{"slug":"stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1","title":"Epistola 'De Ratione Paschae'","title_source":"Epistola 'De Ratione Paschae'","author":"Dionysius Exiguus","genre":"letter","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:20:25Z","cost_usd":0.005064},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1","work_id":"stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/stoa0108f/stoa006/stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":10,"english_words":2220,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":8973,"commentary_units":56,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":15,"work_notes":5,"external_links":4,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1","abstract":"Dionysius Exiguus's letter 'De Ratione Paschae' (ca. 525 CE) explains his paschal computation, which introduced the Anno Domini era by replacing the Diocletian era with a system centered on the Incarnation. Written as a Scythian monk in Rome to the papal notary Petronius, the letter defends a 19-year lunisolar cycle attributed to the Council of Nicaea. Dionysius's Easter table (532–626 CE) was adopted by the Church of Rome and later the Carolingian court, remaining standard in the Latin West until the Gregorian reform of 1582. The work survives in numerous medieval manuscripts, the earliest from the 8th–9th centuries, often appended to computational collections.","historical_context":"Composed around 525 CE in Rome, the letter reflects the need for a unified Easter calculation after disputes over the dating of Easter. Dionysius, a Scythian monk active in the Roman curia, addressed Petronius, a papal notary. He replaced the Annus Diocletiani (used by earlier computists) with a system based on the Incarnation, creating the Anno Domini era. The work invokes the authority of the Council of Nicaea (325 CE) and cites a letter from Paschasinus of Lilybaeum to Pope Leo I, supporting the Nicene rules. The paschal table covers 532–626 CE. No autograph survives; the earliest manuscript witnesses date from the 8th–9th centuries, often in computational miscellanies. The letter was transmitted widely in the Latin West, especially through Carolingian scriptoria, and remained authoritative until 1582.","significance":"Dionysius's letter is foundational for the Anno Domini era, which became the standard Christian calendar in the West. It exemplifies the fusion of computistical science with ecclesiastical authority, invoking Nicaea to legitimize a specific 19-year cycle. The work's transmission in computational collections shows its role in medieval education and liturgy, and its adoption by the Carolingian court ensured its influence until the Gregorian reform.","timeline":[{"date":"ca. 525 CE","event":"Dionysius Exiguus composes 'De Ratione Paschae' in Rome, introducing the Anno Domini era."},{"date":"325 CE","event":"Council of Nicaea; later tradition attributes the 19-year paschal cycle to it, invoked by Dionysius."},{"date":"451 CE","event":"Council of Chalcedon; Paschasinus of Lilybaeum serves as papal legate, later cited by Dionysius."},{"date":"8th–9th centuries","event":"Earliest surviving manuscript witnesses of the letter, often in computational collections."},{"date":"1582","event":"Gregorian calendar reform replaces the Dionysian paschal table in the Latin West."}],"relations":[{"work":"De Ratione Paschae","relation":"Compilation includes letter of Paschasinus of Lilybaeum to Pope Leo I","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Easter table of Dionysius Exiguus","relation":"Extended from 532 to 626 CE, basis of Anno Domini","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Computus collections","relation":"Often appended to medieval computational manuscripts","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Council of Nicaea (325)","relation":"Invoked as authority for the 19-year cycle","key":"wikipedia:First Council of Nicaea","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Gregorian calendar","relation":"Replaced Dionysian paschal table in 1582","key":"wikipedia:Gregorian calendar","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Dionysius Exiguus","label":"Dionysius Exiguus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus","reason":"Biographical context for the author"},{"key":"wikipedia:Anno Domini","label":"Anno Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini","reason":"Era introduced in this work"},{"key":"wikipedia:Computus","label":"Computus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_of_Easter","reason":"Genre of paschal calculation"},{"key":"wikipedia:First Council of Nicaea","label":"First Council of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea","reason":"Authority invoked for paschal cycle"}],"cautions":["Date of composition is approximate (ca. 525 CE); no autograph or contemporary copy survives.","Earliest manuscript witnesses date from the 8th–9th centuries, leaving a gap in transmission.","The attribution of the 19-year cycle to the Council of Nicaea is a later tradition, not historically accurate.","The edition (ogl-pl) lacks a critical apparatus; consult G. Décarreaux (1972) for stemmatic analysis."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000518,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:20:25Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/stoa0108f/stoa006/stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"stoa0108f.stoa006.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":10,"translated":10,"commentary_passages":10,"commentary_units":56,"english_words":2220,"source_letters":8939,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius Exiguus writes as a Scythian monk in Rome, addressing the papal notary Petronius. The letter explains his paschal computation, which became the basis for the Anno Domini era.