{"slug":"saxar","id":"georgian:titus:saxar","title":"Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"biblical-version","coverage_claim":{"status":"biblical-version","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:54:06Z","cost_usd":0.001361},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:saxar","work_id":"saxar","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Khanmeti Gospels A89/A844. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"},"stats":{"passages":8,"english_words":810,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":45,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":10,"ambiguities":17,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":3},"summary":{"work":"saxar","abstract":"The palimpsest A89 / A844 preserves the four Gospels in an early Georgian asomtavruli script, overwritten by a later text. Its fragmentary state, with lacunae and illegible portions, means the edition by L. Kajaia (published on TITUS) provides a diplomatic transcription with critical apparatus but no complete continuous text. The undertext is paleographically dated to the 9th–10th centuries, though no colophon or external witness confirms this. This early Georgian Gospel represents the pre-Athonite translation tradition, later superseded by George the Athonite’s 11th-century revision. The edition reconstructs verses conjecturally, and the text includes unusual toponyms and scribal glosses, reflecting local Georgian traditions.","historical_context":"The palimpsest A89 / A844 was produced in a Georgian-speaking Christian community, likely within the medieval Kingdom of Georgia or a Georgian monastic center abroad (e.g., on Mount Sinai or in Palestine). The undertext is written in asomtavruli, the oldest Georgian script, and paleographic analysis suggests a date in the 9th–10th centuries, but this remains uncertain due to the lack of a colophon or external corroboration. The Gospels belong to the pre-Athonite translation tradition, which predates the 11th-century revision by George the Athonite at the Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos. This earlier tradition reflects the initial phase of Georgian biblical translation, influenced by Armenian and Greek sources. The palimpsest’s fragmentary state—with overwriting, lacunae, and illegible sections—indicates it was reused, possibly in a later liturgical or scholarly context. The edition by L. Kajaia reconstructs the text from the undertext, but many verses are conjectural, and the exact provenance and original community remain unknown.","significance":"This palimpsest is a rare witness to the pre-Athonite Georgian Gospel tradition, offering insights into early Georgian biblical translation and scribal practices. Its fragmentary nature and inclusion of local toponyms and glosses highlight regional variations in the transmission of the Gospels. The text is crucial for understanding the development of Georgian Christianity and its literary culture before the standardization by George the Athonite.","timeline":[{"date":"9th–10th c.","event":"Paleographic dating of the asomtavruli undertext of palimpsest A89 / A844."},{"date":"11th c.","event":"George the Athonite revises the Georgian Gospels, superseding the pre-Athonite tradition."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"L. Kajaia edits the palimpsest, publishing a diplomatic transcription on TITUS."}],"relations":[{"work":"George the Athonite's revised Gospels","relation":"later revision of the same translation tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Other pre-Athonite Georgian Gospel manuscripts","relation":"contemporary or earlier witnesses to the same tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Adysh Gospels","relation":"another early Georgian Gospel manuscript (9th c.)","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The dating of the undertext to the 9th–10th centuries is based solely on paleographic analysis and is not confirmed by a colophon or external witness.","The text is fragmentary; many verses are conjecturally restored due to lacunae and illegible portions.","The exact provenance and original community of the palimpsest are unknown."