{"slug":"stoa0249c.stoa001.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:stoa0249c.stoa001.opp-lat1","title":"Summarii Temporum","title_source":"Summarii Temporum","author":"Samuel Aniensis","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor","provider":"Baidu","generated":"2026-11-15T20:23:46Z","cost_usd":0.009396},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:stoa0249c.stoa001.opp-lat1","work_id":"stoa0249c.stoa001.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/stoa0249c/stoa001/stoa0249c.stoa001.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":106,"english_words":22560,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":93796,"commentary_units":0,"commentary_kinds":0,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":0,"work_notes":0,"external_links":0,"timeline":0},"summary":{},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/stoa0249c/stoa001/stoa0249c.stoa001.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"stoa0249c.stoa001.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":106,"translated":106,"commentary_passages":0,"commentary_units":0,"english_words":22560,"source_letters":93334,"commentary_kinds":0},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Latin; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 106 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Licence: Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":106},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"SAMUELIS ANIENSIS SUMMARII TEMPORUM PARS PRIOR.\n\nPROLOGUS.\n\nCum tres in partes universum temporis spatium dividi soleat, in præteritum videlicet, in praesens atque in futurum, humanae tamen voluntatis affectio ad præteriti magis atque futuri, quam ad praesentis cognitionem ferri videtur. Jam fore ut homines. sive sacri sive profani, illa potius tempora inquirerent, divinat quoque Scripturae nos docent, quandoquidem vel ipsis familiaribus suis aiebat ille Vivificus, « Non est vestrum nosse horas et tempora quae Pater posuit in sua potestate1.» Quod effatum non de supremo solum exterminio, sed de temporibus omnibus idcirco pronuntiatum verax ille Eusebius ait, ut si qui sunt curiosiores atque inania scrutantes, ii paucis his verbis deterrerentur, quominus doctrinam temporum se assequi posse certa scientia confiderent. Profecto divinum hoc Dominicumque oraculum eo præcipue nomine editum est, ut vanarum rerum exploratores incasso labore supersedeant. Quae enim cognita et eensiderata utilitatis aliquid afferunt, ea ipse docuit palamque fecit in propheticis libris, quibus omnia ex ordine continentur usque ad divinum Verbum cum natura carnea conjunctum, capto initio ab oraculis ore Mosis divinitus evulgatis.","english":"THE FIRST PART OF THE SUMMARY OF TIMES BY SAMUEL OF ANI.\n\nPROLOGUE.\n\nSince the whole span of time is customarily divided into three parts—namely, the past, the present, and the future—the inclination of human will nevertheless seems to be carried more toward the knowledge of the past and the future than of the present. That men, whether sacred or profane, would soon inquire into those times rather than the present, the Scriptures also teach us by foretelling, since even to His own intimate followers that Life-Giving One said, \"It is not for you to know the hours and times which the Father has placed in His own power.\" That saying, the truthful Eusebius says, was pronounced not only concerning the final destruction but concerning all times, so that if there are any who are more curious and scrutinize vain things, they might be deterred by these few words from trusting that they can attain the doctrine of times with certain knowledge. Indeed, this divine and dominical oracle was uttered especially for this reason, that the explorers of vain things might desist from fruitless labor. For those things which, when known and considered, bring some benefit, He Himself taught and made plain in the prophetic books, in which all things are contained in order up to the divine Word joined with fleshly nature, beginning from the oracles divinely published by the mouth of Moses.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Jam ex plurimis ejus rei causis duas tantum præcipuas notare sufficiat: quod divinum scilicet Verbum in primis voluerit os eorum comprimere, qui creaturas principio et fine carentes dicere ausi sunt; deinde eversos paterna haereditate homines se lætifici adventus sui recreare: superioribus continuatim saeculis hun.anitatis a se assumendae mysterium parabolis visionibusque confirmans; postremo autem perfectissima scientia discipulos suos imbuens, sancto Spiritu in eosdem immisso: quos et ministros et conscios arcanae voluntatis suae fecit, rerumque ineffabilium gnaros, quarum luculento splendore creaturæ universae saluratæ sunt. Homines igitur omnium rerum naturas edocti, de praeteritis, præsentibus atque futuris scribere aggressi sunt, utpote ab illius veracis discipulis notione veritatis imbuti: tum etiamdisertissimus et sapientissimus quisque ad elaborandas gentis suae chronographias incubuit.","english":"For of the many causes of this matter, let it suffice to note only two principal ones: namely, that the divine Word first of all wished to stop the mouths of those who dared to say that creatures are without beginning and end; then, that men, ruined and deprived of their paternal inheritance, might be restored by the joy of his coming, confirming continuously through the succeeding ages the mystery of the humanity to be assumed by him by means of parables and visions; and finally, instructing his disciples in the most perfect knowledge by sending the Holy Spirit upon them, whom he made both ministers and sharers of his secret will, and knowledgeable of ineffable things, by whose brilliant splendor all creatures are illuminated. Men, therefore, taught the natures of all things, undertook to write of past, present, and future things, inasmuch as they were imbued with the notion of truth by the disciples of that truthful one; then also every most eloquent and wisest man applied himself to elaborating the chronographies of his own people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Quos inter (primos inquam itemque novissimos) amplissimum dignitatis locum beatus ille Eusebius obtinuit: deinde Socratcs historiographus. aliique compfures. Nostrae porro gentis primum aio historicum fuisse Agathangelum, qui origines aeripsit illuminationis Armeniorum curante divo Gregorio, cujus etiam multimoda patientia mirabiliter inclaruit. Secutus est Moses Chorenensis historica veridicentia prenobilis: deinde Elisacus, et Lazarus et Faustus, qui et Byzanlius, paulo antiquior historicus: nec non Heraclius a Scbio cpiscopo laudatus (6}, tum et Leontius presbyter, et Sabuhius, et dominus Joannes, et posteriore demum aetate Stephanus doclor, cognomento Asolnichius. Atque hi de rebus Armeniacis, itemque alii plurimi de singulis gentibus, narrationes suas texuerunt tantummodo post Adamum paradiso emissum, vita ejus quam in paradiso exegit omissa.... uti Dominus aiebat, diem nimirum et horam, qua sit ipse venturus, a nemine ante cognosci I: quae verba cum ad angelos Filiumue ipsum retulerit, interrogationem hanc commovet: Atqui si erat ipse venturus, quonam idem pacto horam nesciebat? Ergo ne mœrore ipsos afficeret, id ab eo dictum existimo.","english":"Among these (I mean both the first and the most recent), that blessed Eusebius obtained the most ample place of dignity; then Socrates the historian, and several others. Furthermore, I say that the first historian of our people was Agathangelus, who wrote the origins of the illumination of the Armenians under the direction of the divine Gregory, whose manifold patience also shone forth wonderfully. There followed Moses of Choren, most renowned for his truthful history; then Elisaeus, and Lazarus, and Faustus, who is also called Byzantius, a somewhat older historian; and also Heraclius, praised by Bishop Sebeos, then also Leontius the presbyter, and Sabuhius, and the lord John, and finally in a later age Stephen the teacher, surnamed Asolnichius. And these composed their narratives concerning Armenian affairs, and very many others likewise concerning individual nations, only after Adam was sent out from paradise, omitting the life he spent in paradise.... as the Lord said, namely that the day and the hour when he himself would come was known beforehand by no one: and when he referred these words to the angels and to the Son himself, this question arises: But if he himself was to come, how was it that he did not know the hour? Therefore, I think that he said this so as not to grieve them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Ege vero imperitiæ insitiæque meæ immemor, te rogante, o sanctimonia fulgens Gregori, studio tibi obsequendi impulsus sum ad ea quæ tibi erant in volis scribenda. Agesis igitur sancti Spiritus ope fretus, ei his historicis breviter sermonis mei rationem, prout tua fert sententia, decerpam; ita tamen ut nusquam a veritatis calle deflecLam. Et quidem ex tam ingenli numero duo mitti praecipue facem praeferent, Eusebius ac Moses Chorenensis. Jam vero primum quidem ab Adamo inchoans, desinam in Noachum: hinc ad Abrahamum usque pergam. Postea chronographorum more lineari ralione tempora ad nos usque digeram. Denique hoc in opere si vana rejecero, et necessatia complexus fuero, rem tibi me gratam spero esse facturum.\n\nRevera supervacaneum ducimus haud probabiles Chaldæorum historias et barbarica nomina recitare: quibus si quis indigebit, praesto est mirifici Eusebii liber; sine quo nosmetipsos haud scribere posse fatemur. Quanquam reapse quidquid cjus generis ibi scriptum est, neque opportunitate caret neque utilitate. Etsi enim peregrinis nominibus priscos Patres indigitat. annorumque rationes immaniter exuberant: Patrum tamen numerus congruit cum divinis Scripturis.","english":"Forgetful of my own ignorance and inexperience, at your request, O Gregory, radiant with holiness, I have been moved by the desire to obey you to write the things that were in your wishes. Therefore, relying on the help of the Holy Spirit, I shall briefly set forth for you the account of my discourse concerning these histories, according as your judgment carries it; yet in such a way that I never turn aside from the path of truth. And indeed out of so great a number of talented men, two especially will bear the torch before the rest, Eusebius and Moses of Khoren. Now first, beginning from Adam, I shall end with Noah; from there I shall continue up to Abraham. Afterward, in the manner of chronographers, by a linear reckoning I shall set out the times down to our own day. Finally, in this work, if I reject vain things and embrace necessary things, I hope I shall have done something pleasing to you.\n\nIndeed, we consider it superfluous to recite the unreliable histories of the Chaldeans and barbarian names; if anyone needs these, the book of the wondrous Eusebius is at hand, without which we confess that we ourselves cannot write. Although in truth whatever of that kind is written there is neither lacking in fitness nor in usefulness. For even if he designates the ancient Fathers by foreign names, and the reckonings of years abound beyond measure, nevertheless the number of the Fathers agrees with the divine Scriptures.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Alia insuper causa fuit, quamobrem ea referrentur quae ab illis 10) quasi somniantibus excogitata sunt: quia nimirum Chaldæus fuit Abrahamus, ejusque majores Chaldææ indigenæ, quarn rem tiber Geneseos aperte prodit (i 1). Imo illae narrationes nullum veritati testimonium non suppeditant, nempe quod attinet ad diluvium, ad turris opi6cium, atque ad caetera quae ibidem consequuntur. Ea, inquam, ratio fuit beatis illis Patribus cur. haec commemoranda putarent. Nobis tamen cum istorum lucubrationes sunicere videantur, ea materia' satis erit, quæ instituto nostro conducit.\n\nJam ipsorum Chronicorum initium ab Adami e perbeatis illis sedibus exitu seniores illi sapientissimi petendum censuerunt. Quisquis vero aliter nugatur, diuturnitatem ejus incolatus sibi esse exploratam dictitans; aut de cœli et terra conditu temeraria effutit; huic, inquam, cave fidem tribuas. Namque ab eo tempore, quo ille suavissimo vitae genere excidit qui Adamus vocatus est (quo nomine omnes cunctim homines signi(icantur), inde, inquam, nostra temporum ratio exordium cepit, ea videlicet quae in Septuaginta virorum interpretatione est: apud Hebræos enim discrimen ingens in temporum praesertim numero deprehenditur. Porro autem ii sanctum SpiritUum ducem habent qui Septuaginta Viros sectantur: quibus nos quoque adhærentes, rem, quam sumus aggressi, expediamus.","english":"There was, moreover, another reason why those things were reported which were devised by them as if dreaming: namely, because Abraham was a Chaldean, and his ancestors were natives of Chaldea, a matter which the book of Genesis openly discloses (i 1). Nay, those narratives supply no small testimony to the truth, namely as regards the flood, the building of the tower, and the other things which follow in the same place. This, I say, was the reason why those blessed Fathers thought these things should be commemorated. Yet since their lucubrations seem to us to suffice, that material will be enough for us which conduces to our undertaking.\n\nNow those most wise men of old judged that the beginning of the Chronicles themselves should be sought from Adam and his departure from those most blessed abodes. But whoever babbles otherwise, asserting that the long duration of his sojourn is a settled matter for him; or rashly pours forth trifles about the creation of heaven and earth—to this man, I say, beware of giving credence. For from that time when he fell from the most pleasant manner of life, who was called Adam (by which name all men collectively are signified), from there, I say, our reckoning of times took its beginning—that reckoning, namely, which is in the interpretation of the seventy men; for among the Hebrews a vast difference is detected, especially in the number of the times. Furthermore, those who follow the Seventy Men have the Holy Spirit as their guide; and adhering to them ourselves also, let us set forth the matter which we have undertaken.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"CAPUT I.\n\nQuintam ratio temporum apud Septuaginta Interpre tes perscribatur ab Adamo usque ad diluvium.\n\nI. Priscus bomo Adamus post exitum e paradiso anno aetatis CCXXX genuit Sethum ex Eva conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DCC usque ad CXXXVII annum Malalielis. Alios quoque genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DCCCCXXX.\n\nII. Sethus annos natus ccv genuit Enosum ex Alora conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DCCVII usque ad xx annum Enochi. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DCCCCXII.\n\nIII. Enosus annos natus CXC genuit Cainanum ex Nuena conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DCCXV usque ad LUI annum Mathusalae. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DCCCCV.\n\nIV. Cainanus annos natus CLXX genuit Malalielem ex Malaleda conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DCCXL usque ad LXXXI annum Lamechi. Genuit filius et filias. Obiit aetaiis anno DCCCCX.","english":"CHAPTER I.\n\nThe fifth reckoning of the times according to the Seventy Translators is written out from Adam to the flood.\n\nI. The first man Adam, in the year of his age 230 after his departure from paradise, begot Seth from Eve his wife: and he lived thereafter 707 years, up to the 137th year of Malaliel. He begot other sons and daughters as well. He died in the 930th year of his age.\n\nII. Seth, having been born 205 years, begot Enos from Alora his wife: and he lived thereafter 707 years, up to the 20th year of Enoch. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 912th year of his age.\n\nIII. Enos, having been born 190 years, begot Cainan from Nuena his wife: and he lived thereafter 715 years, up to the 56th year of Mathusala. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 905th year of his age.\n\nIV. Cainan, having been born 170 years, begot Malaliel from Malaleda his wife: and he lived thereafter 740 years, up to the 81st year of Lamech. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 910th year of his age.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"V. Malaliel annos natus CLXV genuit Jaredum ex Dina conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DCCXXX usque ad XLVIII annum Noachi. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DCCCXCV.\n\nVI. Jaredus annos natus CLXII genuit Enocbum ex Baracha conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DCCC usque ad CCLXXX annum Noachi. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit ætatis anno DCCCCLXII.\n\nVII. Enocbus annos natus CLXV genuit Mathusalam ex Jadnera conjuge. sua: vixitque adhuc annis cc: cumque Deo placuisset, translatus est anno XXXIII Lamechi. Genuit filios et filias; translatus est aetatis anno CCCLXV. Ab Adamo usque ad Enochum translatum generationes vn annique MCCCCLXXXVII conflantur.\n\nVIII. Mathusala annos natus CLXVII genuit Lamechum ex Edna conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DCCCII. Hic annis xiv diluvio superfuit, quod ex ipsius vitæ spatio cognoscitur. In aliis tamen exemplaribus vixisse annis postquam genuerat traditur DCCLXXXII. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DCCCCLXIX.","english":"V. Mahalalel, having lived 165 years, begot Jared by his wife Dinah; and he lived thereafter 730 years, up to the 48th year of Noah. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 895th year of his age.\n\nVI. Jared, having lived 162 years, begot Enoch by his wife Baracha; and he lived thereafter 800 years, up to the 280th year of Noah. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 962nd year of his age.\n\nVII. Enoch, having lived 165 years, begot Methuselah by his wife Jadnera; and he lived thereafter 200 years; and when he had pleased God, he was translated in the 33rd year of Lamech. He begot sons and daughters; he was translated in the 365th year of his age. From Adam up to the translated Enoch, seven generations and 1487 years are reckoned together.\n\nVIII. Methuselah, having lived 167 years, begot Lamech by his wife Edna; and he lived thereafter 802 years. He survived the flood by 14 years, as is known from the span of his life. In other copies, however, it is handed down that he lived 782 years after he had begotten. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 969th year of his age.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"IX. Lamechus annos natus CLIXXXVIII genuit Noachum e Bedna conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis DXXXV. Patri suo Mathusalæ praemortuus est Lamechus, postquam vixerat usque ad DXXXV annum Noachi. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DCCXXIII.\n\nX. Noachus annos natus D genuit Semum, Chamum atque Japetum e Noemzara conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis usque ad diluvium: post diluvium autem annis CCCL. Obiit ætatis anno DCCCCL. Ab Enocho translato usque ad diluvium generationes tres annique DCCLV coacervantur. Ab Adamo autem generationes decem, annique MMCCXLII.\n\nCAPUT II.\n\nQuæ ratio temporum scribatur apud Septuaginta Interpretes a Semo ad annum Abrahami primum.\n\nXI. Semus annos natus genuit Arphaxadem anno altero post diluvium e Dizaclibade conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis D. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DC.\n\nXII. Arphaxades annal natus CXXXV genuit Salam ei Rabuia conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis CCCCIII. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DXXXVIII.","english":"IX. Lamech, having been born 188 years, begot Noah by his wife Bedna; and he lived thereafter 535 years. Lamech died before his father Methuselah, after he had lived up to the 535th year of Noah. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 723rd year of his age.\n\nX. Noah, having been born 400 years, begot Shem, Ham, and Japheth by his wife Noemzara; and he lived thereafter until the flood; but after the flood 350 years. He died in the 950th year of his age. From the translation of Enoch up to the flood, three generations and 755 years are accumulated. But from Adam, ten generations and 2242 years.\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\nWhat reckoning of times is written in the Septuagint Interpreters from Shem to the first year of Abraham.\n\nXI. Shem, having been born [X] years, begot Arphaxad in the second year after the flood by his wife Dizaclibada; and he lived thereafter 500 years. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 600th year of his age.\n\nXII. Arphaxad, having been born 135 years, begot Salah by his wife Rabuia; and he lived thereafter 403 years. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 538th year of his age.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"XIII. Sala anaos natus CXXX genuit Hcberum e Mucha conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis CCCCVI usque ad VII annum Seruchi. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno DXXXVI.\n\nXIV. Heberus annos natus CXXXIV genuit Phalccum e Zuba conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis CCCCXXXIII usque ad XXXVIII annum Nachon. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit ætatis anno DLXVII.\n\nXV. Phalecus annos natus CXXXIV genuit Ragavum e Ziura conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis CCIX. usque ad LXXVII (2i) annum Seruchi. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit ætatis anno CCCXLIII. Phaleci ætate terra divisa est: nain et Phalecus divisionem signilicat. Iste quidem patri suo praemortuus est. In ejusdem ætatem turris quoque opificium incidit: itemque loquelæ, quae eatenus una fuerat, in plurimas dialectos pro numero tribuum divisio: qua super re cum divina Scriptura historiei externi consentiunt. Conficiuntur itaque a diluvio usque ad turrim procreationes quinque annique DXXV. Ab Adamo autem procreationes quindecim anniquc MMDCCLXVII.","english":"XIII. Sala, having been born 130 years, begot Heber by his wife Mucha; and he lived thereafter 406 years, up to the 7th year of Seruch. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 536th year of his age.\n\nXIV. Heber, having been born 134 years, begot Phalec by his wife Zuba; and he lived thereafter 433 years, up to the 38th year of Nachon. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 567th year of his age.\n\nXV. Phalec, having been born 134 years, begot Ragau by his wife Ziura; and he lived thereafter 209 years, up to the 77th year of Seruch. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 343rd year of his age. In the time of Phalec the earth was divided; for indeed Phalec signifies division. He indeed died before his father. Into his same age fell also the building of the tower, and likewise the division of the speech, which until then had been one, into very many dialects according to the number of tribes; on which matter the divine Scripture and external historians agree. Thus from the flood up to the tower are completed five generations and 525 years. But from Adam, fifteen generations and 2767 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"\\ XVI. Post Phalecum vero Ragavus annos natus CXXXV genuit Seruchum e Sura conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis CCVIIusque ad LXXVII annum Nachori. Genuit filios ct filias. Obiit aetatis anno CCCXLII.\n\nX ViI. Seruchus annos natus CXXX gemit Nachorum e Melcha conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis cc usque ad annum Abrahami. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit aetatis anno CCCXXX.\n\nXVIII. Nachorus annos natus LXXIX genuit Tuarara ex Iescha conjuge sua: vixitque adhuc annis CXIX usque ad XLIX annum Abrahau)i. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit ætatis anno CXCVIII.\n\nXIX. Thara annos natus LXX genuit Abrahamum ex Edna conjuge sua; vixitque usque ad XXXV annum Isaaci, nempe superfuit annis CXXXV. Genuit filios et filias. Obiit Thara aetatis anno ccv.\n\nXX. Primus Abrahami annus. Conficiuntur a diluvio usque ad annum primnm Abrahami procreationes novem annique DCCCCXLII. Ab Adamo autem procreationes XIX annique MMMCLXXXIV, ita ut Abrahamus in vicesima procreatione sit. Hæc quidem secundum Septuaginta Virorum interpreLationem.","english":"XVI. But after Phalec, Ragau, having been born 135 years, begot Seruch by his wife Sura; and he lived thereafter 207 years, up to the 77th year of Nachor. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 342nd year of his age.\n\nXVII. Seruch, having been born 130 years, begot Nachor by his wife Melcha; and he lived thereafter 200 years, up to the year of Abraham. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 330th year of his age.\n\nXVIII. Nachor, having been born 79 years, begot Thara by his wife Iescha; and he lived thereafter 119 years, up to the 49th year of Abraham. He begot sons and daughters. He died in the 198th year of his age.\n\nXIX. Thara, having been born 70 years, begot Abraham by his wife Edna; and he lived up to the 35th year of Isaac, namely he survived 135 years. He begot sons and daughters. Thara died in the 205th year of his age.\n\nXX. The first year of Abraham. From the flood up to the first year of Abraham are completed nine generations and 942 years. But from Adam there are 19 generations and 3184 years, so that Abraham is in the twentieth generation. These things indeed according to the translation of the Seventy Men.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"CAPUT III.\n\nDe Cainano et aliis quibusdam.\n\ni. Haud pauci enimvero prudentissimi historici ad procreationcm annorumque numerum Cainanum adjunguntcum annis ex; eumque aiunt Arpbaxade natum Salaeque parentem. Rem autem ita describunt: Arphaxades annos natus CXXXVII ex Rabuia uxore sua genuit Cainanum: cumque adhuc annis CCCCIII vixisset, exstinctus est. Cainanus annos natus cxx Salam e Secha uxore sua suscepit: cumque adhuc annis CCCLXXXXVII vixisset, obiit. Porro hujus rei testibus utuntur celeberrimis doctissimisque viris, Origene scilicet Gregorioque Theologo atque Epiphanio Cyprio: imo adeo Luca evangelista sancti Spiritus pleno, qui illum in suam genealogiam intulit. De horum ergo sententia Abrahamus quidem vicesimum primum locum post Adamum occupat. Summa autem annorum, quos Eusebius ab Adamo ad Abrahamum MMMCLXXXIV scribit, ad MMMCCCIV consurgit.","english":"CHAPTER III.\n\nConcerning Cainan and certain others.\n\ni. Indeed, not a few of the most prudent historians add Cainan to the reckoning of the years and the number of generations, together with the years from [the number] 130, and they say that he was born to Arphaxad and was the father of Salah. They describe the matter thus: Arphaxad, being 137 years old, begot Cainan by his wife Rabuia; and when he had lived 403 years more, he died. Cainan, being 120 years old, received Salah by his wife Secha; and when he had lived 397 years more, he died. Furthermore, they use as witnesses to this matter the most renowned and learned men, namely Origen, Gregory the Theologian, and Epiphanius of Cyprus; indeed even Luke the evangelist, full of the Holy Spirit, who brought him into his genealogy. Therefore, according to their opinion, Abraham indeed occupies the twenty-first place after Adam. But the sum of the years which Eusebius writes from Adam to Abraham as 3184 rises to 3304.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"i. Insuper et Moses Chorenensis comparativum laterculum instruens stirpium quæ a tribus Noachi filiis ad Abrahamum usque pertingunt, eumdem patriarcham Cainanum in suam historiam inserendam curavit, quartum a Noacho et a Semotertium: cademque ratione Thiram a Noacho quartum, tertium amem a Iabetho: tum denique Mestraimum quartum a Noacho, tertiumque a Chamo dicit. Qua de re idem Moses historicus hoc pacto scribit: Arduum scilicet esse, rationem temporum inde usque abs reruin origine exploratam habere atque colligere: multo vero difficilius, ipsas hominum propagines consequenter a tribus Noacbi tiberis pervestigare. Quandoquidem et divinae litteræ, delecta ea, quae ad se pertinebat, • Semi prosapia, reliquarum nullam rationem habuerunt, tanquam spretarum videlicet neque dignarum quae in orationis suæ textum insererentur. » Rursusque ait; « Licet id in nullo interpretationis nostrae exemplari exaratum occurrat, ncque in ullo Chronico exstet, præterquam apud eruditum quemdam ingeniosumque Syrum hominem; nihilominus plane nobis conslare Mestraimum enmdem esse atque Mezraimum, qui quidem Ægyptus videtur, uti Nebrothus Belus est. » Jam et harum trium genUum sic laterculum digerit:","english":"i. Moreover, Moses of Choren, drawing up a comparative table of the lineages that extend from the three sons of Noah all the way to Abraham, took care to insert that same patriarch Cainan into his history, the fourth from Noah and the third from Shem; and by the same reckoning he calls Thiras the fourth from Noah and the third from Japheth; then finally he calls Mestraim the fourth from Noah and the third from Ham. Concerning this matter the same historian Moses writes as follows: that it is, to be sure, a difficult thing to have an investigated and collected account of the times from the very origin of things onward; but far more difficult to trace the very propagations of men in order from the three sons of Noah. Since even the divine Scriptures, having chosen out that which pertained to themselves—the line of Shem—took no account of the rest, as being evidently despised and not worthy to be inserted into the text of their narrative. And again he says: Although this does not occur written in any copy of our interpretation, nor exists in any Chronicle, except in a certain learned and ingenious Syrian; nevertheless it is plainly clear to us that Mestraim is the same as Mezraim, who indeed appears to be Egypt, just as Nimrod is Belus. Now he also arranges the table of these three nations as follows:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Deinde addit: « In Chami quidem usque ad Ninum progenie annos, quibus quisque procreavit, nusquam expressos reperiri, vel ad nos certe non pervenisse: tum et de Jabetho nostro satis certum nihil tradi; nihilominus expositum harum trium familiarum genus eatenus esse verissimum, quatenus procreationes undecim sunt usque ad Abrahamum, Ninyam atque' Aramum. Araeus enim duodecimum locum obtinet posteriorque Nino est: idemque. acerba ætate mortem ohiit a Samiramide caesus. » De his autem haud est cur quisquam dubitationem prae se ferat. Quippe ait: « Certiora quaeque ex variis historiis pro virili parte dccerpsi quae a nemine prudente oppugnatum iri puto, nisi aliqui forte veritatis exstinguendæ cupiditate laborant: qui si qui sunt, isthoc quidem se pacto quantum libet oblectent. ».\n\nNos igitur jam inde a tribus Noachi liberis usque ad divini Verbi revelationem singillatim scribere ordiamur, primum quidem Scmi propaginem, dcindc Chami, postremo labethi. Semum, Noachi natum maximum, gentes exteræ Zeruani nomine denotant, Chamum Titani, labethum lapitostis. Neque his solum, verum etiam reliquis patriarchis capto initio ab Adamo inconditas appellationes affingunt, atque annorum numerum uniuscujusque proferunt: nempe sic: « I. Alorus saris decem. (Saro autem ter mille ac sexcentos annos contentos aiunt.","english":"Then he adds: \"In the lineage of Ham, indeed, up to Ninus, the years in which each one begot offspring are nowhere found expressed, or at least have not come down to us; then also concerning our Japheth, nothing sufficiently certain is handed down; nevertheless, the lineage of these three families is set forth as most true insofar as there are eleven generations up to Abraham, Ninus, and Aram. For Aram holds the twelfth place and is later than Ninus; and the same man died at a harsh age, slain by Semiramis.