{"slug":"mcat","id":"georgian:titus:mcat","title":"Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"biblical-version","coverage_claim":{"status":"biblical-version","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:36Z","cost_usd":0.002511},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:mcat","work_id":"mcat","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Biblia Mcxetica. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 22.3.2021. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":864,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":23,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":7,"work_notes":4,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"mcat","abstract":"The Mcxeta Bible is a complete Old Georgian manuscript of the Christian Bible, likely copied at the Svetitsxoveli Cathedral in Mcxeta, Georgia, during the 11th–12th centuries. It represents a pre-standardized stage of the Georgian biblical tradition, used in the liturgy of the Georgian Orthodox Church. The text is preserved in a diplomatic transcription by the TITUS project, without critical apparatus. Its language and readings reflect early Georgian translation practices, including direct transliterations from Hebrew and distinctive renderings of Septuagintal terms. The manuscript lacks a colophon, so its dating is based on paleographic and codicological analysis.","historical_context":"The Mcxeta Bible was produced in the Georgian kingdom of Kartli, at the patriarchal cathedral of Svetitsxoveli in Mcxeta, the ancient capital. Georgia adopted Christianity as a state religion in the 4th century, and biblical translation into Georgian began soon after, likely from Armenian, Syriac, and Greek sources. By the 11th–12th centuries, Georgian monastic and scribal culture flourished, especially under the Bagratid dynasty. This manuscript reflects a local textual tradition before the later standardization imposed by King Vakhtang VI in the 18th century. The community was the Georgian Orthodox Church, which used the Bible in liturgy and instruction. The text belongs to the Old Georgian version, which underwent several recensions. Its transmission is primarily through monastic scriptoria; the Mcxeta Bible is one of the few complete pre-standardized witnesses.","significance":"The Mcxeta Bible is a key witness to the early Georgian biblical text, preserving readings and translation choices that predate later standardization. It offers insights into Georgian liturgical language, scribal practices, and the reception of the Septuagint and Hebrew traditions in the Caucasus. Its distinctive renderings, such as 'beresit' for Genesis and 'xmel-sa' for firmament, are valuable for textual criticism and the history of biblical translation.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Christianization of Georgia; beginnings of Georgian biblical translation."},{"date":"11th–12th c.","event":"Mcxeta Bible copied at Svetitsxoveli Cathedral, Mcxeta."},{"date":"18th c.","event":"King Vakhtang VI standardizes the Georgian Bible; Mcxeta Bible represents pre-standard text."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"TITUS project produces diplomatic transcription of the manuscript."}],"relations":[{"work":"Old Georgian Gospels (Adishi, etc.)","relation":"Contemporary or earlier Old Georgian biblical manuscripts; Mcxeta Bible is a complete Bible, unlike fragmentary gospel manuscripts.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Vakhtang VI Bible","relation":"Later standardized Georgian Bible; Mcxeta Bible represents an earlier, unstandardized textual stage.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Septuagint","relation":"Underlying Greek source for many Old Georgian readings; Mcxeta Bible reflects Septuagintal terms like 'xmel-sa' (firmament).","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Hebrew Bible (Masoretic Text)","relation":"Some transliterations (e.g., 'beresit') show direct Hebrew influence.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The manuscript lacks a colophon; dating to the 11th–12th centuries is approximate, based on paleography and codicology.","The TITUS edition is a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus; variant readings from other Georgian manuscripts are not included.","The exact place of copying (Svetitsxoveli Cathedral) is inferred from provenance, not explicitly stated in the manuscript."