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Composed ca. 525 CE. Dionysius’s Easter table extends from 532 to 626 CE, replacing the earlier Annus Diocletiani with a system centered on the Incarnation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Survives in numerous medieval manuscripts, often appended to computational collections. The earliest witnesses date from the 8th–9th centuries; no autograph or contemporary copy is extant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Adopted by the Church of Rome and later by the Carolingian court. The letter’s paschal table was used throughout the Latin West until the Gregorian reform of 1582.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition (ogl-pl) does not include a critical apparatus of manuscript variants. Readers should consult the edition of G. Décarreaux (1972) for stemmatic analysis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: letter in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 10 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":10},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"* EPISTOLA DIONYSII DE RATIONE PASCHÆ, SCRiPTA ANN CHRISTI VULGARI lXXVI.\n\nDominis a me plurimum venerandis, Bonifacio primicerio notariorum, et Bono secundicerio, Dionysius Exiguus salutem b.\n\nObservanlix paschalis regulam, diu sancto ac venerabili Petronio episcopo commonente, tandem stylo commendare compulsus, omnem deinceps ambiguitatem diversitatis, oppugnantiamque sublatam foro credideram: maxime quod sanctorum trecentorum octodecim antistitum qui apud Nicæam convenerant auctoritatem totis nisibus insinuare curaveram, qui in illo e concilio vencrando decemnovenualem cyclum regulariter affigentes, quartas decimas lunas paschalis observantiæ per omnia tempora lege suæ i revolutionis immobiles adnotaverunt. Sed quoniam sanclitas vestra, orta rei hujus quæstione, de archivo Romanæ Ecclesiæ, Paschasini, venerabilis episcopi, scripta, quem constat, pro persona beatissimi papæ Leonis, sancto Chalcedonensi præsedisse concilio, ad eumdem papam per idem tempus directa nunc protulit, quæ sanctis Patribus evidenti ralione consentiunt, hæc præsenti indidimus operi: ut hujus etiam viri testimonio niteremur, qui manifesto miraculo venerabilium pontificum paschalia decreta confirmat.","english":"The Letter of Dionysius on the Reckoning of Easter, Written in the Common Year of Christ 76.\n\nTo my most revered lords, Boniface, the chief notary, and Bonus, the second notary, Dionysius the Small sends greetings.\n\nHaving been long urged by the holy and venerable bishop Petronius to commit to writing the rule for the observance of Easter, I was at last compelled to do so, and I believed that thereafter all ambiguity of diversity and all opposition had been removed, especially because I had taken care to set forth with all my might the authority of the three hundred and eighteen holy bishops who had assembled at Nicaea, who in that venerable council, by regularly fixing the nineteen-year cycle, noted down the fourteenth moons of the paschal observance as immovable for all times by the law of their own revolution. But since your holiness, when a question on this matter arose, has now brought forth from the archives of the Roman Church the writings of the venerable bishop Paschasinus, who is known to have presided over the holy Council of Chalcedon in the place of the most blessed Pope Leo, writings sent to that same pope at that time, which agree with the holy Fathers by evident reason, I have inserted these into the present work, so that we might also rely on the testimony of this man, who by a manifest miracle confirms the paschal decrees of the venerable pontiffs.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ANN CHRISTI VULGARI lXXVI","severity":"info","text":"The date '76' in the heading is not the AD year but a late antique or medieval convention; Dionysius himself lived c. 470–544, so this is a scribal or editorial addition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"primicerio notariorum","severity":"info","text":"Primicerius notariorum: the chief notary of the Roman Church, a high administrative office. Boniface and Bonus are otherwise unknown but likely curial officials.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sanctorum trecentorum octodecim antistitum qui apud Nicæam convenerant","severity":"info","text":"The Council of Nicaea (325) did not fix a specific 19-year cycle; later tradition attributed the cycle to it. Dionysius here invokes conciliar authority to bolster his own paschal table.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Paschasini, venerabilis episcopi, scripta","severity":"info","text":"Paschasinus of Lilybaeum (Sicily) was papal legate at Chalcedon (451). His letter to Pope Leo I, cited by Dionysius, supports the Nicene paschal rules and is preserved in the Roman archives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"hæc præsenti indidimus operi","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius announces that he has inserted Paschasinus’s letter into his own work, indicating that the De Ratione Paschae is a compilation of authoritative texts, not a free composition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"manifesto miraculo","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius calls Paschasinus’s agreement with the Fathers a 'manifest miracle', a rhetorical flourish that underscores the providential harmony of patristic tradition on the Easter reckoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The date 'ANN CHRISTI VULGARI lXXVI' is anachronistic for Dionysius; it may be a later scribal addition or a misreading of a chronological note.","The identity of Boniface and Bonus is uncertain; they are not attested elsewhere in contemporary records."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Quia vero in scriptis ipsius communium annorum et embolismorum mentio facta est, et a nonnullis hæc ratio, quæ ex Hebræorum, ut fertur, traditione descendit, inagnopere quaeritur, scire volentibus utrum huic paterna regula i consonare videatur, necessarium duximus et hanc notitiam, ne probetur in aliquo dissidere, coacta brevitate digerere.