{"slug":"pavle","id":"georgian:titus:pavle","title":"St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"biblical-version","coverage_claim":{"status":"biblical-version","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:37Z","cost_usd":0.00296},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:pavle","work_id":"pavle","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Epistulae Pauli georgice (AB). Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 3.4.2021. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"},"stats":{"passages":5,"english_words":799,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":29,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":10,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"pavle","abstract":"The Old Georgian translation of St. Paul's Epistles survives in two redactions (AB) with variant readings, reflecting a complex transmission from Greek and possibly Armenian exemplars. Traditionally dated to the 5th–6th centuries, the earliest extant manuscripts are from the 9th–10th centuries. The text was used in the liturgy of the Georgian Orthodox Church and influenced later theological works. This edition, from the TITUS project, presents the Georgian text with apparatus variants but does not fully resolve stemmatic relationships or systematically compare with other early versions.","historical_context":"The Georgian translation of the Pauline Epistles likely originated in the 5th–6th centuries, during the early Christianization of Georgia (Iberia) under King Vakhtang I and the missionary activity of the Thirteen Assyrian Fathers. The translation was made from Greek, possibly with influence from Armenian versions, reflecting the close cultural and ecclesiastical ties between the Georgian and Armenian churches. The earliest surviving manuscripts date from the 9th–10th centuries, a period of monastic revival and manuscript production in Georgia, particularly at centers like the Iviron monastery on Mount Athos and the Georgian monasteries in Palestine. The text was used in the liturgy of the Georgian Orthodox Church and cited by medieval Georgian commentators such as Euthymius the Athonite and George the Hagiorite. The two redactions (AB) with variant readings indicate a complex textual history, with some variants possibly due to scribal errors rather than distinct traditions.","significance":"This edition provides a critical resource for studying the textual history of the Georgian Bible and its relationship to Greek and Armenian traditions. It illuminates the early Christianization of Georgia and the development of Georgian ecclesiastical literature. The variant readings offer insights into scribal practices and liturgical use, while the text's influence on later Georgian theology underscores its enduring importance.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Traditional date of the Georgian translation of the Pauline Epistles."},{"date":"9th–10th c.","event":"Earliest extant manuscripts of the Old Georgian Pauline Epistles."},{"date":"10th–11th c.","event":"Monastic revival in Georgia; production of biblical manuscripts at Iviron and other centers."},{"date":"11th c.","event":"Euthymius the Athonite and George the Hagiorite cite the Pauline Epistles in their works."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"TITUS project produces digital edition with redactions AB and variant readings."}],"relations":[{"work":"Greek Pauline Epistles","relation":"source text for the Georgian translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Armenian Pauline Epistles","relation":"possible intermediary or parallel version","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Old Georgian Bible","relation":"part of the larger Georgian biblical corpus","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Commentaries of Euthymius the Athonite","relation":"later theological work citing the Pauline Epistles","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian Lectionary","relation":"liturgical use of the Pauline readings","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The traditional 5th–6th century dating is not supported by extant manuscripts, which are from the 9th–10th centuries.","The relationship between redactions A and B is not fully resolved; some variants may be scribal errors.","The edition does not include a critical apparatus for the Greek Vorlage or systematic comparison with other early versions."