\" But concerning these matters there is no reason for anyone to display doubt. Indeed he says: \"I have, to the best of my ability, culled the more certain particulars from various histories, which I think will be attacked by no prudent person, unless perhaps some are afflicted with a desire to extinguish the truth; and if there are any such, let them by all means delight themselves in this manner as much as they please.\"\n\nLet us therefore begin to write in detail from the three sons of Noah all the way to the revelation of the divine Word—first indeed the offspring of Shem, then of Ham, and lastly of Japheth. Foreign nations designate Shem, the eldest born of Noah, by the name Zeruanus; Ham by Titan; Japheth by Japetostis. Nor do they assign crude appellations only to these, but also to the remaining patriarchs, taking their start from Adam, and they set forth the number of years of each one: namely thus: \"1. Alorus, king, ten. (But they say Saro was content with three thousand six hundred years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Neros etiam quosdam et sosos adjungunt: nerum anni sexcenti conficiunt, sosum sesaginta.)\n\nUniversam decem horum regum aetatem sana centum viginti definiunt, quae sunt annorum myriades tres supra quadraginta praetereaque bis mille anni. Hæc historiographi Chaldæorum. Nos vero incertis his prætermissis, aggrediamur ad dicendum quae divini libri hoc pacto tradunt.\n\nCAPUT IV.\n\nGentium divisiones.\n\nSemo progeniti sunt quinque liberi: Elamus a quo Elamitae; Asurus, a quo Assyrii; Arphaxades, a quo Chaldaei; Ludus, a quo Lydi; denique Aramus, a quo Aramaei qui etiam Syri vocitantur. AraIni liberi sunt: Hus, a quo Lagi; Enul, a quo EnuIii; Gader, a quo Gaspheni; Mosochus, a quo Moseni. Filii Arphaxadis: Sala, cujus filius Heberus, a quo Hebraei. Filii Heberi: Phalecus, a quo stirps Abrahami componitur; Jectanus, a quo creantur liberi tredecim: quorum natu maximus Elinodadus, a quo Indi; tum Salecus, a quo Bactriani; Asarmotbus, a quo Arabes; Jarechus, a quo Jarachæi; Zodoramus, a quo Carmeli; Ezel, a quo Ariani; Decla, a quo Gedrusii; Gebal, a quo Scythae; Abimeel, a quo Hyrcani; Saba, a quo Arabes priini; Uphir, a quo Aramii; Zevila, a quo Gymnosophistæ; Joabus, a quo Aradii. Hi omnes Jectano geniti sunt fratre Phaleci: eorumque ineolatusaMasiis usque dum venias ad Spheram montem orientalem, pertinct.","english":"They also add certain Neros and Sososes: they make up six hundred years for Neros, sixty for Sosos.\n\nThe whole age of these ten kings they define as a healthy one hundred and twenty, which is three myriads of years plus forty, and besides these two thousand years. This is what the historiographers of the Chaldeans say. But we, passing over these uncertain matters, let us begin to say what the divine books hand down in this manner.\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\nThe divisions of the nations.\n\nFrom Shem were born five children: Elam, from whom the Elamites; Ashur, from whom the Assyrians; Arphaxad, from whom the Chaldeans; Lud, from whom the Lydians; and finally Aram, from whom the Arameans, who are also called Syrians. Aram's children are: Uz, from whom the Lagi; Enul, from whom the Enulii; Gader, from whom the Gaspheni; Mosoch, from whom the Moseni. The sons of Arphaxad: Salah, whose son was Eber, from whom the Hebrews. The sons of Eber: Peleg, from whom the stock of Abraham is composed; Joktan, from whom thirteen children are created: of whom the eldest by birth was Elinodad, from whom the Indians; then Salec, from whom the Bactrians; Asarmoth, from whom the Arabs; Jarech, from whom the Jarachaei; Zodoram, from whom the Carmelites; Ezel, from whom the Arians; Decla, from whom the Gedrusii; Gebal, from whom the Scythians; Abimeel, from whom the Hyrcani; Saba, from whom the first Arabs; Ophir, from whom the Aramii; Zevila, from whom the Gymnosophists; Joab, from whom the Aradii. All these were born of Joktan, the brother of Peleg: and their settlement extends through Masius as far as you come to Mount Sphera in the east.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Et quidem alibi dicitur universa Semi soboles tractum omnem a Bactrianae finibus incolere Rhinocuram usque, quo loco Syria ab.Egypto secernitur, itemque a Rubro mari; et ab ora maris quod est ad Arsinoem Indicam.\n\nChami liberi quinque: quorum natu maximus Chusus, a quo Chusii: tum Mestraimus, a quo Ægyptii; Pnudus, a quo Troglodytae; Chanaanes, a quo Afri atque Phœnices. Chusi liberi sunt: Saba, Ila, Sabaat, Regma, Sabacatha. Rursus Regmæ liberi, Saba et Judadanes. Aiunt præterea divinæ litterae, a Cbuso genitum esse Nebrotum, qui primus in orbe gigas fuerit, atque hunc gigantem coram Domino Deo venationi operam dedisse: eumdemque auspicatum esse regnum a Babylone, ab Oredo, ab Achade, a Chalane in regione Senaiar. Indidem exortum esse Asurum, a quo Ninive itemque Roboda urbs condebatur cum Chalane: tum et Rasemanes, inter Ninivem et Chalanem, quae est urbs maxima. Jam et Mestraimus, Ægyptiorum pater, creavit Ludimum, a quo Lydi; Seneimum, a quo Pamphylii; Salbium, a quo Libes; Nepthalimum et Patrosonimum, a quo Cretes; Caslinimum, a quo Lycii, unde et genus Philistæorum; Capthorimum, a quo Daci. Porro Cbanaanes primum nalorum suscepit Sidonem, a quo Sidonii, et Chetæ, et Jebusaei, eL Amorrhæi, et Gergesæi, et Levaei,ct Arvacæi, unde Tripolitæ quoque et Aminaei; deinde Aradium, a quo Aradii; Samrinum, a quo Orthosii; Amathum, a quo Amathusii.","english":"And indeed it is said elsewhere that the whole offspring of Shem inhabited the entire tract from the borders of Bactriana as far as Rhinocura, the place where Syria is separated from Egypt, and likewise from the Red Sea, and from the shore of the sea which is at Arsinoe of India.\n\nThe children of Ham were five: the eldest of whom was Chus, from whom came the Chusites; then Mestraim, from whom came the Egyptians; Pnud, from whom came the Troglodytes; Chanaan, from whom came the Africans and Phoenicians. The children of Chus are: Saba, Ila, Sabaat, Regma, Sabacatha. Again, the children of Regma: Saba and Judadanes. They say besides that the divine writings record that from Chus was born Nebroth, who was the first giant in the world, and that this giant gave himself to hunting before the Lord God; and that he began his kingdom from Babylon, from Ored, from Achad, from Chalane in the region of Senaiar. From there arose Asur, from whom Nineveh was founded, and likewise the city of Roboda with Chalane; then also Rasemanes, between Nineveh and Chalane, which is a very great city. Now Mestraim also, the father of the Egyptians, begot Ludim, from whom came the Lydians; Seneim, from whom came the Pamphylians; Salbium, from whom came the Libyans; Nephthalim and Patrosonim, from whom came the Cretans; Caslinim, from whom came the Lycians, whence also the race of the Philistines; Capthorim, from whom came the Dacians. Furthermore Chanaan first received Sidon of his sons, from whom came the Sidonians, and Chet, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, and the Gergesites, and the Levites, and the Arvaeites, whence also the Tripolitans and the Aminaeans; then Aradium, from whom came the Aradians; Samrinum, from whom came the Orthosians; Amathum, from whom came the Amathusians.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Hinc proseminatæ sunt Chananæorum gentes omnino xxxii: quarum fines fuerunt a Sidone usque dum Gcraram venias. et a Gaza usque dum Sodomam et Gomorrham et Ademam et Seboimum et Lasam venias. Alio tamen loco dicuntur hae gentes a Rhinicorura usque Gadiron australes regiones incoluisse.\n\nRursus ex eodem Geneseos libro, Jabethi liberi: Gamerus, a quo Gamiri; Magogus, a quo Celtæ et Galatæ; Mada a quo Medi; Javanus, a quo Hellenes et lones; Elisa et Thobelus, a quo Thessali; Mosochus, a quo Illyrii; Thiras, a quo Thraces; Cheteimus, a quo Macedones. Porro Gameri liberi: Aschanazus, a quo Sarmatæ; Riphatha, a quo Sauromatæ; Thorgomus, a quo Haicani. Javanis autem liberi: Elisa, a quo Sicilienses et Athenienses; Tharsis, a quo Hiberi et Tyrrheni; Citis, a quo Romani et Latini et Rhodii. Ex bis coloni deducti sunt per gentium insulas in suas quique regiones, populi omnino quindecim, hique a Medis ad Hesperiam usque pertingunt, qua; patet ad Oceanum et borealem plagam prospectat. Deinceps recensentur populi LI, itemque eorum ditiones per aquilonarem tractum a Medis usque Gadiron. Patent scilicet ab amne Potamino usque ad Mastusiam quod est Ilion.","english":"From here the peoples of the Canaanites, thirty-two in all, were propagated; their territories were from Sidon as far as you come to Gerara, and from Gaza as far as you come to Sodom and Gomorrah and Adama and Seboim and Lasa. Yet in another place these peoples are said to have inhabited the southern regions from Rhinocorura as far as Gades.\n\nAgain from the same book of Genesis, the children of Japheth: Gamer, from whom the Gamiri; Magog, from whom the Celts and Galatians; Mada, from whom the Medes; Javan, from whom the Hellenes and Ionians; Elisa and Thobel, from whom the Thessalians; Mosoch, from whom the Illyrians; Thiras, from whom the Thracians; Cheteim, from whom the Macedonians. Further, the children of Gamer: Aschanaz, from whom the Sarmatians; Riphath, from whom the Sauromatians; Thorgom, from whom the Haicani. But the children of Javan: Elisa, from whom the Sicilians and Athenians; Tharsis, from whom the Iberians and Tyrrhenians; Citis, from whom the Romans and Latins and Rhodians. From these colonies were led through the islands of the nations, each into their own regions, fifteen peoples in all, and these extend from the Medes as far as Hesperia, which lies open toward the Ocean and looks toward the northern region. Next are listed the fifty-one peoples, and likewise their dominions throughout the northern tract from the Medes as far as Gades. They extend, that is, from the river Potaminus as far as Mastusia, which is Ilium.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Sed enim ego gentes singulas trium Noachi filiorum distincte me expositurum recepi usque ad Christum cum humana natura conjunctum, quanquam divinae litterae Semiticæ tantum familiæ seriem scripto continent; de Chamo autem atque Jabetho, præter dicta a me superius, nihil memorant. Ergo Semi stirpem a primo Abrahami anno nunc exordiar: hactenus enim in superioribus scripsi, brevi licet stylo, multis praetermissis: quo sct ibendi genere in sequentibus ctiam utar, quæ de sinceris tum exteris tum nostris historicis prout aequum videbitur, coacervabo.\n\nCAPUT V.\n\nSemi prosapia.\n\ni. Agesis ergo inde initium capiam ubi ordinem procreationum abrupi, quæque interjectæ suei narrationes omittam. Ibi scilicet dictum est, a Thara annos nato LXX genitos fuisse Abrahamum, et Nachorum et Aranem. Porro Aranes, genito LoLlio, parenti suo Tharæ præmortuus est in natali terra Chaldæa. Adjunxerunt autem sibi uxores Abrabamus et Nachorus; Saram Abrahamus, Melcham Arane natam Nachorus. Cæterum Sara sterilis nullam ex se prolem edebat. Exin Tharas cum liberis Chaldaeam deserens ut in Chananaeam migraret, Charras usque processit, ibique sedem fixit; cumque aetatis annum ducentesimum agerct, Charris naturae concessit.","english":"But I have undertaken to set out distinctly the individual nations of the three sons of Noah, all the way to Christ joined with human nature, although the divine Scriptures contain in writing the line of the family of Shem only; concerning Ham and Japheth, beyond what I have said above, they record nothing. Therefore I will now begin the stock of Shem from the first year of Abraham; for up to this point I have written in the preceding passages, though in a brief style, with many things omitted; and I will use this same kind of writing in what follows, gathering together, as shall seem fitting, matters concerning both trustworthy foreign and our own historians.\n\nCHAPTER V.\n\nThe lineage of Shem.\n\ni. I will therefore take my beginning from that point where I broke off the order of begettings, and I will omit the narratives that were inserted in between. There, namely, it was said that to Terah, when he was seventy years old, were born Abraham, and Nahor, and Haran. Moreover Haran, having begotten Lot, died before his father Terah in the land of his birth, Chaldea. But Abraham and Nahor took wives for themselves; Abraham took Sarah, Nahor took Milcah, the daughter of Haran. But Sarah was barren and brought forth no offspring from herself. Then Terah, leaving Chaldea with his children to migrate into Canaan, advanced as far as Harran, and there he fixed his dwelling; and when he was in the two hundredth year of his age, he yielded to nature at Harran.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Anno aetatis septuagesimo quinto Abrahamus Dei revelatione dignus habitus est, et solum vertere jussus. Quare Charris relictis Chananæam incoluit. Tum annos sex supra octoginta jam natus filium ei Agare Sarae ancilla suscepit, cui nomen indidit Ismaeli, unde Ismaelitarum natio est; Agarenorum videlicet, qui etiam Saraceni ct Tagikii vocantur. Insuper anno ante centesimum Deus cum illo foedus init circumcisionis, ideoque ipse cunctique domus ejus mares circumcisione uti caeperunt: tum etiam Abrahamus pro Abramo., itemque Sarra pro Sara dicti sunt. Eoque anno nondum elapso Dominus Deus cum angelis apud Mambrem eidem apparens, ultro prolem recepit se ei concessurum. Primo inter prophetas Abrahamo divinum Verbum humana specie aspectandum sc præbens ethnicorum vocationem portendebat, quam per evangelicam demum divini Verbi doctrinam in nobis Deus, id est in gentium universitate, consummavit.","english":"In the seventy-fifth year of his age Abraham was deemed worthy of God's revelation and was ordered to change his land. Therefore, leaving Harran, he settled in Canaan. Then, when he was already eighty-six years old, he received a son by the slave girl Hagar, whom he named Ishmael, from whom is the nation of the Ishmaelites—that is, of the Hagarenes, who are also called Saracens and Tagikii. Moreover, in the year before his hundredth, God made with him the covenant of circumcision, and for that reason he and all the males of his household began to practice circumcision; then also Abraham was named instead of Abram, and likewise Sarra instead of Sara. And before that year had passed, the Lord God, appearing to him with angels at Mamre, freely received his offspring, promising that he would grant it to him. First among the prophets, Abraham, to whom the divine Word showed itself to be seen in human form, foretold the calling of the Gentiles, which God finally accomplished in us—that is, in the whole community of the nations—through the evangelical teaching of the divine Word.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Jam vero centesimum annum agenti Abrahamo e Sara conjuge natus est Isaacus: quo nascente Saræ ipsius nonagcsimus annus vertebatur. Hæc autem cutI editu lsaaco annis septem et triginta superfuisset, vita excessit. Post Sarae obitum Abrahamus Damascenum Eleazarum famulum in Mesopotamiam legavit, Rebecccamque Bathuele natam, Labani sororem, Isaaco filio suo collocandam in matrimonio curavit. Exin ipse quoque Cæturam sibi uxorem adjunxit, de qua liberos sex suscepit. Atque ita Abrahamo tribus e conjugibus sobolcs oborta est; primo quidem ex Agare Ægyptia Ismael, a quo gens Ismaelitarum; tum e Sara Isaacus, a quo gens Judaeorum: postremum e Cclura gens Parthorum exstitit, quorum germen est Arsares ille inclytus Pahlaviensium et, Arsacidarum familiarum progenitor. Igitur Ahrahamus post genitum Isaacum quinque adhuc annis et septuaginta peractis, ita ut annos omnino centum et septuaginta quinque vixisset, fato suo functus est. iam Isaacus sexagesimo aetatis anno Esavum genuit et Jacobum, postquam annis viginti in matrimonio cum Rebecca fuerat. Idemque annis adhuc viginti et centum superstes octogesimo et centesimo aetatis anno decessit.","english":"Now when Abraham was in his hundredth year, Isaac was born to him from his wife Sara; at his birth Sara herself was completing her ninetieth year. But she survived Isaac by thirty-seven years, and then departed this life. After Sara's death Abraham sent his Damascene servant Eleazar into Mesopotamia, and arranged that Rebecca, daughter of Bathuel and sister of Laban, be given in marriage to his son Isaac. Then he himself also joined Cethura to himself as wife, by whom he received six children. And so from three wives offspring arose to Abraham: first indeed from Agar the Egyptian, Ismael, from whom came the race of the Ismaelites; then from Sara, Isaac, from whom came the race of the Jews; lastly from Cethura arose the race of the Parthians, whose stock is that renowned Arsares of the Pahlavians and progenitor of the Arsacid families. Therefore Abraham, after Isaac was born, lived yet seventy-five more years, so that he had lived altogether one hundred and seventy-five years, and then met his fate. Now Isaac, in the sixtieth year of his age, begot Esau and Jacob, after he had been twenty years in marriage with Rebecca. And he himself, surviving yet one hundred and twenty years, departed at the one hundred and eightieth year of his age.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Jacobo filii duodecim cum filia geniti sunt e duabus Labani filiabus, Lia scilicet atque Rachele, nec non ex harum ancillis duabus Balla Zelphaque. Quanquam vero primus ei natus sit Ruben quem anno aetatis quinto et octogesimo genuit, tum Simeon sexto et octogesimo; Levinus tamen praefertur in ordine, quem ætatis septimo ei octogesimo aNno creavit, de cujus etiam genere magnus ille Moses exortus est: quae res ita describitur: Jacobus annos natus LXXXVII e Lia conjuge sua Levinum suscepit; Levinus annos natus XLVI genuit Cahathum; Cahathus annos natus LXIII genuit Amramum; Amramus annos natus LXX genuit Mosem; Moses annos natus LXXX Ægypto populum eduxit.\n\nRursus secundum chronicos Eusebii canones Jacobo annum secundum et nonagesimum agenti de Rachele uxore Josephus natus est: tum ot Josephus anno ætatis decimo septimo a fratribus venditus concessit in Ægyptum; cumque ibi tredecim annis inergastulo fuisset, anno aetatis tricesimo Ægypti dominatum obtinuit, quo per annos octoginta perfunctus, anno demum centesimo decimo diem supremum obiit.","english":"To Jacob were born twelve sons with a daughter from two of Laban's daughters, namely Lia and Rachel, and also from their two handmaids, Balla and Zelpha. Although indeed the first born to him was Ruben, whom he begot in the eighty-fifth year of his age, then Simeon in the eighty-sixth; yet Levinus is preferred in order, whom he created in the eighty-seventh year of his age, and from whose stock also that great Moses arose: which matter is thus described: Jacob, having lived eighty-seven years, received Levinus from Lia his wife; Levinus, having lived forty-six years, begot Cahathus; Cahathus, having lived sixty-three years, begot Amramus; Amramus, having lived seventy years, begot Moses; Moses, having lived eighty years, led the people out of Egypt.\n\nAgain, according to the chronic canons of Eusebius, to Jacob, in his ninety-second year, Josephus was born from Rachel his wife: then also Josephus, in the seventeenth year of his age, was sold by his brothers and went into Egypt; and when he had been there thirteen years in prison, in the thirtieth year of his age he obtained dominion over Egypt, which having discharged for eighty years, at last in the hundred and tenth year he met his final day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Primo Ægyptiacæ ubertatis anno rcrum moderamen ad Josephum delatum est: anno autem octavo sævire ibidcm,fames caepit, cujus calamitatis anno altero Jacobus in Ægyptum descendit anno aetatis CXXX, vitamque ibi annis adhuc xvn productam anno demum CXLVII clausit, quo tempore rerum potiebatur anno jam sexto vicesimoque Josephus, qui et annis LIV superfuit.\n\nJosepho e vivis erepto, servitutem filii Israelis serviebant Ægyptiis annis CXLIV. Fiunt ergo a Jacobi descensu anni CCXV. Anno servitutis quarto supra sexagesimum Moses lucem aspexit; qui octoginta annos ingressus, cum fratre Aarone tres item et octoginta annos nato, poputum.Egypto subduxit: cui postquam annis quadraginta in deserto præfuisset, anno ætatis vicesimo supra centesimum moritur. Post Mosem Jesus Navi filius, Jordane transmisso, populum in terram annuntiationis intra annos XXVII perduxit, annoque aetatis centesimo et decimo obiit.","english":"In the first year of Egypt's abundance, the administration of affairs was conferred on Joseph; but in the eighth year famine began to rage in that same land, and in the second year of that calamity Jacob went down into Egypt in the one hundred and thirtieth year of his age, and there at last closed a life further prolonged by seventeen years, in the one hundred and forty-seventh year, at which time Joseph was already in the twenty-sixth year of his power, and he survived fifty-four years beyond.\n\nWhen Joseph had been taken from among the living, the sons of Israel served the Egyptians in slavery for one hundred and forty-four years. There are therefore two hundred and fifteen years from Jacob's descent. In the fourth year of the servitude beyond sixty, Moses saw the light; he, having entered his eightieth year, together with his brother Aaron, who was likewise eighty-three years old, led the people out of Egypt; after he had been their leader in the desert for forty years, he died in the one hundred and twentieth year of his age. After Moses, Joshua the son of Nun, having crossed the Jordan, led the people into the land of promise within twenty-seven years, and he died in the one hundred and tenth year of his age.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Jesum praefectura Judicum subsecuta est; quorum primus\n\nI. Godoniel annis XL\n\nII. Avodus annis LXXX.\n\nIII. Baracus et Debora annis IL.\n\nIV. Samegarus postea qui alienigena. sexcentos trucidavit\n\nV. Gedeon annis XL.\n\nVI. Abimelecbus annis III.\n\nVII. Tbola annis XXIII.\n\nVIII. Jairus annis XXII.\n\nIX. Jephthæus annis VI.\n\nX. Heaebon annis vn. (Baraco liberi septuaginta, Heseboni triginta fuerunt [48-49]). Heseboni in Hebræorum exemplari subditur Ælon judex annis x, quem tamen Septuaginta Interpretes non agnoscunt. Hujus anno tertio Ilium captum est.\n\nXI. Labdon annis VIII. Hujus quadraginta liberi, horumque filii triginta in septuaginta Minus equitabant.\n\nXII Sampson annis xx.\n\nXIII. Heli annis XL. Verum in Septuaginta Interpretum exemplari scribuntur xx I.\n\nXIV. Samuel atque Saul annis XL.\n\nSane cum in evolvenda Semi stirpe, procreationum seriem haud alicnam ab evangelica Matthaei ratione, usque ad Josephum et Mariam contexturos nos promiserimus; e Jacobi liberis optare Judam debueramus, a quo procreationes deduceremus; quoniam ex hujus surculo Dominus exortus est. Verumtamen necesse fuit, in Mosis et Jesu reliquorumque gratiam, qui populo usque ad Davidem jus reddiderunt, Levinum loco Judæ commemorare. Nunc autem unde par est rem deDUO repetamus.","english":"The judges' rule followed Jesus; the first of them\n\nI. Othniel, forty years.\n\nII. Ehud, eighty years.\n\nIII. Barak and Deborah, forty years.\n\nIV. Shamgar afterward, who was a foreigner, slaughtered six hundred.\n\nV. Gideon, forty years.\n\nVI. Abimelech, three years.\n\nVII. Tola, twenty-three years.\n\nVIII. Jair, twenty-two years.\n\nIX. Jephthah, six years.\n\nX. Ibzan, seven years. (Barak had seventy children, Ibzan thirty [48–49].) In the Hebrew copy, Elon the judge is subjoined to Ibzan for ten years, whom however the Seventy Interpreters do not acknowledge. In his third year Ilium was captured.\n\nXI. Abdon, eight years. He had forty children, and of these thirty sons rode on seventy asses.\n\nXII. Samson, twenty years.\n\nXIII. Eli, forty years. But in the copy of the Seventy Interpreters twenty are written.\n\nXIV. Samuel and Saul, forty years.\n\nIndeed, when in unrolling the line of Shem, we promised that we would weave the sequence of generations, not alien to the evangelical reckoning of Matthew, all the way to Joseph and Mary, we ought to have chosen Judah from among Jacob's sons, from whom we would derive the generations, since from his stock the Lord arose. Nevertheless it was necessary, for the sake of Moses and Joshua and the rest who administered justice to the people down to David, to mention Levi in place of Judah. Now, however, let us resume the matter from where it is fitting.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Abrahamus genuit Isaacum; lsaacus Jacobum; Jacobus anno aetatis LXXXVIII Judam e Lia uxore suscepit; Judas annos natus XLVIII Pharum genuit; Phares autem anno aetatis LVIII. Ezronem; Ezron anno aetatis LVUI genuit Aramum; Aramus anno ætatis XLVII genuit Aminadabum; Aminadabus anno aetatis XLV genuit Naasonem. Porro, inquit, erat Aminadabus copiarum Judæ dux, quo tempore Moses Israelis progeniem ex Ægypto deduxit. Conflantur igitur a primo Abrahami anno usque ad migrationem ex Ægypto procreationes vin, annique DV; ab Adamo autem procreationes XXVIII, annique MMMDCLXXXIX.\n\nNaason annos natus XLIV genuit Salmonem. Eratque, ait, Naason princeps Judæ myriadum in deserto, ejusque soror Elisabeth Eleazaro Aaronis filio nupta fuit, quo conjugio creatus est Phinees, atque ita contigit ut Judæ genus cum Levitico affinitate jungeretur. Salmon annos natuS XXXV genuit Boosum. Eratque, ait, Salmon tribus Judæ princeps, quo tempore Jesus cum populo Jordanem trajecit. Is uxorem copulavit sibi Rahabam, quam divus evangelista dicit Rechabam 4. Idem Bethlehemum urbem in Judae ditionc fundavit.","english":"Abraham begot Isaac; Isaac begot Jacob; Jacob in the eighty-eighth year of his age received Judah from his wife Leah; Judah, forty-eight years old, begot Phares; Phares, moreover, in the fifty-eighth year of his age, begot Ezron; Ezron in the fifty-sixth year of his age begot Aram; Aram in the forty-seventh year of his age begot Aminadab; Aminadab in the forty-fifth year of his age begot Naason. Furthermore, he says, Aminadab was the leader of the hosts of Judah, at the time when Moses led the offspring of Israel out of Egypt. There are reckoned, therefore, from the first year of Abraham up to the migration from Egypt, fifty generations and five hundred and four years; from Adam, however, twenty-eight generations and three thousand six hundred and eighty-nine years.\n\nNaason, forty-four years old, begot Salmon. And he says that Naason was the prince of the thousands of Judah in the desert, and that his sister Elisabeth was married to Eleazar the son of Aaron, from which marriage Phinees was born, and thus it came about that the line of Judah was joined by affinity with the Levitical line. Salmon, thirty-five years old, begot Boos. And he says that Salmon was the prince of the tribe of Judah at the time when Jesus crossed the Jordan with the people. He joined to himself as wife Rahab, whom the holy evangelist calls Rechab. The same man founded the city of Bethlehem in the territory of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Boosus annos natus CVIII genuit Obedum. Booso nupsit Rutba Moabitis femina. Epiphanius Amanitidem ait Rutham, scilicet Amonitidem. Obedus annos natus CI genuit Jessxum; Jessæus annos natus CXXX genuit Davidem; David annos natus LVIII genuit Solomonem. Ille tricenarius regnum auspicatus est, annisque XL retinuit, vita ad septuagesimum annum protracta. Solomon annos natus XXII genuit Roboamum. Idem quarto regni sui anno templi aediflcium excitabat. ( A Mose egressuque ex Ægypto usque ad Solomoncm templique opificium conficiuntur anni CCCCLXXX. Ab Adamo autem MMMMCLXIX. ) Idem duodennis regnum adeptus est, quod XL annis insedit, vivens annis LII.\n\nPost Solomonem Israelis regnum bifariam divisum est. Samarise decem tribubus imperavit Jeroboamus Nabali filius, isque rex Israelis vocilatus est. Jerosolymis autem imperavit Roboamus Solomonis filius, isque rex Judæ appellatus est.","english":"Booz, one hundred eight years old, begot Obed. To Booz was married Ruth the Moabitess. Epiphanius says Ruth was an Amanitess, that is, an Ammonitess. Obed, one hundred one years old, begot Jesse; Jesse, one hundred thirty years old, begot David; David, fifty-eight years old, begot Solomon. He began his reign at thirty and held it for forty years, his life extended to his seventieth year. Solomon, twenty-two years old, begot Rehoboam. In the fourth year of his reign he raised up the building of the temple. (From Moses and the departure from Egypt up to Solomon and the completion of the temple, four hundred eighty years are reckoned. From Adam, however, four thousand one hundred sixty-nine.) He obtained the kingdom at twelve years of age, presided over it for forty years, and lived fifty-two years.\n\nAfter Solomon the kingdom of the Israelites was divided in two. Over the ten tribes of Samaria Jeroboam the son of Nabal ruled, and he was called king of Israel. At Jerusalem, however, Rehoboam the son of Solomon ruled, and he was called king of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"I. Roboamus regnat Jerosolymis annis XVII.\n\nII. Abias annis III.\n\nIII. Asa annis XLI.\n\nIV. Josaphatus annis XXV.\n\nV. Joramus annis VIII.\n\nVI. Ochosias anno I.\n\nVII. Godolia mater ejus annis VII.\n\nVIII. Joasus annis XI.. Tres hosce reges, nempe Ochosiam cum Godolia matre. Joasum et Amasiam, idcirco in suam genealogiam evangelista non intulit, quod illa filia, hi nepotes Achabi fuissent.\n\nIX. Amesias annis XXIX.\n\nX. Azarias, idemque Ozias, annis LII. Anno Oziæ quadragesimo nono prima olympias acta est.\n\nXI. Joathamus annis XVI.\n\nXII. Acbazus annis xvi. Undecimo Achazi anno Israel in servitutem a Salmanasaro redactus est.\n\nXIII. Ezechias annis xxix. Nono Ezechiae anno Romam condidit Romulus, qui erat ab Abrahamo annus MCCLXXXIII.\n\nXIV. Manasses annis LV.\n\nXV. Amosus annis XVI.\n\nXVI. Josias annis xxxi.\n\nXVII. Joachasus mensibus III. Joachasum Nechaus captivum abduxit, regemque dixit Eliachimum. i","english":"I. Rehoboam reigned in Jerusalem seventeen years.\n\nII. Abijah three years.\n\nIII. Asa forty-one years.\n\nIV. Jehoshaphat twenty-five years.\n\nV. Joram eight years.\n\nVI. Ahaziah one year.\n\nVII. Godolia his mother seven years.\n\nVIII. Joash eleven years. These three kings—namely Ahaziah with Godolia his mother, Joash and Amaziah—the evangelist therefore did not include in his genealogy, because she was a daughter and these were grandsons of Ahab.\n\nIX. Amaziah twenty-nine years.\n\nX. Azariah, also called Uzziah, fifty-two years. In the forty-ninth year of Uzziah the first Olympiad was held.\n\nXI. Jotham sixteen years.\n\nXII. Ahaz sixteen years. In the eleventh year of Ahaz, Israel was brought into servitude by Shalmaneser.\n\nXIII. Hezekiah twenty-nine years. In the ninth year of Hezekiah Romulus founded Rome, which was the year 1283 from Abraham.\n\nXIV. Manasseh fifty-five years.\n\nXV. Amon sixteen years.\n\nXVI. Josiah thirty-one years.\n\nXVII. Jehoahaz three months. Necho led Jehoahaz away captive, and named Eliakim king.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"XVIII. Eliachimus, idemque Joachimus, annis XII. Hujus anno decimo Judæam Nabuchodonosorus domuit, et post acceptum ab Eliachimo tributum abscessit.\n\nXIX. Joachimus, idemque Jechonias, mensibus III. Reversus Nabuchodonosorus Joachimum quoque in captivitatem deportavit.\n\nXX. Mathanias, idemque Sedechias, annis XI. Duodecimo Sedechiæ anno Nabuchodonosorus Chaldæus captis Hierosolymis templum cremavit. Manserat templum annis CCCCXLII. In quadragesimæ septimae olympiadis annum quartum incidit captivitatis initium, cademque annes septuaginta occupavit. Post annum captivitatis vicesimum Nabuchodonosorus e vita migravit.\n\nJamvero in Matthæi genealogia Jechonias genuit Salathielem anno aetatis LVI: hic Zorobabelem anno LVI; hic Abiudum anno XLV; hic Eliachimum anno LX; hic Azorem anno XXXIX; hic Sadochum anno XXXI. Primo Sadochi anno Alexander Macedo inclaruit. Is Achiam anno ætatis XXXIV; hic Eliudum anno xxx; hic Eliazarum anno LXII; hic Mathancm anno XXXVIII; hic Jacobum annio LX; bic Josephum anno LXXVI. Jesus Christus. apud Judæ Bethlehemum nascitur.","english":"XVIII. Eliakim, also called Jehoiakim, twelve years. In his tenth year Nebuchadnezzar subdued Judea, and after receiving tribute from Eliakim he withdrew.