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000469,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:23:37Z"},"checks":{"work":"mcat","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":23,"english_words":864,"source_letters":3377,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Mcxeta Bible is a complete Old Georgian manuscript, likely copied at the Svetitsxoveli Cathedral in Mcxeta. Its text represents a pre-standardized stage of the Georgian biblical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript is dated to the 11th–12th centuries, based on paleographic and codicological analysis. No colophon provides an exact year, so the dating remains approximate.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Bible was used in the liturgy of the Georgian Orthodox Church in Mcxeta, reflecting the local textual tradition before the later standardization by King Vakhtang VI.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The TITUS edition provides a diplomatic transcription but does not include critical apparatus or variant readings from other Georgian manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Biblia Mcxetica. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 22.3.2021. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:mcat":{"label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"წიგნი დაბადებისა, რომელსა ეწოდების ებრაელთაგან ბერესით\n\n* დასაბამად ქმნნა ღმერთმან ცაჲ და ქუეყანაჲ. ხოლო ქუეყანაჲ იყო უხილავ და განუმზადებელ და ბნელი ზედა უფსკრულთა. და სული ღმრთისაჲ იქცეოდა ზედა წყალთა. და თქუა ღმერთმან: ** იქმენინ ნათელი და იქმნა ნათელი. და იხილა ღმერთმან ნათელი, რამეთუ კეთილ. და განწვალა ღმერთმან შორის ნათლისა და შორის ბნელისა. და უწოდა ღმერთმან ნათელსა დღე და ბნელსა უწოდა ღამე. და იქმნა მწუხრი და იქმნა განთიად დღე ერთი. და თქუა ღმერთმან: იქმენინ სამყარო შორის წყლისა და იყავნ განმყოფელ შორის წყლისა და წყლისა. და იქმნა ეგრეთ. და განყო ღმერთმან შორის წყლისა, რომელი იყო ქუეშე კერძო სამყაროჲსა *** და შორის წყლისა ზედა კერძო სამყაროჲსა. და უწოდა ღმერთმან სამყაროსა ცაჲ და იხილა ღმერთმან, რამეთუ კეთილ. და იქმნა მწუხრი და იქმნა განთიად დღე მეორე. და თქუა ღმერთმა (!) შეკერბინ წყალი ქუეშე კერძო ცისა შესაკრებელსა ერთსა, და გამოჩნდინ ჴმელი. და იქმნა ეგრეთ. და შეკრბა წყალი ქუეშე კერძო ცისა შესაკრებელთა მათთა. და გამოჩნდა ჴმელი.","english":"The Book of Genesis, which is called Bereshit by the Hebrews.\n\nIn the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was invisible and unprepared, and darkness was upon the abyss. And the Spirit of God moved upon the waters. And God said: \"Let there be light,\" and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good. And God divided between the light and between the darkness. And God called the light day, and the darkness he called night. And there was evening and there was morning: day one. And God said: \"Let there be a firmament between the waters, and let it be a divider between water and water.\" And it was so. And God divided between the water which was beneath the firmament and between the water above the firmament. And God called the firmament heaven, and God saw that it was good. And there was evening and there was morning: the second day. And God said: \"Let the water beneath the heaven gather into one gathering-place, and let the dry land appear.\" And it was so. And the water beneath the heaven gathered into those gathering-places. And the dry land appeared.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ბერესით","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian form 'beresit' is a direct transliteration of the Hebrew 'bereshit' (בְּרֵאשִׁית), the incipit of Genesis, used here as a title.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a seven-day creation schema, but the Georgian text compresses days one and two, omitting the third day's account of vegetation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the earth as 'invisible and unprepared' (უხილავ და განუმზადებელ) reflects a tradition of primordial chaos, possibly influenced by Hellenistic Jewish exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And the Spirit of God moved upon the waters' (და სული ღმრთისაჲ იქცეოდა ზედა წყალთა) echoes Genesis 1:2, but the verb 'იქცეოდა' (moved about) is a distinctive rendering.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text reads 'და თქუა ღმერთმა (!)' with an exclamation mark in the source edition, indicating a scribal error or variant in the divine name form.