{"slug":"khazarzar-john-chrysostom-de-prophetiarum-obscuritate","id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-john-chrysostom-de-prophetiarum-obscuritate","title":"De prophetiarum obscuritate","title_source":"De prophetiarum obscuritate","author":"John Chrysostom","genre":"other","date":null,"tradition":"greek","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor","provider":"Baidu","generated":"2026-11-15T18:13:08Z","cost_usd":0.006771},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-john-chrysostom-de-prophetiarum-obscuritate","work_id":"khazarzar-john-chrysostom-de-prophetiarum-obscuritate","edition":"khazarzar","language":"","license":null,"url":null},"stats":{"passages":56,"english_words":16545,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":63834,"commentary_units":0,"commentary_kinds":0,"derived_notes":3,"ambiguities":0,"work_notes":0,"external_links":0,"timeline":0},"summary":{},"links":[],"checks":{"work":"khazarzar-john-chrysostom-de-prophetiarum-obscuritate","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":56,"translated":56,"commentary_passages":0,"commentary_units":0,"english_words":16545,"source_letters":63817,"commentary_kinds":0},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Greek; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 56 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"2 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: John 1:29."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: khazarzar."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":56},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Ἀπόδειξις τοῦ χρησίμως τὰς περὶ Χριστοῦ καὶ ἐθνῶν καὶ τῆς ἐκπτώσεως Ἰουδαίων προφητείας ἀσαφεῖς εἶναι.\n\nαʹ. Προφητικὴν σήμερον ὑμῖν παραθεῖναι βούλομαι τράπεζαν καὶ πρὸς τὸ πέλαγος τῆς Ἡσαΐου σοφίας ἐπαφεῖναι τὸν λόγον παρασκευάζομαι. Ἀλλὰ τί πάθω; Ὀκνῶ καὶ δέδοικα, μή ποτε τὸν λιμένα ἐξελθόντες, καὶ πρὸς τὸ βάθος καταντήσαντες τῶν προφητικῶν νοημάτων, ἰλιγγιάσωμεν· ὅπερ πάσχουσιν οἱ τῶν πλωτήρων ἀήθεις. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι, ἐπειδὰν τὴν γῆν ἀφέντες ἐξ ἑκατέρου μέρους τῆς νηὸς πέλαγος ἴδωσι, καὶ οὐδὲν ἕτερον, ἀλλ' ἢ θάλατταν καὶ οὐρανὸν, σκοτοδίνῳ κατέχονται, καὶ περιφέρεσθαι τὸ πλοῖον αὐτοῖς κύκλῳ νομίζουσι μετὰ τῆς θαλάττης. Ἀλλ' οὐ παρὰ τὴν φύσιν τῆς θαλάττης, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν πλεόντων οἱ ἴλιγγοι γίνονται· ἕτεροι γοῦν τῶν ναυτῶν γυμνοῖς τοῖς σώμασι κυβιστῶσι κατὰ τῶν κυμάτων, καὶ οὐδὲν πάσχουσι τοιοῦτον, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ βάθος καταβάντες αὐτὸ, τῶν ἐν ἐδάφει διαιτωμένων ἀσφαλέστερον διατρίβουσι, καὶ τῷ στόματι, καὶ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς, καὶ παντὶ τῷ σώματι δεχόμενοι τὴν ἅλμην, οὐ δυσχεραίνουσι. Τοσοῦτόν ἐστι μελέτη καλὸν, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν ἀπειρία κακόν· οὕτως αὕτη καὶ τῶν φοβερῶν καταφρονεῖν πείθει, ἐκείνη δὲ καὶ τὰ ἀσφαλῆ ὑποπτεύειν καὶ δεδοικέναι παρασκευάζει. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐφ' ὑψηλῶν τῶν ἰκρίων καθήμενοι τῆς νηὸς, καὶ πρὸς τὴν θέαν ἰλιγγιῶσιν· οἱ δὲ οὐδὲ ἐν μέσοις θορυβοῦνται τοῖς κύμασι. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς διανοίας γίνεται τῆς ἡμετέρας·","english":"Demonstration that the prophecies concerning Christ and the nations and the fall of the Jews are usefully obscure.