{"slug":"stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1","title":"Descriptio Consulum Ex Quo Primum Ordinati Sunt [Codex Parisiensis]","title_source":"Descriptio Consulum Ex Quo Primum Ordinati Sunt [Codex Parisiensis]","author":"Idatius Aquaeflaviensis Episcopus","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T07:17:30Z","cost_usd":0.022857},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1","work_id":"stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/stoa0154a/stoa002/stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":46,"english_words":7906,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":30342,"commentary_units":272,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":28,"ambiguities":89,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Descriptio Consulum Ex Quo Primum Ordinati Sunt is a Latin list of Roman consuls beginning with the first consuls (Brutus and Collatinus, 509 BCE) and attributed to Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae (c. 400–469 CE). The sole surviving witness is the 9th-century Codex Parisiensis (BNF lat. 4884), which likely underwent Carolingian revisions, complicating reconstruction of Hydatius’ original. The list extends to 468 CE, providing a terminus post quem for the author’s activity. It reflects late antique chronicle traditions and was used by later chroniclers, such as the compiler of the Chronica Gallica of 511, as a chronological framework. The edition (ogl-pl) does not collate marginalia or variant readings from other consular lists, which may affect interpretation of Hydatius’ sources and method.","historical_context":"Hydatius (c. 400–469 CE) was bishop of Aquae Flaviae (modern Chaves, Portugal) in the late Roman province of Gallaecia. He lived through the barbarian invasions and wrote a chronicle continuing Jerome’s work. The Descriptio Consulum is a consular list, a genre used by late antique chroniclers to anchor historical events. The sole manuscript, Codex Parisiensis (BNF lat. 4884), dates to the 9th century and was produced in the Carolingian scriptorium, likely at Corbie or Fleury. The text shows signs of Carolingian revision, including added marginal years ab Urbe condita by the Jesuit scholar Philippe Labbé (1607–1667). The list’s transmission is fragmentary; the repeated word 'Omissi' indicates acknowledged gaps. The work was used by the compiler of the Chronica Gallica of 511, suggesting it circulated in Gaul. The citation of Cicero’s Brutus (section 62) indicates the compiler consulted classical sources. The list’s extension to 468 CE aligns with Hydatius’ death, but the original extent is uncertain due to later additions.","significance":"The Descriptio Consulum is a key witness to late antique chronography and the transmission of consular lists. It provides a chronological framework for Hydatius’ own chronicle and influenced later Gallic chronicles. The manuscript’s Carolingian revisions and marginalia by Labbé illustrate the text’s reception and scholarly use. Its gaps and variant readings highlight the challenges of reconstructing ancient consular lists and the importance of manuscript collation.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 400–469 CE","event":"Life of Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae, to whom the work is attributed."},{"date":"468 CE","event":"Terminus post quem: the consular list extends to this year, the year before Hydatius’ death."},{"date":"9th century","event":"Codex Parisiensis (BNF lat. 4884) copied, likely in a Carolingian scriptorium."},{"date":"511 CE","event":"Chronica Gallica of 511 uses the list as a chronological framework."},{"date":"1607–1667","event":"Philippe Labbé adds marginal years ab Urbe condita to the manuscript."}],"relations":[{"work":"Chronica Gallica of 511","relation":"used as a chronological framework","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Hydatius' Chronicle","relation":"attributed to the same author; consular list likely served as a source","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Cicero's Brutus","relation":"cited as a source for early consuls (section 62)","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Jerome's Chronicle","relation":"part of the same chronicle tradition; Hydatius continued Jerome's work","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The attribution to Hydatius is traditional but not certain; the work may be a later compilation.","The sole surviving manuscript (9th century) likely underwent Carolingian revisions, complicating reconstruction of the original.","The edition (ogl-pl) does not collate marginalia or variant readings, which may affect interpretation of sources and method.","The list’s extension to 468 CE is a terminus post quem, but the original extent is uncertain due to possible later additions."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000511,"generated":"2026-11-15T07:17:29Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/stoa0154a/stoa002/stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"stoa0154a.stoa002.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":46,"translated":46,"commentary_passages":46,"commentary_units":272,"english_words":7906,"source_letters":30139,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a list of Roman consuls from the first appointment (Brutus and Collatinus, 509 BCE) onward, attributed to Hydatius of Aquae Flaviae (c. 400–469 CE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The sole surviving witness is Codex Parisiensis (BNF lat. 4884), a 9th-century manuscript. The text likely underwent Carolingian revisions, complicating reconstruction of Hydatius’ original.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Hydatius’ consular list extends to 468 CE, the year before his death. The work thus provides a terminus post quem for the author’s activity and reflects late antique chronicle traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition (ogl-pl) does not collate the manuscript’s marginalia or variant readings from other consular lists, which may affect interpretation of Hydatius’ sources and method.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list was used by later chroniclers, including the compiler of the Chronica Gallica of 511, as a chronological framework for historical events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 46 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"28 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":46},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"IDATII EPISCOPI DESCRIPTIO CONSULUM EX QUO PRIMUM ORDINATI SUNT. Ex Codice ms, biblothecæ collegii Parisiensis soc. Jesu. Annos ab Urbe condita Varroniands ad oram addidit Labbeus.\n\na Bruto et Collatino.\n\nPublicola et Lucretio\n\nPublicola II et Publilio,\n\nOmissi Lartius et Exquilinus.\n\nOmissi Valerius et Tuberius.\n\nPublicola III et Lucretio II.\n\nMenenio Agrippa et Postumio.\n\nTricosto et Vitellino.\n\nAurunco et Flaro.\n\nCamerino et Longo (Cic. in Bruto H. 62).\n\nHelva et Gemine.\n\nFlavo et Sifulo [AI. Siculo].\n\nAtratine et Augurino.\n\nAlbo et Cœlimontano.\n\nSabino et Prisco.\n\nCœlimontano II et Vitellino III.\n\nAurunco II et Vitellino.\n\nMacrino et Augurine.\n\nAugurino II et Atralino.\n\nCamerino et Flabio [Al. FlaveJ.\n\nTallo et Ruffo. His tonsa. Romani proceres dicti sunt.\n\nNautio et Rufo [AI. Fuso vel Furio].\n\nTuseo et Sabioo.\n\nRutilio [vel Rutilo] et Viscellino.","english":"DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSULS BY BISHOP IDATIUS, FROM THE TIME THEY WERE FIRST APPOINTED. From a manuscript codex of the library of the Jesuit College of Paris. Labbeus added the years from the founding of the City according to Varro in the margin.\n\nFrom Brutus and Collatinus.\n\nPublicola and Lucretius.\n\nPublicola II and Publilius.\n\nLartius and Exquilinus omitted.\n\nValerius and Tuberius omitted.\n\nPublicola III and Lucretius II.\n\nMenenius Agrippa and Postumius.\n\nTricostus and Vitellinus.\n\nAurunco and Flarus.\n\nCamerinus and Longus (Cicero, in Brutus, H. 62).\n\nHelva and Geminus.\n\nFlavus and Sifulus [or Siculus].\n\nAtratinus and Augurinus.\n\nAlbus and Caelimontanus.\n\nSabinus and Priscus.\n\nCaelimontanus II and Vitellinus III.\n\nAurunco II and Vitellinus.\n\nMacrinus and Augurinus.\n\nAugurinus II and Atralinus.\n\nCamerinus and Flavius [or Flaveus].\n\nTallus and Rufus. After these, the Roman nobles were so called.\n\nNautius and Rufus [or Fusus or Furius].\n\nTuseus and Sabius.\n\nRutilius [or Rutilus] and Viscellinus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Idatii Episcopi Descriptio Consulum","severity":"info","text":"This list of Roman consuls is attributed to Bishop Idatius (Hydatius) of Aquae Flaviae (modern Chaves, Portugal), a 5th-century chronicler. The manuscript source is a codex from the Jesuit College of Paris.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Labbeus","severity":"info","text":"The marginal years from the founding of the city (ab Urbe condita) were added by Labbeus, likely the Jesuit scholar Philippe Labbé (1607–1667), who edited historical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi","severity":"info","text":"The repeated word 'Omissi' (omitted) indicates that the manuscript or its source acknowledged gaps in the consular list, possibly due to lacunae or uncertainty in the tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"His tonsa. Romani proceres dicti sunt.","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'His tonsa. Romani proceres dicti sunt' is obscure. It may mean 'After these, the Roman nobles were so called' (as in the English draft), but 'tonsa' (shorn) is puzzling and could be a corruption or a reference to a custom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Camerino et Longo (Cic. in Bruto H. 62)","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Cic. in Bruto H. 62' refers to Cicero's Brutus, section 62, which discusses early Roman consuls. This suggests the compiler used Cicero as a source for the list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Publicola","severity":"info","text":"Publicola (also Poplicola) is a variant spelling of the Roman cognomen Publicola, borne by the early consul Publius Valerius Publicola. The repeated entries with numerals (II, III) indicate successive consulships.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list contains variant spellings (e.g., Sifulo/Siculo, Flabio/Flave) and uncertain names (e.g., Nautio/Rufo with alternatives Fuso/Furio). The phrase 'His tonsa' is unclear in meaning and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Fabio et Maluginense.\n\nMamerco et Fabio.\n\nFabio et Velesio.\n\nTertullo [Al. Julo et Fabio II.\n\nSabino et Fuso.\n\nCincinnato et Fabio III.\n\nRutilie et Fabio IV.\n\nÆmilio II et Æsculino.\n\nLænate et Publilio.\n\nOmissi Tricostus et Structus.\n\nNautio et Publicola.\n\nMallio et Furio.\n\nÆmilio et Julio.\n\nPinario et Fusco.\n\nSabino et Capitolino.\n\nÆmilio et Valerio.\n\nCœlimontano et Prisco II.\n\nCapiiolino el Prisco.\n\nÆmilio II et Vibulano.\n\nRegilliano et Fusco (Al. Prisco].\n\nOmissi Capitolinus III et Fabius II.\n\nPrisco et Albo.\n\nOmissi Priscus et Elva.\n\nTricipatino et Veturio.\n\nGallo et Camerino.\n\nPublicola II et Sabino.\n\nVibulano et Maluginense.\n\nNautio et Atratino.\n\nPublilio et Hilario.\n\nMaximo et Virginio.\n\nRoeo et Veturio.\n\nCapitolino et Varo.\n\nFesto et Quintillo [AI. Quintilio].\n\nLaenate et Capitolino. His Conss. decemviri creati priores et posteriores annis II.","english":"Fabius and Maluginensis.\n\nMamercus and Fabius.\n\nFabius and Velesius.\n\nTertullus [Al. Julius] and Fabius II.\n\nSabinus and Fusus.\n\nCincinnatus and Fabius III.\n\nRutilius and Fabius IV.\n\nAemilius II and Aesculinus.\n\nLaenatus and Publilius.\n\nOmitted: Tricostus and Structus.\n\nNautius and Publicola.\n\nMallius and Furius.\n\nAemilius and Julius.\n\nPinarius and Fuscus.\n\nSabinus and Capitolinus.\n\nAemilius and Valerius.\n\nCaelimontanus and Priscus II.\n\nCapitolinus and Priscus.\n\nAemilius II and Vibulanus.\n\nRegillianus and Fuscus (Al. Priscus).\n\nOmitted: Capitolinus III and Fabius II.\n\nPriscus and Albus.\n\nOmitted: Priscus and Elva.\n\nTricipatinus and Veturius.\n\nGallus and Camerinus.\n\nPublicola II and Sabinus.\n\nVibulanus and Maluginensis.\n\nNautius and Atratinus.\n\nPublilius and Hilarius.\n\nMaximus and Virginius.\n\nRoeus and Veturius.\n\nCapitolinus and Varus.\n\nFestus and Quintillus [Al. Quintilius].\n\nLaenatus and Capitolinus. Under these Consuls, the decemviri were created, both the earlier and the later, for two years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Fabio et Maluginense","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the consular list from the previous page, with each line naming a pair of consuls. The pattern is broken by notes of omission and a concluding historical remark.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Omissi","severity":"info","text":"Omissi indicates that certain consuls are omitted from the list, likely due to gaps in the source tradition or deliberate abbreviation by the compiler.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"decemviri creati priores et posteriores annis II","severity":"info","text":"The decemviri were a commission of ten men appointed in 451–450 BCE to draft the Twelve Tables, Rome's first written law code. The note here marks their creation under the consuls Laenatus and Capitolinus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Tertullo [Al. Julo et Fabio II]","severity":"caution","text":"The notation 'Al.' (aliter) signals a variant reading in the manuscript tradition, indicating uncertainty about the correct name. This is a common feature in the transmission of consular lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His Conss. decemviri creati priores et posteriores annis II","severity":"info","text":"This note anchors the list to a known historical event: the creation of the decemviri, traditionally dated to 451 BCE, with a second college in 450 BCE. The 'annis II' refers to their two-year tenure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of several consuls is uncertain due to variant readings (e.g., Tertullus vs. Julius) and omissions. The list may conflate historical and legendary figures."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Barbato et Potito.\n\nHerminio et Tricosto.\n\nMaeerino et lulio.\n\nFurio et Capitolino.\n\nGenutio et Curtio. His eonss. tribuni plebis facti tres anno I.\n\nOmissi Mugillanus et Atratinus.\n\nMaeerino et Capitolino.\n\nVibulano et Helva.\n\nPacilio et Crasso.\n\nOmissi Macerinus et Lanatus.\n\nMaltio [AI. Menenio] et Capitolino. His conss. item tribuni plebis tres ann. II.\n\nMacerino et Fidenate.\n\nMaluginente et Crasso.\n\nJulie et Virginio.\n\nCapitolino et Camerino. His conss. [Forte Sine conss. Item tribun! plebis ires ann. II.\n\nPenno et Mentone.\n\nCrasso et Julio,\n\nTricipitino et Fidenate II.\n\nGosso et Pœno.\n\nAchilla et Mugillano. His conss. item tribuni plebis tres annis III. Atratino et Yibulano.\n\nCapitolino et Vibulano. His conss. item tribuni plebis quatuor annis VIII.\n\nOmissi Cossus et Medullinus.\n\nOmissi Ambustus et Pacilus.\n\nMugillano et Rutilio.","english":"Barbatus and Potitus.\n\nHerminius and Tricostus.\n\nMacerinus and Julius.\n\nFurius and Capitolinus.\n\nGenutius and Curtius. In their consulship, three tribunes of the plebs were created in year I.\n\nOmitted: Mugillanus and Atratinus.\n\nMacerinus and Capitolinus.\n\nVibulanus and Helva.\n\nPacilius and Crassus.\n\nOmitted: Macerinus and Lanatus.\n\nMaltius [Al. Menenius] and Capitolinus. In their consulship, likewise three tribunes of the plebs in year II.\n\nMacerinus and Fidenas.\n\nMaluginensis and Crassus.\n\nJulius and Virginius.\n\nCapitolinus and Camerinus. In their consulship [Perhaps without consuls. Likewise three tribunes of the plebs in year II.\n\nPennus and Mento.\n\nCrassus and Julius.\n\nTricipitinus and Fidenas II.\n\nCossus and Poenus.\n\nAchilla and Mugillanus. In their consulship, likewise three tribunes of the plebs in year III. Atratinus and Vibulanus.\n\nCapitolinus and Vibulanus. In their consulship, likewise four tribunes of the plebs in year VIII.\n\nOmitted: Cossus and Medullinus.\n\nOmitted: Ambustus and Pacilus.\n\nMugillanus and Rutilius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His eonss. tribuni plebis facti tres anno I.","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'His eonss.' is a scribal abbreviation for 'His consulibus' (in their consulship). The repeated formula 'tribuni plebis facti tres' marks a structural pattern in the chronicle, noting the creation of tribunes of the plebs in specific years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi","severity":"info","text":"'Omissi' (omitted) indicates that the consuls listed were excluded from the main sequence, likely due to textual corruption or a break in the source tradition. This is a common feature in consular fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"anno I, ann. II, annis III, annis VIII","severity":"info","text":"The years are numbered sequentially (I, II, III, VIII) but inconsistently, suggesting that the chronicler grouped tribunician creations by regnal or era years, not by consular years. The jump from III to VIII may indicate a lacuna or a different counting system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Maltio [AI. Menenio]","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Maltio' is given with an alternative reading 'Menenio' (marked 'Al.' for 'aliter'). This textual variant reflects uncertainty in the manuscript tradition; the correct reading is contested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"tribuni plebis","severity":"info","text":"The tribuni plebis were Roman magistrates elected to protect plebeian interests. Their creation is traditionally dated to 494 BCE, but the chronicle here assigns them to specific consular years, reflecting later annalistic reconstruction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Forte Sine conss.","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note 'Forte Sine conss.' (perhaps without consuls) indicates a later reader's or scribe's uncertainty about whether consuls were in office that year, showing the text's reception and annotation history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbering of years (I, II, III, VIII) is inconsistent and may reflect gaps in the source or a different era system.","The names 'Maltio' and 'Menenio' are variant readings; the correct form is uncertain.","The phrase 'Forte Sine conss.' is a marginal gloss, not part of the original text, and its authority is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Æmilio et Rustico.\n\nGosso et Medullino. His conss. [Forte Sine conss. item tribuni plebis IV, et II, et VI, annis xv,\n\nFlavo et Camerino.\n\nIn Potito et Capitolino. His conss. item tribuni plebis creati sunt annis XVIII, postea annis IV; nemo curulis magistratus fuit. Item tribuni pie. bis VI.\n\nMamertino et Laterano.\n\nGenucio et Curtio,\n\nPetico et Galva.\n\nMamerlino et Silla.\n\nAhala et Genucio.\n\nStolone et Petino.\n\nOmissi Balbus et Ambustus.\n\nLibone [Al. Manlio. Vide Sigon. et Lænate.\n\nAmbusto et Proculo.\n\nRustico et Gapitolino.\n\nAmhusto a et Lænate.\n\nPolito [AI. Petico] et Publicola.\n\nOmissi Ambustus III et Capitolinus.\n\nDesunt Peticus IV et Poplicola It.\n\nDeMunt P. Publicola et Rutilus II.\n\nRoetico et Pœno.\n\nScipione et Lænate II.\n\nCamillo et Crasso.\n\nCorvino et Laenate III.\n\nVeneco et Torquato.\n\nCorvino II et Libone.\n\nBursone [AI. Dorsone] et Camerino.","english":"Aemilius and Rusticus.\n\nGossus and Medullinus. In their consulship, [Perhaps Without consuls, likewise tribunes of the plebs four, and two, and six, for fifteen years,]\n\nFlavus and Camerinus.\n\nIn Potitus and Capitolinus. In their consulship, likewise tribunes of the plebs were created for eighteen years, afterwards for four years; no curule magistrate existed. Likewise tribunes of the plebs six.\n\nMamertinus and Lateranus.\n\nGenucius and Curtius,\n\nPeticus and Galva.\n\nMamertinus and Sulla.\n\nAhala and Genucius.\n\nStolo and Petinus.\n\nOmitted: Balbus and Ambustus.\n\nLibo [Al. Manlius. See Sigonius] and Laenas.\n\nAmbustus and Proculus.\n\nRusticus and Capitolinus.\n\nAmbustus and Laenas.\n\nPolito [Al. Peticus] and Publicola.\n\nOmitted: Ambustus III and Capitolinus.\n\nMissing: Peticus IV and Poplicola II.\n\nMissing: P. Publicola and Rutilus II.\n\nRoeticus and Poenus.\n\nScipio and Laenas II.\n\nCamillus and Crassus.\n\nCorvinus and Laenas III.\n\nVenecus and Torquatus.\n\nCorvinus II and Libo.\n\nBurson [Al. Dorson] and Camerinus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. [Forte Sine conss. item tribuni plebis IV, et II, et VI, annis xv]","severity":"info","text":"The bracketed annotation 'Forte Sine conss.' (perhaps without consuls) signals a textual crux: the manuscript tradition may have omitted consular names for this period, leaving only tribunician years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"annis XVIII, postea annis IV; nemo curulis magistratus fuit","severity":"info","text":"This note records an 18-year period without curule magistrates, followed by 4 more years, a known anarchy in early Roman republican chronology (traditionally 375–367 BCE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi Balbus et Ambustus","severity":"info","text":"The repeated 'Omissi' (omitted) and 'Desunt' (missing) indicate that the manuscript tradition from which Idatius worked had lacunae; these consular pairs are supplied from other sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"tribuni plebis","severity":"info","text":"Tribuni plebis were Roman officials elected to protect plebeian interests; their creation here (three, then four, two, six) reflects the evolving number of tribunes in the early Republic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Libone [Al. Manlio. Vide Sigon. et Lænate]","severity":"caution","text":"The variant 'Libone' or 'Manlio' (with reference to Sigonius) shows that the consular name is uncertain; the editor signals a textual alternative without resolving it.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"nemo curulis magistratus fuit","severity":"info","text":"The absence of curule magistrates (consuls, praetors, etc.) corresponds to the 'Conflict of the Orders' when patrician resistance to plebeian demands led to a suspension of regular elections.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular pairs for the periods marked 'Omissi' and 'Desunt' are missing from the base manuscript; the editor supplies them from other sources, but their exact identity remains uncertain.","The phrase 'Forte Sine conss.' suggests that the original list may have had no consuls for that interval, but the reading is conjectural."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Rutilo et Torquato II.\n\nCorvino III et Cosso.\n\nAhala et Rutilo II.\n\nVenoce II etMamertino.\n\nTorquato III et Musone [Al. Murel.\n\nMamertino et Seleno.\n\nCamillo et Moenio.\n\nFesto [AI. Pæto] et Longo.\n\nCrasso et Dulillo [Al. DuillioJ.\n\nRegulo et Corvino.\n\nAlbino et Galbino. Vide Sigon,\n\nAnn. iste coss. nullos habuit.\n\nGalbino et Cosso.\n\nPOLito et Marcello.\n\nCrasso et Venoce\n\nMamertino II et Deciano.\n\nVenoce II et Scipione.\n\nLentulo et Sitone. *\n\nLibonio et Cursore. Camillo et Bruto.\n\nHis conss. tum dictator creatus Papyrius Cursor, et magister equitum Drusus.\n\nLongo et Cerretano.\n\nCursore et Rullo,\n\nCalvino et Albino.\n\nCursore II et Philone.\n\nPapirio et Cerretano.\n\nVenoce et Flaccino.\n\nBarbula et Bubulco.\n\nRutilio et Lænate.\n\nCursore III et Lænate II.\n\nSamnite et Longo.\n\nCursore IV et Bubulco II.\n\nMaximo et Musone.\n\nBubulco III et Barbula.","english":"Rutilus and Torquatus for the second time.\n\nCorvinus for the third time and Cossus.\n\nAhala and Rutilus for the second time.\n\nVenox for the second time and Mamertinus.\n\nTorquatus for the third time and Muso [or Murel].\n\nMamertinus and Selenus.\n\nCamillus and Moenius.\n\nFestus [or Paetus] and Longus.\n\nCrassus and Dulillus [or Duillius].\n\nRegulus and Corvinus.\n\nAlbinus and Galbinus. See Sigonius.\n\nThat year had no consuls.\n\nGalbinus and Cossus.\n\nPolito and Marcellus.\n\nCrassus and Venox.\n\nMamertinus for the second time and Decianus.\n\nVenox for the second time and Scipio.\n\nLentulus and Sito.