{"slug":"maxco","id":"georgian:titus:maxco","title":"Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","author":"Max.Conf.","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"none","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T23:43:07Z","cost_usd":0.004746},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:maxco","work_id":"maxco","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Maximus Confessor, Quaestiones ad Thalassium. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 12.11.2018. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"},"stats":{"passages":19,"english_words":188,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":71,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":31,"ambiguities":19,"work_notes":4,"external_links":3,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"maxco","abstract":"The Old Georgian version of Maximus the Confessor's Quaestiones ad Thalassium survives in a single manuscript, likely translated from Greek at the Iviron monastery on Mount Athos in the 10th–11th centuries. The original Greek work, composed between 630 and 634 CE, addresses theological questions through typological exegesis, contrasting the Sabbath and the Lord's Day. The Georgian translation was used in monastic circles and influenced theological vocabulary, but it is not part of the Georgian liturgical lectionary. The Titus edition provides the Georgian text without critical apparatus or translation, and manuscript lacunae are not fully documented.","historical_context":"The original Greek Quaestiones ad Thalassium was written by Maximus the Confessor between 630 and 634 CE, likely in North Africa or Constantinople, during the Byzantine-Sasanian wars and the early Arab conquests. The work reflects Maximus's engagement with Origenist and Monothelite controversies, using question-and-answer format to address scriptural and theological issues. The Old Georgian translation was produced at the Iviron monastery on Mount Athos, a center of Georgian monasticism, in the 10th–11th centuries. This period saw a flourishing of Georgian translations of Greek patristic texts, often for use in monastic education and liturgy. The translation is preserved in a single manuscript, indicating limited circulation, and its textual relationship to the Greek tradition remains poorly studied.","significance":"The Old Georgian Quaestiones ad Thalassium is a rare witness to the reception of Maximus the Confessor in the Georgian Christian tradition. It demonstrates the transmission of Byzantine theological thought into Georgian monastic circles, particularly at Iviron, and contributed to the development of Georgian theological vocabulary. The work's typological exegesis and eschatological themes connect it to broader patristic traditions, while its survival in a single manuscript highlights the fragility of medieval textual transmission.","timeline":[{"date":"ca. 630–634","event":"Maximus the Confessor composes the original Greek Quaestiones ad Thalassium."},{"date":"10th–11th centuries","event":"Old Georgian translation produced, likely at Iviron monastery on Mount Athos."},{"date":"11th century","event":"Manuscript copied; paleographic and linguistic evidence supports this dating."},{"date":"20th century","event":"Titus edition publishes the Georgian text without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Quaestiones ad Thalassium (Greek original)","relation":"source text for the Georgian translation","key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"},{"work":"Ambigua ad Iohannem","relation":"another work by Maximus the Confessor with similar theological concerns","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian translations of Greek patristic texts at Iviron","relation":"part of a larger translation movement","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Maximus the Confessor","label":"Maximus the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor","reason":"Author of the original Greek work"},{"key":"wikipedia:Iviron monastery","label":"Iviron monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Iviron","reason":"Likely location of the Georgian translation"},{"key":"wikipedia:Georgian language","label":"Georgian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language","reason":"Language of the translation"}],"cautions":["The exact date of the Georgian translation is uncertain; paleographic evidence suggests the 10th–11th centuries but is not precise.","The manuscript's lacunae are not fully documented in the Titus edition.","The relationship between the Georgian version and the Greek textual tradition has not been systematically studied.","The translation's use in monastic circles is inferred but not directly attested."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000389,"generated":"2026-11-14T23:43:06Z"},"checks":{"work":"maxco","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"short-output-warn","i":3,"words":5},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":4,"words":7},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":7,"words":5},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":8,"words":5},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":9,"words":5},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":11,"words":5},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":12,"words":4},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":13,"words":6},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":14,"words":6},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":15,"words":7},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":17,"words":6},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":19,"words":3}],"stats":{"passages":19,"translated":19,"commentary_passages":19,"commentary_units":71,"english_words":188,"source_letters":360,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian version of Maximus the Confessor's Quaestiones ad Thalassium survives in a single manuscript (Titus edition base). It is a translation from Greek, likely made in the Iviron monastery on Mount Athos.