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000413,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:29:41Z"},"checks":{"work":"saxar","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"ratio-warn","i":1,"ratio":0.128},{"code":"ratio-warn","i":2,"ratio":0.144}],"stats":{"passages":8,"translated":8,"commentary_passages":8,"commentary_units":45,"english_words":810,"source_letters":4609,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The palimpsest A89 / A844 preserves the Gospels in an early Georgian script (asomtavruli) beneath a later text. Its fragmentary state requires reconstruction from the undertext.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dating of the undertext is based on paleographic analysis of asomtavruli script, typically assigned to the 9th–10th centuries, but no colophon or external witness confirms this.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Lacunae and illegible portions in the palimpsest mean the edition cannot provide a complete continuous text; some verses are conjecturally restored.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This early Georgian Gospel text reflects the pre-Athonite translation tradition, later superseded by the revised version of George the Athonite (11th c.).","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition by L. Kajaia (TITUS) provides a diplomatic transcription of the palimpsest, with critical apparatus noting variant readings and reconstructions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 8 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"8 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Khanmeti Gospels A89/A844. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":8},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:saxar":{"label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"[სახარებაჲ მათჱსი]\n\n5. 18-22, 27-48 [A-89_013R1]\n\nႨႭႲႠ ႭႣႤႬႨ ႱႠႱႼႠ <...> იოტა ოდენი სასწა/ოჳლი ႭჃႪႨ ႤႰႧႨ ႠႰႠ ႼႠႰ ერთი არა წარ/ჴდეს ჄႣႤႱ ႸႿႭჃႪႨႱႠႢႠ შჯოჳლისაგა/ნი ႬႨ ႣႠ ႼႨႬႠႼႠႰႫႤႲ და წინაწარმეტ/ყოჳელთაჲ ႷႭჃႤႪႧႠჂ Ⴅ̃ႤႫႣႨႱ ვ(იდრ)ემდის ႠႰႠ Ⴗ̃ႪႨ ႾႨႷႭႱ არა ყ(ოვე)ლი ხიყოს\n\nႭჃႩႭჃႤႧႭჃ ႥႨႬႫႤ ოჳკოჳეთოჳ ვინმე ႣႠჄႱႬႤႱ ႤႰႧႨ ႫႺႬႤ დაჴსნეს ერთი მცნე/ბათა ႡႠႧႠ ႠႫႠႧႢႠႬႨ Ⴋ ამათგანი მ/[ცირედთაჲ]... ႺႨႰႤႣႧႠჂ ... [A-89_010V1] ႤႢႰႤႧ ႩႠႺႧႠ ႸႤႭჃ ეგრეთ კაცთა შეოჳ/რაცხ ႰႠႺႾ ႾႤႰႵႭჃႠ Ⴑ ႱႠ ხერქოჳა[ს] სა/სოჳფეველსა ႱႭჃႴႤႥႤႪႱႠ ႸႨႬႠ ႺႠ შინა ცა/[თასა] ႧႠႱႠ\n\nႾ̃ ႢႤႲႷჃ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ ႠႰႠ ႧႭჃ ხ(ოლო) გეტყჳ თქ(ოჳე)ნ არა თოჳ ႾႫႠႲႣႤႱ ႱႨႫႠႰႧႪჁ ხმატდეს სიმართლჱ ႧႵ̃ႬႨ ႾႭჃႴႰႭႱ ႫႼ თქ(ოჳე)ნი ხოჳფროს მწ/იგნობართა ႨႢႬႭႡႠႰႧႠ ႣႠ ႴႠ და ფა/რისეველთასა [A-89_013R2] ႰႨႱႤႥႤႪႧႠႱႠ ႠႰႠ არა ႱႠႣႠ ႸႤႾჃ ႣႤႧ ႱႠ სადა შეხჳ[დეთ] სა/სოჳფეველსა ႱႭჃႴႤႥႤႪႱႠ ႺႠႧႠ ცათა/სა","english":"Gospel of Matthew\n\n5:18-22, 27-48\n\n...one jot of the law... not one was left... from the judges and from the prophets... until... not everything is possible...\n\n...someone... they abolished one of the commandments... from among these... the smaller ones... thus among men they counted... the village of Kherkua... within the village... in the heavens...\n\n...I tell you, you do not... the truth... your scribes and Pharisees... not where you enter the village... in the heavens...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"იოტა ოდენი სასწა/ოჳლი","severity":"caution","text":"The text is fragmentary; the phrase likely refers to a 'jot of the law' (cf. Matthew 5:18), but the lacunae make the exact sense uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"სიმართლჱ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'truth' and 'scribes and Pharisees' echoes Matthew 5:20, where Jesus speaks of the law and the prophets.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ხერქოჳა","severity":"info","text":"Kherkua (ხერქოჳა) is a toponym; its mention here is unusual and may reflect a local Georgian tradition or a scribal gloss.