\n\nNoverimus itaque quia idem decemnovennalis cyclus i per ogdoadem et hendecadem semper in se revolvitur. Octo namque et undecim ipse numerus explicatur. Ogdoas ergo, quæ incipit a primo decemnovennali cyclo, qui est lunaris decimus septimus, hac ratione peragitur: ut annos primum et secundum communes, id est minores habeat; tertium embolisinum, id est majorem; annum quartum et quintum item communes, sextum embolismum, septimum communem, octavum embolismum. Ac per hoc ogdoadis communes anni quinque et tres embolismi jugiter ascribuntur. Communis autem annus duodecim lunares menses colligit, qui dies trecentos quinquaginta quatuor efficiunt. Embolismus autem annus et lunas tredecim, et dies trecentos octoginta quatuor habere monstratur. Item hendecas hac lege decurrit k.","english":"Now because in his writings mention is made of common years and embolismic years, and this reckoning, which is said to descend from Hebrew tradition, is greatly sought after by some who wish to know whether it appears to be in harmony with the ancestral rule, we have deemed it necessary to set forth this knowledge as well, in compressed brevity, lest it be found to disagree in any respect.\n\nLet us therefore know that this same nineteen-year cycle always revolves within itself through the ogdoas and the hendecas. For the number itself is made up of eight and eleven. The ogdoas, therefore, which begins from the first nineteen-year cycle, which is the seventeenth lunar year, is completed in this manner: that it has the first and second years common, that is, shorter; the third embolismic, that is, longer; the fourth and fifth years likewise common; the sixth embolismic; the seventh common; the eighth embolismic. And by this means, five common years and three embolismic years are constantly assigned to the ogdoas. A common year, moreover, gathers twelve lunar months, which make three hundred fifty-four days. An embolismic year, however, is shown to have thirteen moons and three hundred eighty-four days. Likewise, the hendecas runs its course under this rule.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ogdoas","severity":"info","text":"Ogdoas refers to an eight-year sub-cycle within the nineteen-year lunisolar cycle, here comprising five common and three embolismic years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"hendecas","severity":"info","text":"Hendecas denotes an eleven-year sub-cycle, which together with the ogdoas forms the full nineteen-year cycle (8 + 11 = 19).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismus","severity":"info","text":"Embolismus (embolismic year) is a year with an intercalary month, containing 13 lunar months (384 days), as opposed to a common year of 12 lunar months (354 days).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The nineteen-year cycle (Metonic cycle) was standard in early medieval computus for reconciling lunar and solar years; Dionysius here explains its internal division into ogdoas and hendecas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage provides a technical exposition of the nineteen-year cycle's structure, following the earlier mention of common and embolismic years in the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'qui est lunaris decimus septimus' is ambiguous: it may mean the cycle begins with the 17th year of the lunar cycle, or that the first year of the ogdoas corresponds to the 17th year of the nineteen-year cycle."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Incipit a nono cyclo decemnovennali, qui est lunari sextus; cujus pimus et secundus annus communis est, tertius embolismus, quartus et quintus communis, sextus embolismus, septimus et octavus communes, nonus embolismus, decimus communis, undecimus embolismus sicque hendecas communibus annis septem, embolismis quatuor terminatur. Embolismorum autem ista ratio probatur existere, quia annorum communium vidEtur damna supplere, quatenus ad solare tempus lunaris exaequetur excursio. Quamvis enim anni solaris circulum per singulos menses luna circumeat, tamen ejus perfectionem duodecim suis mensibus implere non valet n. Denique in annis communibus ad rationem solaris anni undecim dies lunæ deesse cernuntur. In embolismis vero novemdecim diehus eumdem annum videtur solarem o luna transcendere. Quapropter ogdoadis et hendecadis annos, juxta prefati circuli ordinem, in medium proferamus, et liquido probabimus per octo annos et undecim lunae cursum cin sole contendere, quando tot dies illa colligat quot ille cucurrerit.","english":"It begins with the ninth cycle of nineteen years, which is the sixth lunar cycle; its first and second years are common, the third is embolismic, the fourth and fifth are common, the sixth is embolismic, the seventh and eighth are common, the ninth is embolismic, the tenth is common, the eleventh is embolismic, and thus the hendecad ends with seven common years and four embolisms. Moreover, this system of embolisms is proven to exist because it seems to supply the deficiencies of common years, so that the lunar course may be equalized to the solar time. For although the moon traverses the circle of the solar year through each month, it is unable to complete its perfection in its own twelve months. Indeed, in common years, eleven days of the moon are seen to be lacking relative to the reckoning of the solar year. In embolismic years, however, the moon appears to exceed the same solar year by nineteen days. Therefore, let us set forth the years of the ogdoad and the hendecad according to the order of the aforementioned cycle, and we will clearly prove that over eight years and eleven the moon’s course contends with the sun, when it gathers as many days as the sun has run.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"hendecadis","severity":"info","text":"The term 'hendecad' (from Greek ἑνδεκάς) refers to an eleven-year cycle within the nineteen-year lunisolar cycle, here paired with the 'ogdoad' (eight-year cycle).