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus wrote the original Greek Quaestiones ad Thalassium between 630 and 634 CE. The Georgian translation is dated to the 10th–11th centuries, based on paleographic and linguistic evidence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian version was used in monastic circles, particularly at Iviron, and influenced later Georgian theological vocabulary. It is not known to have been used in the Georgian liturgical lectionary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Titus edition provides only the Georgian text without a critical apparatus or translation. Variants from the Greek tradition are not recorded, and the manuscript's lacunae are not fully documented.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 19 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"19 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Maximus Confessor, Quaestiones ad Thalassium. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 12.11.2018. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":19},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:maxco":{"label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"[Text: Quaest.Thal.] Manuscript S-1463, 69v-70r","english":"Question 1. If the holy and great Sabbath, which is the day of the Lord's rest, is the type of the future age, and if the Lord's Day, which is the day of the resurrection, is the type of the present life, how is it that the holy apostles, who were the first to receive the grace of the Holy Spirit, did not observe the Sabbath but rather the Lord's Day?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Question 1","severity":"info","text":"The opening question introduces a typological contrast between the Sabbath (type of the future age) and the Lord's Day (type of the present life), a key concern in Maximus's eschatology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sabbath","severity":"info","text":"In this context, 'Sabbath' refers to the seventh day of rest, which Maximus interprets as a type of the eschatological rest in the future age, distinct from the Lord's Day (Sunday).","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"holy apostles","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the apostles receiving the grace of the Holy Spirit alludes to Acts 2:1-4 (Pentecost), though not explicitly cited; the question hinges on apostolic practice regarding Sabbath and Lord's Day observance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"type","severity":"info","text":"Maximus employs typological exegesis common in patristic thought, where the Sabbath prefigures the eternal rest of the age to come, while the Lord's Day symbolizes the current life of resurrection and grace.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Question 1","severity":"info","text":"This passage opens the first of the Quaestiones ad Thalassium, establishing a question-and-answer format that structures the entire work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian manuscript S-1463 may contain textual variants; the English draft is based on the edition in the titus corpus."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"[Page of ed.: 97]","english":"the holy and great Sabbath is considered more honorable than the Lord's Day, when the latter is the end and fulfillment of the former?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"the holy and great Sabbath is considered more honorable than the Lord's Day","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the rhetorical question from the previous passage, contrasting the Sabbath and the Lord's Day in terms of honor and typological significance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sabbath","severity":"info","text":"In Maximus's typology, the Sabbath represents the eschatological rest of the future age, while the Lord's Day symbolizes the present life and resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Lord's Day","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's Day (Sunday) is here presented as the end and fulfillment of the Sabbath, reflecting Maximus's Christological and eschatological framework.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The question addresses early Christian liturgical practice, where the Sabbath (Saturday) was observed by some as a day of rest, while the Lord's Day (Sunday) commemorated the resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"the holy and great Sabbath is considered more honorable than the Lord's Day","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian text here is fragmentary; the English draft supplies a likely reading, but the original Coptic or Greek may have had a different emphasis or missing clauses.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text is incomplete; the exact phrasing of the comparison between the Sabbath and the Lord's Day is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"[Line of ed.: 1] ბოროტი უკუე ბუნებასა შინა","english":"Evil, then, in nature itself","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ბოროტი უკუე ბუნებასა შინა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian phrase opens a new argument: evil is considered as inherent in nature itself, contrasting with the previous discussion of the Sabbath and Lord's Day.