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"სასწა/ოჳლი","severity":"info","text":"The term 'sasc'awli' (სასწაული) means 'miracle' or 'wonder'; here it may be a scribal error or variant for 'law' (სასწოული).","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ႭჃႪႨ ႤႰႧႨ ႠႰႠ ႼႠႰ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated negation 'not one' and the listing of 'judges' and 'prophets' suggest a structured argument, possibly a catena of legal and prophetic authorities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text is heavily lacunose; the exact sequence of Matthew 5:18-22, 27-48 is not fully preserved, and the reading of 'sasc'awli' as 'law' or 'miracle' is uncertain.","The toponym 'Kherkua' is unattested elsewhere; its identification is unclear."],"confidence":"low","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ႱႠ ႢႠႱႫႨႤႱ ႱႠႫႤ გასმიეს სამე Ⴐ̃ ႧႵႭჃႫႭჃႪ ႠႰႱ რ(ამეთოჳ) თქოჳმოჳლ არს ႮႨႰႥႤႪႧႠ ႫႠႧ Ⴀ პირველთა მათ ა/რა ႰႠ ႩႠႺ ႾႩႪႠ Ⴐ̃ Ⴐ̃Ⴌ კაც ხკლა რ(ამეთოჳ) რ(ომელმა)ნ ႩႠႺ ႩႪႠႱ ႧႠႬႠႫႣႤႡ კაც კლას თანამდებ ႠႰႱ ႨႢႨ ႱႠႸႿႤႪႨႱႠ არს იგი საშჯელისა\n\nႾ̃ . . . . . . . . . . . . ხ(ოლო) . . . . . . . . . . . . [A-89_010V2] Ⴐ̃ႪႨ ႢႠႬႾႭჃႰႨႱႾႬႤႱ რ(ომე)ლი განხოჳრისხნეს ႻႫႠႱႠ ႧჃႱႠ ႺႭჃ ძმასა თჳსა [ცოჳ]/დად ႣႠႣ ႧႠႬႠႫႣႤႡ ႾႨ თანამდებ ხი/ყოს ႷႭႱ ႱႠႸႿႤႪႨႱႠ საშჯელისა Ⴐ̃Ⴌ ႾႰႵ̃ႠႱ ႻႫႠႱႠ ႧჃႱ რ(ომელმა)ნ ხრქ(ოჳ)ას ძმასა თჳს/სა ႱႠ ႸႤႱႭჃႪႤႡႭჃႪ შესოჳლებოჳლ ႧႠႬႠႫႣႤႡ ႾႨႷႭႱ თანამდებ ხიყოს ႨႢႨ ႩႰႤႡႭჃႪႨႱႠ ႣႠ იგი კრებოჳლისა და <...> [A-89_052R1]\n\nႢႠႱႫႨႤႱ Ⴐ̃ ႧႵႭჃႫႭჃႪ გასმიეს რ(ამეთოჳ) თქოჳმოჳლ ႠႰႱ ႠႰႠ ႾႨႫႰႭჃ არს არა ხიმროჳ/შო\n\nႸႭ Ⴐ̃ ႫႤ ႢႤႲႷჃ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ რ(ამეთოჳ) მე გეტყჳ თქ(ოჳე)ნ Ⴐ̃ Ⴗ̃ႪႨ Ⴐ̃ႪႨ ႾႾႤႣႥႨႣႤႱ რ(ამეთოჳ) ყ(ოვე)ლი რ(ომე)ლი ხხედვიდეს ႣႤႣႠႩႠႺႱႠ ႢႭჃႪႨႱ დედაკაცსა გოჳლის-/თქოჳმად ႧႵႭჃႫႠႣ ႫႨႱႠ ႫႭჃ მისა მოჳ/ნქოჳესვე ႬႵႭჃႤႱႥႤ ႨႫႰႭჃ იმროჳ/შა ႸႠ ႫႨႱ ႧႠႬႠ ႢႭჃႪ მის თანა გოჳლ/სა ႱႠ ႸႨႣႠ ႧჃႱႱႠ შიდა თჳსსა","english":"They heard the third: \"Why is it said, 'There is a man who kills a man'? Because a man who kills a man is liable to judgment.\"\n\nBut... the one who was angry with his brother for a fault is liable to judgment. The one who curses his brother is liable to judgment, and he is of the assembly and...\n\nThey heard: \"Why is it said, 'There is no dream'?\"\n\nBecause I tell you, \"Everything that one sees in a woman, to speak of her heart, to her monk, to that same dream, in her heart within herself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ႱႠ ႢႠႱႫႨႤႱ ႱႠႫႤ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'They heard the third' marks a new unit in a catechetical or homiletic sequence, likely the third of a series of sayings or questions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ႧႵႭჃႫႭჃႪ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian verb 'tkhomul' (said) is a passive form, used here to introduce a quoted saying, consistent with the formulaic style of the text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ႱႠႸႿႤႪႨႱႠ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'sashjelisa' (judgment) appears twice, indicating a legal or moral context; the phrase 'liable to judgment' reflects a juridical concept in early Georgian Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ⴞ̃ . . . . . . . . . . . .","severity":"caution","text":"The lacuna marked by ellipses in the Georgian text (folio A-89_010V2) obscures the transition; the following clause about anger at a brother may be incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ႻႫႠႱႠ ႧჃႱႠ ႺႭჃ/ዳዲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'angry with his brother for a fault' echoes New Testament admonitions against anger (e.g., Matthew 5:22), though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ႨႫႰႭჃ/ሾረ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'imro' (dream) introduces a discussion of dreams, a topic in early Christian ascetic literature, possibly related to monastic discipline or moral teaching.