{"slug":"psa","id":"georgian:titus:psa","title":"Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"none","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T23:43:29Z","cost_usd":0.003028},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:psa","work_id":"psa","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Biblia Iberica: Psalterium et Odae. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"},"stats":{"passages":8,"english_words":141,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":37,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":8,"ambiguities":9,"work_notes":4,"external_links":4,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"psa","abstract":"Redaction A of the Psalms and Odes is an early Old Georgian translation of the Psalter and biblical canticles, preserved in a single 10th-century manuscript (Sinai georg. 34). The translation, dated linguistically to the 8th–9th centuries, was based on a Greek Septuagint Vorlage and represents a pre-revision stage of the Georgian Psalter tradition. It was used in early Georgian monastic liturgy, as the inclusion of the Odes indicates. The edition lacks a critical apparatus, limiting its value for detailed textual criticism. The text is transmitted via the TITUS corpus and reflects the standard Georgian title 'ფსალმუნნი' (Psalmuni), a calque of Greek Ψαλμοί.","historical_context":"Redaction A of the Psalms and Odes was produced in the 8th–9th centuries within the Georgian monastic communities of the Caucasus, likely at a center such as the Lavra of St. Sabas or the Georgian monastery on Mount Sinai. The translation was made from a Greek Septuagint Vorlage, prior to later Georgian revisions influenced by Constantinopolitan or Jerusalem liturgical practices. The sole surviving witness, Sinai georg. 34 (10th century), was discovered at St. Catherine's Monastery, a key site for the preservation of early Georgian manuscripts. The inclusion of the Odes—a collection of canticles sung in the Divine Office—confirms its liturgical use in the early Georgian Church. The text's linguistic features, such as archaic vocabulary and syntax, place it in the early phase of the Old Georgian literary tradition, which flourished under the influence of Byzantine Christianity. The transmission of this redaction reflects the broader movement of biblical texts from Greek into Georgian, often mediated through Armenian or Syriac intermediaries, though here the direct Greek Vorlage is evident.","significance":"Redaction A is a crucial witness to the early Georgian Psalter tradition, predating later revisions and providing insight into the liturgical and textual practices of early medieval Georgian Christianity. Its relationship to the Greek Septuagint and its use in monastic liturgy connect it to broader Byzantine and Eastern Christian traditions. The work is also important for studying the development of the Georgian language and biblical translation techniques.","timeline":[{"date":"8th–9th centuries","event":"Translation of the Psalms and Odes into Old Georgian (Redaction A) from a Greek Septuagint Vorlage."},{"date":"10th century","event":"Copying of the sole surviving manuscript, Sinai georg. 34, at St. Catherine's Monastery."},{"date":"10th–11th centuries","event":"Later Georgian revisions of the Psalter, influenced by Constantinopolitan and Jerusalem traditions, supersede Redaction A."},{"date":"20th century","event":"Discovery and scholarly study of Sinai georg. 34, leading to the identification of Redaction A."},{"date":"21st century","event":"Digitization and inclusion of Redaction A in the TITUS corpus, making it accessible for research."}],"relations":[{"work":"Septuagint (Greek Old Testament)","relation":"Vorlage for the translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian Psalter (later revisions)","relation":"Precedes and contrasts with later Georgian Psalter redactions","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Odes (biblical canticles)","relation":"Included as a collection appended to the Psalms","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Sinai georg. 34 manuscript","relation":"Sole surviving witness of Redaction A","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"TITUS corpus","relation":"Digital edition and transmission","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Georgian_language","label":"Georgian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language","reason":"Context for the language of the translation"},{"key":"wikipedia:Septuagint","label":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint","reason":"Greek source text for the translation"},{"key":"wikipedia:St._Catherine's_Monastery","label":"St. Catherine's Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery","reason":"Provenance of the sole manuscript"},{"key":"wikipedia:Psalms","label":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms","reason":"Biblical book translated"}],"cautions":["The dating to the 8th–9th centuries is based on linguistic features and is approximate; no external evidence confirms a precise date.","The sole manuscript (Sinai georg. 34) is fragmentary, and the edition lacks a critical apparatus, limiting its use for textual criticism.","The translation's Vorlage is assumed to be Greek Septuagint, but the possibility of an intermediary (e.g., Armenian or Syriac) cannot be entirely ruled out.","The liturgical use is inferred from the inclusion of the Odes, but direct evidence of its use in specific monastic rites is lacking."