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000453,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:27:07Z"},"checks":{"work":"pavle","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":5,"translated":5,"commentary_passages":5,"commentary_units":29,"english_words":799,"source_letters":3565,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian text of the Pauline Epistles survives in two redactions (AB) with variant readings, reflecting a complex transmission history from Greek and possibly Armenian exemplars.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian translation of the Pauline corpus is traditionally dated to the 5th–6th centuries, but the earliest extant manuscripts are from the 9th–10th centuries, complicating precise dating.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990015050290203941","label":"The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990015050290203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian Pauline Epistles were used in the liturgy of the Georgian Orthodox Church and influenced later theological works, as seen in citations by medieval Georgian commentators.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli","label":"gap dossier: Exposition of the Epistles of Blessed Paul, Collected from the Works of Saint Augustine","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition's redaction AB with variant readings does not fully resolve the stemmatic relationships among Georgian manuscripts; some variants may reflect scribal errors rather than distinct textual traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition does not include a critical apparatus for the Greek Vorlage, nor does it systematically compare the Georgian text with other early versions (e.g., Armenian, Syriac).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 5 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Epistulae Pauli georgice (AB). Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 3.4.2021. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":5},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:pavle":{"label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"},"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life":{"label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"},"hollis:alma990015050290203941":{"label":"The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990015050290203941"},"dossier:latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli":{"label":"gap dossier: Exposition of the Epistles of Blessed Paul, Collected from the Works of Saint Augustine","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-florus-expositio-epistolas-pauli"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"პავლე მოციქულისა წიგნი ჰრომელთა მიმართ საკითხავი ა̂ პავლეს BE, ჰრომაელთა GE, ა̂ ] პირველი B, -- G. 1 პავლე, მონაჲ იესუ ქრისტჱსი, ჩინებული მოციქული, რჩეული სახარებასა მას ღმრთისასა, რომელ-იგი წინაჲსწარ აღუთქუა წინაჲსწარმეტყუელთა თჳსთა მიერ წიგნთაგან წმიდათა ძისა მისისათჳს, რომელი-იგი იშვა თესლისაგან დავითისა ჴორციელად, რომელ-იგი გამოჩნდა ძედ ღმრთისა ძალითა და სულითა მით სიწმიდისაჲთა, აღდგომითა მით მკუდრეთით იესუ ქრისტჱს უფლისა ჩუენისაჲთა, რომლისაგან-ესე მოვიღეთ მადლი და მოციქულებაჲ დასამორჩილებელად სარწმუნოებისა ყოველთა წარმართთა სახელისა მისისათჳს, რომლისა-იგი თქუენცა ჩინებულ ხართ ქრისტე იესუჲსა, ყოველთა, რომელნი ხართ ჰრომეს შინა, საყუარელთა ღმრთისათა, ჩინებულთა წმიდათა, მადლი თქუენდა და მშჳდობაჲ ღმრთისა მიერ მამისა ჩუენისა და უფლისა ჩუენისა მიერ იესუ ქრისტჱსა! პირველად ვჰმადლობ ღმერთსა ჩემსა ქრისტე იესუჲს მიერ თქუენ ყოველთათჳს, რამეთუ სარწმუნოებაჲ ეგე თქუენი განითქუმის ყოველსა სოფელსა, რამეთუ მოწამე ჩემდა არს ღმერთი, რომელსა-ესე ვჰმსახურებ მე სულითა ჩემითა Ms. page: A32V სახარებითა ძისა მისისაჲთა, ვითარ უნაკლულოდ ჴსენებასა თქუენსა ვჰყოფ. ლოცვათა შინა ჩემთა მარადის თქუენთჳს ვილოცავ, რაჲთა მეცა წარმემართოს ნებითა ღმრთისაჲთა მისლვად თქუენდა,","english":"The book of Paul the Apostle to the Romans, reading â. Paul's BE, Romans GE, â ] first B, -- G. 1 Paul, servant of Jesus Christ, chosen apostle, elect of that Gospel of God, which was promised beforehand by his own prophets from the holy books concerning his Son, who was born from the seed of David in the flesh, who appeared as Son of God by power and by that Spirit of holiness, by that resurrection from the dead of Jesus Christ our Lord, from whom we have received grace and apostleship for the establishment of the faith of all the Gentiles for the sake of his name, for which you also are chosen of