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacuna after 'kherkua' in the previous passage and the ellipsis in the Georgian text leave the connection between the first and second sections unclear.","The phrase 'to her monk' (munkhvesve) is ambiguous; it may refer to a spiritual advisor or a monastic figure, but the context is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ႭჃႩႭჃႤႧႭჃ ႧႭჃႠ ოჳკოჳეთოჳ თოჳა/ლი [A-89_047V1] ႪႨ ႸႤႬႨ ႫႠႰႿႭჃႤႬჁ შენი მარჯოჳენჱ ႢႠႺႧႭჃႬႤႡ ႣႤႱ ႸႤႬ გაცთოჳნებ[დეს] შენ ႠႶႫႭႨႶႤ ႣႠ ႢႠႬႠႢ აღმოიღე და განაგ/დე ႣႤ ႸႤႬႢႠႬ Ⴐ̃ ႾႭჃႫ შენგან რ(ამეთოჳ) ხოჳმ/ჯობჱს ႿႭႡჁႱ ႠႰႱ ႸႤႬႣႠ არს შენდა Ⴐ̃Ⴀ ႼႠႰႼႷႫႣႤႱ ႤႰ რ(აჲთ)ა წარწყმდეს ერ/თი ႧႨ ႠႱႭႧႠ ႸႤႬႧႠႢႠ ასოთა შენთაგა/ნი ႬႨ ႣႠ ႬႭჃ Ⴗ̃ႪႨ ႢႭჃႠ და ნოჳ ყ(ოვე)ლი გოჳა/მი [A-89_052R2] ႫႨ ႸႤႬႨ ႸႧႠႥႠႰႣႤ შენი შთავარდე/ბინ ႡႨႬ ႢႤჀႤႬႨႠႱႠ გეჰენიასა\n\nႣႠ ႧႭჃ ႫႠႰႿႭჃႤႬჁ და თოჳ მარჯოჳენჱ ჄႤႪႨ ႸႤႬႨ ႢႠႺႧႭჃ ჴელი შენი გაცთოჳ/ნებდეს ႬႤႡႣႤႱ ႸႤႬ ႫႭႨႩႭჃႤ შენ მოიკოჳე/თე ႧႤ ႣႠ ႢႠႬႠႢႣႤ ႨႢႨ და განაგდე იგი ႸႤႬႢႠႬ Ⴐ̃ ႾႭჃႫႿႭ შენგან რ(ამეთოჳ) ხოჳმჯო/ბჱს ႡჁႱ ႠႰႱ ႸႤႬႣႠ Ⴐ̃Ⴀ არს შენდა რ(აჲთ)ა ႼႠႰႼႷႫႣႤႱ ႤႰႧႨ წარწყმდეს ერთი ႠႱႭႧႠ ႸႤႬႧႠႢႠႬႨ ასოთა შენთაგანი [A-89_047V2] ႣႠ ႬႭჃႫႺႠ Ⴗ̃ႪႨ ႢႭჃႠ და ნოჳმცა ყ(ოვე)ლი გოჳა/მი ႫႨ ႸႤႬႨ ႸႧႠႥႠႰႣႤ შენი შთავარდე/ბის ႡႨႱ ႢႤჀႤႬႨႠႱႠ გეჰენიასა","english":"They heard the third: \"Why is it said, 'There is a man who kills a man'? Because a man who kills a man is liable to judgment.\" But... the one who was angry with his brother for a fault is liable to judgment. The one who\n\nIf your right hand errs, you are commanded: \"Take it and cut it off from yourself, because it does you harm, and through it one of your hundred parts perishes, and the whole body falls into Gehenna.\"\n\nAnd if your right foot errs, you are commanded: \"Cut it off and cast it away from yourself, because it does you harm, and through it one of your hundred parts perishes, and the whole body falls into Gehenna.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage presents two parallel conditional sentences: one for the right hand, one for the right foot. Each follows the same pattern: error, command to amputate, reason, consequence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მარჯოჳენი","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'მარჯოჳენი' (mardžoweni) corresponds to 'right' (hand/foot). The same word is used for both hand and foot, reflecting the Georgian translation's consistency.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Gehenna","severity":"info","text":"Gehenna (გეჰენია) is the Greek-derived term for hell, used in early Christian literature to denote a place of punishment. Its appearance here underscores the gravity of the sin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft omits the second half of the first sentence (the one about anger and cursing) and begins mid-sentence. The Georgian text is continuous; the break is editorial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The structure of the two conditional sentences is nearly identical, with only the body part changed (hand vs. foot). This repetition is typical of early Christian catechetical or homiletic material.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text has two nearly identical paragraphs; it is unclear whether the second is a scribal duplication or a deliberate repetition for the foot.","The English draft's opening 'They heard the third' is not present in the Georgian passage provided; the Georgian begins directly with the conditional sentence."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ႧႵႭჃႫႭჃႪ ႠႰႱ Ⴐ̃ Ⴌ თქოჳმოჳლ არს რ(ომელმა)[ნ] ႢႠႬႾႭჃႲႤႭႱ ႺႭႪႨ განხოჳტეოს ცოლი ႧჃႱႨ ႾႤႺႨ Ⴌ ႫႠႱ ႢႠႬ თჳსი ხეცი[ნ] მას გან/სატევებელი\n\nႱႠႲႤႥႤႡႤႪႨ ႼႨႢႬႨ Ⴞ̃ წიგნი ხ(ოლო) ႫႤ ႢႤႲႷჃ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ Ⴐ̃ Ⴗ̃Ⴌ მე გეტყჳ თქ(ოჳე)ნ რ(ამეთოჳ) ყ(ოველმა)ნ [A-89_052V1] Ⴐ̃Ⴌ ႣႠႾႭჃႲႤႭႱ ႺႭႪႨ რ(ომელმა)ნ დახოჳტეოს ცოლი ႧჃႱႨ ႧჃႬႨႤႰႠႣ ႱႨႲ თჳსი თჳნიერად სიტ/ყჳსა ႷჃႱႠ ႱႨႻႥႨႱႠ ႠႫႰႭჃ სიძვისა ამროჳ/შოს ႸႭႱ ႨႢႨ ႣႠ Ⴐ̃Ⴌ ႣႠႲႤ იგი და რ(ომელმა)ნ დატე/ვებოჳლი ႥႤႡႭჃႪႨ ႺႭႪႨ ႾႨႷႭႱ ႨႫ ცოლი ხიყოს იმ/როჳშებდეს ႰႭჃႸႤႡႣႤႱ\n\nႫႤႰႫႤ ႢႠႱႫႨႤႱ Ⴐ̃ მერმე გასმიეს რ(ამეთოჳ) ႧႵႭჃႫႭჃႪ ႠႰႱ ႮႨႰ თქოჳმოჳლ არს პირ/ველთა ႥႤႪႧႠ ႠႰႠ ႺႨႪႨ Ⴞ Ⴔ არა ცილი ხ[ფ]/ოჳცო ႭჃႺႭ Ⴀ̃Ⴃ ႫႨႾႺႤ Ⴍ̃Ⴀ ა(რამე)დ მიხცე ო(ჳფალს)ა [A-89_047R1]\n\nႴႨႺႨ ႸႤႬႨ Ⴐ̃ ႫႤ ႢႤႲႷჃ ფიცი შენი რ(ამეთოჳ) მე გეტყჳ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ ႬႭჃ ႾႴႭჃႺႠႥႧ თქ(ოჳე)ნ ნოჳ ხფოჳცავთ Ⴗ̃ႪႣ ႬႭჃႺႠ ႺႠႱႠ Ⴐ̃ ყ(ოვ)ლ(ა)დ ნოჳცა ცასა რ(ამეთოჳ)","english":"They heard the third: \"Why is it said, 'There is a man who kills a man'? Because a man who kills a man is liable to judgment.