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismus","severity":"info","text":"'Embolismus' (from Greek ἐμβολισμός) denotes an intercalary or embolismic year, in which an extra lunar month is inserted to align the lunar and solar years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius here explains the structure of the 19-year lunisolar cycle (the Metonic cycle), which was foundational for Easter computus. The 'ninth cycle' likely refers to a specific starting point in his paschal table.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage provides a detailed breakdown of the 19-year cycle into common and embolismic years, followed by a rationale for the 11-day lunar deficit in common years and 19-day surplus in embolismic years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"n. Denique","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text contains a corruption: 'n. Denique' likely represents a scribal abbreviation or error; the intended reading may be 'non denique' or a numeral, but the sense is that the moon cannot complete its perfection in twelve months.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"novemdecim diehus","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'novemdecim diehus' is a scribal error for 'novemdecim diebus' (nineteen days). The English draft correctly interprets it as such.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'n. Denique' is unclear; it may be a corruption of 'non denique' or a numeral abbreviation. The intended meaning is that the moon cannot complete its cycle in twelve months.","The reference to 'nono cyclo decemnovennali' (ninth cycle of nineteen years) is ambiguous without the full paschal table; it likely indicates a specific starting point in Dionysius' computus."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"In ogdoade diximus quinque annos esse communes, tres embolismos. Quinquies ergo trecenteni quinquageni quaterni, lUunt mille septingenti septuaginta; et ter trecenteni octogeni quaterni, mille centum quinquaginta Juo, ac per hoc simul fiunt his mille nongenti viginti duo. Similiter octo anni solares, si in summam redigantur, id est octies trecenti sexageni quini, et quadrans a, faciunt simul bis mille nongentos viginti duos. Simili modo et hendecadis annos, qui sunt communes septem et quatuor embolismi, si in summam ea qua diximus supputatione congesseris, tantumdem pene reperies, quantum undecim solares anni conficiunt, hoc est quater mille quatuordecim b. Hæc est ergo embolismorum, sicut prædiximus, ratio, ut incrementis suis communium annorum detrimenta compensent.\n\nSed jam pulcherrimam vobis atque praeclaram collectionem ipsius cycli decemnovennalis ostendam, per quam omnem deinceps ambiguitatem, si qua mota fuerit, auferatis: nec sit ita quis nimio stupore perculsus, qui demonstrata sibi e veritatis luce non gaudeat, et ignorantiæ relictis tenebris, tantæ rationi protinus non acquiescat. A decima quinta luna paschalis festi, anni, verbi gratia, præcedentis, usque ad decimam quartam sequentis Paschæ d, si communis annus est, trecentos quinquaginta quatuor dies habebit; si embolismus, trecentos octoginLa quatuor. Quod si dies unus plus minuve contigerit, evidens error est.","english":"In the ogdoad we said that five years are common, three embolismic. Therefore five times 354 makes 1,770; and three times 384 makes 1,152; and thus together they become 2,922. Similarly, eight solar years, if reduced to a sum, that is eight times 365 and a quarter, together make 2,922. In like manner, the years of the hendecad, which are seven common and four embolismic, if you gather them into a sum by the calculation we have described, you will find almost the same amount as eleven solar years produce, that is four times 1,014. This, therefore, is the rationale of the embolisms, as we have said before, so that by their increments they compensate for the deficiencies of the common years.\n\nBut now I will show you a most beautiful and clear collection of the nineteen-year cycle itself, by which you may remove all subsequent ambiguity, if any should arise; nor should anyone be so struck by excessive stupor that he does not rejoice in the light of truth shown to him, and, having abandoned the darkness of ignorance, does not immediately acquiesce to such great reasoning. From the fifteenth moon of the paschal feast of, for example, the preceding year, up to the fourteenth of the following Easter, if the year is common, it will have 354 days; if embolismic, 384. But if one day more or less should occur, the error is evident.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ogdoade","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ogdoade' (Greek ὀγδοάς) refers to the eight-year period within the nineteen-year cycle, here comprising five common and three embolismic years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"hendecadis","severity":"info","text":"'Hendecadis' (Greek ἑνδεκάς) denotes the eleven-year period within the cycle, consisting of seven common and four embolismic years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius here demonstrates the mathematical harmony between lunar and solar years, a key principle in computus for determining Easter dates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions from numerical demonstration to a promised 'collection' of the nineteen-year cycle, marking a shift from explanation to practical tool.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"quater mille quatuordecim b","severity":"caution","text":"The figure 'four times 1,014' (4,056) is an approximation; the exact sum of eleven lunar years (7×354 + 4×384 = 4,014) does not match, suggesting a textual or arithmetic error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'quater mille quatuordecim b' is problematic: the expected sum of eleven lunar years is 4,014, not 4,056, indicating a possible scribal error or misreading of numerals."