Christ Jesus, all of you who are in Rome, beloved of God, chosen saints, grace to you and peace from God our Father and from our Lord Jesus Christ! First I thank my God through Christ Jesus for all of you, for this faith of yours is proclaimed throughout the whole world, for God is my witness, whom I serve with my soul Ms. page: A32V with the Gospel of his Son, as I make mention of you without fail. In my prayers I always pray for you, that I might be permitted by the will of God to come to you,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"პავლე მოციქულისა წიგნი ჰრომელთა მიმართ საკითხავი ა̂","severity":"info","text":"The superscription identifies this as a lectionary reading (საკითხავი) from Romans, with variant readings noted in the apparatus (BE, GE, B, G).","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ჩინებული","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term ჩინებული (činebuli) here translates Greek κλητός or ἐκλεκτός, meaning 'chosen' or 'elect', reflecting Paul's apostolic status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ძისა მისისათჳს","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'concerning his Son' echoes the prophetic promises of Christ's birth from David's seed, alluding to Old Testament messianic prophecies (e.g., Isaiah 11:1; Psalm 132:11 LXX).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ჰრომეს","severity":"info","text":"The address to the Roman church reflects the traditional Pauline letter to the Romans, but the opening doxology and self-identification as 'servant of Jesus Christ' are characteristic of later pseudepigraphal expansions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Ms. page: A32V","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript page reference A32V indicates a specific folio in the source codex, likely from the TITUS edition's base manuscript, showing the text's material transmission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ა̂","severity":"caution","text":"The reading marker 'â' and the apparatus variants (BE, GE, B, G) indicate textual uncertainty; the Georgian text may conflate multiple recensions or lectionary assignments.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The superscription's reading marker 'â' and the apparatus variants (BE, GE, B, G) are not fully resolved; the text may represent a composite or corrected lectionary reading.","The phrase 'from the seed of David in the flesh' could be interpreted as a Christological affirmation or a later interpolation emphasizing Davidic lineage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"რამეთუ მსურის ხილვად თქუენდა, რაჲთა მი-რაჲმე-გცე თქუენ მეცა მადლი სულიერი დასამტკიცებელად თქუენდა. ხოლო არს ესე თანანუგეშინის-ცემა თქუენ შორის ურთიერთარსი იგი სარწმუნოებაჲ თქუენი და ჩემი. არა მნებავს უმეცრებაჲ თქუენი, ძმანო, რამეთუ მრავალ-გზის მინდა მისლვად თქუენდა და დავეყენე მოაქადმდე, რაჲთა თქუენ თანაცა ნაყოფ რაჲმე ვპოო, ვითარცა სხუათა მათ შორის თესლთა. წარმართთა და ბარბაროზთა, ბრძენთა და უგუნურთა თანამდებ ვარ. ესრჱთ არს გულსმოდგინებაჲ ჩემი, რაჲთა თქუენცა, რომელნი ხართ ჰრომეს შინა, გახარო. რამეთუ არა მრცხუენის სახარებისა ამისთჳს, რამეთუ ძალი ღმრთისაჲ არს მაცხოვრად ყოვლისა, რომელთა ჰრწამს იგი, ჰურიათა მათ პირველად და მერმე წარმართთა. რამეთუ სიმართლჱ ღმრთისაჲ მას შინა გამოცხადნების Ms. page: A33R სარწმუნოებითი სარწმუნოებად, ვითარცა წერილ არს: მართალი სარწმუნოებითა ცხოვნდეს (1). Hab. 2,4","english":"Because I desire to see you, so that I too might impart to you some spiritual grace for your confirmation. But this is a mutual consolation among you, that faith of yours and mine. I do not desire your ignorance, brothers, for many times I wished to come to you and I delayed until now, so that I might also find some fruit among you, as among those other seeds. I am indebted to Gentiles and barbarians, to the wise and the foolish alike. Such is my zeal, that I might also gladden you who are in Rome. For I am not ashamed of this Gospel, because it is the power of God for the salvation of all who believe in it, first the Jews and then the Gentiles. For the righteousness of God is revealed in it as a faith of faith, as it is written: The righteous one shall be saved by faith (1). Hab. 2:4","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"თანანუგეშინის-ცემა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian compound 'mutual consolation' renders a Greek term such as παραμυθία or συμπαράκλησις, emphasizing reciprocal spiritual encouragement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სარწმუნოებაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The word for 'faith' (სარწმუნოებაჲ) is used twice in the final sentence, creating a phrase 'faith of faith' that may reflect a Greek genitive construction (πίστις τῆς πίστεως) or a liturgical formula.