\n\nXIX. Jehoiakim, also called Jeconiah, three months. Nebuchadnezzar returned and carried Jehoiakim away into captivity as well.\n\nXX. Mattaniah, also called Zedekiah, eleven years. In the twelfth year of Zedekiah, Nebuchadnezzar the Chaldean, having captured Jerusalem, burned the temple. The temple had stood for 442 years. The beginning of the captivity fell in the fourth year of the forty-seventh Olympiad, and it occupied the same seventy years. After the twentieth year of the captivity, Nebuchadnezzar departed from life.\n\nNow in the genealogy of Matthew, Jeconiah begot Salathiel in the fifty-sixth year of his age; he begot Zerubbabel in the fifty-sixth year; he begot Abiud in the forty-fifth year; he begot Eliakim in the sixtieth year; he begot Azor in the thirty-ninth year; he begot Zadok in the thirty-first year. In the first year of Zadok, Alexander of Macedon became renowned. He begot Achim in the thirty-fourth year of his age; he begot Eliud in the thirtieth year; he begot Eleazar in the sixty-second year; he begot Matthan in the thirty-eighth year; he begot Jacob in the sixtieth year; he begot Joseph in the seventy-sixth year. Jesus Christ is born at Bethlehem of Judea.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Summa temporis a templi reparalione ad Christi natalia anni sunt DXVIII; a Solomone primoque templi ædificio usque ad secundum anni DXII; ab exitu ad Solomonem anni CCCCLXXX; ab Abrahamo ad exitum auni Dv; a diluvio ad Abrahamum anni DCCCCXLII; ab Adamo ad diluvium anni MMCCXLII: summa denique temporis ab Adamo ad Christi natalia anni sunt MMMMMCLXXXXVIII, prout Septuaginta Interpretes docent.\n\nPosl obitum Solomonis, ut jarn dictum est, Roboamo regnum exorso, imo primo regnantis anno, Samariæ decem tribubus imperare coepit.\n\nI. Jcroboamus Nabati filius annis XXII. Jam uti Dividis ætate prophetaveranl Gaddus, Nathanes, Asaphus; rursusque Solomonis ætate Sadochus, Achias Siloniles et Sameas; ita etiam Jcroboami filiique ejus Nabati aetate vaticinati sunt Achias, Sameas, tum et ille qui ad ipsam Samariæ aram a, nec non Joasus, et Joel, et Alarias idemque Addus, atque Ananias.","english":"The sum of time from the restoration of the temple to the birth of Christ is 518 years; from Solomon and the first building of the temple to the second, 512 years; from the exodus to Solomon, 480 years; from Abraham to the exodus, 505 years; from the flood to Abraham, 942 years; from Adam to the flood, 2242 years: the total sum of time from Adam to the birth of Christ is thus 5898 years, as the Seventy Interpreters teach.\n\nAfter the death of Solomon, as has already been said, when Rehoboam had begun his reign—indeed, in the first year of his reign—he began to rule over the ten tribes at Samaria.\n\nI. Jeroboam son of Nabat, twenty-two years. Just as in the age of David the prophets were Gad, Nathan, and Asaph; and again in the age of Solomon, Zadok, Ahijah the Shilonite, and Shemaiah; so also in the age of Jeroboam and his son Nabat, those who prophesied were Ahijah, Shemaiah, and also the one who spoke at the very altar of Samaria, as well as Joash, and Joel, and Azariah, the same Addus, and Ananias.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"II. Nabatus annis II.\n\nIII. Bajas annis xxiv.\n\nIV. Ela annis II.\n\nV. Zambri mensibus VII.\n\nVI. Amri annis IXII.\n\nVII. Achaabus annis XIII.\n\nSub hoc prophetæ fuerunt Abdias, Elias, Jcsus, Oziel, Michael; falsi autem prophetae Sedechias atque Eliezer.\n\nVIII. Ocbosias annis II.\n\nIX. Joramus annis XII. Iterum prophetabant Elias et Elisæus. Septimo Jorami anno Elias superlatus est.\n\nX. Jeu annis XXVIII.\n\nMinas, quas Dei furor in Achabum uxoremque ejus Jezabelem intenderat, Jeu ad rem contulit æsis septuaginta Acbabi Hberis, nec non Jezabele Sidonia, et quadringentis exsecrandi idoli prophetis. Per id tempus apud Israelem prophetabat Azarias.\n\nXI. Joacbazus annis XVII. Hujus ætate rex Judæ Joasus Azariam interfecit, tum et Elisaeus vita excessit.\n\nXII. Joasus annis XVI.\n\nXIII. Hieroboamus annis XLI. Hujus aetate vaticinati sunt Oscas, Amosus, Isaias et Jonas.","english":"II. Nabatus, 2 years.\n\nIII. Baasha, 24 years.\n\nIV. Elah, 2 years.\n\nV. Zimri, 7 months.\n\nVI. Omri, 12 years.\n\nVII. Ahab, 13 years.\n\nUnder him were the prophets Obadiah, Elijah, Jesus, Oziel, Michael; but the false prophets Zedekiah and Eliezer.\n\nVIII. Ahaziah, 2 years.\n\nIX. Joram, 12 years. Again Elijah and Elisha prophesied. In the seventh year of Joram, Elijah was taken up.\n\nX. Jehu, 28 years.\n\nThe threats which the fury of God had directed against Ahab and his wife Jezebel, Jehu carried into effect: seventy sons of Ahab, and Jezebel of Sidon, and four hundred prophets of the accursed idol. During that time Azariah was prophesying among Israel.\n\nXI. Jehoahaz, 17 years. In his age Joash king of Judah killed Azariah, and then also Elisha departed from life.\n\nXII. Joash, 16 years.\n\nXIII. Jeroboam, 41 years. In his age prophesied Hosea, Amos, Isaiah and Jonah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"XIV. Zacharias mensibus VI.\n\nXV. Sellumus diebus XLV.\n\nXVI. Manaemus annis x.\n\nXVII. Phaceas annis x. Nono hujus anno prima olympias acta est.\n\nXVIII. Pbaceas annis xx.\n\nXIX. Oseas annis IX.\n\nOsea regnante, decem tribus servituti mancipatæ sunt a Salmanasaro, deletumque Israeliticum Samariæ regnum, anno Acbazi imperantis undecimo, postquam annis CCL stetisset. Hinc autem ad templum Hierosolymis Nabuchodonosori vi sub Sedechia eversum anni numerantur CLVI.\n\nE Paralipomenis. Jam de Levini genere sacerdotes usque ad caplivilatem fuerunt hi: Aaron, Eliazarus, Phinees, Abiudus, Borchias, Ozias, Zareas, Mariothus, Amarias, Achitobus, Sadochus, Achiamas, Azarias, Jonan, Azarias, Amarias, Achitobus, Sadochus, Elumus, Helchias, Azarias, Zaræus, Josedechus, qui Babylonem concessit quo tempore Nabucbodonosorus Judam servitute pressit. Нæc Paralipomenis commendata sunt.","english":"XIV. Zachariah, 6 months.\n\nXV. Shallum, 45 days.\n\nXVI. Menahem, 10 years.\n\nXVII. Pekahiah, 10 years. In the ninth year of this man the first Olympiad was held.\n\nXVIII. Pekah, 20 years.\n\nXIX. Hoshea, 9 years.\n\nWhile Hoshea was reigning, the ten tribes were handed over into servitude by Shalmaneser, and the Israelite kingdom of Samaria was destroyed, in the eleventh year of the reign of Ahaz, after it had stood for 250 years. From this point, moreover, up to the destruction of the temple at Jerusalem by the might of Nebuchadnezzar under Zedekiah, 156 years are counted.\n\nFrom Paralipomenon. Now from the line of Levi the priests up to the captivity were these: Aaron, Eleazar, Phinehas, Abiud, Borchias, Uzziah, Zareas, Marioth, Amariah, Ahitub, Zadok, Ahimaaz, Azariah, Jonan, Azariah, Amariah, Ahitub, Zadok, Elumus, Hilkiah, Azariah, Zareus, Josedech, who went to Babylon at the time when Nebuchadnezzar pressed Judah into servitude. These things are recorded in Paralipomenon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Igitur Josia tertium jam et decimum annum Judæ imperante, initium prophetandi Hieremias fecit: tum et anno ejusdem regis secundo supra vicesimum Sophonias et Hieremias prophetabant: rursusque anno Sedechiæ quarto Baruchus et Hieremias: octavo autem captivitatis anno Daniel Babylone et Ezechiel: tum anno octavo ac tricesimo Aggæus et Zacharias: sexto denique anno supra sexagesimum iidcm Aggæus ac Zacharias, itemque Malachias. Alia historia tradit vaticinatos esse his temporibus Nahumum, Ambachumum, Malachiam atque Danielem.\n\nJamvero quo pacto videntes et prophetæ apud captivos erant, eodem cliam post LXX annos apud dimissos Judæos, praeside Zorobabele qui templum urbemque restituit: tum et pontifices exstiterunt usque ad unctum ducem.. in quo patriarchae Jacobi valicinatio exitura sortita est dicentis: Haud defecturum e Juda principem, vel de ejusdem femore ducem, quoad ille adventaret ad quem pertinet imperium 6. Jam duce Zorobabele pontifex erat Jesus Josedechi filius: exin Jachimus, idem qui Joachimus, Jesu filius: nec non Elarus, idem qui Esiasibus, filius Jacbimi. Erat insuper Esdras sacerdos, scriba legum sacrarum, nobilisque doctor eorum qui Babylone in Judæam ascenderaut. Joadas Asibi filius, sub quo Nehemias Artaxis pincerna, genere Hebræus, Babylone venit Hicrosolyma murosque excitavit. Joannes Joadae filius.","english":"Therefore, when Josiah was already reigning in the thirteenth year over Judah, Jeremiah began to prophesy; then also in the second year of the same king, beyond the twentieth, Zephaniah and Jeremiah were prophesying; and again in the fourth year of Zedekiah, Baruch and Jeremiah; but in the eighth year of the captivity, Daniel in Babylon and Ezekiel; then in the thirty-eighth year, Haggai and Zechariah; finally in the sixty-sixth year, the same Haggai and Zechariah, and likewise Malachi. Another history reports that Nahum, Habakkuk, Malachi, and Daniel prophesied in these times.\n\nNow in the same manner in which seers and prophets were among the captives, so also after the seventy years they were among the released Jews, under the leadership of Zerubbabel, who restored the temple and the city; then there were also high priests up to the anointed leader, in whom the prophecy of Jacob the patriarch obtained its outcome, saying: The prince shall not fail from Judah, nor the leader from his thigh, until he comes to whom the empire belongs. Now while Zerubbabel was leader, Jesus the son of Josedech was high priest; thereafter Jachimus, the same as Joachimus, son of Jesus; and also Elarus, the same as Esiasibus, son of Jachimus. There was besides Ezra the priest, scribe of the sacred laws, and a noble teacher of those who had come up from Babylon into Judea. Joadas the son of Asibus, under whom Nehemiah, cupbearer of Artaxerxes, a Hebrew by race, came from Babylon to Jerusalem and raised the walls. Joannes the son of Joadas.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"Joannis filius Jaddus, cujus aetate Macedo Alexander Hierosolyma ingressus Deum adoravit. Onias Jaddi filius. Simeon cognomento Justus. Simeonis frater Eleazarus, sub quo Septuaginta Viri divinos libros Piolemaei regis jussu ad Graecae linguæ consuetudinem transtulerunt. Manasses Eleazari patruus. Onias Simconis Jusli filius. Oniae filius Simeon, sub quo erat Jesus Siracbi. Simeonis filius Onias.\n\nTres deinde ac triginta post annos Antiochus Epiphanes Judaeam ingressus pontificatum Judaicum a Jesu cognomento Jasone ad ejusdem fratrem Oniam transtulit; rursus huic ereptum, Oniæ cognomento Menelao dedit. Mox elapso quinquennio occupatis Hierosolymis templum diripuit, signum Jovis Olympici ibidem collocavit; in Garizino autem iovis Hospitalis 7. Ea tempestate Matathias quidam sacerdos Asamonæi filius, ex oppido Modimo, bello adversus copias Antioehi cum filiis suis decertabat. Et Judas sane flius fugam Syrorum fecit, templumque lustravit, ac patria sacra restituit, quae triennio obsoleverant. Deinde Menelai Judæorum pontificis sacerdotium excipit Alcimus, idem qui Jachimus, alienus licet generi sacerdotali. Quamobrem Onias sacerdote progenitus in Ægyptum proficiscitur, ibique urbem condit Amopolim, in eaque templum ad instar Hierosolymitani erigendum curat. Alcimus autem cum Juda confligens brevi a Deo percussus interiit 8.","english":"Jaddus, son of Joannes, in whose time Alexander of Macedon entered Jerusalem and adored God. Onias, son of Jaddus. Simeon, surnamed the Just. Eleazarus, brother of Simeon, under whom the Seventy Men translated the divine books into the usage of the Greek tongue by the command of King Ptolemy. Manasses, paternal uncle of Eleazarus. Onias, son of Simeon the Just. Simeon, son of Onias, under whom was Jesus Sirach. Onias, son of Simeon.\n\nThen, thirty-three years later, Antiochus Epiphanes entered Judaea and transferred the Jewish high priesthood from Jesus, surnamed Jason, to his brother Onias; and again, having taken it from this one, he gave it to Onias, surnamed Menelaus. Soon, after five years had elapsed, having occupied Jerusalem, he plundered the temple and set up there the image of Olympian Jupiter; but on Garizim, that of Jupiter Hospitalis. At that time a certain priest, Matathias, son of Asamonaeus, from the town of Modin, fought with his sons in war against the forces of Antiochus. And Judas indeed put the Syrians to flight, and purified the temple, and restored the ancestral sacred rites, which had fallen into disuse for three years. Then Alcimus, the same who is Jachimus, though an outsider to the priestly line, received the priesthood after Menelaus, the high priest of the Jews. Wherefore Onias, born of the priestly line, set out for Egypt, and there founded the city of Amopolis, and in it took care to erect a temple after the likeness of the one in Jerusalem. But Alcimus, while fighting with Judas, was struck down by God and died shortly after.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Igitur communi suffragio sacerdotium ad Judam collatum est.\n\n49.1. Judas, qui et Macchabaeus, annis III intra olympiadem centesimam quinquagesimam quintam.\n\nII. Jonathas, qui et Aphuthus, annis xix.\n\nIII. Simon, qui et Tarscis, annis VIII.\n\nIV. Hyrcanus, qui et Joannes, annis XXVI.\n\nV. Aristabulus anno I. Ad sacerdotium AristabuIus diadema regium adjecit.\n\nVI. Jannæus, qui et Alexander, annis XXVII.\n\nVII. Alexandra uxor Alexandri annis IX. Hæc Alexandra Salina vocate est.\n\nVIlI. Hyrcanus annis XXXIV.\n\nCum Aristabulus et Hyrcanus Alexandri filii inter se concertarent, Pompeius Romanus superveniensAristabulum vinctum secum abduxit, Hyrcano autem pontificatum confirmavit, qui quidem annis quatuor trigintaque post a Partbis captus est. Sic Judaeorum regnum unctique praesides desiverunt, uti Daniel prædixerat: unctorum autem praesidum nomine pontifices intelliguntur, qui post redilum a captivitate populo praefuerunt: quique orsi a sexagesima quinta olympiade sub Dario, olympiade demum centesima octogesima sexta finem fecerunt: quod temporis intervallum Daniel propheta septuaginta hebdomadum titulo adumbraverat. Equidem post Hyrcanum nemo fuit e genere sacerdotali, sed ignotae stirpis menstrui quidam vel annui præsides. Tum denique Herodes alienigena regnum obtinuit, cojus tricesimo secundo anno Dominus Noster Jesus Christus natus est.","english":"Therefore by common vote the priesthood was conferred on Judas.\n\n49.1. Judas, also called Maccabaeus, for three years, within the one hundred fifty-fifth Olympiad.\n\nII. Jonathan, also called Aphuthus, for nineteen years.\n\nIII. Simon, also called Tarscis, for eight years.\n\nIV. Hyrcanus, also called Joannes, for twenty-six years.\n\nV. Aristobulus for one year. To the priesthood Aristobulus added the royal diadem.\n\nVI. Jannaeus, also called Alexander, for twenty-seven years.\n\nVII. Alexandra, wife of Alexander, for nine years. This Alexandra was called Salina.\n\nVIII. Hyrcanus for thirty-four years.\n\nWhen Aristobulus and Hyrcanus, the sons of Alexander, were quarreling with each other, Pompey the Roman came upon them and led Aristobulus away bound with him, but confirmed the high priesthood to Hyrcanus, who indeed was captured by the Parthians four and thirty years later. Thus the kingdom of the Jews and their anointed leaders ceased, as Daniel had foretold; but by the name of anointed leaders the high priests are understood, who presided over the people after the return from the captivity; and they began in the sixty-fifth Olympiad under Darius, and finally came to an end in the one hundred eighty-sixth Olympiad; which interval of time the prophet Daniel had foreshadowed under the title of seventy weeks. Indeed after Hyrcanus no one was of the priestly line, but certain rulers of unknown stock, monthly or yearly. Then at last Herod, a foreigner, obtained the kingdom, in whose thirty-second year our Lord Jesus Christ was born.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"CAPUT VI.\n\nChami prosapia.\n\nI. Hactenus nos pro suscepto proposito posteros Semi ad adventum usque Christi divinis libris innixi digessimus. Nunc ad Chamum quæ pertinent scribenda sunt; haud sane, ut Semi, liberorum successio, sed annorum numerus, regum nomina, tum quænam gentes potentia auctae alterutras devicerunt, usque ad humanam Servatoris naturam. Ex eo igitur loco, in quo sermo noster substitit, cum Chami procreationes, prout eas sacrae Litteræ tradebant, descripsimus; exine, inquam, ordiatur narratio e certae fidei libris hausta, nempe secundum narrationes chronicorum Eusebii canonum historicique Armeniorum Mosis Chorenensis; quorum quidem postremus sic ait: « De Belo, cujus aetatemaximus noster progenitor vixit Haicus, multi multa variaque tradiderunt; ego autem quem Saturnum nuncupant atque Belum, Nebrothum fuisse aio: qua super re Ægyptii cum Mose conspirant, percensentes Vulcanum, Solem ac Saturnum, qui sunt Cbamus, Cusus ac Nebrothus, omisso Mestraimo: primum enim apud se hominem aiunt fuisse Vulcanum.","english":"CHAPTER VI.\n\nThe Lineage of Ham.\n\nI. To this point, in accordance with the plan I undertook, I have set forth the descendants of Shem down to the coming of Christ, relying on the divine books. Now those things which pertain to Ham must be written; not, to be sure, like Shem, the succession of his children, but the number of years, the names of kings, and then which nations, increased in power, conquered one another, down to the human nature of the Savior. From that point, therefore, at which my discourse halted, when I described the offspring of Ham according as the sacred Scriptures handed them down—from there, I say, let the narrative begin, drawn from books of certain faith, namely according to the chronicle narratives of Eusebius' canons and the history of the Armenians by Moses of Chorene; the latter of whom indeed speaks thus: \"Concerning Belus, in whose age our greatest progenitor Haicus lived, many have handed down many and various things; but I say that he whom they now call Saturn and Belus was Nimrod: on which matter the Egyptians agree with Moses, reckoning Vulcan, the Sun, and Saturn, who are Ham, Cush, and Nimrod, with Misraim omitted; for they say that the first man among them was Vulcan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"Ergo ex hoc ipso Belo noster hicce tractatus inchoandus est.\n\nI. Belus universis Asiae provinciis, praeter Indos, dominatur annis LXII.\n\nH. Ninus item post Belum annis LII. Nini hujus quadragesimo quarto anno Abrahamus a Thara genitus est.\n\nIII. Samiramis Niui conjux annis XLII.\n\nIV. Zames, qui et Ninuas, annis XXXII.\n\nV. Arius annis xxx.\n\nVI. Aralius annis XL.\n\nVII. Xerxes, qui et Baleus, annis xxx.\n\nVIlI. Armamithris annis XXXVIII.\n\nIX. Belochus annis XXXV.\n\nX. Baleus annis xv.\n\nXI. Altadas annis XXXII.\n\nXII. Mamelus annis XXX. Anno hujus quarto decimo Josephus obiit.\n\nXIII. Mamylus alter annis xxx.\n\nXIV. Sparaethus annis XL.\n\nXV. Manchaleus annis XXX.\n\nXVI. Sphaerus annis xx. Hujus anno tertio Cecrops Atbenis primus regnavit.\n\nXVII. Ascades annis XL. Hujus octavo anqo Moses jam octogenarius populum ex Ægypto subduxit.\n\nXVIII. Amyntas annis XLV.","english":"Therefore from this very Belus our present treatise must begin.\n\nI. Belus ruled over all the provinces of Asia, except the Indians, for 62 years.\n\nII. Ninus likewise, after Belus, for 52 years. In the forty-fourth year of this Ninus, Abraham was born of Thara.\n\nIII. Semiramis, the wife of Ninus, for 42 years.\n\nIV. Zames, who is also Ninyas, for 32 years.\n\nV. Arius for 30 years.\n\nVI. Aralius for 40 years.\n\nVII. Xerxes, who is also Baleus, for 30 years.\n\nVIII. Armamithris for 38 years.\n\nIX. Belochus for 35 years.\n\nX. Baleus for 15 years.\n\nXI. Altadas for 32 years.\n\nXII. Mamelus for 30 years. In his fourteenth year Joseph died.\n\nXIII. Mamylus the second for 30 years.\n\nXIV. Sparaethus for 40 years.\n\nXV. Manchaleus for 30 years.\n\nXVI. Sphaerus for 20 years. In his third year Cecrops first reigned at Athens.\n\nXVII. Ascades for 40 years. In his eighth year Moses, now eighty years old, led the people out of Egypt.\n\nXVIII. Amyntas for 45 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"XIX. Belechus annis xxv.\n\nXX. Balepares annis xxx.\n\nXXI. Lamprides annis XXXII.\n\nXXII. Pannyas annis XLV.\n\nXXIII. Sosarmus annis XIX.\n\nXXIV. Zosares annis XX.\n\nXXV. Lamprides annis XXX.\n\nXXVI. Mithraeus annis XXVII.\n\nXXVII. Tautanes annis XXXI. Anno Tautanis vicesimo quinto urbs Ilium capta est.\n\nXXVIII. Teutaeus annis XL.\n\nXXIX. Otheneus annis XXX.\n\nXXX. Dercyllus annis XL.\n\nXXXI. Eupalles annis XXXVIII. Tertius ac tricesimus hujus annus incidit in quartum Solomonis annum atque in templi opificium.\n\nXXXII. Lavosthenes annis XLV. Gens Judaica bifariam dividitur.\n\nXXXIII. Pertiages annis XXX.\n\nXXXIV. Ophrates annis XX.\n\nXXXV. Ophratanes annis L.\n\nXXXVI. Acrapales annis XLII.\n\nXXX VII. Thonnus Concolerus, Græce dictus Sardanapallus, annis xx.\n\nSardanapallus hic tricesimus septimus a Belo fuit, regumque Assyriorum postremus. Idem voluptariae mollitiæ luxuriaeque studio cunctos qui sibi praecesserant superavit. Quamobrem Varbaces quidam, patria Medus, homo viribus egregioque animo præditus, cum Medorum dux esset, unusque ex iis qui ad urbem Ninum quotannis veniebant ducatus causa exercendi; is, inquam, cognito regis pravo ingenio, amicos sibi liberalitate devinxit, Belesim in primis summum ducem Babyloniorum, quicum inita socictate Sardanapallum debellavit, qui seoedens in regiam incendio semet cremavit.","english":"XIX. Belechus, 25 years.\n\nXX. Balepares, 30 years.\n\nXXI. Lamprides, 32 years.\n\nXXII. Pannyas, 45 years.\n\nXXIII. Sosarmus, 19 years.\n\nXXIV. Zosares, 20 years.\n\nXXV. Lamprides, 30 years.\n\nXXVI. Mithraeus, 27 years.\n\nXXVII. Tautanes, 31 years. In the twenty-fifth year of Tautanes, the city of Ilium was captured.\n\nXXVIII. Teutaeus, 40 years.\n\nXXIX. Otheneus, 30 years.\n\nXXX. Dercyllus, 40 years.\n\nXXXI. Eupalles, 38 years. The thirty-third year of his reign fell in the fourth year of Solomon and in the building of the temple.\n\nXXXII. Lavosthenes, 45 years. The Jewish nation is divided in two.\n\nXXXIII. Pertiages, 30 years.\n\nXXXIV. Ophrates, 20 years.\n\nXXXV. Ophratanes, 50 years.\n\nXXXVI. Acrapales, 42 years.\n\nXXXVII. Thonnus Concolerus, called in Greek Sardanapallus, 20 years.\n\nThis Sardanapallus was the thirty-seventh from Belus, and the last of the Assyrian kings. He surpassed all who had preceded him in his pursuit of voluptuous softness and luxury. For this reason a certain Varbaces, a Mede by birth, a man endowed with strength and a noble spirit, when he was commander of the Medes and one of those who came each year to the city of Ninus for the purpose of exercising command, he, I say, having learned of the king's depraved character, bound friends to himself by generosity, Belesis foremost among them, the chief commander of the Babylonians, with whom, having formed an alliance, he defeated Sardanapallus, who, raging, burned himself in the palace with fire.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"Tum Bele-, sim Babyloni regem imposuit Varbaces, itidemque Parœrum nostrum propter sibi navatam operam diademate ornavit; ipse autem Assyriorum ad Mėdos transtulit imperium. Exin interregnum crat usque ad Medorum regem Dejocem. Intermedio tempore Chaldæi rerum potiti sunt; quorum tempora et successiones cum suis peculiaribus regibus seorsim scribuntur.\n\nHic ergo Babyloniorum reges ponantur.\n\nI. Phua annis xvi. Hujus sexto decimo anno prima olympias acta est.\n\nII. Thaglatphalsarus annis XXVII. Is tertio decimo anno progressus in Judæam, potiorem ejus incolarum partem captivam abduxit.\n\nIII. Salmanasarus Assyriis imperavit annis XVI. Is item tertio regni sui anno, octava olympiade, decem tribubus in caplivitatem depo; tatis, Samariæ regnum delevit.\n\nIV. Senecherimns Assyriis imperavit annis XVIII. Is adversus Hierosolyma expeditionem suscepit, Judææque urbes obsedit. Ab hoc ad Nabuchodonosorum historici Chaldæorum annos numerant LXXXVIII. Apud eosdem post Senecherimum scribitur","english":"Then he imposed Bele-sim, Varbaces, as king of the Babylonians, and likewise adorned our Paroerus with the diadem because of the service he had rendered him; he himself, however, transferred the empire of the Assyrians to the Medes. Thereafter there was an interregnum until Dejoces, king of the Medes. In the intervening time the Chaldaeans held power; their times and successions, together with their own peculiar kings, are written separately.\n\nHere, therefore, let the kings of the Babylonians be set down.\n\nI. Phua, 16 years. In his sixteenth year the first Olympiad was held.\n\nII. Thaglatphalsarus, 27 years. In his thirteenth year he advanced into Judaea and led away captive the greater part of its inhabitants.\n\nIII. Salmanasarus ruled the Assyrians for 16 years. He likewise, in the third year of his reign, in the eighth Olympiad, after the ten tribes had been led away into captivity, destroyed the kingdom of Samaria.\n\nIV. Senecherimus ruled the Assyrians for 18 years. He undertook an expedition against Jerusalem and besieged the cities of Judaea. From him the historians of the Chaldaeans count 88 years to Nabuchodonosor. Among the same writers, after Senecherimus, there is written","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"V. Asordanes filius ejus annis VIII.\n\nVI. Asodes annis xxi.\n\nVII. Frater ejus annis XXI.\n\nVIII. Nabupalsarus annis xi.\n\nIX. Marudachus Baldancs annis x.\n\nX. Nabuchodonosorus deinde annis XLIII, ab olympiade secunda supra quadragesimam. Is anno Eliachimi decimo Judaeos in suam potestatem redegit,. partemque eorumdem maximam famulatui addicendam abduxit. Tum etiam Danielem tresque pucros triennio post: rursus enim venit, ipsumque Joachimum avexit captivum. Cum jam annum tcrtium supra vicesimum regnaret Nabuchodonosorus, Hierosolyma capta sunt: quintum autem post mensem princeps satellitum Nabuzardanes templo ignem subjecit. Vicesimo denique Judaica' captivitatis anno Nabuchodonosorus vita discessit. Cujus in locum substitutus est filius ejusdem\n\nXI. Baltasar, qui et Ilmarudachus annis II. Dcinde\n\nXII. Astyages anno i. Is cas litteras in pariete exaratas vidit quas Daniel interpretatus est.","english":"V. Asordanes his son, eight years.\n\nVI. Asodes, twenty-one years.\n\nVII. His brother, twenty-one years.\n\nVIII. Nabupalsarus, eleven years.\n\nIX. Marudachus Baldanes, ten years.\n\nX. Nabuchodonosorus then forty-three years, from the second Olympiad beyond the fortieth. In the tenth year of Eliachimus he brought the Jews under his power, and carried off the greater part of them to be consigned to servitude. Then also Daniel and the three youths, three years later; for he came again and carried off Joachimus himself captive. When Nabuchodonosorus had now reigned twenty-three years, Jerusalem was captured; but five months afterward Nabuzardanes, the captain of the guard, set fire to the temple. Finally, in the twentieth year of the Jewish captivity, Nabuchodonosorus departed this life. In his place his son was substituted\n\nXI. Baltasar, who is also Ilmarudachus, two years. Then\n\nXII. Astyages, one year. He saw those letters written on the wall which Daniel interpreted.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"XIII. Darius Medus annis iv.\n\nXIV. Darius Arsaviri annis III.\n\nEnin sublatum est Babyloniorum imperium.\n\nNunc age Medorum reges exponamus. Exstincto Sardanapallo primus regnavit\n\nI. Varbaces annis XXVIII.\n\nII. Sosarmus annis XXX.\n\nIII. Mamicar annis XL.\n\nIV. Cardiceus annis XIII.\n\nV. Dejoces annis LIV. Hic Ecbatana condidit.\n\nVI. Phraortes annis XXIV.\n\nVII. Cyaxares annis XXXII.\n\nVIII. Asdahages annis XXXVIII.\n\nHunc interfecit Tigranes Haicanus Cyro Persae fœdere junctus. Quanquam Eusebius aliique historici dejectum Asdahagem ab uno Cyro aiunt, a quo Medorum quoque regnum sublatum est: nihilominus Moses cædem Asdahagis a Tigrane patratam refert. Id autem verisimile evadit ob plura quæ acciderunt, propter somni scilicet visum, dolosamque Asdahagis simulationem qua sibi Tigranis sororem matrimonio copulandam curaverat: cui mentis quoque suae consilium arcanum reseravit. Re autem intellecta Tigranes, quod somnians viderat, diurna luce cxsecutus est. Id tamen haud absurde Cyro ipsi tribuitur: cum enim eadem aetate ambo vixerint, et quidem Tigranes societate commilitii Cyro devinctus fuerit, ejusdem mandatum exhaurire visus est.","english":"XIII. Darius the Mede, four years.\n\nXIV. Darius Arsaviri, three years.\n\nThereupon the empire of the Babylonians was brought to an end.\n\nNow come, let us set forth the kings of the Medes. After Sardanapallus had been destroyed, first reigned\n\nI. Varbaces, twenty-eight years.\n\nII. Sosarmus, thirty years.\n\nIII. Mamicar, forty years.\n\nIV. Cardiceus, thirteen years.\n\nV. Dejoces, fifty-four years. He founded Ecbatana.\n\nVI. Phraortes, twenty-four years.\n\nVII. Cyaxares, thirty-two years.\n\nVIII. Asdahages, thirty-eight years.\n\nTigranes the Haicanus, joined to Cyrus the Persian by treaty, killed him. Although Eusebius and other historians say that Asdahages was cast down by Cyrus alone, by whom the kingdom of the Medes also was brought to an end, nevertheless Moses reports that the slaying of Asdahages was accomplished by Tigranes. And this becomes plausible on account of several things that happened, namely because of the vision of the dream, and the treacherous pretense of Asdahages, by which he had arranged that the sister of Tigranes be joined to him in marriage, to whom he also disclosed the secret counsel of his own mind. But when the matter was understood, Tigranes carried out in the light of day what he had seen in his dream. Yet this is not absurdly attributed to Cyrus himself: for since both lived in the same age, and indeed Tigranes was bound to Cyrus by the fellowship of shared military service, he is seen to have fulfilled the command of the same.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"Agesis hoc loco Lydorum quoque rognum placet collocare. Anno Sosarmi Medorum regis duodecimo olympias prima peracta est, eodemque anno primus apud Lydos regnavit\n\nI. Ardysus Alyattæ annis XXXVI.\n\nII. Alyattes annis XIV.\n\nIII. Meles annis xu.\n\nIV. Candaules XVII.\n\nCandaulis hujus historiam narrat Herodotus, nempe quod is nimio erga suam conjugem studio elatus, hanc feminarum omnium pulcherrimam existimaverit, nudatamque veslibus Gygi clam demonstraverit; qua ignominia sapiens uxor ad iracundiam commota occidendum curaverit, sibique virum adsciverit Gygem.\n\nV. Gyges annis XXXVI.\n\nVI. Ardys annis XXXVIII.\n\nVII. Sadiartes annis xv.\n\nVIII Alyattes annis XLIX.\n\nIX. Crœsus annis xv.\n\nHic anno Gyri quartodecimo dicitur ab eodem Cyro interfectus. Ita Lydorum regnum finitum est. Armeniorum tamcn historicus Moses Crœsum captum interfectumque ab Artaxerxe Partho ait, ejusque rei complures testes invocat, ut in ejus libro videre est.","english":"At this point it pleases me to place also the kingdom of the Lydians. In the twelfth year of Sosarmus, king of the Medes, the first Olympiad was completed, and in that same year the first king reigned among the Lydians:\n\nI. Ardysus, son of Alyattes, thirty-six years.\n\nII. Alyattes, fourteen years.\n\nIII. Meles, sixteen years.\n\nIV. Candaules, seventeen years.\n\nHerodotus tells the story of this Candaules, namely that he, carried away by excessive passion for his wife, judged her the most beautiful of all women, and secretly showed her naked to Gyges; and his wise wife, roused to anger by this disgrace, had him killed and took Gyges as her husband.\n\nV. Gyges, thirty-six years.\n\nVI. Ardys, thirty-eight years.\n\nVII. Sadiartes, fifteen years.\n\nVIII. Alyattes, forty-nine years.\n\nIX. Croesus, fifteen years.\n\nThis man is said to have been killed by the same Cyrus in the fourteenth year of Cyrus. Thus the kingdom of the Lydians came to an end. However, Moses, the historian of the Armenians, says that Croesus was captured and killed by Artaxerxes the Parthian, and he calls many witnesses to this matter, as may be seen in his book.