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Excepto videlicet anno e primo sæpe dicti decemnovennalis cycli, quem a decima quarta luna Paschæ ultimi, id est nonidecimi anni, usque ad decimam quartam ejusdem primi numerare curamus f. Propter quod idem ultimus epactas, id est adjectiones lunares, octodenas tunc retinens g, primo anno, non undecim, ut in cæteris annis fieri solet, sed duodecim dies accommodat. Et quia triginta dicrum fine volvuntur a, nulla epacta in principio ipsius cycli ponitur, secundus autem annus epaclas undecim suscipit: et ideo, sieut diximus, a decima quinta luna Paschæ primi cycli, usque ad finem ejus, in communibus et embolismis annis præfixos dics nos invenire non dubium, est Quod si aliter aliquando calculantium imperitia fuerit fortassis expositum, hac observanlia ratiocinationis eorum falsitas arguetur.\n\nAtque ut hoc manifestius possit intelligi, præsentis anni exemplo monstremus. Indictio quippe quarta est, et lunaris circulus undecimus; decemnovennalis cyclus decimus quartus c. Et quoniam hendecadis sextus annus est, cum embolismum esse necesse est. A decima quinta itaque luna praeteriti festi usque ad decimam quartam præsentis, quot sunt dies diligentius inquiramus, et inveniemus procul dubio quando Pascha celebrare debeamus.","english":"except for the first year of the often-mentioned nineteen-year cycle, which we take care to count from the fourteenth moon of the last Easter, that is, of the nineteenth year, up to the fourteenth of that same first year. For this reason, that same last year, then retaining eighteen lunar epacts, that is, additions, supplies twelve days to the first year, not eleven, as is usually done in the other years. And because the cycles are completed at the end of thirty days, no epact is placed at the beginning of the cycle itself, but the second year receives eleven epacts: and therefore, as we have said, from the fifteenth moon of the Easter of the first cycle up to its end, there is no doubt that we find the prescribed days in common and embolismic years. But if this has perhaps been otherwise set forth by the inexperience of some calculators, the falsity of their reasoning will be refuted by this method of calculation.\n\nAnd so that this may be more clearly understood, let us demonstrate it by the example of the present year. For the indiction is the fourth, and the lunar cycle the eleventh; the nineteen-year cycle is the fourteenth. And since it is the sixth year of the hendecad, it must necessarily be an embolismic year. Therefore, from the fifteenth moon of the past feast up to the fourteenth of the present, let us diligently inquire how many days there are, and we will undoubtedly find when we ought to celebrate Easter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"epactas","severity":"info","text":"Epactae (Greek ἐπακταί) denote the lunar ‘additions’ (adiectiones) that adjust the lunar year to the solar year. Dionysius here explains that the last year of the cycle retains eighteen epacts, supplying twelve days to the first year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"hendecadis","severity":"info","text":"Hendecas (Greek ἑνδεκάς) refers to an eleven-year cycle within the nineteen-year cycle, comprising seven common and four embolismic years. Dionysius uses it to identify the sixth year as embolismic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the general rules of the nineteen-year cycle to a worked example for the current year, identified by indiction (4th), lunar cycle (11th), and nineteen-year cycle (14th).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The indiction, lunar cycle, and nineteen-year cycle are three concurrent cycles used in medieval computus to date Easters. Dionysius’s system became standard in the Latin West after its adoption by the Synod of Whitby (664).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text at ‘præfixos dics nos invenire non dubium, est’ is grammatically awkward; the English draft smooths it. The sense is that the prescribed days are found without doubt, but the clause may reflect a scribal corruption or hasty composition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ‘a decima quinta luna Paschæ primi cycli’ is ambiguous: it could mean from the 15th moon of the first Easter of the cycle or from the 15th moon of the Easter of the first cycle. The English draft takes the latter, consistent with the preceding reference to the first cycle."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Transacto anno per indictionem tertiam (in Pascha) e lunam decimam quartam nono calendarum Aprilium die, id est viaesimo quarto mensis Martii fuisse, quis dubitet, qui curam hujus rci habere quantulumcunque cognoscitur? Et ideo ab octavo calendarum Aprilium die numerandi sumamus exordium: habemus Martii dies septem, Aprilis triginta, Maii triginta et unum, Junii triginta, Julii triginta et unum, Augusti triginta et naum, Septembris triginta, Octobris triginta et unum, Novembris triginta, Decembris triginta et unum, Januarii triginta et unum, Februarii viginti octo, Mar Iii triginta et unum, Aprilis duodecim dies, quod cst pridie idas Aprilis. Fiunt simul trecenti octoginta quatuor. Quod si, juxta corum definitionem qui lunam aliter quam sc veritas habet computant, dccimam quartam, non pridic iduum Aprilium, sed tertio iduum demus occurrere, trecenti octoginta tres dies imminuto numero colligentur g; quod nullo fieri pacto concetlilur. Et ita semper quoties dubitatio talis occurrerit, a decima quinta luna trans actæ festivitatis, usque in decimam quartam Paschæ, quod quærimus, dics sollicitc computemus. Et si communis annus est, trecentos quinquaginta quatuor dies; si embolismus est, trecentos octoginta quatuor inveniemus: nec inæqualitas i prorsus eveniet, quia regula cycli hujus hac ratione subsistit, cujus enucleatam formulam subjecta descriptione pandemus.","english":"After the third indiction year has passed, who, having even the slightest care for this matter, would doubt that the fourteenth moon of Easter was on the ninth day