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The division of waters into those above and below the firmament is described twice, possibly reflecting a conflation of two source traditions.","The term 'სამყარო' (firmament) is used both for the celestial vault and as a divider, leaving its precise physical extent ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"და უწოდა ღმერთმან **** ჴმელსა ქუეყანაჲ და შესაკრებელსა წყალთასა უწოდა ზღუებ. და იხილა ღმერთმან, რამეთუ კეთილ. და თქუა ღმერთმან: აღმოამორჩენ ქუეყანამან მწუანვილი თივისაჲ. მთესველი თესლისაჲ, ნათესავობისაებრ და მსგავსებისა და ხე ნაყოფიერი მყოფელი ნაყოფისა, რომლისა თესლი მისი მის თანა მსგავსებისაებრ ქუეყანასა ზედა. და იქმნა ეგრეთ. და გამოიღო ქუეყანამან მწუანვილი თივისაჲ, მთესველი თესლსა ნათესავობისაებრ და მსგავსებისაებრ და ხე ნაყოფიერი, მყოფი ნაყოფისაჲ, რომლისა თესლი მისი მის თანა ნათესავობისაებრ ქუეყანასა ზედა. და იხილა ღმერთმან, რამეთუ კეთილ. და იქმნა მწუხრი და იქმნა განთიად დღე მესამე. ***** და თქუა ღმერთმან იქმენინ მნათობნი სამყაროსა შინა ცისასა მნათობად ქუეყანისა განსაყოფელად შორის დღისა და შორის ღამისა. და იყუნედ სასწაულებად დღეებად და ჟამებად და წელიწადებად. და იყუნედ განმანათლებელად სამყაროსა ცისა, რათა ჩნდეს ქუეყანასა ზედა. და იქმნა ეგრეთ. და შექმნა ღმერთმან ორნი მნათობნი დიდნი: მნათობი დიდი მთავრობად დღისა. და მნათობი უმრწემესი - მთავრობად ღამისა. და ვარსკულავნი. და დასხნა იგინი ღმერთმან სამყაროსა ცისასა, რათა ჩნდენ ქუეყანასა ზედა. და მთავრობდენ დღესა და ღამესა და განწვალებდენ შორის ნათლისა და შორის ბნელისა. და იხილა ღმერთმან ნათელი, რამეთუ კეთილ.","english":"And God called the firmament Heaven, and the gathering together of the waters he called Seas. And God saw that it was good. And God said: Let the earth bring forth the green grass, the sower of seed, according to its kind and likeness, and the fruit-bearing tree producing fruit, whose seed is with it according to its likeness upon the earth. And it was so. And the earth brought forth the green grass, the sower of seed according to its kind and likeness, and the fruit-bearing tree, producing fruit, whose seed is with it according to its kind upon the earth. And God saw that it was good. And there was evening and there was morning, the third day. And God said: Let there be luminaries in the firmament of the heaven to give light to the earth, to divide between day and between night. And let them serve as signs for days and for times and for years. And let them serve to illuminate the firmament of the heaven, so that they may appear upon the earth. And it was so. And God created two great luminaries: a great luminary to rule the day, and a lesser luminary to rule the night, and the stars. And God placed them in the firmament of the heaven, so that they might appear upon the earth. And they rule the day and the night and divide between light and between darkness. And God saw the light, that it was good.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴმელსა","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'ჴმელსა' (xmel-sa) corresponds to 'firmament' in the English draft, reflecting the Septuagint's στερέωμα. The Georgian text uses this term consistently for the vault of heaven.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows the pattern of the first creation account (Genesis 1), with repeated divine commands ('And God said'), execution ('And it was so'), and approval ('And God saw that it was good'). The third day concludes with the creation of vegetation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"და უწოდა ღმერთმან **** ჴმელსა ქუეყანაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The naming of the firmament as 'Heaven' and the waters as 'Seas' echoes Genesis 1:8-10 (LXX), where God calls the firmament 'Heaven' and the gathering of waters 'Seas'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"და იქმნა მწუხრი და იქმნა განთიად დღე მესამე","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'there was evening and there was morning, the third day' corresponds to the conclusion of the third day in Genesis 1:13 (LXX), marking the completion of the creation of vegetation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"და იხილა ღმერთმან ნათელი, რამეთუ კეთილ","severity":"info","text":"The final approval 'And God saw the light, that it was good' echoes Genesis 1:4 (LXX), where God sees the light and judges it good, though here it appears after the creation of luminaries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"*****","severity":"caution","text":"The passage contains two instances of '****' (asterisks), likely indicating lacunae or editorial marks in the manuscript. The first occurs after 'And God called the firmament Heaven' and the second after 'the third day'. These may represent missing text or scribal annotations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The asterisks '****' and '*****' in the Georgian text are ambiguous: they may indicate lacunae, editorial omissions, or scribal marks. The reading assumes they are placeholders for missing or uncertain text.","The phrase 'მთესველი თესლისაჲ' (sower of seed) is ambiguous: it may refer to grass as a sower of seed or to a separate category of plant. The reading follows the English draft's interpretation as part of the vegetation description."