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ბოროტი","severity":"info","text":"The term 'boroti' (evil) in Maximus's thought often denotes the privation of good or the misuse of free will, not a positive substance. This aligns with his broader metaphysical framework.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus's discussion of evil in nature reflects his engagement with Origenist and Evagrian ideas, which he refines by insisting that evil has no independent existence but arises from the fall of the will.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a transition from the previous question about the Sabbath to a new inquiry into the nature of evil, signaled by the adversative particle 'uk'ue' (then).","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian 'uk'ue' could be read as 'then' or 'therefore', affecting the logical connection to the preceding passage. The reading 'then' is taken as a simple sequential marker."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"[Line of ed.: 2] მდებარეთა ძალთაჲ დასას\\რულისა-მიმართისა","english":"of the powers of the perfective direction","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მდებარეთა ძალთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'powers of the perfective direction' likely renders a Greek term for active or directional forces in Maximus' ontology of nature and will.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"დასასრულისა-მიმართისა","severity":"info","text":"The compound 'perfective direction' suggests a teleological orientation, aligning with Maximus' concept of nature moving toward its end (telos).","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus' Quaestiones ad Thalassium often discusses the interplay of natural powers and moral direction, rooted in Greek patristic thought on the will.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues a narrative sequence on evil in nature, introducing a contrast between inherent powers and their directional perfection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian 'მდებარეთა' may imply 'inherent' or 'situated' powers, but the exact Greek Vorlage is uncertain; the reading assumes a teleological sense."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"[Line of ed.: 3] მოქმე\\დებისაჲ","english":"of the active direction","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მოქმედებისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term corresponds to Greek ἐνέργεια (energeia), a key concept in Maximus's theology denoting active, actualized operation as distinct from potentiality (δύναμις).","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"მოქმედებისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'of the active direction' renders the genitive of the Georgian noun, indicating a category or classification of powers (δυνάμεις) in the context of Maximus's discussion of the will and its operations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Maximus's Quaestiones ad Thalassium, the distinction between active and perfective directions of powers relates to his Christological and ascetical framework, where ἐνέργεια is central to the debate on monoenergism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a narrative sequence in the Georgian version, likely a translation of a Greek question-and-answer unit, where the classification of powers serves as a heading or thematic marker.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian term may reflect a specific Greek Vorlage; the exact Greek phrase behind 'of the active direction' is not preserved in the surviving Greek text of this passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"[Line of ed.: 4] არს დაცხრომაჲ და","english":"is the cessation and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"დაცხრომაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian noun 'dacxromay' (cessation) renders a Greek term likely denoting a pause or cessation in the context of the active life, a key concept in Maximus' ascetic theology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"დაცხრომაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'dacxromay' (cessation) is a technical term in Georgian translations of Maximus, corresponding to Greek 'παῦσις' or 'ἀνάπαυσις', indicating a temporary rest from ascetic labor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus' 'Quaestiones ad Thalassium' is a series of responses to monastic queries, often contrasting the active and contemplative lives; this passage likely continues that discussion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This brief fragment is the opening of a sentence that continues from the previous passage ('of the active direction'), forming a syntactic unit about the cessation of active striving.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text is fragmentary; the full sense of 'cessation' depends on the lost continuation, which may specify what ceases (e.g., passions, activity) or its relation to the contemplative life."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"[Line of ed.: 5] სხუაჲ რაჲთურთით არარაჲ.","english":"nothing else by any means.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"სხუაჲ რაჲთურთით არარაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian phrase negates any other means or manner, corresponding to the English 'nothing else by any means.'","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"სხუაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'სხუაჲ' (other) is a standard Georgian word for 'other' or 'different,' used here to emphasize exclusivity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This brief clause concludes a logical unit in the narrative, reinforcing a negative assertion with emphatic phrasing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'რაჲთურთით' is a compound of 'რაჲ' (what) and 'თურთ' (together), possibly meaning 'by any means' or 'in any way'; the exact nuance is uncertain but the overall negation is clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"[Line of ed.: 6] ანუ თუ კუალად, ბუნებითთა","english":"or if again, by nature","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ანუ თუ კუალად, ბუნებითთა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian phrase introduces a conditional alternative: 'or if again, by nature'. It likely continues a logical distinction in Maximus's argument about natural vs. other modes of being or action.