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"Ergo boc pacto, prout narratur, sublatis Babyloniorum, Medorum Lydorumque imperiis regnat\n\n. Cyrus annis xxx. Is primo regni sui anno Judaicæ gentis quinquaginta millia caplivorum libertate donavit: qui quidem Hierosolyma reversi attare excitaverunt, templique fundamenta jecerunt: quod tamen flnitimarum gentium causa imperfectum manebat usque ad Darium Vestaspis. Tomyris Masagetarum beroina Gyrum interfecit.\n\nII. Cambyses annis IX.\n\nIII. Magi duo fratres mensibus VIII.\n\nIV. Darius Vestaspis filius annis XXXVI.\n\nHujus altero anno Zorobabel templum ædificat, quod anno quarto olympiadis quintae supra sexagesimam absolutum est.\n\nV. Xerxes Darii annis XXI.\n\nVI. Artabanus mensibus VII.\n\nVII. Artaxcs Longimanus annis XL. Nonnulli Estherem sub hoc exstitisse aiunt: quod ego tamen, inquit Eusebius, non probo, quandoquidem Esdræ libri per eam aetatem scripti nullam ejus rei mentionem faciunt.","english":"Therefore in this manner, as it is narrated, with the empires of the Babylonians, Medes, and Lydians removed, Cyrus reigned thirty years. In the first year of his reign he granted freedom to fifty thousand captives of the Jewish people; these, having returned to Jerusalem, stirred up the altar and laid the foundations of the temple, which nevertheless remained unfinished because of the neighboring peoples until Darius son of Hystaspes. Tomyris, the heroine of the Massagetae, killed Cyrus.\n\nII. Cambyses, nine years.\n\nIII. The two Magi, brothers, eight months.\n\nIV. Darius son of Hystaspes, thirty-six years.\n\nIn his second year Zerubbabel builds the temple, which was completed in the fourth year of the fifth Olympiad, beyond the sixtieth.\n\nV. Xerxes son of Darius, twenty-one years.\n\nVI. Artabanus, seven months.\n\nVII. Artaxerxes Longimanus, forty years. Some say that Esther lived under this king; but I, says Eusebius, do not approve this, since the books of Ezra, written during that age, make no mention of the matter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"VIII. Xerxes mensibus II.\n\nIX. Sogdianus mensibus VII.\n\nX. Darius Nothus annis XIX, ab olympiade octogesima nona.\n\nXI. Artaxes Mnemon annis XL. Sub hoc Esther fuit.\n\nXII. Artaxes, qui et Ochus, annis XXVI.\n\nXIII. Artaxes Ochi annis IV.\n\nXIV. Darius Arsami annis VI.\n\nHiannos CCXXX occupaverunt. Exin Alexander Macedo regnat anno primo olympiadis centesimae undecimae, septimoque regni sui anno Babylonem capit, occisoque Dario Persarum imperium delet.\n\nNunc quoniam in Alexandri mentionem incidi, lubet ab origine cunctos Macedonum reges huic scripto consignare. Neque enim Alexander Macedonum rex primus fuit, sed quartus supra vicesimum. jam primus Macedonum rex fuit\n\nI. Caranus annis XIII.\n\nII. Coenas annis III.\n\nIII. Tyrimmas annis XXXVIII.\n\nIV. Perdicca annis LI.\n\nV. Argelaus annis XXXVIII.\n\nVI. Philippus annis XXXVIII.\n\nVII. Æræus annis XXVI.","english":"VIII. Xerxes, 2 months.\n\nIX. Sogdianus, 7 months.\n\nX. Darius Nothus, 19 years, from the eighty-ninth Olympiad.\n\nXI. Artaxerxes Mnemon, 40 years. Under him was Esther.\n\nXII. Artaxerxes, also called Ochus, 26 years.\n\nXIII. Artaxerxes, son of Ochus, 4 years.\n\nXIV. Darius, son of Arsames, 6 years.\n\nThese held sway for 230 years. Then Alexander of Macedon reigns in the first year of the hundred and eleventh Olympiad, and in the seventh year of his reign he captures Babylon, and when Darius has been killed he destroys the empire of the Persians.\n\nNow since I have fallen upon mention of Alexander, it pleases me to set down in this writing all the kings of the Macedonians from their origin. For Alexander was not the first king of the Macedonians, but the twenty-fourth. Now the first king of the Macedonians was\n\nI. Caranus, 13 years.\n\nII. Coenus, 3 years.\n\nIII. Tyrimmas, 38 years.\n\nIV. Perdiccas, 51 years.\n\nV. Archelaus, 38 years.\n\nVI. Philip, 38 years.\n\nVII. Aeropus, 26 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"VIII. Alcetas annis XXIX.\n\nIX. Amyntas annis L.\n\nX. Alexander annis XLIV.\n\nXI. Perdicca annis XXVIII.\n\nXII. Archelaus annis XXIV.\n\nXIII. Orestes annis III.\n\nXIV. Archelaus annis in.\n\nXV. Amyntas anno I.\n\nXVI. Pausanias anno i.\n\nXVU. Amyntas annis vi.\n\nXVIII. Argæus annis II.\n\nXIX. Amyntas annis XVIII.\n\nXX. Alexander anno i.\n\nXXI. Ptolemæus annis iv.\n\nXXII. Perdicca annis IV.\n\nXXIII. Philippus annis XXVI.\n\nXXIV. Alexander Philippi annis In et mensibus VI. Hic orbem terrarum compluribus regibus dejectis obtinuit, annosque XXXII natus Babylone diem supremium obiit. Exinde imperium ejus inter plures divisum est. Ipsis quidem Macedonibus imperat Philippus qui et Aridaeus; Alexandriæ vero Ægypti Ptolemæus Lagi: tum annis quinque post imperat Asianis Antigonus; duodecimo denique post Alexandri obitum anno Syris, Babyloni plagisque superioribus dominatur Seleucus Nicanor.","english":"VIII. Alcetas, 29 years.\n\nIX. Amyntas, 50 years.\n\nX. Alexander, 44 years.\n\nXI. Perdiccas, 28 years.\n\nXII. Archelaus, 24 years.\n\nXIII. Orestes, 3 years.\n\nXIV. Archelaus, in years.\n\nXV. Amyntas, 1 year.\n\nXVI. Pausanias, 1 year.\n\nXVII. Amyntas, 6 years.\n\nXVIII. Argaeus, 2 years.\n\nXIX. Amyntas, 18 years.\n\nXX. Alexander, 1 year.\n\nXXI. Ptolemy, 4 years.\n\nXXII. Perdiccas, 4 years.\n\nXXIII. Philip, 26 years.\n\nXXIV. Alexander son of Philip, 12 years and 6 months. He, after overthrowing several kings, gained possession of the whole world, and having reached the age of 32, he met his final day at Babylon. Thereafter his empire was divided among several. Over the Macedonians themselves Philip, also called Arrhidaeus, ruled; but over Alexandria in Egypt, Ptolemy son of Lagus; then five years later Antigonus ruled over the Asians; finally, in the twelfth year after Alexander's death, Seleucus Nicanor held dominion over the Syrians, the Babylonians, and the upper regions.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"Age vero quandoquidem hosce commemoravi-mus, singulorum quoque nomina scripto complecti non pigeat.\n\nAlexandro e vivis erepto, Maccdonihus proprio imperat\n\nXXV. Pbilippus, qui et Aridxus, annis -VII.\n\nXXVI. Casander annis XIX.\n\nXXVII. Filii hujus annis iv.\n\nXXVIII. Demetrius annis v.\n\nXXIX. Pyrrhus mensibus VII.\n\nXXX. Lysimachus annis v et mensibus VII.\n\nXXXI. Ptolemæus Ccraunus anno i et mensibus IX.\n\nXXXII. Meleager mensibus II:\n\nXXXIII. Antipater diebus XLV.\n\nXXXIV. Sosthenes annis II.\n\nXXXV. Antigonus Gouatas annis XXXVI.\n\nXXXVI. Demetriusannis x.\n\nXXXVII. Antigonus annis xv.\n\nXXXVIII. Philippus annis XLII.\n\nXXXIX. Perseus annis x.\n\nInterfecto Perseo, Romani Macedonibus libertatem impertiti sunt, eisque sui juris esse concesserunt annis xiv.\n\nXL. Falsus Philippus anno I. Summa annorum DCXLVII.\n\ni. Interest et caetera regna describere. Anno post Alexandri fata quinto imperat Asianis I. Antigonus annis XVIII.","english":"But since I have commemorated these, it should not be irksome to include in writing the names of each as well.\n\nAfter Alexander was removed from the living, he commands the Macedonians as their own ruler.\n\nXXV. Philip, also called Aridaeus, 7 years.\n\nXXVI. Cassander, 19 years.\n\nXXVII. This man's sons, 4 years.\n\nXXVIII. Demetrius, 5 years.\n\nXXIX. Pyrrhus, 7 months.\n\nXXX. Lysimachus, 5 years and 7 months.\n\nXXXI. Ptolemy Ceraunus, 1 year and 9 months.\n\nXXXII. Meleager, 2 months.\n\nXXXIII. Antipater, 45 days.\n\nXXXIV. Sosthenes, 2 years.\n\nXXXV. Antigonus Gonatas, 36 years.\n\nXXXVI. Demetrius, 10 years.\n\nXXXVII. Antigonus, 15 years.\n\nXXXVIII. Philip, 42 years.\n\nXXXIX. Perseus, 10 years.\n\nAfter Perseus was killed, the Romans granted freedom to the Macedonians and allowed them to be under their own jurisdiction for 14 years.\n\nXL. False Philip, 1 year. The total of years is 647.\n\nIt is also of interest to describe the other kingdoms. In the fifth year after Alexander's death, Antigonus rules the Asians, for 18 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"II. Demetrius Poliorcetcs annis XVII.\n\nAmborum dominatio conjuncta annos occupat XXXV. Operae pretium est eos item Iqui his successerunt scriptis tradere, Syrorum videlicet, Babylonis superiorumque regionum reges. Alexandro jam ante duodecimum annum exstincto, regnat\n\nI. Seleucus Nicanor annis XXXVIII.\n\nII. Anliochus Soter annis xix.\n\nIII. Antiocbus Deus annis xv. Hujus undecimo ' anno jugo semet Macedonum Parthi eripuerunt, atque ex his regnat Arsaces unde Arsacidæ. Pradictis annis XXXVIII, xix et xv addatur\n\nIV. Seleucus Callinicus annis xx.\n\nV. Seleucus Ceraunus annis III.\n\nVI. Anliochus Magnus annis XXXVI.\n\nVII. Seleucus annis XII. In id tempus res secundi libri Machabæorum incidunt.\n\nVIII. Antiochus Epiphanes annis XI.\n\nPrimus hic Judaeos maximis supplieiis ad idolorum cultum adigebat, quae cognoscere est e Machabæorum libris.","english":"II. Demetrius Poliorcetes, seventeen years.\n\nThe rule of both together occupies thirty-five years. It is worthwhile to hand down in writing also those who succeeded them, namely the kings of the Syrians, of Babylon, and of the upper regions. Alexander having already been dead twelve years, there reigns\n\nI. Seleucus Nicanor, thirty-eight years.\n\nII. Antiochus Soter, nineteen years.\n\nIII. Antiochus Deus, fifteen years. In his eleventh year the Parthians tore the yoke of the Macedonians from themselves, and from these reigns Arsaces, whence the Arsacids. To the aforesaid years thirty-eight, nineteen, and fifteen let there be added\n\nIV. Seleucus Callinicus, twenty years.\n\nV. Seleucus Ceraunus, three years.\n\nVI. Antiochus Magnus, thirty-six years.\n\nVII. Seleucus, twelve years. Into this period the events of the second book of Maccabees fall.\n\nVIII. Antiochus Epiphanes, eleven years.\n\nHe first compelled the Jews by the greatest tortures to the worship of idols, which one may learn from the books of Maccabees.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"IX. Antiochus Eupator annis II.\n\nX. Demetrius Soter annis XII. Hujus anno tertio Judas Machabæus supremus dux Judæis fiebat.\n\nXI. Alexander annis IX et mensibus x.\n\nXII. Demetrius annis III.\n\nXIII. Antiochus Sidetes annis IX. Arsaces Parthus hunc Antiochum interfecit.\n\nXIV. Demetrius denuo annis IV.\n\nXV. Antiochus Grypus annis XII.\n\nXVI. Antiochus Cyzicenus annis XVIII.\n\nXVII. Philippus annis II.\n\nSyrorum hactenus deductum imperium olympiade centesima septuagesima secunda exstinctum est.\n\nit. Tempora quoque Ptolemæorum scribamus. Post Alexandri obitum regnat, uti dictum est, Alexandriae Ægypti\n\nI. Ptolemaeus Lagi annis XL.\n\nII. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus annis XXXVIII. Hic Hebræorum libros in Græcam linguam converti mandavit.\n\nIII. Ptolemæus Evergetes annis xxvi.\n\nIV. Ptolemaeus Philopator annis XVII.\n\nV. Ptolemæus Epiphanes annis xxiv.","english":"IX. Antiochus Eupator, two years.\n\nX. Demetrius Soter, twelve years. In his third year Judas Maccabeus became supreme leader of the Jews.\n\nXI. Alexander, nine years and ten months.\n\nXII. Demetrius, three years.\n\nXIII. Antiochus Sidetes, nine years. Arsaces the Parthian killed this Antiochus.\n\nXIV. Demetrius again, four years.\n\nXV. Antiochus Grypus, twelve years.\n\nXVI. Antiochus Cyzicenus, eighteen years.\n\nXVII. Philip, two years.\n\nThe empire of the Syrians, having been brought down to this point, came to an end in the one hundred and seventy-second Olympiad.\n\nLikewise let us write also the times of the Ptolemies. After the death of Alexander, as has been said, there reigns at Alexandria in Egypt\n\nI. Ptolemy son of Lagus, forty years.\n\nII. Ptolemy Philadelphus, thirty-eight years. He ordered the books of the Hebrews to be translated into the Greek language.\n\nIII. Ptolemy Euergetes, twenty-six years.\n\nIV. Ptolemy Philopator, seventeen years.\n\nV. Ptolemy Epiphanes, twenty-four years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"VI. Ptolemaeus Philometor annis XXXV. Hujus anno vicesimo Judas Machabæus Judæorum copias ductabat.\n\nVII. Ptolemaeus Evergetes annis xxix.\n\nVUL. Ptolemaeus Physcon, idemque Soter, anni? XVII.\n\nIX. Ptolemaeus Physcon, idemque Alexander, annis x.\n\nX. Ptolemæus, qui pulsus est, annis VIII.,\n\nXI. Ptolemaeus Dionysus annis xxx.\n\nXII. Cleopatra annis XXII.\n\nHujus anno tertio apud Romanos regnat Caius, qui et Julius, annis v. Deinde Augustus annis LVI, qui decimo quinto imperii sui anno, Cleopatra occisa, Ægypto potitur. Ptolemæorum temporibus anni CCXCVI continentur.\n\nNunc quoniam ad hæc splendida regna pertigimus, par est reges illarum gentium a principio perscribere, quos praetermisimus Quippe Eusebius Ptolemaeis in suo tractatu defunclus, ad res Graecas dicendas progreditur, nempe qua ratione Graeci antiquitates suas scribant, tum et nomina singulorum percenset. Nos igitur Ægyptios primum, deinde alios, postremo Romanos, qui omnia complexi sunt, persequemur.","english":"VI. Ptolemy Philometor, thirty-five years. In his twentieth year Judas Maccabeus was leading the forces of the Jews.\n\nVII. Ptolemy Euergetes, twenty-nine years.\n\nVUL. Ptolemy Physcon, the same as Soter, seventeen years.\n\nIX. Ptolemy Physcon, the same as Alexander, ten years.\n\nX. Ptolemy, who was expelled, eight years.\n\nXI. Ptolemy Dionysus, thirty years.\n\nXII. Cleopatra, twenty-two years.\n\nIn her third year, Gaius, also called Julius, reigned among the Romans for five years. Then Augustus for fifty-six years, who in the fifteenth year of his rule, after Cleopatra was killed, gained possession of Egypt. Within the times of the Ptolemies are contained two hundred ninety-six years.\n\nNow since we have reached these splendid kingdoms, it is fitting to write out from the beginning the kings of those peoples whom we have passed over. Indeed Eusebius, having finished with the Ptolemies in his treatise, proceeds to speak of Greek affairs, namely in what manner the Greeks write their antiquities, and then he also recounts the names of each individually. We therefore shall follow first the Egyptians, then others, and finally the Romans, who encompassed all things.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"I dynaslia.Egyptiorum ea dicitur a Manethone qua imperavit Menes Thynites ejusque septem posteri annis CCLVIII.\n\nII dynastia novem regum annis CCLXXXXVII.\n\nIII dynastia Memphitarum octo regum annis CLXXXXVIII.\n\nIV dynastia Memphitarum quindecim regum annis CCCCLXVIII.\n\nV dynastia Elephantinorum regum triginta et unius annis c.\n\nVI dynastia. Femina quaedam Nilocris, omnium sui temporis virorum fortissima et mulicrum formosissima. Regnatum est annis CCIV.\n\nVII dynastia Memphitarum quinque regum annis LXXV.\n\nVIII dynastia Memphitarum quinque regum annis c.\n\nIX dynastia Heracleopolitanorum quatuor regum annis c.\n\nX dynasLia rursus indidem novemdecim regum annis CLXXXVII.\n\nXI dynastia Diospolitanorum sexdecim regum annis LIX.\n\nXII dynastia Diospolitanorum septem regum annis CCXLVIII.\n\nDuodecim hae dynastiæ pertingunt ad annum CLXXIV post diluvium.","english":"I. The first dynasty of the Egyptians is called by Manetho that in which Menes the Thynite reigned, and his seven descendants, for 258 years.\n\nII. The second dynasty, of nine kings, for 297 years.\n\nIII. The third dynasty, of the Memphites, of eight kings, for 198 years.\n\nIV. The fourth dynasty, of the Memphites, of fifteen kings, for 468 years.\n\nV. The fifth dynasty, of the Elephantines, of thirty-one kings, for 100 years.\n\nVI. The sixth dynasty. A certain woman, Nilocris, the bravest of all the men of her time and the most beautiful of women. There was a reign of 204 years.\n\nVII. The seventh dynasty, of the Memphites, of five kings, for 75 years.\n\nVIII. The eighth dynasty, of the Memphites, of five kings, for 100 years.\n\nIX. The ninth dynasty, of the Heracleopolitans, of four kings, for 100 years.\n\nX. The tenth dynasty, again from the same place, of nineteen kings, for 187 years.\n\nXI. The eleventh dynasty, of the Diospolitans, of sixteen kings, for 59 years.\n\nXII. The twelfth dynasty, of the Diospolitans, of seven kings, for 248 years.\n\nThese twelve dynasties extend to the year 174 after the flood.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"XIII dynastia rursus regum sexaginta indidem annis CCCCLIV.\n\nXIV dynastia Xoitarum sex supra septuaginta regum annis CLXXXIV.\n\nXV dynastia Diospolitanorum regum annis CCL.\n\nXVI dynastia Thebanorum quinque regum annis CXC.\n\nSexdecim hae dynastiae producuntur usque ad primum Abrahami annum.\n\nXVII dynastia Pastorum annis CIII.\n\nJosephum ejusque fratres congruenler pastores appellabis.\n\nXVIII dynastia Diospolitanorum quatuordecim regum annis CCCXLVIII. Horum undecimus est Chencheres rex, cujus decimo anno Moses populum abduxit. Ille autem ibidem permansit.\n\nXIX dynastia Diospolitanorum quinque regum annis CLXXXXIV.\n\nHoc anno. qui est post Abrahamum natum DCCCXXXV, Ilium captum est.\n\nXX dynaslia Diospolitanorum duodecim regum annis CLXXVIII.\n\nXXI dynastia Tanitarum quinque regum annis CXXX.\n\nXXII dynastia Bubastitarum trium regum an-. nis XXIX.","english":"XIII. The thirteenth dynasty, again of sixty kings from the same place, for 454 years.\n\nXIV. The fourteenth dynasty, of the Xoites, of seventy-six kings, for 184 years.\n\nXV. The fifteenth dynasty, of the Diospolitans, of kings, for 250 years.\n\nXVI. The sixteenth dynasty, of the Thebans, of five kings, for 190 years.\n\nThese sixteen dynasties are extended down to the first year of Abraham.\n\nXVII. The seventeenth dynasty, of the Shepherds, for 103 years.\n\nYou will properly call Joseph and his brothers shepherds.\n\nXVIII. The eighteenth dynasty, of the Diospolitans, of fourteen kings, for 348 years. The eleventh of these is King Chencheres, in whose tenth year Moses led the people away. But he himself remained in the same place.\n\nXIX. The nineteenth dynasty, of the Diospolitans, of five kings, for 194 years.\n\nIn this year, which is 835 years after Abraham was born, Ilium was captured.\n\nXX. The twentieth dynasty, of the Diospolitans, of twelve kings, for 178 years.\n\nXXI. The twenty-first dynasty, of the Tanites, of five kings, for 130 years.\n\nXXII. The twenty-second dynasty, of the Bubastites, of three kings, for 29 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"XXIII dynastia Tanitarum trium regum annis XLIV.\n\nXXIV dynastia Bocchoris Saitae annis XLIII. Sub hoc agnus locutus est. Idem Bocchoris vivus a Sabaco combustus est, qui et in regnum successit.\n\nXXV dynastia Æthiopum trium regum annis XLIV.\n\nXXVI dynastia Saltarum novem regum annis CLXVII.\n\nXXVII dynastia Persarum octo regum annis CXX et mensibus quatuor.\n\nXXVIII dynaslia Amritæ Saitae annis vi.\n\nXXIX dynastia Mendesiorum quatuor regum annis XXXI.\n\nXXX dynastia Sebennytarum trium regum annis xx.\n\nXXXI dynastia Persarum trium regum annis xvi, quorum postremus Darius, is quem Alexander interfecit. A primo sextæ dcciime dynastiae anno ad septimum annum Alexandri, qui Darium occidit, Ægyptum occupavit Alexandriamque condidit, anni elapsi sunt MDCLXXXVII.\n\nAge jam de regibus Sicyoniorum scribere aggredior, quorum primus anno Beli quinto decimo rex fuit","english":"XXIII dynasty of the Tanites, of three kings, for 44 years.\n\nXXIV dynasty of Bocchoris the Saite, for 43 years. Under him a lamb spoke. The same Bocchoris was burned alive by Sabaco, who also succeeded to the kingdom.\n\nXXV dynasty of the Ethiopians, of three kings, for 44 years.\n\nXXVI dynasty of the Saltes, of nine kings, for 167 years.\n\nXXVII dynasty of the Persians, of eight kings, for 120 years and four months.\n\nXXVIII dynasty of Amrites the Saite, for 6 years.\n\nXXIX dynasty of the Mendesians, of four kings, for 31 years.\n\nXXX dynasty of the Sebennytes, of three kings, for 20 years.\n\nXXXI dynasty of the Persians, of three kings, for 16 years, the last of whom was Darius, the one whom Alexander killed. From the first year of the sixteenth dynasty to the seventh year of Alexander, who killed Darius, took Egypt and founded Alexandria, 1687 years elapsed.\n\nNow I begin to write about the kings of the Sicyonians, the first of whom was king in the fifteenth year of Belus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"I. Ægialeus annis LUI.\n\ni!. Europs annis XLV.\n\nAnno Europis vicesimo secundo nascitur Abrahamus.\n\nIII. Melchin annis xx.\n\nIV. Apis annis xxv.\n\nV. Thehion annis Ut\n\nVI. Ægydrus annis XXXIV.\n\nVII. Thurimaohus annis XLV.\n\nAnno Thurimachi sexto imperat Icimus Argivis Inachus.\n\nVIII. Leucippus annis LIII.\n\nIX. Messapus annis XLVII.\n\nX. Erastus annis XLVI.\n\nXI. Plemnaeus annis XLIX.\n\nXII. Orthopolis annis LIlII.\n\nX!!!. Marathius annis X.\n\nXIV. Marathus annis xx.\n\nXV. Chereus annis LV.\n\nXVI. Corax annis XXX.\n\nXVII. Epopeus annis XXXV.\n\nXVIII. Laomcdon annis XL.\n\nXIX. Sicyon annis XLLV.\n\nEx hoc Sicyone appellati sunt Sicyonii, qui antea Ægialei audiebant.\n\nXX. Polybus annis XL.\n\nXXI. Inachus annis XLII.\n\nXXII. Phæstus annis VIII.\n\nXXIII. Adrastus annis IV.\n\nXXIV. Polyphides annis XXXI\n\nXXV. Pelasgus annis xx.\n\nXXVI. Zeuxippus annis XXXI.","english":"I. Aegialeus, 55 years.\n\nII. Europs, 45 years.\n\nIn the twenty-second year of Europs, Abraham is born.\n\nIII. Melchin, 20 years.\n\nIV. Apis, 25 years.\n\nV. Thehion, 30 years.\n\nVI. Aegydrus, 34 years.\n\nVII. Thurimachus, 45 years.\n\nIn the sixth year of Thurimachus, Inachus reigns over the Argives.\n\nVIII. Leucippus, 53 years.\n\nIX. Messapus, 47 years.\n\nX. Erastus, 46 years.\n\nXI. Plemnaeus, 49 years.\n\nXII. Orthopolis, 53 years.\n\nXIII. Marathius, 10 years.\n\nXIV. Marathus, 20 years.\n\nXV. Chereus, 55 years.\n\nXVI. Corax, 30 years.\n\nXVII. Epopeus, 35 years.\n\nXVIII. Laomedon, 40 years.\n\nXIX. Sicyon, 45 years.\n\nFrom this Sicyon the Sicyonians were named, who before were called Aegialei.\n\nXX. Polybus, 40 years.\n\nXXI. Inachus, 42 years.\n\nXXII. Phaestus, 8 years.\n\nXXIII. Adrastus, 4 years.\n\nXXIV. Polyphides, 31 years.\n\nXXV. Pelasgus, 20 years.\n\nXXVI. Zeuxippus, 31 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"Hi annos DCCCCLVIII occupaverunt. Deinde haud jam reges sed Carnii sacerdotes annis XXXIII.\n\nAnno Thurimachi sexto initium factum est Argivorum regum, quorum primus fuit\n\nI. Inachus annis x, ex quo lnachiae nomen ea provincia sortita est.\n\nit. Pboroneus annis LX.\n\nIII. Apis annis XXXV.\n\nIV. Argus annis LXX, ex quo regionis appellatio mutata est dictaque Argia.\n\nV. Criasus annis LIV.\n\nVI. Phorbas annis XXXV.\n\nVII. Triopas annis XLV.\n\nVIII. Crotopus annis XXI.\n\nIX. Stbenelus annis XI.\n\nX. Danaus annis L.\n\nXI. Lynccus annis XLI.\n\nXII. Abas annis XXIII.\n\nDardanis imperavit Tros, ex quo Trojanis nomen inditum est.\n\nXIII. Prœtus annis xv.\n\nXIV. Acrisius annis XXXI.\n\nArgivorum reges desiverunt postquam annis DCCXLIV permanserant.\n\nAnno servitutis in Ægypto centesimo, Phorbantisque Argivorum regis tricesimo secundo regnat Alhenis primus","english":"These occupied 958 years. Then no longer kings but the Carnian priests, for 33 years.\n\nIn the sixth year of Thurimachus was the beginning of the kings of the Argives, the first of whom was\n\nI. Inachus, 10 years, from whom that province received the name Inachia.\n\nII. Phoroneus, 60 years.\n\nIII. Apis, 35 years.\n\nIV. Argus, 70 years, from whom the name of the region was changed and it was called Argia.\n\nV. Criasus, 54 years.\n\nVI. Phorbas, 35 years.\n\nVII. Triopas, 45 years.\n\nVIII. Crotopus, 21 years.\n\nIX. Sthenelus, 11 years.\n\nX. Danaus, 50 years.\n\nXI. Lynceus, 41 years.\n\nXII. Abas, 23 years.\n\nTros ruled over the Dardanians, from whom the Trojans received their name.\n\nXIII. Proetus, 15 years.\n\nXIV. Acrisius, 31 years.\n\nThe kings of the Argives ceased after they had lasted 744 years.\n\nIn the hundredth year of the servitude in Egypt, and the thirty-second of Phorbas king of the Argives, the first at Athens reigns","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"i. Cecrops Diphyes annis L.\n\nII. Cranaus annis IX.\n\nIII. Amphictyon annis x.\n\nIV. Erechthionius annis L.\n\nV. Pandion annis XL.\n\nVI. Erechtheus annis L.\n\nVII. Cecrops alter annis XL.\n\nVIII. Pandion annis xxv.\n\nIX. Ægeus annis XLVIII.\n\nX. Theseus annis xxx.\n\nXI. Mines annis XXIII. Ilium captum est.\n\nXII. Dcmophon annis XXXIII.\n\nXUI. Oxyntes annis XII.\n\nXIV. Aphidas anno i.\n\nXV. Thymoetes annis VIII.\n\nXVI. Melanthus annis XXXVII.\n\nXVII. Codrus annis XXI.\n\nPrincipes quod vita maneret\n\nXVIII. Melon annis xx.\n\nXIX. Acaslus annis XXXVI.\n\nXX. Archippus annis xix.\n\nXXI. Thersippus annis XLI.\n\nXXII. Phorbas annis XXXI.\n\nXXIII. Megacles annis xxx.\n\nXXIV. Diognelus annis XXVIII.\n\nXXV. Pheracles annis XIX.\n\nXXVI. Ariphron annis xx.\n\nXXVII. Thespieus annis XXVII.\n\nXX VIII. Agamestor annis xx.\n\nXXIX. Æschylus annis XXIII.\n\nPrimo Æschyli anno regnat apud Lydos Ardysus; tertio autem hujus anno prima olympias acta est. forro hanc olympiadem instituit Iphitus Praxionidæ Haenionis. Ex hoc jam tempore Graecorum chronologia firmitatem prae se ferre videtur cum anlca pro suo quisque libito rem definiret.","english":"I. Cecrops Diphyes, 50 years.\n\nII. Cranaus, 9 years.\n\nIII. Amphictyon, 10 years.\n\nIV. Erechtheus, 50 years.\n\nV. Pandion, 40 years.\n\nVI. Erechtheus, 50 years.\n\nVII. Cecrops the second, 40 years.\n\nVIII. Pandion, 25 years.\n\nIX. Aegeus, 48 years.\n\nX. Theseus, 30 years.\n\nXI. Menestheus, 23 years. Troy was captured.\n\nXII. Demophon, 33 years.\n\nXIII. Oxyntes, 12 years.\n\nXIV. Aphidas, 1 year.\n\nXV. Thymoetes, 8 years.\n\nXVI. Melanthus, 37 years.\n\nXVII. Codrus, 21 years.\n\nChiefs, as long as life remained\n\nXVIII. Melon, 20 years.\n\nXIX. Acastus, 36 years.\n\nXX. Archippus, 19 years.\n\nXXI. Thersippus, 41 years.\n\nXXII. Phorbas, 31 years.\n\nXXIII. Megacles, 30 years.\n\nXXIV. Diognetus, 28 years.\n\nXXV. Pheracles, 19 years.\n\nXXVI. Ariphron, 20 years.\n\nXXVII. Thespieus, 27 years.\n\nXXVIII. Agamestor, 20 years.\n\nXXIX. Aeschylus, 23 years.\n\nIn the first year of Aeschylus, Ardysus reigned among the Lydians; but in the third year of this man the first Olympiad was held. For Iphitus, son of Praxionidas, son of Haemon, instituted this Olympiad. From this time onward the chronology of the Greeks seems to carry firmness before it, whereas before each defined the matter according to his own pleasure.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"XXX. Alcmæon annis II.\n\nXXXI. Charops annis x.\n\nXXXII. Æsimides annis x.\n\nXXXIII. Clidicus annis x.\n\nXXXIV. Hippomenes annis x.\n\nXXXV. Leocrates annis x.\n\nXXXVI. Apsander annis x.\n\nXXXVII. Eryxias annis x.\n\nAthenarum reges post annos DCCCLXXIII finem habuerunt.\n\nPostulat instituti nostri ratio, ut hisce Lacedæmoniorum quoque reges adjungamus, quorum primus anno Samuelis et Saulis sexto decimo regnat\n\nI Eurystheus annis XLII.\n\nII. Agis anno I.\n\nIII. Echestratus annis XXXV.\n\nIV. Labotas annis XXXVII.\n\nV. Doristhus annis xxix.\n\nVI. Agesilaus annis XLIV.\n\nVII. Archelaus annis LX.\n\nVIII. Telecles annis XL.\n\nIX. Alcamanes annis XXXVII.\n\nHis post annos CCCXXV finis eft impositus.\n\nAnno istorum altero, qui erat decimus septimus Samuelis et Saulis, regnat apud Corinthios\n\nI. Alethes annis XXXV.\n\nII. Ixion annis XXXVII.\n\nIII. Agelaus annis XXXVII.","english":"XXX. Alcmaeon, 2 years.\n\nXXXI. Charops, 10 years.\n\nXXXII. Aesimides, 10 years.\n\nXXXIII. Clidicus, 10 years.\n\nXXXIV. Hippomenes, 10 years.\n\nXXXV. Leocrates, 10 years.\n\nXXXVI. Apsander, 10 years.\n\nXXXVII. Eryxias, 10 years.\n\nThe kings of Athens came to an end after 873 years.\n\nThe plan of our undertaking requires that to these we also add the kings of the Lacedaemonians, the first of whom reigned in the sixteenth year of Samuel and Saul.\n\nI. Eurystheus, 42 years.\n\nII. Agis, 1 year.\n\nIII. Echestratus, 35 years.\n\nIV. Labotas, 37 years.\n\nV. Doristhus, 29 years.\n\nVI. Agesilaus, 44 years.\n\nVII. Archelaus, 60 years.\n\nVIII. Telecles, 40 years.\n\nIX. Alcamanes, 37 years.\n\nTo these an end was put after 325 years.\n\nIn the second year of these men, which was the seventeenth of Samuel and Saul, there reigned among the Corinthians\n\nI. Alethes, 35 years.\n\nII. Ixion, 37 years.\n\nIII. Agelaus, 37 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"IV. Primnis annis XXXV.\n\nV. Bacchis annis XXXV.\n\nVI. Agelas annis xxx.\n\nVII. Eudemeus annis xxv.\n\nVIII. Aristomedes annis XXXV.\n\nIX. Agemon annis,. VI.\n\nX. Alexander annis XXV.\n\nXI. Telestes annis XII.\n\nXII. Automenes anni II.\n\nHi regnaverunt annis CCCXXIV; eodemque anno, quo Lacedæmonii, desiverunt prima olympiade.\n\nPopulorum omnium regumque ethnicorum extremam placuit nobis Romanorum chronologiam conficere. Nemo quippe caeterorum voti nostri compos factus est, CHRISTI videlicet lucis cœlo mananLis, solis inquam justitiæ. Verum hi, ad quos scribendos nunc aggredior, quanquam noctu viæ se commiserint, atque initio, uti caeteri, in tenebris versati sunt; nihilominus ex his plures digni babiti sunt qui splendore lucis collustrarentur, prout suo loco cognosces\n\nJam vero tertio post Ilium captum anno, biennio ante Sampsonem, Teutami autcm vicesimo nono anno apud Latinos regnat","english":"IV. Primnis, 35 years.\n\nV. Bacchis, 35 years.\n\nVI. Agelas, 30 years.\n\nVII. Eudemeus, 25 years.\n\nVIII. Aristomedes, 35 years.\n\nIX. Agemon, 6 years.\n\nX. Alexander, 25 years.\n\nXI. Telestes, 12 years.\n\nXII. Automenes, 2 years.\n\nThese reigned 324 years; and in the same year in which the Lacedaemonians did, they ceased, in the first Olympiad.\n\nIt pleased us to complete the chronology of the Romans as the last of all the peoples and ethnic kings. For none of the others was made partaker of our vow, namely of CHRIST, the light coming down from heaven, the sun, I say, of justice. But these, whom I now undertake to write of, although they committed themselves to the night of the way, and at the beginning, like the others, were versed in darkness, nevertheless many of them were deemed worthy to be illumined by the splendor of light, as you will learn in its place.\n\nNow indeed in the third year after the capture of Ilium, two years before Sampson, but in the twenty-ninth year of Teutamus, there reigns among the Latins","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"I. Æneas annis III.\n\nII. Ascanius annis XXXVIII.\n\nIII. Silvius Æneæ annis XXIX.\n\nIV. Latinus Silvius annis XXXI. A Latino gens Latini appellati per annos CCCCLX.\n\nV. iDeas Silvius annis x..\n\nVI. Alba Silvius annis XXXIX.\n\nVII. Epitus Silvius annis XXVI.\n\nVIII. Capys Silvius annis XXVIII.\n\nIX. Anchises Silvius annis XIII.\n\nX. Tiberius Silvius annis VIII.\n\nXI. Agrippa Silvius annis XLI.\n\nXII. Aremulus Silvius annis xix.\n\nXIII. Aventius Silvius annis XXXVII.\n\nXIV. Procas Silvius annis xxi.\n\nXV. Amulius Silvius annis XLIII. In hujus annum decimum nonum prima olympias incurrit.\n\nI. Romulus annis XXXVIII. Hic anno suo decimo nono, qui fuit olympiadis undecimae quartus, tempta et moenia Romæ fundavit. Hinc anni urbis conditae putari incipiunt, qui anno primo Philippi mille numerantur. Hinc etiam Latini Romanorum nomen habuerunt. Congeruntur autem ex Ænea ad Romulum anni CCCCXXVI.","english":"I. Aeneas, 3 years.\n\nII. Ascanius, 38 years.\n\nIII. Silvius, son of Aeneas, 29 years.\n\nIV. Latinus Silvius, 31 years. From Latinus the Latin people were named for 460 years.\n\nV. iDeas Silvius, 10 years.\n\nVI. Alba Silvius, 39 years.\n\nVII. Epitus Silvius, 26 years.\n\nVIII. Capys Silvius, 28 years.\n\nIX. Anchises Silvius, 13 years.\n\nX. Tiberius Silvius, 8 years.\n\nXI. Agrippa Silvius, 41 years.\n\nXII. Aremulus Silvius, 19 years.\n\nXIII. Aventius Silvius, 37 years.\n\nXIV. Procas Silvius, 21 years.\n\nXV. Amulius Silvius, 43 years. In his nineteenth year the first Olympiad falls.