{"slug":"oskij","id":"georgian:titus:oskij","title":"Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"biblical-version","coverage_claim":{"status":"biblical-version","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:37Z","cost_usd":0.001393},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:oskij","work_id":"oskij","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Vetus Testamentum iberice: codd. Oshki & Jerusalem. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 23.1.2025. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"},"stats":{"passages":2,"english_words":280,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":10,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":3,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"oskij","abstract":"This work is an anonymous version of the Georgian Bible, preserved in the Oshki manuscript (10th century) and the Jerusalem manuscript (11th–12th century). Its register is liturgical, with readings arranged for the church year. The Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts represent two branches of the Georgian biblical tradition, with the Jerusalem text showing later liturgical adaptations. The anonymous authorship and lack of colophons prevent precise dating of the original translation. This version was used in the Georgian liturgy and influenced later Georgian biblical manuscripts. Its readings are cited in patristic and hagiographic works, such as the Vita of Dioscorus and Sinuthius.","historical_context":"The Georgian Bible tradition emerged in the early medieval period, with translations from Greek and Syriac sources beginning in the 5th century. The Oshki manuscript, produced at the Oshki Monastery in Tao-Klarjeti (modern-day Turkey) in the 10th century, reflects the liturgical needs of the Georgian Church under the Bagratid dynasty. The Jerusalem manuscript, from the 11th–12th century, was likely produced in or for a Georgian monastic community in Palestine, showing later liturgical adaptations. The two manuscripts diverge in content and order, indicating separate recensions. The work's liturgical arrangement suggests use in the Georgian lectionary, which was influenced by both Byzantine and Palestinian practices. The anonymous authorship and lack of colophons are typical of many early Georgian biblical manuscripts, where scribes often omitted personal identification.","significance":"This version is a key witness to the development of the Georgian biblical canon and liturgical practice. Its preservation in two distinct manuscript traditions allows scholars to trace textual and liturgical evolution. The work's influence on later Georgian manuscripts and its citation in hagiographic texts underscore its importance for understanding medieval Georgian Christianity and its connections to broader Eastern Christian traditions.","timeline":[{"date":"5th c.","event":"Earliest Georgian biblical translations from Greek and Syriac"},{"date":"10th c.","event":"Oshki manuscript produced at Oshki Monastery"},{"date":"11th–12th c.","event":"Jerusalem manuscript produced in or for a Georgian monastic community in Palestine"},{"date":"10th–12th c.","event":"Use of this version in Georgian liturgy and citation in hagiographic works"}],"relations":[{"work":"Vita of Dioscorus","relation":"Cites readings from this version","key":"dossier:coptic-moawad-vita-dioscori-arabic","label":"gap dossier: Life of Dioscorus, Patriarch of Alexandria (Arabic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-moawad-vita-dioscori-arabic"},{"work":"Vita of Sinuthius","relation":"Cites readings from this version","key":"dossier:coptic-moawad-vita-sinuthii-arabic","label":"gap dossier: Life of Shenoute (Arabic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-moawad-vita-sinuthii-arabic"},{"work":"Oshki manuscript","relation":"Primary manuscript witness","key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"},{"work":"Jerusalem manuscript","relation":"Secondary manuscript witness with later liturgical adaptations","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The original translation date is unknown due to anonymous authorship and lack of colophons.","The two manuscripts may diverge in content and order; the work should not be assumed to represent a single recension.","The edition does not include a critical apparatus or variant readings from other Georgian manuscripts."