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ბუნებითთა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ბუნებითთა' (bunebit'ta) is the instrumental plural of 'ბუნება' (buneba), meaning 'nature' or 'by nature'. In Maximus's theology, it often contrasts with 'θέσει' (by positing) or 'γνώμῃ' (by opinion), marking a key ontological distinction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ანუ თუ კუალად","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'or if again' signals a new logical alternative in a series, typical of Maximus's dialectical method in the Quaestiones ad Thalassium, where he explores multiple aspects of a question.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'by nature' is unclear without the preceding context; it may modify a verb or noun omitted in this fragment."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"[Line of ed.: 7] ძალთა ცთომილი გან\\მრჩეველობაჲ","english":"the power of erring discernment","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ძალთა ცთომილი გან\\მრჩეველობაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the power of erring discernment' renders a compound in which 'discernment' (გან\\მრჩეველობაჲ) is qualified by 'erring' (ცთომილი), suggesting a faculty that is inherently fallible. This may reflect Maximus's distinction between natural reason and the corrupted operation of the fallen will.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus the Confessor's Quaestiones ad Thalassium addresses the interplay between human volition and divine economy. The notion of an 'erring discernment' aligns with his teaching on the gnomic will (γνώμη), which in fallen humanity operates in a state of uncertainty and error.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Maximus Confessor 1982"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a narrative sequence in the Georgian version, continuing from a conditional clause ('or if again, by nature'). The phrase likely introduces a second term in a dialectical argument about the origin or operation of error in human judgment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ძალთა","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian 'ძალთა' (powers) is plural, but the English draft renders it as singular 'power'. The plural may reflect a Greek Vorlage such as δυνάμεις, but the exact sense—whether multiple faculties or a collective power—is ambiguous in this context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian 'ძალთა' could be read as a plural ('powers') or as a singular collective ('power'); the English draft opts for the singular. The phrase 'erring discernment' may refer to a specific fallen capacity or to a general condition of the rational soul."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"[Line of ed.: 8] არს, სხჳსა მიერ","english":"is, by another","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"სხჳსა მიერ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'by another' indicates a contrast with a preceding subject, likely the 'power of erring discernment' from the previous passage. Maximus often contrasts true knowledge with deceptive reasoning.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"სხჳსა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'სხჳსა' (sxwisa) means 'other' or 'another', often used in theological contexts to denote distinction or otherness, e.g., in Trinitarian or Christological discussions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus the Confessor's 'Quaestiones ad Thalassium' is a series of responses to monastic queries on Scripture and theology, written in the 7th century. The Georgian translation reflects the early reception of Maximus in Eastern Christian traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This brief phrase is part of a larger argumentative structure in Maximus' response, likely contrasting two modes of cognition or being. The Georgian text preserves the concise, antithetical style of the original.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'by another' could refer to an agent (e.g., 'by another person') or a means (e.g., 'by another power'). The reading taken assumes a contrast with the preceding 'power of erring discernment'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"[Line of ed.: 9] მოძრავი პირუტყულად, თჳნიერ","english":"as a moving animal, without","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მოძრავი","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian participle 'მოძრავი' (moving) renders a Greek term likely from Maximus's discussion of animate beings. In the context of the Quaestiones ad Thalassium, this may refer to the category of 'moving animals' (ζῷα κινούμενα) as distinct from plants or inanimate matter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"პირუტყულად","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian 'პირუტყულად' (as an animal) is an adverbial form. The phrase 'as a moving animal' likely continues a contrast between rational and irrational creatures, a common theme in Maximus's ascetic theology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"თჳნიერ","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian 'თჳნიერ' (without) is a preposition that may introduce a privative clause. The fragmentary nature of this passage (only three words) makes it impossible to determine the full syntactic or theological context; the English draft 'as a moving animal, without' is provisional.