{"slug":"pavlecd-pavle","id":"georgian:titus:pavlecd-pavle","title":"St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"none","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:25:19Z","cost_usd":0.002681},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:pavlecd-pavle","work_id":"pavlecd-pavle","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Epistulae Pauli georgice (CD). Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":790,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":24,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":8,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"pavlecd-pavle","abstract":"This dossier concerns an anonymous Old Georgian redaction of St. Paul's Epistles, designated 'redaction CD', which preserves systematic variant readings characteristic of a pre-Athonite recension. The text is undated but likely originates from the 9th–10th centuries, after the earliest Georgian translations (5th–7th c.) and before the Athonite revision of the 11th century. The redaction is not used in the standard Georgian liturgical lectionary, suggesting a non-liturgical, possibly scholarly or monastic context. Variant readings are marked but not systematically distinguished as scribal errors, dialectal forms, or deliberate theological alterations. The relationship to other recensions (e.g., Oshki or Gelati families) remains uncertain due to the lack of a complete stemma of Georgian Pauline manuscripts.","historical_context":"The Old Georgian translation of the Pauline Epistles began in the 5th–7th centuries, likely in monastic centers in Georgia and Palestine. By the 9th–10th centuries, Georgian scribes produced multiple recensions, including this anonymous redaction CD, which predates the influential Athonite revision of the 11th century led by Euthymius the Athonite. The redaction's variants—some possibly dialectal or theological—suggest a context of careful, non-liturgical transmission, perhaps in a scholarly or monastic scriptorium. The absence of this redaction from the standard lectionary indicates it was not intended for public reading. The manuscript tradition is fragmentary, and no complete stemma exists, leaving the redaction's relationship to other families (Oshki, Gelati) unclear. The work survives in Georgian script, likely from the region of Tao-Klarjeti or other Georgian monastic centers.","significance":"This redaction provides crucial evidence for the development of the Georgian biblical text before the Athonite standardization. Its systematic variants offer insights into early medieval Georgian scribal practices, dialectal diversity, and theological interpretation. The work is a key witness to the pre-Athonite textual tradition and highlights the complexity of Georgian Pauline transmission, inviting further research into its relationship with other recensions and its non-liturgical use.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Earliest Georgian translations of the Pauline Epistles produced."},{"date":"9th–10th c.","event":"Redaction CD of the Pauline Epistles copied, showing pre-Athonite variants."},{"date":"11th c.","event":"Athonite revision of the Georgian Bible by Euthymius the Athonite."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Redaction CD not used in standard Georgian liturgical lectionary."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Relationship to Oshki and Gelati recension families remains uncertain."}],"relations":[{"work":"Old Georgian Pauline Epistles (earliest translations)","relation":"precedes and is revised by this redaction","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Athonite revision of the Georgian Bible","relation":"postdates and likely supersedes this redaction","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Oshki recension of Georgian biblical texts","relation":"possible contemporary or related recension","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Gelati recension of Georgian biblical texts","relation":"possible later recension with uncertain relationship","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The redaction is undated; the 9th–10th century attribution is inferred from its pre-Athonite character.","Attribution to a single editor is a modern editorial convenience; the work is anonymous.","No complete stemma of Georgian Pauline manuscripts exists; relationships to other recensions are uncertain.","Variant readings are not systematically distinguished as scribal, dialectal, or theological."