\" But... the one who was angry with his brother for a fault is liable to judgment. The one who kills a man without a word of adultery, that one is a murderer; and the one who leaves his wife and takes another wife, that one commits adultery.\n\nAgain they heard: \"Why is it said, 'There is a man'? Among the first, there is no fault; but you have sworn to the Lord: 'Your oath, why do I say to you? You do not keep the oath.'\" For all in heaven, why?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the legal casuistry of the previous folios, distinguishing between killing with and without adultery and between remarriage and adultery.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"თქოჳმოჳლ","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'თქოჳმოჳლ' (tk'omol) translates the Coptic 'ⲣⲱⲙⲉ' (man) and is used in a generic sense for 'a man' in the legal example.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'kills a man without a word of adultery' echoes Exodus 20:13 (LXX) and the legal tradition of the Old Testament, though no direct citation is given.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to swearing an oath to the Lord and not keeping it reflects early Christian monastic or penitential discipline, common in Coptic and Georgian ascetic literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of questions and answers, introduced by 'They heard the third' and 'Again they heard', typical of a catechetical or legal dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian text is fragmentary; the phrase 'for all in heaven, why?' is incomplete and may reflect a lacuna or a corrupt reading in the palimpsest.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'for all in heaven, why?' is ambiguous; it may be a rhetorical question or a fragment of a larger argument about divine judgment.","The identity of the speaker ('they heard') is not specified; it could be disciples or a monastic community."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ႱႠႷႣႠႰႨ ႠႰႱ Ⴖ̃Ⴢ ႬႭჃ საყდარი არს ღ(მრთისა)ჲ ნოჳ/ცა ႺႠ ႵႭჃႤႷႠႬႠႱႠ Ⴐ̃ ქოჳეყანასა რ(ამეთოჳ) ႩႭჃ ႠႰႺႾႪႡႤႰႩႨ ... კოჳ[არცხლბერკი]... ႴႤႰჄႧႠ ႫႨႱႧႠჂ ფერჴთა მისთაჲ ႬႭჃႺႠ Ⴈ̃ჁႫႱႠ Ⴐ̃ ႵႠႪႠ ნოჳცა ი(ეროჳსალ)ჱმსა რ(ამეთოჳ) ქალა/ქი [A-89_052V2] ႵႨ ႠႰႱ ႣႨႣႨႱႠ ႫႨႱ არს დიდისა მის\n\nႫႤႭჃႴႨႱႠჂ ႬႭჃ მეოჳფისაჲ ნოჳ/ცა ႺႠ ႧႠႥႱႠ ႸႤႬႱႠ თავსა შენსა ႾႴႭჃႺႠႥ Ⴐ̃ ႥႤႰ ႸႤ Ⴋ ხფოჳცავ რ(ამეთოჳ) ვერ შე[მ]/ძლებელ ႻႪႤႡႤႪ Ⴞ ႠႰ ႤႰႧႨႱႠ [ხ]არ ერთისა ႧႫႨႱႠ ႢႠႬႧႤႧႰႤႡႠႣ თმისა განთეთრებად ႠႬႭჃ ႣႠႸႠႥႤႡႠႣ ანოჳ დაშავებად\n\nႠ̃Ⴃ ႾႨႷႠႥႬ ႱႨႲႷႭჃႠჂ ა(რამე)დ ხიყავნ სიტყოჳაჲ ႧႵ̃ႬႨ ჀჁ ჀႤ ႣႠ ႠႰႠჂ თქ(ოჳე)ნი ჰჱ ჰე და არაჲ ႠႰႠ Ⴞ̃ ႾႭჃႫႤႲჁႱႨ არა ხ(ოლო) ხოჳმეტჱსი [A-89_047R2] ႠႫႠႧႱႠ ႤႸႫႠႩႨႱႠ ამათსა ეშმაკისა/განი ႢႠႬႨ ႠႰႱ არს\n\nႢႠႱႫႨႤႱ Ⴐ̃ ႧႵႭჃႫႭჃႪ გასმიეს რ(ამეთოჳ) თქოჳმოჳლ ႠႰႱ ႧႭჃႠႪႨ ႧႭჃႠ არს თოჳალი თოჳა/ლისა ႪႨႱႠ ႼႨႪ ႣႠ . . . ႩႡႨ წილ და . . . [კბი]/ლისა","english":"a throne exists of God, of Noah. And why the world? For the archangel... his feet, of Noah, of Jerusalem, because the stone is of its greatness.\n\nOf the king, of Noah, and on your head you cannot, for it is impossible, you are not of one to cleanse or to harm oneself.\n\nWhy did you hear the word? They said, \"He and no,\" but not more than these of the devil's are.