before the Kalends of April, that is, the twenty-fourth day of March? And therefore let us take the beginning of our counting from the eighth day before the Kalends of April: we have seven days of March, thirty of April, thirty-one of May, thirty of June, thirty-one of July, thirty of August, thirty of September, thirty-one of October, thirty of November, thirty-one of December, thirty-one of January, twenty-eight of February, thirty-one of March, and twelve days of April, which is the day before the Ides of April. Together they make three hundred eighty-four. But if, according to the definition of those who compute the moon otherwise than the truth holds, the fourteenth moon should occur not on the day before the Ides of April, but on the third day before the Ides, then a reduced number of three hundred eighty-three days would be collected, which is allowed by no means. And thus always, whenever such a doubt occurs, let us diligently count the days from the fifteenth moon of the past feast up to the fourteenth moon of the Easter we seek. And if it is a common year, we will find three hundred fifty-four days; if it is an embolismic year, we will find three hundred eighty-four: nor will any inequality arise, because the rule of this cycle stands by this reasoning, whose clear formula we will set forth in the appended description.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"trecentos octoginta quatuor","severity":"info","text":"The total of 384 days corresponds to an embolismic year of 13 lunar months in the 19-year cycle, as Dionysius explains.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismus","severity":"info","text":"Embolismus denotes a year with an intercalary month, adding 30 days to the common lunar year of 354 days, yielding 384 days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"indictionem tertiam","severity":"info","text":"The third indiction is a 15-year tax cycle used in late Roman dating; here it anchors the paschal calculation to a specific year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"a decima quinta luna transactae festivitatis","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius prescribes counting from the 15th moon of the previous Easter to the 14th of the current one, a method ensuring consistency in the cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"trecenti octoginta tres dies","severity":"caution","text":"The alternative total of 383 days is rejected as impossible, indicating a known computational error Dionysius corrects.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"subjecta descriptione","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius refers to an appended table or diagram, now lost, which would have displayed the cycle's formula clearly.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact year of the third indiction is not specified; the reading assumes a standard indiction cycle starting in 312 CE.","The phrase 'subjecta descriptione' may refer to a table or a written explanation, but its form is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Anno decemnovernalis circuli i primo, lunaris decimo septimo, a decimo quinto calendas Maii usque nonas Aprilis, quia communis aUsus est, fiunt * dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli secundo, lunaris decimo octavo, ab octavo idus Aprilis usque in octavam calendas Aprilis, quia communis annus est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli tertio, lunaris dccimo nono, a septimio calendas Aprilis usque in idus Aprilis, quia embolismus est, fiunt dies trecenti octoginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli quarto, lunaris primo, a decimo octavo calendas Maii usque in quartum nonas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli quinto, lunaris secundo, a tertio nonas Aprilis usque in undecimum calendas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.","english":"In the first year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the seventeenth, from the fifteenth day before the Kalends of May to the Nones of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.\n\nIn the second year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the eighteenth, from the eighth day before the Ides of April to the eighth day before the Kalends of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.\n\nIn the third year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the nineteenth, from the seventh day before the Kalends of April to the Ides of April, because it is an embolismic year, there are three hundred eighty-four days.\n\nIn the fourth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the first, from the eighteenth day before the Kalends of May to the fourth day before the Nones of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.\n\nIn the fifth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the second, from the third day before the Nones of April to the eleventh day before the Kalends of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"decemnovernalis circuli","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius uses 'decemnovennalis circulus' for the 19-year Metonic cycle, a standard term in computistical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismus","severity":"info","text":"'Embolismus' (from Greek ἐμβόλισμος) denotes a lunar year with an intercalary month, here of 384 days, as opposed to a 'communis' year of 354 days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 19-year cycle synchronizes solar and lunar years; common years have 12 lunar months (354 days), embolismic years 13 (384 days). Dionysius here tabulates the first five years of his cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a repetitive tabular list, each entry giving the year of the cycle, the lunar year number, the start and end dates in Roman calendar form, the year type, and the total days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"aUsus","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'aUsus' in the first entry is likely a scribal error for 'annus'; the English draft reads 'common year' as expected.