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Hab. 2,4","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Hab. 2,4' refers to Habakkuk 2:4, but the quoted text 'The righteous one shall be saved by faith' does not correspond to the standard Septuagint or Masoretic text; it may be a free adaptation or a misattribution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ჰრომეს","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'you who are in Rome' (ჰრომეს) aligns with the traditional Pauline address to the Roman church, but the passage's tone of personal apology and delay is atypical for canonical Romans.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a personal wish to visit (lines 1–4) to a declaration of universal indebtedness (lines 5–6), then to a theological justification of the Gospel (lines 7–9), ending with a scriptural proof.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ms. page: A33R","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript note 'Ms. page: A33R' indicates a page break or marginal annotation; the text after this point may be corrupt or a later insertion, as the phrase 'faith of faith' is syntactically awkward.","cites":[{"key":"ed:pavle","label":"source edition: St. Paul's Epistles (redaction AB, with variant readings)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/nt/pavleni/pavle.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'faith of faith' (სარწმუნოებითი სარწმუნოებად) is ambiguous: it may be a translation of a Greek genitive construction or a scribal error.","The citation 'Hab. 2,4' does not match the quoted text; the source of the quotation is uncertain.","The identity of the 'brothers' and the relationship to the canonical Epistle to the Romans is unclear; this may be a pseudepigraphal or apocryphal Pauline text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"თავი ა̂ 1 თავი ა̂ ] თავები ესე არიან G. თავების აღნიშვნა B- ში ყოველთვის უსწრებს სათაურს. T -- ში კი აქ მეორე თავი იწყება, ამიტომ თავების სათვალავი ბოლომდე გადაწეულია ერთით, ე.ი. T- ში 22 თავია, სხვებში -- 21. რამეთუ გამოჩინებად არს რისხვაჲ ღმრთისაჲ ზეცით ყოველთა ზედა უღმრთოთა და ცრუთა კაცთა, რომელთა-იგი ჭეშმარიტებაჲ ღმრთისაჲ სიცრუით აქუნდა, რამეთუ მეცნიერებაჲ იგი ღმრთისაჲ ცხად არს მათ შორის, რამეთუ ღმერთმანვე გამოუცხადა მათ. რამეთუ უხილავი იგი მისი დაბადებითგან სოფლისაჲთ ქმნულთა მათ შინა საცნაურად სახილველ არს, სამარადისოჲ იგი მისი ძალი და საღმრთოჲ, რაჲთა იყვნენ იგინი ვერ სიტყჳსმიმგებელ, ამ მუხლს A- ში აშიაზე მითითება ახლავს: სოლომონის სიბრძნისაგან თჳნიერ რიცხჳს დართვისა. რამეთუ იცოდეს ღმერთი და არა ღმრთეებრ ადიდეს, გინა მადლ-სცემდეს, არამედ ამაო იქმნნეს გულისზრახვითა მათითა, და დაუბნელდა უგულისხმოჲ იგი გული მათი. იტყოდეს თავთა თჳსთა ბრძენ და განცოფნეს და ცვალეს დიდებაჲ იგი უხრწნელისა ღმრთისაჲ მსგავსად ხატისა მის განხრწნადისა კაცისა და მფრინველთა და ოთხფერჴთა და ქუეწარმავალთა. ამისთჳს Ms. page: A33V მისცნა იგინი ღმერთმან გულისთქუმასა გულთა მათთასა არაწმიდებად, რაჲთა გინებულ იყვნენ ჴორცნი მათნი მათ თანა.","english":"Chapter 1. Chapter 1] These are the chapters G. The numbering of chapters in B always precedes the title. In T, however, the second chapter begins here, therefore the count of chapters is shifted by one, i.e., in T there are 22 chapters, in the others—21. For the wrath of God is manifest from heaven upon all the godless and false men, who held the truth of God in falsehood, for the knowledge of God is evident among them, for God himself revealed it to them. For his invisible [nature] is made known through the created things of the world from its beginning, visible for contemplation, his eternal power and divinity, so that they might be incapable of reason. In this section A has a reference to Asia: from the Wisdom of Solomon without the addition of a number. For they knew God but did not honor him as God, nor give thanks, but became vain through their own intention, and their heart, incapable of understanding, was darkened. They called their own heads wise and boasted and changed the glory of the incorruptible God into the likeness of the corruptible image of man and of birds and quadrupeds and reptiles. Therefore Ms. page: A33V God gave them over to the desire of their hearts to defile, so that their flesh might be abominable with them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"თავი ა̂ 1 თავი ა̂","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian text begins with a chapter heading and a note on chapter numbering. In manuscript T the second chapter starts here, shifting the count by one (22 chapters in T, 21 in others).