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς ἐναρξάμενος, ἅμα τοῖς συνοῦσιν αὐτῷ καταλαμβάνει τὴν Νικομήδειαν καὶ ὑποκλέψας αὐτοῦ τοῦ Καλλινίκου μάρτυρος Ἀδριανοῦ τὸ λείύκρατούσης λείψανον, ἀπεκομίσατο αὐτὸ καὶ ἀπέθετο ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ αὐτοῖς ὑπαρξάσῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ διακειμένῃ πλησίον τοῦ Βυζαντίου ἐπιλεγομένου τόπου Ἀργυροπόλεως, ἔνθα καὶ Τίτος πρῶτος ἡγησάμενος ἐπίσκοπος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἀπέθετο τὸ λείψανον Ἀδριανοῦ τοῦ ἐπὶ Μαξιμιανοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος, καὶ Ναταλίαν τὴν τούτου γυναῖκα καὶ ἑτέρους τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ μαρτυρήσαντας, ὅπου καὶ τὸ λείψανον ἀπέκειτο Στάχυος τοῦ ἑνὸς τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα μαθητῶν, ὃς ὑπὸ Ἀνδρέου τοῦ ἀποστόλου ἐν τῷ αὐτόθι τόπῳ πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ νῦν υζαντίου κατέστη. Ὁ γὰρ Ἀνδρέας ἐπὶ τὸν Πόντον διαπερούμενος ἤθελεν τοῖς ἐν τῷ Βυζαντίῳ τὸν Χριστὸν καταγγεῖλαι. Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδήπερ Ζεύξιππος τὸν τόπον τότε ἡγεμονεύων αἱμοβόρος τις ὢν πάντας τοὺς προσβάλλοντας ξένους τῷ Βυζαντίῳ πρότερον διερωτωμένους τὰ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἶθ᾽ οὕτως εἰσιέναι συνεχώρει. Καὶ ἐάν τις ὡμολόγησεν τὸν Χριστόν, εἰς δέσμα τοῦτον εὐθὺς καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτὰ δεσμευθέντας τοὺς πόδας τε καὶ χεῖρας θαλαττοῦσθαι προσέτασσεν. Διὰ τὴν τοιαύτην οὖν ὠμότητα παραπλεύσας ὁ Ἀνδρέας τὸ Βυζάντιον, κατῴκησεν ἐπὶ διετῆ χρόνον πλησίον τοῦ Βυζαντίου τῷ Θρᾳκίῳ μέρει ὡς ἀπὸ σταδίου ἑνὸς τῆς Ἀργυροπόλεως, ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ συναγωγὴν τῶν ἐνθέσμων καὶ φιλαλήθων ἀνδρῶν ποιούμενος.","english":"When he had been perfected in this confession, Metrophanes, having just then begun his episcopate, together with those accompanying him, took possession of Nicomedia and, having secretly taken the relic of the martyr Adrian, called Callinicus, he carried it off and deposited it in the first church that existed for them, situated near Byzantium in the place called Argyropolis, where also Titus, the first bishop of Constantinople, had deposited the relic of Adrian, who suffered martyrdom under Maximian, and of Natalia his wife, and of others who suffered martyrdom with him, and where also the relic of Stachys, one of the seventy disciples, was laid, whom Andrew the apostle had appointed as the first bishop of what is now Byzantium in that very place. For Andrew, crossing over to Pontus, wished to proclaim Christ to those in Byzantium. But since Zeuxippus, who was then governing the place, being a bloodthirsty man, first questioned all strangers approaching Byzantium about Christ, and only then allowed them to enter. And if anyone confessed Christ, he immediately ordered that person to be bound hand and foot and thrown into the sea. Because of such cruelty, therefore, Andrew sailed past Byzantium and dwelt for two years near Byzantium in the Thracian region, about one stade from Argyropolis, there gathering together law-abiding and truth-loving men.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μητροφάνης","severity":"info","text":"Metrophanes was bishop of Byzantium/Constantinople in the early 4th century, traditionally the first or second bishop after the city's refoundation. His episcopate coincided with the end of the Great Persecution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ζεύξιππος","severity":"info","text":"Zeuxippus is otherwise unknown as a governor of Byzantium; the name may be legendary or confused with the famous baths of Zeuxippus in Constantinople. The story of Andrew bypassing Byzantium due to persecution is a local tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ὁμολογίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"ὁμολογίᾳ here means 'confession' in the sense of martyrdom, i.e., the act of confessing Christ under persecution, often leading to death. The phrase 'perfected in this confession' is a standard hagiographic formula for martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative digression explaining how the relics of Adrian and others came to be deposited at Argyropolis, and why Andrew did not evangelize Byzantium directly. It interrupts the main account of Titus and Metrophanes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage conflates events from different periods: the martyrdom of Adrian under Maximian (c. 306-311), the episcopate of Metrophanes (c. 306-314), and the legendary appointment of Stachys by Andrew (1st century). This anachronism is typical of hagiographic compilations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"λεύκρατούσης","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has 'λεύκρατούσης' which is likely a corruption or ditrography; the English draft omits it. The intended word may be 'λεύψανον' (relic) or a form of 'λεύκωμα' (white marble). The sense is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'λεύκρατούσης λείψανον' is corrupt; the intended reading is uncertain.","The identity of 'Callinicus' as a title for Adrian is not otherwise attested; it may be a confusion with another martyr.","The location 'Argyropolis' is not securely identified; it may be a suburb of Constantinople or a legendary site."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Ὡς οὖν περὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους ἐπισυνάξας τῷ Χριστῷ θυσιαστήριον ἑδράσας ἐν τῇ Ἀργυροπόλει καὶ τὸν Στάχυν ἐπίσκοπον καταστήσας εἰς Σινώπην τοῦ Πόντου μεθίσταται.\n\nΤοῦ δὲ Στάχυος διαγενομένου τοῖς αὐτοῦ ἓξ καὶ δέκατον ἔτος ἐν τῇ ἐπισκοπῇ Ὀνήσιμος μετὰ τοῦτον γίνεται, περὶ οὗ Παῦλος ὁ ἀπόστολος τῷ Φιλήμονι ἔγραψεν. Καὶ τούτου δὲ τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατον ἔτος διανύσαντος ἐν τῇ λειτουργίᾳ Πολύκαρπος μετὰ τούτου τρία ἔτη ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καθίσταται. Διαγενομένου δὲ καὶ τούτου δέκα πρὸς τοῖς ὀκτὼ ἔτεσι Πλούταρχος μετέρχεται τὴν ἱερωσύνην. Καὶ αὐτοῦ δὲ διανύσαντος ἔτη ιϛʹ, Σεδεκίων διάδοχος αὐτοῦ καθίσταται ἐπὶ ἐνναετῆ χρόνον. Μεθ᾽ ὃν Διογένης ἐν ἔτει ιεʹ τῇ ἱερατείᾳ προσμείνας τελειοῦται. Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Ἐλευθέριος ἐπὶ ἑπταετῆ χρόνον. Μεθ᾽ ὃν Φίλιξ ἐπι πέμπτου ἔτους· καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Πολύκαρπος ἕως ἐτῶν ιζʹ. Ἔνθα τοίνυν τὰ τούτων σώματα ἀπετέθη λιθίνῳ σηκῷ ἐκεῖ· καὶ τὸ τῆς Ναταλίας σῶμα ἀπετέθη καὶ Ἀδριανοῦ τοῦ μετέπειτα μαρτυρήσαντος. Ἐν δὲ τῷ ἑτέρῳ λάρνακι ἐξ εὐθείας τότε ποιηθέντι τῶν ιγʹ μαρτύρων τὰ λείψανα ἐνεβλήθη. Ἐν δὲ μολυβδίνῃ λάρνακι καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἀπετέθη ὁ Ἀδριανὸς ὁ αταλίας ἀνήρ, ἃ καὶ μέχρι τῆς δεῦρο ἐμφανῶς πρόκεινται ἐν τῷ ὑπογαίῳ σπηλαίῳ, ἔνθα ἀπόστολος Ἀνδρέας τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἥδρασεν.","english":"When he had gathered about two thousand, having established an altar to Christ in Argyropolis and appointed Stachys bishop, he departs to Sinope of Pontus.\n\nWhen Stachys had completed his sixteenth year in the episcopate, Onesimus, about whom the apostle Paul wrote to Philemon, succeeds him. And when he had completed his fourteenth year in the ministry, Polycarp, after him, is appointed bishop of Byzantium for three years. And when he had completed eighteen years, Plutarch succeeds to the priesthood. And when he had completed sixteen years, Sedekion is appointed his successor for a period of nine years. After him, Diogenes, having remained in the priesthood for fifteen years, dies. After him, Eleutherius for a period of seven years. After him, Felix for five years; and after him, Polycarp for seventeen years. There, then, the bodies of these were deposited in a stone shrine; and the body of Natalia was deposited, and that of Hadrian, who later suffered martyrdom. In the other reliquary, made at that time directly, the relics of the thirteen martyrs were placed. In a lead reliquary, Hadrian, the husband of Natalia, was deposited separately, and these lie clearly visible to this day in the underground cave where the apostle Andrew established the altar.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπισυνάξας","severity":"info","text":"The participle ἐπισυνάξας indicates that the subject (Andrew) gathered about two thousand people before establishing the altar; the English draft omits the subject, but the Greek context implies Andrew.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"θυσιαστήριον","severity":"info","text":"θυσιαστήριον (altar) is a key term in early Christian foundation narratives, here linked to Andrew’s establishment of a cult site in Argyropolis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὀνήσιμος","severity":"info","text":"Onesimus is identified as the figure mentioned by Paul in the Epistle to Philemon (Phlm 1:10–20), linking this episcopal list to New Testament tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἔτος","severity":"info","text":"The passage provides a sequence of episcopal tenures in Byzantium: Stachys 16 years, Onesimus 14, Polycarp 3, Plutarch 18, Sedekion 9, Diogenes 15, Eleutherius 7, Felix 5, and another Polycarp 17 years, totaling 104 years.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀργυρόπολις","severity":"info","text":"Argyropolis (Silver City) was a suburb of Chalcedon, near Byzantium, known as a site of early Christian activity and later a repository for relics.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"σῶμα","severity":"info","text":"The deposition of bodies in a stone shrine and a lead reliquary reflects late antique relic translation practices, with the relics remaining visible in the cave where Andrew established the altar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the subject of ἐπισυνάξας is not explicit in the Greek; the context suggests Andrew, but the previous passage mentions Metrophanes, creating potential confusion.","The relationship between Hadrian (husband of Natalia) and the earlier martyr Adrian Callinicus is unclear; they may be distinct figures."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Ἤδη δὲ πλήθους ἱκανοῦ συναθροισθέντος τῶν εἰς Χριστὸν ἠλπικότων, παυσαμένης δὲ καὶ τυραννίδος τοῦ Βυζαντίου μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Ζευξίππου τελευτὴν ἐγκρατεῖς τε τόπων πλεόνων γενόμενοι οἱ τῆς ἐν Ἀγρυροπόλει ἐκκλησίας προεστῶτες τὴν τῶν πολλῶν ὄχλησιν καὶ τὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ Ἑβραίων προσβολὴν ἐκφυγεῖν βουλόμενοι, ἐν τοῖς μεσογείοις πλησίον τῆς Ἀργυροπόλεως ἐκκλησίαν ἄλλην ἀνεγείρουσιν, ἣν Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ μέγας βασιλεὺς μετέπειτα μειζοτέραν πεποίηκεν, σταυροειδῆ αὐτὴν διαγραψάμενος, βουλόμενος καὶ τὸ αὐτοῦ σῶμα ἐκεῖσε κατατεθῆναι. Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ λοιπὸν τὰ τοῦ Βυζαντίου ηὐξήθη, συνεβούλευσαν οἱ συνόντες τῷ Κωνσταντίνῳ μὴ δεῖν ἔξωθεν τῆς πόλεως τὰ τῶν βασιλέων σώματα ἀποκομίζεσθαι. Τούτου οὖν χάριν ἕτερος μὲν τόπος εἰς ταφὴν τῶν βασιλέων ἐγένετο. Ὁ δὲ γεγονὼς οἶκος ἀφιερώθη τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ καρτερικοῖς καὶ θεόφροσιν ἑπτὰ παισὶν καὶ Ἐλεαζάρῳ τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ, τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυἀπετέθη τὸν τόπον οἶκος κληρωσάμενος. Ἐλαιὼν γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχαίων τῶν χρόνων ὁ τόπος ἐπικέκληται, ὅνπερ εὐκτήριον οἶκον Ἀθηνόδωρος ὁ μετὰ Πολύκαρπον ἐπίσκοπος γεγονὼς πρῶτος ἐνήρξατο. Ἐκεῖ τὴν ἐπισκοπὴν διανύσας ἐν ἔτεσι τέσσαρσι, μεθ᾽ ὧν ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῦ ἑνδέκατος ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καθίσταται Εὐζώϊος, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν ἔτεσιν ἓξ τοῖς αὐτῶν ἱερατεύσας, Λαυρεντίῳ τὴν ἱερωσύνην καταλέλοιπεν. Καὶ αὐτοῦ δι᾽ ἕνδεκα ἔτη καὶ μῆνας ἓξ πληρώσαντος Ἀλύπιος ἡγεῖται τῆς ἱερωσύνης ἐπὶ ἔτη ιγʹ ἥμισυ. Πάλιν δὲ μετὰ τοῦτον Περτίναξ ἐγένετο ἔτη ιδʹ κρατήσας τῆς ἱερωσύνης.","english":"Already, when a considerable multitude of those who had placed their hope in Christ had gathered, and after the tyranny of Byzantium had ceased following the death of Zeuxippus, and when those in charge of the church in Argyropolis had become masters of more places, wishing to escape the disturbance of the many and the attack of the Greeks and Hebrews, they built another church in the inland regions near Argyropolis, which the great emperor Constantine later made larger, designing it in the shape of a cross, wishing also to have his own body deposited there. But since the affairs of Byzantium had subsequently increased, those who were with Constantine advised that it was not necessary for the bodies of emperors to be carried outside the city. For this reason, another place became the burial site for emperors. The house that had been built was dedicated to the seven steadfast and godly-minded youths in the law and to Eleazar the high priest, having received the ancient name of the place as the house of the Olive Grove. For the place had been called the Olive Grove from ancient times, which Athenodorus, who became bishop after Polycarp, first began as a place of prayer. Having completed his episcopate there in four years, after them Euzoius is appointed the eleventh bishop of Byzantium, who himself, having served as priest for six years among them, left the priesthood to Laurentius. And when he had completed eleven years and six months, Alypius leads the priesthood for thirteen and a half years. Again after him, Pertinax became bishop, having held the priesthood for fourteen years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ζευξίππου","severity":"info","text":"Zeuxippus was a historical figure, possibly a local ruler or official in Byzantium; his death marks a transition in the city's governance, relevant to the early Christian community's expansion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ μέγας","severity":"info","text":"Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) is credited with enlarging the church and designing it in a cross shape, reflecting his patronage of Christianity and his initial wish to be buried there.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ἑπτὰ παισὶν καὶ Ἐλεαζάρῳ","severity":"info","text":"The 'seven youths' likely refer to the Maccabean martyrs (2 Maccabees 7) and Eleazar to the priest Eleazar (2 Maccabees 6:18–31), indicating the church was rededicated to these Jewish martyrs.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλαιὼν","severity":"info","text":"The place called 'Olive Grove' (Ἐλαιών) is identified as an ancient site, later a prayer house begun by Athenodorus, who served as bishop for four years after Polycarp.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Εὐζώϊος","severity":"info","text":"Euzoius is listed as the eleventh bishop of Byzantium, serving six years, followed by Laurentius (11 years, 6 months), Alypius (13.5 years), and Pertinax (14 years).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπετέθη","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text at this point is corrupt or garbled; the phrase 'τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυἀπετέθη' is likely a scribal error, obscuring the exact naming of the site.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Zeuxippus is not specified; he may be a local tyrant or official. The phrase 'τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυἀπετέθη' is corrupt, making the precise dedication unclear. The sequence of bishops after Polycarp is given but with possible gaps or errors in the list."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Οὗτος δὲ ὁ Περτίναξ ὑπατικὸς τῶν ἐν Ῥώμῃ καὶ στρατηλάτης γεγονὼς πάθει τε ἀφύκτῳ παραπεπτωκώς, διάγων ἐν τοῖς Θρᾳκίοις μέρεσιν, ἔμαθεν πλείστας δυνάμεις γενέσθαι ἐν τῷ Βυζαντίῳ ὑπὸ τῶν Χριστιανῶν. Παραγενόμενος δὲ πρὸς Ἀλύπιον τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἐν τῇ ἐπὶ Ἐλαίας λεγομένῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ καὶ διὰ τῆς αὐτοῦ ἐντεύξεως καὶ τῆς τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ ἐπιθέσεως ῥυσθεὶς τῶν ἀλγηδόνων, ἀπαρνεῖται τὴν τῶν εἰδώλων πλάνην καὶ τὴν τῆς στρατιᾶς ὑπεροχὴν καὶ βαπτισθεὶς τῇ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐλπίδι ἦν προσκατερῶν τῷ Ἀλυπίῳ, τῆς τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου ἀξίας μετειληφὼς ἐν δάκρυσι κατανύξας ἑκάστην ἡμέραν διατελῶν καὶ μετὰ τὴν Ἀλυπίου τελευτὴν εἰς ἐπίσκοπον αὐτὸν προεχειρίσαντο. Πλούσιός τε σφόδρα ὑπάρχων ὁ Περτίναξ πάλιν αὐτὸς ἐκκλησίαν ἀνίστησιν παρ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ θαλασσίδιον ἐν τῷ ἐπιλεγομένῳ Σύκαις, Εἰρήνην τὸν οἶκον προσαγορεύσας, ὅνπερ τόπον οἱ Χριστιανοὶ ὡς μίαν τῶν πόλεων ἀπετέλεσαν, οἴκους διαφόρους καὶ πλείστους ἀναστήσαντες, διόπερ καὶ μετέπειτα Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ ἀεισεβέστατος τείχεσι τὸν τόπον ἐτίμησεν. Μετὰ δὲ τὸν Περτίνακα καὶ Ὀλυμπιανὸς ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τῇ ἐπιλεγομένῃ Εἰρήνῃ καθίσταται ἐπίσκοπος αὐτὸς ἱερατεύσας ἐπὶ ιαʹ ἔτη. Τούτου διάδοχος γίνεται Μάρκος ἐπὶ τρισκαιδέκατον ἔτος· μετὰ τοῦτον Κυριλλιανὸς ἐν ἔτεσιν ιϛʹ, μετὰ τοῦτον Καστῖνος ἐτῶν ἑπτά. Ὁ οὖν ωνσταντῖνος ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ αὐτοῦ ἔτει ἐκκλησίαν ἄλλην ἀνίστησιν ἔσωθεν τοῦ Βυζαντίου κατὰ τὸ βόρειον μέρος, ἔνθα καὶ οἱ ἡγεμονεύσαντες τοῦ Βυζαντίου κατέκειντο, Ἐὐφημίας τῆς μάρτυρος τὸν οἶκον προσαγορεύσας κατ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν καιρὸν μαρτυρησάσης αὐτῆς.","english":"This Pertinax, a consular and general in Rome, having fallen into an incurable affliction while residing in the Thracian regions, learned that very many forces had gathered in Byzantium among the Christians. Coming to Alypius the bishop in the church called that of the Olive, and through his intercession and the laying on of his hands being delivered from his pains, he renounced the error of idols and the preeminence of the army, and having been baptized, he clung to the hope in Christ, remaining with Alypius, having received the rank of presbyter, spending each day in tears of compunction, and after the death of Alypius they advanced him to bishop. Pertinax, being exceedingly wealthy, himself built a church by the seashore in the place called Sycae, naming the house Eirene, which place the Christians made into one of the cities, erecting various and very many houses, for which reason also Constantine, the most pious, later honored the place with walls. After Pertinax, Olympianus was established as bishop in the church called Eirene, himself serving as priest for eleven years. His successor was Marcus for the thirteenth year; after him Cyrillianus for sixteen years, after him Castinus for seven years. So Constantine, in the first year of his reign, built another church within Byzantium on the northern side, where the governors of Byzantium lay buried, naming the house of the martyr Euphemia, who had been martyred at that very time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Περτίναξ","severity":"info","text":"Pertinax is a historical figure, possibly the Roman emperor of 193 CE, but the narrative here is legendary, blending him with a later Christian bishop in Byzantium.