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius's cycle begins with lunar year 17, not 1, because his cycle is aligned with the Alexandrian Easter computation, which started the lunar count at a different point.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'aUsus' in the first entry is a probable scribal corruption for 'annus'; the reading 'communis annus' is adopted."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Anno decemnovennalis circuli sexto, lunaris tertio, a decimo calendas Aprilis usque in quartum idus Aprilis, quia embolismus est, liunt dies trecenti octeginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli septimo, lunaris quarto, a tertio idus Aprilis usque in tertium.calendas Aprilis, quia communist est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli octavo, luuaris quinto, a pridie calendas Aprilis usque in decimum qurtum calendas Maii, quia embolismus est, flunt dies trecenti octoginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli nono, lunaris sexto, a decimo tertio calendas Maii usque in septimum idus Aprilis, quia communis esi, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli decimo, lunaris septimo, a sexto idus Aprilis usque in sextum calendas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.","english":"In the sixth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the third, from the tenth day before the Kalends of April to the fourth day before the Ides of April, because it is an embolismic year, there are three hundred eighty-four days.\n\nIn the seventh year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the fourth, from the third day before the Ides of April to the third day before the Kalends of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.\n\nIn the eighth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the fifth, from the day before the Kalends of April to the fourteenth day before the Kalends of May, because it is an embolismic year, there are three hundred eighty-four days.\n\nIn the ninth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the sixth, from the thirteenth day before the Kalends of May to the seventh day before the Ides of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.\n\nIn the tenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the seventh, from the sixth day before the Ides of April to the sixth day before the Kalends of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the systematic listing of lunar years 3–7 within the nineteen-year cycle, alternating between embolismic (384 days) and common (354 days) years, following the pattern established in the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismus","severity":"info","text":"Embolismic year: a lunar year of 384 days, containing an intercalary month (embolismos) to realign the lunar and solar calendars. Dionysius uses this term consistently for years with 13 lunar months.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"communis","severity":"info","text":"Common year: a lunar year of 354 days, consisting of 12 lunar months. The alternation of common and embolismic years is the basis of the 19-year cycle's synchronization of lunar and solar years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage covers years 6–10 of the 19-year cycle, corresponding to lunar years 3–7. The sequence of embolismic (years 6, 8) and common (years 7, 9, 10) years matches the standard Alexandrian cycle used by Dionysius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"liunt","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'liunt' (for 'fiunt') in the sixth year entry is a scribal error or variant; the standard reading is 'fiunt' as in the other entries. This does not affect the numerical content.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"luuaris","severity":"caution","text":"The spelling 'luuaris' (for 'lunaris') in the eighth year entry is a scribal variant, likely a miswriting of 'lunaris'. The intended meaning is clear from context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact Roman calendar dates (e.g., 'a decimo calendas Aprilis usque in quartum idus Aprilis') are given without specifying whether inclusive or exclusive counting is used, but the total day counts (354 or 384) resolve the intended span.","The spelling variants 'liunt' and 'luuaris' are scribal errors but do not obscure the meaning."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Anno decemnovennalis circuli undecimo, lunaris octavo, a quinto calendas Aprilis usque in decimum septimum calendas Maii, quia embolismus est, fiunt dies trecenti octoginta quaLuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli duodecimo, luuaris nono, a decimo sexto calendas Maii usque in pridie honas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli decimo tertio, lunaris decimo, a nonis Aprilis usque in nonum calendas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli decimo quarto, lunaris undecimo, ab octavo calendas Aprilis usque in secundum idus Aprilis, quia embolismus est, fiunt dies trecenti octoginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli decimo quinto, lunaris duodecimo, ab idibus Aprilis usque in calendas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.","english":"In the eleventh year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the eighth, from the fifth day before the Kalends of April to the seventeenth day before the Kalends of May, because it is an embolismic year, there are three hundred eighty-four days.\n\nIn the twelfth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the ninth, from the sixteenth day before the Kalends of May to the day before the Nones of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.\n\nIn the thirteenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the tenth, from the Nones of April to the ninth day before the Kalends of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.