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000445,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:25:19Z"},"checks":{"work":"pavlecd-pavle","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":24,"english_words":790,"source_letters":3466,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian text of the Pauline Epistles in this redaction CD shows systematic variant readings that reflect a pre-Athonite recension, likely from the 9th–10th centuries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The redaction is anonymous and undated; its attribution to a single editor is a modern editorial convenience. The manuscript tradition places it after the earliest Georgian translations (5th–7th c.) but before the Athonite revision (11th c.).","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990015050290203941","label":"The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990015050290203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This redaction was not used in the standard Georgian liturgical lectionary; its variants suggest a non-liturgical, possibly scholarly or monastic, context of transmission.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990017396090203941","label":"The vision of Paul Tillich","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990017396090203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition marks variant readings but does not systematically distinguish between scribal errors, dialectal forms, and deliberate theological alterations. Readers should consult the critical apparatus for each variant.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No complete stemma of Georgian Pauline manuscripts exists; the relationship of this redaction to other known recensions (e.g., the Oshki or Gelati families) remains uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990046726100203941","label":"Etude sur l' \"Expositio Missae\" de Florus de Lyon : suivie d'une edition critique du texte","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990046726100203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Epistulae Pauli georgice (CD). Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 18.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life":{"label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"},"dossier:latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli":{"label":"gap dossier: Exposition of the Epistles of Blessed Paul, Collected from the Works of Saint Augustine","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli"},"hollis:alma990015050290203941":{"label":"The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990015050290203941"},"ed:pavlecd-pavle":{"label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"},"dossier:latin-hrabanus-enarrationes-in-epistolas-pauli":{"label":"gap dossier: Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-hrabanus-enarrationes-in-epistolas-pauli"},"hollis:alma990017396090203941":{"label":"The vision of Paul Tillich","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990017396090203941"},"hollis:alma990046726100203941":{"label":"Etude sur l' \"Expositio Missae\" de Florus de Lyon : suivie d'une edition critique du texte","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990046726100203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"პავლე მოციქულისა წიგნი ჰრომელთა მიმართ\n\n1 პავლე, მონაჲ იესუ ქრისტჱსი, ჩინებული მოციქული, რჩეული სახარებასა მას ღმრთისასა, რომელ-იგი წინაჲსწარ აღუთქუა წინაჲსწარმეტყუელთა მისთა მიერ წიგნთაგან წმიდათა ძისა მისისათჳს, რომელი-იგი იშვა თესლისაგან დავითისა ჴორციელად, რომელ-იგი გამოჩნდა ძედ ღმრთისა ძალითა და სულითა მით სიწმიდისაჲთა, აღდგომითა მით მკუდრეთით იესუ ქრისტეს უფლისა ჩუენისაჲთა, რომლისაგან-ესე მოვიღეთ მადლი და მოციქულებაჲ დასამორჩილებელად სარწმუნოებისა ყოველთა წარმართთა სახელისა მისისათჳს, რომელთა შორის ხართ თქუენცა ჩინებულნი იესუ ქრისტესნი, ყოველთა, რომელნი ხართ ჰრომეს შინა, საყუარელთა ღმრთისათა, ჩინებულთა წმიდათა, მადლი თქუენდა და მშჳდობაჲ ღმრთისა მიერ მამისა ჩუენისა და უფლისა იესუ ქრისტესა! პირველად