\n\nThey heard, for it is said, \"A target of a target of a limb and... of a tooth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"საყდარი","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian word 'საყდარი' (saq'dari) means 'throne' or 'seat', here associated with God and Noah, possibly indicating a divine or patriarchal seat of authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ნოჳ/ცა","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Noah (ნოჳ/ცა) may allude to Genesis 6–9, where Noah is a central figure, though the specific reference to a 'throne of God of Noah' is not a direct biblical quotation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ი(ეროჳსალ)ჱმსა","severity":"info","text":"Jerusalem (ი(ეროჳსალ)ჱმსა) is mentioned, likely as a symbolic or geographical reference in early Christian literature, possibly connected to the stone of its greatness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ქოჳეყანასა","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ქოჳეყანასა' (k'oeq'anasa) is unclear; it may be a corruption or variant of 'world' (ქოჳეყანა), but the context is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"გასმიეს","severity":"info","text":"The repeated pattern 'They heard' (გასმიეს) and 'Why is it said' (რამეთოჳ თქოჳმოჳლ) mirrors the structure of the previous passage, suggesting a catechetical or dialogic format.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ეშმაკისა/განი","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'of the devil' (ეშმაკისა/განი) may reflect early Christian polemics against heretical or demonic influences, common in Georgian patristic literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ქოჳეყანასა' is ambiguous: it could mean 'world' or be a proper name; the reading 'world' is adopted here.","The clause 'თოჳალი თოჳა/ლისა' (target of a target) is obscure; it may be a metaphorical or corrupt expression.","The lacunae in the text (e.g., '...' and '[კბი]/ლისა') leave the final sentence incomplete."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ႪႨႱႠ ႼႨႪ . . . წილ . . . ႧႵ̃Ⴌ ႬႭჃ ႾႭჃჄႣႤႡႨႧ თქ(ოჳე)ნ ნოჳ ხოჳჴდებით ႡႭႰႭႲႱႠ ბოროტსა [A-89_045R1] Ⴀ̃Ⴃ ႢႺႤႱ ႧႭჃ ႥႨႬႫႤ ა(რამე)დ გცეს თოჳ ვინმე ႸႤႬ ႫႠႰႿႭჃႤႬႤႱႠ შენ მარჯოჳენესა ႶႠႼႭჃႱႠ ႸႤႬႱႠ ႫႨ ღაწოჳსა შენსა მი/ხოჳპყარ ႾႭჃႮႷႠႰ ႤႰႧႨႺႠ ერთიცა\n\nႣႠ Ⴐ̃ႪႱႠ ႾႭჃႬႣႤႱ და რ(ომე)ლსა ხოჳნდეს ႱႠႸႿႤႪႠႣ ႣႠ ႫႨႶႤ საშჯელად და მიღე/ბად ႡႠႣ ႩႭჃႠႰႧႨႱႠ ႸႤ კოჳართისა შე/ნისა ႬႨႱႠ ႫႨႾႭჃႲႤႥႤ ႫႠႱ მიხოჳტევე მას ႴႨႹჃႺႠ ႸႤႬႨ ფიჩჳცა შენი\n\nႣႠ ႧႭჃ ႥႨႬႫႤ ႼႠႰ და თოჳ ვინმე წარ/გიძღოჳანებდეს [A-89_038V1] ႢႨႻႶႭჃႠႬႤႡႣႤႱ ႸႤႬ შენ ႫႨႪႨႭႬ ႤႰႧ ႫႨႥႤႣ მილიონ ერთ მივედ\n\nႸႤႬ ႭႰႺႠ Ⴐ̃ႪႨ ႢႧ შენ ორცა რ(ომე)ლი გთ/ხოვდეს ႾႭႥႣႤႱ ႸႤႬ ႫႨႾႤႺ შენ მიხეც ႣႠ Ⴐ̃ႪႱႠ ႾႭჃႬႣႤႱ და რ(ომე)ლსა ხოჳნდეს ႥႠႱႾႤႡႠႣ ႸႤႬႢႠႬ ვასხებად შენგან ႬႭჃ ႢႠႰႤ ႫႨ Ⴞ ႨႵႺႤႥ ნოჳ გარე მი[ხ]იქცევ ႮႨႰႱႠ ႸႤႬႱႠ პირსა შენსა [A-89_045R2]","english":"... of the cross ... portion ... the Lord Noah, by the will of God, Noah, by the will of the Lord, for evil. [A-89_045R1] And if someone should curse you, on your right cheek, on your cheek, receive it, even one.\n\nAnd for whatever reason, for judgment and for receiving, for the sake of your covenant, give yourself to him, your palm.\n\nAnd if someone should lead you astray, [A-89_038V1] and you be led astray, one million, one, I have come.\n\nYou, for two things that you ask, you have received, and for whatever reason, to be planted by you, do not turn away from your face. [A-89_045R2]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ႪႨႱႠ ႼႨႪ ... ႧႵ̃Ⴌ ႬႭჃ ႾႭჃႄႣႤႡႨႧ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase is fragmentary: 'of the cross ... portion ... the Lord Noah, by the will of God, Noah, by the will of the Lord.' The repetition of Noah and divine will suggests a liturgical or symbolic context, but the sense is uncertain due to lacunae.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ႼႨႪ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ჽil' (portion) may refer to a share or allotment, possibly in a ritual or legal sense. In the context of Noah, it could allude to a division of inheritance or a typological role.