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000544,"generated":"2026-11-14T23:43:28Z"},"checks":{"work":"psa","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":8,"translated":8,"commentary_passages":8,"commentary_units":37,"english_words":141,"source_letters":500,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian text of Redaction A is preserved in a single 10th-century manuscript (Sinai georg. 34), reflecting an early stage of the Georgian Psalter tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Redaction A is dated to the 8th–9th centuries, based on linguistic features and its relationship to the Greek Septuagint Vorlage, prior to later Georgian revisions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma99160767917803941"]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This redaction was used in early Georgian monastic liturgy, as indicated by its inclusion of the Odes, a collection of canticles sung in the Divine Office.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not include a critical apparatus for variant readings from other Georgian Psalter manuscripts, limiting its use for textual criticism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 8 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"8 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Biblia Iberica: Psalterium et Odae. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":8},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:psa":{"label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"},"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter":{"label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"[Book: Ps.] ფსალმუნნი","english":"Psalms","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ფსალმუნნი","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian title 'ფსალმუნნი' (Psalmuni) is a direct calque of Greek 'Ψαλμοί' (Psalmoi), marking the book as the Psalter. This heading introduces the first passage of Redaction A, which follows the narrative structural classification from the Coptic cues.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ფსალმუნნი","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian Psalter (Redaction A) is transmitted in the TITUS corpus and reflects a translation tradition likely based on a Greek Vorlage. The title form 'ფსალმუნნი' is standard in early Georgian biblical manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma99160767917803941"]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian Psalter was central to monastic liturgy and private devotion. Redaction A represents an early stage of the Georgian textual tradition, prior to later revisions influenced by the Constantinopolitan or Jerusalemite liturgical practices.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage consists only of the book title; no further textual content is present to determine the specific psalm or ode that follows. The reading taken is that this is the incipit of the Psalter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"[Chapter: 1]","english":"[Chapter: 1]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter: 1","severity":"info","text":"The passage consists solely of a chapter heading, with no psalm text provided. This suggests the manuscript may be a fragment or a witness to a redaction where the text of Psalm 1 was omitted or lost.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["titus"]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian Psalter tradition, as represented in Redaction A, often preserves only chapter headings or incipits in certain manuscript witnesses, indicating a liturgical or excerpted use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma99160767917803941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The absence of any psalm text after the heading may be a scribal omission or a deliberate feature of the redaction. The English draft mirrors the Georgian exactly, so no content is supplied editorially.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["It is unclear whether the original manuscript contained the text of Psalm 1 after the heading, or if the heading alone was intended as a placeholder."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"[Verse: 1] ნეტარ არს კაცი, რომელი არა მივიდა ზრახვასა უღმრთოთასა, გზასა ცოდვილთასა არა დადგა, საჯდომელსა ურჩულოთასა არა დაჯდა;","english":"Blessed is the man who did not go to the counsel of the godless, did not stand on the path of sinners, did not sit on the seat of the rebellious.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ნეტარ არს კაცი","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula 'Blessed is the man' echoes the beatitude form common in wisdom and psalm literature, marking a macarism that structures the verse as a declarative blessing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ზრახვასა","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'ზრახვასა' (zraxvasa) translates 'counsel' or 'deliberation', here specifically the counsel of the godless, reflecting a moral dichotomy common in sapiential texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ნეტარ არს კაცი","severity":"info","text":"This macarism is reminiscent of Psalm 1:1 in the Septuagint tradition ('Blessed is the man...'), though the specific phrasing here is not a direct citation but a structural parallel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"უღმრთოთასა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'godless' (უღმრთოთასა) reflects a key category in early Christian and Jewish polemic, often used in the Psalms to contrast the righteous with the impious.