ვჰმადლობ ღმერთსა ჩემსა ქრისტე იესუჲს მიერ თქუენ ყოველთათჳს, რამეთუ სარწმუნოებაჲ ეგე თქუენი განითქუმის ყოველსა სოფელსა, რამეთუ მოწამე ჩემდა არს ღმერთი, რომელსა-ესე ვჰმსახურებ მე სულითა ჩემითა სახარებითა ძისა მისისაჲთა, ვითარ უნაკლულოდ ჴსენებასა თქუენსა ვჰყოფ მარადის ლოცვათა შინა ჩემთა და ვევედრები, რაჲთა აწ ღათუ სამე წარმემართოს მე ნებითა ღმრთისაჲთა მისლვად თქუენდა, რამეთუ მსურის ხილვაჲ თქუენი, რაჲთა მი-რაჲმე-გცე თქუენ მადლი სულიერი დასამტკიცებელად თქუენდა.1","english":"The Epistle of Paul to the Romans\n\n1 Paul, servant of Jesus Christ, a distinguished apostle, chosen for that Gospel of God, which was promised beforehand by his prophets through the holy books concerning his Son, who was born from the seed of David in the flesh, who appeared as the Son of God by power and by that Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection of the dead of Jesus Christ our Lord, from whom we have received grace and apostleship for the confirmation of the faith of all the Gentiles for the sake of his name, among whom you also are distinguished ones of Jesus Christ, all of you who are in Rome, beloved of God, distinguished holy ones, grace to you and peace from God through our Father and Lord Jesus Christ! First, I thank my God through Christ Jesus for all of you, for that faith of yours is proclaimed throughout the whole world, for God is my witness, whom I serve with my soul by the Gospel of his Son, how I make mention of you without fail always in my prayers and I beseech that now, if only three times, it may be granted to me by the will of God to come to you, for I desire to see you, so that I might impart to you some spiritual grace for your confirmation.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"პავლე მოციქულისა წიგნი ჰრომელთა მიმართ","severity":"info","text":"The heading identifies the work as Paul's Epistle to the Romans, but the following text is a lengthy, non-canonical expansion of the Pauline greeting, typical of apocryphal epistolary introductions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მონაჲ","severity":"info","text":"Georgian 'monay' (servant) renders Greek 'doulos', a standard Pauline self-designation, but here it is part of an elaborate, non-biblical self-introduction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"აღდგომითა მით მკუდრეთით","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'resurrection of the dead' echoes 1 Cor 15:42 and Rom 1:4, but the surrounding context is a free composition, not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ჰრომეს","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Rome' (Hromē) situates the epistle in the traditional Pauline corpus, but the text's elaborate greeting is unattested in canonical Romans and reflects later hagiographic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli","label":"gap dossier: Exposition of the Epistles of Blessed Paul, Collected from the Works of Saint Augustine","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ჩინებულთა წმიდათა","severity":"info","text":"The address 'distinguished holy ones' (činebult‘a c‘midata) reflects a later liturgical or monastic context, elevating the Roman addressees to a sanctified status not found in the canonical text.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990015050290203941","label":"The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990015050290203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"სამე","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'if only three times' (same) is obscure; it may be a corruption or a specific reference to a tripartite request, but the intended meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text is a non-canonical expansion of Romans 1:1-7, with no clear biblical source for the extended greeting; the phrase 'if only three times' is ambiguous and may be a scribal error or a liturgical formula."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"I- ში ამ მუხლის მეორე ნახევარი გადასულია და ძნელად იკითხება. ხოლო არს ესე თანანუგეშინის-ცემა თქუენ შორის ურთიერთარსი იგი სარწმუნოებაჲ თქუენი და ჩემი. არა მნებავს უმეცრებაჲ თქუენი, ძმანო, რამეთუ მრავალგზის მინდა მისლვად თქუენდა და დავეყენე მოაქადმდე, რაჲთა თქუენ შორისცა ნაყოფი რაჲმე მაქუნდეს, ვითარცა სხუათა მათ შორის თესლთა. წარმართთა და ბარბაროზთა, ბრძენთა და უგუნურთა თანამდებ ვარ. და ესრეთ არს გულსმოდგინებაჲ ჩემი, რაჲთა თქუენცა, რომელნი ხართ ჰრომს შინა, გახარო. რამეთუ არა მრცხუენის მე სახარებაჲ იგი ქრისტესი, რამეთუ ძალი ღმრთისაჲ არს მაცხოვრად ყოვლისა მორწმუნისა, ჰურიისა პირველად და მერმე წარმართისა. რამეთუ სიმართლე ღმრთისაჲ მას შინა გამოცხადნების სარწმუნოებითი სარწმუნოებად, ვითარცა წერილ არს: მართალი სარწმუნოებითა ცხოვნდეს.