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ႢႺႤႱ ႧႭჃ ႥႨႬႫႤ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'if someone should curse you' echoes the New Testament teaching on turning the other cheek (Matthew 5:39; Luke 6:29). The Georgian specifies the right cheek, aligning with patristic exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ႬႨႱႠ ႫႨႾႭჃႲႤႥႤ ႫႠႱ ႴႨႹჃႺႠ ႸႤႬႨ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to 'give yourself to him, your palm' suggests a gesture of submission or offering, possibly related to early Christian liturgical practice or a legal covenant (covenant is mentioned earlier).","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ႫႨႪႨႬ ႤႰႧ ႫႨႥႤႣ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'one million, one, I have come' is obscure. It may be a numerical or symbolic expression (e.g., a large multitude or a specific count), but the text is corrupt and the intended meaning is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"A-89_045R1 ... A-89_045R2","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by folio breaks (045R1, 038V1, 045R2), indicating it is compiled from discontinuous sections of the palimpsest. The narrative flow is disrupted, and the units may originally have been separate sayings or instructions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening fragment is too broken to determine the exact referent of 'cross' and 'portion'.","The phrase 'one million, one, I have come' is syntactically and semantically unclear; it may be a corruption or a numerical metaphor.","The relationship between the covenant, the palm, and the subsequent instructions is not fully coherent due to lacunae."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ႢႠႱႫႨႤႱ Ⴐ̃ ႧႵႭჃႫႭჃႪ გასმიეს რ(ამეთოჳ) თქოჳმოჳლ ႠႰႱ ႸႤႾႨႷႭჃႠႰႭ არს შეხიყოჳარო ႫႭႷႭჃႠႱႨ ႸႤႬႨ ႣႠ მოყოჳასი შენი და ႫႭႾႨႻႭჃႪႭ ႫႲႤႰႨ მოხიძოჳლო მტერი ႸႤႬႨ შენი\n\nႾ̃ ႫႤ ႢႤႲႷჃ ႾႷႭჃႠႰႭႡ ხ(ოლო) მე გეტყჳ ხყოჳარობ/დით ႣႨႧ ႫႲႤႰႧႠ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ მტერთა თქ(ოჳე)ნ/თა ႧႠ ႣႠ ႾႠႩႭჃႰႧႾႤႥ და ხაკოჳრთხევ/დით ႣႨႧ ႫႼႷႤႥႠႰႧႠ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ მწყევართა თქ(ოჳე)ნ/თა ႧႠ ႣႠ ႾႪႭႺႤႥႣႨႧ და ხლოცევდით [A-89_038V2] ႰႪ̃ႬႨ ႫႨႢႾႭჃႤႽႣႤႬ რ(ომე)ლნი მიგხოჳეჭდენ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ ႣႠ ႢႣႤႥႬႨႣႤႬ თქ(ოჳე)ნ და გდევნიდენ\n\nႧႵ̃Ⴌ Ⴐ̃Ⴀ ႾႨႷႬႤႧ Ⴘ თქ(ოჳე)ნ რ(აჲთ)ა ხიყნეთ შ/ვილ ႥႨႪ ႫႠႫႨႱႠ ႧႵ̃ႬႨႱႠ მამისა თქ(ოჳე)ნისა Ⴐ̃Ⴊ ႠႰႱ ႺႠႧႠ ႸႨႬႠ რ(ომე)ლ არს ცათა შინა Ⴐ̃ ႫႦჁ ႫႨႱႨ ႠႶႫႭႠႥ რ(ამეთოჳ) მზჱ მისი აღმოავ/ლინის ႪႨႬႨႱ ႡႭႰႭႲႧႠ Ⴆ̃Ⴀ ბოროტთა ზ(ედ)ა ႣႠ ႩႤႧႨႪႧႠ Ⴆ̃Ⴀ და კეთილთა ზ(ედ)ა [A-89_045V1] ႣႠ ႼჃႫႬ ႫႠႰႧႠႪ და წჳმნ მართალ/თა ႧႠ Ⴆ̃Ⴀ ႣႠ ႺႭႣႥႨႪ ზ(ედ)ა და ცოდვილ/თა ႧႠ Ⴆ̃Ⴀ ზ(ედ)ა","english":"... listen: why did he say, “There is a quarrel, your enemy and your adversary”?\n\nBut I tell you: with a word of praise to your enemies, and with a word of blessing to your blasphemers, and with a word of prayer [A-89_038V2] for those who persecute you, and for those who drive you out.\n\nYour Lord, why do you call the son of your father, who is in the heavens? Because his sun rises over the evil and over the good, [A-89_045V1] and over the righteous and over the sinners.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"თქოჳმოჳლ","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian verb 'თქოჳმოჳლ' (said) introduces a rhetorical question, mirroring the Coptic original's dialogic style.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ხყოჳარობ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ხყოჳარობ' (praise) is used here in a paradoxical sense, as the speaker instructs to praise enemies, reflecting a theme of non-retaliation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ცათა შინა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the heavens' echoes New Testament language (e.g., Matthew 6:9), though the exact source is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"მზჱ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the sun rising over both evil and good likely draws on a sapiential or apocalyptic tradition, common in early Christian paraenesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"A-89_038V2","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from direct address to a series of conditional clauses, marked by the conjunction 'რ(ომე)ლნი' (those who), structuring the exhortation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"A-89_045V1","severity":"caution","text":"The text at A-89_045V1 is fragmentary; the phrase 'and over the righteous and over the sinners' may be a later gloss or a scribal expansion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker ('I' in 'But I tell you') is unclear; it may be Jesus or a prophetic voice.","The phrase 'son of your father' could refer to a specific individual or be a generic expression for a human being."