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ὑπατικὸς","severity":"info","text":"Ὑπατικὸς (hypatikos) denotes a former consul or a high-ranking official; here it is translated as 'consular'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σύκαις","severity":"info","text":"Sycae (Σύκαις) is a district of Constantinople, later known as Galata, across the Golden Horn.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Εἰρήνην","severity":"info","text":"The church named Eirene (Εἰρήνην) is likely the early Church of Hagia Eirene in Constantinople, though its foundation is here attributed to Pertinax.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Κωνσταντῖνος","severity":"info","text":"Constantine the Great (r. 306–337 CE) is mentioned as honoring Sycae with walls and building a church for Euphemia, linking the narrative to early 4th-century Constantinople.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ωνσταντῖνος","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has 'ωνσταντῖνος' (missing initial Kappa), a scribal error for 'Κωνσταντῖνος' (Constantine).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Pertinax is ambiguous: he may be conflated with the emperor or a later figure. The chronology of bishops (Olympianus, Marcus, Cyrillianus, Castinus) is not independently attested."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Ἐκεῖ τοίνυν τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον τῆς ἱερατείας τελέσας Τίτον διάδοχον καταλιμπάνει, ὃς ἔτη λεʹ καὶ μῆνας ϛʹ πληρώσας Δομέτιον τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Πρόβου τοῦ βασιλέως διάδοχον καθίστησιν, καὶ τούτου δὲ κδʹ ἔτη πρὸς μησὶν ἕξ τελέσαντος, Πρόβος ὁ Δομετίου υἱὸς διαδέχεται τὴν ἱερωσύνην ἕως πληρώσεως ἐτῶν ιβʹ, μεθ᾽ ὧν Μητροφάνης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς Πρόβου καὶ Δομετίου υἱὸς, ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καθίσταται ιʹ ἔτη προσμείνας τῇ ἱερατείᾳ.\n\nἘφ᾽ οὗπερ καὶ Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ ἀεισεβέστατος ἕνεκεν τῆς πρὸς Λικίνιον παρατάξεως καταλαβὼν τὸ Βυζάντιον, καὶ ἀρεσθεὶς τῇ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς σεμνότητι καὶ τὴν τῶν τόπων εὐκοσμίαν ἐννοήσας, τέως ταῖς εὐχαῖς τοῦ Μητροφόνους ἐγκρατὴς τοῦ κατὰ Λικίνιον πολέμου ἐγένετο, καὶ εὐθὺς τὰ τῆς Ῥώμης βασίλεια εἰς τὸ Βυζάντιον μετατίθησι τείχεσί τε αὐτὴν ὀχυρώσας καὶ ὀροφαῖς, παροχάς τε δαψιλεῖς τοῖς πολίταις χαρισάμενος κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ ἐπωνυμίαν. Ταῦτα ὁ πανάριστος Δωρόθεος ἐν Ῥωμαικοῖς συγγράμμασι καταλέλοιπεν, ἀντεβλήθησάν τε καὶ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐν ὑπατείᾳ Φιλοξένου καὶ Πρόβου, ὁπηνίκα Ἰωάννης ὁ ἐπίσκοπος Ῥώμης ἤλυθεν ἐν Κωνσταντινουπόλει. Προτραπεὶς γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ τῆς πόλεως ἀρχιεπισκόπου συλλειτουργῆσαι αὐτῷ ἐν τοῖς γενεθλίοις τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἀπηγόρευσε τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτος τοῦ τῆς πόλεως ἐπισκόπου ἱερατεύσῃ, ὅσα τε δὴ τῆς Ῥώμης πρὸ Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐπισκόπου δεξαμένης. Κινήσεως οὖν ἐκ τούτου γενομένης ἐκ τῶν συγγραμμάτων τοῦ μεγάλου Δωροθέου τὴν σύστασιν οἱ ωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐποιοῦντο, δεικνύντες προγενεστέραν τῆς Ῥώμης τὴν Κωνσταντινουπόλεως εἶναι ἐπισκοπήν.","english":"There, then, having completed the remaining time of his priesthood, he leaves Titus as his successor, who, having fulfilled thirty-five years and six months, appoints Domitius, the brother of Probus the emperor, as his successor; and when he had completed twenty-four years and six months, Probus, the son of Domitius, succeeds to the priesthood until the completion of twelve years, after whom Metrophanes, the brother of Probus and son of Domitius, is appointed bishop of Byzantium, having remained in the priesthood for ten years.\n\nIn whose time also Constantine, the most pious, having come to Byzantium because of his array against Licinius, and being pleased with the man’s dignity and having considered the good order of the places, was for the time being restrained from the war against Licinius by the prayers of Metrophanes, and immediately transferred the imperial seat of Rome to Byzantium, fortifying it with walls and roofs, and granting lavish distributions to the citizens according to his own name. These things the most excellent Dorotheus has left behind in Roman writings, and they were also collated by us in the consulship of Philoxenus and Probus, at the time when John, the bishop of Rome, came to Constantinople. For, having been invited by the archbishop of the city to concelebrate with him on the birthday of Christ, he refused to do this unless he should officiate before the bishop of the city, since the bishop of Rome had received precedence before that of Constantinople. A dispute having thus arisen from this, the supporters of Constantinople made their case from the writings of the great Dorotheus, showing that the bishopric of Constantinople was more ancient than that of Rome.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The succession list from Titus to Metrophanes spans 35+6 months, 24+6 months, 12 years, and 10 years, totaling roughly 82 years. This places Metrophanes' episcopacy in the early 4th century, aligning with Constantine's campaign against Licinius (c. 324 CE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Constantine's transfer of the imperial seat from Rome to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) in 330 CE is a well-known historical event. The text claims this was influenced by Metrophanes' prayers, a hagiographic embellishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dispute over precedence between the bishops of Rome and Constantinople, here resolved by citing Dorotheus' writings to argue Constantinople's greater antiquity, reflects the 4th-5th century ecclesiastical rivalry, especially after Canon 3 of Constantinople (381 CE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text claims to be collated from Dorotheus' Roman writings during the consulship of Philoxenus and Probus (c. 525 CE), when John, bishop of Rome, visited Constantinople. This suggests a 6th-century compilation or redaction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἱερατεία","severity":"info","text":"The Greek term ἱερατεία (priesthood) is used here for the episcopal office, consistent with early Christian usage where it denotes the office of bishop, not merely the presbyterate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The historical accuracy of the episcopal succession list is uncertain; names like Probus and Domitius as emperors or imperial relatives are not attested in standard Roman imperial records, suggesting legendary or conflated traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Probus the emperor' is unclear; no Roman emperor of that name fits the chronology. The text may confuse Probus (emperor 276-282 CE) with a later figure, or the name is symbolic.","The phrase 'the most excellent Dorotheus' may refer to Dorotheus of Tyre (c. 4th-5th cent.) or a pseudonymous author; the work is not securely attributed."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Ἰωάννης δὲ ὁ Ῥωμαίων ἐπίσκοπος τὸ μὲν σύγγραμμα Δωροθέου ἀληθὲς εἶναι διεβεβαιοῦτο, προτιμᾶσθαι δὲ τοῦ τῆς πόλεως ἐπισκόπου ἔλεγεν διὰ τὸ τοῦ κορυφαιοτάτου τῶν ἀποστόλων τὸν τόπον ἐπέχειν, καὶ τούτου ἕνεκεν τὰ πρωτεῖα αὐτῷ παρεχωρήθη, οὐ μὴν διὰ τὸ προϋπάρχειν τὴν τῆς Ῥώμης ἐπισκοπὴν τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως. Ὑποκατιὼν δὲ ἐν τοῖς τελευταίοις τοῦ συγγράμματος αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερὸς Δωρόθεος μνήμην ποιεῖται καὶ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων σημαίνων, ἔνθα ὁ καθεὶς αὐτῶν ἐκήρυξεν εἰπών.\n\nαʹ. Πέτρος μὲν ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν Γαλλίᾳ καὶ ἐν τοῖς μεσογαίοις Πόντου καὶ εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν Καππαδοκίαν καὶ Bιθυνίαν κηρύξας τὸ εὐαγγέλιον μετὰ τὸ ἐπαναζεῦξαι αὐτὸν ἀπὸ Ἀντιοχείας, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ πάσῃ καὶ Ῥώμῃ, ἔνθα καὶ ὑπὸ Νέρωνος σταυρωθεὶς ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Ῥώμῃ θάπτεται πρὸ τριῶν Καλανδῶν Ἰουλίων.\n\nβʹ. Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ πᾶσαν τὴν παραλίαν τῆς Βιθυνίας τε καὶ Πόντου, Θρᾴκης τε καὶ Σκύθας διῆλθεν εὐαγγελιζόμενος τὸν κύριον. Μετέπειτα δὲ ἐπορεύθη ἐν Σεβαστοπόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ, ὅπου ἡ παρεμβολὴ Ἄψαρος καὶ ὁ Φᾶσις ποταμός, ἔνθα οἱ ἐσώτεροι Αἰθίωπες κατοικοῦσιν Ἐτάφη ἐν Πάτραις τῆς Ἀχαΐας σταυρωθεὶς ὑπὸ Αἰγεάτου.","english":"John, the bishop of the Romans, affirmed that the treatise of Dorotheus was true, and he said that he was to be given precedence over the bishop of the city because he occupied the place of the most preeminent of the apostles, and for this reason the primacy was conceded to him, not because the episcopate of Rome existed before that of Constantinople. Further on, in the final parts of his treatise, the holy Dorotheus also makes mention of the twelve apostles, indicating where each of them preached, saying:\n\n1. The apostle Peter, after returning from Antioch, preached the gospel in Gaul and in the inland regions of Pontus and throughout all Cappadocia and Bithynia, and later also in all Italy and Rome, where he was crucified by Nero and is buried in that same Rome on the third day before the Kalends of July.\n\n2. His brother Andrew traversed the entire coast of Bithynia and Pontus, Thrace and the Scythians, evangelizing the Lord. Afterwards he went to great Sebastopolis, where the camp of Apsarus and the river Phasis are, where the inner Ethiopians dwell. He was buried in Patras of Achaia, having been crucified by Aegeates.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἰωάννης δὲ ὁ Ῥωμαίων ἐπίσκοπος","severity":"info","text":"John, bishop of the Romans, is likely John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), who as bishop of Constantinople (398–404) wrote on apostolic sees. The passage reflects the later rivalry between Rome and Constantinople over primacy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"κορυφαιοτάτου","severity":"info","text":"κορυφαιοτάτου, 'most preeminent,' is a superlative of κορυφαῖος, often used of Peter as chief apostle. The term underscores the claim that Rome's bishop holds Peter's place, a key point in primacy debates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Δωροθέου","severity":"info","text":"Dorotheus is likely Dorotheus of Tyre (or a later compiler), author of a lost treatise on apostles. The work cited here may be the same as the 'Index apostolorum' tradition, linking apostolic missions to later episcopal sees.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸ τριῶν Καλανδῶν Ἰουλίων","severity":"info","text":"The date 'third day before the Kalends of July' is June 29, the traditional feast of Peter and Paul. This aligns with Roman martyrological tradition, though the text does not mention Paul here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σεβαστοπόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ","severity":"info","text":"Great Sebastopolis (modern Sukhumi, Georgia) was a Roman fort on the Black Sea. The 'camp of Apsarus' (Apsaros, near Batumi) and the river Phasis (Rioni) locate Andrew's mission in Colchis, linking to later Georgian Christian traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀνδρέας ... σταυρωθεὶς ὑπὸ Αἰγεάτου","severity":"info","text":"Andrew's crucifixion by Aegeates (proconsul of Achaia) at Patras is a standard hagiographic detail, also found in the Acts of Andrew. The cross shape is not specified here, unlike later traditions of the X-shaped cross.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'John, bishop of the Romans' is ambiguous: it could be John Chrysostom or a later John (e.g., John of Constantinople). The text does not specify which John, and the claim about primacy may be anachronistic.","The 'treatise of Dorotheus' is not extant; its content is inferred from this passage and similar lists. The relationship between this work and the 'Vitae Prophetarum' tradition is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"γʹ. Ἰάκωβος δὲ ὁ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου τὰς δώδεκα φυλὰς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, μεθ᾽ ὧν εὐαγγελιζόμενος τὸν Χριστὸν ἀναιρεῖται μαχαίρᾳ ὑπὸ Ἡρώδου τοῦ τετράρχου ἐν Καισαρείᾳ τῆς Παλαιστίνης.\n\nδ'. Ἰωάννης ὁ τούτου ἀδελφός, ὃς καὶ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον γεγράφηκεν, ἐν τῇ Ἐφέσῳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν ὑπὸ Τραιανοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς Πάτμον τὴν νῆσον διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐξορίζεται. Ἐκ ταύτης μετάρσιος γεγονώς, διὸ καὶ λόγος κεκράτηκεν σὺν τῷ Ἐνὼχ καὶ τῷ Ἠλίᾳ ἔτι ἐν σαρκὶ αὐτὸν ὑράρχειν.\n\n[δʹ. Ἰωάννης ὁ τούτου ἀδελφὸς ἐτῶν ὑπέχων νʹ καὶ μηνῶν ζʹ εἰσελθὼν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ καὶ κηρύξας ἐν αὐτῇ τὸν λόγον ἔτη ιθʹ, ἐξορίζεται ὑπὸ Τραιανοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν Πάτμῳ τῇ νήσῳ καὶ διατρίψας ἐν αὐτῇ ἔτη ιεʹ συνεγράψατο τὸ ἅγιον εὐαγγέλιον καὶ τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν καὶ πάλιν ὑποστρέψας ἐν Ἐφέσῳ καὶ ζήσας ἔτη κϛʹ διδάσκων, μετεστάθη ἐν κυρίῳ, ὑπάρχων ἐτῶν ρʹ καὶ μηνῶν ζ', ταφεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ, καθὼς διηγεῖται ὁ ἀπόστολος Πρόχωρος ὁ καὶ τὴν περίοδον αὐτοῦ συγγραψάμενος.]","english":"3. James the son of Zebedee, among the twelve tribes of Israel, while evangelizing Christ, is killed by the sword by Herod the tetrarch in Caesarea of Palestine.\n\n4. John, his brother, who also wrote the Gospel, after proclaiming Christ in Ephesus, is exiled by the emperor Trajan to the island of Patmos because of his word concerning Christ. From this he became elevated, and thus a tradition has prevailed that he, together with Enoch and Elijah, still exists in the flesh.\n\n[4. John, his brother, being 50 years and 7 months old, entered Ephesus and proclaimed the word there for 19 years, was exiled by the emperor Trajan to the island of Patmos, and after spending 15 years there, he composed the holy Gospel and the Apocalypse, and returning again to Ephesus and living 26 years teaching, he was translated in the Lord, being 100 years and 7 months old, buried by his disciples, as the apostle Prochorus, who also wrote his travels, relates.]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"γʹ. Ἰάκωβος ... δʹ. Ἰωάννης","severity":"info","text":"The passage consists of two numbered entries (3 and 4) for James and John, each following a standard hagiographic pattern: name, activity, death or exile.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"τετράρχου","severity":"info","text":"Herod the tetrarch is Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilee and Perea (4 BCE–39 CE), who ordered the execution of James according to Acts 12:2.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"τὰς δώδεκα φυλὰς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the twelve tribes of Israel' echoes the biblical division of Israel (e.g., Gen 49:28) and here indicates James's mission field, not a literal tribal structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"σὺν τῷ Ἐνὼχ καὶ τῷ Ἠλίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"The tradition that John, like Enoch and Elijah, was translated bodily to heaven without dying is a late legendary motif, attested in apocryphal acts and patristic sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Πρόχωρος","severity":"info","text":"Prochorus is named as John's disciple and biographer; the reference is to the apocryphal Acts of John by Prochorus, a 5th-century text that influenced later traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"δʹ. Ἰωάννης ... [δʹ. Ἰωάννης ...]","severity":"caution","text":"The second entry for John (in brackets) is a doublet, likely a later interpolation or variant, as it repeats the same numeral and provides conflicting chronological details.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the two entries for John (δʹ) is unclear: the second may be a scribal addition or a variant tradition. The phrase 'μετάρσιος γεγονώς' (became elevated) is ambiguous—it could mean bodily assumption or spiritual exaltation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"εʹ. Φίλιππος δὲ ἀπόστολος ἐν Φρυγίᾳ κηρύξας τὸ εὐαγγέλιον θάπτεται ἐν Ἱεραπόλει μετὰ τῶν ζ θυγατέρων αὐτοῦ, ὧν Λουκᾶς ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπεμνημόνευσεν.\n\nϛʹ. Βαρθολομαῖος ὁ ἀπόστολος Ἰνδοῖς τοῖς καλουμένοις εὐδαίμοσι κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν καὶ δεδωκὼς αὐτοῖς τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον, ἐκοιμήθη ἐν Κορβανοπόλει τῆς μεγάλης Ἀρμενίας.\n\nζʹ. Θωμᾶς δὲ ὁ ἀπόστολος Πάρθοις καὶ Μήδοις, καὶ Πέρσαις καὶ Γερμανοῖς καὶ Βάκτροις καὶ Μάγοις κηρύξας τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τελειοῦται ἐν πόλει τῆς Ἰνδίας Καλάμῃ τῇ λεγομένῃ.\n\nηʹ. Ματθαῖος δὲ ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς τῇ ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον παραδοὺς τῇ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐκκλησίᾳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν τελειοῦται ἐν Ἱεραπόλει τῆς Συρίας.\n\nθʹ. Ἰούδας δὲ ὁ Ἰακώβου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν τελειοῦται ἐν Ἐδέσσῃ καὶ ἐκεῖ θάπτεται.\n\nιʹ. Σίμων δὲ ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Ἰούδας ἐν Ἐλευθεροπόλει καὶ ἀπὸ Γάζης ἕως. Αἰγύπτου κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν θάπτεται ἐν τῇ Ὀστρακίνῃ πόλει τῆς Αἰγύπτου σταυρωθεὶς ἐπὶ Τραιανοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως.","english":"5. Philip the apostle, after proclaiming the gospel in Phrygia, is buried in Hierapolis with his seven daughters, whom Luke the evangelist mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.\n\n6. Bartholomew the apostle, after proclaiming Christ to the Indians called the Eudaemones and giving them the Gospel according to Matthew, fell asleep in Corbanopolis of Greater Armenia.\n\n7. Thomas the apostle, after proclaiming the gospel of Christ to the Parthians, Medes, Persians, Germans, Bactrians, and Magi, is perfected in a city of India called Calamene.\n\n8. Matthew the evangelist, after delivering the gospel in the Hebrew dialect to the church in Jerusalem and proclaiming Christ, is perfected in Hierapolis of Syria.\n\n9. Judas the son of James, after proclaiming Christ throughout all Mesopotamia, is perfected in Edessa and is buried there.\n\n10. Simon, surnamed Judas, after proclaiming Christ in Eleutheropolis and from Gaza as far as Egypt, is buried in the city of Ostrakine in Egypt, having been crucified under the emperor Trajan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Φίλιππος","severity":"info","text":"Philip is said to be buried in Hierapolis with his seven daughters, a detail not in canonical Acts; the reference to Luke is likely to Acts 21:8–9, where Philip's daughters are not mentioned.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἰνδοῖς τοῖς καλουμένοις εὐδαίμοσι","severity":"info","text":"The 'Indians called the Eudaemones' refers to the region of Arabia Felix (modern Yemen), not India proper, a common geographical confusion in early Christian texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τελειοῦται","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'τελειοῦται' (is perfected) is a euphemism for death, common in hagiographical Greek, implying martyrdom or holy death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Θωμᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Thomas's mission to the Parthians, Medes, Persians, Germans, Bactrians, and Magi is an expanded list compared to other traditions, which often limit his field to India.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Bartholomew gave the Gospel of Matthew to the Indians reflects a tradition that Matthew's Gospel was originally in Hebrew or Aramaic, as stated by Papias (Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.39.16).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σίμων δὲ ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Ἰούδας","severity":"caution","text":"Simon surnamed Judas is an obscure figure; the name may conflate Simon the Zealot with Judas Thaddaeus, or refer to a different apostle; the crucifixion under Trajan is historically implausible for an apostle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Simon surnamed Judas' is uncertain; the text may conflate two apostles or reflect a lost tradition.","The location 'Calamene' for Thomas's death is otherwise unattested and may be a scribal error for 'Calamina' or 'Calamine'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ιαʹ. Ματθίας δὲ ὁ συγκαταριθμηθεὶς τοῖς ἕνδεκα ἀποστόλοις ἀντὶ Ἰούδα ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ Αἰθιοπίᾳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστόν, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἐν Βρεττανίᾳ σταυρωθεὶς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ τελειωθεὶς θάπτεται ἐκεῖ.\n\nιβʹ. Σίμων δὲ ὁ ζηλωτὴς πᾶσαν τὴν Μαυριτανίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν Ἀφρῶν χώραν διελθὼν καὶ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστόν, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἐν Βρεττανίᾳ σταυρωθεὶς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ τελειωθεὶς θάπτεται ἐκεῖ. Ταῦτα ἡμῖν ὁ Δωρόθεος ἐξ Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ Ἑβραικῶν συνήγαγε καὶ παρέδωκε Ῥωμαϊκοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν, ἅπερ ἡμεῖς ὡς χρηστὰ καὶ εὐπαράδεκτα συναγαγόντες ἐμφανῆ πεποιήκαμεν, ὅπως τε ἡ ἔναρξις τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως γέγονεν, ἐξ οἵου τε γένους ὁ Μητροφάνης κατήγετο. Εὕρομεν δὲ ταῦτα ἑν τοῖς ἱστορικοῖς συγγράμμασι τοῦ λεχθέντος θείου ἀνδρὸς Δωροθέου, ὅτι ὁ Σίμων ὁ Κυρηναῖος ἐσταυρώθη ὑπὲρ τοῦ Χριστοῦ,\n[Περὶ τοῦ προφήτου Ἱερεμίου καὶ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας Ἱερουσαλήμ]\nκαὶ ὅτιπερ ὁ Ἱερεμίας ἱερεὺς ὤν καὶ προφήτης θείῳ πνεύματι προθεωρήσας καὶ τὴν τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ αἰχμαλωσίαν μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν Ἰωσίου τοῦ βασιλέως Ἰουδαίας. [Περὶ τῆς κιβωτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ ἁγίων.]\nἌρας τὴν σκηνὴν τὴν Μωσαϊκὴν καὶ τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης καὶ πάντα τὰ ἅγια ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη, ἃ Μωϋσῆς κατεσκεύασεν, ἐλθὼν εἰς τὸ ὄρος Ναβαίου, ἔνθα ὁ Μωϋσῆς αὐτὸς ἐτάφη, εὗρε σπήλαιον κἀκεῖ πάντα ἀπέθετο, καὶ ηὔξατο εὐχήν, ὥστε μὴ φανερωθῆναι αὐτὰ ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος, καὶ ἔκτοτε ὁ τόπος ἀγνώριστος ἐγένετο καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ἅμα τῷ Ἱερεμίᾳ ἀποθεμένοις αὐτά.","english":"11. Matthias, who was numbered among the eleven apostles in place of Judas, after proclaiming Christ in first Ethiopia, and later also in Britain, was crucified by them and perfected, and is buried there.\n\n12. Simon the Zealot, after traversing all of Mauretania and the land of the Africans and proclaiming Christ, and later also in Britain, was crucified by them and perfected, and is buried there. These things Dorotheus gathered for us from Greek and Hebrew sources and handed down in Roman commentaries, which we, having collected as useful and acceptable, have made manifest, as well as how the beginning of the episcopate of Constantinople occurred, and from what lineage Metrophanes was descended. We found these things in the historical writings of the said divine man Dorotheus, that Simon the Cyrenaean was crucified for Christ.\n[Concerning the prophet Jeremiah and the captivity of Jerusalem]\nAnd that Jeremiah, being a priest and prophet, having foreseen by divine spirit also the captivity of Jerusalem after the death of Josiah the king of Judah. [Concerning the ark and the holy things in it.]\nHe took the Mosaic tabernacle and the ark of the covenant and all the holy things in it and all the vessels which Moses constructed, and coming to Mount Nebo, where Moses himself was buried, he found a cave and there deposited everything, and prayed a prayer that they not be revealed until the consummation of the age, and from then the place became unrecognizable even to the priests themselves who deposited them together with Jeremiah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ιαʹ. Ματθίας ... ιβʹ. Σίμων","severity":"info","text":"The passage comprises two numbered entries (11 and 12) for Matthias and Simon the Zealot, followed by a long editorial note attributed to Dorotheus, then two unrelated pericopes on Jeremiah and the ark.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Βρεττανίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"Britain appears as a missionary field for both Matthias and Simon the Zealot; this reflects late antique traditions linking apostles to the far west, though historically unattested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Δωρόθεος","severity":"info","text":"The compiler claims Dorotheus gathered these traditions from Greek and Hebrew sources and transmitted them in Roman commentaries; this is a pseudepigraphic attribution common in Byzantine compilations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σίμων ὁ Κυρηναῖος","severity":"caution","text":"The text abruptly identifies Simon the Zealot with Simon of Cyrene, the man who carried Jesus’ cross; this conflation is rare and likely a scribal or source confusion, not a historical claim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης","severity":"info","text":"The account of Jeremiah hiding the ark and tabernacle on Mount Nebo echoes 2 Maccabees 2:4–5 and later Jewish and Christian legends, but is not a direct biblical quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Μητροφάνης","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Metrophanes’ lineage and the beginning of the Constantinopolitan episcopate ties the apostolic list to early Byzantine ecclesiastical history, likely reflecting 4th–5th century interests.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Simon the Zealot with Simon of Cyrene is asserted without explanation; the text may conflate two distinct figures.","The transition from the apostolic list to the Jeremiah material is abrupt and may indicate a composite source or a lacuna.","The location 'first Ethiopia' for Matthias is ambiguous; it may refer to a region south of Egypt or to a legendary eastern Ethiopia."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"[Περὶ τῆς θυγατρὸς τῆς Ἡρωδιάδος.]\nἘπὶ ὑπατείας Γάλβον καὶ Σύλλα, ἐπὶ τούτων τῶν ὑπάτων ἀπὸ κρύους παγωθείσης τῆς λίμνης Γεννησαρὲτ ἡ θυγάτηρ τῆς Ἡρωδιάδος κατὰ τέρψιν ἐπὶ τοῦ πάγους ἀπέβαινε. Τοῦ δὲ πάγους διαθρυβέντος τὸ σῶμα αὐτῆς κατεπόθη ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος, ἡ δὲ κεφαλὴ αὐτῆς ἐκκοπεῖσα ὑπὸ τοῦ πάγους ἄνωθεν ἔμεινεν. Ἡ δὲ Ἡρωδιὰς ἐπὶ τῶν γονάτων αὐτῆς ἀπεθεμένη τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς θυγατρὸς κλαίουσα ὡμολόγει, ὅτι διὰ τοῦ αἰτήσασθαι αὐτὴν τὴν κεφαλὴν Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ τοῦτο ὑπέμεινεν. Καὶ Ἡρώδης δὲ κατὰ ταύτην βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων τετραρχήσας ἀπέθανε σκωληκόβρωτος γενόμενος. κληρονόμησε δὲ τὸν Ἡρώδην ὁ Πιλάτος, καθότι κατ᾽ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἡρώδου καὶ οἱ τέσσαρες υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ αὕτη ἡ Ἡρωδιάς, ἐξ ἧς ἔσχεν αὐτούς, σκωληκόβρωτοι γενόμενοι ἐξέψυξαν. [Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Ἡρώδης σκωληκόβρωτος περὶ τὰ αἰδοῖα καὶ ὅλου τοῦ σώματος γενόμενος κακινκάκως τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπέῤῥηξεν. Ὁ δὲ Πιλάτος καθότι κατ᾽ ὀφθαλμοὺς ἰδὼν τοῦ Ἡρώδου καὶ τοὺς τέσσαρας υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ σκωληκοβρώτους γενομένους καὶ ἀποψύξαντας ἔλαβε πάντα τὰ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκληρονόμησεν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὕτη ἡ μοιχαλὶς Ἡρωδιὰς ἅμα τοῖς τέσσαρσιν υἱοῖς αὐτῆς καὶ τῷ Ἡρώδῃ σκωληκόβρωτος γενομένη τὴν ἰδίαν ψυχὴν ἀπέῤῥηξεν.]\nΠροκόπιος τοίνυν τις τοῦ πρεσβυτερίου ἠξιωμένος βίῳ τε καὶ λόγῳ εὐσεβείας διαπρέψας καὶ πάσῃ τῇ περὶ τὰς γραφὰς ἐμμελείᾳ τε καὶ ἐμπειρίᾳ ἀεὶ ἐνασκηθεὶς καὶ ἐντετυχηκὼς ταῖς ἱστορικαῖς συγγραφαῖς τοῦ ἁγιωτάτου καὶ μακαριωτάτου ἐπισκόπου καὶ μάρτυρος Δωροθέου, ταῦτα πάντα ἡμῖν ἐγκοπεῖσα ἐγγράφως καταλέλοιπεν.","english":"Under the consulate of Galba and Sulla, during the term of these consuls, the lake of Gennesaret having been frozen from the cold, the daughter of Herodias went out upon the ice for pleasure. The ice having broken, her body was swallowed by the water, but her head, severed by the ice, remained above. And Herodias, having placed her daughter's head upon her knees, weeping, confessed that this had befallen her because she had demanded the head of John the Baptist. And Herod also, who was king of the Jews and tetrarch, died, having become worm-eaten. Pilate inherited from Herod, inasmuch as before the eyes of Herod, both his four sons and this Herodias, from whom he had them, having become worm-eaten, expired. But also Herod himself, having become worm-eaten about the genitals and the whole body, wretchedly breathed his last. And Pilate, inasmuch as he saw before his eyes Herod and his four sons having become worm-eaten and having expired, took all his possessions and inherited from him; but also this adulteress Herodias, together with her four sons and Herod, having become worm-eaten, breathed her own last.\n\nA certain Procopius, then, having been deemed worthy of the presbyterate, having excelled in life and word of piety, and having always trained in all diligence and experience concerning the scriptures, and having encountered the historical writings of the most holy and most blessed bishop and martyr Dorotheus, has left all these things to us, having compiled them in writing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐπὶ ὑπατείας Γάλβον καὶ Σύλλα","severity":"info","text":"The consulate of Galba and Sulla is not a standard Roman dating formula; it likely reflects a confused or legendary chronology, as Galba was emperor (68–69 CE) and Sulla was a dictator of the 1st century BCE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"θυγάτηρ τῆς Ἡρωδιάδος","severity":"info","text":"The daughter of Herodias is traditionally identified as Salome, though the name is not given here. The story of her death on the ice is a legendary expansion of the New Testament narrative of John the Baptist's execution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ","severity":"info","text":"John the Baptist's beheading is recounted in Matthew 14:1–12 and Mark 6:14–29; the present passage adds a moralizing punishment for Herodias's demand for his head.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Προκόπιος","severity":"info","text":"The text attributes its compilation to a certain Procopius, a presbyter who used the historical writings of Dorotheus, bishop and martyr. This suggests a late antique or Byzantine transmission history, possibly from the 5th–6th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Περὶ τῆς θυγατρὸς τῆς Ἡρωδιάδος","severity":"info","text":"The passage is introduced as a separate section on Herodias's daughter, but it is appended to the apostles' vitae, forming a narrative digression on the fate of John the Baptist's persecutors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"σκωληκόβρωτος","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated description of Herod, his sons, and Herodias as 'worm-eaten' (σκωληκόβρωτος) is a hagiographic topos of divine punishment, not a historical report. The Greek text shows redundancy between the two bracketed sections, suggesting scribal duplication or interpolation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the consuls Galba and Sulla is historically implausible; the dating may be symbolic or corrupt.","The relationship between the two parallel accounts of Herod's death (one before Pilate's inheritance, one after) is unclear; they may represent variant traditions or scribal duplication."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Χάρις τοίνυν αὐτοῦ τοῖς πόνοις καὶ τῇ ἀθανάτῳ μνήμῃ νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, ἀμήν. Δωροθέου ἐπισκόπου Τύρου ἀρχαίου ἀνδρὸς πνευματοφόρου καὶ μάρτυρος γεγονότος ἐν τοῖς καιροῖς Λικινίου καὶ Κωνσταντίνου τῶν βασιλέων. Οὗτος ὁ προλεχθεὶς ἀοίδιμος ἀνὴρ συγγράμματα διάφορα καταλέλοιπε Ῥωμαϊκά τε καὶ Ἑλληνικά, ἐπειδήπερ καὶ ἑκατέρων τῶν γλωσσῶν ἔμπειρος ὑπῆρχε· γέγονε δὲ καὶ πολυστωρ δι᾽ εὐφυΐαν. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν τελευτὴν Διοκλητιανοῦ καὶ Λικινίου κατέλαβε καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν ἰδίαν παροικίαν καὶ ἦν ἰθύνων τὴν ἐν Τύρῳ ἐκκλησίαν μέχρις Ἰουλιανοῦ τοῦ τυράννου. Καὶ ἐπειδήπερ οὐκ αὐτοφανῶς, ἀλλὰ κρυπνῶς διὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων Ἰουλιανὸς ἀνῄρει τοὺς Χριστιανούς, πάλιν ὁ Δωρόθεος κατέλαβε τὴν Ὀδυσσούπολιν, ἔνθα καὶ συσχεθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουλιανοῦ ἀρχόντων, καὶ πολλοὺς αἰκισμοὺς ὑπομείνας ἐν βαθυτάιῳ γήρᾳ διὰ τὴν εἰς Χριστὸν ὁμολογίαν ταῖς βασάναις ἐναπέθανεν, ἑκατὸν καὶ ἑπτὰ ἐτῶν ἤδη τυγχάνων. Οὗτος τοίνυν ὁ μέγας πρεσβύτης καὶ συγγράματα ἡμῖν ἐκκλησιαστικὰ καταλέλοιπεν, ἐν οἷς καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν οʹ μαθηππ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἱστόρησε, καὶ ἔνθα ὁ καθεὶς τῶν προφητῶν καὶ ἀποστόλων τὸν βίον ἐτελεσεν. Ἐν πρώτοις μὲν τοὺς ο´ ἐκείνους εἶναι λέγει, ὧν οἱ πλείους καὶ ἐπίσκοποι ἐν διαφόροις παροικίαις ἐγένοντο, ὧν καὶ ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος ἐν τοῖς ἀσπασμοῖς αὐτοῦ μέμνηται· μετὰ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν πάντας αὐτοὺς ἐπιστρέψαι σημαίνει καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις γεγενῆσθαι, ὧν καὶ τὰς ἐπωνυμίας ὧδε που οὗτος ἐπισημαίνεται λέγων. αʹ.","english":"Grace, therefore, to his labors and his immortal memory, now and always and unto the ages of ages, amen. Dorotheus, bishop of Tyre, an ancient man, a spiritual bearer and a martyr, who lived in the times of Licinius and Constantine the emperors. This aforementioned renowned man left behind various writings in both Latin and Greek, since he was experienced in both languages; he also became a polymath through his natural ability. After the death of Diocletian and Licinius, he also took over his own parish and was guiding the church in Tyre until Julian the tyrant. And since Julian was not openly, but secretly through his officials, putting Christians to death, Dorotheus again took over Odyssoupolis, where, having been seized by Julian's officials and having endured many tortures in extreme old age for his confession of Christ, he died under the torments, being already one hundred and seven years old. This great elder, therefore, has left us ecclesiastical writings, in which he also recorded the matters concerning the seventy disciples of the Savior, and where each of the prophets and apostles ended his life. First, he says that those seventy are the ones, most of whom also became bishops in various parishes, whom the divine apostle also mentions in his greetings; for after the resurrection of our Savior from the dead, he indicates that all of them returned and were among the apostles, whose names he here somewhere notes, saying: 1.