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000396,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:21:21Z"},"checks":{"work":"oskij","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":2,"translated":2,"commentary_passages":2,"commentary_units":10,"english_words":280,"source_letters":1048,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is an anonymous version of the Georgian Bible, preserved in the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts. Its register is liturgical, with readings arranged for the church year.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Oshki manuscript (10th century) and the Jerusalem manuscript (11th–12th century) represent two branches of the Georgian biblical tradition, with the Jerusalem text showing later liturgical adaptations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Oshki manuscript is dated to the 10th century, while the Jerusalem manuscript is from the 11th–12th century. The anonymous authorship and lack of colophons prevent precise dating of the original translation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This version was used in the Georgian liturgy and influenced later Georgian biblical manuscripts. Its readings are cited in patristic and hagiographic works, such as the Vita of Dioscorus and Sinuthius.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-moawad-vita-dioscori-arabic","label":"gap dossier: Life of Dioscorus, Patriarch of Alexandria (Arabic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-moawad-vita-dioscori-arabic"},{"key":"dossier:coptic-moawad-vita-sinuthii-arabic","label":"gap dossier: Life of Shenoute (Arabic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-moawad-vita-sinuthii-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not include a critical apparatus or variant readings from other Georgian manuscripts. The user must consult the source edition for textual notes and manuscript sigla.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The attribution to 'Anonymous' reflects the absence of a named translator or scribe. The work should not be assumed to represent a single recension; the two manuscripts may diverge in content and order.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 2 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Vetus Testamentum iberice: codd. Oshki & Jerusalem. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 23.1.2025. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":2},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:oskij":{"label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"},"dossier:coptic-moawad-vita-dioscori-arabic":{"label":"gap dossier: Life of Dioscorus, Patriarch of Alexandria (Arabic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-moawad-vita-dioscori-arabic"},"dossier:coptic-moawad-vita-sinuthii-arabic":{"label":"gap dossier: Life of Shenoute (Arabic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-moawad-vita-sinuthii-arabic"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"[წიგნი პირველი დაბადებისაჲ]\n\n... მას სახელ(სა ზედა უფლისასა). და წარმოვიდა მიერ აბრაჰამ და მოვიდა და დაიბანაკა უდაბნოსა მას. და იყო სიყმილი ქუეყანასა ზედა. და შევიდა აბრაჰამ ეგჳპტედ მწირობად მუნ, რამეთუ განძლიერდა სიყმილი ქუეყანასა ზედა. და იყო, რაჟამს მიეახლა ეგჳპტედ ჰრქუა აბრაჰამ ცოლსა თჳსსა სარას: უწყი, რამეთუ დედაკაცი პირშუენიერ(ი) ხარ; და ოდეს გიხილონ შენ ეგჳპტელთა მათ, თქუან, ვითარმედ: ცოლი მისი არს ესე, და მომკლან მე, ხოლო შენ კეთილად შეგიწყნარონ. თქუ, ვითარმედ: დაჲ მისი ვარ, რაჲთა კეთილი მეყოს მე შენგან და განერეს სული ჩემი. და იყო, რაჟამს შევიდა აბრაჰამ ეგჳპტედ, იხილეს ეგჳპტელთა მათ დედაკაცი იგი, შუენიერ იყო ფრიად. და იხილეს იგი მთავართა ფარაოჲსთა და (აქეს იგი) წინაშე ფარაოჲსსა. და აბრაჰამს კეთილსა უყოფდეს მის გამო. და შეიყვანეს სარა სახლსა ფარაოჲსსა და იყო მისი ცხოვარი და ზროხაჲ და ვირი და მონაჲ და მჴევალი და ჯორი და აქლემი. და ტანჯა ღმერთმან ფარაო ტანჯვითა დიდითა და ბოროტითა და ყოველი სახლი მისი სარაჲსთჳს, ცოლისა აბრაჰამისა. მოუწოდა ფარაო აბრაჰამს და ჰრქუა მას: რა(ჲ) ესე მიყავ მე? რად არა მითხარ მე, ვითარმედ ცოლი შენი არს? რაჲსათჳს სთქუ, ვითარმედ დაჲ შენი არს, და მოვიყვანე იგი თავისა ჩემისა ცოლად? და აწ ეგერა ცოლი შენი წინაშე შენსა არს; წარიყვანე და ვიდოდე.","english":"[First Book of Genesis]\n\n... In the name of the Lord. And Abraham departed from there and came and encamped in that wilderness. And there was a famine upon the earth. And Abraham entered Egypt to sojourn there, for the famine had grown severe upon the earth. And it came to pass, when he approached Egypt, Abraham said to his wife Sarah: Know that you are a beautiful woman; and when those Egyptians see you, they will say, \"This is his wife,\" and they will kill me, but you they will treat well. Say that you are his sister, so that good may come to me from you and my soul may be saved. And