\n\nLibonius and Cursor. Camillus and Brutus.\n\nIn their consulship, then the dictator Papyrius Cursor was created, and the master of the horse Drusus.\n\nLongus and Cerretanus.\n\nCursor and Rullus.\n\nCalvinus and Albinus.\n\nCursor for the second time and Philo.\n\nPapirius and Cerretanus.\n\nVenox and Flaccinus.\n\nBarbula and Bubulcus.\n\nRutilius and Laenas.\n\nCursor for the third time and Laenas for the second time.\n\nSammite and Longus.\n\nCursor for the fourth time and Bubulcus for the second time.\n\nMaximus and Muso.\n\nBubulcus for the third time and Barbula.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Rutilo et Torquato II","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the consular list from the previous section, now with repeated names and iteration numbers (e.g., II, III, IV) indicating successive terms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Festo [AI. Pæto] et Longo","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed variant 'Pæto' for 'Festo' suggests textual uncertainty in the manuscript tradition; the editor signals an alternative reading without resolving it.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Vide Sigon, Ann. iste coss. nullos habuit.","severity":"caution","text":"The note 'Vide Sigon' refers to the historian Sigonius, and the statement 'that year had no consuls' indicates a gap or anomaly in the consular record, possibly a period of anarchy or transitional government.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. tum dictator creatus Papyrius Cursor, et magister equitum Drusus.","severity":"info","text":"This entry records the appointment of a dictator and master of the horse, a constitutional mechanism in the Roman Republic for emergencies, here tied to specific consuls.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"magister equitum","severity":"info","text":"The Latin term 'magister equitum' (master of the horse) denotes the dictator's second-in-command, a standard Republican office revived in this chronicle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Vide Sigon, Ann.","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Sigonius (Carolus Sigonius, 16th-century historian) shows that the manuscript or its marginalia engaged with Renaissance scholarship on Roman chronology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several consuls (e.g., Muso/Murel, Festus/Paetus, Dulillus/Duillius) is uncertain due to variant readings in the manuscript tradition.","The note 'Vide Sigon, Ann. iste coss. nullos habuit' may refer to a specific year with no consuls, but the exact year is not specified in this passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Rullo et Rutilio. His conss. tum dictator Cursor, et magister equitum Bubulcus.\n\nMusone II et Rullo II.\n\nAppio Cæco et Violente.\n\nTremulo et Albino [Al. ArvinaJ.\n\nMetello et Minutio. Sempronio et Faberio.\n\nLentulo et Abentesi.\n\nDentone et Æmilio. Hisconss. Forte Sine conss.l Corvinus dictator, et Æmilius magister equitum mensibus vl deinde fuerunt.\n\nCorvino et Pansa.\n\nPaetico et Torquato.\n\nScipione et Maximo.\n\nRullo III et Musone III.\n\nClaudio et Violente. Rullo IV et Musone IV. Claudio II et Violente II. (Hi male inserti videntur.)\n\nRullo v et Musone v.\n\nMetello et Regulo.\n\nCursore et Maximo.\n\nMaximo Gurgite et Braccho.\n\nMetello II et Vulbo.\n\nOmissi Rufinus et Dentatus.\n\nMaximo [Al. Corvino et Noctua.\n\nTremulo et Albino.\n\nMarcello et Rutilo.\n\nPolito et Petito.\n\nLepido et Cæcina [AI. Canina].\n\nDacio et Dentone [AI. Tucca et Dentre].","english":"Rullus and Rutilius. In their consulship, then the dictator Cursor, and the master of the horse Bubulcus.\n\nMuso for the second time and Rullus for the second time.\n\nAppius Caecus and Violens.\n\nTremulus and Albinus [or Arvina].\n\nMetellus and Minutius. Sempronius and Faberius.\n\nLentulus and Abentesius.\n\nDento and Aemilius. In their consulship. [Perhaps without consuls?] Corvinus dictator, and Aemilius master of the horse for six months, then they were.\n\nCorvinus and Pansa.\n\nPaeticus and Torquatus.\n\nScipio and Maximus.\n\nRullus for the third time and Muso for the third time.\n\nClaudius and Violens. Rullus for the fourth time and Muso for the fourth time. Claudius for the second time and Violens for the second time. (These seem wrongly inserted.)\n\nRullus for the fifth time and Muso for the fifth time.\n\nMetellus and Regulus.\n\nCursor and Maximus.\n\nMaximus Gurges and Braccus.\n\nMetellus for the second time and Vulbus.\n\nRufinus and Dentatus omitted.\n\nMaximus [or Corvinus] and Noctua.\n\nTremulus and Albinus.\n\nMarcellus and Rutilus.\n\nPolito and Petitus.\n\nLepidus and Caecina [or Canina].\n\nDacius and Dento [or Tucca and Dentre].","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the consular list with repeated names (Rullus, Muso) and occasional dictator entries, following the pattern of the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Forte Sine conss.' (Perhaps without consuls?) indicates uncertainty in the manuscript tradition about whether consuls held office in that year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The parenthetical note '(Hi male inserti videntur.)' (These seem wrongly inserted) suggests a scribal or editorial awareness of corruption in the list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi","severity":"info","text":"'Omissi' (omitted) signals that the names Rufinus and Dentatus are missing from the main list, possibly due to textual loss or deliberate exclusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dictator and master of the horse (magister equitum) were extraordinary magistrates in the Roman Republic, appointed in emergencies; their inclusion here reflects the historical record.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference 'See Sigonius' in the previous passage indicates that the manuscript tradition or early modern editors (e.g., Sigonius) were consulted for corrections or comparisons.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Violente' and 'Violens' may represent the same person or a textual variant; 'Al. Arvina' and similar parentheticals show alternative readings in the manuscript tradition.","The phrase 'Forte Sine conss.' is ambiguous: it may mean the year had no consuls, or that the consuls are unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Dolabella et Maximo [AI. Domino].\n\nLucio et Papo.\n\nBarbula el Philippo.\n\nLævino et Coruncano.\n\nCaverione et Musone [Al. Saverrione et MureJ.\n\nLucinio et Papo.\n\nRufino et Bubulco.\n\nGurgite et Clepyno.\n\nDentato et Lentulo.\n\nDentalo II et Merenda.\n\nLicinio et Cambia.\n\nCursore et Maximo.\n\nClaudio et Clepsinate [Al. Clepsina.\n\nOmissi Clepsina II et Blasio.\n\nGallo Sabino et Pisone,\n\nSempronio Sapiente et Rufo.\n\nRegulo et Libone.\n\nFabio Pictore et Poeta.\n\nMaximo et Vitulo [AI. Mure].\n\nTheudace et Flacco.\n\nMaximo et Crasso.\n\nAlbino [Al. L. Postumio Megello et Vitulo.\n\nFlacco II et Crasso.\n\nScipione Asina et Duillio.\n\nScipione et Floro.\n\nCatacœno [AI. Calatino] et Paterculo.\n\nRegulo et Blæso.\n\nVulsone et Decio jAi. Cædicio], cui suffectus Regulus.\n\nPætino et Paulo.\n\nScipione et Calatiuo.\n\nCapitone et Blæso.\n\nCoita et Gemino.\n\nMetello et Papo.","english":"Dolabella and Maximus [or Domitius].\n\nLucius and Papus.\n\nBarbula and Philippus.\n\nLaevinus and Coruncanus.\n\nCaverio and Muso [or Saverrio and Mure].\n\nLucinius and Papus.\n\nRufinus and Bubulcus.\n\nGurges and Clepynus.\n\nDentatus and Lentulus.\n\nDentatus II and Merenda.\n\nLicinius and Cambia.\n\nCursor and Maximus.\n\nClaudius and Clepsinas [or Clepsina].\n\nOmitted: Clepsina II and Blasius.\n\nGallus Sabinus and Piso.\n\nSempronius Sapiens and Rufus.\n\nRegulus and Libo.\n\nFabius Pictor and Poeta.\n\nMaximus and Vitulus [or Mure].\n\nTheudaces and Flaccus.\n\nMaximus and Crassus.\n\nAlbinus [or Lucius Postumius Megellus] and Vitulus.\n\nFlaccus II and Crassus.\n\nScipio Asina and Duillius.\n\nScipio and Florus.\n\nCatacoenus [or Calatinus] and Paterculus.\n\nRegulus and Blaesus.\n\nVulso and Decius [or Caedicius], to whom Regulus was substituted.\n\nPaetinus and Paulus.\n\nScipio and Calatinus.\n\nCapito and Blaesus.\n\nCotta and Geminus.\n\nMetellus and Papus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the list of consular pairs, following the pattern of the previous passage. The list is a sequence of names in the ablative or nominative, with occasional variant readings noted in brackets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript tradition shows significant variation in names, as indicated by the bracketed alternatives (e.g., 'Dolabella et Maximo [AI. Domino]'). These variants suggest multiple recensions or scribal corrections.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi","severity":"info","text":"The word 'Omissi' (omitted) is a scribal note indicating that the following pair, Clepsina II and Blasius, was left out in some copies. This reflects the fluidity of the list's transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Many names in this list are obscure or corrupted, such as 'Clepynus', 'Cambia', and 'Theudaces'. Their identification with known historical figures is uncertain, and the list may contain errors or inventions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of consuls is a typical feature of late antique and medieval chronicles, derived from sources like the Fasti Capitolini. This passage likely draws on a lost consular list, possibly from the Roman Republican period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of variant readings (e.g., 'Al. Domino', 'Al. Mure') suggests that this text was used by scholars who compared different manuscripts, a practice common in early modern editions of such lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of many consular pairs is uncertain due to textual corruption and lack of external confirmation. The variants in brackets indicate alternative readings from different manuscripts, but the original form is often unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Regulo II et Vne.\n\nPulchro et Pullo.\n\nCotta II et Gemino n.\n\nMeiello et Buteone.\n\nCrasso et Licinio.\n\nButeone II et Bullo.\n\nTorquato et Blaeso.\n\nFundulo et Gallo Longo.\n\nCatulo et Albino.\n\nTorquato et Catone.\n\nCentone et Tuditano (Cic. in Bruto, 7i).\n\nTuncino et Falcone (Al. Turrino et Faltone].\n\nGraccho et Faltone.\n\nOmissi Lentulus et Flaccus.\n\n5f8 Claudio Lentulo et Varo.\n\nTorquato et Volbo [AI. Bulbo].\n\nAlbino et Rogo.\n\nMaximo et Mathone.\n\nLepido et Balbulo [AI. Malleolo].\n\nMathone et Masone.\n\nBarbula II et Pera.\n\nAlbino et Centumalo.\n\nBurga et Maximo Vcro tAl. Q. Fab. Max. et Carvilio].\n\nFiacco et Rogulo (Cic. de Senectute, 11).\n\nMaximo Messala [AI. Val. Messala] et Apustio.\n\nPapo et Regulo.\n\nTorquato et Papo.\n\n53! Flaminio et Philone.\n\nScipione et Marcello.\n\nScipione Nasica et Rufo.\n\nCatulo et Philone.\n\nPaulo et Salinatore.","english":"Regulus II and Une.\n\nPulcher and Pullus.\n\nCotta II and Geminus n.\n\nMevillus and Buteo.\n\nCrassus and Licinius.\n\nButeo II and Bullus.\n\nTorquatus and Blaesus.\n\nFundulus and Gallus Longus.\n\nCatulus and Albinus.\n\nTorquatus and Cato.\n\nCento and Tuditanus (Cic. in Bruto, 7i).\n\nTuncinus and Falco (Al. Turrinus and Falto).\n\nGracchus and Falto.\n\nOmitted: Lentulus and Flaccus.\n\n5f8 Claudius Lentulus and Varus.\n\nTorquatus and Volbus [Al. Bulbus].\n\nAlbinus and Rogus.\n\nMaximus and Matho.\n\nLepidus and Balbulus [Al. Malleolus].\n\nMatho and Maso.\n\nBarbula II and Pera.\n\nAlbinus and Centumalus.\n\nBurgus and Maximus Verus [Al. Q. Fab. Max. and Carvilius].\n\nFlaccus and Regulus (Cic. de Senectute, 11).\n\nMaximus Messala [Al. Val. Messala] and Apustius.\n\nPapo and Regulus.\n\nTorquatus and Papo.\n\n531 Flaminius and Philo.\n\nScipio and Marcellus.\n\nScipio Nasica and Rufus.\n\nCatulus and Philo.\n\nPaulus and Salinator.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the consular list with pairs of names, some marked with numerals (II) or abbreviations (n.), and includes parenthetical citations to Cicero and variant readings (Al.).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cotta II et Gemino n.","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation 'n.' likely stands for 'nepos' (grandson) or 'natus' (son), indicating a filial relationship, a common feature in consular fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Centone et Tuditano (Cic. in Bruto, 7i)","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Cic. in Bruto, 7i' refers to Cicero's Brutus, a dialogue on Roman oratory, where these consuls are mentioned. This shows the compiler used Cicero as a source for the fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Tuncino et Falcone (Al. Turrino et Faltone]","severity":"caution","text":"The notation 'Al.' (aliter) indicates a textual variant in the manuscript tradition, suggesting uncertainty in the transmission of these names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi Lentulus et Flaccus","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Omissi' (omitted) signals that the compiler deliberately excluded these consuls from the main list, possibly due to a gap in sources or a different reckoning of the fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Fiacco et Rogulo (Cic. de Senectute, 11)","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Cic. de Senectute, 11' refers to Cicero's Cato Maior de Senectute, another source used by the compiler for consular names, indicating reliance on Cicero's philosophical works for historical data.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 'n.' in 'Gemino n.' is ambiguous: it could mean 'nepos' (grandson) or 'natus' (son).","The variant readings marked 'Al.' indicate uncertainty in the manuscript tradition for several names.","The numeral '5f8' before 'Claudio Lentulo' is unclear; it may be a folio number or a scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Scipione et Longo.\n\nGemino et Flaminio, cui suffectus est Regulus.\n\nPaulo II et Varone.\n\nFabio Maximo et Graccho.\n\nFabio Maximo et Marcello.\n\nMaximo et Graccbo.\n\nPulchro et Flacco.\n\nGalba et Centumalo.\n\nLebyino et Marcello.\n\nFabio et Flacco.\n\nMarcello et Crispino.\n\nerone et Salinatore.\n\nMetello et Philone (Cic. ibid., 57).\n\nScipione et Crasso divite (Cic. ibid., 77).\n\nCethego et Tuditano (Cic. ibid., et $0).\n\nCæpione et Servilio.\n\nNerone et Servilio.\n\nLentulo et Pæto.\n\nGalba II et Cotta.\n\nLentulo et Tappulo.\n\nFlaminio et Pæto.\n\nCethego et Rufo (Cic. ibid., 73).\n\nPorphyrio et Marcello.\n\nFesto et Flacco.\n\nScipione Africano et Longo.\n\nMerula et Thermo.\n\nFlaminio et Ahenobarbo.\n\nGlabrione et Nasica.\n\nScipione et Laelio.\n\nVulsone et Nobiliore.\n\nSalinatore et Messala.\n\nLepido et Flaminio.\n\nAlbino et Philippo.\n\nPulchro et Tuditano (Cic. in Bruto, 60).","english":"Scipio and Longus.\n\nGeminus and Flaminius, to whom Regulus was substituted.\n\nPaulus II and Varro.\n\nFabius Maximus and Gracchus.\n\nFabius Maximus and Marcellus.\n\nMaximus and Gracchus.\n\nPulcher and Flaccus.\n\nGalba and Centumalus.\n\nLebyinus and Marcellus.\n\nFabius and Flaccus.\n\nMarcellus and Crispinus.\n\nNero and Salinator.\n\nMetellus and Philo (Cic. ibid., 57).\n\nScipio and Crassus Dives (Cic. ibid., 77).\n\nCethegus and Tuditanus (Cic. ibid., et $0).\n\nCaepio and Servilius.\n\nNero and Servilius.\n\nLentulus and Paetus.\n\nGalba II and Cotta.\n\nLentulus and Tappulus.\n\nFlaminius and Paetus.\n\nCethegus and Rufus (Cic. ibid., 73).\n\nPorphyrius and Marcellus.\n\nFestus and Flaccus.\n\nScipio Africanus and Longus.\n\nMerula and Thermus.\n\nFlaminius and Ahenobarbus.\n\nGlabrio and Nasica.\n\nScipio and Laelius.\n\nVulso and Nobilior.\n\nSalinator and Messala.\n\nLepidus and Flaminius.\n\nAlbinus and Philippus.\n\nPulcher and Tuditanus (Cic. in Bruto, 60).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Scipione et Longo","severity":"info","text":"This entry begins a new section of the consular list, continuing the pattern of paired names without additional commentary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Gemino et Flaminio, cui suffectus est Regulus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'cui suffectus est Regulus' indicates a suffect consul, Regulus, replacing Flaminius during the year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Cethego et Tuditano (Cic. ibid., et $0)","severity":"caution","text":"The citation 'Cic. ibid., et $0' is corrupt; the '$0' likely represents a missing numeral or page reference, possibly intended as 'et 70' or similar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Scipione et Crasso divite (Cic. ibid., 77)","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'divite' (rich) distinguishes this Crassus, likely Marcus Licinius Crassus, from other homonymous figures in the list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Pulchro et Tuditano (Cic. in Bruto, 60)","severity":"info","text":"The final entry cites Cicero's Brutus, suggesting the list draws on that work for the names of consuls, possibly from a lost section.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The citation 'Cic. ibid., et $0' is unclear; the '$0' may be a scribal error or placeholder for a numeral.","Several names (e.g., 'Lebyino', 'Porphyrio') are rare or otherwise unattested, leaving their identification uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Pulchro II et Licinio.\n\nLabeone et Marcello.\n\nPamfilio et Paulo.\n\nCethego et Pamfilio.\n\nAlbino et Pilone.\n\nAcindyno et Flacco.\n\nBruto et Vulsone.\n\nPulchro et Graccho.\n\nScipione et Petilio.\n\nLepido II et Scævola.\n\nOmissi Albinus et Scævola.\n\nAlbino et Lxnate.\n\nLænate et Ælio.\n\nCrasso et Longo.\n\nMacrino et Serrano.\n\nPhilippo et Caepione (Cic. in Bruto, 78).\n\nPaulo et Crasso.\n\nPaeto et Penno (Cic. ibid., 109).\n\nGallo et Claudio.\n\nTorquato et Octavio (Ibid. de Fin. l. I, 24).\n\nTorquato u et Longino.\n\nGraccho et Thalna.\n\nScipione Nasica et Figulo. In horum locum, quia vilio creati erant, sufficiuntur Lentulus et Domitius,\n\nMessala et Carbone.\n\nGallo et Cethego.\n\nDolabella et Fulvio Nobiliore.\n\nLepido et Lænate II.\n\nCæsare et Oreste.\n\nLentulo et Figulo (Cic. in Bruto, 79).\n\nNasica et Marcello.\n\nOpimio et Albino.\n\nNobiliore et Lusco (Cic. ibid.).","english":"Pulcher II and Licinius.\n\nLabeo and Marcellus.\n\nPamphilius and Paulus.\n\nCethegus and Pamphilius.\n\nAlbinus and Piso.\n\nAcindynus and Flaccus.\n\nBrutus and Vulsus.\n\nPulcher and Gracchus.\n\nScipio and Petilius.\n\nLepidus II and Scaevola.\n\nOmitted: Albinus and Scaevola.\n\nAlbinus and Laenas.\n\nLaenas and Aelius.\n\nCrassus and Longus.\n\nMacrinus and Serranus.\n\nPhilippus and Caepio (Cic. in Bruto, 78).\n\nPaulus and Crassus.\n\nPaetus and Pennus (Cic. ibid., 109).\n\nGallus and Claudius.\n\nTorquatus and Octavius (Ibid. de Fin. l. I, 24).\n\nTorquatus II and Longinus.\n\nGracchus and Thalna.\n\nScipio Nasica and Figulus. In their place, because they were created by a flaw, Lentulus and Domitius are substituted.\n\nMessala and Carbo.\n\nGallus and Cethegus.\n\nDolabella and Fulvius Nobilior.\n\nLepidus and Laenas II.\n\nCaesar and Orestes.\n\nLentulus and Figulus (Cic. in Bruto, 79).\n\nNasica and Marcellus.\n\nOpimius and Albinus.\n\nNobilior and Luscus (Cic. ibid.).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi Albinus et Scævola","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Omissi Albinus et Scævola' is a scribal insertion indicating that the consular pair Albinus and Scaevola were omitted from the main list, possibly due to a source discrepancy or error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"vilio","severity":"info","text":"'Vilio' is a variant spelling of 'vitio' (flaw, defect), meaning the consuls were elected invalidly due to a procedural flaw, leading to their substitution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Scipione Nasica et Figulo. In horum locum, quia vilio creati erant, sufficiuntur Lentulus et Domitius","severity":"info","text":"This substitution reflects a known Roman practice: if consuls were elected vitio (with a religious or procedural flaw), they were replaced by suffect consuls. The names Lentulus and Domitius are historically attested for 162 BCE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Philippo et Caepione (Cic. in Bruto, 78)","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Cic. in Bruto, 78' refers to Cicero's Brutus, a dialogue on Roman oratory, where these consuls are mentioned as chronological markers. Idatius likely used Cicero as a source for consular dates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Torquato et Octavio (Ibid. de Fin. l. I, 24)","severity":"caution","text":"The citation 'Ibid. de Fin. l. I, 24' is ambiguous: 'Ibid.' may refer to Cicero's De Finibus, but the book and section number may not align with modern editions, requiring verification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Pulchro II et Licinio","severity":"info","text":"The consular pair 'Pulcher II and Licinius' corresponds to the Roman consuls of 153 BCE: Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (II) and Marcus Claudius Marcellus, but the names here are abbreviated or variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identification of several consular names (e.g., 'Pulcher', 'Labeo', 'Pamphilius') is uncertain due to abbreviation or variant spelling; the list may conflate cognomina and nomina.","The source of the omitted pair 'Albinus et Scævola' is unclear; it may reflect a lacuna in Idatius's exemplar."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Marcello II et Flacco.\n\nLucullo et Albino (Cic. ibid., 81).\n\nFlaminio et Balbo.\n\nCensorino et Manilio (Cic. in Bruto, 61).\n\nAlbino et Pisone.\n\nScipione Æmilii et Druso.\n\nLentulo et Numicio.\n\nMaximo Æmilii et Mancino.\n\nGalba et Cotla (Cic. de Amici,. 96).\n\nClaudio et Metello.\n\nMetello et Maximo (Cic. in Bruto, 161).\n\nOmissi Cæpio et Rufus.\n\nCaepione et Lælio (Cic. ibid., 85).\n\nLænate et Pisone (Cic. ibid., 106).\n\nNasica Scipione et Bruto.\n\nLepido Porcina et Mancino.\n\nPhilo et Servilio [AI. Sex. Atilioj.\n\nFlacco et Pisone.\n\nScipione Africano et Flacco.\n\nScævola et Calpurnio.\n\nLaenate et Rutilio.\n\nCrasso et Flacco (Cic. de Amicitia, 37).\n\nLentulo et Perpenna.\n\nTuditano et Anulio [ Cic. de Nat. deorum Aquilio].\n\nOctavio et Rufo jAI. T. Annio].\n\nLongino et Cinna (Cic. ibid., 109).\n\nLepido et Oreste.\n\nHypsæo et Flacco.\n\nLongino et Calvino.","english":"Marcellus II and Flaccus.\n\nLucullus and Albinus (Cicero, *Brutus* 81).\n\nFlaminius and Balbus.\n\nCensorinus and Manilius (Cicero, *Brutus* 61).\n\nAlbinus and Piso.\n\nScipio Aemilianus and Drusus.\n\nLentulus and Numicius.\n\nMaximus Aemilianus and Mancinus.\n\nGalba and Cotla (Cicero, *De Amicitia* 96).\n\nClaudius and Metellus.\n\nMetellus and Maximus (Cicero, *Brutus* 161).\n\nOmitted: Caepio and Rufus.\n\nCaepio and Laelius (Cicero, *Brutus* 85).\n\nLaenas and Piso (Cicero, *Brutus* 106).\n\nNasica Scipio and Brutus.\n\nLepidus Porcina and Mancinus.\n\nPhilo and Servilius [al. Sextus Atilius].\n\nFlaccus and Piso.\n\nScipio Africanus and Flaccus.\n\nScaevola and Calpurnius.\n\nLaenas and Rutilius.\n\nCrassus and Flaccus (Cicero, *De Amicitia* 37).\n\nLentulus and Perpenna.\n\nTuditanus and Anulius [Cicero, *De Natura Deorum*: Aquilius].\n\nOctavius and Rufus [al. Titus Annius].\n\nLonginus and Cinna (Cicero, *Brutus* 109).\n\nLepidus and Orestes.\n\nHypsaeus and Flaccus.\n\nLonginus and Calvinus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the consular list with pairs of names, each representing a year's consuls. The pattern of alternating between named pairs and parenthetical citations to Cicero is consistent with the earlier sections.