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Δωροθέου ἐπισκόπου Τύρου","severity":"info","text":"Dorotheus of Tyre is a legendary figure; the historical Dorotheus was a 3rd-century exegete, but the vita here is hagiographical.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"Λικινίου καὶ Κωνσταντίνου","severity":"info","text":"Licinius and Constantine were co-emperors from 308 to 324 CE; the text places Dorotheus's martyrdom under Julian (361–363), an anachronism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πνευματοφόρου","severity":"info","text":"πνευματοφόρου means 'spirit-bearer,' a title for ascetics or martyrs, not a formal office.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐν πρώτοις μὲν τοὺς ο´ ἐκείνους εἶναι λέγει","severity":"info","text":"This sentence introduces the list of the seventy disciples, which is the main content of the work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"οʹ μαθηππ τοῦ σωτῆρος","severity":"info","text":"The list of seventy disciples is a traditional expansion of Luke 10:1, often attributed to Dorotheus in Byzantine manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἑκατὸν καὶ ἑπτὰ ἐτῶν","severity":"caution","text":"The age of 107 years is a hagiographical topos, not a reliable historical detail.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Dorotheus of Tyre is uncertain; the text conflates a 3rd-century scholar with a 4th-century martyr.","The phrase 'ἐν τοῖς ἀσπασμοῖς αὐτοῦ' may refer to Paul's greetings in Romans 16 or other epistles, but is not explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Ἰάκωβος ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ κυρίου καὶ πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ κυρίου γενόμενος. βʹ. Κλεοπᾶς ὁ καὶ Συμεών, ὁ ἀνέψιος τοῦ κυρίου γεo γενόμενος καὶ δεύτερος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων, ὅς καὶ εἶδεν αὐτὸν μετὰ τὸ ἀναστῆναι αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν. γʹ. Ματθίας ὁ ἀναπληρώσας τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν ιβʹ ἀποστόλων. δʹ. Θαδδαῖος ὁ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν Αὐγάρῳ τοπάρχῳ ἀποκοs ἐν Ἐδέσσῃ καὶ ἰασάμενος αὐτοῦ τὸ πάθος. εʹ. Ἀνανίας ὁ βαπτίσας τὸν ἅγιον Παῦλον καὶ Δαμασκοῦ μετέπειτα γενόμενος ἐπίσκοπος. ϛʹ. Στέφανος ὁ πρωτομάρτυς ὁ εἷς τῶν ἐκλελεγμένων ὑπὸ τῶν ιβʹ ἀποστόλων εἰς διακονίαν. ζʹ. Φίλιππος ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὁ καὶ Σίμωνα καὶ τὸν εὐνοῦχον βαπτίσας, καὶ ἐν Τράλλεσι τῆς Ἀσίας γεγονὼς ἐπίσκοπος. ηʹ. Πρόχωρος ὁ εἷς τῶν. ζʹ καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Νικομηδείας τῆς Βιθυνίας γενόμενος. θʹ. Νικάνωρ ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς κατ᾽ αὐτὴν τὴν ἡμέραν ἀπέθανε, καθ᾽ ἣν ὁ ἅγιος Στέφανος σὺν δισχιλίοις ἄλλοις τῶν ἠλπικότων εἰς τὸν Χριστόν. ιʹ. Τίμων ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Βοστρῶν τῶν Ἀράβων γενόμενος ἐκαύθη ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων. ιαʹ. Παρμενᾶς ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς ἐπ᾽ ὄψεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπέθανεν ἐν τῇ διακονίᾳ αὐτοῦ. ιβʹ. Νικόλαος ὁ εἷς τῶν ζʹ, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Σαμαρείας γενόμενος ἑτεροδόξησεν ἅμα τῷ Σίμωνι. ιγʹ. Βαρνάβας ὁ μετὰ Παύλου τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας πρῶτον ἐν Ῥώμῃ τὸν Χριστὸν ἐκήρυξεν, ἐπίσκοπος εδιολάνου μετέπειτα γεγονώς. ιδʹ. Μάρκος, ὅς ὑπὸ Πέτρου τοῦ ἀποστόλου ἐπίσκοπος Ἀλεξανδρείας ἐγένετο καὶ εὐαγγελιστής. ιεʹ. Σιλᾶς ὁ σὺν τῷ Παύλῳ τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας καὶ ἐν Κορίνθῳ ἐπίσκοπος γεγονώς. ιϛʹ.","english":"James, the brother of the Lord and first bishop of Jerusalem, appointed by the Lord himself. 2. Cleopas, also called Symeon, the cousin of the Lord, who became the second bishop of Jerusalem, and who saw him after his resurrection from the dead. 3. Matthias, who filled the number of the twelve apostles. 4. Thaddaeus, who carried the letter to Abgar the toparch in Edessa and healed his affliction. 5. Ananias, who baptized the holy Paul and later became bishop of Damascus. 6. Stephen, the protomartyr, one of those chosen by the twelve apostles for the diaconate. 7. Philip, one of the seven, who baptized both Simon and the eunuch, and became bishop of Tralles in Asia. 8. Prochorus, one of the seven, who became bishop of Nicomedia in Bithynia. 9. Nicanor, one of the seven, who died on the same day that the holy Stephen, together with two thousand others who had hoped in Christ, was martyred. 10. Timon, one of the seven, who became bishop of Bostra in Arabia and was burned by the Greeks. 11. Parmenas, one of the seven, who died in the presence of the apostles while in his diaconate. 12. Nicolaus, one of the seven, who became bishop of Samaria and held heterodox views together with Simon. 13. Barnabas, who first served with Paul in the word, preached Christ in Rome, and later became bishop of Milan. 14. Mark, who was made bishop of Alexandria and evangelist by the apostle Peter. 15. Silas, who served with Paul in the word and became bishop in Corinth. 16.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"βʹ. γʹ. δʹ. εʹ. ϛʹ. ζʹ. ηʹ. θʹ. ιʹ. ιαʹ. ιβʹ. ιγʹ. ιδʹ. ιεʹ. ιϛʹ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a numbered list of fifteen figures, using Greek numerals (βʹ through ιϛʹ). The sequence begins with James and Cleopas, then Matthias, Thaddaeus, Ananias, Stephen, and the seven deacons (Philip through Nicolaus), followed by Barnabas, Mark, and Silas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ἀνέψιος","severity":"info","text":"The Greek term ἀνέψιος (anepsios) means 'cousin' or 'nephew'. Here it describes Cleopas/Symeon as the cousin of the Lord, a relationship distinct from James as 'brother' (ἀδελφός).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Θαδδαῖος","severity":"info","text":"Thaddaeus is traditionally associated with the mission to Edessa and the correspondence with King Abgar V, a legend preserved in Eusebius and later Syriac sources. The 'toparch' (τοπάρχης) was a local ruler under Roman authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Στέφανος","severity":"info","text":"Stephen is called 'protomartyr' (πρωτομάρτυς), the first Christian martyr. The mention of 'two thousand others' who hoped in Christ is an unusual detail not found in Acts, possibly reflecting a local tradition or textual corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαρνάβας","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text says Barnabas became 'ἐπίσκοπος εδιολάνου', likely a corruption for 'Μεδιολάνου' (Milan). The English draft reads 'bishop of Milan', which is the probable intended reading, though the manuscript form is garbled.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Νικόλαος","severity":"info","text":"Nicolaus is said to have 'held heterodox views together with Simon' (Simon Magus). This reflects early Christian polemic linking Nicolaus to Gnostic or Nicolaitan heresies, as condemned in Revelation 2:6 and by Irenaeus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text for Barnabas's see is corrupt: 'εδιολάνου' is likely a scribal error for 'Μεδιολάνου' (Milan).","The list ends abruptly at ιϛʹ (16) with no further text; the entry for Silas is incomplete."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Λουκᾶς, ὅς κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον σὺν Παύλῳ ἐκήρυξεν. ιζʹ. Σιλουανὸς ὁ σὺν τῷ Παύλῳ τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας Θεσσαλονίκης ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν. ιηʹ. Κρήσκης, οὗ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Τιμόθεον δευτέρᾳ ἐπιστολῇ, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Χαλκηδόνος τῆς ἐν Γαλλίᾳ ἐγένετο. ιθʹ. Ἐπαίνετος, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Καρθαγένης ἐγένετο. κʹ. Ἀνδρόνικος, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Σπανίας ἐγένετο. καʹ. Ἀμπλίας, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς ωμαίους, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ὀδυσσοῦ ἐγένετο. κβʹ. Οὐρβανὸς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς ἐπίσκοπος Μακεδονίας ἐγένετο. κγʹ. Στάχυς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃν καὶ Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀπόστολος τὴν Ποντιδικὴν θάλασσαν διαπλέων ἐν Ἀργυροπόλει τῆς Θρᾴκης ἐπίσκοπον τοῦ Βυζαντίου κατέστησεν. κδʹ. Ἀπελλῆς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Ἡρακλείας ἐγένετο. κεʹ. Φύγελλος τὰ Σίμωνος φρονήσας Ἐφέσου ἐπίσκοπος ἐγένετο. κϛʹ. Ἑρμογένης, ὃς ἐν Μεγάροις καὶ αὐτὸς κατέστη ἐπίσκοπος. κζʹ. Δημᾶς, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μνημονεύει ἐν τῇ πρὸς ιμόθεον βʹ ἐπιστολῇ, ὅτι ἑτεροδοξήσαντες Φύγελλος καὶ Ἑρμογένης ἀντέστησαν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ αὐτοῦ. Ὁ δὲ Δημᾶς ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα κατέλιπε τὸν εὐαγγελικὸν λόγον, καὶ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ ἱερεὺς τῶν εἰδώλων ἐγένετο, περὶ οὗ καὶ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀπόστολος ἔγραψεν· ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐξῆλθον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἦσαν ἐξ ἡμῶν. κηʹ.","english":"Luke, who proclaimed the gospel throughout the whole earth together with Paul. 17. Silvanus, who served with Paul in the word, became bishop of Thessalonica. 18. Crescens, whom the apostle mentions in the second epistle to Timothy, who also became bishop of Chalcedon in Gaul. 19. Epaenetus, whom the apostle mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Carthage. 20. Andronicus, whom the apostle mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Spain. 21. Amplias, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Odyssus. 22. Urbanus, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who became bishop of Macedonia. 23. Stachys, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, whom Andrew the apostle, while sailing the Pontic Sea, appointed bishop of Byzantium in Argyropolis of Thrace. 24. Apelles, whom the apostle also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who himself also became bishop of Heraclea. 25. Phygelus, having adopted the opinions of Simon, became bishop of Ephesus. 26. Hermogenes, who was also appointed bishop in Megara. 27. Demas, whom the apostle mentions in the second epistle to Timothy, that Phygelus and Hermogenes, having become heterodox, opposed his teaching. But Demas, having loved the present age, abandoned the evangelical word, and became a priest of idols in Thessalonica, concerning whom John the apostle also wrote: They went out from us, but they were not of us. 28.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Λουκᾶς","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the list of apostles and disciples, numbered 16–28, with Luke as the first entry after the previous passage's conclusion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κρήσκης ... ἐπίσκοπος Χαλκηδόνος τῆς ἐν Γαλλίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"Crescens is said to be bishop of Chalcedon in Gaul, likely a confusion with the Galatian region or a later tradition; the historical Chalcedon is in Bithynia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ","severity":"info","text":"The text repeatedly references Romans 16, where Paul greets Epaenetus (v. 5), Andronicus (v. 7), Amplias (v. 8), Urbanus (v. 9), Stachys (v. 9), and Apelles (v. 10).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Φύγελλος τὰ Σίμωνος φρονήσας","severity":"info","text":"Phygelus is said to have adopted the opinions of Simon (likely Simon Magus), a figure associated with early Christian heresies; this reflects later anti-heretical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"περὶ οὗ καὶ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀπόστολος ἔγραψεν· ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐξῆλθον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἦσαν ἐξ ἡμῶν","severity":"info","text":"The saying attributed to John the apostle is not found in the canonical New Testament; it may derive from early Christian oral tradition or apocryphal sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Δημᾶς ... ἱερεὺς τῶν εἰδώλων ἐγένετο","severity":"caution","text":"The account of Demas becoming a pagan priest contradicts the New Testament (2 Tim 4:10), where Demas is simply a personal name; the tradition here is likely legendary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text uses ordinal numbers (ιζʹ, ιηʹ, etc.) to number entries, but the English draft omits them after the first; the numbering is preserved in the Greek.","The location 'Chalcedon in Gaul' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or a reference to a different site.","The phrase 'ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐξῆλθον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἦσαν ἐξ ἡμῶν' is not a direct biblical quotation; its source is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Ἀπελλῆς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Σμύρνης ἐγένετο πρὸ τοῦ ἁγίου Πολυκάρπου. κθʹ. Ἀριστόβουλος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς Βρετανίας ἐπίσκοπος ἐγένετο. λʹ. Νάρκισσος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς ωμαίους, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Ἀθηνῶν γέγονεν. λαʹ. Ἡρωδίων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς ωμαίους, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Παταρῶν ἐγένετο. λβʹ. Ἄγαβος ὁ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων μνημονευόμενος, ὅς καὶ προφητικοῦ χαρίσματος ἠξιώθη. λγʹ. Ῥοῦφος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Θηβῶν ἐγένετο. λδʹ. Ἀσύγκριτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίσκοπος Ὑρκανίας ἐγένετο. λεʹ. Φλέγων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Μαραθῶνος ἐγένετο. λϛʹ. Ἑρμῆς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Δαλματίας ἐγένετο. λζʹ. Πατροβᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Ποτιόλοις γέγονεν. ληʹ. Ἑρμᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Φιλιππουπόλεως ἐγένετο. λθʹ. Λίνος ὁ μετὰ Πέτρου τὸν ἀπόστολον Ῥώμης ἐπίσκοπος γεγονώς. μʹ. Γάϊος, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Ἐφέσου ἐγένετο μετὰ Τιμόθεον τὸν μαθητὴν Παύλου τοῦ ἀποστόλου. μαʹ. Φιλόλογος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν ὑπὸ Ἀνδρέου ἀποστόλου ἐν Σινώπῃ. μβʹ. Ὀλυμπᾶς. μγʹ.","english":"Apelles, whom the apostle also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Smyrna before the holy Polycarp. 29. Aristobulus, whom the apostle also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who became bishop of Britain. 30. Narcissus, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Athens. 31. Herodion, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Patara. 32. Agabus, who is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, who was also deemed worthy of the prophetic gift. 33. Rufus, whom the apostle also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Thebes. 34. Asyncritus, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Hyrcania. 35. Phlegon, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Marathon. 36. Hermes, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Dalmatia. 37. Patrobas, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop in Puteoli. 38. Hermas, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Philippopolis. 39. Linus, who became bishop of Rome after the apostle Peter. 40. Gaius, whom the apostle mentions, who became bishop of Ephesus after Timothy, the disciple of the apostle Paul. 41. Philologus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop under the apostle Andrew in Sinope. 42. Olympas. 43.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"κθʹ. λʹ. λαʹ. λβʹ. λγʹ. λδʹ. λεʹ. λϛʹ. λζʹ. ληʹ. λθʹ. μʹ. μαʹ. μβʹ. μγʹ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the numbered list of apostles and disciples, with entries 29–43, each introduced by a Greek numeral (κθʹ = 29, etc.). The final entry μγʹ (43) has no name or description, indicating a lacuna or intentional break.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους","severity":"info","text":"Multiple entries (Apelles, Aristobulus, Narcissus, Herodion, Rufus, Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Hermas) cite Romans 16, where Paul greets these individuals. The formula 'whom the apostle also mentions in the epistle to the Romans' is a standard reference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄγαβος","severity":"info","text":"Agabus is a known prophet from Acts 11:28 and 21:10, who predicted a famine and Paul's arrest. The text notes he was 'deemed worthy of the prophetic gift,' aligning with his biblical portrayal.