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"და იქმნა მწუხრი და იქმნა განთიად დღე იგი მეოთხე. და თქვა(?) ღმერთმან: გამოიღედ წყალთა ქუეწარმავალები სამშჳნველთა ცხოველთაჲ და მფრინველნი ფრინვალენი ქუეყანასა ზედა ჩემისაებრ ცისა. და იქმნა ეგრეთ. და შექმნნა ღმერთმან ვეშაპნი დიდნი და ყოველი სული ცხოველთა ქუეწარმავალთაჲ, გამოიღეს წყალთა ნათესაობისაებრ მათისა ყოველი მფრინველი მფრინვალენი ნათესაობისაებრ. და იხილა ღმერთმან, რამეთუ კეთილ. და აკურთხნა იგინი ღმერთმან მეტყუელმან: აღორძნდით და განმრავლდით. და აღავსენით წყალნი ზღჳსანი. და მფრინველნი განმრავლდედ ქუეყანასა ზედა. და იქმნა მწუხრი და იქმნა განთიად დღე მეხუთე. და თქვა(?) ღმერთმან: გამოიღედ ქუეყანამან სამშჳნველი ცხოველი ნათესაობისაებრ ოთხფერჴთა და ქუეწარმავალთა და მჴეცთა ქუეყანისათა ნათესაობითი. და იქმნა ეგრე. და შექმნა ღმერთმან მჴეცნი ნათესაობითნი და საცხოვარნი ნათესაობისაებრ მათისა და ყოველი ქუეწარმავალი ქუეყანისა ნათესაობისაებრ მათისა და იხილა ღმერთმან, რამეთუ კეთილ. და თქვა(?) ღმერთმან: ვქმნეთ კაცი * ხატებისაებრ ჩვენისა (!) და მსგავსებისაებრ. და მთავრობდეს თევზთა ზღჳსასა და მფრინველთა ცისათა და პირუტყუთა და მჴეცთა ყოვლისა ქუეყანისა ყოველთა ქუეწარმავალთა მავალთა ქუეყანასა ზედა.","english":"And evening came, and morning came, that fourth day. And God said: Let the waters bring forth the creeping things of the reptiles and the flying birds upon the earth, according to my likeness of the sky. And it was so. And God created the great whales and every living creature of the creeping things; the waters brought forth according to their kind every flying bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. And God the Word blessed them: Be fruitful and multiply. And fill the waters of the sea. And let the birds multiply upon the earth. And evening came, and morning came, the fifth day. And God said: Let the earth bring forth the wild beast according to the kind of the quadrupeds and the creeping things and the beasts of the earth according to their kind. And it was so. And God created the beasts according to their kind and the cattle according to their kind and every creeping thing of the earth according to its kind, and God saw that it was good. And God said: Let us make man according to our image and likeness. And let him rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the sky and the beasts and the wild animals of all the earth, over all the creeping things that move upon the earth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"დღე იგი მეოთხე / დღე მეხუთე","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured around two creation days (fourth and fifth), each marked by the formulaic refrain 'And evening came, and morning came'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მეტყუელმან","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'mec̣q̇uelman' (the Word) identifies God as the Logos, reflecting a Christological reading of the creation narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"აღორძნდით და განმრავლდით","severity":"info","text":"The blessing 'Be fruitful and multiply' echoes Genesis 1:22 (LXX), where God blesses the sea creatures and birds.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ხატებისაებრ ჩვენისა (!) და მსგავსებისაებრ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'according to our image and likeness' directly parallels Genesis 1:26, with the first-person plural ('our') reflecting the divine plural of the LXX.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"თქვა(?)","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 't'kva' (said) is marked with a question mark in the edition, indicating a textual uncertainty or scribal correction in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ვეშაპნი დიდნი","severity":"info","text":"The 'great whales' (vešapni didni) correspond to the 'great sea monsters' of Genesis 1:21 (LXX: κήτη τὰ μεγάλα), a distinctive element in the creation of aquatic life.