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The citations to Cicero's *Brutus* and *De Amicitia* (likely *De Amicitia* is a misnomer for *Laelius de Amicitia* or a lost work) serve as sources for the consular names, indicating the compiler's reliance on Cicero for historical accuracy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Omissi Cæpio et Rufus' suggests that the compiler noted omissions from the source, possibly indicating gaps in the manuscript tradition or deliberate selection. The bracketed '[AI. Sex. Atilioj]' and '[Cic. de Nat. deorum Aquilio]' show variant readings or alternative manuscript traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi","severity":"info","text":"'Omissi' (Latin for 'omitted') marks a pair of consuls that the compiler chose to exclude from the main list, possibly due to lack of reliable sources or to avoid redundancy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The consular pairs listed here, such as 'Scipione Africano et Flacco' and 'Lepido et Oreste', correspond to known Roman consuls from the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, as recorded in other fasti and historical works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The citation 'Cic. de Amici,. 96' is likely a scribal error or abbreviation for Cicero's *De Amicitia* (possibly *Laelius*), but the exact work is uncertain. Similarly, 'Cic. de Nat. deorum Aquilio' may refer to *De Natura Deorum* but the name 'Aquilio' is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of 'Cotla' in 'Galba et Cotla' is uncertain; it may be a variant of 'Cotta' or a scribal error.","The bracketed alternatives '[AI. Sex. Atilioj]' and '[Cic. de Nat. deorum Aquilio]' indicate textual variants whose source manuscripts are not fully identified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Metello et Flaminino (Cic. pro Domo, 136).\n\nAbenobarbo et Fannio (Cic. in Bruto, 99).\n\nOpimio et Maximo Æmilii.\n\nManilio et Carbone.\n\nMetello et Cotta.\n\nCatone et Marcio rege.\n\nMetello Diademato [Vel Dalmatico] et Mutio Scævola.\n\nGeta et Maximo Serviliano.'\n\nScauro et Metello.\n\nBalbo et Catone.\n\nMetello et Carbone.\n\nDruso et Pisone. His conss. initium belli Jugurthini.\n\nNasica Scipione et Bestia Calpurnio (Cic. in Bruto, 128).\n\nRufo et Albino.\n\nMetello Numidico et Silano (Cic. ibid., 135).\n\nSulpitio et Scauro.\n\nLongino et Mario (Cic. ibid., 161).\n\nSerrano et Caeptone. His conss. natus est Cicero die VIII kalendas Maias [III Non. Jan. ad Att. VII, 5].\n\nRufo et Mallio [At. Manilio].\n\nMario II et Fimbria.\n\nMario III et Oreste.\n\nMario IV et Catulo.\n\nMario v et Aquillio.\n\nMario vi et Flacco (Cic. pro Rabir., 20).\n\nAntonio et Albiuo (Cic. post redit., ad Quir., 11).","english":"Metellus and Flamininus (Cicero, *Pro Domo* 136).\n\nAhenobarbus and Fannius (Cicero, *Brutus* 99).\n\nOpimius and Maximus Aemilius.\n\nManilius and Carbo.\n\nMetellus and Cotta.\n\nCato and Marcius Rex.\n\nMetellus Diadematus [or Dalmaticus] and Mucius Scaevola.\n\nGeta and Maximus Servilianus.\n\nScaurus and Metellus.\n\nBalbus and Cato.\n\nMetellus and Carbo.\n\nDrusus and Piso. In their consulship, the beginning of the Jugurthine War.\n\nNasica Scipio and Bestia Calpurnius (Cicero, *Brutus* 128).\n\nRufus and Albinus.\n\nMetellus Numidicus and Silanus (Cicero, ibid., 135).\n\nSulpicius and Scaurus.\n\nLonginus and Marius (Cicero, ibid., 161).\n\nSerranus and Caepio. In their consulship, Cicero was born on the eighth day before the Kalends of May [the third day before the Nones of January, *Ad Atticum* VII, 5].\n\nRufus and Mallius [or Manilius].\n\nMarius II and Fimbria.\n\nMarius III and Orestes.\n\nMarius IV and Catulus.\n\nMarius V and Aquillius.\n\nMarius VI and Flaccus (Cicero, *Pro Rabirio* 20).\n\nAntonius and Albinus (Cicero, *Post Reditum ad Quirites* 11).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Metello et Flaminino","severity":"info","text":"This entry continues the consular list with a pair not in the previous passage; the citation to Cicero's *Pro Domo* 136 is a rare non-*Brutus* reference in this section.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. initium belli Jugurthini","severity":"info","text":"The note dates the start of the Jugurthine War to the consulship of Drusus and Piso (112 BC), a standard synchronism in Roman historiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. natus est Cicero die VIII kalendas Maias","severity":"caution","text":"The birth date of Cicero is given as 8 May, but the parenthetical correction to 3 January (from *Ad Atticum* VII, 5) shows a textual variant or scribal confusion; the Latin brackets indicate uncertainty.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Metello Diademato [Vel Dalmatico]","severity":"info","text":"The cognomen 'Diadematus' (or 'Dalmaticus') for Metellus is a textual variant; the brackets signal a scribal or editorial alternative, reflecting manuscript divergence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mario II et Fimbria","severity":"info","text":"The repeated consulships of Marius (II–VI) reflect his unprecedented political dominance in the late 2nd–early 1st century BC, a key theme in Roman republican history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Rufo et Mallio [At. Manilio]","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Mallius' is corrected to 'Manilius' in brackets, indicating a textual corruption or variant in the manuscript tradition; the reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The birth date of Cicero is given as 8 May but corrected to 3 January, leaving the intended date ambiguous.","The name 'Mallius' vs. 'Manilius' is unresolved; the brackets show a scribal or editorial alternative.","The cognomen 'Diadematus' or 'Dalmaticus' for Metellus is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Metello Nepote et Tito Didio.\n\nLentulo et Crasso.\n\nAhenobarbo et Longino.\n\nCrasso et Scavola (Cic. in Bruto, 229).\n\nGalva et Ahenobarbo.\n\nFlacco et Herennio.\n\nPulchro et Perperna.\n\nPhilippo et Caesare.\n\nCaesare et Lupo.\n\nStrabone et Catone (Cic. Divin., 4).\n\nSylla et Rufo (Cic. i in Rull., 38).\n\nOctavio et Cinna (Cie. Tuscul., 55).\n\nMario vu et Cinna II. His conss. natus est Sallustius die kalendas Octobr.\n\nCinna III et Carbone.\n\nCarbone II et Scribonio.\n\nScipione et Norbano (Cic. pro Quintio, 24).\n\nCarbone III et Maria (Cic. in Rull., 7).\n\nDecula et Dolabella (Cic. in Rull., 35).\n\nSylla et Metello Pio (Cic. pro Plancio, 69).\n\nValia et Pulchro.\n\nLepido et Catulo (Cic. pro Balbo, 34).\n\nBruto et Mamerco (Cic. in Bruto, 175).\n\nOctavio et Curione (Cic. ibid., 217).\n\nOctavioet Cotta (Cic. i Verr., 130).\n\nLucullo et Cotta.\n\nMarco Lucullo et Cassio Longino (Cicero pro Cluent., 137).","english":"Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius.\n\nLentulus and Crassus.\n\nAhenobarbus and Longinus.\n\nCrassus and Scaevola (Cicero, *Brutus* 229).\n\nGalba and Ahenobarbus.\n\nFlaccus and Herennius.\n\nPulcher and Perperna.\n\nPhilippus and Caesar.\n\nCaesar and Lupus.\n\nStrabo and Cato (Cicero, *De Divinatione* 4).\n\nSylla and Rufus (Cicero, *De Lege Agraria* 1.38).\n\nOctavius and Cinna (Cicero, *Tusculanae Disputationes* 55).\n\nMarius VII and Cinna II. In their consulship Sallustius was born on the Kalends of October.\n\nCinna III and Carbo.\n\nCarbo II and Scribonius.\n\nScipio and Norbanus (Cicero, *Pro Quinctio* 24).\n\nCarbo III and Maria (Cicero, *De Lege Agraria* 7).\n\nDecula and Dolabella (Cicero, *De Lege Agraria* 35).\n\nSylla and Metellus Pius (Cicero, *Pro Plancio* 69).\n\nValia and Pulcher.\n\nLepidus and Catulus (Cicero, *Pro Balbo* 34).\n\nBrutus and Mamercus (Cicero, *Brutus* 175).\n\nOctavius and Curio (Cicero, *Brutus* 217).\n\nOctavius and Cotta (Cicero, *In Verrem* 1.130).\n\nLucullus and Cotta.\n\nMarcus Lucullus and Cassius Longinus (Cicero, *Pro Cluentio* 137).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Metello Nepote et Tito Didio","severity":"info","text":"This entry begins a new consular pair, continuing the list format. The names correspond to the consuls of 98 BCE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Mario vu et Cinna II. His conss. natus est Sallustius die kalendas Octobr.","severity":"info","text":"This entry dates the birth of the historian Sallust to 1 October 86 BCE, during the seventh consulship of Marius and the second of Cinna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Crasso et Scavola (Cic. in Bruto, 229)","severity":"info","text":"The citation to Cicero's Brutus 229 is a marginal reference added by a later reader or editor, linking the consular pair to a passage in Cicero.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Strabone et Catone (Cic. Divin., 4)","severity":"caution","text":"The reference 'Cic. Divin., 4' is ambiguous: it may refer to De Divinatione, but the book or section number is uncertain. The standard edition does not use this numbering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sylla et Rufo (Cic. i in Rull., 38)","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Cic. i in Rull., 38' refers to Cicero's first speech De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, section 38. The abbreviation 'Rull.' is a common Renaissance shorthand for Rullus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Octavio et Cinna (Cie. Tuscul., 55)","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Cie. Tuscul., 55' is a scribal error for 'Cic. Tuscul.' (Tusculanae Disputationes). The number 55 likely refers to a section or page in an early printed edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The citation 'Cic. Divin., 4' is unclear: it may refer to De Divinatione but the section numbering is non-standard.","The abbreviation 'Cie.' for Cicero in one entry is a scribal variant.","The consular pair 'Valia et Pulchro' is otherwise unattested; 'Valia' may be a corruption of 'Valerius' or 'Vatia'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Cn. Lentullo et Gellio (Cic. Verr., 95).\n\nP. Lentulo et Oreste.\n\nPompeio et Crasso (Cic. Verr., 123).\n\nHortensio et Metello (Cic. pro Cluent ). His conss. natus est Virgilius die id, Octobr.\n\nMarcio Rege et Metello (Cic. in Pis., 8).\n\nPisone et Glabrione (Cic. Philipp.)\n\nVolcatio et Tullo. (Duos ex uno fecit. Volcatio Tullo collega fuit Æmilius Lepidus (Cic. Catil. 15).\n\nCotta et Torquato (Cic. Catil., 19).\n\nL. Cæsare et Figulo (Cic. pro Sylla, 56).\n\nCicerone et Antonio. His conss. bellum Catilinæ gestum est.\n\nSilano et Murena (Cic. pro Flacco, 30).\n\nPisone Frugi et Messala Nigro.\n\nAfranio et Melello Celere (Cic. ad Att. I, 15)\n\nC. Cæsare et Bibulo (Cic. in Pison., 3).\n\nPisone et Gabinio.\n\nLentulo et Metello Nepote (Gic. post red. in Sen. 5).\n\nMarcellino et Philippo (Cic. ad Fam. I. 9).\n\nPompeio II et Crasso II.\n\nAhenobarbo et Pulchro.","english":"Gnaeus Lentulus and Gellius (Cicero, *Verrines* 95).\n\nPublius Lentulus and Orestes.\n\nPompey and Crassus (Cicero, *Verrines* 123).\n\nHortensius and Metellus (Cicero, *Pro Cluentio*). In their consulship Virgil was born on the Ides of October.\n\nMarcius Rex and Metellus (Cicero, *In Pisonem* 8).\n\nPiso and Glabrio (Cicero, *Philippics*).\n\nVolcatius and Tullus. (He made two from one. Volcatius Tullus had Aemilius Lepidus as colleague) (Cicero, *Catilinarians* 15).\n\nCotta and Torquatus (Cicero, *Catilinarians* 19).\n\nLucius Caesar and Figulus (Cicero, *Pro Sylla* 56).\n\nCicero and Antonius. In their consulship the Catilinarian war was waged.\n\nSilanus and Murena (Cicero, *Pro Flacco* 30).\n\nPiso Frugi and Messala Niger.\n\nAfranius and Metellus Celer (Cicero, *Ad Atticum* I, 15).\n\nGaius Caesar and Bibulus (Cicero, *In Pisonem* 3).\n\nPiso and Gabinius.\n\nLentulus and Metellus Nepos (Cicero, *Post Reditum in Senatu* 5).\n\nMarcellinus and Philippus (Cicero, *Ad Familiares* I, 9).\n\nPompey II and Crassus II.\n\nAhenobarbus and Pulcher.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. natus est Virgilius die id, Octobr.","severity":"info","text":"This note records Virgil's birth on the Ides of October (October 15) in the consulship of Hortensius and Metellus, a traditional date for the poet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. bellum Catilinæ gestum est.","severity":"info","text":"This note identifies the consulship of Cicero and Antonius as the year of the Catilinarian conspiracy, a key event in Roman history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Duos ex uno fecit. Volcatio Tullo collega fuit Æmilius Lepidus","severity":"caution","text":"The parenthetical remark 'He made two from one' suggests a textual corruption or conflation: the entry may originally have listed two separate consular pairs, but the manuscript merges them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cic. Verr., 95","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Cic. Verr., 95' refers to Cicero's *Verrines*, likely a section or page number from an edition, used to verify the consular pair.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Pompeio II et Crasso II.","severity":"info","text":"The numeral 'II' indicates a second consulship for both Pompey and Crassus, showing the list tracks repeated tenures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"natus est Virgilius die id, Octobr.","severity":"info","text":"Virgil's birth date was a point of antiquarian interest; this entry reflects late antique or medieval efforts to synchronize literary history with consular fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The citation numbers (e.g., '95', '123') may refer to page numbers in a specific edition of Cicero, not to standard section numbers.","The phrase 'Duos ex uno fecit' is ambiguous: it may indicate a scribal error or a deliberate conflation of two entries."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Calvino et Messala.\n\nPompeio III et Metello Scipiont.\n\nRufo et Marcello.\n\nMarcello et Paulo.\n\nLentulo et Marcello.\n\nCæsare et Servilio lsaurico (Cic. in Bruto, 229).\n\nCaleno et Vatinio (Cic. Philipp., 51).\n\nCæsare III et Lepido.\n\nCaesare iv solo.\n\nCaesare v et Antonio.\n\nPansa et Hirtio. His conss. obiit Cicero die IV kalend. Maias. (Obiil VII idus Decembres. Ita testimonio Tironis prodidit auctor Dialogi de Oratoribus.)\n\nLepido et Planco.\n\nAntonio Pietate et Isaurico. His conss. bellum Isauricum gestum est, et Julius Caesar ex Senatus consilio deceptus in Curia occiditur a Cassio et Bruto. Post hunc Octavianus Cæsar Augustus appellatur. (Ista loco non suo apposita hic esse satis liquet. Cæsar occisus est an. 710, idibus Martiis. Augusti autem nomen Octaviano tributum anno 727, testibus Dione et Censorino.)\n\nCalvino et Pollione.\n\n(Æræ Hisp. 1) Rufo Censorino et Sabino.","english":"Calvinus and Messala.\n\nPompey III and Metellus Scipio.\n\nRufus and Marcellus.\n\nMarcellus and Paulus.\n\nLentulus and Marcellus.\n\nCaesar and Servilius Isauricus (Cicero, *Brutus* 229).\n\nCalenus and Vatinius (Cicero, *Philippics* 51).\n\nCaesar III and Lepidus.\n\nCaesar IV alone.\n\nCaesar V and Antony.\n\nPansa and Hirtius. In their consulship Cicero died on the fourth day before the Kalends of May. (He died on the seventh day before the Ides of December. So the author of the *Dialogue on Orators* reported on the testimony of Tiro.)\n\nLepidus and Plancus.\n\nAntony Pietas and Isauricus. In their consulship the Isaurian war was waged, and Julius Caesar, deceived by a decree of the Senate, was killed in the Curia by Cassius and Brutus. After him Octavianus Caesar was called Augustus. (It is quite clear that these things are placed here out of their proper order. Caesar was killed in the year 710, on the Ides of March. The name Augustus was conferred on Octavian in the year 727, according to Dio and Censorinus.)\n\nCalvinus and Pollio.\n\n(Spanish Era 1) Rufus Censorinus and Sabinus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. obiit Cicero die IV kalend. Maias.","severity":"caution","text":"The text gives Cicero's death as 28 April, but the parenthetical note corrects this to 7 December (VII idus Decembres) on the authority of Tiro via the Dialogus de Oratoribus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Post hunc Octavianus Cæsar Augustus appellatur.","severity":"info","text":"The parenthetical note observes that Caesar's assassination (Ides of March 710 AUC = 44 BCE) and Octavian's adoption of the title Augustus (727 AUC = 27 BCE) are conflated here, citing Dio and Censorinus.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Dio","Censorinus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"bellum Isauricum","severity":"info","text":"The Isaurian War (78–75 BCE) was a Roman campaign against pirates and tribes in Isauria (south-central Anatolia); its mention here under Antony Pietas and Isauricus (consuls 47 BCE) is anachronistic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"auctor Dialogi de Oratoribus","severity":"info","text":"The parenthetical note cites the anonymous author of the Dialogus de Oratoribus (often identified with Tacitus) as preserving Tiro's testimony on Cicero's death date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ista loco non suo apposita hic esse satis liquet.","severity":"info","text":"The editor or scribe explicitly flags that the entry on Caesar's death and Octavian's title is misplaced, indicating a known dislocation in the consular list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Æræ Hisp. 1","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era (Era Hispanica) begins in 38 BCE; its mention here marks a chronological shift from Roman consular years to the Hispanic calendar system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The parenthetical note on Cicero's death date presents two conflicting dates (28 April vs. 7 December) without resolving which is correct.","The placement of Caesar's assassination and Octavian's title under the consulship of Antony Pietas and Isauricus is acknowledged as anachronistic, but the intended correct location is not given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Pulchro et Flacco. His conss. obiit Sallustius die III idus Maias.\n\nAgrippa et Gallo.\n\nPublicola et Nerva Cocceio.\n\nCornificio et Pompeio Magno. His conss. bellum Fugitivorum gestum est.\n\nAntonio II et Libone. His conss. obiit Cicero interfectus die iv kal. Maias. (Expungenda hæc esse nemo non videt.)\n\nOctaviano Augusto II et Paulo. His conss. Æra prima cursus lunæ inventus est. (Referendum id fuit ad annum 716.)\n\nAhenobarbo et Sosio. (lli perperam positi infra erant in ms.)\n\nOctaviano Aug. III et Corbilio.\n\nOctaviano IV et Crasso.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 10) Octaviano v et Pulchro.\n\nOctaviano VI et Agrippa II. His conss. Carthago libertatem a populo Romano recepit.\n\nOctaviano vu et Agrippa III.\n\nOctaviano VIII et Tauro.\n\nOctaviano IX et Silano.\n\nOctaviano X et Flacco.\n\nOctaviano XI et Pisone.\n\nÆsernino et Aruntio. Celso et Hiburo. (Isti maie hic inserti).","english":"Pulcher and Flaccus. In their consulship, Sallust died on the third day before the Ides of May.\n\nAgrippa and Gallus.\n\nPublicola and Nerva Cocceius.\n\nCornificius and Pompey the Great. In their consulship, the Slave War was waged.\n\nAntonius II and Libo. In their consulship, Cicero was killed on the fourth day before the Kalends of May. (That these entries are to be expunged, no one fails to see.)\n\nOctavianus Augustus II and Paulus. In their consulship, the first era of the lunar cycle was discovered. (This ought to have been referred to the year 716.)\n\nAhenobarbus and Sosius. (They were incorrectly placed below in the manuscript.)\n\nOctavianus Aug. III and Corbilius.\n\nOctavianus IV and Crassus.\n\n(Era Hisp. 10) Octavianus V and Pulcher.\n\nOctavianus VI and Agrippa II. In their consulship, Carthage received its freedom from the Roman people.\n\nOctavianus VII and Agrippa III.\n\nOctavianus VIII and Taurus.\n\nOctavianus IX and Silanus.\n\nOctavianus X and Flaccus.\n\nOctavianus XI and Piso.\n\nAeserninus and Aruntius. Celsus and Hiburus. (These are wrongly inserted here.)","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. obiit Sallustius die III idus Maias","severity":"info","text":"The consular year of Pulcher and Flaccus (Pulchro et Flacco) is traditionally dated to 31 BCE. Sallust the historian died in 35 BCE, so this entry is chronologically displaced.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Expungenda hæc esse nemo non videt","severity":"info","text":"The parenthetical remark 'That these entries are to be expunged, no one fails to see' is a later editorial comment, likely by a scribe or early editor, indicating awareness of the chronological error in placing Cicero's death under Antonius II and Libo (43 BCE) rather than under the correct consuls.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"bellum Fugitivorum","severity":"info","text":"The 'Slave War' (bellum Fugitivorum) refers to the Servile Wars, most famously the Third Servile War (73–71 BCE) led by Spartacus. The consuls Cornificius and Pompey the Great are not historical for that period; this may be a confusion or a later insertion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Isti maie hic inserti","severity":"caution","text":"The note 'These are wrongly inserted here' (Isti maie hic inserti) signals a scribal or editorial awareness of misplacement in the manuscript tradition, likely reflecting a corrupt archetype or marginal additions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Æra prima cursus lunæ inventus est","severity":"info","text":"The 'first era of the lunar cycle' refers to the Metonic cycle (19-year lunar cycle) used in Easter calculations. The parenthetical note 'This ought to have been referred to the year 716' (i.e., AUC 716 = 38 BCE) corrects the consular date of Octavianus II and Paulus (traditionally 33 BCE) to an earlier year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"lli perperam positi infra erant in ms.","severity":"caution","text":"The note 'They were incorrectly placed below in the manuscript' (lli perperam positi infra erant in ms.) indicates a known transposition in the source manuscript, affecting the consular list for Ahenobarbus and Sosius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names 'Pulcher' and 'Flaccus' are not securely identified; 'Pulcher' may be a cognomen (e.g., Clodius Pulcher) but the pairing is uncertain. 'Corbilius' may be a corruption of 'Corbulo' or another name. The 'Slave War' entry is anachronistic and may reflect a later interpolation or confusion with a different conflict."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Lollio et Lepido.\n\nApuleio et Nerva.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 20) Saturoino et Lucretio Cinna.\n\nDuobus Lentulis. His conss. obiit Virgilius die XI kal. Octobr. (Obiit anno superiore proximo, Saturnino et Lucretio conss. idibus Oct.) Lentulo et Cornelio. (Hi sunt duo Lentuli modo appellati, nec est alius consulatus.)\n\nFornicio et Silano.\n\nScipione et Domitio Ahenobarbo.\n\nLibone et Pisone.\n\nCrasso et Lenlulo.\n\nNerone et Varo.\n\nMessala et Quirino. Rubellio et Saturnino. ( Temere inserti.\n\nMaximo et Tuberone.\n\nAfricano [AI. Fab. M. Afric. et I Antonio et Maximo.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 30) Druso et Crispino.\n\nCensorinoet Gallo.\n\nNerone II et Pisone II.\n\nBalbo et Vetere.\n\nOctaviano XII et Sylla.\n\nSabino et Rufino.\n\nLentulo et Messalino.\n\nOctaviano XIII et Silano. His conss. natus est Christus die vm kal. Jan.\n\nLentulo et Pisone. (Æræ Christianæ annos deinceps inscribemus margini quibus perpetua methodo additi anni Urbis conditæ annos exhibebunt.)","english":"Lollius and Lepidus.\n\nApuleius and Nerva.\n\n(Spanish Era 20) Saturninus and Lucretius Cinna.\n\nThe two Lentuli. In their consulship, Virgil died on the eleventh day before the Kalends of October. (He died in the previous year, in the consulship of Saturninus and Lucretius, on the Ides of October.) Lentulus and Cornelius. (These are the two Lentuli just named, and there is no other consulship.)\n\nFornicius and Silanus.\n\nScipio and Domitius Ahenobarbus.\n\nLibo and Piso.\n\nCrassus and Lentulus.\n\nNero and Varus.\n\nMessala and Quirinus. Rubellius and Saturninus. (Inserted at random.)\n\nMaximus and Tubero.\n\nAfricanus [Al. Fab. M. Afric. et I] Antonius and Maximus.\n\n(Spanish Era 30) Drusus and Crispinus.\n\nCensorinus and Gallus.\n\nNero II and Piso II.\n\nBalbus and Vetus.\n\nOctavian XII and Sylla.\n\nSabinus and Rufinus.\n\nLentulus and Messalinus.\n\nOctavian XIII and Silanus. In their consulship, Christ was born on the eighth day before the Kalends of January.