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀριστόβουλος","severity":"info","text":"Aristobulus is said to have become bishop of Britain, an anachronistic claim reflecting later legendary traditions about the apostolic foundation of British Christianity, not attested in earlier sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"προφητικοῦ χαρίσματος","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'prophetic gift' (προφητικοῦ χαρίσματος) is used only for Agabus, distinguishing him from the other figures who are merely named as bishops. It reflects a technical term for a charism in early Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"μγʹ.","severity":"caution","text":"The final entry μγʹ (43) has no name or description, suggesting a textual break or lacuna. The English draft omits this numeral, but the Greek clearly marks it as an incomplete entry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several figures (e.g., Hermes, Hermas) is ambiguous due to common names; the text does not distinguish them from other early Christian figures with the same names.","The final entry μγʹ (43) is incomplete, leaving the intended name or description unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"caution","code":"repetition-warn","text":"Automatic check flagged formulaic repetition. Coptic homiletic style repeats by design, so this records the pattern rather than correcting it."}]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"Ῥωδίων, ὧν καὶ αὐτῶν ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, οἳ καὶ ἐν Ῥώμῃ ἅμα Πέτρῳ τῷ ἀποστόλῳ ὑπὸ Νέρωνος τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀπετμήθησαν. μδʹ. Λουκᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ τῆς Συρίας ἐγένετο. μεʹ. Ἰάσων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ταρσοῦ ἐγένετο. μϛʹ. Σωσίπατρος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἰκονίου ἐγένετο. μζʹ. Τέρτιος ὁ καὶ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους γράψας ἐπιστολήν, ὅς δεύτερος ἐπίσκοπος Ἰκονίου ἐγένετο. μηʹ. Ἔραστος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ, ὃς καὶ οἰκονόμος τῆς ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐκκλησίας γέγονεν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος μετέπειτα Πανιάδος. μθʹ. Κούαρτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Βηρυτοῦ γέγονεν. νʹ. Ἀπολλώς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Κορινθίους ἐπιστολῇ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Καισαρείας γέγονεν. ναʹ. Κηφᾶς, ὃν ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ ἤλεγξεν, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Κονίας ἐγένετο. νβʹ. Σωσθένης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Κολοφωνίας ἐγένετο. νγʹ. Τύχικος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Κολοφωνίας ἐγένετο. νδʹ. Ἐπαφρόδιτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἀνδριακῆς γέγονεν. νεʹ. Καῖσαρ, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Δυῤῥαχίου γέγονεν. νϛʹ. Μάρκος ὁ ἀνέψιος Βαρνάβα, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἀπολλωνιάδος γέγονεν. νζʹ.","english":"Rhodion, whom the apostle also mentions, and who together with Peter the apostle in Rome had their heads cut off by Nero. 44. Lucas, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop in Laodicea of Syria. 45. Jason, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Tarsus. 46. Sosipater, whom he also mentions in the epistle to the Romans, who also became bishop of Iconium. 47. Tertius, who also wrote the epistle to the Romans, who became the second bishop of Iconium. 48. Erastus, whom he also mentions in the same epistle, who also became steward of the church in Jerusalem and later bishop of Paneas. 49. Quartus, whom he also mentions in the same epistle, who also became bishop of Berytus. 50. Apollos, whom the apostle also mentions in the epistle to the Corinthians, who also became bishop of Caesarea. 51. Cephas, whom the apostle Paul rebuked in Antioch, who also became bishop of Conia. 52. Sosthenes, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Colophonia. 53. Tychicus, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Colophonia. 54. Epaphroditus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Andriaca. 55. Caesar, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Dyrrhachium. 56. Mark, the cousin of Barnabas, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Apollonias. 57.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥωδίων","severity":"info","text":"Rhodion is listed among the seventy disciples and is said to have been beheaded with Peter under Nero. This entry conflates the figure with the Rhodo mentioned in Romans 16:11.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'in the epistle to the Romans' refers to Paul's greetings in Romans 16, where several of these names appear (e.g., Jason, Sosipater, Tertius, Erastus, Quartus).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Τέρτιος ὁ καὶ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους γράψας ἐπιστολήν","severity":"info","text":"Tertius is identified as the amanuensis who wrote Romans (cf. Rom 16:22). The claim that he became second bishop of Iconium is not attested elsewhere.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"numerical sequence","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues a numbered list of disciples (μδʹ–νϛʹ, i.e., 44–56), each entry following a formula: name, Pauline mention, and episcopal see.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐπαφρόδιτος","severity":"info","text":"Epaphroditus, mentioned in Philippians 2:25 and 4:18, is here assigned to Andriaca (in Lycia), a localization not found in earlier sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Κηφᾶς","severity":"caution","text":"Cephas is here distinguished from Peter and said to have been rebuked by Paul in Antioch (cf. Gal 2:11–14). This identification is contested; some traditions equate Cephas with Peter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text breaks off after νϛʹ (56) with Μάρκος, leaving the entry incomplete. The English draft supplies '57' but the Greek has no numeral.","The location 'Conia' for Cephas is uncertain; it may be a variant of Iconium or a scribal error.","The relationship between the list and the earlier 'Index apostolorum' is unclear; the passage may be a later appendix."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰοῦστος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἐλευθεροπόλεως γέγονεν. νηʹ. Ἀρτεμᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν Λύστρας. νθʹ. Κλήμης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγων· μετὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν συνεργῶν μου, ὅς καὶ πρῶΚονίας] ἐξ ἐθνῶν καὶ Ἐλλήνων ἐπίστευσεν εἰς Χριστόν, ὃς καὶ μετέπειτα ἐπίσκοπος Σαρδικῆς γέγονεν. ξʹ. Ὀνησίφορος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὃς ἐπίσκοπος Κορωνίας γέγονεν. ξαʹ. Τύχικος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος τῆς Χαλκηδόνος τῆς Βιθυνίας γέγονεν. ξβʹ. Κάρπος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ Βεροίας τῆς Θρᾴκης ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν. ξγʹ. Εὔοδος, ὃς μετὰ Πέτρον τὸν ἀπόστολον ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται. ξδʹ. Ἀρίσταρχος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Ἀπαμείας τῆς Συρίας γέγονεν. ξεʹ. Μάρκος ὁ καὶ Ἰωάννης καλούμενος, οὗ ὁ Λουκᾶς ταῖς πράξεσι μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Βύβλου γέγονεν. ξϛʹ. Ζηνᾶς ὁ νομικός, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται, ὅς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Διοσπόλεως γέγονεν. ξζʹ. Φιλήμων, πρὸς ὃν καὶ ἐπιστολὴν ἔγραψεν, ὃς καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Γάζης γέγονεν. ξηʹ. ξθʹ. οʹ. Ἀρίσταρχος καὶ Πούδης καὶ Τροφιμος· οὗτοι οἱ τρεῖς ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς διωγμοῖς τοῦ ἀποστόλου συγκακοπαθήσαντες τέλος ἐν Ῥώμῃ σὺν τῷ αὐτῷ ἀποστόλῳ ὑπὸ Νέρωνος τοῦ βασιλέως τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀπετμήθησαν.","english":"Jesus called Justus, whom the apostle also mentions in the Acts of the Apostles, who also became bishop of Eleutheropolis. 58. Artemas, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Lystra. 59. Clement, whom the apostle also mentions, saying: with Clement and the rest of my fellow workers, who also first among Gentiles and Greeks believed in Christ, who also later became bishop of Sardica. 60. Onesiphorus, whom the apostle also mentions, who became bishop of Coronia. 61. Tychicus, whom the apostle also mentions, who became first bishop of Chalcedon in Bithynia. 62. Carpus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Beroea in Thrace. 63. Euodius, who after Peter the apostle became bishop in Antioch, whom the apostle also mentions. 64. Aristarchus, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Apamea in Syria. 65. Mark, also called John, whom Luke mentions in the Acts, who also became bishop of Byblus. 66. Zenas the lawyer, whom the apostle also mentions, who also became bishop of Diospolis. 67. Philemon, to whom he also wrote an epistle, who also became bishop of Gaza. 68, 69, 70. Aristarchus and Pudens and Trophimus: these three, having suffered together with the apostle in all his persecutions, finally in Rome together with the same apostle had their heads cut off by the emperor Nero.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νηʹ. νθʹ. ξʹ. ξαʹ. ξβʹ. ξγʹ. ξδʹ. ξεʹ. ξϛʹ. ξζʹ. ξηʹ. ξθʹ. οʹ.","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text numbers entries 58–70 sequentially, but the final entry groups three names (Aristarchus, Pudens, Trophimus) under a single number, 68–70, indicating a collective martyrdom notice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰοῦστος","severity":"info","text":"Jesus called Justus: the Greek distinguishes the name Jesus from the epithet Justus, likely to avoid confusion with Jesus Christ. This figure is mentioned in Acts 18:7 as a Jewish Christian.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"μετὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν συνεργῶν μου","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'with Clement and the rest of my fellow workers' is not a direct quotation from the canonical Pauline epistles but may echo Philippians 4:3 or a lost tradition; Clement is otherwise known from Phil 4:3.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλευθεροπόλεως","severity":"info","text":"Eleutheropolis (modern Beit Guvrin) was a city in Palestine, established as a Roman colony in the 2nd century CE. The claim that Jesus Justus became its bishop is anachronistic for the 1st century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Μάρκος ὁ καὶ Ἰωάννης καλούμενος","severity":"info","text":"Mark also called John: this figure is traditionally identified with John Mark, the companion of Barnabas and Paul, and later associated with the Gospel of Mark. The text assigns him a bishopric in Byblus (Phoenicia).","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πρῶΚονίας]","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text at πρῶΚονίας] is corrupt; the bracketed sigma suggests a scribal emendation. The intended reading is likely πρῶτος (first), but the word may originally have been πρῶτος Κονίας (first of Conia?) or a place name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase πρῶΚονίας] is corrupt; the intended reading may be πρῶτος (first) or a place name like Conia.","The identification of Clement with the Clement of Philippians 4:3 is traditional but not explicit in the text.","The grouping of Aristarchus, Pudens, and Trophimus under a single number may imply a shared martyrdom narrative not attested elsewhere."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Ταῦτα ὁ τρισμακάριος καὶ πανόλβιος Δωρόθεος ἐν Ῥώμῃ γεγονὼς διὰ Ῥωμαϊκῆς διαλέκτου ἐν ὑπομνήμασι καταλέλοιπεν, ἐξ ὧν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐρανισάμενοι καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν μεθερμηνεύσαντες φωνὴν ἐμφανῆ τοῖς πᾶσι πεποιήκαμεν, τὴν τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα μαθητῶν ἐκλογὴν πιστὴν καὶ ἀληθῆ αὐτὴν καταλαβόμενοι. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ ἀπόστολος γράφων περὶ αὐτῶν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι καὶ πρὸ ἡμῶν γεγόνασιν ἐν κυρίῳ. Καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἄπιστόν τις λογίσηται μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι τοὺς οʹ καὶ πιστεῦσαι εἰς αὐτόν, θεωρήσαντας τὴν ἀνάστασιν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν, ὃ μεῖζον πάντων τῶν θαυμάτων ὑπῆρξε καί ἐστιν. Οὗτος τοίνυν ὁ μέγας ἀρχιερεὺς Δωρόθεος διηγήσατο ἐν γραφαῖς, ὅτιπερ ὁ σεπτὸς οἶκος τῆς ἁγίας καὶ καλλινίκου μάρτυρος Εὐφημίας ἐν τῷ Πετρίῳ ὑπὸ Τίτου τινὸς ἐκτίσθη ἀπὸ πρώτης, ὅστις Τίτος γεγονὼς ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καὶ τελειωθεὶς ἐν αὐτῇ, ἀπετέθη πλησίον τῶν παλαιῶν τευχῶν, ἐξότε Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀπόστολος καὶ τοῖς τόποις ἐπέστη καὶ πολλὰ πλήθη Χριστιανῶν παρ᾽ αὐτὰ συντρέχειν παρεσκεύαζεν, ὡς μήτε τοσούτους ἐν ἄλλοις τόποις εὑρίσκεσθαι. Ἅπαντες γὰρ οἱ τοῦ Βυζαντίου διδάσκαλοι καὶ ὑπομονητικοὶ γενόμενοι διὰ ταπεινοφρωσύνην, τὰς μὲν τυῤῥανικὰς ἀπέφυγον ἀπειλάς, τοῖς δὲ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἢ ἐξ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ τὸν ἔνθεον ἐπέσπειρον λογισμόν, εἰ καὶ μάλιστα τοῦ Τίτου θαυματουργίας ἐπιτελοῦντος, οἵας τε καὶ ὁ Σωτὴρ ἐπετέλεσεν. Ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῆς τυραννίδος Λικινίου καὶ Διοκλητιανοῦ κρατούσης ἐν τῇ ὑποθέσει ταύτῃ ἀναιρεῖται.","english":"These things the thrice-blessed and all-happy Dorotheus, who lived in Rome, left behind in commentaries in the Latin language, from which we, having gathered and translated into the Greek tongue, have made manifest to all, having understood the selection of the seventy disciples to be faithful and true. For the apostle, writing about them, said that they also came before us in the Lord. And one would not consider it unbelievable that after the resurrection of Christ the seventy turned and believed in him, having beheld his resurrection from the dead, which was and is greater than all miracles. This great high priest Dorotheus, then, related in writings that the venerable house of the holy and victorious martyr Euphemia in the Petrion was built from the beginning by a certain Titus, which Titus, having become bishop of Byzantium and having been perfected in it, was laid to rest near the old walls, from the time when Andrew the apostle also presided over the places and prepared many multitudes of Christians to gather there, so that not so many were found in other places. For all the teachers of Byzantium, having become patient through humility, avoided the tyrannical threats, and sowed divine reasoning among those from the nations or from Judaism, even though Titus performed miracles of the sort that the Savior also performed. And still, while the tyranny of Licinius and Diocletian prevailed, in this matter he is put to death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Δωρόθεος","severity":"info","text":"The passage claims Dorotheus wrote in Latin (Ῥωμαϊκῆς διαλέκτου) and was later translated into Greek. This frames the work as a translation, a common topos in Byzantine hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἑβδομήκοντα μαθητῶν","severity":"info","text":"The 'seventy disciples' (οʹ) alludes to Luke 10:1 and Acts 1:15, though the number varies in tradition. The text asserts their post-Resurrection conversion, echoing apostolic preaching.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Εὐφημίας","severity":"info","text":"Euphemia was a 4th-century martyr venerated at Chalcedon; her shrine in the Petrion district of Constantinople was a major pilgrimage site. The text links its foundation to a bishop Titus of Byzantium.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Λικινίου καὶ Διοκλητιανοῦ","severity":"caution","text":"Licinius and Diocletian reigned in the early 4th century, but the narrative places Titus's death under their tyranny, anachronistically if Titus is a 1st-century figure. This suggests legendary conflation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Οὗτος τοίνυν ὁ μέγας ἀρχιερεὺς Δωρόθεος","severity":"info","text":"This sentence transitions from the general claim about the seventy disciples to a specific narrative about Dorotheus's writings on Titus and Euphemia, marking a shift in focus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"τρισμακάριος καὶ πανόλβιος","severity":"info","text":"The epithets 'thrice-blessed and all-happy' for Dorotheus reflect Byzantine encomiastic style, elevating the source author as authoritative and saintly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Titus' is ambiguous: the text conflates a bishop of Byzantium with the apostolic figure, and his death under Licinius and Diocletian is chronologically inconsistent with a 1st-century bishop.","The phrase 'ἀπὸ πρώτης' (from the beginning) is vague; it may mean the church was built from its foundations or from the earliest Christian period."