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"რამეთუ გამოჩინებად არს რისხვაჲ ღმრთისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the wrath of God is manifest from heaven' echoes Wisdom of Solomon 5:17-23, where divine wrath is described as visible and inescapable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"სოლომონის სიბრძნისაგან","severity":"info","text":"Manuscript A includes a marginal reference to the Wisdom of Solomon, indicating that the passage draws on that deuterocanonical book. This aligns with the Georgian tradition's use of Wisdom literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"უგულისხმოჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'uguliskhmoi' (heart incapable of understanding) is a compound of 'guli' (heart) and 'skhmoi' (mind), reflecting a concept of spiritual blindness common in Georgian patristic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ამისთჳს Ms. page: A33V","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript page reference A33V shows that this passage is part of a specific codex (A), which includes marginalia and variant readings. The text here is a composite of multiple witnesses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"თავი ა̂ 1 თავი ა̂","severity":"caution","text":"The chapter heading is corrupt or ambiguous: the repetition 'Chapter 1. Chapter 1' may indicate a scribal error or a later insertion. The note on chapter numbering in B and T suggests textual instability.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The chapter heading 'თავი ა̂ 1 თავი ა̂' is unclear: it may be a doublet or a miswritten numeral. The reference to 'Solomon's Wisdom' in A is without a chapter number, leaving the exact source ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"რომელთა-იგი ცვალეს ჭეშმარიტებაჲ იგი ღმრთისაჲ სიცრუითა და უმსახურებელ იქმნნეს და ჰმსახურებდეს დაბადებულთა და არა დამბადებელსა, რომელ-იგი არს კურთხეულ უკუნისამდე. ამენ. ამისთჳს მისცნა იგინი ღმერთმან ვნებასა მას გინებისასა, რამეთუ დედათა მათთა გარდაცვალეს ბუნებისა იგი წესი არაბუნებად. ეგრეცა მამათა მათთა დაუტევეს ბუნებისა იგი წესი დედათაჲ და განქურდეს გულისთქუმითა მათითა ურთიერთას. მამანი მამათა თანა სარცხჳნელსა იქმოდეს და კუალადსაგებელი იგი, რომელი ჯერ-უჩნ საცთურისა მათისაჲ, ურთიერთას მიიღიან. და ვითარცა არა გამოცადეს ღმერთი, რაჲთამცა აქუნდა მათ მეცნიერებით, მისცნა იგინი ღმერთმან გამოუცდელსა მას გონებასა საქმედ უჯეროჲსა; სავსე იყვნეს ყოვლითა სიცრუითა, უკეთურებითა, ბოროტებითა, ანგაჰრებითა, სავსე შურითა, Ms. page: A34R კაცის-კლვითა, ჴდომითა, ზაკუვითა, ბოროტის ჩუეულებითა, ცუნდრუკებითა, ძჳრისმეტყუელებითა, ღმრთისა შემაწუხებელ, მაგინებელ, ამპარტავან იყვნეს, ლაღ, მომპოვნებელ ბოროტისა, მამა-დედათა ურჩ იყვნეს, უგულისხმო, უწესო, უყუარულ, უწირავ, უწყალო, ღმრთის BGE, შემაწუხებელ, ბოროტის მეძიებელ, მამა-დედათა ურჩ იყვნენ, უგულისხმო, უწესო, მაგინებელ, ამპარტავან იყვნეს, ლაღ, მომპოვნებელ ბოროტისა, უყუარულ, უწირავ, უწყალო G, იყვნეს (2)] -- E, უგულისჴმო E.","english":"Those who exchanged the truth of God for falsehood and became unserviceable, and served the created things and not the Creator, who is blessed unto eternity. Amen. Because of this, God gave them over to that passion of abomination, for their mothers changed the order of nature into unnaturalness. Likewise, their fathers abandoned the order of nature of mothers and were corrupted by their mutual lust. Men did shameful things with men, and they received from each other that which is fitting for their delusion. And since they did not test God, that they might have knowledge of him, God gave them over to that untested mind for the deed of impropriety; they were filled with all falsehood, wickedness, evil, pride, filled with envy, manslaughter, hatred, cunning, evil habit, slander, blasphemy, they were annoyers of God, revilers, arrogant, haughty, seekers of evil, disobedient to parents, senseless, lawless, unloving, unmerciful, pitiless, God-annoyers, seekers of evil, disobedient to parents, senseless, lawless, revilers, arrogant, haughty, seekers of evil, unloving, unmerciful, pitiless.