\n\nLentulus and Piso. (We will henceforth inscribe the Christian years on the margin, which, by a perpetual method, when added to the years of the founding of the City, will exhibit those years.)","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 20","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era (Era Hispanica) dates from 38 BCE. Thus Spanish Era 20 corresponds to 18 BCE, providing a chronological anchor for the consular year of Saturninus and Lucretius Cinna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Duobus Lentulis","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Duobus Lentulis' (the two Lentuli) is ambiguous: it may refer to two consuls both named Lentulus, or to a single consulship of two Lentuli. The parenthetical note clarifies that these are the same two Lentuli already named, and that there is no other consulship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. natus est Christus die vm kal. Jan.","severity":"info","text":"The entry dates Christ's birth to the consulship of Octavian XIII and Silanus, on 25 December (8th day before the Kalends of January). This reflects a late antique tradition, later contested, that placed the nativity in 1 BCE or 1 CE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Temere inserti","severity":"info","text":"The annotation 'Temere inserti' (inserted at random) signals that the scribe or editor considered the consular pair Messala and Quirinus, and Rubellius and Saturninus, to be spurious or misplaced additions to the list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Æræ Christianæ annos deinceps inscribemus margini","severity":"info","text":"The note announces a shift in the manuscript's method: from this point, Christian years will be written in the margin, and a perpetual method will allow conversion to years from the founding of Rome. This reflects a later editorial intervention to harmonize the chronicle with Christian dating.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Africano [AI. Fab. M. Afric. et I Antonio et Maximo","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed variant 'AI. Fab. M. Afric. et I Antonio et Maximo' indicates textual corruption or alternative readings in the manuscript tradition. The consular names are uncertain; the edition likely follows one manuscript reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular pair 'Duobus Lentulis' may be a single entry or two separate entries; the parenthetical note attempts to resolve this.","The bracketed variant for 'Africano' suggests multiple manuscript readings for the consuls of that year.","The phrase 'Temere inserti' indicates that the editor considered the following two consular pairs to be spurious, but their original source is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"C. Caesare et Lucio Paulo.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. ) Vindicio et Varo.\n\nLamia et Servilio niano [Sic ms.].\n\nOmissi Ælius Catus et Saturninus.\n\nMagno Pompeio tt Valerio.\n\nLepido et Aruntio.\n\nCretico et Nerva.\n\nCamille et Quintiliano.\n\nCamerino etSabino.\n\nDolabella et Sabino.\n\nii Lepido et Tauro.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 50) Omissi Germanicus Cæsar et C. Fonteius Capito.\n\nFlacco et Silano.\n\nDuobus Sextis Pompeio Magno et Apuleio.\n\nBruto et Flacco.\n\nTauro et Libone.\n\nCrasso et Rufo.\n\nTiberio Caesare II et Druso Germanico II.\n\nSilano et Balbo.\n\nMessala et Grato.\n\nTiberio Caesare III et Druso Germanico III (Al. Drus. Tibi at. II].\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 60) Agrippa et Galba.\n\n23Poltione ei Vetere.\n\n24Cethego et Varo [A/. Varrone].\n\nAgrippa It et Lentuto Galva [Sic. ms.].\n\nGetulico et Sabino.\n\nCrasso et Pisone.\n\nSilano et Nerva.\n\nRufo [AI. Fusio, vel Fufio et Rubellio] et Rubellione. His conss. passus est Christus die decimokalendas Aprilis, et resurrexit VIII kalendas easdem. [Hic in margine ms. hæc legantur: Cum Joannis Evangelium doceat Salvatorem et Dominum nostrum tribus annis post baptiamum docuisse, ad quod venit tricesimo ætatis suae anno, sicut in imperio Tiberii Caesaris habetur ascriptum. In hoc loco per consules error annorum est, nisi si de Rufo et Rubellione in tertium ordinem consulum supputatio pertendat.]","english":"Gaius Caesar and Lucius Paulus.\n\n(Spanish Era) Vindictus and Varus.\n\nLamia and Servilianus [Thus the manuscript].\n\nOmitted: Aelius Catus and Saturninus.\n\nMagnus Pompeius and Valerius.\n\nLepidus and Aruntius.\n\nCreticus and Nerva.\n\nCamillus and Quintilianus.\n\nCamerinus and Sabinus.\n\nDolabella and Sabinus.\n\nThe two Lepidi and Taurus.\n\n(Spanish Era 50) Omitted: Germanicus Caesar and Gaius Fonteius Capito.\n\nFlaccus and Silanus.\n\nThe two Sexti: Pompeius Magnus and Apuleius.\n\nBrutus and Flaccus.\n\nTaurus and Libo.\n\nCrassus and Rufus.\n\nTiberius Caesar II and Drusus Germanicus II.\n\nSilanus and Balbus.\n\nMessala and Gratus.\n\nTiberius Caesar III and Drusus Germanicus III (Alternatively: Drusus Tiberius II).\n\n(Spanish Era 60) Agrippa and Galba.\n\nPoltio and Vetus.\n\nCethegus and Varus [Alternatively: Varro].\n\nAgrippa II and Lentulus Galva [Thus the manuscript].\n\nGaetulicus and Sabinus.\n\nCrassus and Piso.\n\nSilanus and Nerva.\n\nRufus [Alternatively: Fusius, or Fufius and Rubellius] and Rubellio. In the consulship of these, Christ suffered on the tenth day before the Kalends of April, and rose again on the eighth day before the same Kalends. [In the margin of the manuscript these words are read: Since the Gospel of John teaches that the Savior and our Lord taught for three years after his baptism, which he entered upon in the thirtieth year of his age, as is recorded in the reign of Tiberius Caesar. In this place, through the consuls, there is an error of years, unless the reckoning of the consuls extends to a third order from Rufus and Rubellio.]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"C. Caesare et Lucio Paulo","severity":"info","text":"This consular pair is not historically attested; it may reflect a scribal error or a local tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. passus est Christus die decimokalendas Aprilis, et resurrexit VIII kalendas easdem","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note discusses an apparent chronological error in the consular list relative to the Gospel of John, suggesting a reckoning extending to a third order from Rufus and Rubellio.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi Ælius Catus et Saturninus","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript explicitly notes omissions, indicating that the list is not complete and may have been compiled from multiple sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Rufo [Al. Fusio, vel Fufio et Rubellio] et Rubellione","severity":"info","text":"The variant readings for the consuls' names (Rufus, Fusius, Fufius, Rubellius) suggest textual corruption or multiple traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp.","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era (Era Hispanica) is a calendar system used in Iberia, counting years from 38 BCE. The annotations (20, 50, 60) mark approximate dates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi Germanicus Cæsar et C. Fonteius Capito","severity":"info","text":"The repeated pattern of 'Omissi' (omitted) indicates that the list is a selective compilation, possibly from a larger consular fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular pair 'C. Caesare et Lucio Paulo' is not historically attested; it may be a scribal error or a local tradition.","The marginal note suggests a chronological discrepancy in the dating of Christ's passion relative to the consular list, but the exact resolution is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Viuicio et Longino Cassio.\n\nTiberio Caesare iv solo [AI. et Ælio Sejano].\n\n(Ær. Hi.,. 70) Aruntio [AI. A. Vitellio] et Ahenobarbo.\n\nGalba libolo et Sylla.\n\nPersico et Vitellio Puto. (In ms. assignatur anno 32.)\n\nGallo et Noniano.\n\n.Emiliano et Plautio.\n\nProculo et Nigrino.\n\nJuliano et Asprenate.\n\nCaesare II et Cæsiano.\n\nCaesare III solo.\n\nCaesare IV et Antonino.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 80) Claudio II et Largo.\n\nClaudio III et Vitellio II.\n\nCrispo II et Tauro.\n\nVinitio et Corvino.\n\nAsiatico et Silano.\n\nClaudio iv et Vitellio m.\n\nVitellio iv (Non IV: nam hic est A. Vitellis) et Publicola.\n\nVerranio et Gallo.\n\nVetere et Nerviliano.\n\nClaudio et Orfito.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 90) Sylla et Catone.\n\nSilano et Antonino.\n\nMarcello et A viola.\n\nNerone et Vetere.\n\nSaturnino et Scipione.\n\nNerone II et Pisone.\n\nNerone III et Messala Corvino. His conss. Petrus et Paulus passi sunt die III kal. JuHas.","english":"Viuicius and Longinus Cassius.\n\nTiberius Caesar for the fourth time alone [or: and Aelius Sejanus].\n\n(Spanish Era 70) Aruntius [or: A. Vitellius] and Ahenobarbus.\n\nGalba Libolo and Sylla.\n\nPersicus and Vitellius Puto. (In the manuscript assigned to year 32.)\n\nGallus and Nonianus.\n\nAemilianus and Plautius.\n\nProculus and Nigrinus.\n\nJulianus and Asprenas.\n\nCaesar for the second time and Caesianus.\n\nCaesar for the third time alone.\n\nCaesar for the fourth time and Antoninus.\n\n(Spanish Era 80) Claudius for the second time and Largus.\n\nClaudius for the third time and Vitellius for the second time.\n\nCrispus for the second time and Taurus.\n\nVinitius and Corvinus.\n\nAsiaticus and Silanus.\n\nClaudius for the fourth time and Vitellius for the third time.\n\nVitellius for the fourth time (Not IV: for this is A. Vitellius) and Publicola.\n\nVerranius and Gallus.\n\nVeter and Nervilianus.\n\nClaudius and Orfitus.\n\n(Spanish Era 90) Sylla and Cato.\n\nSilanus and Antoninus.\n\nMarcellus and Aviola.\n\nNero and Veter.\n\nSaturninus and Scipio.\n\nNero for the second time and Piso.\n\nNero for the third time and Messala Corvinus. In the consulship of these, Peter and Paul suffered on the third day before the Kalends of July.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hi.,. 70","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era (Era Hispanica) dates from 38 BCE. Adding 70 yields 32 CE, which aligns with the manuscript's assignment of the consuls Persicus and Vitellius Puto to year 32.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Viuicio et Longino Cassio","severity":"info","text":"The names 'Viuicio' and 'Longino Cassio' are likely corruptions of the consuls for 13 CE: Gaius Silius and Lucius Munatius Plancus. The manuscript tradition of the Descriptio Consulum often garbles names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Nerone III et Messala Corvino. His conss. Petrus et Paulus passi sunt die III kal. JuHas.","severity":"info","text":"This entry dates the martyrdom of Peter and Paul to 58 CE (consuls Nero III and Messala Corvinus), 29 June. This is a traditional date in the Western Church, though modern scholarship often places Peter's death under Nero in 64 CE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Vitellio iv (Non IV: nam hic est A. Vitellis) et Publicola.","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript corrects itself: 'Vitellius for the fourth time' is an error; the consul is Aulus Vitellius (later emperor) with Publicola. This reflects scribal confusion over repeated consulships.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tiberio Caesare iv solo [AI. et Ælio Sejano].","severity":"info","text":"Tiberius was consul in 31 CE for the fourth time, but he resigned; the alternative reading 'and Aelius Sejanus' reflects Sejanus' actual consulship that year before his fall. The manuscript preserves both traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names are often corrupt or variant; the Spanish Era numbers are inconsistently placed; the manuscript's self-corrections (e.g., Vitellius) indicate scribal uncertainty."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Aproniano et Capitone.\n\nNerone IV et Lentulo.\n\nLucio [AI. Paeto] et Turpiliano.\n\n( Er. Hisp. 100) Mario et Gallo. His Conss. Jodæu capta est.\n\nRufo et Regulo.\n\nCrasso et Basso.'\n\nHelva et Vestino.\n\nTellesino et Paulino.\n\nCapitone et Rufo.\n\nItalico et Trachalo. His conss. Nero non comparuit.\n\nGalba II et Tito Rufino.\n\nVespasiano II solo.\n\nVespasiano III et Nerva.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 110) Vespasiano IV et tito II.\n\nDomitiano It et Messalino.\n\nVespasiano v et Tito III.\n\nVespasiano vi et Tito tv.\n\nVespasiano vii et Tito v.\n\nVespasiano VIII et Domitiano III. His conss. Judæi pervicti sunt.\n\nCommodus el Priscus omissi.\n\nVespasiano ix et Tito VI.\n\nTUo VII et Domitiano IV.\n\nGalba et Pollione.\n\n(Ær. Bisp. 120) Domitiano v et Flavio Sabino.\n\nDomitiano VI et Rufo.\n\nDomitiano VII et Appio Sabino II.\n\nDomitiano vm et Fulvio.\n\nDomitiano ix et Dolabella.","english":"Apronianus and Capito.\n\nNero for the fourth time and Lentulus.\n\nLucius [or: Paetus] and Turpilianus.\n\n(Spanish Era 100) Marius and Gallus. In these consulships, Judaea was captured.\n\nRufus and Regulus.\n\nCrassus and Bassus.\n\nHelva and Vestinus.\n\nTelesinus and Paulinus.\n\nCapito and Rufus.\n\nItalicus and Trachalus. In these consulships, Nero did not appear.\n\nGalba for the second time and Titus Rufinus.\n\nVespasian for the second time alone.\n\nVespasian for the third time and Nerva.\n\n(Spanish Era 110) Vespasian for the fourth time and Titus for the second time.\n\nDomitian for the second time and Messalinus.\n\nVespasian for the fifth time and Titus for the third time.\n\nVespasian for the sixth time and Titus for the fourth time.\n\nVespasian for the seventh time and Titus for the fifth time.\n\nVespasian for the eighth time and Domitian for the third time. In these consulships, the Jews were completely overcome.\n\nCommodus and Priscus omitted.\n\nVespasian for the ninth time and Titus for the sixth time.\n\nTitus for the seventh time and Domitian for the fourth time.\n\nGalba and Pollio.\n\n(Spanish Era 120) Domitian for the fifth time and Flavius Sabinus.\n\nDomitian for the sixth time and Rufus.\n\nDomitian for the seventh time and Appius Sabinus for the second time.\n\nDomitian for the eighth time and Fulvius.\n\nDomitian for the ninth time and Dolabella.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Aproniano et Capitone","severity":"info","text":"The consular pair Apronianus and Capito corresponds to the year AD 39, the first year of the Spanish Era 100 (which began in AD 38). This synchronism anchors the chronology of the list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His Conss. Jodæu capta est","severity":"info","text":"The note 'Judaea was captured' under Marius and Gallus (AD 70) refers to the Roman capture of Jerusalem by Titus, ending the First Jewish–Roman War. The Spanish Era 100 places this event in AD 70.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. Nero non comparuit","severity":"info","text":"The remark 'Nero did not appear' under Italicus and Trachalus (AD 66) likely notes Nero's absence from Rome during the consular year, possibly due to his artistic tour of Greece in AD 66–67.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. Judæi pervicti sunt","severity":"info","text":"The note 'the Jews were completely overcome' under Vespasian VIII and Domitian III (AD 82) likely refers to the final suppression of the Jewish revolt, including the fall of Masada (AD 73/74) or the consolidation of Roman control.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Commodus el Priscus omissi","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Commodus and Priscus omitted' indicates a scribal or source omission of consuls for a year, likely AD 78 (Commodus and Priscus). This suggests the list is a compilation with gaps.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"(Ær. Hisp. 100) ... (Ær. Bisp. 120)","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era markers (100, 110, 120) structure the list into decades, each beginning a new section. The shift from 'Hisp.' to 'Bisp.' may be a scribal variant for 'Hispanica'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Spanish Era year 100 is ambiguous: it could begin in AD 38 or AD 39 depending on the era's start point. The consular pair Apronianus and Capito (AD 39) suggests the era began in AD 38.","The phrase 'Commodus el Priscus omissi' may indicate that these consuls were deliberately omitted or that the manuscript source lacked them."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Domitiano et Siturnino.\n\nDomitiano XI et Rufo.\n\nFulvio et Atratino.\n\nDomitiano XII et Nerva II.\n\nGlabrione et Trajano.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 130) Domitiano XIII et Saturnino.\n\nPompeiano et Prisciano.\n\nAsprenate et Laterano.\n\nDomitiano xiv et Clemente [Al. T. Fl. Clementej.\n\nValente et Vetere. His conss. excessit Domitianus in palatio Romæ.\n\nNerva III et Rufo III.\n\nNerva iv et Trajano II.\n\nPalma et Senecione.\n\nTrajano III et Pontino [Al. Frontone.\n\nTrajano IV et Pæto.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 140) Severiano et Syrio AI. Senecione III et Sura].\n\nTrajano v et Maximo.\n\nSuburano [AI. Surano II et Marcello\n\nCandido II et Quadrato.\n\nCommodo et Cereali.\n\nSyra III | Al. Sura IV | et Senecione II.\n\nGallo et Bradua.\n\nPalma II et Tullo.\n\nOrfito et Prisciano.\n\nPisone et Juliano [Al. Bolano.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 150) Trajano vi et AfriCano. His conss. ersecuto Christianorum.","english":"Domitian and Saturninus.\n\nDomitian for the eleventh time and Rufus.\n\nFulvius and Atratinus.\n\nDomitian for the twelfth time and Nerva for the second time.\n\nGlabrio and Trajan.\n\n(Spanish Era 130) Domitian for the thirteenth time and Saturninus.\n\nPompeianus and Priscianus.\n\nAsprenas and Lateranus.\n\nDomitian for the fourteenth time and Clemens [or: T. Flavius Clemens].\n\nValens and Vetus. In these consulships, Domitian died in the palace at Rome.\n\nNerva for the third time and Rufus for the third time.\n\nNerva for the fourth time and Trajan for the second time.\n\nPalma and Senecio.\n\nTrajan for the third time and Pontinus [or: Fronto].\n\nTrajan for the fourth time and Paetus.\n\n(Spanish Era 140) Severianus and Syrius [or: Senecio for the third time and Sura].\n\nTrajan for the fifth time and Maximus.\n\nSuburanus [or: Suranus for the second time] and Marcellus.\n\nCandidus for the second time and Quadratus.\n\nCommodus and Cerealis.\n\nSyra for the third time [or: Sura for the fourth time] and Senecio for the second time.\n\nGallus and Bradua.\n\nPalma for the second time and Tullus.\n\nOrfitus and Priscianus.\n\nPiso and Julianus [or: Bolanus].\n\n(Spanish Era 150) Trajan for the sixth time and Africanus. In these consulships, persecution of Christians.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Domitiano et Siturnino","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Domitian and Saturninus corresponds to 82 CE. The sequence here follows the standard fasti for the reign of Domitian.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Domitiano XII et Nerva II","severity":"info","text":"Domitian for the twelfth time and Nerva for the second time corresponds to 90 CE. This entry marks the transition from Domitian to Nerva in the consular list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. excessit Domitianus in palatio Romæ","severity":"info","text":"The note 'In these consulships, Domitian died in the palace at Rome' refers to the year 96 CE, when Domitian was assassinated. The consuls for that year were Valens and Vetus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. ersecuto Christianorum","severity":"info","text":"The note 'In these consulships, persecution of Christians' refers to the year 108 CE (Spanish Era 150), under Trajan for the sixth time and Africanus. This likely alludes to Trajan's rescript to Pliny the Younger regarding Christians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Domitiano xiv et Clemente [Al. T. Fl. Clementej]","severity":"caution","text":"The variant reading 'T. Fl. Clemens' for 'Clemens' indicates a textual corruption or alternative tradition. The correct name is likely T. Flavius Clemens, a consul suffectus in 95 CE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Severiano et Syrio AI. Senecione III et Sura]","severity":"caution","text":"The variant 'Senecione III et Sura' for 'Severiano et Syrio' suggests a scribal error or alternative source. The consular year 107 CE is otherwise attested as C. Iulius Quadratus Bassus and C. Aburnius Valens.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names for several years have variant readings in the manuscript tradition, as indicated by the 'Al.' (aliter) notes. The exact identification of some consuls (e.g., 'Clemens' vs. 'T. Fl. Clemens') is uncertain.","The Spanish Era dates (Ær. Hisp. 130, 140, 150) are given for some entries but not others, leaving the absolute chronology of the undated entries ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Celso II et Prisciano [ A.. Crispino] II.\n\nHasta et Voluso.\n\nMessala et Pedone.\n\nÆliano et Vetere.\n\nAproniano et Nigro.\n\nHadriano et Salinatore.\n\nHadriano iv [AI. III] et Rustico.\n\nSevero II et Fulvo.\n\nVero II et Augure.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 160) Aviola et Pansa\n\nAproniano et Paupino [AI. Pætino].\n\nGlabrione et Torquato.\n\nAsiatico [Al. add. II) et Aquilino.\n\nVero III et Ambibulo.\n\nTitiano et Gallicano.\n\nTorquato et Libone.\n\nMarcello [AI. Q. Jul. Balbo] et Celso.\n\nCatullino et Libone.\n\nPontiano et Rufo.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 170) Augurino et Sergiano ĮAl. Severiano.\n\nHibero et Sisenna.\n\nSevero III et Varo.\n\nPontiano et Aquilino Rufo [AI. Aciliano].\n\nCommodo et Pompeiano.\n\nCæsare [Al. Ælio Cxs.J et Balbino.\n\nCamerino et Nigro.\n\nAntonino II et Praesente.\n\nAntonino III et Aurelio.\n\nSevero et Silvano fAI. M. Pæduceo Priscino].\n\n[Ær. Hisp. 180] Rufino et Quadrato.","english":"Celsus for the second time and Priscianus [or Crispinus] for the second time.\n\nHasta and Volusus.\n\nMessalla and Pedo.\n\nAelianus and Vetus.\n\nApronianus and Niger.\n\nHadrianus and Salinator.\n\nHadrianus for the fourth time [or for the third time] and Rusticus.\n\nSeverus for the second time and Fulvus.\n\nVerus for the second time and Augur.\n\n(Spanish Era 160) Aviola and Pansa.\n\nApronianus and Paupinus [or Paetinus].\n\nGlabrio and Torquatus.\n\nAsiaticus [or Asiaticus for the second time] and Aquilinus.\n\nVerus for the third time and Ambibulus.\n\nTitianus and Gallicanus.\n\nTorquatus and Libo.\n\nMarcellus [or Quintus Julius Balbus] and Celsus.\n\nCatullinus and Libo.\n\nPontianus and Rufus.\n\n(Spanish Era 170) Augurinus and Sergianus [or Severianus].\n\nHiberus and Sisenna.\n\nSeverus for the third time and Varus.\n\nPontianus and Aquilinus Rufus [or Acilianus].\n\nCommodus and Pompeianus.\n\nCaesar [or Aelius Caesar] and Balbinus.\n\nCamerinus and Niger.\n\nAntoninus for the second time and Praesens.\n\nAntoninus for the third time and Aurelius.\n\nSeverus and Silvanus [or Marcus Peducaeus Priscinus].\n\n(Spanish Era 180) Rufinus and Quadratus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a consular list spanning from the late 1st to the late 2nd century AD, with Spanish Era dates marking intervals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era dates (160, 170, 180) correspond to AD 122, 132, and 142, anchoring the consular years in the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Variant readings in the manuscript tradition (e.g., 'Crispino' vs. 'Prisciano', 'Paupino' vs. 'Paetino') indicate scribal uncertainty or conflation of similar names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Celso II et Prisciano","severity":"info","text":"The consuls Celsus and Priscianus are otherwise unattested; the variant 'Crispino' may reflect a misreading or a different tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list includes emperors (Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius) and their colleagues, reflecting the Fasti tradition used for dating in late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several consular pairs (e.g., 'Hasta et Voluso', 'Messala et Pedone') are not found in standard Roman fasti, suggesting local or corrupted sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Spanish Era dates are given as 160, 170, 180, but the corresponding consular years do not align perfectly with known fasti, indicating possible interpolation or local adaptation.","Multiple variant names (e.g., 'Crispino' for 'Prisciano', 'Paupino' for 'Paetino') suggest textual corruption or alternative traditions."