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ႭჃႩႭჃႤႧႭჃ ႾႷႭჃႠ ოჳკოჳეთოჳ ხყოჳა/რობდეთ ႰႭႡႣႤႧ ႫႭႷႭჃႠႰႤ მოყოჳარე/თა ႧႠ ႧႵ̃ႬႧႠ ႰႠჂ ႱႠႱ თქ(ოჳე)ნთა რაჲ სას/ყიდელ ႷႨႣႤႪ ႢႠႵႭჃႬႣႤႱ გაქოჳნდეს ႧႵ̃Ⴌ ႠႰႠ ႫႤႦႭჃႤႰႤ თქ(ოჳე)ნ არა მეზოჳერე/თაცა ႧႠႺႠ ႤႢႰႤႥႤ ႷႥႨ ეგრევე ყვი/ანა\n\nႠႬႠ ႣႠ ႧႭჃ ႫႭ და თოჳ მო/ხიკითხვიდეთ [A-89_038R1] ႾႨႩႨႧႾႥႨႣႤႧ ႫႤႢႭ მეგო/ბართა ႡႠႰႧႠ ႧႵ̃ႬႧႠ Ⴞ̃ თქ(ოჳე)ნთა ხ(ოლო) ႰႠჂ ႾႭჃႫႤႲჁႱ ႾႷႭႧ რაჲ ხოჳმეტჱს ხყოთ ႠႰႠ ႼႠႰႫႠႰႧႧႠ არა წარმართთა/ცა ႺႠ ႤႢႰႤႥႤ ႷႥႨႠႬႠ ეგრევე ყვიანა\n\nႾႨႷႥႤႬႨႧ ႧႵ̃Ⴌ ႱႰႭჃ ხიყვენით თქ(ოჳე)ნ სროჳ/ლ Ⴊ Ⴅ̃Ⴀ ႫႠႫႠჂ ႧႵ̃ႬႨ ვ(ითარც)ა მამაჲ თქ(ოჳე)ნი ႱႰႭჃႪ ႠႰႱ სროჳლ არს","english":"... listen: why did he say, “There is a quarrel, your enemy and your adversary”? But I tell you: with a word of praise to your enemies, and with a word of blessing to your blasphemers, and with a word of prayer to your enemies, you will have God; do not be a neighbor to them, and likewise all are guilty.\n\nAnd do not question me, “Why do you call your friends evil?” For you call them evil, but what more do you say? Not to the pagans, and likewise all are guilty.\n\nYou call your soul short-lived; your father is short-lived, the soul is not.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"repetition of 'and with a word of prayer to your enemies'","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft repeats the phrase 'and with a word of prayer to your enemies' dozens of times, which is not present in the Georgian text. The Georgian has only one instance of 'and with a word of prayer to your enemies' (ႠႬႠ ႣႠ ႧႭჃ ႫႭ...). This appears to be a copying error in the draft.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ხიყვენით (xik'venit)","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian word 'ხიყვენით' (xik'venit) is a hapax legomenon in this text, likely meaning 'by means of a word' or 'with a word'. It may be a scribal variant or error for 'ხიყვენით' (xik'venit) related to 'ხიყვი' (xik'vi, 'word').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"passage structure","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian text contains three distinct sections: (1) a rhetorical question about enemies and adversaries, (2) a series of exhortations to use words of praise, blessing, and prayer, and (3) a question about calling the son of the father in heaven. The English draft conflates these into a repetitive list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Georgian palimpsest A89/A844","severity":"info","text":"This passage is from the palimpsest manuscript A89/A844, edited by L. Kajaia. The text is fragmentary and contains many lacunae and scribal errors, as indicated by the repetition and unclear phrases in the Georgian.","cites":[{"key":"ed:saxar","label":"source edition: Gospels from the Palimpsest ms. A89 / A844 (L. Kajaia's edition)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/xanmeti/saxareba/saxar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"phrase 'sroƛ ars' (სროჳლ არს)","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian phrase 'სროჳლ არს' (sroƛ ars) is unclear; it may mean 'it is a word' or be a corruption. The context suggests a question about the son of the father in heaven, but the exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The English draft contains a massive repetition of 'and with a word of prayer to your enemies' that is not in the Georgian original. The Georgian text is fragmentary and contains several unclear phrases, such as 'sroƛ ars' and 'xik'venit'. The exact structure and meaning of the passage are uncertain due to the palimpsest's condition."],"confidence":"low","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}