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Καὶ Κάρος ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ οἱ τούτου υἱοὶ Καρῖνος καὶ Νουμεριανὸς λοιπὸν ἐν ἀδείᾳ οἱ τύρανοι γενόμενοι ἀναιδεστέρως πρὸς τὰς τιμωρίας τῶν Χριστιανῶν ηὐτομόλουν, εἰς χιλιάδας τὸ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν ἐκ τούτων ἀναιροῦντες· μεθ᾽ ὧν Ἀδριανὸς ὁ τοῦ Πρόβου υἱὸς θανεῖν ἔσπευσεν. Γενόμενος γὰρ ἐν τῇ Νικομηδέων πόλει μετὰ τὴν Κάρου ἀναίρεσιν καὶ ἰδὼν τὰ πλήθη τῶν Χριστιανῶν ὑπὸ Λικινίου ἀναιδῶς ἀναιρούμενα, προσελθὼν πρὸς τὸ βῆμα ἔλεγεν τῷ Λικινίῳ· διὰ τί οὕτως ἀναιδῶς τὸ στράτευμα τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀναιρεῖται; καὶ ἰδοὺ τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν Ῥωμαίων· βάρβαροι κατέχουσιν. Ὁ δὲ Λικίνιος πρὸς αὐτόν· μὴ καὶ σὺ Χριστιανὸς εἶ; Ὁ δὲ Ἀδριανὸς πρὸς αὐτόν· καὶ μὴν εὔχομαι ἐν τῇ ὁμολογίᾳ ταύτῃ τελειωθῆναι ἢ τὸ ἀρνήσασθαι τὸν Χριστόν. Λικίνιος δὲ πολλὰς μὲν βασάνους, πολλὰς δὲ καὶ θωπεύσεις καὶ ἐπαγγελίας πρὸς αὐτὸν προσήγαγεν. Ὡς δὲ ἑώρα αὐτὸν τῇ τοῦ Χριστιανοῦ ὁμολογίᾳ ἐνιστάμενον, :θυμομαχήσας κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐκέλευσεν τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἀπτμηθῆναι.","english":"And Carus the emperor and his sons Carinus and Numerian, having thereafter become tyrants with impunity, more shamelessly hastened to the punishments of Christians, slaying them by the thousands daily. Among these, Hadrian, the son of Probus, hastened to die. For having come to the city of Nicomedia after the death of Carus and seeing the multitudes of Christians being shamelessly put to death by Licinius, he approached the tribunal and said to Licinius: \"Why is the army of the Romans being so shamelessly destroyed? And behold, most of the Romans are held by barbarians.\" Licinius said to him: \"Are you also a Christian?\" Hadrian said to him: \"Indeed, I pray to be perfected in this confession rather than to deny Christ.\" Licinius then applied many tortures, many flatteries, and promises to him. But when he saw him persisting in the confession of Christ, he became enraged against him and ordered his head to be cut off.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Κάρος, Καρῖνος, Νουμεριανός, Λικίνιος","severity":"info","text":"Carus, Carinus, Numerian, and Licinius are historical Roman emperors and usurpers of the late 3rd–early 4th century. The narrative conflates events from different reigns, likely for hagiographic effect.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀδριανὸς ὁ τοῦ Πρόβου υἱός","severity":"info","text":"Hadrian, son of Probus, is otherwise unknown. The name may be a confusion with the emperor Hadrian or a literary invention to link the martyr to a noble Roman lineage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a self-contained martyrdom narrative within the larger list of apostles and disciples, illustrating the persecution under Licinius and the steadfast confession of a Roman noble.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀναιδῶς","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek ἀναιδῶς ('shamelessly') appears twice, but the English draft renders it as 'shamelessly' and 'shamelessly destroyed'. The repetition may be rhetorical or a scribal error; the sense is clear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This account of Hadrian’s martyrdom is not found in standard hagiographical collections; it likely derives from a local tradition or a lost Latin source, as the preface claims Dorotheus of Rome.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The historical identity of Hadrian, son of Probus, is uncertain; he may be a legendary figure. The chronology conflates Carus (d. 283) with Licinius (d. 325), suggesting a compressed or symbolic timeline."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Τοῦ δὲ ἐν τῇ ὁμολογίᾳ ταύτῃ τελειωθέντος ὁ Μητροφάνης γνοὺς ἄρτι τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς ἐναρξάμενος, ἅμα τοῖς συνοῦσιν αὐτῷ καταλαμβάνει τὴν Νικομήδειαν καὶ ὑποκλέψας αὐτοῦ τοῦ Καλλινίκου μάρτυρος Ἀδριανοῦ τὸ λείύκρατούσης λείψανον, ἀπεκομίσατο αὐτὸ καὶ ἀπέθετο ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ αὐτοῖς ὑπαρξάσῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ διακειμένῃ πλησίον τοῦ Βυζαντίου ἐπιλεγομένου τόπου Ἀργυροπόλεως, ἔνθα καὶ Τίτος πρῶτος ἡγησάμενος ἐπίσκοπος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἀπέθετο τὸ λείψανον Ἀδριανοῦ τοῦ ἐπὶ Μαξιμιανοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος, καὶ Ναταλίαν τὴν τούτου γυναῖκα καὶ ἑτέρους τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ μαρτυρήσαντας, ὅπου καὶ τὸ λείψανον ἀπέκειτο Στάχυος τοῦ ἑνὸς τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα μαθητῶν, ὃς ὑπὸ Ἀνδρέου τοῦ ἀποστόλου ἐν τῷ αὐτόθι τόπῳ πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ νῦν υζαντίου κατέστη. Ὁ γὰρ Ἀνδρέας ἐπὶ τὸν Πόντον διαπερούμενος ἤθελεν τοῖς ἐν τῷ Βυζαντίῳ τὸν Χριστὸν καταγγεῖλαι. Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδήπερ Ζεύξιππος τὸν τόπον τότε ἡγεμονεύων αἱμοβόρος τις ὢν πάντας τοὺς προσβάλλοντας ξένους τῷ Βυζαντίῳ πρότερον διερωτωμένους τὰ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἶθ᾽ οὕτως εἰσιέναι συνεχώρει. Καὶ ἐάν τις ὡμολόγησεν τὸν Χριστόν, εἰς δέσμα τοῦτον εὐθὺς καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτὰ δεσμευθέντας τοὺς πόδας τε καὶ χεῖρας θαλαττοῦσθαι προσέτασσεν. Διὰ τὴν τοιαύτην οὖν ὠμότητα παραπλεύσας ὁ Ἀνδρέας τὸ Βυζάντιον, κατῴκησεν ἐπὶ διετῆ χρόνον πλησίον τοῦ Βυζαντίου τῷ Θρᾳκίῳ μέρει ὡς ἀπὸ σταδίου ἑνὸς τῆς Ἀργυροπόλεως, ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ συναγωγὴν τῶν ἐνθέσμων καὶ φιλαλήθων ἀνδρῶν ποιούμενος.","english":"When he had been perfected in this confession, Metrophanes, having only just begun his episcopacy, together with those with him, seized Nicomedia and, having stolen the relic of the martyr Hadrian Callinicus himself, carried it away and deposited it in the first church that existed for them, situated near Byzantium in the place called Argyropolis, where also Titus, the first bishop of Constantinople, deposited the relic of Hadrian who was martyred under Maximian, and Natalia his wife, and others who were martyred with him, where also the relic of Stachys, one of the seventy disciples, was laid, whom Andrew the apostle first established as bishop of what is now Byzantium in that very place. For Andrew, crossing over to Pontus, wished to proclaim Christ to those in Byzantium. But since Zeuxippus, who was then governing the place, being a bloodthirsty man, allowed all strangers approaching Byzantium to enter only after first being questioned about Christ, and then in this way. And if anyone confessed Christ, he immediately ordered that person to be bound hand and foot and thrown into the sea. Because of such cruelty, therefore, Andrew sailed past Byzantium and dwelt for two years near Byzantium in the Thracian part, about one stade from Argyropolis, there making a gathering of lawful and truth-loving men.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Τοῦ δὲ ἐν τῇ ὁμολογίᾳ ταύτῃ τελειωθέντος","severity":"info","text":"The phrase refers to the martyrdom of Hadrian, son of Probus, mentioned in the previous passage, completing his confession through death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Καλλινίκου","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'Callinicus' means 'beautiful victor' and is applied to the martyr Hadrian, emphasizing his victorious confession.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ζεύξιππος","severity":"info","text":"Zeuxippus is a local governor of Byzantium known for persecuting Christians; his name appears in hagiographical traditions as a hostile figure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὁ γὰρ Ἀνδρέας","severity":"info","text":"This clause introduces a flashback explaining why Andrew bypassed Byzantium, providing narrative background for Stachys' appointment as bishop.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπὶ διετῆ χρόνον","severity":"info","text":"Andrew is said to have dwelt near Byzantium for two years, a detail that situates his missionary activity in the Thracian region before the later episcopal succession.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"πρώτῃ αὐτοῖς ὑπαρξάσῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'first church that existed for them' is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific early Christian meeting place near Argyropolis, but its identity is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location of the 'first church' near Argyropolis is not specified; the text conflates multiple relic translations and episcopal successions, making precise historical identification difficult."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Ὡς οὖν περὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους ἐπισυνάξας τῷ Χριστῷ θυσιαστήριον ἑδράσας ἐν τῇ Ἀργυροπόλει καὶ τὸν Στάχυν ἐπίσκοπον καταστήσας εἰς Σινώπην τοῦ Πόντου μεθίσταται. Τοῦ δὲ Στάχυος διαγενομένου τοῖς αὐτοῦ ἓξ καὶ δέκατον ἔτος ἐν τῇ ἐπισκοπῇ Ὀνήσιμος μετὰ τοῦτον γίνεται, περὶ οὗ Παῦλος ὁ ἀπόστολος τῷ Φιλήμονι ἔγραψεν. Καὶ τούτου δὲ τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατον ἔτος διανύσαντος ἐν τῇ λειτουργίᾳ Πολύκαρπος μετὰ τούτου τρία ἔτη ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καθίσταται. Διαγενομένου δὲ καὶ τούτου δέκα πρὸς τοῖς ὀκτὼ ἔτεσι Πλούταρχος μετέρχεται τὴν ἱερωσύνην. Καὶ αὐτοῦ δὲ διανύσαντος ἔτη ιϛʹ, Σεδεκίων διάδοχος αὐτοῦ καθίσταται ἐπὶ ἐνναετῆ χρόνον. Μεθ᾽ ὃν Διογένης ἐν ἔτει ιεʹ τῇ ἱερατείᾳ προσμείνας τελειοῦται. Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Ἐλευθέριος ἐπὶ ἑπταετῆ χρόνον. Μεθ᾽ ὃν Φίλιξ ἐπι πέμπτου ἔτους· καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Πολύκαρπος ἕως ἐτῶν ιζʹ. Ἔνθα τοίνυν τὰ τούτων σώματα ἀπετέθη λιθίνῳ σηκῷ ἐκεῖ· καὶ τὸ τῆς Ναταλίας σῶμα ἀπετέθη καὶ Ἀδριανοῦ τοῦ μετέπειτα μαρτυρήσαντος. Ἐν δὲ τῷ ἑτέρῳ λάρνακι ἐξ εὐθείας τότε ποιηθέντι τῶν ιγʹ μαρτύρων τὰ λείψανα ἐνεβλήθη. Ἐν δὲ μολυβδίνῃ λάρνακι καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἀπετέθη ὁ Ἀδριανὸς ὁ αταλίας ἀνήρ, ἃ καὶ μέχρι τῆς δεῦρο ἐμφανῶς πρόκεινται ἐν τῷ ὑπογαίῳ σπηλαίῳ, ἔνθα ἀπόστολος Ἀνδρέας τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἥδρασεν.","english":"So having gathered about two thousand, he established an altar to Christ in Argyropolis and, having appointed Stachys bishop, he departs to Sinope of Pontus. When Stachys had completed his sixteenth year in the episcopacy, Onesimus, about whom the apostle Paul wrote to Philemon, succeeds him. And when he had completed his fourteenth year in the ministry, Polycarp succeeds him as bishop of Byzantium for three years. And when this one had completed eighteen years, Plutarch enters the priesthood. And when he had completed sixteen years, Sedekion becomes his successor for a period of nine years. After him, Diogenes, having remained in the priesthood for fifteen years, is perfected. After him, Eleutherius for a period of seven years. After him, Felix for a fifth year; and after him, Polycarp for up to seventeen years. There, then, the bodies of these were deposited in a stone shrine; and the body of Natalia was deposited, and that of Hadrian, who later suffered martyrdom. In the other reliquary, made at that time directly, the relics of the thirteen martyrs were placed. In a lead reliquary, Hadrian, the husband of Natalia, was deposited separately, which even to this day lie visibly in the underground cave where the apostle Andrew established the altar.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"περὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'about two thousand' likely refers to the number of followers gathered, but the antecedent is unclear; it may connect to the previous passage's mention of Metrophanes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"θυσιαστήριον","severity":"info","text":"θυσιαστήριον means 'altar', a key term in early Christian contexts, here established by Andrew in the underground cave.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Στάχυς","severity":"info","text":"Stachys is traditionally counted among the seventy disciples and as first bishop of Byzantium; this passage records his appointment to Sinope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὀνήσιμος","severity":"info","text":"Onesimus is mentioned as the subject of Paul's letter to Philemon (Philemon 1:10-12), linking this episcopal list to New Testament figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἔνθα τοίνυν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'There, then' marks a shift from the episcopal succession list to a description of the deposition of relics, structuring the passage into two parts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἀδριανὸς ὁ ἀταλίας ἀνήρ","severity":"caution","text":"The text distinguishes Hadrian the martyr from Hadrian the husband of Natalia; the latter's separate lead reliquary suggests a local cult, but the relationship is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'περὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους' lacks a clear subject; it may refer to followers gathered by Metrophanes or another figure from the previous passage.","The identity of 'Ἀδριανὸς ὁ ἀταλίας ἀνήρ' is uncertain; 'ἀταλίας' may be a corruption or variant of 'Natalia', but the text does not clarify the relationship."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"Ἤδη δὲ πλήθους ἱκανοῦ συναθροισθέντος τῶν εἰς Χριστὸν ἠλπικότων, παυσαμένης δὲ καὶ τυραννίδος τοῦ Βυζαντίου μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Ζευξίππου τελευτὴν ἐγκρατεῖς τε τόπων πλεόνων γενόμενοι οἱ τῆς ἐν Ἀγρυροπόλει ἐκκλησίας προεστῶτες τὴν τῶν πολλῶν ὄχλησιν καὶ τὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ Ἑβραίων προσβολὴν ἐκφυγεῖν βουλόμενοι, ἐν τοῖς μεσογείοις πλησίον τῆς Ἀργυροπόλεως ἐκκλησίαν ἄλλην ἀνεγείρουσιν, ἣν Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ μέγας βασιλεὺς μετέπειτα μειζοτέραν πεποίηκεν, σταυροειδῆ αὐτὴν διαγραψάμενος, βουλόμενος καὶ τὸ αὐτοῦ σῶμα ἐκεῖσε κατατεθῆναι. Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ λοιπὸν τὰ τοῦ Βυζαντίου ηὐξήθη, συνεβούλευσαν οἱ συνόντες τῷ Κωνσταντίνῳ μὴ δεῖν ἔξωθεν τῆς πόλεως τὰ τῶν βασιλέων σώματα ἀποκομίζεσθαι. Τούτου οὖν χάριν ἕτερος μὲν τόπος εἰς ταφὴν τῶν βασιλέων ἐγένετο. Ὁ δὲ γεγονὼς οἶκος ἀφιερώθη τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ καρτερικοῖς καὶ θεόφροσιν ἑπτὰ παισὶν καὶ Ἐλεαζάρῳ τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ, τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυἀπετέθη τὸν τόπον οἶκος κληρωσάμενος. Ἐλαιὼν γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχαίων τῶν χρόνων ὁ τόπος ἐπικέκληται, ὅνπερ εὐκτήριον οἶκον Ἀθηνόδωρος ὁ μετὰ Πολύκαρπον ἐπίσκοπος γεγονὼς πρῶτος ἐνήρξατο. Ἐκεῖ τὴν ἐπισκοπὴν διανύσας ἐν ἔτεσι τέσσαρσι, μεθ᾽ ὧν ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῦ ἑνδέκατος ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καθίσταται Εὐζώϊος, ὅς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν ἔτεσιν ἓξ τοῖς αὐτῶν ἱερατεύσας, Λαυρεντίῳ τὴν ἱερωσύνην καταλέλοιπεν. Καὶ αὐτοῦ δι᾽ ἕνδεκα ἔτη καὶ μῆνας ἓξ πληρώσαντος Ἀλύπιος ἡγεῖται τῆς ἱερωσύνης ἐπὶ ἔτη ιγʹ ἥμισυ. Πάλιν δὲ μετὰ τοῦτον Περτίναξ ἐγένετο ἔτη ιδʹ κρατήσας τῆς ἱερωσύνης.","english":"Now when a sufficient multitude of those who had hoped in Christ had gathered, and the tyranny of Byzantium had ceased after the death of Zeuxippus, and those in charge of the church in Argyropolis had become masters of more places, wishing to escape the disturbance of the many and the assault of the Greeks and Hebrews, they built another church in the inland regions near Argyropolis, which the great emperor Constantine later made larger, having designed it in the shape of a cross, wishing also that his own body be laid there. But since the affairs of Byzantium had increased, those with Constantine advised that the bodies of emperors should not be carried outside the city. For this reason, another place was made for the burial of emperors. The house that had been built was dedicated to the seven steadfast and godly-minded youths in the law and to Eleazar the high priest, the place having received the ancient name of the house of the Olive. For the place had been called the Olive from ancient times, which Athenodorus, who became bishop after Polycarp, first began as a house of prayer. Having completed his episcopacy there in four years, after which Euzoius was established as the eleventh bishop of Byzantium, who himself having served as priest for six years, left the priesthood to Laurentius. And when he had completed eleven years and six months, Alypius took charge of the priesthood for thirteen and a half years. Again after him, Pertinax became bishop, having held the priesthood for fourteen years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ζευξίππου","severity":"info","text":"Zeuxippus was a legendary early king of Byzantium, mentioned in Byzantine chronography. His death here marks a transition from local tyranny to Christian expansion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ἑπτὰ παισὶν καὶ Ἐλεαζάρῳ","severity":"info","text":"The seven Maccabean martyrs and Eleazar the high priest are figures from 2 Maccabees 6–7, venerated in Byzantine tradition. Their cult was associated with the site later called the Olive.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλαιὼν","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Olive' (Ἐλαιών) likely refers to a location with an olive grove or a church named after the Mount of Olives. The text connects it to an ancient name for the site.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἔτεσι τέσσαρσι","severity":"info","text":"Athenodorus served as bishop for four years, then Euzoius for six, Laurentius for eleven years and six months, Alypius for thirteen and a half, and Pertinax for fourteen. These figures form a continuous episcopal succession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἑνδέκατος ἐπίσκοπος","severity":"info","text":"Euzoius is named the eleventh bishop of Byzantium, indicating that the text is part of a list that counts bishops from the foundation of the see. This aligns with the genre of apostolic succession lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀφιερώθη","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek verb ἀφιερώθη ('was dedicated') is ambiguous: it could mean the church was consecrated to the Maccabean martyrs, or that the site was repurposed for their cult. The text does not clarify the exact nature of the dedication.