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Torquato etHerode.\n\nA vito et Maximo.\n\nAntonino IV et Aurelio II.\n\nClaro et Severo.\n\nLargo et Messalino.\n\nTorquato [AI. add. II] et Juliano.\n\nOrfito et Prisco.\n\nGlabrione et Vetere.\n\nConpiano et Maximo.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. ) Glabrione II et Humilio.\n\nPraesente et Rufino.\n\nCommodo et Latcrano.\n\nSevero et Sabiniano.\n\nSilvano et Augurino.\n\nBarbaro [Vel Barbato] et Regulo.\n\nTullo [AI. Tertullo] et Sacerdote.\n\nQuintillo et Prisco.\n\nBradua et Vero.\n\nAntonino v et Aurelio Cæs. duobus Augustis. His conss.orta persecutione passi Polycarpus et Pionius.\n\n(Ær. Hisp.200) Rufino [AI. Rustico] et Aquilino.\n\nL. Æliano et Pastore.\n\nMacrino et Celso.\n\nOrtho et Pudente.\n\nPudente et Pollinne.\n\nVero III et Quadrato.\n\nIn Chronico bis conss. passos legis (Tantum hæc in ms.).\n\nAproniano et Paulo.\n\nPrisco et Apollinare.\n\nCethego et Claro.\n\nSevero et Herenniano.","english":"Torquatus and Herodes.\n\nAvitus and Maximus.\n\nAntoninus IV and Aurelius II.\n\nClarus and Severus.\n\nLargus and Messalinus.\n\nTorquatus [some add II] and Iulianus.\n\nOrfitus and Priscus.\n\nGlabrio and Vetus.\n\nCompianus and Maximus.\n\n(Hispanic Era) Glabrio II and Humilius.\n\nPraesens and Rufinus.\n\nCommodus and Lateranus.\n\nSeverus and Sabinianus.\n\nSilvanus and Augurinus.\n\nBarbarus [or Barbatus] and Regulus.\n\nTullus [or Tertullus] and Sacerdos.\n\nQuintillus and Priscus.\n\nBradua and Verus.\n\nAntoninus V and Aurelius Caesar, both Augusti. In their consulship, a persecution arose; Polycarp and Pionius suffered.\n\n(Hispanic Era 200) Rufinus [or Rusticus] and Aquilinus.\n\nL. Aelianus and Pastor.\n\nMacrinus and Celsus.\n\nOrthos and Pudens.\n\nPudens and Pollio.\n\nVerus III and Quadratus.\n\nIn the Chronicle, it is read that they suffered under two consuls (Only this in the manuscript).\n\nApronianus and Paulus.\n\nPriscus and Apollinaris.\n\nCethegus and Clarus.\n\nSeverus and Herennianus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss.orta persecutione passi Polycarpus et Pionius","severity":"info","text":"This entry breaks the consular list format with a narrative clause, marking the persecution under Antoninus V and Aurelius Caesar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Hispanic Era 200","severity":"info","text":"The Hispanic Era date 200 corresponds to AD 162, placing the persecution of Polycarp and Pionius in that year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"In Chronico bis conss. passos legis (Tantum hæc in ms.)","severity":"info","text":"This marginal note indicates the manuscript source claims the martyrs suffered under two consuls, a variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Barbaro [Vel Barbato]","severity":"caution","text":"The variant 'Barbato' for 'Barbaro' reflects textual uncertainty in the consular name, common in manuscript transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Polycarpus et Pionius","severity":"info","text":"Polycarp of Smyrna and Pionius of Smyrna were early Christian martyrs; their mention here links the consular list to persecution history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Tantum hæc in ms.","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Only this in the manuscript' signals that the preceding note is a scribal addition, not part of the original list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names 'Barbaro' vs. 'Barbato' and 'Tullo' vs. 'Tertullo' are uncertain; the edition notes variants. The phrase 'His conss.' may refer to the immediately preceding consuls or a broader period. The marginal note 'In Chronico bis conss. passos legis' is ambiguous about which chronicle is meant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"(Ær. Hisp. 210) Orfito et Maximo.\n\nSevero II et Pompeiano.\n\nGallo et Flacco.\n\nPisone et Juliano.\n\nPollione et Apro.\n\nCommodo et Quintillo.\n\nOrfito et Rufo.\n\nCommodo IIet Vero.\n\nPraesente el Condiano.\n\nCommodo III et Byrro [Sive Burrho].\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 220) Mamertino et Rufo.\n\nCommodo IV et Victorino.\n\nMarullo et Æliano.\n\nMaterno et Bradua.\n\nCommodo v et Glabrione.\n\nCrispino et Æliano.\n\nFusciano et Silano.\n\nDuobus Silanis.\n\nCommodo VI et Septimiano.\n\nAproniano et Bradua.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 230) Commodo VII el Pertinace.\n\nFlaccone et Claro.\n\nSevero II et Albino.\n\nTertullo et Clemente.\n\nDextro et Prisco.\n\nLaterano et Rufino.\n\nSaturnino et Gallo.\n\nAnulino et Fronlone.\n\nSevero II [Male n] et Victorino.\n\nMuciano et Fabiano.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 240) Severo III et Antonino.\n\nPlautiano II et Geta.\n\nCilone et Libone.\n\nAntonino II et Geta II.\n\nAlbino et Æmiliano.","english":"(Hispanic Era 210) Orfitus and Maximus.\n\nSeverus II and Pompeianus.\n\nGallus and Flaccus.\n\nPiso and Iulianus.\n\nPollio and Aper.\n\nCommodus and Quintillus.\n\nOrfitus and Rufus.\n\nCommodus II and Verus.\n\nPraesens and Condianus.\n\nCommodus III and Byrrhus [or Burrhus].\n\n(Hispanic Era 220) Mamertinus and Rufus.\n\nCommodus IV and Victorinus.\n\nMarullus and Aelianus.\n\nMaternus and Bradua.\n\nCommodus V and Glabrio.\n\nCrispinus and Aelianus.\n\nFuscianus and Silanus.\n\nThe Two Silani.\n\nCommodus VI and Septimianus.\n\nApronianus and Bradua.\n\n(Hispanic Era 230) Commodus VII and Pertinax.\n\nFlacco and Clarus.\n\nSeverus II and Albinus.\n\nTertullus and Clemens.\n\nDexter and Priscus.\n\nLateranus and Rufinus.\n\nSaturninus and Gallus.\n\nAnulinus and Fronto.\n\nSeverus II [incorrectly] and Victorinus.\n\nMucianus and Fabianus.\n\n(Hispanic Era 240) Severus III and Antoninus.\n\nPlautianus II and Geta.\n\nCilo and Libo.\n\nAntoninus II and Geta II.\n\nAlbinus and Aemilianus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the consular list with Hispanic Era dates (210–240), marking the start of each new decade. The pattern of paired consuls is consistent with the earlier sections.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Hispanic Era 210 corresponds to AD 172, and Era 240 to AD 202, based on the standard conversion (subtract 38 years for the common era).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Commodo III et Byrro [Sive Burrho]","severity":"info","text":"The variant 'Byrrhus' or 'Burrhus' likely reflects manuscript confusion over the name of the consul of AD 181, usually given as 'Burrus'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Severo II [Male n] et Victorino","severity":"caution","text":"The annotation 'Male n' (incorrectly) in the Latin suggests a scribal or editorial correction, indicating that the consular pair Severus II and Victorinus is considered erroneous by the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Many of these consular names correspond to known Roman consuls of the late 2nd century, e.g., Commodus (emperor) and Pertinax (brief emperor in AD 193). The list provides a chronological framework for the Hispanic Era.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This consular list, attributed to Hydatius, was used in medieval chronicles to synchronize Roman and Hispanic dating systems, influencing later Iberian historiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of some consuls (e.g., Byrrhus/Burrhus) is uncertain due to variant spellings.","The annotation 'Male n' for Severus II and Victorinus indicates a known error, but the correct pair is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"Apro et Maximo.\n\nAntonino III et Geta III.\n\nPompeiano et Avito.\n\nFaustino et Rufino.\n\nI Gentiano et Basso.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 250) Duobus 'april.\n\nAntonino iv et Balbino.\n\nMessala et Sabino.\n\nLaeto et Cereale.\n\nSabino et Anulino..\n\nPraesente et Extricato.\n\nAntonino et Advento. His conss. instrumenta debitorum fisco in foro Romano arserunt per dies XXX.\n\nAntonino II et Sa. cerdote.\n\nAntonino III et Comazonte.\n\nGrato et Selcuco.\n\nHi (Ær. Hisp. 260.) Antonino iv et Alexandro.\n\nMaximo II et Æliano.\n\nFabiano et Crispino.\n\nFusciano et Dextro.\n\nAlexandro II et Marcello.\n\nAlbino et Maximo.\n\nModesto et Probo.\n\nAlexandro III et Dione.\n\nAgricola et Clemente [AI. Clementino].\n\nPompeiano et Peligniano.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 270.) Lupo et Maximo.\n\nMaximo et Paterno.\n\nMaximo II et Urbano.\n\nSevero et Quintiano.\n\nMaximo III et Africano.\n\nPerpetuo et Corneliano.\n\nPio et Pontiano.","english":"Apro and Maximus.\n\nAntoninus III and Geta III.\n\nPompeianus and Avitus.\n\nFaustinus and Rufinus.\n\nI Gentianus and Bassus.\n\n(Hispanic Era 250) The two Aprils.\n\nAntoninus IV and Balbinus.\n\nMessala and Sabinus.\n\nLaetus and Cerealis.\n\nSabinus and Anulinus.\n\nPraesens and Extricatus.\n\nAntoninus and Adventus. In their consulship, the debt instruments of the treasury were burned in the Roman Forum for thirty days.\n\nAntoninus II and Sacerdos.\n\nAntoninus III and Comazon.\n\nGratus and Seleucus.\n\n(Hispanic Era 260) Antoninus IV and Alexander.\n\nMaximus II and Aelianus.\n\nFabianus and Crispinus.\n\nFuscianus and Dexter.\n\nAlexander II and Marcellus.\n\nAlbinus and Maximus.\n\nModestus and Probus.\n\nAlexander III and Dio.\n\nAgricola and Clemens [or Clementinus].\n\nPompeianus and Pelignianus.\n\n(Hispanic Era 270) Lupus and Maximus.\n\nMaximus and Paternus.\n\nMaximus II and Urbanus.\n\nSeverus and Quintianus.\n\nMaximus III and Africanus.\n\nPerpetuus and Cornelianus.\n\nPius and Pontianus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Duobus 'april","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Duobus april' (two Aprils) is a consular formula meaning two consuls both named Aprilis, a rare occurrence that the chronicler notes by using the numeral.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. instrumenta debitorum fisco in foro Romano arserunt per dies XXX","severity":"info","text":"This note records a historical event: under the consuls Antoninus and Adventus, debt instruments held by the treasury were publicly burned in the Roman Forum for thirty days, likely a debt relief measure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 250","severity":"info","text":"The Hispanic Era dates (Ær. Hisp. 250, 260, 270) correspond to 212, 222, and 232 CE, respectively, by subtracting 38 from the era year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"I Gentiano et Basso","severity":"info","text":"The 'I' before 'Gentiano' is a numeral (I = 1), indicating that this is the first consulship of Gentianus, a standard abbreviation in consular lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Antonino II et Sa. cerdote","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'Sa. cerdote' is likely a scribal error or abbreviation for 'Sacerdote' (Sacerdos), as the English draft corrects it; the Latin text shows a line break or dot after 'Sa'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Clemente [AI. Clementino]","severity":"info","text":"The variant 'Clementino' in brackets indicates a textual alternative found in some manuscripts, reflecting uncertainty in the transmission of the consul's name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Duobus april' is uncertain: it may refer to two consuls both named Aprilis, or the text may be corrupt. The reading 'Apro et Maximo' at the start of the passage may be a continuation from the previous passage, but the break is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Gordiano et Aviola.\n\nAlbino [AI. Sabino II] et Venusto.\n\nGordiano II et Pompeiano.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 280.) Attico et Prætextato.\n\nArriano et Papo.\n\nPeregrino et Æmiliano.\n\nPhilippo et Titiano.\n\nPraesente et Albino.\n\nPhilippo II et Philippo.\n\nOmissi Philippus III et Philippus II.\n\nÆmiliano et Aquilino.\n\nDecio II et Grato.\n\nDecio III et Decio Caesare. His conss. persecutio Christianorum.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 290.) Gallo II et Volusiano.\n\nYolusiano II et Maximo.\n\nValeriano II et Gallieno.\n\nYaleriano III et Gallieno II.\n\nMaximo et Glabrione.\n\nValeriano iv et Gallieno III.\n\nTusco et Basso. His conss. passus est Cyprianus die Ivm kal. Octobris.\n\nÆmiliano et Basso.\n\nSaeculare et Donato.\n\nGallieno iv et Yolusiano. Hic conss. hostes multi irruerunt in Romania.\n\n(Ær. Hisp, 300.) Gallieno v et Faustiniano.\n\nAlbino et Dextro.\n\nGallieno VI et Saturnino.\n\nYaleriano v et Lucillo.","english":"Gordian and Aviola.\n\nAlbinus [AI. Sabinus II] and Venustus.\n\nGordian II and Pompeianus.\n\n(Hispanic Era 280.) Atticus and Praetextatus.\n\nArrianus and Papus.\n\nPeregrinus and Aemilianus.\n\nPhilip and Titianus.\n\nPraesens and Albinus.\n\nPhilip II and Philip.\n\nOmitted: Philip III and Philip II.\n\nAemilianus and Aquilinus.\n\nDecius II and Gratus.\n\nDecius III and Decius Caesar. Under these consuls, the persecution of Christians.\n\n(Hispanic Era 290.) Gallus II and Volusianus.\n\nVolusianus II and Maximus.\n\nValerian II and Gallienus.\n\nValerian III and Gallienus II.\n\nMaximus and Glabrio.\n\nValerian IV and Gallienus III.\n\nTuscus and Bassus. Under these consuls, Cyprian suffered on the 4th day before the Kalends of October.\n\nAemilianus and Bassus.\n\nSaecularis and Donatus.\n\nGallienus IV and Volusianus. Under these consuls, many enemies invaded Romania.\n\n(Hispanic Era 300.) Gallienus V and Faustinianus.\n\nAlbinus and Dexter.\n\nGallienus VI and Saturninus.\n\nValerian V and Lucillus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 280","severity":"info","text":"The Hispanic Era dates (280, 290, 300) correspond to AD 318, 328, and 338, anchoring the consular list in a chronological framework used in Iberian chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. persecutio Christianorum","severity":"info","text":"The note under Decius III and Decius Caesar refers to the Decian persecution (AD 250–251), a state-sponsored persecution of Christians under Emperor Decius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"passus est Cyprianus die Ivm kal. Octobris","severity":"info","text":"Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, was martyred on 14 September AD 258 under Valerian; the date given (4th day before Kalends of October) is 28 September, a discrepancy possibly due to calendar confusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi Philippus III et Philippus II","severity":"info","text":"The explicit note that consuls Philip III and Philip II are omitted suggests the chronicler was aware of gaps or variant lists, a common feature in late antique consularia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Albino [AI. Sabino II]","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed variant 'Sabinus II' indicates textual uncertainty; the manuscript tradition may have conflated two different consular pairs, requiring collation with other witnesses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss.","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'His conss.' (under these consuls) marks historical annotations within the consular list, a structural feature of the chronicle genre that intersperses events with names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Gordian and Aviola' is uncertain; multiple Gordians held consulships in the 3rd century. The variant 'Sabinus II' for Albinus may reflect scribal error or a different consular list. The date of Cyprian's martyrdom differs from the standard 14 September, possibly due to calendar shift or textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Gallieno VII et Sabillino. His conss. captus Valerianus in Persida.\n\nPaterno et Arcesilao.\n\nPaterno II et Mariniano.\n\nClaudio et Paterno. His conss. victi Gothi a Claudio.\n\na Antiochiano et Orfito.\n\nHis conss. levatus Aurelianus imperator.\n\nAureliano et Basso. His conss. muri Urbis cœpti fleri.\n\n( Ær. Hisp. 310. ) Quieto et Valdamiano [At. YoldumianoJ.\n\nTacito et Placidiano.\n\nAureliano II et Capitolino.\n\nAureliano III et Marcellino. His conss. occisus est Aurelianus imper. Cænofrurio, et levatus est post dies [Numerus dierum deest in ms.] Tacitus Romae.\n\nTacito II et Æmiliano.\n\nProbo et Paulino. His conss. occisus est Tacitus Tyana.\n\nProbo II et Lupo.\n\nProbo III et Paterno.\n\nMessala et Grato.\n\nProbo iv et Tibcriano.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 320.) Probo v et Victorino.\n\nCaro et Carino. His conss. occisus est Probus Sirmio.\n\nCaro II et Numeriano. His conss. magna fames fuit.","english":"Gallienus VII and Sabillinus. In these consulships, Valerian was captured in Persia.\n\nPaternus and Arcesilaus.\n\nPaternus II and Marinianus.\n\nClaudius and Paternus. In these consulships, the Goths were defeated by Claudius.\n\nAntiochianus and Orfitus.\n\nIn these consulships, Aurelian was raised as emperor.\n\nAurelian and Bassus. In these consulships, the walls of the City began to be built.\n\n(Hispanic Era 310.) Quietus and Voldumianus.\n\nTacitus and Placidianus.\n\nAurelian II and Capitolinus.\n\nAurelian III and Marcellinus. In these consulships, the emperor Aurelian was killed at Caenophrurium, and after [number of days missing in the manuscript] days, Tacitus was raised at Rome.\n\nTacitus II and Aemilianus.\n\nProbus and Paulinus. In these consulships, Tacitus was killed at Tyana.\n\nProbus II and Lupus.\n\nProbus III and Paternus.\n\nMessalla and Gratus.\n\nProbus IV and Tiberianus.\n\n(Hispanic Era 320.) Probus V and Victorinus.\n\nCarus and Carinus. In these consulships, Probus was killed at Sirmium.\n\nCarus II and Numerian. In these consulships, there was a great famine.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Gallieno VII et Sabillino","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Gallienus VII and Sabillinus corresponds to AD 265. The capture of Valerian in Persia is here placed under these consuls, though historical consensus dates the event to AD 260.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"muri Urbis cœpti fleri","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'muri Urbis cœpti fleri' refers to the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, initiated under Emperor Aurelian (r. AD 270–275). The consular year Aurelian and Bassus is AD 271.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Numerus dierum deest in ms.","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript omits the number of days between Aurelian's death and Tacitus's elevation, as noted in the Latin. This lacuna is indicated by the bracketed note in the source edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cænofrurio","severity":"info","text":"Caenophrurium (or Cenofrurium) is a location in Thrace where Emperor Aurelian was assassinated in AD 275. The spelling varies in manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 310","severity":"info","text":"The Hispanic Era dates (Ær. Hisp.) are used in this chronicle. Era 310 corresponds to AD 272, and Era 320 to AD 282, providing a relative chronological framework.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"magna fames fuit","severity":"info","text":"The great famine recorded under Carus II and Numerian (AD 283) is a historical event, though not widely attested in other sources. It may reflect local or regional conditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular name 'Sabillino' may be a variant of 'Sabillinus' or 'Sabinus'; the manuscript tradition is unclear.","The name 'Voldumianus' (variant 'Yoldumianus') is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'Voldumianus' or 'Voldomianus'.","The exact number of days missing in the manuscript for the interregnum after Aurelian's death is unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Diocletiano II et Aristobulo. His conss. occisus est Carinus Margo, qui ipso anno cum Aristobulo consul processerat.\n\nMaximo II et Aquilino. His conss. levatus est Maximianus impera tor senior die kal. April.\n\nDiocletiano III et Maximiano.\n\nMaximiano II et Anuarino.\n\nBasso et Quintiano.\n\nDiocletiano iv et Maximiano III.\n\nTiberiano et Dione. His conss. tenebrae fuerunt inter diem; et eo anno levati sunt Constantius et Maximianus Caesares, die kal. Mart.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 330.) Annibaliano et Asclepiodoto.\n\nDiocleliano v et Maximiano iv.\n\nConstantino et Maximiano. His conss. castra facta in Sarmatia contra Acinco et Donomia.\n\nTusco et Anulino. His conss. Carporum gens universa in Romania se tradidit.\n\nDiocletiano VI et Constantio II.\n\nMaximiano v et Maximiano II. His consa. victi Persæ.\n\nFausto II et Gallo.\n\nDiocletiano VII et Maximiano v. His conss. victi Marcomanni.","english":"Diocletian II and Aristobulus. In these consulships, Carinus was killed at the Margus River, he who in that same year had proceeded as consul with Aristobulus.\n\nMaximus II and Aquilinus. In these consulships, Maximianus was raised as senior emperor on the Kalends of April.\n\nDiocletian III and Maximian I.\n\nMaximian II and Anuarinus.\n\nBassus and Quintianus.\n\nDiocletian IV and Maximian III.\n\nTiberianus and Dio. In these consulships, there were darknesses during the day; and in that year Constantius and Maximianus were raised as Caesars, on the Kalends of March.\n\n(Hispanic Era 330.) Hannibalianus and Asclepiodotus.\n\nDiocletian V and Maximian IV.\n\nConstantius and Maximianus. In these consulships, a camp was made in Sarmatia opposite Acincum and Donomia.\n\nTuscus and Anulinus. In these consulships, the entire nation of the Carpi surrendered themselves in Romania.\n\nDiocletian VI and Constantius II.\n\nMaximian V and Maximian II. In these consulships, the Persians were defeated.\n\nFaustus II and Gallus.\n\nDiocletian VII and Maximian V. In these consulships, the Marcomanni were defeated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. occisus est Carinus Margo","severity":"info","text":"The death of Carinus at the Margus River is dated to 285 CE, when Diocletian and Aristobulus were consuls. This marks the end of the reign of Carinus and the consolidation of Diocletian's power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"levatus est Maximianus impera tor senior die kal. April.","severity":"info","text":"Maximian was elevated as senior emperor (Augustus) on the Kalends of April (1 April) in 286 CE, according to the consular year of Maximus II and Aquilinus. This reflects Diocletian's establishment of the Tetrarchy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"tenebrae fuerunt inter diem","severity":"info","text":"The 'darknesses during the day' likely refer to a solar eclipse, possibly that of 17 July 290 CE, recorded in other sources. This natural phenomenon is noted as a portent in the chronicle tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"levati sunt Constantius et Maximianus Caesares, die kal. Mart.","severity":"info","text":"Constantius I (Chlorus) and Maximian (Galerius) were raised as Caesars on the Kalends of March (1 March) in 293 CE, a key event in the Tetrarchic system, under the consulship of Tiberianus and Dio.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"castra facta in Sarmatia contra Acinco et Donomia","severity":"info","text":"The construction of a camp in Sarmatia opposite Acincum and Donomia (modern sites on the Danube) reflects Roman military campaigns against the Sarmatians in the early 4th century, under Constantius and Maximian as consuls (c. 305 CE).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Carporum gens universa in Romania se tradidit","severity":"info","text":"The surrender of the entire Carpi people in Romania (the Roman province of Dacia or adjacent territory) is recorded under the consulship of Tuscus and Anulinus (c. 295 CE), indicating a major Roman victory over this Dacian tribe.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular names 'Anuarinus' and 'Anulinus' may be variant spellings or corruptions; the exact identification is uncertain. The 'Hispanic Era 330' is inserted parenthetically, possibly a scribal addition, and its relation to the surrounding consular years is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Constantio III et Maximiano III.\n\nTitiano II et Nepotiano.\n\n( Ær. Hisp. 340.) Constantio IV et Maximiano iv. His conss. vilitatem jusserunt imperator. esse.\n\nDiocletiano VIII et Maximiano VII. His conss. persecutio Christianorum.