\n\nI. Romulus, 38 years. In his nineteenth year, which was the fourth of the eleventh Olympiad, he founded the walls of Rome. From here the years of the founding of the city begin to be reckoned, which in the first year of Philip are numbered as one thousand. From here also the Latins took the name of the Romans. But from Aeneas to Romulus are gathered 426 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"II. Numa Pompilius annis XLI. Hic menses duos anno addidit Janum et Februum, nempe Januarium atquc Februarium, cum decem antea dicerentur.\n\nIII. Tullus Hostilius annis XXIII.\n\nIV. Ancus Marcius annis XXIII.\n\nV. Tarquinius Priscus aionis XXXVII. Uic isti finem faciunt.\n\nPost reges praefuerunt Romæ consules a Bruto exorsi; deinde tribuni, mox dictatores ( nempe eloquentes); rursus consules, qui a Tarquinie ad Caium Julium exstiterunt annis CCCCLX.\n\nPost hos anno altero centesimæ octogesimae quartæ olympiadis summam potestatem apud Romanos exercuit Caius Julius annis quinque, mensibus septem minus. Exin.Cæsarum appellatio obtinuit. Jam huc usque anni duo Cleopatræ numerantur; reliquos viginti eadem sub Romanis exigebat.\n\nAugustus annis LVI, mensibus VI. Ab hujus primo anno Antiocbeni suos annos numerant. Ilujus item anno decimo Judæorum præsules amoti sunt, regnavitque Herodes alienigena. Ecce autem Augusti altero et quadragesimo, Uerodis altero et tricesimo anno, carens tempore FILIUS DEI sancta ex Virgine nascitur in tempore.","english":"II. Numa Pompilius, 41 years. He added two months to the year, Janus and Februus—that is, January and February—when previously ten were reckoned.\n\nIII. Tullus Hostilius, 23 years.\n\nIV. Ancus Marcius, 23 years.\n\nV. Tarquinius Priscus, 37 years. These bring it to an end.\n\nAfter the kings, consuls presided over Rome, beginning with Brutus; then tribunes, soon dictators (namely the eloquent); again consuls, who existed from Tarquinius to Gaius Julius for 460 years.\n\nAfter these, in the second year of the one hundred eighty-fourth Olympiad, Gaius Julius exercised supreme power among the Romans for five years, less seven months. From then the title of Caesars prevailed. Already up to this point two years of Cleopatra are counted; the remaining twenty she passed under the Romans.\n\nAugustus, 56 years, 6 months. From his first year the Antiochenes count their years. Also in his tenth year the Jewish governors were removed, and Herod, a foreigner, reigned. But behold, in the forty-second year of Augustus, in the thirty-second year of Herod, the SON OF GOD, lacking time, is born in time from the holy Virgin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"CAPUT VII.\n\nJabethi proMpta Armeniaca.\n\nPriores duas genealogias, Semi videlicet atque Chami, breviter receosuimus, easdemque, quantum licuit, per succesaiones et tempora ad cum annum usque deduximus, quo manifestatus est Dominus qui bumanam sponte naturam adscivit. Age nune, quod superior oratio nostra promisit, ad Jabethi quoque progeniem describendam accedamus: cujus successivæ procreationes ad Parthos usque defluunt, quo fit ut eum denique, qui fecit utraque unum, Dominum, inquam, nostrum contingamus. Cum igitur praedicti sermonis nostri cursus ad Thorgomum devenerit, sequitur ut ab eo loco narrationem rursus exordiamur.\n\ni. A Thorgomo ait ( Moses Chorenensis, 1, 9) procreatum Haicum. Jam hic Haicus ex eorum erat gigantum numero qui arrogantia tumidi impium consitium construendæ turris pepererunt; quique post cjus immanis aedificii ruinam cum jam inter se propter linguarum divisionem non intelligerent, superbia elati mutuum dominatum affectabant. Is, inquam, Haicus Belo obsistere ausus est, cujus studium eo spectabat ut, cunctis sibi subjectis, generalem tyrannidem exerceret. Ne Belo igitur obtemperaret Haicus, cum filio, quem Babylone susceperat, Armenaco, petit Araratiam, trecentis viris aliisque advenis, qui se illi adjunxerant, cor. roboratus.","english":"CHAPTER VII.\n\nThe Armenian genealogy of Japheth.\n\nWe have briefly reviewed the first two genealogies, namely those of Shem and Ham, and, as far as was permitted, we have traced them through successions and times down to that year in which the Lord was made manifest, who of his own will took on human nature. Come now, as our earlier discourse promised, let us proceed to describe the offspring of Japheth as well, whose successive procreations flow down even to the Parthians, so that at last we reach him who made both one, our Lord, I say. Since, therefore, the course of our aforesaid discourse has arrived at Thorgom, it follows that from that point we begin the narrative again.\n\ni. From Thorgom, says Moses of Chorene (I, 9), was born Haicus. Now this Haicus was of the number of those giants who, swollen with arrogance, brought forth the impious counsel of building the tower; and after the ruin of that monstrous building, when they could no longer understand one another because of the division of tongues, lifted up by pride they sought mutual dominion. He, I say, Haicus, dared to resist Belus, whose aim was to exercise a universal tyranny over all made subject to him. Therefore, that Haicus might not obey Belus, he sought Araratia with his son Armenacus, whom he had begotten at Babylon, strengthened by three hundred men and other strangers who had joined themselves to him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"Ibi vero ad montis radices domicilium excitat, idque mox Armenaci filio Cadmo IUribuens, longius ipse progressus est ad regionem quamdam inter solis occasum et septentrionem sitam, quam et Harchiam nuncupavit. Interim Belus in reliquos omnes dominatum adeptus, Haicum quoque Babylonem accersit: cumque Haicus mandata non faceret, egreditur adversus eum Belus immani arrogantia elatus. Sed enim telo ictus ab Haico vita spoliatur: qui quidem haud paucis post annis vita producta, ditionis bæredem monens reliquit Armenacum.\n\nI. Armenacus Haici filius, post obitum patris, fratres duos Chorum et Manavazum in Harcbensi provincia reliquit, itemque Bazum Manavazi filium. Porro a Manavazo Bazoque dictae feruntur satrapiae Manavazia et Beznunia, itemque ea quae Ordunia appellatur: a Choro autem gentes Chorchoruniæ. Ipse vero Armenacus ultra transgressus, in planitie consedit jugis circumdata, quorum elatiori nomen fecit Aragazo: tum Armæiso post aliquot vitae annos genito, diu exin superstes demum naturae satisfecit.","english":"There, however, he established a dwelling at the foot of the mountain, and soon assigning it to his son Armenacus Cadmus, he himself advanced farther to a certain region situated between the setting of the sun and the north, which he named Harchia. Meanwhile Belus, having gained dominion over all the rest, summoned Haicus also to Babylon; and when Haicus did not carry out his commands, Belus, elated with monstrous arrogance, marched out against him. But struck by a weapon from Haicus, he was deprived of life; Haicus indeed, his life prolonged for not a few years thereafter, left Armenacus, his son, as heir of his dominion.\n\nI. Armenacus, son of Haicus, after the death of his father, left his two brothers Chorus and Manavazus in the province of Harchia, and likewise Bazus, son of Manavazus. Furthermore, from Manavazus and Bazus are said to be named the satrapies Manavazia and Beznunia, and also the one which is called Ordunia; from Chorus, however, the peoples of the Chorchorunians. But Armenacus himself, having crossed beyond, settled in a plain surrounded by ridges, the higher of which he named Aragazus; then, after some years of life, Armæisus was born to him, and surviving him long thereafter, he at last paid his debt to nature.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"Armæisus Armenaci filius stationem sibi in colle ad amnis ripam ædificat. Atque stationem quidem suo de nomine Armaviram appellat, amnem autem es Erasto nepote suo Eraschem vocitat. Mox Saræum filium, prole divitem atque voracem, boream versus in campestrem locum eminuit satis uberem et fructuosum. Huius de nomine regio illa Siracia nuncupata est. Jam Armæisus Amasiam procreavit, diuque adhuc vita usus supremum diem obiit.\n\nAmasias Armaeisi filius, vitam agitans Armavirae, Gelamium genuit et Pharochum atque Zolacium. Idem oppida duo in radicibus montis fundavit, totidemque filiis suis incolenda concessit, Pharocho scilicet forti et Zolacio formoso, quae quidem horum nomina retinent Parachotum et Zolacertam. Montem denique de suo nomine dixit Masisium. Is cum annis præterea non paucis vitam sustentasset, Armavirae decessit.\n\nGelamius Amasiæ filius Harmam procreavit. Idem oppidum in ora lacus condidit, montemque proximum Gelum dixit, urbem Gclacuniam, lacum denique mare Gelacunium. Gelamio filius alter fuit Sisacus, cui fines ditionis constituit ab eo lacu orientem versus, qua fluit amnis Erasches ingenti agmine et strepitu in eos campos delapsus qui dicuntur Chalavazi. Ei regioni nomen est Siunia: sed commodius Persae dicunt Sisicaniam. Urbem etiam condidit Gelamiam de suo nomine dictam, quae postea de Garnico nepote ejus Garnia audiit.","english":"Armæisus, son of Armenacus, built a station for himself on a hill by the riverbank. And he called the station Armavira after his own name, but the river, from his grandson Erastus, he named Erasches. Soon he brought forth his son Saræus, rich in offspring and voracious, toward the north into a level place sufficiently fertile and fruitful. From his name that region was called Siracia. Armæisus then begot Amasias, and after living a long while still, he met his final day.\n\nAmasias, son of Armæisus, passing his life at Armavira, begot Gelamius and Pharochus and Zolacius. He also founded two towns at the foot of the mountain, and granted them to as many of his sons to inhabit, namely to Pharochus the strong and Zolacius the handsome, which indeed retain their names, Parachotum and Zolacerta. Finally he called the mountain Masisium after his own name. When he had sustained his life for not a few years beyond this, he departed at Armavira.\n\nGelamius, son of Amasias, begot Harmas. He also founded a town on the shore of the lake, and called the nearby mountain Gelus, the city Gelacunia, and finally the lake the Gelacunian sea. Gelamius had another son, Sisacus, for whom he established the boundaries of his domain from that lake toward the east, where the river Erasches flows down with a huge mass and roar into those plains which are called Chalavazi. That region has the name Siunia; but the Persians more conveniently call it Sisicania. He also founded a city called Gelamia after his own name, which afterward, from his grandson Garnicus, was heard of as Garnia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"Hinc ortus est consecutis temporibus sub Artaxerxe Varazus ille venationum praefectus Varaznuniæ familiæ fons. Harmæ filio Gelamius in mandatis dedit, ut Armaviræ habitaret, multisque post annis exstinctus est. Harma Gelamio genitus, suscepto filio Aramo, post annos aliquot obiit.\n\nAramus Harmæ filius per saevi martis certamina re sæpe praeclare gesta ditionem suam quaqua versus protulit. Ab hujus nomine consensu gentium omnium regio nostra appellata est: nam Graeci quidem Armenios, Syri vero et Persae Armenicb nos dicunt. Ille Nycbarum Madem bello captum de turris muro suspendit. Eumdem Ninus secundum a se dixit eique diadema margaritis insigne gestare concessit, tametsi specie tenus. Idem Barsamum vita spoliavit: tum et titanum Paeapum Chaliden) e mediterraneis submovit, atque in insulam quamdam Asiani maris adegit. Idem in ea mediterranea regione Mesacum stirpe sua ortum collocavit, qui Mazacam condidit, Caesaream poslea vocatam. Mandavit praeterea terrae ejus incolis, ut Haicanam linguam addiscerent: quamobrem ea plaga dicitur a Græcis, scilicet Armenia prima. Hinc ad fines usque proprios intermedia loca incolis frequentavit, quae secundae, tertiae imo et quartae Armeniæ appellationes nacta sunt. Haec ad verbum Moses.","english":"From him in the following times, under Artaxerxes, sprang that Varazus, prefect of the hunts, the source of the Varaznunian family. He gave orders to his son Harma that he should dwell at Armavira, and many years afterward he died. Harma, born of Gelamius, having taken a son Aramus, died some years later.\n\nAramus, son of Harma, through the contests of savage Mars, having often conducted affairs most brilliantly, extended his dominion in every direction. From his name, by the consent of all peoples, our region was called: for the Greeks indeed call us Armenians, but the Syrians and Persians call us Armenicb. He hung Nycbarus Mades, captured in war, from the wall of a tower. Ninus called the same man second after himself and granted him to wear a diadem distinguished with pearls, though only in appearance. The same man deprived Barsamus of life; then he also removed the titan Paeapus Chalides from the inland regions and drove him to a certain island of the Asian sea. The same man settled in that inland region Mesacus, sprung from his own stock, who founded Mazaca, afterward called Caesarea. He further commanded the inhabitants of that land to learn the Haican tongue: for which reason that region is called by the Greeks, namely Armenia prima. Hence even to its own boundaries he filled the intermediate places with inhabitants, which obtained the names of the second, third, and even fourth Armenia. This according to Moses, to the letter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"Verum alii bislorici docent, a Caesarea Cappadociae ad Ponticam plagam, dici primam Armeniam; a Ponto ad Melitenem, secundam Armeniam; hinc ad Zophiae tines, tertiam Armeniam; exinde ad urbem Martyrum appellatam in Alzniae provinciae occasu, quartam Armeniam; suam denique magnitudine insigni provinciam, Armeniae majoris nomine distinctam voluit. Sed enim basce divisiones Mauricius perturbavit, quod ubi res feret narrabo. Aramus, Araeo genito, longaevam vitam denique clausit.\n\nAraeus pulcher Arami filius eumdem honorem, quo pater affectus fuerat, a Nino retulit. Nino autem exstincto proterva illa Samiramis Aræum cupiditati suae minime obsequentem bello persecuta est, ut in suam potestatem redigeret, qui interim in conflictu bellico periit. Exinde impudens eadem Samiramis munitum illud oppidum condidit, cui ad hanc usque diem manet appellatio Van: in Cardosium autem, Araei filium captum, Araci nomen transtulit. Illa mox a Zoroastre mago, Mediae principe, bello appetita est: ab eo scilicet Zoroastre, cui quotannis in Armeniam ventitans Assy. nam regendam permittebat. Id bellum Aræo quoque AraBi filio fatale fuit: quin et impura Samiramis dum| fugam in Armeniam molitur, Zamæi filii sui manu, qui est Ninuas, interfecta est.","english":"But other historians teach that from Caesarea of Cappadocia to the Pontic region is called the first Armenia; from Pontus to Melitene, the second Armenia; from there to the borders of Zophia, the third Armenia; thence to the city called of the Martyrs in the west of the province of Alznia, the fourth Armenia; and finally he wished his own province, distinguished by its notable size, to be designated by the name of Greater Armenia. But Maurice threw these divisions into confusion, which I shall tell where the matter arises. Aramus, son of Araeus, at last closed his long life.\n\nAraeus, the handsome son of Aramus, received from Ninus the same honor with which his father had been favored. But when Ninus had died, that shameless Semiramis persecuted Araeus with war, since he in no way yielded to her desire, so that she might bring him under her power; he meanwhile perished in the clash of war. Thereafter the same shameless Semiramis founded that fortified town, whose name remains to this day as Van; but on Cardosius, the captured son of Araeus, she transferred the name of Aracus. She was soon attacked in war by Zoroaster the magus, prince of Media: by that Zoroaster, namely, to whom the Assyrian king, coming every year into Armenia, used to entrust it to be governed. That war was fatal also to Araeus the son of Arabus; indeed, even the impure Semiramis, while she attempted flight into Armenia, was killed by the hand of her son Zamaeus, who is Ninyas.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"Araei Aræo geniti filius Anusavanus fuit. Hic Anusavanus, qui Sausii nomen sibi vindicavit, fortitudinem et prudentiam re dictisque mirabiliter prae se tulit: apud Zamaeum autem miro ludibrio habitus, nihilominus amicorum praesidiis partem aliquantam regionis nostrae impetravit: mox et universam. Post hunc haud pro generis jure, sed prout quisque tyrannus potentiae viribus praepollebat, regioni nostrae universae dominati sunt, quorum nomina haec: Paretus, Arbocus, Zavanus, Pharuaces, Surius. Hujus aetate Jesus Navi vir caelebs, sanctus et fortis cum Chananæos debellasset, ex his aliquot Agram profugerunt, navibusque conscensis Tharsim tenuere, quae res constat ex titulo columuis in Africa inscripto hisce verbis: « Josuam IItronem fugientes nos principes Chananæorum sedes huc transtulimus. » Ex iis unus Chnidas multo honestissimus inter nostrates Armeniam tenuit. Profeclo re sedulo considerata gentein Genthuniam ab eo propagatam cognovimus: et quidem origo Chananaea moribus gentis ipsius coarguitur.","english":"Araeus's son by Aræus was Anusavanus. This Anusavanus, who claimed the name Sausius for himself, displayed strength and prudence in deed and word marvellously; but though held in wondrous mockery by Zamæus, he nonetheless obtained, through the support of friends, a certain portion of our region: soon also the whole of it. After him, not by right of lineage but as each tyrant prevailed by the forces of power, they ruled over our whole region, whose names are these: Paretus, Arbocus, Zavanus, Pharuaces, Surius. In his time Jesus Navi, a celibate man, holy and strong, when he had subdued the Chananæans, some of them fled to Agram, and having boarded ships they reached Tharsis, a matter which is established by the inscription of a column in Africa written with these words: \"We, the princes of the Chananæans, fleeing from Josua the Itronian, transferred our seats hither.\" From these one Chnidas, by far the most honourable among our people, held Armenia. With the matter diligently considered, we have learned that the race of Genthunia was propagated from him: and indeed the Chananæan origin is convicted by the customs of that people itself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"Post Surium Havanacius, Vastacus, Haicacius. In aetatem Belochi (i7) Haicacius traditur incidisse, fatoque perfunctus in quodam tumultu temere ab se concitato. Secuti sunt Ambacus, Arnacus, Savarsus, Norærus, Varamus, Garus, Goracus, Rhantus, Enzacus, Gelacus, Hauraeus, Zarmærus. Hic postremus dum Priamo auxiliatur a Tautano missus cum Æthiopum exercitu a foitibus Graecis interemptus est. Deinde Perzius,. Davidi Israelis regi contemporalis. Tum Arbunius, Bnzucus, lloius, Jnsacus, C.epacius, Schaeordius, Paraerus. Hic Parærus Schæordii filius, Haici stirpe ortus, vires cum Varbace Medo ad Sardanapallum regno spoliandum contulit: quamobrem diademate a Varbace donatus, primus ex Haicanis coronatus est.\n\nRhaciæus Paraeri filius nomen Rhaciæi adeplus est ab oculorum flagrantia vultusque' splendore. Hujus aetate cum Nabuchodonosorus Jerosolymorum cives in captivitatem abduxisset, ipse quidem optimatem quemdam e captivis Judaeis nomine Schambatum a Nabuchodunosoro impetravit, quem perhonorifice apud se habuit: atque ex eo gens Bagratunia manavit. Quare et Sembati nomen est a Schambato. Post Rhaciæum diadema Phanavas adeptus est: tum Pazæzus, Cornacus, Phavus, Haicacus, Ervandus, Tigranes.","english":"After Surius: Havanacius, Vastacus, Haicacius. Haicacius is said to have reached the age of Belochus (i7), and having fulfilled his fate, [died] in a certain tumult rashly stirred up by himself. There followed Ambacus, Arnacus, Savarsus, Norerus, Varamus, Garus, Goracus, Rhantus, Enzacus, Gelacus, Hauraeus, Zarmærus. This last, while sent by Tautanus to aid Priam with the army of the Ethiopians, was killed by the Greek foitibus. Then Perzius, a contemporary of David king of the Israelites. Then Arbunius, Bnzucus, lloius, Jnsacus, C.epacius, Schaeordius, Paraerus. This Parærus, son of Schæordius, sprung from the stock of Haicus, joined his forces with Varbaces the Mede against Sardanapallus to strip him of his kingdom: wherefore, presented with the diadem by Varbaces, he was the first of the Haicanians to be crowned.\n\nRhaciæus, son of Paraerus, acquired the name Rhaciæus from the flashing of his eyes and the splendor of his countenance. In his time, when Nabuchodonosorus had led the citizens of Jerusalem away into captivity, he himself obtained from Nabuchodonosorus a certain nobleman from among the Jewish captives named Schambatus, whom he held in his company with great honor: and from him the race of Bagratunia flowed. Wherefore also the name Sembatus comes from Schambatus. After Rhaciæus, Phanavas obtained the diadem: then Pazæzus, Cornacus, Phavus, Haicacus, Ervandus, Tigranes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"ii. Hic Tigranes omnium qui sibi praecesserant potentissimus fuit: cujus praestantis dignitatis laudes ex historia magni Mosis cognoscere licet. Is nonus erat a Parsero primo rege, ad quem Senecherimi lilii Adramelechus et Sanasarus cum parentem interfecissent profugcrunt. Paraerus autem Sanasarum in partibus Assyriam spectantibus collocavit, cujus sobolis incremenu Simum montem repleverunt, ex iisque nonnulli prudentia et fidelitate conspicui praefecturas consecuti sunt. Jam ab Adramolano orti sunt Arzerunii et Genunii. A Paschamo autem Haicacii nepote originem duxit Angeldunus. Jamvero Tigranes Asdahage, qui explicatur draco, interfecto, Anusam iIlius olim uxorem cum ejusdem omni progenie partim post partim ad imum Masisium montem collocavit, nempe in Tambato usque ad Golthiam: unde Vernonzunii Astaiæque manarunt.\n\nTigrani liberi nati sunt Babius, Tiranus, Vahagus a quo Vahagenii, Aravanius a quo sunt Araveniani. Ab Aravano Nerses, a Nerse Zarehius a quo gens Zarebavania. A Zarehio Armoges; ab Armoge Bagamus; a Bagamo Vanus, a Vano Vabes. Is cum Alexandro Macedone conflictamus interiit. Hic ftnem dominatio Haicanæ stirpis nacta est.","english":"ii. This Tigranes was the most powerful of all who had preceded him; the praises of his outstanding dignity may be learned from the history of the great Moses. He was the ninth from Parserus, the first king, to whom Adramelech and Sanasarus, sons of Senecherim, fled when they had killed their father. But Paraerus settled Sanasarus in the regions facing Assyria; the offspring of this man filled the mountain Simus without number, and some of them, distinguished for prudence and fidelity, obtained governorships. Moreover, from Adramolanus sprang the Arzerunii and the Genunii. From Paschamus, however, the nephew of Haicacius, Angeldunus derived his origin. Now Tigranes, having killed Asdahages, who is interpreted as the dragon, settled Anusa, formerly his wife, together with all her progeny, partly afterwards, partly at the foot of Mount Masis, namely in Tambatus as far as Golthia; from there the Vernonzunii and the Astaians flowed.\n\nTo Tigranes were born sons: Babius, Tiranus, Vahagus, from whom the Vahagenii, and Aravanius, from whom are the Aravenians. From Aravanus came Nerses, from Nerses Zarehius, from whom the race of the Zarebavania. From Zarehius came Armoges; from Armoges Bagamus; from Bagamus Vanus; from Vanus Vabes. He perished while fighting against Alexander of Macedon. Here the dominion of the Haican stock came to an end.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"Hinc autem ad Valarsacem in Armenia regnantem nihil satis certum proferre licet, tumultibus omnia tenentibus populoque in mutuas caedes ruente: quæ res facilem Partho Arsaci in Armeniam aditum præbuit, qui quidem regem Armeniae Valarsacem fratrem præfecit. Porro a Belo Haici manu interfecto usque ad Valarsacem anni MDCCCCL, vel MDCCCCXLII, congeruntur.\n\nPostquam Haicanae stirpis imperium ab Alexandro deletum est, postque ipsius Alexandri anno regni duodecimo obitum, imperio ejus in quatuor duces, ut jam diximus, diviso; ex his unus Seleucus Babylonem post Alexandrum tenuit, ac praeter alias gentes, Parthus quoque ingenti bello perdemuit, qua ex re cognomentum Nicanoris retulit. Is annis xxxi regnavit. Deinde Antiochus Soler ejus filius annis xix. Tum Antiochus Deusannisxv. Hujus undecimo anno Macedonum obedientiam Parthi abjiciunt. apud quos primus regnat Fortis ille Arsaces, Abrahami genere ortus de gente Ceturae, in urbe eui nomen Balae annis XXXI. Deinde ejusdem filius Artaxes annis XLVI; post quem Magnus Arsaces annis MIV.","english":"From here, however, nothing sufficiently certain can be brought forward about Valarsaces reigning in Armenia, since tumults held everything and the people rushed into mutual slaughters; this readily gave the Parthian Arsaces an entrance into Armenia, and he indeed set over it as king Valarsaces, his brother. Furthermore, from Belus, slain by the hand of Haicus, down to Valarsaces, 1950 years, or 1942, are gathered together.\n\nAfter the empire of the Haican line was destroyed by Alexander, and after the death of Alexander himself in the twelfth year of his reign, when his empire had been divided among four leaders, as we have already said, one of these, Seleucus, held Babylon after Alexander, and besides other nations he utterly subdued the Parthians too in a mighty war, for which reason he received the surname Nicanor. He reigned thirty-one years. Then Antiochus Soter, his son, reigned nineteen years. Then Antiochus Theos reigned fifteen years. In his eleventh year the Parthians threw off their obedience to the Macedonians, among whom that brave Arsaces first reigned, sprung from the stock of Abraham, of the family of Keturah, in the city whose name is Bala, for thirty-one years. Then his son Artaxes reigned forty-six years; after whom the Great Arsaces reigned 1004 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"Magnus hic Arsaces Valarsacem fratrem Armeniæ nostrae regem imposuit anno Ptolemaei Ever. getæ vicesimo septimo, olympiadis autem sexagesimæ septimae supra centesimam anno quarto, permissis ei regionibus nostris quae septentrionem et occasum spectant. ls autem cum vir fortis simul et prudens esset, multa ac perutilia instituta adornavit, praefecturas ac principatus detulit, familiis, genti bus, urbibus, castellis, pagis, militibus ac prætoribus recte constituendis operam impendit, guæ res breviter percensendae sunt.\n\nInitium enim a copite suo faciens Bagaratum Judæum coronantem atque equitem creat, hoc nimirum honore concesso ut diadema capiti regis imponat. Praeterea, qui sibi chirothecas induant Chananaeos quosdam legit, eamque gentem appellat Genthunios, haud scio an a Cbnida. Corporis sui custodem de Chori Haicani stirpe Malchazum facit: sed pristinum gentis nomen retinuit Malchazuniorum. Venationutn praefectum esse jubet Datum Carnico Gelamii filio genitum: cujus filius Varazus; ejusdemque de nomine gens Varazunia appellata. Tum et Gabalo annonæ suae curam demandat, et Abelo rerum administrationem, traditis etiam oppidis. Illorum nomina gentes Gabelia atque Abelia retinent. Statuit et Arzrunios seu Arzivunios; tum et Ghinunios seu Ghiniunos. Atque hi quidem de genere Senecherimi erant.","english":"This great Arsaces imposed his brother Valarsaces as king of our Armenia in the twenty-seventh year of Ptolemy Euergetes, and in the fourth year of the hundred and fifty-seventh Olympiad, granting him our regions which face north and west. He, since he was both a brave and a prudent man, established many and very useful institutions, conferred prefectures and principalities, and devoted effort to rightly organizing families, peoples, cities, fortresses, villages, soldiers, and officers; these matters must be briefly reviewed.\n\nFor beginning from his own head, he crowns Bagaratus the Jew and creates him a knight, granting him this honor, namely, that he place the diadem on the king's head. Moreover, he chose certain Canaanites who put gloves on him, and he calls that people the Genthunii, whether from Cnidus I know not. He makes Malchazus, of the stock of Chori Haicanus, the guardian of his body; but he retained the ancient name of the people, of the Malchazunii. He orders Datus, born of Carnicus the son of Gelamius, to be prefect of the hunt; whose son was Varazus, and from his name the people was called Varazunia. Then he entrusts the care of his grain supply to Gabalus, and the administration of affairs to Abelus, with cities also handed over. Their names the peoples Gabelia and Abelia retain. He established also the Arzrunii or Arzivunii; then also the Ghinunii or Ghiniuni. And these indeed were of the lineage of Senecherimus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"Fecit et Spandunios, qui sibi macellum conimendatum haberent: item Havenunios, qui accipitres gestarent et caperent: rursus Ziunacanos, qui nivem aestate asservarent. Exin regiae custodes legit sibi de priscorum regum progenie, qui diserte Oslani nuncupati sunt, quos adhuc Ibcres Sephezulios vocitant. Denique secundos post regem fecit eos qui erant de gencre Asdahagis Medi, quibus Murenses nomen est.\n\nAge vero orientem versus praefecturas duas constituit Sisacaniam, in eaque Cadmi familiam; inter solis autem ortum et boream Aranum posuit præfectum de stirpe Sisaci. Ea vero regio propter suaves incolarum mores Aluana dicta est. Hujus a stirpe manat gens Uteorum: tum Gardmanensium et Zaudensium et Gargarensium principatus. Gusaris tamen Saraei stirpc ortus possidendas accepit Cangariam atque Zavachiam, principatum item Tasirorum atque Asozium. Jam e regione Caucasi validum populum, de genere MithriJatis Darii satrapæ collocavit, eamque appellavit Gugarensium praefecturam. Exin in ampla valle Basenensi principatum dedit 8tirpi Haicacii Orduniensem appellatum. Tum de Pascbami genere Torchum quemdam, qui propter aspectus torvitatem Anghelius dicebatur, praefectum occidentalem creavit, provinciaeque nomen Angheltunia est.","english":"He also established the Spandunians, who had the market committed to their charge; likewise the Havenunians, who carried falcons and caught them; and again the Ziunacanians, who kept snow in summer. Then he chose for himself royal guards from the lineage of the ancient kings, who are expressly called Oslani, whom the Iberians to this day call Sephezulii. Finally he made second after the king those who were of the race of Asdahag the Mede, whose name is the Murenses.\n\nNow toward the east he established two prefectures, Sisacania, and in it the family of Cadmus; but between the rising of the sun and the north he placed Aranus as prefect from the stock of Sisaces. That region was called Aluana because of the gentle manners of its inhabitants. From his stock springs the people of the Utei; then the principalities of the Gardmanenses and Zaudenses and Gargarenses. Gusar, however, sprung from the stock of Saraeus, received Cangaria and Zavachia to possess, and likewise the principality of the Tasiri and Asozium. Moreover, from the region of the Caucasus he settled a strong people, of the race of Mithridates the satrap of Darius, and called it the prefecture of the Gugarenses. Then in the broad valley of Basen he gave a principality to the stock of Haicacius, called the Orduniensian. Then from the family of Pascham he created a certain Torchus, who because of the fierceness of his countenance was called Anghelius, as western prefect, and the name of the province is Angheltunia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"Porro in Armenia quarta maximam praefecturam Zophiensem fundavit, tum et alias praefecturas Apahuniam, Manavaziam et Beznuniam. Selacha autem viro audaci et fortissimo (qui utrum de stirpe Haici fuerit an antiquiore de gente oriundus non est satis esploratum) paucos homines concessit, eumque jussit montem illum tueri hircosque venando lacessere: eumque populum dixit Selacunios. Id officii Miandaco quoque mandavit, a quo derivantur Mandacunii. Cumque e Vahagenii posteris sacerdotes fecisset, gentem eam Vabuniorum nomine distinxit. Sic et Arravenios atque Arebavenios. Tum ct Sarasanum in Sanasari familia natum, magnum ejus regionis praesidem fecit quae inter occasum meridiemque jacet, eique provinciam Arznensem et Taurum, nempe Simum, montem, omnemque Cœlesyriam permisit. Eadem in provinoia cum Mocensemquemdam nactus esset, praefecturam aliam instituit, iisdemque in locis Cordyæos, Anzevenses atque Accenses collocavit. Verumtamen, quod attinet ad Rhestunios et Golthnenses, quae sunt Sisacenorum coloniæ, utrum eæ provinciae a virorum nominibus vocitatae sint, an e provinciarum appellationibus ipsae praefecturae nomina sortitæ sint, ignoro.","english":"Moreover, in Armenia the Fourth he founded the very great prefecture of Zophium, and then also other prefectures, Apahunium, Manavazium, and Beznunium. But to Selachas, a bold and most valiant man (whether he was of the stock of Haicus or sprung from an older people has not been sufficiently investigated), he granted a few men, and ordered him to guard that mountain and to harass the goats by hunting; and he called that people the Selacunians. He also entrusted this office to Miandacus, from whom the Mandacunians are derived. And when he had made priests from the descendants of Vahagenius, he distinguished that people by the name of the Vabunians. So too the Arravenians and the Arebavenians. Then he made Sarasanus, born in the family of the Sanasarians, the great governor of that region which lies between the west and the south, and he granted him the province of Arznium and the Taurus, namely Mount Simus, and all Coelesyria. When in the same province he had encountered a certain Mocenses, he instituted another prefecture, and in the same places he settled the Cordyaeans, the Anzevenses, and the Accenses. However, as regards the Rhestunians and the Golthnenses, who are colonies of the Sisacenians, I do not know whether these provinces were named from the names of men, or whether the prefectures themselves took their names from the appellations of the provinces.