\n\nIn the fourteenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the eleventh, from the eighth day before the Kalends of April to the second day before the Ides of April, because it is an embolismic year, there are three hundred eighty-four days.\n\nIn the fifteenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the twelfth, from the Ides of April to the Kalends of April, because it is a common year, there are three hundred fifty-four days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the systematic listing of years 11–15 of the 19-year cycle, each entry specifying the lunar year number, the start and end dates in Roman calendar terms, the year type (common or embolismic), and the total days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismus","severity":"info","text":"Embolismus (from Greek ἐμβολισμός) denotes an intercalary or embolismic lunar year of 384 days, as opposed to a communis year of 354 days. The term is standard in computistical Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lunaris octavo","severity":"info","text":"Lunaris octavo (etc.) refers to the year within the lunar cycle, not the month. Dionysius numbers the lunar years 1–19 within the 19-year cycle; here year 8 corresponds to the 11th year of the cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft for year 12 reads 'from the sixteenth day before the Kalends of May to the day before the Nones of April', but the Latin has 'a decimo sexto calendas Maii usque in pridie honas Aprilis'. 'Honas' is likely a scribal error for 'nonas' (Nones).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"In year 15, the Latin gives 'ab idibus Aprilis usque in calendas Aprilis', which would mean from the Ides of April to the Kalends of April—an impossible backward span. The English draft reproduces this without correction; the intended end date is probably the Kalends of May.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470–544) compiled this cycle to standardize the calculation of Easter, replacing earlier Alexandrian and Roman systems. His work became the basis for the medieval computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'honas' in year 12 is ambiguous; it is emended to 'nonas' (Nones) in the English draft.","Year 15's end date 'calendas Aprilis' is likely a scribal error for 'calendas Maii', as the English draft notes but does not correct."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Anno decemnovennalis circuli decimo sexto, lunaris decimo tertio, a quarto nonas Aprilis usque in duodecimum calendas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli decimo septimo, lunaris decimo quarto, ab undecimo calendas Aprilis usque in quintum idus Aprilis, quia embolismus est, liunt dies trecenti octoginla quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli decimo octavo, lunaris decimo quinto, a quarlo idus Aprilis, usque in quartum calendas Aprilis, quia communis est, fiunt dies trecenli quinquaginta quatuor.\n\nAnno decemnovennalis circuli decimo nono, lunaris decimo sexto, a tertio calendas Aprilis usque in decimum quintum calendas Maii, quia embolismus est, fiunt dies trecenti octoginta quatuor.","english":"In the sixteenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the thirteenth, from the fourth day before the Nones of April to the twelfth day before the Kalends of April, because it is common, there are 354 days.\n\nIn the seventeenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the fourteenth, from the eleventh day before the Kalends of April to the fifth day before the Ides of April, because it is an embolismic year, there are 384 days.\n\nIn the eighteenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the fifteenth, from the fourth day before the Ides of April to the fourth day before the Kalends of April, because it is common, there are 354 days.\n\nIn the nineteenth year of the nineteen-year cycle, the lunar year being the sixteenth, from the third day before the Kalends of April to the fifteenth day before the Kalends of May, because it is an embolismic year, there are 384 days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Anno decemnovennalis circuli decimo sexto ... decimo nono","severity":"info","text":"This passage completes the nineteen-year cycle, covering years 16–19. Each entry follows the same formula: cycle year, lunar year, start and end dates, common or embolismic status, and total days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"communis","severity":"info","text":"‘Communis’ (common) denotes a lunar year of 354 days, as opposed to an embolismic year of 384 days. The term is standard in computistical literature for a non-intercalary year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismus","severity":"info","text":"‘Embolismus’ (embolismic) indicates a lunar year with an intercalary month, giving 384 days. This term is used consistently in Dionysius’s cycle to mark years requiring an extra month to align lunar and solar calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"a quarto nonas Aprilis ... usque in decimum quintum calendas Maii","severity":"info","text":"The date ranges for years 16–19 show the shifting start of the lunar year relative to the Julian calendar. For example, year 16 begins on 2 April (a.d. IV Non. Apr.) and ends on 21 March (a.d. XII Kal. Apr.), while year 19 begins on 30 March (a.d. III Kal. Apr.) and ends on 17 April (a.d. XV Kal. Mai.).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"liunt dies trecenti octoginla quatuor","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text contains scribal errors: ‘liunt’ for ‘fiunt’ and ‘octoginla’ for ‘octoginta’. These are likely copying mistakes in the manuscript tradition, not authorial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact manuscript source for these errors is not specified; the reading ‘liunt’ and ‘octoginla’ may reflect a particular scribe’s miswriting."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}