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"გზასა ცოდვილთასა","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of the 'path of sinners' is a common biblical trope (e.g., Proverbs 4:14-15), emphasizing moral choice through spatial metaphor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"საჯდომელსა ურჩულოთასა","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'seat of the rebellious' is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal seat of authority or a metaphorical position of defiance; the Old Georgian does not clarify the nuance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The term 'ურჩულოთასა' (určulotasa) could mean 'rebellious' or 'disobedient', but the exact connotation in this context is unclear; the reading taken is 'rebellious' as a moral category."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"[Verse: 2] არამედ რჩულსა უფლისასა არს ნებაჲ მისი, რჩულსა მისსა ზრახავნ იგი დღე და ღამე.","english":"But the will of the Lord is his counsel; by day and by night he meditates upon his counsel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"რჩულსა","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian noun 'რჩული' (rčuli) can mean 'counsel' or 'will' in a divine context. Here it is used twice: first in 'რჩულსა უფლისასა' (the counsel of the Lord) and then in 'რჩულსა მისსა' (his counsel), creating a parallel between divine and human meditation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ნებაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ნებაჲ' (nebay) means 'will' or 'desire'. In this verse, it equates the Lord's will with his counsel, a theological assertion common in the Psalms that aligns human meditation with divine purpose.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Psalm 1:1 (LXX)","severity":"info","text":"This verse echoes the opening of Psalm 1 in the Septuagint, where the blessed man avoids evil counsel. The Georgian text here expands on that theme, emphasizing meditation on divine counsel day and night.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Georgian monastic meditation","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'by day and by night he meditates' reflects the monastic practice of continuous prayer and scriptural meditation, common in Georgian Christian asceticism, as seen in the redaction of the Psalms for liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"verse 2","severity":"info","text":"This verse forms a chiastic structure with the previous passage: the blessed man avoids evil counsel (verse 1) and instead meditates on the Lord's counsel (verse 2), contrasting worldly and divine guidance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Old Georgian 'რჩულსა' could be interpreted as either 'counsel' or 'will', but the context of meditation suggests 'counsel' is primary, with 'will' as a secondary theological nuance."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"[Verse: 3] იყოს იგი ვითარცა ხე, დანერგული თანა-წარსადინელსა წყალთასა, რომელმან გამოსცეს ხილი თჳსი ჟამსა თჳსსა და ფურცელი მისი არა დასცჳვის; ყოველივე რაჲცა ყოს, და წარემართენ მას","english":"Let him be like a tree, planted by the flowing waters, which brings forth its fruit in its own time and whose leaf does not wither; everything that he does, and they direct him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"იყოს იგი ვითარცა ხე, დანერგული თანა-წარსადინელსა წყალთასა","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a tree planted by flowing waters is a biblical image of stability and divine provision, echoing Psalm 1:3 in the Old Georgian version.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"თანა-წარსადინელსა","severity":"info","text":"The compound term 'tana-ts'arsadinelsa' (flowing together) is a rare Old Georgian formation, likely a calque on a Greek or Syriac original, emphasizing continuous water flow.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ხილი თჳსი ჟამსა თჳსსა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fruit in its own time' echoes Psalm 1:3 in the Old Georgian Psalter, where the righteous are compared to a fruitful tree.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ყოველივე რაჲცა ყოს, და წარემართენ მას","severity":"info","text":"The final clause shifts from a simile to a general statement about divine direction, possibly a gloss or expansion unique to this redaction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"დანერგული","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'danerguli' (planted) is used in Old Georgian for both literal planting and metaphorical establishment, common in patristic commentaries on the Psalms.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'yqos' (let him be) is ambiguous; the English draft supplies 'him' from context, but the Georgian lacks an explicit antecedent.","The final clause 'and they direct him' has an impersonal plural subject; it may be a passive construction or refer to divine agents."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"[Verse: 4] არა ესრე უღმრთონი და არა ეგრე, არამედ ვითარცა მტუერი, რომელ აღავის ქარმან პირისაგან ქუეყანისა.","english":"Not so the impious, and not thus, but like dust which the wind lifts from the face of the earth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The verse contrasts the righteous (implied from the previous passage) with the impious, who are likened to dust blown by the wind, emphasizing their lack of stability and moral grounding.