{"slug":"tbets","id":"georgian:titus:tbets","title":"Synodal Records from Tbeti","author":"Anonymous","genre":"liturgy","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:38Z","cost_usd":0.001306},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:tbets","work_id":"tbets","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Tbeti Synodal Records. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.8.2015. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"},"stats":{"passages":2,"english_words":226,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":11,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":3,"ambiguities":2,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"tbets","abstract":"The Synodal Records from Tbeti are a set of liturgical commemorative entries preserved in a single manuscript from the monastery of Tbeti in Tao-Klarjeti. The manuscript lacks a colophon, so the scribe and exact date of copying are unknown, but palaeographic and liturgical evidence suggests a 12th-century origin. The records follow a fixed formula invoking mercy on named individuals, often a male head of household, his spouse, and sometimes a daughter. The text is heavily abbreviated and partially reconstructed. These records were later incorporated into Georgian liturgical collections, indicating their normative use for local church governance and feast-day regulation. The attribution to a specific synod or patriarch is editorial conjecture.","historical_context":"The sole surviving witness of the Synodal Records from Tbeti is a manuscript from the Tbeti monastery in Tao-Klarjeti, a region of medieval Georgia. The Tbeti scriptorium was active from the 10th to 13th centuries, and the hand and liturgical forms suggest a 12th-century date, though this rests on palaeographic comparison without explicit evidence. The records were incorporated into later Georgian liturgical collections, indicating their use as a normative source for local church governance and feast-day regulation. The text is a diplomatic transcription of the single manuscript; no critical apparatus or collation with other witnesses is possible, as none survive. The attribution to a specific synod or patriarch is editorial conjecture, as the manuscript names no presiding authority, and the date range is inferred from internal references. The onomastic patterns reflect medieval Georgian nobility, with names like Gorgaziet, Kvirike, Tinas, and Tskhoreba.","significance":"The Synodal Records from Tbeti provide rare insight into medieval Georgian liturgical practice and local church governance. Their formulaic commemorative entries illuminate the social and religious structures of Tao-Klarjeti, including clan or toponymic designations like 'Gorgaziet'. The records' incorporation into later collections underscores their normative authority. As a single-witness text, they highlight the challenges of reconstructing medieval Georgian ecclesiastical history.","timeline":[{"date":"10th–13th c.","event":"Tbeti scriptorium active"},{"date":"12th c. (inferred)","event":"Manuscript copied (palaeographic and liturgical evidence)"},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Synodal records composed (date inferred from internal references)"},{"date":"Later medieval period","event":"Records incorporated into Georgian liturgical collections"}],"relations":[{"work":"Georgian liturgical collections","relation":"incorporated into","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Other Tbeti manuscripts","relation":"produced in same scriptorium","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Date of manuscript is inferred from palaeographic comparison, not explicit evidence.","Attribution to a specific synod or patriarch is editorial conjecture; the manuscript names no presiding authority.","The text is a diplomatic transcription of a single manuscript; no collation with other witnesses is possible.","The date range of the original synodal records is inferred from internal references and is uncertain."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000361,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:20:57Z"},"checks":{"work":"tbets","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"repetition-warn","i":1}],"stats":{"passages":2,"translated":2,"commentary_passages":2,"commentary_units":11,"english_words":226,"source_letters":670,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole surviving witness is a single manuscript from Tbeti, a monastery in Tao-Klarjeti. Its colophon is lost, so the scribe and exact date of copying are unknown.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Tbeti scriptorium was active from the 10th to 13th centuries. The hand and liturgical forms suggest a 12th-century date, but this rests on palaeographic comparison, not explicit evidence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These synodal records were incorporated into later Georgian liturgical collections, indicating their use as a normative source for local church governance and feast-day regulation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition presents a diplomatic transcription of the single manuscript. No critical apparatus or collation with other witnesses is possible, as none survive.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The attribution to a specific synod or patriarch is editorial conjecture. The manuscript itself names no presiding authority, and the date range is inferred from internal references.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: liturgy in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 2 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"2 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Tbeti Synodal Records. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.8.2015. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":2},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:tbets":{"label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Line of ed.: 1 [?] მ[?] შ(ეუნდვე)ნ [ღ(მერთმა)ნ] Line of ed.: 2\n\nს(ულს)ა გორ]გაზიეთ მახარებელ{ი}სა [და მ]ის{ი}სა მეუღლესა მარ(ია)მ(ი)სა Line of ed.: 3 და მათისა ასულ{ი}სა თამსის შ(ეუნდვე)ნ [ღ(მერთმა)ნ]. Line of ed.: 4\n\nს(უ)ლსა გორგაზიეთ კუ{ი}რიკესა და მ(ის)ისა მეუღლისა თინას{ა}სა Line of ed.: 5 [(შ(ეუნდვე)ნ ღ(მერთმა)ნ]. ს(უ)ლსა მათისა ქალისა ცხორებასა შ(ეუნდვე)ნ Line of ed.: 6 ღ(მერთმა)ნ. Line of ed.: 7\n\nს(უ)ლსა გ(ულ)ქანისშვ(ი)ლისა ი(ოვან)ესა და მი(სი)სა მე(უღ)ლ(ი)სა Line of ed.: 8 მარ(ია)მ(ი)ს(ა) შ(ეუნდვე)ნ ღ(მერთმა)ნ. Line of ed.: 9\n\nს(უ)ლსა ხაპერასძისა გ(იორგ)ისა და მის(ი)სა მეუღლ(ი)სა ნ(ა)თ[(ე)ლისა Line of ed.: 10 შ(ეუნდვე)ნ ღ(მერთმა)ნ]. Line of ed.: 11\n\nს(უ)ლსა კაკალისძისა მიქ(ა)ელ(ი)სა და მი(სი)სა მეუღლ{ი}სა რუსუდან{ი}ს Line of ed.: 12 შ(ეუნდვე)ნ [ღ(მერთმა)ნ]. Line of ed.: 13","english":"May the Lord have mercy upon the soul of Gorgaziet the Evangelist and upon the soul of his spouse Mariam and upon the soul of their daughter Tamsi. May the Lord have mercy.\n\nMay the Lord have mercy upon the soul of Gorgaziet Kvirike and upon the soul of his spouse Tinas. May the Lord have mercy upon the soul of their daughter Tskhoreba. May the Lord have mercy.\n\nMay the Lord have mercy upon the soul of Gulkanishvili Iovane and upon the soul of his spouse Mariam. May the Lord have mercy.\n\nMay the Lord have mercy upon the soul of Khaperasdze Giorgi and upon the soul of his spouse Nateli. May the Lord have mercy.\n\nMay the Lord have mercy upon the soul of Kakalisdze Mikhael and upon the soul of his spouse Rusudani. May the Lord have mercy.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage consists of five separate commemorative entries, each following a fixed formula: invocation for mercy on the soul(s) of named individuals, typically a male head of household, his spouse, and sometimes a daughter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"გორგაზიეთ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Gorgaziet' appears twice, first as 'Gorgaziet the Evangelist' and then as 'Gorgaziet Kvirike', suggesting it may be a toponymic or clan designation rather than a personal name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"შ(ეუნდვე)ნ [ღ(მერთმა)ნ]","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviated formula 'შ(ეუნდვე)ნ [ღ(მერთმა)ნ]' stands for 'შეუნდვენ ღმერთმან' meaning 'May the Lord have mercy', a standard petition for the dead in Georgian liturgical records.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names listed (e.g., Gorgaziet, Kvirike, Tinas, Tskhoreba) reflect onomastic patterns of medieval Georgia, with 'Tskhoreba' meaning 'life' and 'Rusudani' a common female name among the nobility.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text is heavily abbreviated and partially reconstructed, as indicated by square brackets in the edition; the original manuscript likely contained full forms of the nomina sacra and personal names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the two entries for 'Gorgaziet' is unclear: they may refer to the same clan or to different individuals. The name 'Tskhoreba' (line 5) is ambiguous as it could be a personal name or a common noun meaning 'life'; the English draft treats it as a name."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"caution","code":"repetition-warn","text":"Automatic check flagged formulaic repetition. Coptic homiletic style repeats by design, so this records the pattern rather than correcting it."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ს(უ)ლსა მჭედლისძისა მიქ(ა)ელისა)სა და მის(ი)სა მეუღლ<ლ>ესა მარ(ია)მ(ი)ს(ა) Line of ed.: 14 შ[(ეუნდვე)ნ ღ(მერთმა)ნ]. Line of ed.: 15\n\nს(უ)ლსა ჯოისძისა ნანასასა და მის(ი)სა მეუღლესა აკრიელ(ი)სა შ(ეუნდვე)ნ Line of ed.: 16 ღ(მერთმა)ნ. Line of ed.: 17\n\nს(უ)ლსა ბუწნელისძისა ი(ო)ვანესა და მის{ი}სა მეუღლესა სინდაელ{ი}სა Line of ed.: 18 [შ(ეუნდვე)ნ ღ(მერთმა)ნ]. Line of ed.: 19\n\nს(უ)ლს იაკობასძის იაკობის და მის{ი}სა [მეუ]ღლ{ი}სა ხათუთას{ა}ს{ა} Line of ed.: 20 შ(ეუნდვე)ნ ღ(მერთმა)ნ.","english":"Upon the soul of Mikhael, son of the Smith, and upon the soul of his spouse Mariam, may the Lord have mercy.\n\nUpon the soul of Nanasa, son of Joi, and upon the soul of his spouse Akriel, may the Lord have mercy.\n\nUpon the soul of Iovane, son of Bucnel, and upon the soul of his spouse Sindael, may the Lord have mercy.\n\nUpon the soul of Iakob, son of Iakobas, and upon the soul of his spouse Khatuta, may the Lord have mercy.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the pattern of the previous passage, listing souls in a fixed formula: 'Upon the soul of X, son of Y, and upon the soul of his spouse Z, may the Lord have mercy.'","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ს(უ)ლსა","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'ს(უ)ლსა' (sulsa) is a dative form meaning 'upon the soul', used here in a commemorative prayer formula.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"შ(ეუნდვე)ნ","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation 'შ(ეუნდვე)ნ' stands for 'შეუნდვენ' (sheundven), meaning 'may [the Lord] have mercy', a standard petition in Georgian liturgical commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names 'Mikhael, son of the Smith' and 'Iovane, son of Bucnel' suggest patronymic naming conventions common in medieval Georgian society, indicating family or occupational ties.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This synodal record from Tbeti reflects the liturgical practice of commemorating the dead, a key aspect of Georgian Orthodox piety, preserved in manuscript form.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text contains editorial abbreviations and uncertain readings (e.g., 'მის{ი}სა' with braces), indicating scribal or editorial corrections; the exact original forms may vary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:tbets","label":"source edition: Synodal Records from Tbeti","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/liturg/tbetsm/tbets.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Joi', 'Bucnel', and 'Iakobas' are patronymics or toponymics whose exact referents are unclear; 'Akriel' and 'Sindael' may be variant spellings of known names or unique to this record."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}