(1) Hab. 2,4","english":"... the second half of this verse is displaced and difficult to read. But this is the consolation among you, that mutual faith of yours and mine. I do not desire your ignorance, brothers, for many times I wished to come to you and I remained to preach, so that among you also I might have some fruit, as among those other peoples. I am indebted to pagans and barbarians, to the wise and the foolish. And such is my zeal, that you also, who are in Rome, I might gladden. For I am not ashamed of that Gospel of Christ, for the power of God is for the salvation of every believer, of a Jew first and then of a pagan. For the righteousness of God is revealed in it as a faithful faith, as it is written: the righteous one is saved by faith. (1) Hab. 2,4","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"I- ში ამ მუხლის მეორე ნახევარი გადასულია და ძნელად იკითხება","severity":"caution","text":"The opening note in the Georgian indicates that the second half of the preceding verse is displaced and difficult to read, suggesting a textual corruption or lacuna in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"თანანუგეშინის-ცემა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'თანანუგეშინის-ცემა' (tananugeshinis-tsema) is a compound meaning 'mutual consolation' or 'comfort together,' reflecting a pastoral tone not present in the standard Pauline corpus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Hab. 2,4","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Hab. 2,4' refers to Habakkuk 2:4, but the quoted phrase 'the righteous one is saved by faith' does not correspond to any known version of that verse, indicating a possible misattribution or free adaptation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ჰრომს","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Rome' (ჰრომს, hroms) and the mention of Jews and pagans aligns with the traditional setting of Paul's Epistle to the Romans, though the content here is non-canonical and appears to be a later homiletic expansion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"წარმართთა და ბარბაროზთა","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of 'pagans and barbarians' (წარმართთა და ბარბაროზთა) reflects a late antique or medieval Georgian rhetorical trope, emphasizing the universal scope of Paul's mission beyond the Greco-Roman world.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"სარწმუნოებითი სარწმუნოებად","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'faithful faith' (სარწმუნოებითი სარწმუნოებად) is tautological and may reflect a scribal error or a deliberate emphasis on orthodoxy, but its exact meaning is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening note about a displaced verse suggests the passage may be a fragment or interpolation, but the original context is lost.","The citation of Habakkuk 2:4 does not match the quoted text, leaving the source of the quotation uncertain.","The identity of the speaker ('I' and 'you') is ambiguous; it may be Paul addressing the Romans, or a later author adopting Paul's voice."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"(ა̂ 1) თავების აღნიშვნა B- ში ყოველთვის უსწრებს სათაურს. T -ში კი აქ მეორე თავი იწყება, ამიტომ თავების სათვალავი ბოლომდე გადაწეულია ერთით, ე.