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The verb 't'kva' (said) is marked with a question mark, suggesting possible textual corruption or scribal uncertainty.","The phrase 'according to my likeness of the sky' (ჩემისაებრ ცისა) is ambiguous: it may mean 'according to my likeness, as in the sky' or be a scribal error for 'according to the likeness of the sky'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"** და შექმნა ღმერთმან კაცი სახედ თჳსად და ხატად ღმრთისა შექმნა იგი, *** მამაკაცად და დედაკაცად ქმნა იგინი.\n\nდა აკურთხნა იგინი ღმერთმან მეტყუელმან: **** აღორძნდით და განმრავლდით. და აღავსეთ ქუეყანაჲ და ეუფლენით მას. და მთავრობდით თევზთა ზღჳსათა, და მფრინველთა ცისათა, და ყოველთა პირუტყუთა, და ყოველსა ქვეყანასა (!) და ყოველთა ქუეწარმავალთა, მავალთა ქვეყანასა (!) ზედა. და თქვა ღმერთმან: აჰა, მიგცე თქვენ(!) ყოველი თივა სათესავი მთესველი თესლისაჲ, რომელ არს ზედა ყოვლისა ქვეყანისა (!). და ყოველი ხე, რომელსა აქუს თავსა შორის თჳსსა ნაყოფი თესლისაჲ სათესავი, ***** თქუენდა იყოს საჭმელად. და ყოველთა მჴეცთა ქვეყანისათა და ყოველთა მფრინველთა ცისათა. და ყოვლისა ქუეწარმავალისა, რომელი ვალს ქვეყანასა ზედა, რომელსა აქუს თავსა შორის თვისსა (!) სული სიცოცხლისა, და ყოველი თივა მწვანვილისა საჭამადად და იქმნა ეგრეთ. * და იხილნა ღმერთმან ყოველნი, რაოდენნი ქმნნა, და აჰა კეთილ. ფრიად,და იყო მწუხრი ღა იქმნა განთიად დღე მეექუსე. [Section:]","english":"And God created man in his own image and in the likeness of God he created him, as male and female he created them.\n\nAnd God the Word blessed them: \"Be fruitful and multiply. And fill the earth and rule over it. And have dominion over the fish of the sea, and the birds of the sky, and all the beasts, and the whole earth, and all the creeping things, the movers upon the earth. And God said: Behold, I give you every herb for sowing, the seed of the sower, which is upon the whole earth. And every tree which has within its head the fruit of the seed for sowing, let it be for you to eat. And all the beasts of the earth and all the birds of the sky. And every creeping thing which moves upon the earth, which has within its head the spirit of life, and every green herb for eating. And it was so. And God saw all that he had created, and behold, it was very good. And evening came, and morning came, that sixth day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მეტყუელმან","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'მეტყუელმან' (met'q'uelman) translates 'the Word' (Logos), a Christological title not present in the Hebrew or Greek of Genesis but reflecting later theological interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"აღორძნდით და განმრავლდით","severity":"info","text":"The blessing 'Be fruitful and multiply' echoes Genesis 1:28, but the Georgian text expands the divine speech with additional dominion language not found in the Masoretic or Septuagint versions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"სული სიცოცხლისა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'spirit of life' (სული სიცოცხლისა) for animals reflects a Hellenistic or patristic concept of a life-principle, distinct from the human soul, and is absent from the biblical Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"დღე მეექუსე","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes the sixth day of creation, following the pattern of the previous passage (fourth day) and the fifth day (implied), maintaining the hexaemeral structure of the Mcxeta Bible.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ქვეყანასა (!)","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated exclamation marks in the Georgian text (e.g., 'ქვეყანასა (!)') indicate scribal or editorial uncertainty about the case or form, possibly a corruption in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ხატად ღმრთისა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the likeness of God' (ხატად ღმრთისა) for humanity's creation reflects the Septuagint's 'κατ᾽ εἰκόνα θεοῦ' and was central to Georgian theological anthropology, as seen in patristic commentaries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:mcat","label":"source edition: Mcxeta Bible ( complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/at/mcat/mcat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text expands the divine speech with elements (e.g., 'spirit of life' for animals) not in the Hebrew or Greek, leaving unclear whether this reflects a lost source or local exegetical tradition. The exclamation marks suggest textual corruption in the manuscript."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}