\n\nDiocletian IX et Maximiano VIII. Ilis conss. deposuerunt purpuram privati effecti Diocletianus et Maximianus, et vestierunt Severum et Maximianum. Nam Constantins et Maximianus, qui Caesares fuerunt, eadem hora Augusti nuncupati sunt die kal. April.\n\nConstantio v et Maximiano VI.\n\nOmissi Constantius VI et Maximianus VI. Hi ss. diem functus Constantius, et postea levatus est Constantinus VIII kal. Aug.\n\nNovies et Constantino. His conss. quod est post sextum consulatum, occisus Severus Romae.\n\nItem Decies et Maximiano VII. His conss. quod est Maxentio et Romulo, levatus Licinius Carnunlo III id. Nov.\n\nPost conss. et VII. His conss. quod est Maxentio u et Romulo II.","english":"Constantius III and Maximian III.\n\nTitianus II and Nepotianus.\n\n(Spanish Era 340.) Constantius IV and Maximian IV. In these consulships, they ordered a cheapness of goods to be made by the emperor.\n\nDiocletian VIII and Maximian VII. In these consulships, the persecution of the Christians.\n\nDiocletian IX and Maximian VIII. In these consulships, Diocletian and Maximian laid down the purple, having become private citizens, and they clothed Severus and Maximian. For Constantius and Maximian, who had been Caesars, were proclaimed Augusti at the same hour on the day before the Kalends of April.\n\nConstantius V and Maximian VI.\n\nOmitted: Constantius VI and Maximian VI. In these consulships, Constantius died, and afterwards Constantine was raised up on the eighth day before the Kalends of August.\n\nNine times and Constantine. In these consulships, which is after the sixth consulship, Severus was killed at Rome.\n\nLikewise, Ten times and Maximian VII. In these consulships, which is under Maxentius and Romulus, Licinius was raised up at Carnuntum on the third day before the Ides of November.\n\nAfter the consulship and VII. In these consulships, which is under Maxentius II and Romulus II.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Constantio III et Maximiano III","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Constantius III and Maximian III corresponds to 306 CE, a period of imperial transition after the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. vilitatem jusserunt imperator. esse.","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'vilitatem jusserunt imperator. esse.' likely refers to an edict by Constantius and Maximian ordering price controls or a reduction in the cost of goods, echoing Diocletian's earlier price edict.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. persecutio Christianorum.","severity":"info","text":"The persecution of Christians under Diocletian and Maximian began in 303 CE with the 'Great Persecution', which lasted until 311 CE and is a key event in early Christian history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Diocletian IX et Maximiano VIII","severity":"info","text":"The abdication of Diocletian and Maximian occurred on 1 May 305 CE, when they became private citizens and were succeeded by Severus and Maximian as Augusti, with Constantius and Maximian as Caesars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Omissi Constantius VI et Maximianus VI","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'Omissi' indicates that the consulship of Constantius VI and Maximian VI was omitted from the list, possibly due to a scribal error or a break in the consular record.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"levatus Licinius Carnunlo III id. Nov.","severity":"info","text":"Licinius was proclaimed Augustus at Carnuntum on 11 November 308 CE, during the Conference of Carnuntum, which aimed to resolve the Tetrarchic succession crisis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'vilitatem jusserunt imperator. esse.' is ambiguous: it may mean 'they ordered cheapness to be made by the emperor' or 'they ordered the emperor to be cheap', but the former is more plausible as a reference to price controls.","The entry 'Novies et Constantino' is unclear: it likely refers to the ninth consulship of an emperor (possibly Diocletian or Maximian) and Constantine, but the exact identification is uncertain.","The abbreviation 'Hi ss.' in 'Hi ss. diem functus Constantius' is ambiguous; it likely stands for 'His conss.' (in these consulships), but the text is corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Anno II post conss. et VII. His conss. quod est Maxentio tu solo, diem functus Maximianus senior.\n\nMaximiano VIII consule. His conss. quod est Rufino et Volusiano, diem functus Maximianus junior.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 350.) Constantino II et Licinio II. His conss. quod est Maxentio iv solo, victus et occisus Maxentius Romæ ad Pontem Mulvium.\n\nConstantino III et Licinio III.\n\nVolusiano II et Anniano. His conss. bellum Cibalense fuit die VIII idus Octobr.\n\nConstantino IV et Licinio iv.\n\nSabino et Rufino. His conss. diem functus Diocletianus Sola die IIInon. Decemb.\n\nGallicano et Basso. His conss. levaii tres Caesares, Crispus, Licinius et Constantinus die kal. Mart.\n\nLicinio v et Crispo Cæsare. His conss. tenebræ fucrunt inter diem hora IX.\n\nConstantino v et Licinio Caesare.\n\nConstantino VI et Constantino Caesare.\n\nCrispo II et Constantino II.","english":"In the second year after the consulships and the seventh. In these consulships, which is Maxentius alone for the fourth time, Maximianus the elder died.\n\nIn the consulship of Maximianus for the eighth time. In these consulships, which is Rufinus and Volusianus, Maximianus the younger died.\n\n(Spanish Era 350.) Constantine II and Licinius II. In these consulships, which is Maxentius alone for the fourth time, Maxentius was conquered and killed at Rome at the Milvian Bridge.\n\nConstantine III and Licinius III.\n\nVolusianus II and Annianus. In these consulships, the Cibalense war occurred on the eighth day before the Ides of October.\n\nConstantine IV and Licinius IV.\n\nSabinus and Rufinus. In these consulships, Diocletian died on the third day before the Nones of December.\n\nGallicanus and Bassus. In these consulships, three Caesars were raised, Crispus, Licinius, and Constantine, on the Kalends of March.\n\nLicinius V and Crispus Caesar. In these consulships, there was darkness in the daytime at the ninth hour.\n\nConstantine V and Licinius Caesar.\n\nConstantine VI and Constantine Caesar.\n\nCrispus II and Constantine II.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno II post conss. et VII","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Anno II post conss. et VII' is obscure; it likely means the second year after the consulships and the seventh (consulship), but the syntax is compressed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Maximianus senior","severity":"info","text":"Maximianus senior is the emperor Maximian (Herculius), who abdicated in 305 and died in 310, possibly by suicide or execution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"bellum Cibalense","severity":"info","text":"The Cibalense war refers to the battle of Cibalae (316/317) between Constantine I and Licinius, fought on 8 October (VIII idus Octobr.).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"tenebræ fucrunt inter diem hora IX","severity":"info","text":"The 'darkness in the daytime at the ninth hour' likely refers to a solar eclipse; historical eclipses in this period include one on 6 August 316.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 350","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era 350 corresponds to AD 312, the year of the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, consistent with the death of Maxentius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"levaii tres Caesares","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'levaii' is a scribal error for 'levati' (raised); the text lists Crispus, Licinius (the younger), and Constantine (the younger) as Caesars, but the historical record is complex.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Anno II post conss. et VII' is syntactically unclear; it may be a corruption or abbreviation. The identity of 'Maximianus junior' is ambiguous—possibly Galerius or another junior emperor. The 'tenebræ' event is not precisely dated."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"(Ær. Hisp. 560.) Probiano et Juliano.\n\nSevero et Rufino.\n\nCrispo III et Constantino III. His conss. bellum Hadrianopolitanum die v non. Julias, et bellum Chalcedonense xiv kal. Octob., et levatus est Constantinus Caesar VI idus Novemb.\n\nPaulino et Juliano. His conss. occisus Licinius.\n\nConstantino VII et Constantino Caesare. His conss. occisus est Crispus, et edidit vicennalia Constantinus Augustus Romm.\n\nConstantino et Maximo.\n\nJanuarino et Justo.\n\nConstantino VIII et Constantino IV.\n\nGallicano et Symmacho. His conss. dedicata est Constantinopolis dis v idus Maias.\n\nBasso et Ablabio.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 370.) Pacatiano et Hilariano. His conss. victi Gothi ab exercitu Romano in terris Sarmatarum die xii kal. Maii.\n\nDalmatio et Zenophilo. His conss. levatus est Constans die VIII kal. Januar.\n\nOptato et Paulino. His conss. Sarmatæ servi universa gens dominos suos in Romaniam expulerunt.","english":"(Ær. Hisp. 560.) In the consulship of Probianus and Julianus.\n\nIn the consulship of Severus and Rufinus.\n\nIn the consulship of Crispus for the third time and Constantine for the third time. In these consulships, the battle of Hadrianopolis occurred on the fifth day before the Nones of July, and the battle of Chalcedon on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of October, and Constantine was raised as Caesar on the sixth day before the Ides of November.\n\nIn the consulship of Paulinus and Julianus. In these consulships, Licinius was killed.\n\nIn the consulship of Constantine for the seventh time and Constantine Caesar. In these consulships, Crispus was killed, and Constantine Augustus published his vicennalia at Rome.\n\nIn the consulship of Constantine and Maximus.\n\nIn the consulship of Januarinus and Justus.\n\nIn the consulship of Constantine for the eighth time and Constantine for the fourth time.\n\nIn the consulship of Gallicanus and Symmachus. In these consulships, Constantinople was dedicated on the fifth day before the Ides of May.\n\nIn the consulship of Bassus and Ablabius.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 370.) In the consulship of Pacatianus and Hilarianus. In these consulships, the Goths were defeated by the Roman army in the lands of the Sarmatians on the twelfth day before the Kalends of May.\n\nIn the consulship of Dalmatius and Zenophilus. In these consulships, Constans was raised on the eighth day before the Kalends of January.\n\nIn the consulship of Optatus and Paulinus. In these consulships, the Sarmatian slaves drove out the entire nation of their masters into Romania.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 560","severity":"info","text":"The Spanish Era year 560 corresponds to AD 322, but the consuls listed (Probianus and Julianus) are for AD 322, consistent with the era's offset of 38 years from the Christian era.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"bellum Hadrianopolitanum","severity":"info","text":"The Battle of Hadrianopolis (AD 324) was a conflict between Constantine I and Licinius, resulting in Constantine's victory. The date given (5th day before the Nones of July) is July 3.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"bellum Chalcedonense","severity":"info","text":"The Battle of Chalcedon (AD 324) was a naval engagement where Constantine's fleet defeated Licinius, leading to Licinius's surrender. The date (14th day before the Kalends of October) is September 18.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"levatus est Constantinus Caesar VI idus Novemb.","severity":"info","text":"Constantine II was raised to Caesar on November 8 (6th day before the Ides of November) in AD 324, after the defeat of Licinius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"dedicata est Constantinopolis","severity":"info","text":"Constantinople was formally dedicated on May 11 (5th day before the Ides of May) in AD 330, under the consulship of Gallicanus and Symmachus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"victi Gothi ab exercitu Romano in terris Sarmatarum","severity":"info","text":"The Gothic defeat by the Roman army in Sarmatian lands (AD 332) is recorded under the consulship of Pacatianus and Hilarianus, reflecting campaigns along the Danube frontier.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Spanish Era year 560 is given without a corresponding Christian year; the consular dates align with AD 322, but the era's starting point (38 BC) is assumed.","The phrase 'Sarmatæ servi universa gens dominos suos in Romaniam expulerunt' is ambiguous: it may refer to a slave revolt or a migration of Sarmatian peoples into Roman territory."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Constantino [AI. Constantio] et Albino, His conss. tricennalia edidit Constantinus Aug. die VIII kal. Aug., et levatus est Dalmatius Cæsar xiv kal. Octob.\n\nNepotiano et Facundo.\n\nFeliciano et Titiano. His eonss. Constantinus Aug. ad cœlestia regna ablatus est die II kal. Juniss, et ipso anno nuncupati sunt tres Augusti, Constantinus, et Constantius, et Constans v idus Septemb.\n\nUrso et Polemio.\n\nConstantio II, et Constante.\n\nAcyndino et Proculo. His conss. occisus est Constantius At. Constantinus] junior.\n\nMarcellino et Probino. His conss. pugna facta est cum gente Francorum a Constante Aug. in Galliis, et ipso anno terræmotus fuit ad Orientem per totum annum praeter Antiochiam.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 580.) Constantio III et Constante u. His conss. victi Franci a Constante Aug. seu pacati: tractus Hermogenes.\n\nPlacido et Romulo.\n\nLeontio et Sallustio.","english":"Constantino [some manuscripts: Constantio] and Albino. In these consulships, Constantine Augustus published the Tricennalia on the eighth day before the Kalends of August, and Dalmatius was raised as Caesar on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of October.\n\nNepotiano and Facundo.\n\nFeliciano and Titiano. In these consulships, Constantine Augustus was taken away to the celestial realms on the second day before the Kalends of June, and in that same year three Augusti were proclaimed, Constantine, Constantius, and Constans, on the fifth day before the Ides of September.\n\nUrso and Polemio.\n\nConstantio II and Constante.\n\nAcyndino and Proculo. In these consulships, Constantius [some manuscripts: Constantinus] the younger was killed.\n\nMarcellino and Probino. In these consulships, a battle was fought with the people of the Franks by Constans Augustus in Gaul, and in that same year there was an earthquake in the East throughout the whole year except at Antioch.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 580.) Constantio III and Constante II. In these consulships, the Franks were defeated or pacified by Constans Augustus: the Hermogenes affair.\n\nPlacido and Romulo.\n\nLeontio and Sallustio.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Constantino [AI. Constantio] et Albino","severity":"info","text":"The consular pair for this entry is uncertain: the manuscript tradition varies between Constantinus and Constantius as the first consul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"tricennalia edidit Constantinus Aug. die VIII kal. Aug.","severity":"info","text":"The Tricennalia, celebrating thirty years of rule, was published on 25 July 335, according to this date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"levatus est Dalmatius Cæsar xiv kal. Octob.","severity":"info","text":"Dalmatius was raised to the rank of Caesar on 18 September 335.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Constantinus Aug. ad cœlestia regna ablatus est die II kal. Juniss","severity":"info","text":"Constantine Augustus died on 31 May 337, according to this entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"nuncupati sunt tres Augusti, Constantinus, et Constantius, et Constans v idus Septemb.","severity":"info","text":"Three Augusti were proclaimed on 9 September 337: Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"occisus est Constantius At. Constantinus] junior","severity":"caution","text":"The text is corrupt: it likely refers to the death of Constantine II, but the manuscript reads 'Constantius' with a correction to 'Constantinus'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular name 'Constantino' is ambiguous between Constantinus and Constantius; the manuscript variant is noted.","The phrase 'occisus est Constantius At. Constantinus] junior' is textually corrupt; the intended victim is probably Constantine II, but the reading is uncertain.","The entry 'tractus Hermogenes' is obscure and may refer to an event or a person; its meaning is not clarified in the passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Amentio et Albino.\n\nConstantino iv et Constante ut.\n\nRufino et Eusebio.\n\nPhilippo et Salia. His conss. bellum Persicum fuit nocturnum.\n\nLimenio et Catullino.\n\nSergio et Nigriniano. His conss. Constans occisus est in Galliis a Magnentio, et levatus est Magnentius dis XV kal. Febr., et Vetranio apud Sirmium kal. Martiis eo anno, et Nepotianus Romæ III non. Junias, et pugna magna fuit cum Romanis et Magnantianis\n\nPost conss. Sergil et Nigriniani. His conss. bellum Magnentii fuit Morsa die IV kal. Octob., et eo anno depositus Vetranio VIII kal. Januar., et levatus est Constaniius Cæsar idus Martias [Chr. Alex. idibus Martiis]: et apparuit in Oriente signum Salvatorls die III kal. Febr. luna XXVIII.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 390.) Constantio v et Constantio Cæs.\n\nConstantio VI et Constantio II. His conss. Magnentius se interfecit in Galliis apud Lugdunum die III id. Aug., et Decentius frater Magnentii laqueo se suspendit XV kal. Septemb.","english":"Amentius and Albinus.\n\nConstantius IV and Constans II.\n\nRufinus and Eusebius.\n\nPhilippus and Salia. In these consulships, there was a night-time Persian war.\n\nLimenius and Catullinus.\n\nSergius and Nigrinianus. In these consulships, Constans was killed in Gaul by Magnentius, and Magnentius was raised up on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of February, and Vetranio at Sirmium on the Kalends of March in that same year, and Nepotianus at Rome on the third day before the Nones of June, and there was a great battle between the Romans and the Magnentians.\n\nAfter the consulship of Sergius and Nigrinianus. In these consulships, there was the battle of Magnentius at Mursa on the fourth day before the Kalends of October, and in that year Vetranio was deposed on the eighth day before the Kalends of January, and Constantius Caesar was raised up on the Ides of March: and in the East the sign of the Savior appeared on the third day before the Kalends of February, on the twenty-eighth day of the moon.\n\n(Hispanic Era 390.) Constantius V and Constantius Caesar.\n\nConstantius VI and Constantius II. In these consulships, Magnentius killed himself in Gaul at Lugdunum on the third day before the Ides of August, and Decentius, the brother of Magnentius, hanged himself on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of September.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. bellum Persicum fuit nocturnum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'bellum Persicum fuit nocturnum' likely refers to a night battle or campaign against the Persians, possibly the nocturnal engagement at Singara in 344.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. Constans occisus est in Galliis a Magnentio","severity":"info","text":"The death of Constans and the rise of Magnentius, Vetranio, and Nepotianus are dated to 350, with precise Roman calendar dates given.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"apparuit in Oriente signum Salvatoris die III kal. Febr. luna XXVIII","severity":"info","text":"The 'sign of the Savior' is a celestial phenomenon, often interpreted as a cross or chi-rho apparition, reported in 351 during Constantius II's reign.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. bellum Magnentii fuit Morsa","severity":"info","text":"'Morsa' is a variant spelling of Mursa (modern Osijek, Croatia), site of the 351 battle between Constantius II and Magnentius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Post conss. Sergil et Nigriniani","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Post conss.' marks a consular year after the named pair, a common annalistic formula in this chronicle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Constantio v et Constantio Cæs.","severity":"caution","text":"The consular names 'Constantio v et Constantio Cæs.' may be corrupt; the fifth consulship of Constantius II and the first of Constantius Gallus is intended, but the Latin is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Amentius' (line 1) is uncertain; possibly a scribal error for 'Ammius' or 'Aemilius'.","The phrase 'bellum Persicum fuit nocturnum' may refer to a specific battle or a general campaign; the chronicle does not specify.","The 'signum Salvatoris' could be a natural phenomenon or a divine sign; the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"Constantio VII et Constantino III. His conss. occisus est Constantinus Cæsar in insula Flanona.\n\nArbetione et Lolliano. His conss. levatas est Julianus Cæsar die VIII idus Novembres.\n\nConstantio VIII et Juliano Cæs. His conss. introierunt Constantinopolim reliquiæ apostoli Timothei die kat. Jun.\n\nConstantio IX et Juliano C;rs. II. His conss. introierunt Constantinopolim reliquiæ sanctorum apostolorum Andreae et Lucas, die v non. Mart., et introivit Constantius Aug. Romæ VI kal. Maias, et edidit XXXV.\n\nDatiano et Cereale. His conss. introierunt Constantinopolim tegaii Porsarum die VIII kal. Mart. Ipso anno terræmotus factus, ita ut civilas Nicomedensium funditus versaretur die ix kal. Septemb.; aliæ vero CL civitales partibus vexatæ sunt.\n\nEusebio et Hypatio. His conss. natus est Gratianus filius Angusti Valentiniani die xiv kal. Maias: et ipso anno primum processit Constantinopolim praefectus Urbis, nomine Honoratus, die III idus Decemh.","english":"Constantius VII and Constantine III. In these consulships, Constantinus Caesar was killed on the island of Flanona.\n\nArbetio and Lollianus. In these consulships, Julianus Caesar was raised up on the 8th day before the Ides of November.\n\nConstantius VIII and Julianus Caesar. In these consulships, the relics of the apostle Timotheus entered Constantinople on the day before the Kalends of June.\n\nConstantius IX and Julianus Caesar II. In these consulships, the relics of the holy apostles Andreas and Lucas entered Constantinople on the 5th day before the Nones of March, and Constantius Augustus entered Rome on the 6th day before the Kalends of May, and he issued 35.\n\nDatianus and Cerealis. In these consulships, the tegaii of the Persians entered Constantinople on the 8th day before the Kalends of March. In that same year, an earthquake occurred, so that the city of the Nicomedians was utterly overturned on the 9th day before the Kalends of September; but 150 other cities were troubled in parts.\n\nEusebius and Hypatius. In these consulships, Gratianus, son of Augustus Valentinianus, was born on the 14th day before the Kalends of May: and in that same year, the Prefect of the City, by name Honoratus, first proceeded to Constantinople on the 3rd day before the Ides of December.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"Constantino III","severity":"info","text":"The consul Constantinus III is likely the Caesar Constantius Gallus, half-brother of Emperor Constantius II, who was executed in 354 on the island of Flanona (modern Cres, Croatia).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"background","lemma":"levatas est","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'levatas est' (raised up) is a technical term for the proclamation of a Caesar, as Julian was elevated by Constantius II in 355.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"reliquiæ apostoli Timothei","severity":"info","text":"The translation of the relics of Timothy to Constantinople in 356 is a well-known event, marking the city's growing status as a Christian center.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"reliquiæ sanctorum apostolorum Andreae et Lucas","severity":"info","text":"The relics of Andrew and Luke were brought to Constantinople in 357, further enhancing the city's apostolic prestige.