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυἀπετέθη' is corrupt; the intended reading is likely 'τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυμίαν ἀπέθετο' ('laid aside the ancient name') or similar, but the text as transmitted is unclear.","The relationship between the church built by Constantine and the earlier church in Argyropolis is not fully specified; the text implies a relocation but does not detail the fate of the original site."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Οὗτος δὲ ὁ Περτίναξ ὑπατικὸς τῶν ἐν Ῥώμῃ καὶ στρατηλάτης γεγονὼς πάθει τε ἀφύκτῳ παραπεπτωκώς, διάγων ἐν τοῖς Θρᾳκίοις μέρεσιν, ἔμαθεν πλείστας δυνάμεις γενέσθαι ἐν τῷ Βυζαντίῳ ὑπὸ τῶν Χριστιανῶν. Παραγενόμενος δὲ πρὸς Ἀλύπιον τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἐν τῇ ἐπὶ Ἐλαίας λεγομένῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ καὶ διὰ τῆς αὐτοῦ ἐντεύξεως καὶ τῆς τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ ἐπιθέσεως ῥυσθεὶς τῶν ἀλγηδόνων, ἀπαρνεῖται τὴν τῶν εἰδώλων πλάνην καὶ τὴν τῆς στρατιᾶς ὑπεροχὴν καὶ βαπτισθεὶς τῇ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐλπίδι ἦν προσκατερῶν τῷ Ἀλυπίῳ, τῆς τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου ἀξίας μετειληφὼς ἐν δάκρυσι κατανύξας ἑκάστην ἡμέραν διατελῶν καὶ μετὰ τὴν Ἀλυπίου τελευτὴν εἰς ἐπίσκοπον αὐτὸν προεχειρίσαντο. Πλούσιός τε σφόδρα ὑπάρχων ὁ Περτίναξ πάλιν αὐτὸς ἐκκλησίαν ἀνίστησιν παρ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ θαλασσίδιον ἐν τῷ ἐπιλεγομένῳ Σύκαις, Εἰρήνην τὸν οἶκον προσαγορεύσας, ὅνπερ τόπον οἱ Χριστιανοὶ ὡς μίαν τῶν πόλεων ἀπετέλεσαν, οἴκους διαφόρους καὶ πλείστους ἀναστήσαντες, διόπερ καὶ μετέπειτα Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ ἀεισεβέστατος τείχεσι τὸν τόπον ἐτίμησεν. Μετὰ δὲ τὸν Περτίνακα καὶ Ὀλυμπιανὸς ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τῇ ἐπιλεγομένῃ Εἰρήνῃ καθίσταται ἐπίσκοπος αὐτὸς ἱερατεύσας ἐπὶ ιαʹ ἔτη. Τούτου διάδοχος γίνεται Μάρκος ἐπὶ τρισκαιδέκατον ἔτος· μετὰ τοῦτον Κυριλλιανὸς ἐν ἔτεσιν ιϛʹ, μετὰ τοῦτον Καστῖνος ἐτῶν ἑπτά. Ὁ οὖν ωνσταντῖνος ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ αὐτοῦ ἔτει ἐκκλησίαν ἄλλην ἀνίστησιν ἔσωθεν τοῦ Βυζαντίου κατὰ τὸ βόρειον μέρος, ἔνθα καὶ οἱ ἡγεμονεύσαντες τοῦ Βυζαντίου κατέκειντο, Ἐὐφημίας τῆς μάρτυρος τὸν οἶκον προσαγορεύσας κατ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν καιρὸν μαρτυρησάσης αὐτῆς.","english":"This Pertinax, having been a consular of those in Rome and a general, and having fallen into an incurable affliction, while living in the Thracian regions, learned that very many forces had gathered in Byzantium under the Christians. Arriving before Alypius the bishop in the church called that of Elaea, and through his intercession and the laying on of his hands being delivered from his pains, he renounces the error of idols and the preeminence of the army, and having been baptized with hope in Christ, he remained with Alypius, having received the rank of presbyter, continuing each day in tears of compunction, and after the death of Alypius they appointed him bishop. Being exceedingly wealthy, Pertinax himself again erected a church right by the seashore in the place called Sycae, naming the house Eirene, which place the Christians made into one of the cities, erecting various and very many houses, for which reason later Constantine, the most pious, honored the place with walls. After Pertinax, Olympianus was established as bishop in the church called Eirene, himself having served as priest for eleven years. His successor becomes Marcus for a thirteenth year; after him Cyrillianus for sixteen years, after him Castinus for seven years. Constantine, then, in his first year, erects another church within Byzantium on the northern side, where also those who had governed Byzantium lay, naming the house of the martyr Euphemia, she having been martyred at that same time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Περτίναξ","severity":"info","text":"Pertinax is a historical figure, a Roman consul and general, but his identification here is uncertain; the narrative may blend history with hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπὶ Ἐλαίας","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ἐπὶ Ἐλαίας' likely refers to a church named 'of the Olive' or 'at Elaea', a toponym; the English draft renders it as 'that of Elaea'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Σύκαις","severity":"info","text":"Sycae (modern Galata) was a district across the Golden Horn from Byzantium; Constantine later fortified it, as the text notes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Μετὰ δὲ τὸν Περτίνακα","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists a succession of bishops (Olympianus, Marcus, Cyrillianus, Castinus) in a formulaic chronicle style, typical of ecclesiastical histories.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπὶ ιαʹ ἔτη","severity":"info","text":"The numerals ιαʹ (11), ιγʹ (13), ιϛʹ (16), and ζʹ (7) give the episcopal tenures; these are schematic and may not be historically precise.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἐὐφημίας","severity":"info","text":"The church of St. Euphemia in Byzantium is attested in later sources; her martyrdom is placed in the early 4th century, aligning with Constantine's reign.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Pertinax is ambiguous: he may be conflated with the Roman emperor Pertinax (d. 193 CE) or a later figure; the text's chronology is loose.","The location 'ἐπὶ Ἐλαίας' is unclear; it could be a proper name or a descriptive phrase ('of the olive').","The numeral 'τρισκαιδέκατον ἔτος' for Marcus could mean 'thirteenth year' or 'thirteenth bishop'; the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Ἐκεῖ τοίνυν τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον τῆς ἱερατείας τελέσας Τίτον διάδοχον καταλιμπάνει, ὃς ἔτη λεʹ καὶ μῆνας ϛʹ πληρώσας Δομέτιον τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Πρόβου τοῦ βασιλέως διάδοχον καθίστησιν, καὶ τούτου δὲ κδʹ ἔτη πρὸς μησὶν ἕξ τελέσαντος, Πρόβος ὁ Δομετίου υἱὸς διαδέχεται τὴν ἱερωσύνην ἕως πληρώσεως ἐτῶν ιβʹ, μεθ᾽ ὧν Μητροφάνης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς Πρόβου καὶ Δομετίου υἱὸς, ἐπίσκοπος τοῦ Βυζαντίου καθίσταται ιʹ ἔτη προσμείνας τῇ ἱερατείᾳ. Ἐφ᾽ οὗπερ καὶ Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ ἀεισεβέστατος ἕνεκεν τῆς πρὸς Λικίνιον παρατάξεως καταλαβὼν τὸ Βυζάντιον, καὶ ἀρεσθεὶς τῇ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς σεμνότητι καὶ τὴν τῶν τόπων εὐκοσμίαν ἐννοήσας, τέως ταῖς εὐχαῖς τοῦ Μητροφόνους ἐγκρατὴς τοῦ κατὰ Λικίνιον πολέμου ἐγένετο, καὶ εὐθὺς τὰ τῆς Ῥώμης βασίλεια εἰς τὸ Βυζάντιον μετατίθησι τείχεσί τε αὐτὴν ὀχυρώσας καὶ ὀροφαῖς, παροχάς τε δαψιλεῖς τοῖς πολίταις χαρισάμενος κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ ἐπωνυμίαν. Ταῦτα ὁ πανάριστος Δωρόθεος ἐν Ῥωμαικοῖς συγγράμμασι καταλέλοιπεν, ἀντεβλήθησάν τε καὶ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐν ὑπατείᾳ Φιλοξένου καὶ Πρόβου, ὁπηνίκα Ἰωάννης ὁ ἐπίσκοπος Ῥώμης ἤλυθεν ἐν Κωνσταντινουπόλει. Προτραπεὶς γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ τῆς πόλεως ἀρχιεπισκόπου συλλειτουργῆσαι αὐτῷ ἐν τοῖς γενεθλίοις τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἀπηγόρευσε τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτος τοῦ τῆς πόλεως ἐπισκόπου ἱερατεύσῃ, ὅσα τε δὴ τῆς Ῥώμης πρὸ Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐπισκόπου δεξαμένης. Κινήσεως οὖν ἐκ τούτου γενομένης ἐκ τῶν συγγραμμάτων τοῦ μεγάλου Δωροθέου τὴν σύστασιν οἱ ωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐποιοῦντο, δεικνύντες προγενεστέραν τῆς Ῥώμης τὴν Κωνσταντινουπόλεως εἶναι ἐπισκοπήν.","english":"There, then, having completed the remaining time of his priesthood, he leaves Titus as successor, who, having fulfilled thirty-five years and six months, appoints Domitius, the brother of the emperor Probus, as successor; and when he had completed twenty-four years and six months, Probus, the son of Domitius, succeeds to the priesthood until the completion of twelve years, after whom Metrophanes, the brother of Probus and son of Domitius, is appointed bishop of Byzantium, remaining in the priesthood for ten years. During his time, Constantine, the most pious, having come to Byzantium because of his battle against Licinius, and being pleased with the man's dignity and having considered the good order of the places, was for a time restrained from the war against Licinius by the prayers of Metrophanes, and immediately transferred the imperial seat from Rome to Byzantium, fortifying it with walls and roofs, and granting lavish provisions to the citizens according to his own name. These things the most excellent Dorotheus has left behind in Roman writings, and they were also compared by us in the consulship of Philoxenus and Probus, when John, the bishop of Rome, came to Constantinople. For, having been invited by the archbishop of the city to concelebrate with him on the birthday of Christ, he refused to do this unless he should officiate before the bishop of the city, since the bishop of Rome had received precedence before that of Constantinople. A dispute having arisen from this, the supporters of Constantinople made their case from the writings of the great Dorotheus, showing that the bishopric of Constantinople was older than that of Rome.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἔτη λεʹ καὶ μῆνας ϛʹ","severity":"info","text":"The numerals λεʹ (35) and ϛʹ (6) are standard Greek alphabetic numerals; the passage provides a detailed succession list for the bishops of Byzantium, a common feature in ecclesiastical chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ ἀεισεβέστατος","severity":"info","text":"Constantine I (r. 306–337) is here called 'most pious'; his transfer of the imperial seat from Rome to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) in 330 CE is a pivotal event in late Roman history, here linked to the bishop Metrophanes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Δωρόθεος","severity":"info","text":"Dorotheus, called 'most excellent', is cited as the source of the succession list; this likely refers to the 4th-century chronicler Dorotheus of Tyre, though the work is lost. The passage claims his writings were used in a later dispute over precedence between Rome and Constantinople.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ὑπατείᾳ Φιλοξένου καὶ Πρόβου","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Philoxenus and Probus dates to 525 CE, providing a terminus for the compilation or comparison of the Dorothean material. This places the narrative in the early 6th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωάννης ὁ ἐπίσκοπος Ῥώμης","severity":"info","text":"John I, bishop of Rome (523–526), visited Constantinople in 525/6 CE. The dispute over precedence in concelebration reflects the historical tension between the sees of Rome and Constantinople, culminating in the Acacian schism and later canon law.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"προγενεστέραν τῆς Ῥώμης τὴν Κωνσταντινουπόλεως εἶναι ἐπισκοπήν","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Constantinople's bishopric was older than Rome's is historically untenable; it reflects a partisan argument in the 6th-century ecclesiastical rivalry, not factual chronology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Dorotheus' is uncertain; he may be Dorotheus of Tyre or a later compiler. The phrase 'ἀντεβλήθησάν τε καὶ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν' could mean 'compared by us' or 'collated by us', leaving the extent of the editor's intervention unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"Ἰωάννης δὲ ὁ Ῥωμαίων ἐπίσκοπος τὸ μὲν σύγγραμμα Δωροθέου ἀληθὲς εἶναι διεβεβαιοῦτο, προτιμᾶσθαι δὲ τοῦ τῆς πόλεως ἐπισκόπου ἔλεγεν διὰ τὸ τοῦ κορυφαιοτάτου τῶν ἀποστόλων τὸν τόπον ἐπέχειν, καὶ τούτου ἕνεκεν τὰ πρωτεῖα αὐτῷ παρεχωρήθη, οὐ μὴν διὰ τὸ προϋπάρχειν τὴν τῆς Ῥώμης ἐπισκοπὴν τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως. Ὑποκατιὼν δὲ ἐν τοῖς τελευταίοις τοῦ συγγράμματος αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερὸς Δωρόθεος μνήμην ποιεῖται καὶ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων σημαίνων, ἔνθα ὁ καθεὶς αὐτῶν ἐκήρυξεν εἰπών. αʹ. Πέτρος μὲν ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν Γαλλίᾳ καὶ ἐν τοῖς μεσογαίοις Πόντου καὶ εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν Καππαδοκίαν καὶ Bιθυνίαν κηρύξας τὸ εὐαγγέλιον μετὰ τὸ ἐπαναζεῦξαι αὐτὸν ἀπὸ Ἀντιοχείας, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ πάσῃ καὶ Ῥώμῃ, ἔνθα καὶ ὑπὸ Νέρωνος σταυρωθεὶς ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Ῥώμῃ θάπτεται πρὸ τριῶν Καλανδῶν Ἰουλίων. βʹ. Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ πᾶσαν τὴν παραλίαν τῆς Βιθυνίας τε καὶ Πόντου, Θρᾴκης τε καὶ Σκύθας διῆλθεν εὐαγγελιζόμενος τὸν κύριον. Μετέπειτα δὲ ἐπορεύθη ἐν Σεβαστοπόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ, ὅπου ἡ παρεμβολὴ Ἄψαρος καὶ ὁ Φᾶσις ποταμός, ἔνθα οἱ ἐσώτεροι Αἰθίωπες κατοικοῦσιν Ἐτάφη ἐν Πάτραις τῆς Ἀχαΐας σταυρωθεὶς ὑπὸ Αἰγεάτου. γʹ. Ἰάκωβος δὲ ὁ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου τὰς δώδεκα φυλὰς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, μεθ᾽ ὧν εὐαγγελιζόμενος τὸν Χριστὸν ἀναιρεῖται μαχαίρᾳ ὑπὸ Ἡρώδου τοῦ τετράρχου ἐν Καισαρείᾳ τῆς Παλαιστίνης. δ'. Ἰωάννης ὁ τούτου ἀδελφός, ὃς καὶ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον γεγράφηκεν, ἐν τῇ Ἐφέσῳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν ὑπὸ Τραιανοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς Πάτμον τὴν νῆσον διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐξορίζεται.","english":"John, the bishop of the Romans, affirmed that the treatise of Dorotheus was true, and he said that he was given precedence over the bishop of the city because he held the place of the most chief of the apostles, and for this reason the primacy was conceded to him, not because the bishopric of Rome existed before that of Constantinople. Further on, in the final parts of his treatise, the holy Dorotheus also makes mention of the twelve apostles, indicating where each of them preached, saying: 1. The apostle Peter, having preached the gospel in Gaul and in the inland regions of Pontus and throughout all Cappadocia and Bithynia after his return from Antioch, later also in all Italy and Rome, where he was crucified by Nero and is buried in that same Rome before the third Kalends of July. 2. Andrew, his brother, traversed the entire coast of Bithynia and Pontus, Thrace and the Scythians, evangelizing the Lord. Afterwards he went to great Sebastopolis, where the camp of Apsarus and the river Phasis are, where the inner Ethiopians dwell. He was buried in Patras of Achaia, having been crucified by Aegeates. 3. James, the son of Zebedee, evangelized the twelve tribes of Israel, among whom, while preaching Christ, he was killed by the sword by Herod the tetrarch in Caesarea of Palestine. 4. John, his brother, who also wrote the gospel, having preached Christ in Ephesus, was exiled by the emperor Trajan to the island of Patmos because of the word of Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἰωάννης δὲ ὁ Ῥωμαίων ἐπίσκοπος","severity":"info","text":"This John, bishop of the Romans, is likely John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), who wrote on the primacy of Rome and used Dorotheus of Tyre's work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"κορυφαιοτάτου","severity":"info","text":"κορυφαιοτάτου means 'most chief' or 'foremost,' a superlative of κορυφαῖος, used here to refer to Peter as the foremost apostle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"πρὸ τριῶν Καλανδῶν Ἰουλίων","severity":"info","text":"The date 'before the third Kalends of July' corresponds to June 29 in the Roman calendar, traditionally Peter's martyrdom date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Σεβαστοπόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ","severity":"info","text":"Great Sebastopolis is a city on the eastern Black Sea coast, associated with the Roman fort of Apsarus and the river Phasis (modern Rioni).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ἐσώτεροι Αἰθίωπες","severity":"info","text":"'Inner Ethiopians' is a vague geographical term in ancient literature, often referring to peoples beyond the Black Sea region, not sub-Saharan Africa.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Δωροθέου","severity":"info","text":"Dorotheus of Tyre (3rd–4th cent.) is a shadowy figure; his treatise on the apostles was used by later authors like John Chrysostom to support Roman primacy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'John, bishop of the Romans' is not explicitly stated; it is inferred to be John Chrysostom. The location of 'inner Ethiopians' is vague and may refer to Colchians or other peoples."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"Ἐκ ταύτης μετάρσιος γεγονώς, διὸ καὶ λόγος κεκράτηκεν σὺν τῷ Ἐνὼχ καὶ τῷ Ἠλίᾳ ἔτι ἐν σαρκὶ αὐτὸν ὑράρχειν. [δʹ. Ἰωάννης ὁ τούτου ἀδελφὸς ἐτῶν ὑπέχων νʹ καὶ μηνῶν ζʹ εἰσελθὼν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ καὶ κηρύξας ἐν αὐτῇ τὸν λόγον ἔτη ιθʹ, ἐξορίζεται ὑπὸ Τραιανοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν Πάτμῳ τῇ νήσῳ καὶ διατρίψας ἐν αὐτῇ ἔτη ιεʹ συνεγράψατο τὸ ἅγιον εὐαγγέλιον καὶ τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν καὶ πάλιν ὑποστρέψας ἐν Ἐφέσῳ καὶ ζήσας ἔτη κϛʹ διδάσκων, μετεστάθη ἐν κυρίῳ, ὑπάρχων ἐτῶν ρʹ καὶ μηνῶν ζ', ταφεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ, καθὼς διηγεῖται ὁ ἀπόστολος Πρόχωρος ὁ καὶ τὴν περίοδον αὐτοῦ συγγραψάμενος.]