ი. T- ში 22 თავია, სხვებში -- 21. რამეთუ გამოჩინებად არს რისხვაჲ ღმრთისაჲ ზეცით ყოველსა ზედა უღმრთოებასა და სიცრუვესა კაცთასა, რომელთა ჭეშმარიტებაჲ სიცრუვით აქუნდა, რამეთუ მეცნიერებაჲ იგი ღმრთისაჲ ცხად არს მათ შორის, რამეთუ ღმერთმანვე გამოუცხადა მათ. რამეთუ უხილავი იგი მისი დაბადებითგან სოფლისაჲთ ქმნულთა მათ შინა საცნაურად იხილვების და სამარადისოჲ იგი მისი ძალი და ღმრთეებაჲ, რაჲთა იყვნენ იგინი ვერ სიტყჳსმიმგებელ, რამეთუ იცოდეს ღმერთი და არა ღმრთეებრ ადიდებდეს, გინა ჰმადლობდეს, არამედ ამაო იქმნეს გულისზრახვითა მათითა, და დაუბნელდა უგულისხმოჲ იგი გული მათი. იტყოდეს თავთა თჳსთა ბრძენ და განცოფნეს და ცვალეს დიდებაჲ იგი უხრწნელისა ღმრთისაჲ მსგავსებად ხატისა მის განხრწნადისა კაცისა და მფრინველთა და ოთხფერჴთა და ქუეწარმავალთა. V- ში სხვა ხელითაა ჩამატებული ე ბ \"მსგავსებად\" სიტყვაში. ამისთჳს მისცნა იგინი ღმერთმან გულისთქუმასა გულთა მათთასა არაწმიდებად და გინებად ჴორცთა მათთა მათ თანა.2 24-ე მუხლის გვერდით აშიაზე იმავე ხელით, მაგრამ წვრილად განმარტებაა: უმეცრებამან მისცნა იგინი ვნებათა მათ გულის თქუმისათა, არა თუ ღმერთმან IK.","english":"(1) The notation of chapters in B always precedes the title. In T, however, the second chapter begins here, therefore the count of chapters is shifted by one to the end, i.e., in T there are 22 chapters, in the others — 21. For the wrath of God is manifest from heaven upon every impiety and falsehood of men, who held truth as falsehood, for that knowledge of God is evident among them, for God himself revealed it to them. For his invisible [nature] from the beginning of the world is seen as knowable in those created things, and his eternal power and divinity, so that they might be unable to deny the word, for they knew God and did not magnify him as God, nor give thanks, but became vain in their intention, and their senseless heart was darkened. They called their own heads wise and understood and changed that glory of the incorruptible God into the likeness of the image of corruptible man and of birds and quadrupeds and reptiles. In V, by another hand, the letters \"e b\" are added in the word \"likeness\". Therefore God gave them over to the desire of their hearts for the uncleanness and abomination of their flesh with them.2 Beside the 24th verse on the margin, by the same hand but in small script, there is an explanation: Ignorance gave them over to the passions of their desire, not God. IK.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"თავების აღნიშვნა B- ში ყოველთვის უსწრებს სათაურს. T -ში კი აქ მეორე თავი იწყება","severity":"info","text":"The note on chapter numbering indicates a structural divergence between manuscripts B and T, with T having 22 chapters versus 21 in others, shifting the count by one.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"რამეთუ გამოჩინებად არს რისხვაჲ ღმრთისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The passage echoes themes of divine wrath against impiety, common in patristic commentaries on Paul; similar language appears in Latin expositions of the Pauline epistles.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli","label":"gap dossier: Exposition of the Epistles of Blessed Paul, Collected from the Works of Saint Augustine","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli"},{"key":"dossier:latin-hrabanus-enarrationes-in-epistolas-pauli","label":"gap dossier: Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-hrabanus-enarrationes-in-epistolas-pauli"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"რამეთუ ღმერთმანვე გამოუცხადა მათ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'God himself revealed it to them' likely alludes to Romans 1:19, where knowledge of God is said to be manifest through creation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"V- ში სხვა ხელითაა ჩამატებული ე ბ \"მსგავსებად\" სიტყვაში","severity":"info","text":"Manuscript V contains a marginal addition of the letters 'e b' in the word 'likeness' by a different hand, indicating a scribal intervention or variant reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"24-ე მუხლის გვერდით ... განმარტებაა: უმეცრებამან მისცნა იგინი ვნებათა მათ გულის თქუმისათა, არა თუ ღმერთმან","severity":"info","text":"A marginal gloss beside verse 24 attributes human passions to ignorance rather than God, reflecting a theological concern to absolve God of responsibility for evil.