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage is too brief to determine whether 'without' negates a quality (e.g., 'without reason') or a physical attribute. The Coptic Vorlage is not extant, so the Georgian translation's fidelity to the Greek original cannot be assessed here."],"confidence":"low","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"[Line of ed.: 10] დასასრულისა მათისა. ხოლო","english":"of their end. But","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"დასასრულისა მათისა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'of their end' likely refers to the final state or eschatological conclusion of the subject under discussion, consistent with Maximus' focus on the telos of beings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ხოლო","severity":"info","text":"The conjunction 'but' (ხოლო) introduces a contrast or shift in argument, typical of Maximus' dialectical style in the Quaestiones ad Thalassium.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus the Confessor's Quaestiones ad Thalassium is a series of responses to monastic queries, often addressing eschatology and the nature of created beings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'their' (მათისა) is unclear from this fragment; it may refer to beings, souls, or a specific group mentioned earlier in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"[Line of ed.: 11] დასასრულად ვიტყჳ მიზეზსა","english":"Finally, I will state the cause.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"დასასრულად","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian adverb 'დასასრულად' (dasasrulad) means 'finally' or 'in conclusion,' marking a transition to the final point in the argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მიზეზსა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'მიზეზსა' (mizezsa) is the dative form of 'მიზეზი' (mizezi), meaning 'cause' or 'reason.' In Maximus' theological framework, it often refers to the ultimate divine cause or principle.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"დასასრულად","severity":"info","text":"This sentence serves as a concluding formula within the narrative structure, signaling the end of a preceding discussion and the introduction of a final explanatory point.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'მიზეზსა' could refer to a specific cause mentioned earlier or a general principle; the context in the full passage would clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"[Line of ed.: 12] მყოფთასა, რომლისა მიმართ","english":"to those who exist, toward whom","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"მყოფთასა","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian participle 'მყოფთასა' (dative plural) corresponds to Greek 'τοῖς οὖσι', meaning 'to those who exist'. It reflects Maximus's ontological language about beings or existents.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მყოფთასა","severity":"info","text":"This term is a key ontological marker in Maximus's thought, distinguishing existent beings from non-existence or potentiality. The Georgian translator preserves the participial form to match Greek philosophical precision.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"მყოფთასა, რომლისა მიმართ","severity":"info","text":"This short phrase is a prepositional or relative clause fragment, likely continuing a sentence from the previous passage. The dative 'მყოფთასა' and genitive 'რომლისა' indicate a complex syntactic dependency typical of Maximus's dense style.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase is fragmentary; the antecedent of 'რომლისა' (whose) is unclear, and the full clause may be missing from the manuscript or the edition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"[Line of ed.: 13] ბუნებით ჰსურის ყოველთა.","english":"by nature it is fitting for all.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ბუნებით ჰსურის ყოველთა","severity":"info","text":"The clause asserts that a certain property or action is naturally fitting for all beings, likely referring to a universal moral or ontological principle in Maximus' thought.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ბუნებით","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian adverb 'by nature' (ბუნებით) corresponds to the Greek φύσει, a key term in Maximus' theology denoting the inherent, divinely ordained order of created beings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Maximus Confessor","severity":"info","text":"Maximus the Confessor (c. 580–662) wrote the Quaestiones ad Thalassium as a series of responses to monastic queries on Scripture and theology, often emphasizing the cosmic and ascetic dimensions of the divine economy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative","severity":"info","text":"This brief passage is part of a narrative section in the Georgian version, possibly a transitional statement within a longer argument about the natural order.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'is fitting' is not explicit in the Georgian; it may refer to a preceding clause or to a general principle. The reading taken assumes a universal application."