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"background","lemma":"tegaii Porsarum","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'tegaii' is obscure; it may be a corruption of 'thecae' (reliquaries) or 'tegulae' (tiles), but here likely refers to Persian relics or trophies brought to Constantinople.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"terræmotus factus","severity":"info","text":"The earthquake of 358 that destroyed Nicomedia is historically attested; Ammianus Marcellinus records it as devastating the city on August 24.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Constantinus Caesar' is ambiguous: it could be Constantius Gallus or another Caesar; the reading taken is Constantius Gallus.","The word 'tegaii' is uncertain; the reading taken is 'relics' or 'trophies' based on context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"Constantino et Juliano III. His conss. dedicatum est Constantinopoli Dominicum die xv kal. Martias.\n\nTauro et Florentio. His conss. diem functus Constantius Aug. Mopsucrenas in fines Ciliciæ Phœniciæ provinciæ III non. Novemb., etintroivit Julianus Aug. Constantinopolim die III idus Decembres.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 400.) Mamertino et Nevitta.\n\nJuliano Aug IV et Sallustio. His conis. occisus est Julianus Aug. in bello Persico die VI kal. Julius; et quia apostata a Deo factus est, Christianorum etiam persecutor, occisus est, et levatus est Christianissimus Jovianus Aug. v kalend. Julias.\n\nJoviano Aug. et Varro His conss. recessit Jovianus Aug. Dadastena die II kal. Mart. et levatus est Valentinianus Aug. apud Nicæam die v kal. Mari. Ipso anno levatus est Valens Aug. Constantinopolim, in milliario VII, In tribunali a fratre suo Valentiniano die IV kal. April.","english":"Constantinus and Julianus III. In these consulships, the Lord’s church was dedicated at Constantinople on the 15th day before the Kalends of March.\n\nTaurus and Florentius. In these consulships, Constantius Augustus died at Mopsucrenae in the territory of the province of Cilicia Phoenicia on the 3rd day before the Nones of November, and Julianus Augustus entered Constantinople on the 3rd day before the Ides of December.\n\n(Year of the Spanish Era 400.) Mamertinus and Nevitta.\n\nJulianus Augustus IV and Sallustius. In these consulships, Julianus Augustus was killed in the Persian war on the 6th day before the Kalends of July; and because he became an apostate from God, also a persecutor of Christians, he was killed, and the most Christian Jovianus Augustus was raised up on the 5th day before the Kalends of July.\n\nJovianus Augustus and Varro. In these consulships, Jovianus Augustus departed at Dadastana on the 2nd day before the Kalends of March, and Valentinianus Augustus was raised up at Nicaea on the 5th day before the Kalends of March. In the same year, Valens Augustus was raised up at Constantinople, at the seventh milestone, on the tribunal by his brother Valentinianus on the 4th day before the Kalends of April.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Constantino et Juliano III","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Constantinus and Julianus III corresponds to AD 354. The dedication of the Lord’s church at Constantinople on 15 February is a known Constantinian foundation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tauro et Florentio","severity":"info","text":"Taurus and Florentius were consuls in AD 361. Constantius II died at Mopsucrenae in Cilicia on 3 November 361; Julian entered Constantinople on 11 December 361, marking the end of Constantius’ sole rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dominicum","severity":"info","text":"Dominicum here means ‘the Lord’s church’ (a place of Christian worship), not a private house. The term is common in late Latin ecclesiastical usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"apostata a Deo factus est","severity":"info","text":"The description of Julian as apostate and persecutor reflects the orthodox Christian historiography of the 5th century, notably in works by Orosius and Jerome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Joviano Aug. et Varro","severity":"info","text":"Jovian and Varro were consuls in AD 364. Jovian died at Dadastana on 17 February 364; Valentinian was proclaimed at Nicaea on 25 February, and Valens on 29 March at Constantinople.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"(Ær. Hisp. 400.)","severity":"info","text":"The parenthetical note ‘Year of the Spanish Era 400’ corresponds to AD 362. This era, used in Iberian chronicles, counts from 38 BC. Its insertion here is a scribal or source marker.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'His conss.' is a standard abbreviation for 'His consulibus' ('In these consulships'), but the exact consular year for Mamertinus and Nevitta is ambiguous without the Spanish Era note; the note resolves it to AD 362.","The location 'Mopsucrenas' is a variant spelling of Mopsucrenae; the text's 'Ciliciæ Phœniciæ provinciæ' reflects the late Roman province Cilicia Phoenicia."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"Valentiniano et Valente Augg. His conss. mare ultra terminos suos erret. sum est die III kalend. Aug., et ipso anno latro nocturnus hostisque publicus iam urbem Constantinopolim apparuit die IV kal. Octob.\n\nGratiano Nob. et Dagalaifo. His conss. natus est Valentinianus Junior filius Augusti Valentis die xv kalend. Febr., et ipso anno idem hostis publious et prædo intra Phrygiam Salutarem, et In Nacoliensium campos ab A campos ab Augusto valente oppressus atque exstinctus est die VI kal. Junias. Ipso anno Augustus Valentinianus gentem Alamannieam pervicit.\n\nLupicino et Jovino. His conss. in civitate Constantinopoli, Deus grandinem pluit in modum petrarum die IV nonas Julias; el ipso anno levatus est Gratianus Aug. in Galliis apud Ambianos in tribunali a patre suo Augusto Valentiniano die IX kal. Sept.\n\nValentiniano II et Valente II. His conss. terræmotus factus ita ut civitas Nicænorum terræ funditus prosterneretur die v idus Octobr.","english":"Valentinian and Valens Augusti. In these consulships, the sea exceeded its boundaries. It was on the 3rd day before the Kalends of August, and in that same year a nocturnal brigand and public enemy appeared at the city of Constantinople on the 4th day before the Kalends of October.\n\nGratian Nobilissimus and Dagalaifus. In these consulships, Valentinian the Younger, son of the Augustus Valens, was born on the 15th day before the Kalends of February, and in that same year that same public enemy and plunderer was crushed and destroyed within Phrygia Salutaris and in the fields of Nacolia by the Augustus Valens on the 6th day before the Kalends of June. In that same year, the Augustus Valentinian thoroughly conquered the Alamannic people.\n\nLupicinus and Iovinus. In these consulships, in the city of Constantinople, God rained hail in the manner of stones on the 4th day before the Nones of July; and in that same year Gratian was raised up as Augustus in the Gallic provinces at Ambiani on a tribunal by his father, the Augustus Valentinian, on the 9th day before the Kalends of September.\n\nValentinian II and Valens II. In these consulships, an earthquake occurred such that the city of the Nicaeans was utterly leveled to the ground on the 5th day before the Ides of October.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"mare ultra terminos suos erret","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the sea exceeded its boundaries' likely refers to a tsunami or storm surge, a natural portent often recorded in chronicles as a sign of divine displeasure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"latro nocturnus hostisque publicus","severity":"info","text":"'Nocturnal brigand and public enemy' is a rhetorical description of a usurper or rebel, possibly Procopius, who threatened Constantinople in 365.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentiniano et Valente Augg.","severity":"info","text":"Valentinian I and Valens became Augusti in 364, dividing the empire; Valens ruled the East, where these events occurred.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss.","severity":"info","text":"The consular years given correspond to 365 (Valentinian and Valens), 366 (Gratian and Dagalaifus), 367 (Lupicinus and Iovinus), and 368 (Valentinian II and Valens II).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ipso anno","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'in that same year' links multiple events under a single consulship, a typical annalistic structure in this chronicle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"hostis publious et prædo","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text has a scribal error: 'publious' for 'publicus'; the English draft corrects to 'public enemy and plunderer'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'nocturnal brigand and public enemy' is not explicitly named; it is likely Procopius, but the text does not confirm.","The phrase 'Deus grandinem pluit' could be interpreted as a divine act or a natural phenomenon; the chronicler's intent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"Valentiniano Nob. et Victore. His conss. opus magnificum cisternæ Constantinopolitanæ completum est a Domitio Modesto v. c. iterum præfecto urbis, quod in prima inchoaverat præfectura. Agon post anno, XVII restitutus est ali Augusto Valente.\n\nValentiniano III et Valente III. His conss. magna fames fuii in partibus Phrygiæ: et dedicata est sancta ecclesia ubi beati apostoli positi sunt, die v idus April.\n\nGratiano Aug. II et Proho.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 410.) Modesto et Arintheo.\n\nValentiniano IV et Valente IV.\n\nGratiano III et Æquitio.\n\nPost conss. Gratiani III et Æquitii. His conss. thermæ Carosianx dedicatæ tum agente præfecto v. c. Vindalonio Magno.Et ipso anno diem functus Yalentinianus senior xv kal. Decemb. in castello Virgitione: et levatus est Valentinianus junior Aug. filius Aug. Valentiniani ab exercitu in tribunali die kal.Decemb. in civitate Acinco.","english":"Valentinian the Noble and Victor. In these consulships, the magnificent work of the Constantinopolitan cistern was completed by Domitius Modestus, a man of clarissimus rank, again prefect of the city, which he had begun in his first prefecture. The contest after a year, the seventeenth, was restored by the other Augustus, Valens.\n\nValentinian III and Valens III. In these consulships, a great famine occurred in parts of Phrygia; and the holy church where the blessed apostles are placed was dedicated on the 5th day before the Ides of April.\n\nGratian Augustus II and Probus.\n\n(Spanish Era 410.) Modestus and Arinthaeus.\n\nValentinian IV and Valens IV.\n\nGratian III and Aequitius.\n\nAfter the consulship of Gratian III and Aequitius. In these consulships, the Carosian baths were dedicated, with Vindalonius Magnus, a man of clarissimus rank, acting as prefect. And in that same year, Valentinian the Elder died on the 15th day before the Kalends of December in the fort of Virgition; and Valentinian the Younger, Augustus, son of the Augustus Valentinian, was raised up by the army on the tribunal on the day of the Kalends of December in the city of Acincum.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. opus magnificum cisternæ Constantinopolitanæ completum est a Domitio Modesto v. c. iterum præfecto urbis","severity":"info","text":"The cistern referred to is likely the Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Sarayı) in Constantinople, built under Valens. Domitius Modestus was a known prefect of Constantinople in the 370s.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentiniano Nob. et Victore","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Valentinian Nobilissimus and Victor corresponds to AD 369. This passage follows the sequence of consular lists typical of the Descriptio Consulum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentiniano III et Valente III","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Valentinian III and Valens III is AD 370. The famine in Phrygia and the dedication of a church are events associated with this year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Gratiano Aug. II et Proho","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Gratian Augustus II and Probus is AD 371. The entry is brief, typical of the chronicle's style.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentiniano IV et Valente IV","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Valentinian IV and Valens IV is AD 373. The sequence continues the pattern of repeated consulships.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Post conss. Gratiani III et Æquitii","severity":"info","text":"The consular year after Gratian III and Aequitius is AD 374. The death of Valentinian the Elder and elevation of Valentinian the Younger occurred in this year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Agon post anno, XVII restitutus est ali Augusto Valente' is unclear; 'agon' may refer to a contest or games, and 'XVII' could be a year number or a numeral for the 17th occurrence.","The reading 'thermæ Carosianx' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'thermæ Carosianae' or a place name.","The Spanish Era 410 is given parenthetically; its relation to the consular year is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"Valente Aug. v et Valentiniano juniore Augusto. His conss. victi et expulsi sunt Gothi a gente Hunorum, et suscepti sunt in Romania pro misericordia jussione Aug. Valentis. Et ipso anno introivit corpus Augusti Valentiniani Con. Stantinopolim, die v kal. Jan.\n\nGratiano iv et Merobaude. His conssigens Gothorum qui promisericordit suscepti sunt, rebellaverunt adversus Romanos: ad quos expugnandos missi sunt comites cum militibus, et pugnaverunt cum Gothis.\n\nS78 Valente VI et Valentiniano II. His conss. ingressus est Valens Aug. ab oriente Constantinopolim die III kal. Jun. Et ipso anno profectus est Valens Aug. ex urbe ad fossatum die III idus Junias: et pugna magna fuit cum Romanis et Gothis a milliaro XII ab Hadrianopoli, die v idus Augusti. Ex ea die Valens Augustus nusquam apparuit; et toto anno per dioecesim Thraciarum, et Scythiæ, et Mœsiæ, Gothi habitaverunt simul, et eas prædaverunt; deinde usque ad portas urbis Constantinopolitanæ venerunt.","english":"Valens Augustus for the fifth time and Valentinian the Younger Augustus. In these consulships, the Goths were defeated and expelled by the Hunnic people, and were received into Romania out of mercy by the order of Augustus Valens. And in that same year, the body of Augustus Valentinian entered Constantinople, on the fifth day before the Kalends of January.\n\nGratian for the fourth time and Merobaudes. In these consulships, the Goths who had been received out of mercy rebelled against the Romans: to subdue them, counts were sent with soldiers, and they fought with the Goths.\n\nValens for the sixth time and Valentinian for the second time. In these consulships, Valens Augustus entered Constantinople from the East on the third day before the Kalends of June. And in that same year, Valens Augustus set out from the city to the camp on the third day before the Ides of June: and a great battle was fought between the Romans and the Goths twelve miles from Hadrianople, on the fifth day before the Ides of August. From that day, Valens Augustus was seen nowhere; and for the whole year, throughout the diocese of Thrace, and Scythia, and Moesia, the Goths dwelt together and plundered them; then they came as far as the gates of the city of Constantinople.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Valente Aug. v et Valentiniano juniore Augusto","severity":"info","text":"The consular year corresponds to 376 CE. Valens’ fifth consulship and Valentinian II’s first (here called junior) are attested in the consular fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"victi et expulsi sunt Gothi a gente Hunorum","severity":"info","text":"This entry records the Hunnic pressure that forced the Goths to seek refuge in the Roman Empire, a pivotal event leading to the Gothic War (376–382).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Gratiano iv et Merobaude","severity":"info","text":"The consular year is 377 CE. Gratian’s fourth consulship and Merobaudes’ first are standard in the fasti.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"rebellaverunt adversus Romanos","severity":"info","text":"The Gothic rebellion of 377 began after mistreatment by Roman officials; the counts sent likely include Frigeridus and Richomeres.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Valente VI et Valentiniano II","severity":"info","text":"The consular year is 378 CE. Valens’ sixth consulship and Valentinian II’s second are standard.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"pugna magna fuit ... ab Hadrianopoli","severity":"info","text":"The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378) was a catastrophic Roman defeat; Valens’ disappearance and death are noted here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'pro misericordia jussione' is ambiguous: it may mean 'by a merciful order' or 'by an order of mercy'.","The fate of Valens is left uncertain: 'nusquam apparuit' avoids stating his death directly."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"Ausonio et Olybrio. His conss. levatus est Theodosius Aug. ab Augusto Gratiano die XIV kal. Februar. in civitate Sirmio. Ipso anno multa bella Romani cum Golbis commiserunt. Deinde victoriæ nuntiatæ sunt adversus Gothos, Alanos atque Hunos die xv kal. Decemb. [Ad oram codicis nostri ms. hæc habentur ascripta, quæ Sirmondus omnit: His consulibus Theophilus Alexandrias episcopus subjectum Laterculum infra de Paschæ observatione conscribit.]\n\nGratiano Aug. v et Theodosio Aug. His conss. victoriæ nuntiat sunt amborum Augustorum. Et ipso anno ingressus est Theodosius A.... Constantinopolim die XVIII kal. Decemb.\n\nSyagrio et Eucberio. His conss. ingressus est Athanaricus rex Gothorum Constantinopolim die III idus Jan. Eodem mense diem functus idem Athanaricus VIII kal. Febr.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 420.) Antonio et Syagrio. Ulis conss. Theodosius Aug. corpus Augusti Valentiniani in sarcophago deposuit die ix kal. Mart. Ipso anno universa gens Gothorum cum rege suo in Romaniam se tradiderunt die V non. Octob.","english":"Ausonius and Olybius. In these consulships, Theodosius Augustus was raised up by Augustus Gratian on the 14th day before the Kalends of February in the city of Sirmium. In that same year, the Romans waged many wars with the Goths. Then victories were announced against the Goths, Alans, and Huns on the 15th day before the Kalends of December. [In the margin of our manuscript these are written, which Sirmondus omits: In these consulships, Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria, writes the appended list below concerning the observance of Easter.]\n\nGratian Augustus for the fifth time and Theodosius Augustus. In these consulships, victories of both Augusti were announced. And in that same year, Theodosius Augustus entered Constantinople on the 18th day before the Kalends of December.\n\nSyagrius and Eucherius. In these consulships, Athanaric, king of the Goths, entered Constantinople on the 3rd day before the Ides of January. In the same month, that same Athanaric died on the 8th day before the Kalends of February.\n\n(Hispanic Era 420.) Antonius and Syagrius. In these consulships, Theodosius Augustus placed the body of Augustus Valentinian in a sarcophagus on the 9th day before the Kalends of March. In that same year, the entire nation of the Goths with their king surrendered themselves to Romania on the 5th day before the Nones of October.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ausonio et Olybrio","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Ausonius and Olybius corresponds to 379 CE. The entry for Theodosius' elevation (14th day before the Kalends of February = 19 January) is a key date for his accession as co-Augustus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. levatus est Theodosius Aug. ab Augusto Gratiano","severity":"info","text":"Theodosius I was proclaimed Augustus by Gratian at Sirmium in 379, a pivotal moment in the late Roman Empire, as Theodosius would later reunite the empire and establish orthodox Christianity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"[Ad oram codicis nostri ms. hæc habentur ascripta, quæ Sirmondus omnit]","severity":"info","text":"The bracketed note indicates a marginal addition in the manuscript that was omitted by the earlier editor Sirmondus. This shows the text's transmission history and editorial choices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"His consulibus Theophilus Alexandrias episcopus subjectum Laterculum infra de Paschæ observatione conscribit","severity":"info","text":"The marginal note refers to Theophilus of Alexandria, a prominent bishop, who wrote a paschal table. This links the consular list to the computistical tradition of Easter dating.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"(Ær. Hisp. 420.)","severity":"info","text":"The Hispanic Era 420 corresponds to 382 CE. This era, used in Iberian chronicles, subtracts 38 years from the AD date, so 420 = 382 CE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"universa gens Gothorum cum rege suo in Romaniam se tradiderunt","severity":"info","text":"This entry records the surrender of the entire Gothic nation to Rome in 382, a major event after the Gothic War, leading to their settlement as foederati within the empire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Golbis' in 'multa bella Romani cum Golbis commiserunt' is likely a scribal error for 'Gothis' (Goths), as the context concerns Gothic wars.","The marginal note's attribution to Theophilus of Alexandria is not certain; it may be a later addition by a scribe."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"Merobaude et Saturnino. His consulibus levatus est Arcadius Aug. Constantinopoli, in milliario VII, in tribunali a Theedosio Aug. patre suo die XVII kal. Febr. Et ipso anno ingressum est Constantinopolim corpus Constantiæ filiæ Augusti Constantini die idus Septemb.\n\nRicomere et Clearcho. His conss. introierunt Constantinopolim legati Persarum. Ipso anno natus est Honorius nob. in purpuris die v idus Septemb.\n\nArcadio Aug. et Cautone.\n\nHonorio nob. et Evodio. His conss. victi atque expugnati, et in Romania captivi adducti gens Greothyngorum a nostris Theodosio et Arcadio: deinde cum victoria et triumpho ingressi sunt Constantinopolim die tv idus Octob.\n\nValerio (Al. Valentiniano] III et Eutropio. His conss. Quinquennalia Arcadius Aug. propria cum Theodosio Aug. patre suo editionibus ludisque celebravit die decimo septimo kalend. Februar.","english":"Merobaudes and Saturninus. In these consulships, Arcadius Augustus was raised up at Constantinople, in the seventh milestone, on a tribunal, by Theodosius Augustus his father, on the 17th day before the Kalends of February. And in that same year, the body of Constantia, daughter of Augustus Constantine, entered Constantinople on the Ides of September.\n\nRichomeres and Clearchus. In these consulships, ambassadors of the Persians entered Constantinople. In that same year, Honorius nobilissimus was born in the purple on the 5th day before the Ides of September.\n\nArcadius Augustus and Cauto.\n\nHonorius nobilissimus and Evodius. In these consulships, the people of the Greuthungi were defeated and subdued, and led as captives into Romania by our men under Theodosius and Arcadius; then, with victory and triumph, they entered Constantinople on the 4th day before the Ides of October.\n\nValerius (or Valentinian) III and Eutropius. In these consulships, Arcadius Augustus celebrated his quinquennalia together with Theodosius Augustus his father, with distributions and games, on the 17th day before the Kalends of February.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Merobaude et Saturnino","severity":"info","text":"The consuls Merobaudes and Saturninus date to 383 CE. This entry records the elevation of Arcadius as Augustus on 16 January 383.