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"IK","severity":"caution","text":"The abbreviation 'IK' at the end of the marginal gloss is unclear; it may be a scribal signature or an abbreviation for a name or phrase, but its meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of manuscripts B, T, and V is not specified in the text; their relationships and dates are unknown.","The abbreviation 'IK' in the marginal gloss is ambiguous; it could be a personal mark or a textual abbreviation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"რომელთა-იგი გარდაცვალეს ჭეშმარიტებაჲ ღმრთისაჲ სიცრუვედ და პატივ-სცემდეს და ჰმსახურებდეს დაბადებულთა და არა დამბადებელსა, რომელ-იგი არს კურთხეულ უკუნისამდე. ამინ. ამისთჳს მისცნა იგინი ღმერთმან ვნებასა მას გინებისასა, რამეთუ დედათა მათთა გარდაცვალეს ბუნებისა იგი წესი არაბუნებად. ეგრეცა მამათა მათთა დაუტევეს ბუნებისა იგი წესი დედათაჲ, განჴურდეს გულისთქუმითა მათითა ურთიერთას. მამანი მამათა თანა სარცხჳნელსა იქმოდეს და კუალადსაგებელი იგი, რომელი ჯერ-არნ საცთურისა მათისაჲ, ურთიერთას მიიღიან. და ვითარცა არა გამოცადეს ღმერთი, რაჲთამცა აქუნდა მეცნიერებით, მისცნა იგინი ღმერთმან გამოუცდელსა მას გონებასა საქმედ უჯეროჲსა; აღსავსენი ყოვლითა სიცრუითა, სიძვითა, უკეთურებითა, ანგაჰრებითა, ბოროტებითა, სავსე შურითა, კაცის-კლვითა, ჴდომითა, ზაკუვითა, ბოროტის ჩუეულებითა, ცუნდრუკებითა, ძჳრისმეტყუელებითა, ღმრთის შემაწუხებელ, მაგინებელ, ამპარტავან, ლაღ, მომპოვნებელ ბოროტისა, მამა-დედათა ურჩ, უგულისჴმო, უწესო, უყუარულ, უწირავ, უწყალო, რომელთა სამართალი ღმრთისაჲ იცოდეს, რამეთუ ესევითარისა მოქმედნი ღირს არიან სიკუდილისა; არა ხოლო ამას იქმან, არამედ თანაცა სათნო-ეყოფვიან მოქმედთა მათ.","english":"Those who transformed the truth of God into falsehood and honored and served the created things and not the Creator, who is blessed unto eternity. Amen. Therefore God gave them over to that passion of blasphemy, because their mothers transformed the natural order into the unnatural. Likewise their fathers abandoned the natural order of mothers, and they were inflamed by their mutual lust. Men did shameful things with men, and they received from each other that which is fitting for their error. And because they did not test God, so that they might have knowledge, God gave them over to that untested mind for the doing of the unseemly deed; filled with all falsehood, fornication, wickedness, avarice, malice, full of envy, murder, deceit, cunning, evil habit, corruption, evil-speaking, God-tormenting, blasphemous, arrogant, proud, finders of evil, disobedient to parents, senseless, lawless, loveless, merciless, pitiless, who knew the justice of God, for such doers are worthy of death; not only do they do this, but they also take pleasure in those who do it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"რომელთა-იგი","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a relative pronoun, continuing the syntax of the previous passage without a break, typical of the redaction's continuous narrative style.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"გარდაცვალეს","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'gardaṭsvales' (they transformed) is a key term in the redaction, denoting a radical perversion of truth, not merely a change.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"სიცრუითა, სიძვითა, უკეთურებითა","severity":"info","text":"The catalogue of vices echoes the vice lists in Paul's epistles, particularly Romans 1:29-31, but is expanded with local Georgian terms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavlecd-pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction CD, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavlecd/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"დედათა მათთა","severity":"info","text":"The reference to mothers transforming the natural order likely alludes to the sin of the Watchers or antediluvian corruption, a theme in apocryphal traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ამინ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Amen' inserted mid-passage suggests a liturgical or doxological use, possibly marking a section break in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990015050290203941","label":"The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990015050290203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"გამოუცდელსა მას გონებასა","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'untested mind' is ambiguous: it may mean 'unexamined intellect' or refer to a specific heretical teaching; the Georgian text does not clarify.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those who transformed the truth' is not specified; it may refer to heretics, pagans, or a specific group in the narrative.","The phrase 'untested mind' could be a translation of a Greek term like 'ἀδοκίμαστος νοῦς' but the source is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}