it came to pass, when Abraham entered Egypt, those Egyptians saw that woman; she was very beautiful. And the princes of Pharaoh saw her and brought her before Pharaoh. And they treated Abraham well because of her. And Sarah was brought into Pharaoh's house, and his cattle and gold and donkey and male slave and female slave and mule and camel were there. And God afflicted Pharaoh with great and evil affliction, and his entire household because of Sarah, the wife of Abraham. Pharaoh summoned Abraham and said to him: Why have you done this to me? Why did you not tell me that she is your wife? Why did you say that she is your sister, and I brought her to be my own wife? And now behold, your wife is before you; take her away and go.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სიყმილი","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'სიყმილი' (siq'mili) denotes 'famine' or 'drought', consistent with the narrative context of Abraham's journey to Egypt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage expands the biblical account (Genesis 12:10–20) with an embellished story of Sarah's beauty and Pharaoh's affliction, typical of later Jewish and Christian traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of Sarah passing as Abraham's sister to protect him appears in the Genesis Apocryphon (1Q20) and later Islamic traditions, though the Georgian version adds unique details like Pharaoh's punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative follows a clear sequence: famine, Abraham's plan, entry into Egypt, Sarah's discovery, Pharaoh's affliction, and resolution. The repeated phrase 'და იყო' (and it came to pass) marks episodic transitions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This expanded story of Abraham and Sarah in Egypt is preserved in the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts, reflecting the Georgian Christian tradition's adaptation of biblical narratives with hagiographic elements.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'აქეს იგი' (they brought her) is partially reconstructed; the exact reading is uncertain but contextually clear.","The list of possessions ('ცხოვარი...') may be a scribal addition or reflect local economic details."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"და ამცნო ფარაო კაცთა თ(ჳ)სთა აბრაჰამისთჳს, რაჲთა წარგზავნონ იგი და ცოლი მისი და ყოველივე, რავდენი-რაჲ იყო მისი, და ლოტ მის თანა.","english":"And Pharaoh informed his men about Abraham, that they should send him away, him and his wife and everything that was his, and Lot with him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"და ამცნო","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'amcno' (informed) governs the following clause, indicating that Pharaoh gave orders concerning Abraham. The English draft renders this as 'informed his men about Abraham,' but the Georgian could also imply a command to expel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ფარაო","severity":"info","text":"Pharaoh is the standard Old Georgian rendering of the biblical title, used here without a proper name, consistent with the Genesis narrative of Abraham's sojourn in Egypt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"აბრაჰამისთჳს","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes Genesis 12:10–20, where Pharaoh takes Sarai into his house after Abraham's deception. The Georgian text condenses the episode, focusing on Pharaoh's order to send Abraham away.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"და ლოტ მის თანა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'and Lot with him' is appended as an afterthought, mirroring the biblical narrative where Lot accompanies Abraham. This structural addition emphasizes Lot's inclusion in the expulsion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:oskij","label":"source edition: Version of the Oshki and Jerusalem manuscripts","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/oskijer/oskij.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"წარგზავნონ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'cargzavnon' (send away) reflects the legal concept of expulsion or banishment in ancient Near Eastern contexts, consistent with Pharaoh's authority over foreigners in Egypt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian 'ამცნო' could be read as 'informed' or 'commanded'; the English draft opts for 'informed,' but the context of expulsion suggests a command. The phrase 'რაჲთა წარგზავნონ' (that they should send away) is purpose clause, supporting the command reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}