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მტუერი","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'მტუერი' (mt'ueri) means 'dust' and is used here as a metaphor for the impious, evoking the ephemeral and scattered nature of dust in contrast to the rooted tree of the righteous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of dust lifted by wind echoes Psalm 1:4 (LXX) or similar passages in the Psalter where the wicked are compared to chaff or dust, reinforcing the moral dichotomy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopic David Psalter tradition, such metaphorical contrasts between the righteous and impious are common, often drawing on agrarian or natural imagery to convey moral states.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This verse serves as a narrative pivot, moving from the description of the righteous (previous passage) to a stark antithesis, using the particle 'არა' (not) to negate the prior model.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text does not specify whether 'wind' (ქარმან) is a natural or divine agent; the reading takes it as a natural force, but a theological interpretation (e.g., divine judgment) is possible."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"[Verse: 5] ამისთჳს არა დადგენ უღმრთონი სარჯელსა, არცა ცოდვილნი ზრახვასა მართალთასა;","english":"Therefore, the impious do not stand in judgment, nor do the sinners in the counsel of the righteous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"სარჯელსა","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'სარჯელსა' (sargelsa) means 'judgment' or 'tribunal', corresponding to the Coptic notion of a judicial setting. The verse contrasts the impious and sinners with the righteous, who presumably stand in judgment or counsel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"უღმრთონი","severity":"info","text":"'უღმრთონი' (ughmroni) is the Old Georgian term for 'the impious' or 'the godless', derived from 'უღმრთო' (without God). It parallels the Coptic 'ⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ' (asebēs) in the underlying Greek tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ზრახვასა მართალთასა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'counsel of the righteous' echoes Psalm 1:4-5 in the Septuagint tradition, where the righteous deliberate against the impious. This is a common motif in the Psalms, contrasting the fate of the godly and ungodly.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This verse continues the narrative contrast from the previous passage: the impious are like dust lifted by wind, while here they are excluded from judgment and counsel. The parallelism reinforces the theme of divine justice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian text is part of Redaction A of the Psalms and Odes, likely translated from a Greek Vorlage. The terms 'სარჯელსა' and 'ზრახვასა' reflect legal and deliberative contexts common in early Christian monastic settings.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma99160767917803941"]}],"ambiguities":["The Old Georgian 'სარჯელსა' could be interpreted as a specific tribunal or a general judgment; the English draft takes it as 'judgment' in a legal sense. The phrase 'counsel of the righteous' may imply a deliberative body or a spiritual assembly, but the text does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"[Verse: 6] რამეთუ უწყის უფალმან გზაჲ მართალთაჲ და გზაჲ უღმრთოთაჲ წარწყმდეს.","english":"For the Lord knows the way of the righteous and the way of the impious perishes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"რამეთუ უწყის უფალმან გზაჲ მართალთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The clause asserts divine knowledge of the righteous path, contrasting with the perishing of the impious way. The Old Georgian uses 'მართალთაჲ' (righteous) and 'უღმრთოთაჲ' (impious), aligning with the ethical dualism of the Psalms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"უღმრთოთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'უღმრთოთაჲ' (impious) is a standard Old Georgian rendering for Greek ἀσεβής, denoting those without piety. It appears in the context of judgment and perishing, echoing the fate of the wicked in wisdom literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"გზაჲ მართალთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'way of the righteous' is a biblical trope, found in Psalms 1:6 and Proverbs, where the righteous path is known to God. The parallel with the perishing way of the impious recalls Psalm 1:6 (LXX) on divine knowledge of ways.","cites":[{"key":"ed:psa","label":"source edition: Psalms and Odes (Redaction A)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/psa/psa.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Verse: 6","severity":"info","text":"This verse concludes the passage, forming a couplet with the previous verse (not shown) on judgment. The structure contrasts divine knowledge (Lord knows) with destruction (perishes), typical of synonymous parallelism in the Psalms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Old Georgian Psalter","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian Psalter (Redaction A) derives from a Greek Vorlage, likely the Septuagint. The term 'წარწყმდეს' (perishes) reflects a Greek verb like ἀπόλλυται, common in LXX Psalms for the fate of the wicked.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-david-psalter","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Psalter (Mazmura Dāwit): the Psalms with the appended canticles and Song of Songs","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-david-psalter"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian 'წარწყმდეს' could be read as 'perishes' or 'is destroyed'; the English draft takes 'perishes' as active, but the verb is passive in form. The subject 'way of the impious' is clear, but whether the perishing is self-caused or divinely inflicted is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}