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"რომელთა-იგი ცვალეს ჭეშმარიტებაჲ იგი ღმრთისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the condemnation of the godless and false men introduced in the previous passage, now specifying their sins: exchanging truth for falsehood, serving created things, and unnatural acts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"უმსახურებელ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'უმსახურებელ' (unserviceable) is a hapax or rare formation, likely a calque on a Greek or Coptic original meaning 'unfit for service' or 'useless' in a moral sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"დედათა მათთა გარდაცვალეს ბუნებისა იგი წესი","severity":"info","text":"The description of mothers changing the order of nature and fathers abandoning it echoes the condemnation of same-sex acts in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, and in Paul's Epistle to the Romans 1:26-27, which this passage likely adapts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ამენ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Amen' after 'blessed unto eternity' suggests a liturgical or doxological insertion, possibly marking the end of a section or a scribal addition for devotional use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"BGE, ... G","severity":"info","text":"The apparatus notes variant readings among manuscripts B, G, and E, with G adding a repeated list of vices and E omitting 'იყვნეს' (they were) in one instance, indicating textual fluidity in the transmission of this vice catalogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"სავსე იყვნეს ... ღმრთის BGE, შემაწუხებელ ...","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft conflates two variant readings (BGE and G) into a single list, but the Georgian apparatus shows that G repeats several vices (e.g., 'annoyers of God', 'seekers of evil') after the first list, creating a doublet that may be a scribal expansion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'უმსახურებელ' (unserviceable) is ambiguous: it could mean 'unfit for service' or 'not serving' (i.e., not serving God). The English draft takes it as 'became unserviceable', but the sense 'they did not serve' is also possible.","The vice list in the Georgian has two overlapping sequences (BGE and G), and it is unclear whether the second is a correction, expansion, or alternative reading. The English draft merges them without indicating the textual variation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"რომელთა სამართალი ღმრთისაჲ იცოდეს, რამეთუ ესევითარისა მოქმედნი ღირს არიან სიკუდილისა; და არა ხოლო ამას იქმოდეს, არამედ სათნოცა-ეყოფოდეს თანამოქმედთა მათ.","english":"Those who knew the righteousness of God, that such doers are worthy of death; and not only did they do this, but they also took pleasure in their fellow-doers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"სამართალი ღმრთისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'righteousness of God' (სამართალი ღმრთისაჲ) likely refers to divine justice or judgment, not personal virtue, given the context of condemnation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"სიკუდილისა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'death' (სიკუდილისა) may carry both literal and spiritual connotations, as in Pauline literature it often denotes eternal damnation or separation from God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"სამართალი ღმრთისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The concept of 'righteousness of God' and judgment for evildoers echoes Romans 1:32, where Paul states that those who commit such acts are worthy of death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"თანამოქმედთა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'fellow-doers' (თანამოქმედთა) suggests a community of sinners, possibly reflecting early Christian concerns about collective moral corruption and mutual reinforcement of vice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of condemnation from the previous passage, linking the knowledge of God's righteousness to the judgment of those who take pleasure in sin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text does not specify whether 'righteousness of God' refers to a specific divine attribute or a legal concept; the translation assumes a judicial sense.","The phrase 'worthy of death' could be interpreted as literal capital punishment or spiritual death; the context suggests the latter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}