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"Profecto hujus regis cunctas optime instructas constitutiones haud vacat perscribere, neque item aliorum qui velpraecesserunt vel consecuti sunt, quorum res gestae abunde litteris commendatae fuerunt. In præsenti autem præfocturarum tantummodo descriptionem persecuti sumus, quas si quis cognoscere cuperet, eas in promptu cum multis aliis haberet regiis sanctionibus. Ad extremum Valarsaces cum annis duobus ac viginti regnasset, N isibi vita excessit.\n\nSecutus est Arsaces filius annis XIII.\n\nArtaxes Arsacis filius annis xxv. Hic viribus cun, ctos praecellens, haud passus est secundum se esse a rege Persarum; quin adeo Persarum regem secundo dignitatis gradu locavit, cumque exercitu innumero in occidentem progressus complures gentes devicit, donec a suis interemptus est.\n\nTigranes filius ejus annis XXXIII, qui haud patriae fortitudinis degener rebus gestis inclaruit; quanquam rursus in secundo dignitatis loco post persas consedit. Ejus ætate cognoscebatur Vaico quidam latro, a quo mons Vaicuniorum nomen traxit.","english":"Indeed, there is no leisure to write out all the well-ordered ordinances of this king, nor likewise those of the others who either preceded or followed him, whose deeds have been abundantly committed to letters. At present, however, we have pursued only the description of the prefectures, which, if anyone should wish to know them, he would have them at hand together with many other royal decrees. Finally, when Valarsaces had reigned twenty-two years, he departed from life at Nisibis.\n\nArsaces his son followed, for thirteen years.\n\nArtaxes son of Arsaces, for twenty-five years. This man, excelling all in strength, did not suffer himself to be second to the king of the Persians; nay rather, he placed the king of the Persians in the second degree of dignity, and advancing with a countless army into the west, he subdued many peoples, until he was slain by his own men.\n\nTigranes his son, for thirty-three years, who, by no means degenerate from his father's courage, became renowned for his deeds; although he in turn settled in the second place of dignity after the Persians. In his time a certain brigand Vaico was known, from whom the mountain of the Vaicunii took its name.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"Artavazdes Tigranis filius annis II.\n\nArciamus, idemque ArMamus, Tigranis frater annis xx, sub quo pars Armeniorum vectigalia Romanis pendere coepit.\n\nAbgarus Arsami Glius annis XXXVIII. Hujus regnantis anno secundo Armenii omnes Romanorum Stipendiarii facti sunt. Quippe, ut ait evangelista, manavit edictum a Caesare Augusto, ut orbis universus describerelur: cujus rei causa In Armeniam quoque ventum est. Eo scilicet anno Dominus noster Deusque Jesus Christus e Virgine natus est. Porro hic erat a Valarsace annus decimus septimus supra centesimum; Augusti imperantis secundus et quadragesimus; Herodis alienigenae Hierosolymorum regis secundus supra tricesimum; Arsacidarum denique, qui et Pahlavii vocantur, sive Persarum regis Arsaviri erat vicesimus primus, cujus quidem vicesimo regnare cœperat apud Armenios Abgarus.\n\nJam a primo Arsace hi reges habentur Persarum","english":"Artavazdes, son of Tigranes, two years.\n\nArciamus, also called ArMamus, brother of Tigranes, twenty years, under whom a part of the Armenians began to pay tribute to the Romans.\n\nAbgarus, son of Arsames, thirty-eight years. In the second year of his reign all the Armenians became tributaries of the Romans. Indeed, as the evangelist says, an edict went forth from Caesar Augustus that the whole world should be enrolled; for this reason a visit was made to Armenia as well. In that year, namely, our Lord and God Jesus Christ was born of a Virgin. Furthermore, this was the one hundred seventeenth year from Valarsaces; the forty-second of Augustus's rule; the thirty-second of Herod the foreigner, king of Jerusalem; and finally the twenty-first of the Arsacids, who are also called the Pahlavii, or of Arsaviri king of the Persians, in whose twenty-first year Abgarus had begun to reign among the Armenians.\n\nAlready from the first Arsaces these are reckoned as kings of the Persians","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"I. Arsaces Fortis annis XXXI.\n\nII. Artaxes annis XLVI\n\nIII. Arsaces Magnus Valarsacis frater an. LIV.\n\nIV. Arsacanus annis xxxi.\n\nV. Arsanacus annis xxx.\n\nVI. Arses annis XX.\n\nVII. Arsavirus annis XLVI.\n\nIn hujus vicesimum primum annum natalia Christi inciderunt, qui fuit olympiadis nonagesimæ quartæ supra centesimam annus quartus.\n\nIgitur prout ante promisimus orationis no stræ metam attigimus, qui videlicet ad Verbi Dei cum care copulati manifestationem devenimus, capto initio a primo condito homine, quae est annorum MMMMMCLXXXXVIII congeries, secundum Interpretes Septuaginta, quam summam singillatim ita perscribemus. Ab Adamo ad diluvium conficiuntur anni MMCCXLII. A diluvio ad turrim anni DXXV. Hinc ad Abrahamum anni CCCCXVII. A diluvio ad Abrahami natalia anni DCCCCXLII. Ab Abrahamo ad Mosem egressumque ex Ægypto anni DV. Ab egressu usque ad Solomonem primumque templi aedificium anni CCCCLXXX. A primo templi ædificio ad secundum anni DiI. Exin ad Christi natalia anni DXVIII: quorum summa in annos MMMMMCLXXXXVIII consurgit. Rursus a Christi natalibus ad divum Gregorium anni sunt CCCXII; hinc autem ad æram Armeniorum anni CCXLI.","english":"I. Arsaces the Strong, thirty-one years.\n\nII. Artaxes, forty-six years.\n\nIII. Arsaces the Great, brother of Valarsaces, fifty-four years.\n\nIV. Arsacanus, thirty-one years.\n\nV. Arsanacus, thirty years.\n\nVI. Arses, twenty years.\n\nVII. Arsavirus, forty-six years.\n\nIn the twenty-first year of this man the birth of Christ fell, which was the fourth year of the hundred and ninety-fourth Olympiad.\n\nTherefore, as we promised before, we have reached the limit of our discourse, having come to the manifestation of the Word of God united with flesh, taking our beginning from the first created man, which is a total of 5,198 years according to the Seventy Interpreters; this sum we shall set down in detail as follows. From Adam to the flood are completed 2,242 years. From the flood to the tower, 525 years. Hence to Abraham, 417 years. From the flood to the birth of Abraham, 942 years. From Abraham to Moses and the departure from Egypt, 505 years. From the departure to Solomon and the first building of the temple, 480 years. From the first building of the temple to the second, 552 years. Thence to the birth of Christ, 518 years: the sum of these rises to 5,198 years. Again, from the birth of Christ to Saint Gregory there are 312 years; and from here to the era of the Armenians, 241 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":72,"ref":"p72","source":"Atque ego quidem, o sanctitate praedite domine mi Gregori, vehementi vestra flagitatione compulsus exiguum ingenium meum rudemque manum huic construendo operi admovi; conatusque sum brevi hujus corporeæ vitæ intervallo pulcherrimam divi Eusebii chronographiam evolvere, quam, ut ita dicam, exscripsi. Revera ut exorientis solis radii tenebrosis locis lucem aspergunt, sic omnino divinus hicce thesaurus obscuras hominum mentes ad transitorium hoc tempus cognoscendum exsuscitat. Jam qui præsentis vitæ doclrinis apprime se imbuit, is supernae quoque sapientiae cognitionem adipiscitur, quae ineffabilis hercle atque immensa est, atque, ut beatus ille et solers ac benemerentissimus Evagrius docet, ad Dei cultum deducit.\n\nNunc age a primo anno natalium Christi ordiar, quam praecipuam aeram constituam, curiosaque adtnodum opera Romanorum, Hebræorum, Persarum, gentisque nostræ reges ascribam.","english":"And I indeed, O my lord Gregory, endowed with holiness, compelled by your vehement urging, have applied my slight talent and untrained hand to constructing this work; and I have attempted, within the brief span of this bodily life, to unfold the most beautiful chronography of the divine Eusebius, which, so to speak, I have transcribed. Truly, just as the rays of the rising sun scatter light upon dark places, so this divine treasure wholly awakens obscure human minds to the knowledge of this transitory time. For whoever has thoroughly imbued himself with the teachings of the present life also attains the knowledge of supernal wisdom, which is, by Hercules, ineffable and immense, and, as that blessed and skilled and most beneficent Evagrius teaches, leads to the worship of God.\n\nNow come, let me begin from the first year of the birth of Christ, which I shall establish as the principal era, and with most careful attention I shall set down the kings of the Romans, the Hebrews, the Persians, and our own people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":73,"ref":"p73","source":"SAMUELIS ANIENSIS SUMMARII TEMPORUM PARS ALTERA.\n\nJohannes Zachariæ filius locis desertis circa fluvium Jordanem prædicabat, cunctisque palam nuntiabat adesse inter eos UNCTUM DEI. QUiD ipse Jesus unetus Dei tunc vivificae et evangelice doctrinæ suae faciebat initium, rebusque gestis ac verbis divinæ potestatis virtutem spectantium oculis exhibebat.\n\nColliguntur autem usque -ad hunc quintum decimum Tiberii Caesaris annum, a templo quidem denuo excitato anni DXLVIII; a Solomone primoque templi aedificio anni MLXIV; a Mose egressuque ex Ægypto anni MDXL; ab Abrahamo Ninoque et Samiramide anni MMXLIV; a diluvio anni MMDCCCCLX XVI; ab Adamo denique anni MMMMMCCXXVIII.\n\nJESUS UNCTUS DEI DOMINUS NOSTER juxta prophetias de eo scriptas accessit ad passionem anno Tiberii imperantis decimo nono. Sane eodem hoc tempore in aliis quoque Graecorum monumentis sic ad vcrbum narratum comperimus: Solem nempe defecisSe, Bithyniam terræ motu concussam, Nicacaeque potiorem partem solo aequatam. » Atque haec adamussim iis consonant quae in Vivifici nostri passione acciderunt.","english":"PART TWO OF THE SUMMARIES OF THE TIMES OF SAMUEL OF ANI.\n\nJohn, the son of Zechariah, was preaching in the desert places around the river Jordan, and was publicly announcing to all that the ANOINTED OF GOD was present among them. This same Jesus, the Anointed of God, then made the beginning of his life-giving and evangelical teaching, and by his deeds and words he displayed the power of divine might to the eyes of onlookers.\n\nNow from the founding of the world up to this fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, the reckoning is gathered as follows: from the rebuilding of the temple, 548 years; from Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1,064 years; from Moses and the departure from Egypt, 1,540 years; from Abraham, Ninus, and Semiramis, 2,044 years; from the flood, 2,996 years; and finally from Adam, 5,228 years.\n\nJESUS, THE ANOINTED OF GOD, OUR LORD, according to the prophecies written about him, came to his passion in the nineteenth year of the reign of Tiberius. Indeed, at this same time we find that it was also recorded word for word in other monuments of the Greeks: namely, that the sun was eclipsed, that Bithynia was shaken by an earthquake, and that the greater part of Nicaea was leveled to the ground. And these things correspond exactly to what happened at the passion of our Life-giver.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":74,"ref":"p74","source":"Phlegen etiam, qui olympiades jam inde ab earum primordiis persecutus est, tertio decimo libro diserte ita scribit: « Quarto nimirum anuo ducentesimae tertiae olympiadis magnum solis fuisse defectum, qualem nemo ante animadverterat: septimaque diei hora tantam noctem ingruisse, ut sidera cœlo micarent: ingenti terræ motu Bithyniam agitatam, majoremque Nicææ partem dejectam. » Haec tradit laudatus vir. Atque hoc sane magnum indicium est ejus anni quo Vivificus nester cruciatas est, quia nimirum et Joannes testimonio suo in Evangelio confirmat., post quintam decimum Tibcrii annum trietericam prædicationem Christi fuisse. Haud procul eo tempore narrat etiam Josephus, per dies Pentecostes stridorem quemdam motumque primo circa,sacerdotes esse excitatuiu, mox subitam vocem e penetratibus templi in haec verba erupisse: « Digrediamur hinc, digrediamur. » Idem insuper scribit Josephus, Pilatum pfaesidem sub id tempus noctu imaginem Cesaris in templo contra vetitum collocandam curasse: quae res magni tumultus scditionisque Judaeorum causa fuit. Hinc autem summorum vis malorum Judaicam gentem corripuit.","english":"Phlegon also, who has followed the Olympiads from their very beginnings, writes expressly in his thirteenth book as follows: \"In the fourth year, evidently, of the two hundred and third Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the sun, such as no one had noticed before; and at the seventh hour of the day such darkness came on that the stars shone in the sky; Bithynia was shaken by a huge earthquake, and the greater part of Nicaea was thrown down.\" These things the praised man hands down. And this is certainly a great indication of that year in which the Life-giving one was crucified, since indeed John also confirms by his testimony in the Gospel that after the fifteenth year of Tiberius there was a three-year preaching of Christ. Not far from that time Josephus also relates that during the days of Pentecost a certain whirring and movement was first stirred up around the priests, and then a sudden voice burst forth from the inner parts of the temple in these words: \"Let us depart from here, let us depart.\" Josephus further writes that Pilate the governor at that time took care that an image of Caesar be set up in the temple by night contrary to the prohibition: which matter was the cause of great uproars and sedition among the Jews. From this, then, the force of the greatest evils seized the Jewish nation.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":75,"ref":"p75","source":"Post Abgari obitum qui in sacramentum nostrum concesseriat, bifariam divisum est regnum ejus. Filius nimirum ejus Ananus regnat Edessæ. Sanatruces autem sororis ejusdem filius in Armenia majore: qui quidem praedicanti Thaddæo credidit; mox fide abjecta, apostolum filiamque Sanduchtam interemit. SANATRUCES annis XXX.\n\nTandem supremo templi exterminio Tilus Judaeos obsedit, Hierosolyma a fundamentis evertit, atque hominum sex myriades caede corrupit. Imo, ut tradit Josephus, fame et gladio centum ac viginti myriades consamptae sunt, abductae autem in captivitatem quadraginta et duodecim myriades.\n\nSumma vero temporis usque ad alterum Yespasiani annum, quo Judæi supremo excidio deleti sunt: a vivifici quidem predicalione anni XLII; ab obsidione sub Antiocho anni CCXXXVIII; a secundo templi ædificio anni DXC; a primo denique ædificio anni MCIII.","english":"After the death of Abgar, who had yielded to our sacrament, his kingdom was divided in two. His son, evidently Ananus, reigns at Edessa. Sanatruces, however, the son of his sister, reigns in Greater Armenia; he indeed believed Thaddaeus as he preached, but soon, casting off the faith, he killed the apostle and his daughter Sanduchta. SANATRUCES, thirty years.\n\nAt length, at the final destruction of the temple, Titus besieged the Jews, overthrew Jerusalem from its foundations, and destroyed sixty thousand men in slaughter. Nay, as Josephus relates, a hundred and twenty thousand were consumed by famine and the sword, while forty-two thousand were led away into captivity.\n\nBut the sum of time up to the second year of Vespasian, in which the Jews were destroyed by their final ruin: from the preaching of the life-giver, forty-two years; from the siege under Antiochus, two hundred thirty-eight years; from the second building of the temple, five hundred ninety years; from the first building, finally, one thousand one hundred three years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":76,"ref":"p76","source":"Dum Garus occumberet in Mesopotainia, Numerianus item periit in Thracia, necnon Carinus in prælio adversus Cornacum.\n\nMagni Chosrois patris Tiridatis copiarum dux summus Cornacus, qui vitam ad annum CLX produxisse dicitur, visu, auditu, capillis, dentibus usque ad obitum integris, itemque viribus corporis juvenilibus. Ilic Cæsarem Carum, qui cecidit in pugna cum filio, debellavit.\n\nHoctenus sine dubitatione decurrimus, ducibus certa auctoritate codicibus summorum quos ante appellavimus magistrorum. Exin ob ea, quae nostro tractui addenda supersunt, curis atque perplexitatibus æstuamus, propterea quod juniorum historicorum dissidium est, quorum alii plura, alii pauciora scripserunt, vel omnino siluerunt. Nos tamen sinceriorum vestigiis insistentes, persequamur pro viribus veritatem: atque primum Tiridatis annum cum altero Diocletiani anno de sententia Mosis Armeniorum historici componamus, non cum nono vel primo prout aliis quibusdam placuit. Jam Saporem Persam si annos LXXIII regnasse credas, ab interfecto Chosroe exordiendutn est, tum et anni XLVI contemporales Tn idati putandi sunt, ita ut annos quidem XXVII regnaverit cum Arlasire patre superstite, reliquos XLVI post hujus obitum: atque hac ratione canonem nostrum ad aeram usque Armeniorum, Deo auspice, digeremus certiora e plurimis praeoptantes. DIOCLETIANUS an xx.","english":"While Garus fell in Mesopotamia, Numerian likewise perished in Thrace, and Carinus too in battle against Cornacus.\n\nCornacus, supreme commander of the forces of Tiridates' father, the great Chosroes, is said to have prolonged his life to the one hundred sixtieth year, with sight, hearing, hair, and teeth unimpaired even to his death, and likewise with the youthful strength of his body. This man defeated the Caesar Carus, who fell in battle with his son.\n\nTo this point we have run our course without hesitation, guided by codices of certain authority from the foremost masters whom we named above. Henceforth, over what remains to be added to our account, we are tossed about by cares and perplexities, because of the disagreement of the younger historians, of whom some wrote more, some less, and some were entirely silent. We nonetheless, treading in the footsteps of the more reliable, shall pursue the truth as best we can: and first let us set the first year of Tiridates in agreement with the second year of Diocletian, according to the judgment of Moses the Armenian historian, not with the ninth or the first as seemed right to certain others. Now, if you believe that Sapor the Persian reigned seventy-three years, one must begin from the killing of Chosroes; then also the forty-six years are to be reckoned as contemporary with Tiridates, so that he reigned twenty-seven years while his father Arlasires was still alive, and the remaining forty-six after the latter's death: and by this reckoning, with God's favor, we shall arrange our canon down to the era of the Armenians, preferring the more certain from among many. DIOCLETIAN, year twenty.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":77,"ref":"p77","source":"Decimo quito regnantis Tiridatis anno religiosæ virgines duce sancta Rhipsimia fortiter martyrium fecerunt in urbe Valarsapata, multaque divinitus prodigia Tiridati regnoque Armeniorum oblata sunt. Sanctus autem Gregorius divina visitatione eductus putei carcere initium fecit lucidae doctrinae suae praedicandae: tum et vulneratos sanitati restituit: quo tempore statio ei quoque sanetae cathedralis fundandæ ostensa cst a Oleo necnon aliarum martyrum aedium.\n\nMox anni sequentis initio magnus ipse Tiridates baptizatus est cum Aschenia regina cumque sorore Cbosroidochta, adiisque aulae optimatibus, manu videlicet S. Gregorii qui cum episcopali potestate tunc Cæsarea reversus fuerat. Ex eo tempore regiis edictis excitata plurima hominum millia per Armeniæ regiones ritu etbnico abjeclo ad sacri fontis baptismum sponte convolabant ministrantibus iis quos S. Gregorius præfecerat.","english":"In the fifteenth year of Tiridates' reign, the religious virgins, under the leadership of the holy Rhipsimia, bravely underwent martyrdom in the city of Valarsapata, and many divinely sent prodigies were bestowed upon Tiridates and the kingdom of the Armenians. But Saint Gregory, led forth by a divine visitation, made a beginning of preaching his bright doctrine from the prison of the pit; then he also restored the wounded to health; at that time the site for founding the holy cathedral was also shown to him by Oleo and by the other martyrs' shrines.\n\nSoon, at the beginning of the following year, the great Tiridates himself was baptized, together with Queen Aschenia and his sister Cbosroidochta, and the other nobles of the court, namely by the hand of Saint Gregory, who had then returned from Caesarea with episcopal authority. From that time, stirred by royal edicts, many thousands of men throughout the regions of Armenia, casting off the pagan rite, willingly flocked to the baptism of the sacred font, with those whom Saint Gregory had appointed serving as ministers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":78,"ref":"p78","source":"S. Gregorius cum in Maniæ specum secessisset, publice interdum ob gregem suum in fide confirmandum regionem invisebaL. Verum ubi Aristaces a Nicæna synodo reversus est, ille jam nemini conspiciendum se dedit: cumque compluribus annis ibidem vitam produxisset, moriens demum inter angelorum choros delatus csL Pastores autem cum S. Gregorium defunctum deprehendissent, nec hominem agnovissent, ibidem eumdem tumulo mandaverunt. Sed demum multis post annis res divino nutu patefacta est solitario homini, cui nomen Carnico, sanctique reliquiæ in Thordanum oppidum delatae sunt.\n\nSanctus Nerses universos Ecclesiæ ordines bene decenierque instauravit. Ipse vero natus erat Athanagine nepote Jusichii, qui rursus nepos erat S. Gregorii.\n\nMeruzanes Arzerunius ab Arsace deficiens, fidemque Christianam deserens, Persarum opem implorat ut Armeniæ sceptro potiatur. Itaque Persicarum copiarum dux factus in Armeniam irrumpit, multasque clades in patria nostra edit: donec, ingenti pugna in Ziravo campo conserla, capitur a magao equite Sembato, diroque supplicio perit.","english":"Saint Gregory, when he had withdrawn into the cave of Mania, would sometimes appear publicly throughout the region on account of his flock, to strengthen them in the faith. But when Aristaces returned from the Council of Nicaea, he no longer allowed himself to be seen by anyone; and after he had prolonged his life there for very many years, at last, dying, he was carried up among the choirs of angels. But when the shepherds found Saint Gregory dead, and did not recognize the man, they committed him there to the tomb. But at last, many years afterward, the matter was made known by divine will to a solitary man whose name was Carnicus, and the saint's relics were brought to the town of Thordanum.\n\nSaint Nerses restored all the orders of the Church well and fittingly. He himself was born of Athanagines, the nephew of Jusichius, who in turn was the nephew of Saint Gregory.\n\nMeruzanes Arzerunius, deserting Arsaces and abandoning the Christian faith, implored the aid of the Persians so that he might obtain the scepter of Armenia. And so, made commander of the Persian forces, he burst into Armenia and wrought many disasters in our homeland, until, when a great battle was joined on the plain of Ziravum, he was captured by the magus and knight Sembatus and perished by a dreadful punishment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":79,"ref":"p79","source":"Mesrobes Haseci Taroniæ jn oppida natus, apud magnum Nersem alitur atque eruditur' deinde aulæ regias a secretis constituitur. Sed demum corporali honore contempto, solitariam vitam sectatur, plebique edocenda' per sacrorum librorum enarrationem vacat: qua in re non modicis difficultatibus conflictatus, consilium cepit proprias Armeniacae linguæ laceras excogitandi, ut divina scilicet Biblia accuratissime interpretaretur. Hactenus enim in rebus aulicis Persicas litterarum formas adhibebant Armenii, in ecclesiasticis Graecas et interdum Syriaticas.\n\nHic denique deletum est regnum Armeniacum Arsacidarum, itemque patriarchatus de genere S. Gregorii. Etsi enim S. Isaacus annis adhuc XVI superfuit, suaque egregia doctrina in Armenia nostra refulsit, res tamen sub impiis praefectis Persisque procuratoribus erant. Nimirum loco regis Artasiris præerat Vehmirsapor, et pro S. Isaaco malevolus Sormacus, qui mansit anno uno; deinde deterior eo Barchisius annis tribus; post hos improbior utroque Samuel quidam annis VII. Sed enim nos horun? tempora in interregni loco ponemus, ne canoni. ordo in perturbationem incurrat: quin imo S. Isaaco ascrihemus post annum ejus quintum et tricesimum serie protracta usque ad incœptam Vardani præfecturam. I INTERREGNUM annis xiu.","english":"Mesrobes Haseci Taroniæ was born in the town of Taroniæ, raised and educated under the great Nerses, and then appointed secretary of the royal court. But at last, despising bodily honor, he pursued a solitary life and devoted himself to instructing the people by expounding the sacred books. In this work, beset by no small difficulties, he took counsel to devise his own letters for the Armenian language, so that he might, of course, interpret the divine Bible most accurately. For up to this point the Armenians had used Persian letter-forms in court affairs, and Greek and sometimes Syriac ones in ecclesiastical matters.\n\nHere at last the Armenian kingdom of the Arsacids was destroyed, and likewise the patriarchate of the line of Saint Gregory. For although Saint Isaac survived for sixteen more years and shone in our Armenia by his excellent teaching, affairs were nevertheless in the hands of impious prefects and Persian procurators. Indeed, in place of the king Artasiris, Vehmirsapor was in charge, and in place of Saint Isaac, the malevolent Sormacus, who remained one year; then Barchisius, worse than he, for three years; after these, a certain Samuel, more wicked than both, for seven years. But we shall place the times of these in the manner of an interregnum, lest the order of the canon fall into confusion; rather, we shall assign them to Saint Isaac after his thirty-fifth year, in a series extended up to the beginning of the prefecture of Vardan. INTERREGNUM for fourteen years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":80,"ref":"p80","source":"Hic explicit historia Armeniorum a Mose conscripta.\n\nPost obitum S. Isaaci sedem ejusdem episcopalem occupat Josephus discipulus annis duobus, comprobante Mesrobe, qui anno eodem mortem cum vita commutavit.\n\nHic post Christi natalia annus DLIII expletus est, quo tempore Andreae quoque cyclus ducentorum annorum absolvebatur. Atque hinc æra Armeniorum protinus obol1a ob ejusmodi causam. Cum ducenarii cycli extremum plenilunium in die XXV Martii incideret, initium autem die tv Aprilis fuisset, porgi ulterius haud poterat, propterea quod post dicm xxv Martii ponenda fuisset dies XIII Aprilis, in quam nonum plenilunium incidebat: ideoque festa omnia, uti constat, et Kalendarii rationes perturbantur. Tum demum ejus aetatis sapientes celebrato conventu aram Armeniorum condiderunt, ut paschale Videlicet festum Domini et reliqua dirigerentur. Sed. enim cum annis novem experti essent nondum se regulam satis firmam tenere, anno æræ decimo Oeas quidam solerti mente præditus invocatique ab eo sagaces magnique ingenii homines cyclum de communi seutentia constituerunt qui dicitur quingentorum annorum. llaec æræ Armeniacæ origo est, quam nos ob tempora promptius exhibenda hosce in canones assumemus.","english":"Here ends the history of the Armenians written by Moses.\n\nAfter the death of St. Isaac, Joseph, his disciple, occupies the same episcopal see for two years, with the approval of Mesrobes, who in that same year exchanged life for death.\n\nHere the year 553 from the birth of Christ is completed, at which time also the cycle of two hundred years of Andrew was being completed. And from this point the era of the Armenians immediately took its rise for the following reason. Since the final full moon of the two-hundred-year cycle fell on the twenty-fifth day of March, but its beginning had been on the fourth day of April, it could no longer be extended further, because after the twenty-fifth day of March the thirteenth day of April would have had to be placed, on which the ninth full moon fell; and for this reason all the feasts, as is well known, and the reckonings of the calendar are thrown into confusion. Then at last the wise men of that age, having held a council, established the era of the Armenians, so that namely the paschal feast of the Lord and the rest might be regulated. But when they had tested it for nine years and had not yet found that they held a sufficiently firm rule, in the tenth year of the era a certain Oeas, a man endowed with a keen mind, together with the shrewd and great-minded men whom he summoned, established by common judgment the cycle which is called that of five hundred years. This is the origin of the Armenian era, which we shall take up into these canons for the more readily presenting of the times.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":81,"ref":"p81","source":"Hac aetate Syri quidam circulatores in Armeniam delati ut Nestorii sectam studiose propagarent, anathemate expulsi sunL. Nonnulli tamen iis adhaeserunt, hique fallaces eorumdem libros interpretati sunt, videlicet Cortosacium, Cyriacosacium, Pauli visionem, Adami pænitentiam, Diathecen, Pueritiam Domini, item Sebium, Botryonem benedictionis, patentes codices, enarrationem Evangelii Manetis. Verum unque his fidem adhibuerunt, anathemate percussi sunt.\n\nPer hosce dies inclaruit falsi prophetae Saracenorum manifestatio, Cerinthi atque Arianorum asseclæ, cui nomen Mahumetus, gente Ismaelitæ, filii Agaris, qui praeceptore usus est solitario viro quodam, nomine Bechira, secta Ariano, Sinai deserti incola: quem in locum videlicet confluentes Ismaelitæ numero aucti sunt, ex quo tempore Sara ancillam suam Agarem expulit.\n\nConstantino Heraclii filio regnante capta a Saracenis Devina. ut quidam ait historicus, interfecta sunt festo die Epiphaniæ in Sancti Sergii aede duodecim millia hominum, ita ut cæsorum sanguine sacra mensa et baptismatis fons redundarent: abducta vero in captivitatem sunt plus triginta quinque hominum millia. Mox corpora eorum, qui hoc bello ceciderant, collegit Nerses patriarcha, atque in eadem sacra æde, quam refecit, collocanda curavit.","english":"In this age certain Syrian itinerant preachers, brought into Armenia to zealously propagate the sect of Nestorius, were expelled with anathema. Nevertheless some adhered to them, and these interpreted their deceitful books, namely the Cortosacium, the Cyriacosacium, the Vision of Paul, the Penitence of Adam, the Diathece, the Childhood of the Lord, and also the Sebium, the Botryon of blessing, the open books, and the exposition of the Gospel of Mani. But whoever put faith in these was struck with anathema.