\nεʹ. Φίλιππος δὲ ἀπόστολος ἐν Φρυγίᾳ κηρύξας τὸ εὐαγγέλιον θάπτεται ἐν Ἱεραπόλει μετὰ τῶν ζ θυγατέρων αὐτοῦ, ὧν Λουκᾶς ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπεμνημόνευσεν. ϛʹ. Βαρθολομαῖος ὁ ἀπόστολος Ἰνδοῖς τοῖς καλουμένοις εὐδαίμοσι κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν καὶ δεδωκὼς αὐτοῖς τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον, ἐκοιμήθη ἐν Κορβανοπόλει τῆς μεγάλης Ἀρμενίας. ζʹ. Θωμᾶς δὲ ὁ ἀπόστολος Πάρθοις καὶ Μήδοις, καὶ Πέρσαις καὶ Γερμανοῖς καὶ Βάκτροις καὶ Μάγοις κηρύξας τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τελειοῦται ἐν πόλει τῆς Ἰνδίας Καλάμῃ τῇ λεγομένῃ. ηʹ. Ματθαῖος δὲ ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς τῇ ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον παραδοὺς τῇ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐκκλησίᾳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν τελειοῦται ἐν Ἱεραπόλει τῆς Συρίας. θʹ. Ἰούδας δὲ ὁ Ἰακώβου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν τελειοῦται ἐν Ἐδέσσῃ καὶ ἐκεῖ θάπτεται. ιʹ. Σίμων δὲ ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Ἰούδας ἐν Ἐλευθεροπόλει καὶ ἀπὸ Γάζης ἕως.","english":"From this he was taken up, for which reason a saying has prevailed that, together with Enoch and Elijah, he still exists in the flesh. [4. John, his brother, being 50 years and 7 months old, entered Ephesus and preached the word there for 19 years, was banished by the emperor Trajan to the island of Patmos, and having spent 15 years there, he wrote the holy Gospel and the Apocalypse, and having returned again to Ephesus and lived 26 years teaching, he was translated to the Lord, being 100 years and 7 months old, and was buried by his disciples, as the apostle Prochorus, who also wrote his travels, relates.] 5. The apostle Philip, having preached the gospel in Phrygia, is buried in Hierapolis with his seven daughters, whom Luke the evangelist mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. 6. The apostle Bartholomew, having preached Christ to the Indians called the Eudaemons and given them the Gospel according to Matthew, fell asleep in Corbanopolis of Greater Armenia. 7. The apostle Thomas, having preached the gospel of Christ to the Parthians, Medes, Persians, Germans, Bactrians, and Magi, is perfected in the city of India called Calamene. 8. The evangelist Matthew, having delivered the gospel in the Hebrew dialect to the church in Jerusalem and preached Christ, is perfected in Hierapolis of Syria. 9. Judas the son of James, having preached Christ throughout all Mesopotamia, is perfected in Edessa and is buried there. 10. Simon, surnamed Judas, in Eleutheropolis and from Gaza as far as","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"μετάρσιος γεγονώς","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'μετάρσιος γεγονώς' indicates a bodily assumption, a motif linking the subject to Enoch and Elijah, who were taken up without death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωάννης ... ἐτῶν ρʹ καὶ μηνῶν ζ'","severity":"info","text":"John's age at death (100 years, 7 months) and the sequence of 19 years in Ephesus, 15 on Patmos, and 26 back in Ephesus are detailed, though the total (60 years of ministry) does not match the age given.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Λουκᾶς ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Luke's Acts for Philip's seven daughters is not found in the canonical Acts; it likely reflects a tradition or a lost source.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰνδοῖς τοῖς καλουμένοις εὐδαίμοσι","severity":"info","text":"'Eudaemon Indians' refers to a legendary region in the Indian Ocean, often identified with modern Yemen or Somalia, reflecting ancient geographical confusion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τελειοῦται","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'τελειοῦται' (is perfected) is a euphemism for death, common in hagiographical texts to denote martyrdom or natural death with a sense of spiritual completion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σίμων δὲ ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Ἰούδας","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Simon as 'surnamed Judas' is ambiguous; it may conflate Simon the Zealot with Judas Thaddaeus, or refer to a different figure. The text breaks off mid-sentence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the initial assumption narrative and the following list of apostles is unclear; the bracketed section on John may be a later insertion.","The identification of Simon surnamed Judas is uncertain, and the text ends abruptly, leaving the geographical list incomplete."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"Αἰγύπτου κηρύξας τὸν Χριστὸν θάπτεται ἐν τῇ Ὀστρακίνῃ πόλει τῆς Αἰγύπτου σταυρωθεὶς ἐπὶ Τραιανοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως. ιαʹ. Ματθίας δὲ ὁ συγκαταριθμηθεὶς τοῖς ἕνδεκα ἀποστόλοις ἀντὶ Ἰούδα ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ Αἰθιοπίᾳ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστόν, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἐν Βρεττανίᾳ σταυρωθεὶς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ τελειωθεὶς θάπτεται ἐκεῖ. ιβʹ. Σίμων δὲ ὁ ζηλωτὴς πᾶσαν τὴν Μαυριτανίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν Ἀφρῶν χώραν διελθὼν καὶ κηρύξας τὸν Χριστόν, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἐν Βρεττανίᾳ σταυρωθεὶς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ τελειωθεὶς θάπτεται ἐκεῖ. Ταῦτα ἡμῖν ὁ Δωρόθεος ἐξ Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ Ἑβραικῶν συνήγαγε καὶ παρέδωκε Ῥωμαϊκοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν, ἅπερ ἡμεῖς ὡς χρηστὰ καὶ εὐπαράδεκτα συναγαγόντες ἐμφανῆ πεποιήκαμεν, ὅπως τε ἡ ἔναρξις τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως γέγονεν, ἐξ οἵου τε γένους ὁ Μητροφάνης κατήγετο. Εὕρομεν δὲ ταῦτα ἑν τοῖς ἱστορικοῖς συγγράμμασι τοῦ λεχθέντος θείου ἀνδρὸς Δωροθέου, ὅτι ὁ Σίμων ὁ Κυρηναῖος ἐσταυρώθη ὑπὲρ τοῦ Χριστοῦ,\n[Περὶ τοῦ προφήτου Ἱερεμίου καὶ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας Ἱερουσαλήμ]\nκαὶ ὅτιπερ ὁ Ἱερεμίας ἱερεὺς ὤν καὶ προφήτης θείῳ πνεύματι προθεωρήσας καὶ τὴν τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ αἰχμαλωσίαν μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν Ἰωσίου τοῦ βασιλέως Ἰουδαίας.","english":"Having preached Christ in Egypt, he is buried in the city of Ostracina in Egypt, having been crucified under the emperor Trajan. 11. Matthias, who was numbered among the eleven apostles in place of Judas, having preached Christ in first Ethiopia, and later also in Britain, having been crucified by them and having died, is buried there. 12. Simon the Zealot, having traversed all of Mauretania and the land of the Africans and having preached Christ, and later also in Britain, having been crucified by them and having died, is buried there. These things Dorotheus collected for us from Greek and Hebrew sources and transmitted in Roman commentaries, which we, having gathered as useful and acceptable, have made manifest, as well as how the beginning of the episcopate of Constantinople occurred, and from what lineage Metrophanes was descended. And we found these things in the historical writings of the aforementioned divine man Dorotheus, that Simon of Cyrene was crucified for Christ, [Concerning the prophet Jeremiah and the captivity of Jerusalem] and that Jeremiah, being a priest and prophet, having foreseen by divine spirit also the captivity of Jerusalem after the death of Josiah, king of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ὀστρακίνῃ πόλει","severity":"info","text":"Ostracina (Ὀστρακίνη) is a city in Egypt, possibly a variant of Ostrakine, a site on the Mediterranean coast near Pelusium.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ματθίας","severity":"info","text":"Matthias was chosen by lot to replace Judas Iscariot among the Twelve Apostles (Acts 1:15-26). His later mission to Ethiopia and Britain is legendary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σίμων ὁ ζηλωτὴς","severity":"info","text":"Simon the Zealot (or Simon the Cananaean) is one of the Twelve Apostles. His mission to Mauretania and Britain is unattested in earlier sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Δωρόθεος","severity":"info","text":"Dorotheus is cited as the source who compiled these apostolic traditions from Greek and Hebrew sources into Roman commentaries. The reference is likely to Pseudo-Dorotheus, a late antique compiler.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Περὶ τοῦ προφήτου Ἱερεμίου","severity":"info","text":"The bracketed heading 'Concerning the prophet Jeremiah and the captivity of Jerusalem' marks a transition to a new section on Jeremiah, interrupting the apostolic list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σίμων ὁ Κυρηναῖος","severity":"caution","text":"The text states that Simon of Cyrene was crucified for Christ, but this is a confusion with Simon the Zealot or a legendary expansion; the historical Simon of Cyrene merely carried the cross (Mark 15:21).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Dorotheus' is uncertain; he may be a pseudepigraphic figure. The relationship between the apostolic list and the Jeremiah section is unclear; the transition may be a later addition or a scribal insertion."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"[Περὶ τῆς κιβωτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ ἁγίων.]\nἌρας τὴν σκηνὴν τὴν Μωσαϊκὴν καὶ τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης καὶ πάντα τὰ ἅγια ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη, ἃ Μωϋσῆς κατεσκεύασεν, ἐλθὼν εἰς τὸ ὄρος Ναβαίου, ἔνθα ὁ Μωϋσῆς αὐτὸς ἐτάφη, εὗρε σπήλαιον κἀκεῖ πάντα ἀπέθετο, καὶ ηὔξατο εὐχήν, ὥστε μὴ φανερωθῆναι αὐτὰ ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος, καὶ ἔκτοτε ὁ τόπος ἀγνώριστος ἐγένετο καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ἅμα τῷ Ἱερεμίᾳ ἀποθεμένοις αὐτά. [Περὶ τῆς θυγατρὸς τῆς Ἡρωδιάδος.]\nἘπὶ ὑπατείας Γάλβον καὶ Σύλλα, ἐπὶ τούτων τῶν ὑπάτων ἀπὸ κρύους παγωθείσης τῆς λίμνης Γεννησαρὲτ ἡ θυγάτηρ τῆς Ἡρωδιάδος κατὰ τέρψιν ἐπὶ τοῦ πάγους ἀπέβαινε. Τοῦ δὲ πάγους διαθρυβέντος τὸ σῶμα αὐτῆς κατεπόθη ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος, ἡ δὲ κεφαλὴ αὐτῆς ἐκκοπεῖσα ὑπὸ τοῦ πάγους ἄνωθεν ἔμεινεν. Ἡ δὲ Ἡρωδιὰς ἐπὶ τῶν γονάτων αὐτῆς ἀπεθεμένη τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς θυγατρὸς κλαίουσα ὡμολόγει, ὅτι διὰ τοῦ αἰτήσασθαι αὐτὴν τὴν κεφαλὴν Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ τοῦτο ὑπέμεινεν. Καὶ Ἡρώδης δὲ κατὰ ταύτην βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων τετραρχήσας ἀπέθανε σκωληκόβρωτος γενόμενος. κληρονόμησε δὲ τὸν Ἡρώδην ὁ Πιλάτος, καθότι κατ᾽ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἡρώδου καὶ οἱ τέσσαρες υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ αὕτη ἡ Ἡρωδιάς, ἐξ ἧς ἔσχεν αὐτούς, σκωληκόβρωτοι γενόμενοι ἐξέψυξαν. [Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Ἡρώδης σκωληκόβρωτος περὶ τὰ αἰδοῖα καὶ ὅλου τοῦ σώματος γενόμενος κακινκάκως τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπέῤῥηξεν.","english":"Concerning the Ark and the holy things in it. Taking the Mosaic Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant and all the holy things in it and all the vessels which Moses had made, he came to Mount Nebo, where Moses himself was buried, found a cave, and there deposited everything, and prayed a prayer that they not be revealed until the end of the age, and from then on the place became unrecognizable even to the priests who had deposited them together with Jeremiah. Concerning the daughter of Herodias. In the consulship of Galba and Sulla, under these consuls, the lake of Gennesaret having frozen from cold, the daughter of Herodias went out for pleasure upon the ice. When the ice broke, her body was swallowed by the water, but her head, severed by the ice, remained above. And Herodias, placing her daughter's head on her knees and weeping, confessed that this had befallen her because she had asked for the head of John the Baptist. And Herod also, who was king of the Jews and had been tetrarch, died having become worm-eaten. And Pilate succeeded Herod, inasmuch as before the eyes of Herod both his four sons and this Herodias, from whom he had them, having become worm-eaten, expired. But also Herod, having become worm-eaten around the genitals and the whole body, wretchedly breathed his last.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Περὶ τῆς κιβωτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ ἁγίων","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two distinct sections by bracketed headings: the first concerns the Ark and Tabernacle, the second the daughter of Herodias.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ὄρος Ναβαίου","severity":"info","text":"Mount Nebo is traditionally the site of Moses' burial, as in Deut 34:1-6, and here Jeremiah hides the Tabernacle and Ark.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἡρωδιάς","severity":"info","text":"Herodias was the wife of Herod Antipas; the daughter mentioned is Salome, who according to Josephus (Ant. 18.5.4) died in an accident on ice.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Josephus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"σκωληκόβρωτος","severity":"info","text":"The motif of death by worms (σκωληκόβρωτος) appears in Acts 12:23 (Herod Agrippa I) and in later Christian legend as a divine punishment for persecutors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐπὶ ὑπατείας Γάλβον καὶ Σύλλα","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Galba and Sulla is not historically attested; this may be a confused reference to the year 33 BC or a fictional dating.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπέῤῥηξεν","severity":"caution","text":"The final word ἀπέῤῥηξεν is corrupt in the manuscript; the intended reading is likely ἀπέρρηξεν ('breathed his last') but the text is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular date is historically problematic; the identity of the daughter of Herodias is not named in the text but is traditionally Salome; the final verb is corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"Ὁ δὲ Πιλάτος καθότι κατ᾽ ὀφθαλμοὺς ἰδὼν τοῦ Ἡρώδου καὶ τοὺς τέσσαρας υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ σκωληκοβρώτους γενομένους καὶ ἀποψύξαντας ἔλαβε πάντα τὰ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκληρονόμησεν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὕτη ἡ μοιχαλὶς Ἡρωδιὰς ἅμα τοῖς τέσσαρσιν υἱοῖς αὐτῆς καὶ τῷ Ἡρώδῃ σκωληκόβρωτος γενομένη τὴν ἰδίαν ψυχὴν ἀπέῤῥηξεν.]\nΠροκόπιος τοίνυν τις τοῦ πρεσβυτερίου ἠξιωμένος βίῳ τε καὶ λόγῳ εὐσεβείας διαπρέψας καὶ πάσῃ τῇ περὶ τὰς γραφὰς ἐμμελείᾳ τε καὶ ἐμπειρίᾳ ἀεὶ ἐνασκηθεὶς καὶ ἐντετυχηκὼς ταῖς ἱστορικαῖς συγγραφαῖς τοῦ ἁγιωτάτου καὶ μακαριωτάτου ἐπισκόπου καὶ μάρτυρος Δωροθέου, ταῦτα πάντα ἡμῖν ἐγκοπεῖσα ἐγγράφως καταλέλοιπεν. Χάρις τοίνυν αὐτοῦ τοῖς πόνοις καὶ τῇ ἀθανάτῳ μνήμῃ νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, ἀμήν.","english":"Pilate, having seen with his own eyes that Herod and his four sons had become worm-eaten and expired, took all his possessions and inherited from him; but also this adulteress Herodias, together with her four sons and Herod, having become worm-eaten, breathed her last. A certain Procopius, deemed worthy of the presbyterate, distinguished in life and word of piety, and always exercised in all diligence and experience concerning the Scriptures, and having encountered the historical writings of the most holy and most blessed bishop and martyr Dorotheus, has left all these things to us, having compiled them in writing. Thanks, therefore, to his labors and his immortal memory, now and always and unto the ages of ages, amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Πιλάτος","severity":"info","text":"Pilate is depicted as inheriting from Herod after witnessing his worm-eaten death, a legendary motif of divine punishment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"σκωληκοβρώτους","severity":"info","text":"The term 'worm-eaten' (σκωληκοβρώτους) is a vivid image of decay, common in hagiography to signify divine retribution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Προκόπιος","severity":"info","text":"Procopius, a presbyter, is credited with compiling these traditions from the writings of Bishop Dorotheus, a martyr and historian.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Δωροθέου","severity":"info","text":"The text claims dependence on Dorotheus of Tyre (4th cent.), a known source for apostolic lists, though the attribution may be pseudepigraphic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Χάρις ... ἀμήν","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology ('Thanks ... amen') reflects liturgical usage, typical of Greek Christian colophons, affirming the text's devotional reception.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἡρωδιὰς","severity":"caution","text":"Herodias is called 'adulteress' (μοιχαλίς), but the tradition of her worm-eaten death is not in canonical Gospels; this is legendary expansion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tlg1750.tlg004","label":"source edition: Index apostolorum discipulorumque Domini","url":"https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1750.tlg004.1st1K-grc1:0"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Procopius' is uncertain; he may be a later compiler rather than a contemporary of Dorotheus.","The phrase 'ἐγκοπεῖσα' (compiled) is ambiguous; it could mean 'cut short' or 'collected'; here taken as 'compiled'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}