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"corpus Constantiæ filiæ Augusti Constantini","severity":"info","text":"Constantia, daughter of Constantine I, died before 330 CE. The translation of her body to Constantinople in 383 reflects the city's growing role as an imperial mausoleum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ricomere et Clearcho","severity":"info","text":"The consuls Richomeres and Clearchus date to 384 CE. The Persian embassy and the birth of Honorius (9 September 384) are key events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"nobilissimus","severity":"info","text":"The title 'nobilissimus' (most noble) was used for junior emperors or imperial princes not yet raised to Augustus. Honorius is so styled before his elevation in 393.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"gens Greothyngorum","severity":"info","text":"The Greuthungi were a Gothic people, often identified with the Ostrogoths. Their defeat and captivity here (under consuls of 386 CE) reflects ongoing Roman-Gothic conflicts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Valerio (Al. Valentiniano] III","severity":"caution","text":"The consular name is uncertain: the manuscript gives 'Valerio' but an alternate reading 'Valentiniano' is noted. This may reflect a scribal correction or variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular year for 'Arcadio Aug. et Cautone' is unclear; Cauto is otherwise unattested and may be a corruption.","The phrase 'in milliario VII' (at the seventh milestone) is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific location outside Constantinople, but the exact site is unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"Theodosio Aug. II et Cynegio. His conss. defunctus est Cynegius præfectus Orientis in consulatu suo Constantinopoli. Hic universas provincias longi temporis tabe deceptas in statum pristinum revocavit, et usque ad Ægyptum penetravit, et simulacra gentium evertit. Unde cum magno neu totius populi civitatis deductum est corpus ejus ad Apostolos die xxv kal. April. Et post annum transtulit eum matrona ejus Achanlia ad Hispanias pedeslre. Et ipso anno occiditur hostis Dublicus Maxlmus B tyrannus a Theodosio Aug. in miniano III de Aquilcia die v kal. Aug. Sed et filius ejus Victor occidimur post paucos dies in Galliis a comite Theodosii Augusti.\n\nTimasio et Promoto. His conss. introivit Theodosius Aug. in urbem Romam cum Honorio filio suo die iduum Juniarum, et dedit congiarium Romanis.\n\nValentiniano IV et Neuterio.\n\nTatiano et Symmacho.","english":"Theodosius Augustus for the second time and Cynegius. In these consulships, Cynegius, prefect of the East, died in his own consulship at Constantinople. He restored all the provinces, long deceived by decay, to their former state, and penetrated as far as Egypt, and overthrew the idols of the nations. Whence, with great lamentation of the whole populace of the city, his body was carried to the Apostles on the 25th day before the Kalends of April. And after a year, his wife Achanlia transferred him to Spain on foot. And in that same year, the enemy Dublicus Maximus, a tyrant, was killed by Theodosius Augustus at the third milestone from Aquileia on the 5th day before the Kalends of August. But also his son Victor was killed a few days later in Gaul by a count of Theodosius Augustus.\n\nTimasius and Promotus. In these consulships, Theodosius Augustus entered the city of Rome with his son Honorius on the Ides of June, and gave a largesse to the Romans.\n\nValentinian for the fourth time and Neuterius.\n\nTatianus and Symmachus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Cynegius","severity":"info","text":"Cynegius, praetorian prefect of the East under Theodosius I, is known for anti-pagan measures; the text notes his death in office and his wife's transfer of his body to Spain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Maximus tyrannus","severity":"info","text":"Magnus Maximus, proclaimed emperor in Britain in 383, was defeated and executed by Theodosius I near Aquileia in 388; his son Victor was killed shortly after in Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"die xxv kal. April.","severity":"info","text":"The date '25th day before the Kalends of April' corresponds to 8 March; the consular year is 384, when Theodosius II and Cynegius were consuls.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss.","severity":"info","text":"The formula 'His conss.' (His consulibus) marks each consular pair as a structural unit; here it introduces Cynegius's death and Maximus's defeat under the same consulship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"pedeslre","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'pedeslre' is likely corrupt; the intended sense may be 'pedestri' (on foot) or 'pedes ire' (to go on foot), describing the wife's journey to Spain with the body.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'pedeslre' is unclear; it may be a scribal error for 'pedestri' or 'pedes ire'.","The name 'Dublicus Maximus' appears to be a corruption of 'Magnus Maximus'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"[Ær. Hisp. 430.] Arcadio Aug. II et Rufino. his conss. Valentinianus junior apud Viennam est interfectus, et levavit se Eugenius tyrannus. Postmodum Theodosius Aug. occidit Eugenium.\n\nTheodosio Aug. III et\n\nArcadio Aug. III et Honorio Aug. II.\n\nOlybrio et Probino. His conss. recessit apud Mediolanum Theodosius Aug.\n\nArcadio Aug. iv et Honorio Aug. m.\n\nAuico et Cæsario.\n\nHonorio Aug. IV et Eutychiano. His conss. Gildo occisus.\n\nManilio et Theodoro v c. His conss. templa gentilium demolita sunt, Joviniano et Gaudentiocomitibus.\n\nStilicone v. c. consule.\n\nVincentio et Fravito.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 440.) Arcadio v et Honorio v. His conss. solis facta defectio IIIid.Novemb.\n\nTheodosio et Rumorido.\n\nHonorio VI et Aristone. His conss. bellum civile fuit ex III kalend. Septembres.\n\nStilicone II et Anthemio.\n\nHis conss. inter catholicos et Donatistas unitas facta","english":"[Ær. Hisp. 430.] Arcadius Augustus for the second time and Rufinus. In these consulships, the younger Valentinian was killed at Vienne, and Eugenius the tyrant raised himself up. Afterwards, Theodosius Augustus killed Eugenius.\n\nTheodosius Augustus for the third time and\n\nArcadius Augustus for the third time and Honorius Augustus for the second time.\n\nOlybrius and Probinus. In these consulships, Theodosius Augustus departed at Milan.\n\nArcadius Augustus for the fourth time and Honorius Augustus for the third time.\n\nAurelianus and Caesarius.\n\nHonorius Augustus for the fourth time and Eutychianus. In these consulships, Gildo was killed.\n\nManlius and Theodorus, men of clarissimus rank. In these consulships, the temples of the gentiles were demolished, with Jovinianus and Gaudentius as counts.\n\nStilicho, man of clarissimus rank, consul.\n\nVincentius and Fravitus.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 440.) Arcadius for the fifth time and Honorius for the fifth time. In these consulships, a defect of the sun occurred on the third day before the Ides of November.\n\nTheodosius and Rumoridus.\n\nHonorius for the sixth time and Ariston. In these consulships, there was a civil war from the third day before the Kalends of September.\n\nStilicho for the second time and Anthemius.\n\nIn these consulships, unity was made between the Catholics and the Donatists.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 430.","severity":"info","text":"The era notation 'Ær. Hisp. 430' corresponds to the Spanish Era, which is 38 years ahead of the AD system; thus this entry likely refers to AD 392.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentinianus junior apud Viennam est interfectus","severity":"info","text":"Valentinian II, the younger Valentinian, was found dead at Vienne in Gaul in AD 392, likely by suicide or murder, leading to the usurpation of Eugenius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gildo occisus","severity":"info","text":"Gildo was a Moorish rebel in Africa who was defeated and killed in AD 398 after a revolt against the Western Roman Empire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"templa gentilium demolita sunt","severity":"info","text":"The demolition of pagan temples reflects the increasing Christianization of the empire under Theodosius I, with laws against pagan worship enforced by officials like Jovinian and Gaudentius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"solis facta defectio III id. Novemb.","severity":"info","text":"A solar eclipse is recorded on 11 November (the third day before the Ides of November) in AD 404, a rare astronomical event noted in chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"inter catholicos et Donatistas unitas facta","severity":"info","text":"The unity between Catholics and Donatists refers to the Council of Carthage in AD 411, which condemned Donatism and sought to reintegrate Donatist churches into the Catholic communion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Spanish Era year 430 is ambiguous without a fixed conversion; it is here taken as AD 392 based on standard reckoning.","The identity of 'Auico' (line 7) is uncertain; it may be a scribal error for 'Aurelianus' or another consul."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"Arcadio VI et Probo.\n\nHonorio vn et Theodosio Aug. II.\n\nBasso et Philippo.\n\nIlonorio VIII et Theodosio III. His conss. barbari Hispanias ingressi.\n\nHonorio IX cL Varari, quod fuit Tertullo.\n\nTheodosio A ug. IV. His conss. Constantini lyranni in conto caput allatum est XIV kal. Octob.\n\nHonorio ix et Theodosio v.\n\nPost consulalum Honorii IX et Theodosii v, Lucio cons. His conss. occisi sunt Jovianus, Sebastianus, Sallustius; et Heraclianus abolitus est.\n\nConstantio v. c.\n\nHonorio et Theodosio VI. His conss. S. Stephanus primus martyr revelatur sancto presbytero Luciano die VI, feria quae fuit tunc III non. Dec., in Hierosolymis sancto Joanne episcopo præsidente: et exstant ex his gestis epistolae supra dicti presbyteri et sancti Aviti presbyteri Bracarensis, qui tunc in Hierosolymis degebant.\n\nTheodosio vu et Palladio.\n\nHonorio xi et Constantino II.","english":"Arcadius for the sixth time and Probus.\n\nHonorius for the seventh time and Theodosius Augustus for the second time.\n\nBassus and Philippus.\n\nHonorius for the eighth time and Theodosius for the third time. In these consulships, the barbarians entered the Spains.\n\nHonorius for the ninth time and Vararus, which was for Tertullus.\n\nTheodosius Augustus for the fourth time. In these consulships, the head of the tyrant Constantine was brought to the court on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of October.\n\nHonorius for the ninth time and Theodosius for the fifth time.\n\nAfter the consulship of Honorius for the ninth time and Theodosius for the fifth time, Lucius consul. In these consulships, Jovianus, Sebastianus, and Sallustius were killed; and Heraclianus was abolished.\n\nConstantius, vir clarissimus.\n\nHonorius and Theodosius for the sixth time. In these consulships, Saint Stephen, the first martyr, was revealed to the holy presbyter Lucianus on the sixth day, which was then the third day before the Nones of December, in Jerusalem under the presidency of the holy bishop John; and there exist from these events the letters of the aforementioned presbyter and of the holy Avitus, presbyter of Braga, who were then living in Jerusalem.\n\nTheodosius for the seventh time and Palladius.\n\nHonorius for the eleventh time and Constantinus for the second time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Arcadio VI et Probo","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Arcadius VI and Probus corresponds to AD 406. This entry marks the first in a series of consular dates that structure the chronicle's narrative of the early fifth century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"barbari Hispanias ingressi","severity":"info","text":"The entry under Honorius VIII and Theodosius III (AD 409) records the barbarian invasion of Hispania, a pivotal event in the decline of Roman control in the West, involving Vandals, Alans, and Sueves.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"S. Stephanus primus martyr revelatur","severity":"info","text":"The discovery of the relics of Saint Stephen in AD 415, recorded under Honorius and Theodosius VI, became a celebrated event in late antique Christianity, with the letters of Lucianus and Avitus circulating widely as hagiographical sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"v. c.","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation 'v. c.' stands for 'vir clarissimus', a Roman senatorial rank. Here it designates Constantius, likely the general Constantius III, as a high-ranking official.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Honorio ix cL Varari, quod fuit Tertullo","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'cL Varari' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'et Varano' (and Vararanes) or a scribal error. The phrase 'quod fuit Tertullo' suggests a correction or gloss, indicating the consular name is actually Tertullus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Post consulalum Honorii IX et Theodosii v, Lucio cons.","severity":"info","text":"The formula 'Post consulatum ... Lucio cons.' marks a consular year after the end of a regular consulship, a common chronicle device for dating events in periods of irregular consular appointments.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'cL Varari' is unclear; it may be a corruption of 'et Varano' or a miswritten name. The gloss 'quod fuit Tertullo' indicates the intended consul is Tertullus, but the original form is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"Honorio XII et Theodosio VIII.\n\nMonaxio et Plenta. His conss. sanctus Joannes Hierosolymorum episcopus qui supra, epistolam dirigit per Ecclesias orbis terrarum, quæ habetur de signis terroribusque divinitus perpetratis.\n\nTheodosio IX et Constantio III.\n\nAgricola et Eustathio.\n\n[Ær. Hisp. 460.] Honorio XIII et Theodosio x.\n\nMariniano et Asclepiodoto. His conss. Honorius Aug. recessit Ravenna. (Hactenus Sirmondi editio; cætera ex codem na. codice).\n\nCastino et Victore.\n\nTheodosio XI et Valentiniano Cæs.\n\nTheod. XII ct Valentin. Aug. II.\n\nPierio et Artabu.\n\nFelice et Tauro.\n\nFlorentio et Dionysio.\n\nTheodosio XIII et Yalentin. III.\n\nBasso et Antiocho.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 470.) Aetio et Valerio.\n\nTheodosio xiv et Maximo.\n\nAspare et Ariovindo.\n\nTheodosio xv et Valentiniano iv.\n\nIsidoro et Senatore.\n\nAetio et Segisvuldo.\n\nTheodosio xvi et Fausto.","english":"Honorius for the twelfth time and Theodosius for the eighth time.\n\nMonaxius and Plinta. In these consulships, the holy John, bishop of Jerusalem, who is mentioned above, sends a letter throughout the churches of the world, which is held concerning the signs and terrors perpetrated by divine power.\n\nTheodosius for the ninth time and Constantius for the third time.\n\nAgricola and Eustathius.\n\n[Era of Spain 460.] Honorius for the thirteenth time and Theodosius for the tenth time.\n\nMarinianus and Asclepiodotus. In these consulships, the Augustus Honorius departed from Ravenna. (Thus far the edition of Sirmond; the rest from the same manuscript codex).\n\nCastinus and Victor.\n\nTheodosius for the eleventh time and Valentinian Caesar.\n\nTheodosius for the twelfth time and Valentinian Augustus for the second time.\n\nPierius and Artabur.\n\nFelix and Taurus.\n\nFlorentius and Dionysius.\n\nTheodosius for the thirteenth time and Valentinian for the third time.\n\nBassus and Antiochus.\n\n(Era of Spain 470.) Aetius and Valerius.\n\nTheodosius for the fourteenth time and Maximus.\n\nAspar and Ariovindus.\n\nTheodosius for the fifteenth time and Valentinian for the fourth time.\n\nIsidorus and Senator.\n\nAetius and Segisvuldus.\n\nTheodosius for the sixteenth time and Faustus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Honorio XII et Theodosio VIII","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Honorius XII and Theodosius VIII corresponds to AD 422. This dating system is typical of late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Monaxio et Plenta","severity":"info","text":"Monaxius and Plinta were consuls in AD 419. Plinta was a Gothic general and consul in the Eastern Empire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctus Joannes Hierosolymorum episcopus","severity":"info","text":"John II, bishop of Jerusalem (c. 387–417), is here credited with a letter on divine signs and terrors. The letter is not extant but is referenced in other chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Hactenus Sirmondi editio; cætera ex eodem codice","severity":"info","text":"This note marks the boundary of the Sirmond edition; the remainder is drawn from the same manuscript codex, indicating a composite textual tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 460","severity":"info","text":"The Era of Spain 460 corresponds to AD 422. The Spanish era adds 38 years to the AD date, a system used in Iberian chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Honorius Aug. recessit Ravenna","severity":"info","text":"Honorius’s departure from Ravenna likely refers to his flight to safety during barbarian incursions, a well-known event in the 420s.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'sanctus Joannes' is ambiguous: it could be John II of Jerusalem (d. 417) or John Chrysostom, but the context of Jerusalem favors John II.","The phrase 'quæ habetur de signis terroribusque divinitus perpetratis' may refer to a lost letter or a known work; its exact content is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"Theodosio xvn et Festo.\n\nYalentiniano v et Anatolio.\n\nCyro v. c.\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 480.) Dioscoro. (Omisit Eudoxium.)\n\nMaximo et Paterio.\n\nTheodosio XVIII et Albino.\n\nValentiniano vi et Aetio III. (Hic confunduntur anni duo, quorum priore conss. fuere Valentinianus VI et Nonius; altero autem,\n\nAetius III et Symmachus.\n\nCallepio et Ardabure.\n\nPostumiano et Zenone.\n\nAsturio et Protegene.\n\nYalentiniano VII et Avieno.\n\nAdelpbio et Marciano. y\n\n(Ær. Hisp. 490.) Herculano et Parracio.\n\nOpilione. [Omisit Vincomalum.]\n\nAetio IV et Studio.\n\nYalentiniano VII et Anthemio.\n\nA vito Augusto cons..\n\nOmissi Constantinus et Rufus.\n\nRecimere et [Patricio] qui de Oriente. (Hi per tinent ad annum 459.)\n\nMajoriano Aug. et Ariovindo (Hi ad annum 458.)\n\nMagno et Apollonio.\n\nSevcriano et [Dagalaipho] qui de Oriente. His conss. Majorianus occiditur, et Severus efficitur imperater.","english":"Theodosius for the seventeenth time and Festus.\n\nValentinian for the fifth time and Anatolius.\n\nCyrus, vir clarissimus.\n\n(Hispanic Era 480.) Dioscorus. (He omitted Eudoxius.)\n\nMaximus and Paterius.\n\nTheodosius for the eighteenth time and Albinus.\n\nValentinian for the sixth time and Aëtius for the third time. (Here two years are confused, in the former of which the consuls were Valentinian for the sixth time and Nonius; in the latter, however, Aëtius for the third time and Symmachus.)\n\nCallepius and Ardabur.\n\nPostumianus and Zeno.\n\nAsturius and Protogenes.\n\nValentinian for the seventh time and Avienus.\n\nAdelphius and Marcian.\n\n(Hispanic Era 490.) Herculanus and Parracius.\n\nOpilio. [He omitted Vincomalus.]\n\nAëtius for the fourth time and Studius.\n\nValentinian for the seventh time and Anthemius.\n\nAvitus Augustus, consul.\n\nOmitted: Constantinus and Rufus.\n\nRecimer and [Patricius] who from the East. (These belong to the year 459.)\n\nMajorian Augustus and Ariovindus. (These belong to the year 458.)\n\nMagnus and Apollonius.\n\nSeverianus and [Dagalaiphus] who from the East. In these consulships, Majorian is killed, and Severus becomes emperor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Theodosio xvn et Festo","severity":"info","text":"The consular year Theodosius XVII and Festus corresponds to AD 439. The Hispanic Era 480 given later in the passage aligns with AD 442, indicating a chronological shift.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Hic confunduntur anni duo","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin note acknowledges a confusion of two years: the consuls Valentinian VI and Nonius belong to one year, Aëtius III and Symmachus to another. This reflects a known error in the consular list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"v. c.","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation 'v. c.' stands for 'vir clarissimus', a Roman honorific title for senators of high rank, used here for Cyrus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Omisit Eudoxium","severity":"info","text":"The parenthetical 'Omisit Eudoxium' indicates that the chronicler omitted the consul Eudoxius, likely due to a lacuna or error in the source manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Majoriano Aug. et Ariovindo","severity":"info","text":"Majorian was Roman emperor from AD 457 to 461. His consulship with Ariovindus in AD 458 is noted here, though the passage later records his death under Severianus and Dagalaiphus (AD 461).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"His conss. Majorianus occiditur, et Severus efficitur imperater","severity":"info","text":"This note records Majorian's death and the accession of Severus (Libius Severus) in AD 461, a key event in the late Western Roman Empire, preserved in this consular list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular years are sometimes misaligned with the Hispanic Era dates, and the text explicitly notes confusion between two years. The identity of 'Patricius qui de Oriente' and 'Dagalaiphus qui de Oriente' is uncertain, as they may be Eastern consuls not fully attested in Western sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"(Ær. Hisp. 500.) Severo et Leone Augustis.\n\nBasilio et Gadaipho.\n\nDn. Olybrio [Al. et RusticoJ. Severus Augustus obiit. Anthemius Romæ imperator factus est. Adversum Wandalos gran. dia exercitus cum Marcellino duce dirigitur.\n\nAugusto Anthemio II consule.","english":"(Hispanic Era 500.) Severus and Leo, Augusti.\n\nBasilius and Gadaiphus.\n\nOur Lord Olybrius [Al. and Rusticus]. Severus Augustus died. Anthemius was made emperor at Rome. A great army under the command of Marcellinus is sent against the Vandals.\n\nAugustus Anthemius, consul for the second time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ær. Hisp. 500","severity":"info","text":"The Hispanic Era 500 corresponds to AD 462. This era subtracts 38 years from the AD date, so 500 = AD 462.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Severo et Leone Augustis","severity":"info","text":"Severus and Leo are named as Augusti. Severus (Libius Severus) was a Western Roman emperor (AD 461–465), while Leo I was the Eastern emperor. The consular formula here pairs them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Basilio et Gadaipho","severity":"caution","text":"The names Basilius and Gadaiphus are likely corrupt or variant spellings. Gadaiphus may be a misspelling of Gaiseric or another Vandal name; the text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Dn. Olybrio","severity":"info","text":"Olybrius (Anicius Olybrius) was a Western Roman emperor briefly in AD 472. The title 'Dn.' (Dominus) is a standard honorific. The note 'Al. et Rustico' indicates an alternative reading: 'and Rusticus'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Severus Augustus obiit. Anthemius Romæ imperator factus est.","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a consular list to historical notices: the death of Severus and the accession of Anthemius. This is typical of the chronicle genre, where consular years are interspersed with events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Adversum Wandalos gran. dia exercitus cum Marcellino duce dirigitur.","severity":"info","text":"The expedition against the Vandals under Marcellinus is recorded. Marcellinus was a Roman general who campaigned in North Africa. This note reflects the chronicle's interest in military affairs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Gadaiphus' is obscure; it may be a corruption of a Vandal name or a scribal error. The alternative reading for Olybrius ('Al. et Rustico') suggests textual variation in the manuscript tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}