\n\nIn these days the manifestation of the false prophet of the Saracens shone forth, a follower of Cerinthus and of the Arians, whose name was Mahumet, of the race of the Ishmaelites, the sons of Agar, who had as his teacher a certain solitary man named Bechira, an Arian by sect, an inhabitant of the desert of Sinai; to which place, namely, the Ishmaelites gathered and increased in number, from the time when Sara drove out Agar her handmaid.\n\nWhile Constantine, son of Heraclius, was reigning, Devina was captured by the Saracens. As a certain historian says, on the feast day of the Epiphany, in the church of Saint Sergius, twelve thousand people were killed, so that the sacred table and the font of baptism overflowed with the blood of the slain; and more than thirty-five thousand were led away into captivity. Soon after, Nerses the patriarch gathered the bodies of those who had fallen in this war, and took care that they be placed in that same sacred church, which he restored.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":82,"ref":"p82","source":"Jam vero Ismaeliticae gentis rex eadem in urbe sedem fixit; primus quidem nomine Chalarthus, de quo vaticinium sacra Biblia cecinerant, fore scilicet ut Chalartalabii populus gladios suos cruore satu. raret. Hic octo post annos obiit: successitque Amaranus annis XII. Sed enim ille Chalarthus Damascum usque progressus fuerat, et in Mesopotamia Amidam urbem infinita direptione vastaverat. Exin tres duces alium alio diniiserat; in Græcas quidem provincias Jalum seu Joelem, qui Græcorum septuaginta millia cecidit; in Persidem vero Othmanum Amiram M aviæumque copiarum ducem, qui debellaverunt viginti mille Myrdatis milites, itemque Armeniorum ducem Musaeum cum suis equitibus: atque ita contigit ut Armeniis, Persis, Syris, Ægyptiis, Medis, ParLhis et Palæstinis potirentur.\n\nJam causa, quamobrem hi consecuti sunt dominatum, ejusmodi fuit: Princeps quidam Damascenae regionis Sergius haud modica re mercatores Ismaeliticos spoliabat: Chalarthus autem, cum saepe de his injuriis expostulasset, nec ille ab ingenio decederet, ad extremum collectis gentis suae pedestribus equestribusque copiis ter impressionem in hostem fecit, neque re sua tantum potitus est, verum etiam aliena: quare et in Armeniam delatus, vi conabatur religiosam incolarum fidem subvertere.","english":"Now indeed the king of the Ishmaelite people fixed his seat in the same city; the first indeed by name Chalarthus, concerning whom the sacred Scriptures had uttered a prophecy, namely that it would come to pass that the people of Chalartalabius would stain their swords with blood. He died eight years afterward; and Amaranus succeeded him for twelve years. But indeed that Chalarthus had advanced as far as Damascus, and in Mesopotamia had laid waste the city of Amida with boundless plundering. Thence he had divided three leaders each to a different place; to the Greek provinces indeed Jalus or Joel, who slew seventy thousand of the Greeks; to Persia truly Othman Amiras and the commander of the Maevian forces, who subdued twenty thousand soldiers of Myrdates, and likewise Musaeus the leader of the Armenians with his horsemen: and so it came about that they gained mastery over the Armenians, Persians, Syrians, Egyptians, Medes, Parthians, and Palestinians.\n\nNow the cause why these obtained dominion was of this kind: a certain prince of the Damascene region, Sergius, was despoiling the Ishmaelite merchants of no small substance; but Chalarthus, when he had often expostulated concerning these injuries, and that man would not depart from his nature, at last, having gathered the foot and horse forces of his people, made three assaults upon the enemy, and gained possession not only of his own property but also of another's; wherefore also, carried into Armenia, he was attempting by force to subvert the religious faith of the inhabitants.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":83,"ref":"p83","source":"Praeterea Ismaelilarum rex praedictus conspirantem secum nactus est quemdam nomine Mahumetum Ægyptiorum mercatorum principem. Hic legum Mosaicarum modice peritus, sed Arii Cerinthique sectæ addictus, qui regnum coelorum corporeum esse dicebat, in quo scilicet terrestris cibus ventris inesset, itemque connubium post resurrectionem. Idem leges inter se contrarias docuit, antiqua scilicet et nova.'aluta, absurda comminiscens atque insolentia praedicans, nimisque impudenter foedus illud Abrahami corrumpens, quo jussum est: « Marem omnem apud vos circumcidetis octava die (Genes. XXXIV, 15); » ipse autem non mares tantum, verum etiam, proh pudor! femellas: signaculum Dominici fœderis violans. Statuit insuper ut aqua tantum lavarent perpetuo in fonte baptismatis: multasque praeterea absurdas ejusmodi et insanas risuque dignas consuetudines docuit.","english":"Furthermore, the aforementioned king of the Ishmaelites found as a conspirator with him a certain man named Mahumetus, a prince of the Egyptian merchants. This man, only slightly skilled in the Mosaic laws but devoted to the sect of Arius and Cerinthus—who said that the kingdom of heaven is corporeal, in which, namely, there would be earthly food for the belly, and likewise marriage after the resurrection—the same man taught laws contrary to one another, namely the old and the new. Devising absurdities and preaching insolent things, and too impudently corrupting that covenant of Abraham by which it was commanded: \"Every male among you you shall circumcise on the eighth day\" (Gen. 34:15); but he himself circumcised not only males but even—for shame!—females, violating the seal of the Lord's covenant. He decreed besides that they should wash with water only perpetually in the font of baptism; and he taught many other absurd and insane customs of this kind, worthy of laughter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":84,"ref":"p84","source":"Hunc Mahumetum cum sibi legislatorem et oraculum copiarumque ducem Saraceni praefecissent aunis xx, summo excidio debellaverunt Beznuniam, Aleovidiam atque Taroniam. Quanquam postremo Mahumetus cum fidcles obluctantes sectae suae cognovisset, edicto copiam fecit nominatim Armcniacis provinciis Christiano ritu utendi, atque, ut ita dicam, religionem quam sectabantur eisdem vendidit, vectigali imperato, nempe ut familiæ singulæ quatuor nummos, modios aridorum tres, bippoperam, eilicinumque funem persolverent Hujus tamen tributi immunibus esse concessit sacerdotibus, nobilibus et equitibus. Atque Saraceni, posquam prolatis imperii finibus omnium potiti sunt, dici coeperunt Amiralmumni. Jam post Mahumeti annos xx, dominati sunt Ahubechirus, Othmanus et Omarus annis XXXVIII.\n\nHac tempestate imperium quoque Persarum, quod dicebatur Sasanidarum, sublatum est, postquam annis CCCCX perseveraverat: Persicum autem sceptrum ceperunt Saraceni, qui dicli sunt Amiralmumni.","english":"When the Saracens had set this Mahumetus over them as lawgiver, oracle, and commander of their forces, for twenty years they waged war to the utmost destruction against Beznunia, Aleovidia, and Taronia. Although at last Mahumetus, when he had learned that certain of the faithful were struggling against his sect, by edict granted expressly to the provinces of Armenia the right to practice the Christian rite, and, so to speak, sold them the religion they were following, imposing a tax, namely that individual families should pay four coins, three measures of dry goods, a double service, and a rope of oakum. Yet he conceded that priests, nobles, and knights should be immune from this tribute. And the Saracens, after they had extended the boundaries of their empire and gained possession of all things, began to be called Amiralmumni. Now after the twenty years of Mahumetus, Ahubechirus, Othmanus, and Omarus ruled for thirty-eight years.\n\nIn this time the empire of the Persians also, which was called that of the Sasanians, was overthrown, after it had endured for four hundred and ten years; but the Saracens, who are called Amiralmumni, took up the Persian scepter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":85,"ref":"p85","source":"SARACENORUM AMIRALMUMNI.\n\nMahumetus annis xx; Abubechirus annis VIII; Othmanus annis x; Omarus annis xx; Maviæus annis XXII; Meruanus anno; Jezithus annis III; Abdelmelichus annis xxn; Velithus annis IV; Omarus annis II; Ezithus annis vi; Heschemus annis xix; Velithus anno I; Meruanus annis VIII; Abdla annis XXII; Abdelazizus annis III; Mahdis annis IX; Musis annis x; Harunus annis XXIII; Mahmetus annis v; Maimunus annis XXVII; Ibenmeretus annis IX; Harunus annis XVIII; Ciapbares annis II. Horum memoria perditione obruatur.\n\nHoc tempore incendio consumpti sunt Armeniorum principes iu urbe Nachiciavana: quamobrem deminationis series hic abrumpitur. Jam de hoc temporis intervallo dominus Joannes in sua facunda elaborataque Historia sic loquitur: « Cum Agarenorum doniinatus prorsus in Armenia prævaluisset, regionis nostrae proceres indigenae desiverunt: si qui autem forte reliqui erant, ii sub jugo servili laten# tesquc vivebant. Idcirco, inquit, in hac Historia series principum nostrorum defectu laborat. Verumtamen domini Tiridatis acHate cessantibus hostium incursionibus, rursus ego prædictos principes in canone collocabo.","english":"THE AMIRALMUMNI OF THE SARACENS.\n\nMahumetus, twenty years; Abubechirus, eight years; Othmanus, ten years; Omarus, twenty years; Maviaeus, twenty-two years; Meruanus, one year; Jezithus, three years; Abdelmelichus, twenty-two years; Velithus, four years; Omarus, two years; Ezithus, six years; Heschemus, nineteen years; Velithus, one year; Meruanus, eight years; Abdla, twenty-two years; Abdelazizus, three years; Mahdis, nine years; Musis, ten years; Harunus, twenty-three years; Mahmetus, five years; Maimunus, twenty-seven years; Ibenmeretus, nine years; Harunus, eighteen years; Ciapbares, two years. May their memory be buried in destruction.\n\nAt this time the princes of the Armenians were consumed by fire in the city of Nachiciavana; for this reason the series of the dominion is broken off here. Now concerning this interval of time the lord Joannes speaks thus in his eloquent and elaborate History: \"When the dominion of the Agarenes had prevailed utterly in Armenia, the native nobles of our region ceased to be; but if any perhaps remained, they lived hidden and in servile subjection. Therefore, he says, in this History the series of our princes suffers from a gap. Nevertheless, when the incursions of the enemies cease, through the lords Tiridates and Hate, I will again place the aforesaid princes in the canon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":86,"ref":"p86","source":"Muselius Mamicunius et Samuel cum suis familiaribus aliisque conspicuis ex Armeniorum exercitu viris per dies paschales ab Ismaelilis caesi sunl. Hac ætate florebat Stephanus, sacerdotum in aula princeps, vir doctissimus et omni philosophica et grammatica disciplina politissimus, non sine spiritalium virtutum comitatu. Item cognoscebantur illustres Armeniacarum provinciarum doctores domini Epbremus, et Anastasius et Crucedatus, et David cognomento Romanerus, magnusque philosophus Stephanus Siuniensis auditor Mosis.\n\nGuo tempore magnus erat Ismaeliticæ gentis Amira Ciaphares, lnagnus item dut Armeniorum Sembatus confessor, venit in Armeniam Amirae ejusdem jussu quidam legatus Abusethus, qui Bagaratum principem protinus captum vinculisque constrictum misit ad Ciapharem. Montis autem Tauri incolæ, qui nunc Sasunii dicuntur, ut eorum que adversus Bagaralum acta fuerant pœnas explerent, tumultuario milite conflato Abusethum pulsis cjus copiis iuteremerunt.","english":"Muselius Mamicunius and Samuel, together with their household members and other distinguished men from the army of the Armenians, were killed by the Ishmaelites during the days of Easter. In this age flourished Stephanus, prince of the priests in the palace, a most learned man and most polished in every philosophical and grammatical discipline, not without the company of spiritual virtues. Likewise were known the illustrious teachers of the Armeniac provinces, lord Ephrem, and Anastasius and Crucedatus, and David surnamed Romanerus, and the great philosopher Stephanus of Siunium, a hearer of Moses.\n\nAt that time the great Amira of the Ishmaelite people was Ciaphares, and great likewise was Sembatus, confessor of the Armenians. By the command of that same Amira there came into Armenia a certain legate, Abusethus, who straightway took Bagaratus the prince captive and, bound in chains, sent him to Ciaphares. But the inhabitants of Mount Taurus, who are now called Sasunii, in order to exact punishment for what had been done against Bagaratus, gathered a hastily raised soldiery, put Abusethus's forces to flight, and killed him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":87,"ref":"p87","source":"Pessimus denique omnium valido cum exercitu superveniens Bugha, quem implus Ciaphares ad ulciscendam Abusethi necem in Armeniam mittebat, pluribus calamitatibus varioque poenarum ac cædium genere gentem exeruciavit, præsertim nobiles et equestris militiæ ordinem: quibus autem vitam largiebatur, cos ut a Christo deficerent atque in sectæ suæ impietatem concederent blanditiis impellebat. Verum plurimi forti animo homines scutum sibi et aruia Christi induentes, omnem suppliciorum dolonumque terrorem, qui sibi ab eo scelesto imminebat, spreverunt propter vitæ futuræ bona. In his fuit dilectus Deo Atomus ex Alhage provincia, qui cum sociis magnam vim cruciatuum perpessus pretiosissimam coronam adeptus csl: atque hi centum fere cl quinquaginta fuerunt, praeter eos qui in aliis provinciis martyres exstiterunt, quorum natale festum die quinta et vicesima Mehegan mensis indictum est. Haud pauci tamen dolorum impatientes, probro semet commaculaverunt; hique amissa æterna vita præsentem haud adepti sunt.","english":"Finally the worst of all, Bugha, arriving with a strong army, whom the impious Ciaphares was sending into Armenia to avenge the death of Abuseth, afflicted the nation with many calamities and every kind of punishment and slaughter, especially the nobles and the order of equestrian soldiery; but those to whom he granted life, he urged with blandishments to defect from Christ and yield to the impiety of his sect. Yet very many men of brave spirit, putting on the shield and armor of Christ, despised all the terror of tortures and guile that threatened them from that wicked man, for the sake of the goods of the future life. Among these was Atomus, beloved of God, from the province of Alhage, who, having endured great force of torments with his companions, obtained the most precious crown; and these were about one hundred and fifty, besides those who stood as martyrs in other provinces, whose birthday feast is appointed on the twenty-fifth day of the month Mehegan. Nevertheless not a few, impatient of pains, disgraced themselves with shame; and these, having lost eternal life, did not obtain the present one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":88,"ref":"p88","source":"Improbus igitur ac sævus ille Bugha, ubi rem ex animi sui sententia confieri sensit, regionis optimates, partim dolo, partim auctoritate in suam potestatem redegit: quos inter magnum quoque ducem Armeniarum Sembatum, cognomento Aplabasum, sane angelis exoptabilem propter vcram Christi notitiam, qui et confessor appellatus est. Jam vero malus iste Bugha ad magnum Amiram reditum maturans, reliquos vinculis, Sembatum autem fraude insidiosisque bonorum promissis secum avehebal. Inte tim quia Joannes vita excesserat, Zacharias in sanctam dignitatem substitutus est, qui unius diei spatio a sacerd;:lio, imo a diaconatu, ad throni patriarhalis fastigium transiliit.\n\nAge vero omnibus qui a scelesto Bugha abducti fuerant, protinus supremi tyranni jussu carcere conclusis, nisi Christi legem exsecrarentur, non sine diris cruciatibus moriendum fuit. El sane non pauci coi poris nece perterriti a fide defecerunt; excepto inclyto Sembato, qui etsi Christum constanter palamque confitebatur, nihilominus in vinculis morte sua obiit. Præfectus interim quidam Stephanus, cogno mine Conus, intrepide Christum confessus martyrii palma donatus csl anno æræ Armeniorum secundo supra trecentesimum. Porro prædicti Sembati confessoris corpus cum ingenti pompa et psalmodiis a fidelibus elatum est ad Sancti Daniclis sacram ædem, illuc nimirum ubi iste olim leonum in lacum fuerat projectus.","english":"Therefore that wicked and savage Bugha, when he perceived that the matter was being accomplished according to his own desire, brought the leading men of the region under his power, partly by deceit, partly by authority. Among them was also the great commander of the Armenians, Sembat, surnamed Aplabasus, truly desirable to the angels because of his true knowledge of Christ, who was also called a confessor. Now indeed that wicked Bugha, hastening his return to the great Amir, was carrying off the rest in chains, but Sembat he carried off with himself by fraud and the treacherous promises of goods. Meanwhile, because John had departed this life, Zacharias was substituted in the holy dignity, who in the space of a single day leaped from the priesthood, nay rather from the diaconate, to the height of the patriarchal throne.\n\nBut in truth, all who had been led away by the accursed Bugha, being straightway shut up in prison by the order of the supreme tyrant, had to die, unless they execrated the law of Christ, not without dreadful tortures. And indeed not a few, terrified by the destruction of the body, fell away from the faith; except the renowned Sembat, who, although he confessed Christ constantly and openly, nevertheless died in chains by his own death. Meanwhile a certain prefect, Stephen, surnamed Conus, having fearlessly confessed Christ, was granted the palm of martyrdom in the year of the era of the Armenians three hundred and two. Furthermore, the body of the aforesaid confessor Sembat was carried out by the faithful with immense pomp and psalmody to the sacred church of Saint Daniel, there namely where he had once been cast into the pit of lions.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":89,"ref":"p89","source":"Exstincto Sembato, rerum habenas corripuit filius ejusdem Asutius; isque prae cunctis majoribus suis claruit, seque integritate et benignitate adeo commendavit, ut omnium amoribus potitus sit. Ob ejusmodi egregiam famam missus est a magno Amira quidam Aly-Armenus nomine cum muneribus in Armeniam, qui ad Asutium præter præfecturam titulum quoque principis principum contulit: in qua is dignitate annis xxx permansit: donec virtutis ergo atque operum optimorum regio quoque diademate insignitus est, rex nimirum a duobus regibus renuntiatus Ismaelitico ct Græco postremis quinque doMinatus sui annis.\n\nHic locus cat innuendi, quemadmodum Ismaeliticæ gentis tyrannis ad exitum vergere coeperit. Nimirum cum Bagratunia familia non sine Ismaelitarum consensu regnaret, nihilo tamcn secius Armeniæ pars major per illud tempus, sicuti etiam nunc, in eorum potestate erat; haud tamen sub unius Amiræ nutu, uti mos fuerat jam inde a primo Mahumeto usque ad Ciapharem nec non ad hujus liberos. Quippe consecutis temporibus temere prout libebat præsides constituebantur. Id autem indicium est infirmi pereuntisque imperii, præsertim si dominatio hi plures tribuatur, quod iis nunc usuveniebat.","english":"When Sembat had died, his son Asutius seized the reins of power; and he shone forth above all his ancestors, and so commended himself by his integrity and kindness that he won the love of all. On account of this distinguished reputation of his, a certain Aly-Armenus was sent by the great Amir with gifts into Armenia, and he conferred upon Asutius, besides the prefecture, also the title of prince of princes; in which dignity he remained for thirty years, until on account of his virtue and excellent deeds he was also distinguished with the royal diadem, being proclaimed king by two kings, the Ismaelite and the Greek, in the last five years of his rule.\n\nThis passage gives a hint of how the tyranny of the Ismaelite people began to draw toward its end. For although the Bagratid family reigned not without the consent of the Ismaelites, nevertheless the greater part of Armenia at that time, as even now, was in their power; yet not under the nod of a single Amir, as had been the custom from the first Muhammad all the way to Ciaphar and also to his children. Indeed, in subsequent times governors were appointed at random, just as pleased them. But that is a sign of a weak and perishing empire, especially if dominion is granted to several, which was now happening to them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":90,"ref":"p90","source":"Namque Sanphares dominabatur in Cborasania regione; Lavicus Abuthoraphus in urbe Dara; Ises Secbi filius in Palaestina; Abldelphi autem filius in Telmarensi provincia; alii denique alibi tumultibus indulgentes mutuo tyrannidem affectabant. Hinc fit ut impiorum horumce tyrannorum nomina perturbentur in Canone chronologico. Ab bis interim undequaque mittebantur in plagas nostras malevoli sævique procuratorcs; nempe ferinus me Bula; et iniquissimus Apbsinus filius ejus, qui ante praefuerat, scelesti Abusigithæ; nec non malignus exitiosusque lusuphus Apbsini frater; tum Nesras, cognomine Sbercba; tum alii bis similes Christi hosteS, qui usque ad Amiralmumnorum gentis Scythicæ, quæ adhuc perseverat, dominationem; populationibus perpetuis Armeniorum nostratium terminos vexaverunt. Horum, inquimus, nomina nullis in historiis, quantum vidimus, diserte scripta, fieri nequit ut singillatim exponamus: præsertim cum ue in libro quidem vitæ sed in impiorum memoriis exarata sint.","english":"For Sanphares was ruling in the region of Khorasan; Lavicus Abuthoraphus in the city of Dara; Ises the son of Secbus in Palestine; but Abldelphi his son in the province of Telmaren; and others elsewhere, indulging in tumults, were striving after tyranny in turn. Hence it happens that the names of these impious tyrants are confused in the chronological Canon. Meanwhile from these men on every side malevolent and savage procurators were being sent into our regions: namely the wild Bula, and his most iniquitous son Apbsinus, who had previously been in charge, of the wicked Abusigitha; and also the malignant and deadly Iusuphus, brother of Apbsinus; then Nesras, surnamed Sbercha; then others like these, enemies of Christ, who right up to the dominion of the Amiralmumnus of the Scythian people, which still endures, harassed the borders of our Armenians with continual devastations. The names of these men, we say, since they are written expressly in no histories, as far as we have seen, it is impossible for us to set forth one by one: especially since they are inscribed not in the book of life but in the memorials of the impious.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":91,"ref":"p91","source":"Postea Scythæ hac ratione tyrannidem occupaverunt, uti scriptum comperio a magno doctore Sarcavaco qui sic loquitur: « Dum Persae et Medi alterna fortuna iuter se dimicant ad hanc usque diem, Scythica gens (baud dico Græcanicam sed barbaram in corum regiones ingressa boc pacto dicitur. Plurimis devictis nationibus reges ejus aetatis, quorum nomina nobis ignola sunt ( propterea quod nemini curæ fuit rerum memorias principumque horum nomina poster tati propagare), tandem et ipsi diuturnas clades ab Indis perpessi, maximorum spe donorum a barbaris prædictis adjumenta belli accersiverunt: quorum societate aucti felicibus praeliis brevi rebellem devicerunt. Mox bello adversus eumdem redintegrato, barbaros illos qui opem ferebant, a se prohibuerunt. Atque interim rex vita excedebat. Tum Medi, societate cum his barbaris inita, Persas expellebant: atque ita roboratum est dominium, ut nonnulli tradunt, Scytharum, seu potius, ut ego existimo, Bactrianorum qui regna complurium gentium maximis bellis internecivisque deleverunt.","english":"Afterward the Scythians seized tyranny in this manner, as I find written by the great teacher Sarcavacus, who speaks thus: \"While the Persians and Medes contend among themselves with alternating fortune even to this day, the Scythian race—I do not say the Greek, but the barbarian—having entered their regions, is said to have done so in this way. After very many nations had been subdued, its kings of that age, whose names are unknown to us (because no one took care to propagate to posterity the records of events and the names of these princes), at length, when they themselves had also endured long-lasting disasters from the Indians, sought the aids of war from the aforesaid barbarians in the hope of the greatest gifts. Increased by their alliance, they in a short time conquered the rebel in successful battles. Soon, when war against the same man had been renewed, they kept those barbarians who were bringing aid away from themselves. And in the meantime the king was departing from life. Then the Medes, having entered into alliance with these barbarians, drove out the Persians; and thus the dominion of the Scythians was strengthened, as some report—or rather, as I myself think, of the Bactrians, who destroyed the kingdoms of very many nations with the greatest and utterly destructive wars.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":92,"ref":"p92","source":"» Hoc quidem scripto philologus noster res gestas persecutus est usque ad Melichsahi regnum, quod suo loco dicemus eodem auctore utentes; tempora inquimus parentis ejus, eruenti nempe Alphaslani, tum avi abaviquc, quorum nomina Tullubechus et Mahmutes et Selgiukus feruntur: sic enim diserte quondam legimus in codice manu ejusdem conscripto: cujus si codicis nobis denuo copia fuerit, utemur equidem ad hanc compositionem; Ii minus, utique omittemus homines suis viribus confidentes reique vanæ innitentes qui Dei penetralibus terraque viventium prohibiti sunt. Nos autem Dei clementia freti confiteamur nomini ejus, qui hoc fecit; animoque æquo feramus, quia mitis est erga sanctos. suos.\n\nNunc igitur ad intermissum canonum ordinem revertamur, unaque serie ob praedictam rationem exclusa, lætanter dicamus: Ipsi de manu tua repulsi, sunt; not autem populus tuus et oves pascuæ tuæ.","english":"Our philologist has indeed pursued the course of events in this writing down to the reign of Melichsah, which we shall discuss in its own place, using the same author; we mean the times of his father, namely Alphaslan the investigator, and then of his grandfather and great-grandfather, whose names are reported as Tullubechus, Mahmutes, and Selgiukus; for thus we once read distinctly in a codex written by his own hand. If the same codex should again be available to us, we shall indeed use it for this composition; if not, we shall certainly pass over men who trust in their own strength and rely on a vain thing, who are barred from the inner chambers of God and from the land of the living. But let us, relying on God's mercy, confess to his name, who made this; and let us bear it with a calm mind, because he is gentle toward his saints.\n\nNow therefore let us return to the interrupted order of the canons, and with the series set aside for the reason already stated, let us joyfully say: They have been driven from your hand; but we are your people and the sheep of your pasture.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":93,"ref":"p93","source":"Post domini Ananiæ obitum thronum S. Gregorii insedit dominus Vahanus Siuniæ archiepiscopus e BatHa provincia. Sed enim exacto uno patriarchatus anno controversia in eum concitata est propter sebismatis suspicionem. Quamobrem in arce Ania, regnante Asutio Abasi filio, multi episcopi crucigerique monachi celebratis comitiis, illum sepositum sede dejecerunt, successoremque ei dederunt Stephanum hominis Deo dilecli Mastosii consanguineum Sevania oriundum. Sed tamen Vahanus in Vaspuracanta provincia moratus, ibidemque legitimus S. Gregorii successor habitus, exitioso gravique schismati ausam praebuit: certatim enim anathematibus et publicis offensionibus universam Armeniam conturbaverunt; donec Dei nutu, eodem uterque anno exstinctus est. Hos excepit interregni annus unus. Mox Asutii, cognomento Largitoris, jussu convenientes integritate præditi viri sanctique episcopi beatum Dei hominem in sede patriarchali collocanl dominum Chacichium fratrem domini Ananiæ magni patriarchæ a cujus integra facundaque doctrina morumque sanctimonia os improborum oppilatum est. STEPHANUS annis II.","english":"After the death of lord Ananias, lord Vahan, archbishop of Siunia from the province of BatHa, sat upon the throne of St. Gregory. But when one year of his patriarchate had passed, a controversy was stirred up against him on suspicion of schism. Therefore in the fortress of Ania, while Asutius son of Abas was reigning, many bishops and cross-bearing monks, having held a council, deposed him from his see and gave him as successor Stephen, a kinsman of the man beloved of God, Mastosius, a native of Sevania. But nevertheless Vahan, staying in the province of Vaspuracanta and there held to be the legitimate successor of St. Gregory, gave occasion to a destructive and grave schism: for they threw all Armenia into confusion in rivalry with anathemas and public offenses, until by the will of God both were cut off in the same year. Them one year of interregnum followed. Soon, by the command of Asutius, surnamed the Giver, men endowed with integrity and holy bishops, having assembled, installed in the patriarchal see the blessed man of God, lord Chacichius, brother of lord Ananias the great patriarch, by whose sound and eloquent doctrine and holiness of morals the mouth of the wicked was stopped. STEPHEN, 2 years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":94,"ref":"p94","source":"Tandem post Gaghicum nemo ex hac gente res fuit. Quippe annis XXI Græci dominati sunt. Ceinde Alphaslanus Aniam Armeniorum metropolim cepit funditusque subvertit.\n\nSane post obitum Sembati, qui Joannes quoque dicebatur, conspirantibus suffragiis optimates cum patriarcha domino Petro in magnifica cathedrali aede metropoleos Armeniorum Aniæ congregati Geghicum Joannis regis ex fratre nepotem in regia patrui dignitate constituerunt; verum bic bellica studia, in quibus imperia nituntur, neglexit. Atqui his præsertim temporibus vires acuendae fuerant, bacchantibus Ismaelitis, Scythis incursantibus, uti jam diximus, Græcis denique ipsis seditione ferventibus, propterea quod regnum suum feminae arbitrio administrari viderent. Is, inquam, Gaghicus in litterarum disciplinis jam inde a teneris unguicalis versari solitus, in imperio quoque iisdem se oblectabat. Re Graeci intellecta (quæ gens fraudibus concreta est) hominem ad se pellexerunt; usi in primis optimatum nostrorum technis, qui cum regnum ejus sancte a se custoditun) iri sacramento confirmavissent, tamen Domini foedus non servaverunt: quae consilia hunc exitum sortita sunt, ut ipsi nimirum aliique complures ineluctabili exitio perierint.","english":"At length, after Gagik, there was no one of this people [in power]. Indeed, for twenty-one years the Greeks ruled. Then Alp Arslan captured Ani, the metropolis of the Armenians, and utterly destroyed it.