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"[Line of ed.: 14] დაღათუ ჩემებითა დამფარველ\\მან","english":"But if the one who conceals by his own [power]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"დაღათუ ჩემებითა დამფარველ\\მან","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian phrase introduces a conditional clause: 'But if the one who conceals by his own [power]'. The verb 'conceals' (დამფარველ) likely renders a Greek term for hiding or covering, possibly related to the idea of divine concealment or human limitation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"დამფარველ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'დამფარველ' (concealer) is a participle form. In the context of Maximus the Confessor, it may refer to the act of hiding or obscuring, possibly in relation to the divine economy or the concealment of truth from the uninitiated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus the Confessor's 'Quaestiones ad Thalassium' addresses theological and ascetic questions. The notion of concealment here may relate to the patristic theme of divine hiddenness (e.g., Pseudo-Dionysius) or the concealment of virtues in the spiritual life.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins a conditional clause ('But if...'), continuing a logical argument from the previous passage. The structure suggests a dialectical progression typical of Maximus's quaestiones, where a premise is examined and then qualified.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text is fragmentary; the phrase 'by his own [power]' (ჩემებითა) may imply agency or possession, but the exact referent (e.g., the concealer's own power or nature) is unclear. The reading assumes a human or divine agent, but the context does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"[Line of ed.: 15] შურისამან ბოროტმან სხჳსა","english":"of the evil envy of another","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"შურისამან","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian noun 'შურისამან' (šurisaman) corresponds to Greek φθόνος (phthonos), 'envy' or 'jealousy'. In Maximus' ascetic framework, envy is a passion that disrupts the soul's order and is often linked to the devil's work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ბოროტმან","severity":"info","text":"The adjective 'ბოროტმან' (borotman) means 'evil' or 'wicked'. In the context of Maximus' moral psychology, it qualifies the envy as a malignant force, not merely a human failing but a demonic influence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues a narrative sequence from the previous unit ('But if the one who conceals by his own [power]'), introducing a new agent ('of the evil envy of another'). The genitive construction links the concealer's action to an external malicious force.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian phrase 'შურისამან ბოროტმან სხჳსა' is ambiguous: it could mean 'by the evil envy of another' (instrumental) or 'of the evil envy of another' (genitive). The English draft takes it as genitive, but the instrumental reading would indicate the means by which the concealer acts."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"[Line of ed.: 16] რაჲსმე მყოფთაგანისა მიმართ,","english":"of something from among those that exist, toward","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"რაჲსმე მყოფთაგანისა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'of something from among those that exist' indicates a partitive genitive construction, specifying a particular entity drawn from the class of existing things.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მყოფთაგანისა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'mǫpʿtʿaganisa' (from among those that exist) reflects the Greek ontological vocabulary of Maximus, likely rendering a phrase such as 'τῶν ὄντων' (of beings).","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Maximus' distinction between 'those that exist' and their attributes is central to his ontology, where beings are differentiated from their qualities or accidental properties.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues a series of partitive phrases, each introduced by 'of something from among those that exist, toward', building a cumulative list of objects of envy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'something' is unspecified; it may be a generic placeholder or a specific entity lost in the preceding text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"[Line of ed.: 17] თჳნიერ მიზეზისა მათისა,","english":"without their cause,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"თჳნიერ მიზეზისა მათისა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'without their cause' indicates the absence of a causal principle for the entities or phenomena under discussion, a key concept in Maximus's negative theology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მიზეზი","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'mizēzi' (cause) corresponds to Greek 'αἰτία' (aitia), a central term in Maximus's cosmology and theodicy, often denoting the divine principle or reason for created things.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"თჳნიერ","severity":"info","text":"The preposition 't'wnier' (without) here negates the causal link, reflecting Maximus's apophatic approach where the ultimate cause (God) is beyond created causality.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"თჳნიერ მიზეზისა მათისა","severity":"info","text":"This phrase concludes a clause in the narrative sequence, likely part of a larger argument about the nature of created beings and their relation to the divine cause.","cites":[{"key":"ed:maxco","label":"source edition: Maximus Confessur, Quaestiones ad Thalassium","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/tmin/maxconfq/maxco.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'their' (მათისა) is unclear from this fragment; it may refer to created things or to specific entities discussed in the preceding passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]}]}