\n\nAfter the death of Sembat, who was also called John, the nobles, with united votes, together with the patriarch lord Peter, assembled in the magnificent cathedral church of the metropolis of the Armenians at Ani, and established Geghik, the nephew of King John through his brother, in the royal dignity of his uncle. But he neglected the pursuits of war, on which empires depend. And yet especially in these times strength should have been sharpened, with the Ishmaelites raging, the Scythians making incursions, as we have already said, and finally the Greeks themselves seething with sedition, because they saw their kingdom administered at the whim of a woman. He, I say, Geghik, having been accustomed from his tender years to devote himself to the disciplines of letters, took his delight in these also while in power. When the Greeks understood the matter (a race compounded of frauds), they enticed the man to themselves; they made use especially of the tricks of our nobles, who, although they had confirmed by oath that his kingdom would be kept faithfully by them, nevertheless did not keep the covenant of the Lord: these counsels had this outcome, that they themselves and many others perished in an inescapable destruction.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":95,"ref":"p95","source":"Græci enim, submoto in insulam rcge, præsides quotannis mittebant: quo tempore Ania urbis cives atque optimates dissidio et ambitione certabant, mutuisque calumniis de læsa imperatoris majestate studioque Agarenorum inter se postulabant. Quin proceres ausi sunt patriarcham ipsum criminationibus circumvenite, qui vicissim necessitate coactus illos detulit in judicium. Quamobrem utrique laribus suis eversi sunt alioque traducti: cum interim vulgus prope exlex ad suam libidinem viveret. Atque hæc rerum publicarum ratio tenuit annos XXI. Quibus exactis turbo igneus australi flatu compulsus tulit belluam anthropophagam, cujus incendiis gens nostra deleta radicitus esi: quin et urbs Ania post dierum xxv obsidionem expugnata est ♦ ejusque cives ferri Sete instar virgultorum succisi, ita ut sanguine tellus manaret, libidinibus autem et stupris cuncta pollucreutur. Nimirum iratus est furore Dominus, nimisque abominatus est hæreditatem suam.","english":"For the Greeks, having removed the king to an island, used to send governors every year. At that time the citizens and leading men of the city of Ani were contending in dissension and ambition, and were accusing one another of treason against the emperor's majesty and of zeal for the Agarenes. Indeed, the nobles even dared to ensnare the patriarch himself with accusations, and he in turn, compelled by necessity, brought them to trial. For this reason both parties were driven from their homes and transferred elsewhere, while in the meantime the common people, nearly lawless, lived according to their own pleasure. And this form of public administration lasted twenty-one years. When these were completed, a fiery whirlwind driven by a southern blast brought a man-eating beast, by whose fires our people was utterly destroyed; indeed, the city of Ani too, after a siege of twenty-five days, was taken by storm, and its citizens were cut down like saplings with iron, so that the earth ran with blood, and all things were polluted with lusts and debaucheries. Without doubt the Lord was angry in his fury, and greatly abhorred his inheritance.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":96,"ref":"p96","source":"Igitur regni nostri dignitate deleta, eadem oportet in nostro canone cesset. Quanquam enim pars aliqua sceptri supererat, eorum scilicet qui in Cilicia vel alibi versabantur, nihilominUs et hi post metropoleos excidium vel in draconis potestatem sponte venerunt, vel ad Graecum imperatorem confugerunt; atque ita hostes regione nostra universa pOLiti sunt. Jamvero nos hisce canonibus reliqua persequamur usque ad nostram aetatem: et primo quidem laterculo Crealorem humana natura indutum, mox imperatores, deinde patriarchas, denique ærum, inde exorsi ubi pridem dcsivimus.\n\nDiogenes rex ingenti stipatus exercitu Persas bello appetivit Manazacertam usque progressus quam et occupavit. Re cognita, tyrannus ille Alphaslanus statim adversatus est, praelioque ingenti patrato Diogenes superatur et capitur. Hunc viclor imperato tributo libertate postea donavit; verum ei gens sua parere diutius cum nollet, regem sibi creavit Michaelem Ducæ filium. Tum Michael cum Diogene congressus superior discessit; hic autem amisso exercitu dum sacco indutus ad Michaelem a militibus duceretur, in itinere Michaelis mandato luminibus privatur, cujus vulneris dolore intolerabili moritur anno æræ DXXI.","english":"Therefore, with the dignity of our kingdom destroyed, it is fitting that this too cease in our canon. For although some part of the scepter remained—namely, of those who were staying in Cilicia or elsewhere—nevertheless these also, after the destruction of the metropolis, either came willingly into the power of the dragon, or fled to the Greek emperor; and so the enemies spread over our entire region. Now let us pursue the rest in these canons down to our own age: and first, in the first little entry, the Creator clothed in human nature; then the emperors, then the patriarchs, then the years, starting from where we previously left off.\n\nKing Diogenes, surrounded by a vast army, attacked the Persians in war, advancing as far as Manzikert, which he also occupied. When the matter was known, that tyrant Alp Arslan immediately opposed him, and after a great battle was fought, Diogenes was defeated and captured. The victor later granted him freedom in return for tribute; but when his own people were unwilling to obey him any longer, they created as king for themselves Michael, the son of Ducas. Then Michael, having engaged Diogenes, came away the superior; but the latter, having lost his army, while he was being led by soldiers to Michael dressed in sackcloth, was deprived of his eyes on the journey by Michael's command, and from the pain of this wound he died, in the year of the era 521.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":97,"ref":"p97","source":"Eodem anno justissimi Numinis sententia adversus tumidam illam infrenemque belluam emicuit, cui nomen Alphaslano. Hic dum fremitu horribili ad orbis terra dominatum anhelat, dumque virus animi I sui acerbissimum in eos etiam evomere parat, quos nondum unguibus irretiverat, repentino ensis itu succiditur e terra scelestus, neque Dei gloriam videt. Idem tamen antequam impurissimum spiritum emitteret, percussorem suum cum admiratione et stupore aspexisse perhibetur; atque ita necatus ad infera se demisit cum immani acerbitate animoque tot insontium piorumque caede consperso.\n\nHic ego promissa faciam, reliquam scilicet hujus temporis narrationem persequar, quam superiore loco prætermittere necessc fuit. Divus igitur ille philologus (Sarcavacus doctor pergit dicere: « Cum felix ille Melichsahus post Alphaslani parentis sui necem in imperii gloria versaretur, pulcherrimo sane ordine ratio regni universa utebatur. Is enimvero, quod nomen ejus indicabat, Rex regum tuit. Neque Ingenium moresve patris sui aemulatus est; imo adeo tam contraria studia prae se tulit, ut prorsus existimaret nihil iniquius, nibil paci aut omnino humanae vitae adversantius fuisse quam patris sui consilia et voluntates.","english":"In that same year, by the sentence of the most just Divinity, a flash of judgment fell upon that swollen and unbridled beast whose name was Alphaslanus. While he was panting with a horrible roar after dominion over the whole world, and while he was preparing to spew out the most bitter poison of his mind even upon those whom he had not yet entangled in his claws, the wicked man was suddenly cut down from the earth by the swift stroke of a sword, and he did not see the glory of God. Yet it is reported that the same man, before he gave up his most impure spirit, looked upon his slayer with admiration and astonishment; and thus slain he descended to the underworld with savage bitterness and with a mind defiled by the slaughter of so many innocent and pious people.\n\nHere I shall fulfill my promises, namely, I shall continue the remaining narrative of this time, which in the earlier place it was necessary to pass over. Therefore that holy philologist (for Sarcavacus the doctor continues to speak: \"When that blessed Melichsahus was enjoying the glory of empire after the death of his father Alphaslanus, the whole order of the kingdom was governed in a most beautiful arrangement. For he indeed, as his name indicated, was a King of kings. Nor did he emulate the character or the ways of his father; rather he displayed such contrary pursuits that he judged nothing to have been more unjust, nothing more opposed to peace or to human life altogether, than his father's counsels and desires.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":98,"ref":"p98","source":"Ipse igitur bene cunctis dispositis, prudentia item ac fortitudine multos reges, et certe omnes, qui memoria nostra exstiterunt, praecellens, nihil impensius satagebat, quam ut justissime viveret, neminique injuria aut superbia molestus esset. Quin et liberali animi natura praeditis erat, altoque mentis consilio, statura denique corporis quæ regem decebat: tanta vero mansuetudo morumque suavitas in eo erat, ut miriflce diligeretur. Atque ego quidem nonnisi regem ejusmodi existimo esse divitem. Hic brevi tempore terrarum orbem tantum non universum subegit: cum reliqui reges vel post diutinum tempus vel nunquam tanto imperio potiri soleant. Sed is nimirum benevolentia magis et comitate quam bellica vi utebatur. Jam si tam multa tam brevi obtinuit, profecto, uti arbitror, futurum erat, ut ne Europa quidem a regni ejus finibus se subduceret, nisi is maturius vita excessisset. » Haec Sarcavacus de hujus vita tradit, qui annis xx dominatus est. Mox ego quae de cjusdem morte praedictus Auctor narrat, subtexam.","english":"He therefore, having arranged everything well, excelling likewise in prudence and courage over many kings and certainly over all who have existed in our memory, was eager for nothing more intensely than to live most righteously and to be troublesome to no one by injury or pride. Indeed, he was also endowed with a generous nature of mind, and with deep counsel of thought, and finally with a stature of body that befitted a king: such great gentleness and sweetness of manners was in him that he was wonderfully beloved. And I for my part judge that only such a king as this is rich. In a short time he subdued almost the entire world: whereas the remaining kings are accustomed to obtain so great an empire either after a long time or never. But he, without doubt, employed benevolence and courtesy more than warlike force. Now if he obtained so many things in so short a time, surely, as I think, it would have come about that not even Europe would have withdrawn itself from the bounds of his kingdom, unless he had departed from life earlier. » Sarcavacus hands down these things concerning his life, who ruled for twenty years. Soon I will add what the aforesaid Author narrates concerning his death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":99,"ref":"p99","source":"Anno aerae DXXII vigente Sarracenorum tyrannide Ausinus (9i) princeps digressus est hæreditaria ditione sua cui nomen Maireaz Ciurch, contra Ganzagam sita, comitantibus fratre Algamo, matre, conjuge aliisque summa nobilitate viris, avecta etiam omni supellectile: ingressusque Ciliciam, e Sarracenorum potestate sibi vindicavit celeberrimam Lampruniam arcem, ad Tauri montis radices ubi ct Tarsus metropolis.\n\nAnno æræ DXXV Gaghicus rex Tarsum ad Apelgaripum Armeniorum principem sibi consanguineum se contulit: cum vero pedem inde referret a Graecorum principibus prope Argiam vi appetitus laqueo vitam finivit. Alii tamen aiunt, hunc venationi deditum et forte dormientem a Mandalianis captum esse; exin ductum in arcem Candruscoriam ibique interfectum. Eo terrore exanimati reliqui principes Artneniorum fuga dilapsl sunt, Ex horum tamen numero princeps quidam Gashici consanguineus, nomine Rubenus, qui Causitarum arcem tenebat, cognita Gaghici nece, cum omni domo sua in Phrygiae partes migravit, oppidumque Colmesolum insedit. His forte in montibus complurcs degebant Armeniacæ gentis coloni, quibus sibi praeclarus Rhupenius adjunclis et satis corroboratus montanam regionem armis tenuit, pulsisque Graecis, eorum oppida incoluit.","english":"In the year of the era 522, while the tyranny of the Saracens was prevailing, Ausinus (9i), a prince, departed from his hereditary domain, whose name was Maireaz Ciurch, situated opposite Ganzaga, accompanied by his brother Algamus, his mother, his wife, and other men of the highest nobility, with all his household goods also carried away; and having entered Cilicia, he claimed for himself from the power of the Saracens the most celebrated fortress of Lamprunia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, where Tarsus, the metropolis, also is.\n\nIn the year of the era 525, King Gaghicus betook himself to Tarsus, to Apelgaripus, prince of the Armenians, his kinsman; but when he was returning thence, he was violently seized by the Greek princes near Argia and ended his life by the noose. Others, however, say that he, being devoted to hunting and by chance sleeping, was captured by the Mandaliani; then led to the fortress of Candruscoria and killed there. The remaining princes of the Armenians, terrified by this alarm, slipped away in flight. Yet from their number a certain prince, a kinsman of Gashicus, by name Rubenus, who held the fortress of the Causitae, having learned of the death of Gaghicus, migrated with his whole household into the parts of Phrygia and occupied the town of Colmesolum. By chance many colonists of the Armenian race were living in these mountains; having joined them to himself, the renowned Rhupenius, sufficiently strengthened, held the mountainous region by arms, and having driven out the Greeks, he inhabited their towns.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":100,"ref":"p100","source":"Age vero quoniam regnante Melichsaho pace orbis universus præsertimque Armenia potiia est-, cui quidem superiores tyranni. poculum exitiale tandiu propinaverant; lubet verba laudatoria prædicti eximii doctoris ascribere, qui admodum elaboratam prolixamque orationem rursus scribit, postquam scilicet res viventis absolvit sic ejusdem obitum narrans. « Anno æræ DXLI supremus Melichsahi Persarum regis administer occisus est, cujus nomen Hasanus, dignitatis autem titulus Vezrucius Chogia. Octo autem et viginti post dies ipse quoque Melichsahus interiit veneno, ut fama est, ab uxore corruptus: vir in omnes benevolus atque mitissimus, in Christianos autem prope singulariter. Hujus obitum incredibilis omnium gentium perturbatio consecuta est per quadriennium. Nam et frater Dedusius et filius Bechiaruchus his annis bella cientes omne genus institutionum bonarum subverterunt, dum neuter regno firmiter potiretur. Sanguis interim torrentium instar manahat non solum Marte certantium, verum etiam omnis ordinis civium et provincialium:,.ter alias ærumnas famis atque captivitatum. Sic nimirum felicitas cum vita regis pulsa est: ad quem quidem curaram regalium lahor pertinuerat; ad alios vero sive optimates sive plebeios fructus earum et commoditas redundaverat dilexit, y vitæ nempe securitas, rerum ubertas malorumque depulsio.","english":"But in the time when Melichsah was reigning, the whole world, and especially Armenia, obtained peace—though the tyrants before him had for so long served her the deadly cup; it is fitting to append the laudatory words of the aforesaid distinguished doctor, who again writes a most elaborate and lengthy oration, namely after he has completed the account of the man while alive, thus narrating his death. \"In the year of the era 541, the chief minister of Melichsah, king of the Persians, was killed, whose name was Hasan, and whose title of dignity was Vezrucius Chogia. But twenty-eight days afterward Melichsah himself also died, corrupted by poison, as rumor has it, by his wife: a man benevolent and most gentle toward all, but toward Christians almost singularly so. Upon his death followed an incredible disturbance of all peoples for four years. For both his brother Dedusius and his son Bechiaruchus, stirring up wars in these years, overturned every kind of good institution, while neither firmly obtained the kingdom. Meanwhile blood flowed like torrents, not only of those fighting in war, but also of citizens and provincials of every order, among other hardships of famine and captivity. Thus indeed happiness was driven out together with the king's life: to him had belonged the care of royal labors; to others, whether nobles or commoners, the fruits and comfort of them had overflowed. He loved, namely, security of life, abundance of things, and the driving away of evils.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":101,"ref":"p101","source":"Is adeo gentem nostram diloxit, ut preeoa exposceret ac beneditiones: cujus rei causa patriarcham quoque ad aulam accersivit. Atque utinam ad Christiana sacra moresque transisset! » Imperii ejus sedes Aspahana fuit, quae metropolis Persarum est, ibidemque vitam conclusit.\n\nRomani per Thraciam in Asiam transmittunt, ut Scytharnm, Persarum atque Saracenorum adversus Christianos injurias ultum eant. Plurimis autem incommodis afficiuntur a filio Satanae Alexio Græcorum in urbe Constantinopolitana rege. Hie partim arcanis, partim manifestis insidiis, mortifero etiam cibo grassabatur: tum iidem mari suorumque ducatui pessimo artifteio commissi significabat astute barbaris qua ratione caperentur. Haec Dominus aliquando ulciscatur I siquidem hic homo itemque mater ejus, uti ex multis audivimus, Christiano ritu alieni erant. Id etiam Sarcavacus doctor commemorat.","english":"He so loved our people that he sought prayers and blessings; for this reason he also summoned the patriarch to court. And would that he had passed over to the Christian sacraments and customs! The seat of his empire was Aspahana, which is the metropolis of the Persians, and there he ended his life.\n\nThe Romans pass through Thrace into Asia, to avenge the injuries of the Scythians, Persians, and Saracens against the Christians. But they are afflicted by very many hardships by the son of Satan, Alexius, king of the Greeks in the city of Constantinople. He raged partly by secret, partly by open plots, and even by deadly food; then, when the same men had been entrusted to the sea and to their own command by a most wicked device, he cunningly indicated to the barbarians by what means they might be captured. May the Lord one day avenge these things! For this man, as also his mother, as we have heard from many, were estranged from the Christian rite. The teacher Sarcavacus also records this.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":102,"ref":"p102","source":"Romani Hierosolyma vi Saracenis eripiunt caesis hostium sexaginta quinque millibus in templo, et pluribus adhuc in urbe. Dominus Vahramus versabatur Hierosolymis dum urbs capiebatur.\n\nOblit dominus Basillus patriarcha Armeniorum, ejusque dignitatem excepit dominus Gregorius, ingenti gloria residens In throno diœceseos S. Gregorli Armeniorum Illuminatoris, cujus eum quoque genere ortum esse constabat. Hic Dei gratia affluenter ornatus, propter morum integritatem ac sanctimoniam non solum a nostratibus viris, verum etiam ab exteris regibus et principibus, imo etiam a regibus et pontificibus Romanorum summi honoris testimonia adeptus est. Idem ad sanctam Hierosolymorum urbem iter instituit, ibique sacra loca venerabundus aspexit, In quibus Deus ad humanam naturam demissus particeps fuit passionis Christi ut etiam gloriae ejus consors fleret. Ibi enimvero Romana gens. eorumdem locorum domina, quam Francorum nomine indigitant, quanta esset in patriarcha nostra divinae gratiae copia cognovit: namque ct ex ejus corporis forma eximia ac majestate venustas facil' spiritus intelligebatur, germanaque fidei orthodoxla, quam is perspicue et secundum verissimos canones nec sine decora eloquentia significabat. Quibus rebus Romani mirifice delectati summi amoris necessitudine cum patriarcha nostro cumque gente Armeniaca copulati sunt.","english":"The Romans wrest Jerusalem by force from the Saracens, with sixty-five thousand of the enemy slain in the temple and more still in the city. Lord Vahram was staying at Jerusalem when the city was captured.\n\nLord Basillus, patriarch of the Armenians, died, and Lord Gregory succeeded to his dignity, seated with immense glory on the throne of the diocese of Saint Gregory the Illuminator of the Armenians, from whose lineage it was established that he too was descended. He, abundantly adorned with the grace of God, on account of the integrity of his morals and his sanctity obtained testimonies of the highest honor not only from our own men but also from foreign kings and princes, and indeed even from the kings and pontiffs of the Romans. The same man undertook a journey to the holy city of Jerusalem, and there reverently beheld the sacred places, in which God, having stooped down to human nature, was made a partaker of the passion of Christ so that he might also become a partaker of his glory. There indeed the Roman people, the mistress of those same places, whom they call by the name of the Franks, recognized how great was the abundance of divine grace in our patriarch; for even from the excellent form of his body and the charm of his majesty the grace of the spirit was easily understood, and the orthodox faith, genuine, which he set forth clearly and according to the truest canons, and not without becoming eloquence. Marvelously delighted by these things, the Romans were joined to our patriarch and to the Armenian people by the bond of the highest love.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":103,"ref":"p103","source":"Sic Dei providentia res omnes administrantur: neque enim repulit Dominus populum suum, ut Psalmographi verba testantur.\n\nQuo æræ anno Basilius patriarcba obiit, eodem ad Dominum morte translatus cst Georgius doctor cognomento Melricius.\n\nRursus eodem anno fortis Tancredus Romanus qui Antiochiam multasque præterea civitates provinciasquc tenebat, vir egregius et probus, veneno exstinctus est a suo patriarcha in eadem urbe Antiochia.\n\nEodem denique anno per sancti PaschaLis quadragenarium jejunium quintæ hebdomadæ fcria quarta, qua die sidera olim creata sunt, solis defectus fuit. GREGORIUS annis LIII.\n\nIncursionum, rapinarum, exitiorum et cladium, quibus Ibcri certatim Saracenique provinciam Aniæ velabant, pertesi denique Aniae urbis Siraciaeque regionis incolæ, ut hanc a se procellam depellerent, ad Davidis lberorum regis clientelam confugere decreverunt. Igitur conjuratum est adversus Apelsuarum amiram, Manuciei filium, qui exstincto patri in Aniæ dominatum successerat; David autem rex patentibus portis in urbem receptus: quo sic repente inlrogresso, nemo vitae detrimentum passus est. Is captum cum filiis Apelsuarum in Iberiam secum avexit, locoque adeo pestilenti deposuit, ut brevi pater cum liberis duobus perierit. Interim cum fortis quoque David naturæ concessisset, Iberiae regnum adiit Demetrius ejusdem filius, omni laude juvenilis disciptinae cumulatissimus.","english":"Thus by God's providence all things are administered; for the Lord has not cast off his people, as the words of the Psalmist testify.\n\nIn the year of the era in which Basilius the patriarch died, in the same year George the doctor, surnamed Melricius, was translated to the Lord by death.\n\nAgain in the same year the strong Tancred the Roman, who held Antioch and many other cities and provinces besides, a distinguished and upright man, was killed by poison by his own patriarch in that same city of Antioch.\n\nFinally in the same year, during the forty-day fast of holy Pascha, on the fourth day of the fifth week, the day on which the stars were once created, there was an eclipse of the sun. Gregory, fifty-three years.\n\nAt length the inhabitants of the city of Ania and of the region of Siracene, wearied by the incursions, plunderings, slaughters, and disasters with which the Iberians and Saracens vied in ravaging the province of Ania, resolved to flee for protection to David, king of the Iberians, so as to drive this storm away from themselves. Accordingly a conspiracy was formed against Apelsuarus the emir, son of Manucius, who after his father's death had succeeded to the lordship of Ania; and King David was received into the city with open gates. When he had thus suddenly entered, no one suffered loss of life. He carried off Apelsuarus, captured with his sons, with him into Iberia, and settled him in a place so pestilential that within a short time the father perished with his two children. Meanwhile, when the strong David also had yielded to nature, Demetrius, his son, most abundantly endowed with every praise of youthful discipline, succeeded to the kingdom of Iberia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":104,"ref":"p104","source":"Tum vero Phatlunus filiorum Apelsuari natu maximus, qui tandiu apud maguum amiram in Chorasania diversabatur, cognita parentis calamitate stationisque noxia natura, in regiones nostras maturavit incurrere, praefectisque suburbanis devictis, metropolim obsidione vallavit. Sæva dehinc fames annum integrum occupavit: cumque cives ad comparandam escam noctu egrederentur, structis insidiis hostis viros quidem jugulabat, ita ut cruore et ossibus terra squaleret, feminas autem pucrosque veudebat. Sed tamen identidem ex Iberia duces aderant viri egregii, ut ille clarus ac slrenuus Ivanes Abulethi filius qui forti animo incursores cadebat: cumque Phatlunus magna vi urbem aggrederetur, ipse paucis stipatus, adjuvantibus civibus, urbem periculo expedivi!. Neque vero reticendum est feminæ cujusdam in eo certamine virile facinus, quae satis audacter moenibus insistens lapidum ictibus hostes pellebat, sagittis quibus extrinsecus petebatur contemptis. Feminae nomen Caprea, quod ejus erat pernicitati consentaneum. Verumtamen regno Iberorum nondum in ea urbe satis confirmato, Caine ac cædibus in dies sævientibus, coguntur cives urbem denuo ad Phatluni potestatem transferre, fide jurata ab eodem accepta, nequid contra patris fraLrumque proditores statueret. Id ille lœdus etsi in praesenti non delrecLavit, nihilominus pacatis rebus, eos vario criminationum genere aggressus est atque muitavit.","english":"Then indeed Phatlunus, the eldest of the sons of Apelsuar, who had for so long been staying with the great amir in Khorasan, having learned of his father's calamity and the harmful nature of his position, hastened to invade our regions; and after defeating the suburban prefects, he enclosed the metropolis in a siege. From then on a savage famine occupied a whole year; and when the citizens went out by night to procure food, the enemy, having set ambushes, slaughtered the men, so that the ground was foul with blood and bones, while the women and boys he sold. But nevertheless, from time to time, leaders from Iberia were present, excellent men, such as that renowned and vigorous Ivanes, son of Abuleth, who with a brave spirit struck down the raiders; and when Phatlunus attacked the city with great force, he himself, accompanied by few, with the citizens assisting, freed the city from danger. Nor indeed must the manly deed of a certain woman in that struggle be passed over in silence, who quite boldly, standing on the walls, drove off the enemy with blows of stones, despising the arrows with which she was attacked from outside. The woman's name was Caprea, which was fitting to her swiftness. However, since the kingdom of the Iberians was not yet sufficiently established in that city, with slaughters and killings raging daily, the citizens were compelled to transfer the city again to the power of Phatlunus, after receiving from him an oath sworn that he would do nothing against the betrayers of his father and brothers. Although that foul man did not reject this at present, nevertheless, once matters were pacified, he attacked them with various kinds of accusations and punished them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":105,"ref":"p105","source":"Eo regnante a consuetis quidem incursionibus quies in Armenia fuit, sed tum præterita damna. tum vectigalium rapinarumque vis summam apud nos egestatem rerumque omnium penuriam effecerunt, quae quidem ab ea usque aetate incrementis aucta nostris adhuc temporibus perseverat,\n\nAt enim sanctus patriarcha fideique antistes dominus Gregorius, quia fœdus amicabile cum Apelsuaro fecerat, quo sedes ab eo proteseretur, audita in hunc Aniensium conspiratione, criminis auctoribus vehementer succeusuit.\n\nHoc anno Romanorum natio cum innumero exercitu mare tirca eamdem Thraciam transmisit, per quam prior quoque transitus fuerat quem superius ad annum DXLVI commemoravimus. lidem nullam prae se memoriam tulerunt earum molestiarum, quas olim a filio Belial Alexio perpessi fuerant: neque enim callidas dolosasque Græcorum fallacias senserunt, cum Alexium fidei socium Christique famulum existimarent. Ea propter hoc etiam tempore praetcritorum malorum immemorcs gravius adhuc decepti illusique sunt ab ejusdem nepote, cujus nomen ad Antichristum alludit: quippe hic ab Emmanuelis factis et religione magnopere abhorrens, vocitatus est Manuel.","english":"While he reigned, there was indeed quiet in Armenia from the customary incursions, but then the past damages, then the force of taxes and plunderings produced the greatest poverty among us and a scarcity of all things, which indeed from that age onward, increased by our own growth, persists even in our times.\n\nBut indeed the holy patriarch and champion of the faith, lord Gregory, because he had made a friendly covenant with Apelsuar, by which his see might be protected by him, when he heard of the conspiracy against this man by the Anienses, was vehemently enraged at the authors of the crime.\n\nIn this year the nation of the Romans crossed the sea with a countless army around the same Thrace, through which the earlier crossing also had been, which we mentioned above under the year 546. The same men bore before them no memory of those troubles which they had once suffered from Alexius, son of Belial: for they did not perceive the cunning and deceitful tricks of the Greeks, since they considered Alexius a partner in faith and a servant of Christ. For this reason also at this time, forgetful of past evils, they were still more grievously deceived and mocked by the grandson of the same man, whose name alludes to the Antichrist: for he, greatly abhorring the deeds and religion of Emmanuel, was called Manuel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":106,"ref":"p106","source":"Anno æræ DCX rex Iberorum Georgius Aniarn die Junii tertia decima cepit: mox Augusto exordiente octoginta militum millia Saharmeni septem millibus profligavit: quam rem nostris oculis vidimus, relata scilicet in commentarios viginti tria millia, praeter reliquam multitudinem quae agrum nostrum cadaveribus suis operiebat. Consecuto autem æræ anno DCXI die Augusti XXI Devinam urbem occupavit Georgius, indidemque sexaginta hominum millia capliva deduxit, quorum eliam superstitiosa sacella delevit. Exin anno æræ DCXII Chorasaniae Sultanus cum innumeris armatorum copiis ad Aniæ nostrae portas progressus pavore incolas consternavit: post trigesimum autem diem clam abiit vir callidissimus magnaque clade Georgio ejusque copiis imposita in regnum se recepit.","english":"In the year of the era 610, George, king of the Iberians, captured Ani on the thirteenth day of June; then, at the beginning of August, with seven thousand men he routed eighty thousand of the Saharmenians. This matter we saw with our own eyes, though only twenty-three thousand were reported in the records, besides the rest of the multitude that covered our field with their corpses. In the following year of the era, 611, on the twenty-first day of August, George occupied the city of Devin, and from there led away sixty thousand captives, whose superstitious shrines he also destroyed. Then in the year of the era 612, the Sultan of Khorasan, advancing with countless armed forces to the gates of our Ani, struck the inhabitants with terror; but after the thirtieth day he withdrew secretly, a most cunning man, and after inflicting great disaster on George and his troops, he returned to his kingdom.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]}]}