\n\n1. I wish today to set before you a prophetic table, and I am preparing to launch my discourse into the sea of Isaiah's wisdom. But what am I to suffer? I shrink back and am afraid, lest at some point, having left the harbor and arrived at the depth of the prophetic meanings, we become dizzy—which is exactly what happens to those unaccustomed to sailing. For those men too, when they have left the land and see sea on both sides of the ship, and nothing else but water and sky, are seized by a dark vertigo, and think that the boat is being spun around in circles together with the sea. But the dizziness does not come from the nature of the sea, but from the inexperience of the sailors. At any rate, other sailors dive headlong into the waves with their bodies bare, and suffer nothing of the kind, but having gone down into the very depth, they live more safely than those who dwell on land, and receiving the brine with their mouth, their eyes, and their whole body, they are not distressed. So good a thing is practice, so great an evil is inexperience; thus the one persuades one to despise even fearful things, while the other disposes one to suspect and fear even safe things. For some, sitting on the high deck of the ship, grow dizzy at the sight, while others are not disturbed even in the midst of the waves. This happens also in our mind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"καὶ γὰρ καὶ ταύτην πολλάκις καταλαμβάνει κύματα παθῶν τῶν θαλαττίων ἀγριώτερα, οἷον ζάλη θυμοῦ κάτωθεν στρέφουσα τὴν καρδίαν, πνεύματα ἐπιθυμίας πονηρᾶς πολλὴν ἐμποιοῦντα τῇ διανοίᾳ τὴν σύγχυσιν. Ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν ἄπειρος καὶ ἀμελέτητος, ἀρχομένου τοῦ χειμῶνος τῆς ὀργῆς, εὐθέως θορυβεῖται, ταράττεται, κλονεῖται, περιορᾷ γινομένην ὑποβρύχιον τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπὸ τῶν παθῶν, καὶ ναυάγιον ὑπομένουσαν· ὁ δὲ ἔμπειρος καὶ μεμελετηκὼς τὰ τοιαῦτα φέρειν γενναίως, καθάπερ κυβερνήτην ἐπὶ τῶν οἰάκων, οὕτω τὸν λογισμὸν ἐπάνω τῶν παθῶν καθίσας, οὐ πρότερον ἀφίσταται πάντα ποιῶν, ἕως ἂν κατευθύνῃ τὸ σκάφος πρὸς τὸν εὔδιον τῆς φιλοσοφίας λιμένα. Ὅπερ οὖν ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάττης γίνεται, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς διανοίας συμβαίνει, τοῦτο καὶ ἐν τῇ ἐξηγήσει τῶν Γραφῶν συμπίπτει· ἀνάγκη θορυβεῖσθαι, ταράττεσθαι, ἐπειδὰν ἐξέλθωμεν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ τὸ πέλαγος φοβερὸν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἡμεῖς οἱ πλέοντες ἄπειροι. Ὅτι γὰρ ἔστιν, εὔκολον φύσει λόγον ὄντα, δύσκολον γενέσθαι παρὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν ἀκουόντων, Παῦλον ὑμῖν παραστήσομαι μάρτυρα. Εἰπὼν γὰρ ὅτι Χριστὸς ἐγένετο ἀρχιερεὺς κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδὲκ, καὶ ζητῶν τίς ἐστιν ὁ Μελχισεδὲκ, ἐπήγαγε· Περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος καὶ δυσερμήνευτος. Τί λέγεις, ὦ μακάριε Παῦλε; Δυσερμήνευτός σοι τῷ πνευματικὴν ἔχοντι σοφίαν, τῷ τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα ῥήματα ἀκούσαντι, τῷ πρὸς τρίτον ἁρπαγέντι οὐρανόν; Εἰ σοὶ δυσερμήνευτος, τίνι καταληπτός; Ἐμοὶ, φησὶ, δυσερμήνευτος, οὐ παρὰ τὴν οἰκείαν δυσκολίαν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῶν ἀκουόντων. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Δυσερμήνευτος, ἐπήγαγεν·","english":"For this [soul] too is often seized by waves of passions more savage than the sea's, such as a squall of anger overturning the heart from beneath, winds of evil desire producing great confusion in the mind. But the inexperienced and unpracticed man, when the storm of anger begins, is at once thrown into tumult, disturbed, shaken; he looks on while his soul is sunk beneath the passions and suffers shipwreck. But the experienced man, practiced in bearing such things nobly, having set his reason above the passions like a helmsman at the tiller, does not withdraw, doing all he can, until he steers the vessel toward the calm harbor of philosophy. What therefore happens on the sea happens also in the mind, and the same befalls us in the interpretation of the Scriptures: there is necessarily tumult and disturbance when we put out into the open sea—not because the sea is fearful, but because we who sail are inexperienced. For that a thing which is by nature easy can become difficult through the inexperience of the hearers, I shall set Paul before you as a witness. For having said that Christ became high priest according to the order of Melchizedek, and seeking who Melchizedek is, he added: Concerning whom we have much to say and it is hard to interpret. What do you say, blessed Paul? Hard to interpret for you, who have spiritual wisdom, who heard the unspoken words, who were caught up to the third heaven? If it is hard to interpret for you, for whom is it comprehensible? For me, he says, it is hard to interpret—not because of its own difficulty, but because of the weakness of the hearers. For having said, Hard to interpret, he added:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Ἐπειδὴ νωθροὶ γεγόνατε ταῖς ἀκοαῖς. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐχ ἡ φύσις τοῦ λόγου, ἀλλ' ἡ ἀπειρία τῶν ἀκουόντων δύσκολον τὸν οὐ δύσκολον ἐποίησεν; Οὐ μόνον δὲ δύσκολον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολὺν ποιεῖ τὸν βραχὺν ἡ αὐτὴ αἰτία· διόπερ οὐχὶ δυσερμήνευτον ἔφησεν εἶναι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολὺν, καὶ τοῦ μήκους, καὶ τῆς δυσκολίας ἀναθεὶς τὴν αἰτίαν τῇ νωθρότητι τῆς ἀκοῆς. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀῤῥωστούντων οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον σύντομον καὶ ἐσχεδιασμένην παραθεῖναι τράπεζαν, ἀλλὰ δεῖ παρασκευάσαι\n\nτὰ σιτία διάφορα, ἵνα ἂν τοῦτο ὁ κάμνων μὴ βουληθῇ μεταλαβεῖν, τὸ ἕτερον λάβῃ· κἂν ἐκεῖνο μὴ προσίηται, τὸ ἄλλο δέξηται· κἂν τοῦτο διακρούσηται, ἐπιλάβηται θατέρου, καὶ τῇ ποικιλίᾳ τῶν βρωμάτων τὴν δυσκολίαν νικήσωμεν, καὶ τῷ πολυτρόπῳ τῆς τραπέζης τὸ δυσάρεστον τῆς γνώμης θεραπεύσωμεν· οὕτω πολλάκις καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς πνευματικῆς ἑστιάσεως χρὴ ποιεῖν. Ὅταν ἀσθενεῖς ὦμεν, πολὺν παρασκευάσασθαι χρὴ τὸν λόγον καὶ ποικίλον, παραβολὰς καὶ παραδείγματα ἔχοντα, κατασκευὰς, καὶ περιόδους, καὶ ἕτερα πολλὰ τοιαῦτα, ἵνα ἐκ πάντων ῥᾳδία γένηται ἡμῖν τῶν συμφερόντων ἡ αἵρεσις. Πλὴν ἀλλ' εἰ καὶ πολὺς ὁ λόγος καὶ δυσερμήνευτος, οὐκ ἀπεστέρησεν αὐτοὺς τῆς διδασκαλίας τοῦ Μελχισεδέκ· τῷ μὲν γὰρ εἰπεῖν, Πολὺς καὶ Δυσερμήνευτος, ἀναστήσας αὐτῶν τὴν σπουδὴν, ἵνα προθυμότεροι γένωνται περὶ τὴν ἀκρόασιν· τῷ δὲ παρασχεῖν τὴν τράπεζαν, χαρισάμενος αὐτῶν τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ. βʹ. Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἡμεῖς ποιήσωμεν· εἰ καὶ ἄπειρον τὸ πέλαγος τῶν προφητῶν, καὶ πολλὰ ἐκεῖ τὰ βάθη, κατατολμήσωμεν τῆς θαλάττης κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν δύναμιν·","english":"Because you have become sluggish in hearing. Do you see that it is not the nature of the word, but the inexperience of the hearers, that has made difficult what is not difficult? And the same cause makes not only difficult but also long what is short; therefore he said it was not only hard to interpret but also long, attributing the cause both of its length and of its difficulty to the sluggishness of hearing. For just as in the case of the sick it is not necessary to set before them a brief and hastily prepared table, but one must prepare foods of various kinds, so that if the sick man is unwilling to partake of one, he may take another; and if he does not accept that one, he may receive another; and if he rejects this one, he may lay hold of the other—and by the variety of foods we may conquer his distaste, and by the manifold nature of the table we may heal the fastidiousness of his disposition—so too it is often necessary to do in the case of the spiritual banquet. When we are weak, we must prepare a long and varied discourse, containing parables and examples, constructions and periods and many other such things, so that from all of them the choice of what is beneficial may become easy for us. Nevertheless, even though the word was long and hard to interpret, he did not deprive them of the teaching concerning Melchizedek; for by saying, Long and hard to interpret, he stirred up their zeal, so that they might become more eager for the hearing; and by providing the table, he gratified their desire. Let us also do this: even if the sea of the prophets is boundless, and its depths are many, let us dare to venture upon the sea according to our own ability.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"μᾶλλον δὲ μὴ κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν δύναμιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν ἄνωθεν δεδομένην ἡμῖν χάριν, οὐ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν παῤῥησίαν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ὑμετέραν ὠφέλειαν κατατολμήσωμεν τῆς θαλάττης, κἀν τούτῳ Παῦλον μιμούμενοι. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐκ ἀπεστέρησεν αὐτοὺς τοῦ λόγου τοῦ κατὰ τὸν Μελχισεδὲκ, ἄκουσον τῶν ἑξῆς. Εἰπὼν γοῦν, Περὶ οὗ πολὺς ὁ λόγος καὶ δυσερμήνευτος, ἐπήγαγεν· Οὗτος γὰρ ὁ Μελχισεδὲκ, βασιλεὺς δικαιοσύνης· ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ βασιλεὺς Σαλὴμ, ὅ ἐστι βασιλεὺς εἰρήνης, ἀπάτωρ, ἀμήτωρ, ἀγενεαλόγητος, μήτε ἀρχὴν ἡμερῶν, μήτε ζωῆς τέλος ἔχων· ἀφωμοιωμένος δὲ τῷ Υἱῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ μένει ἱερεὺς εἰς τὸ διηνεκές. Ἆρα οὐκ ἐτάραξεν ὑμῶν τὰς ἀκοὰς περὶ ἀνθρώπου διαλεγόμενος ὁ Παῦλος καὶ λέγων, Ἀπάτωρ, ἀμήτωρ; Καὶ τί λέγω, περὶ ἀνθρώπου; Εἰ γὰρ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ λέγοιτο τοῦτο, οὐκ ἂν πολλὴν καὶ οὕτως ἡμῖν παρέχοι ζήτησιν; Εἰ γὰρ ἀπάτωρ, πῶς Υἱός; εἰ ἀπάτωρ, πῶς Μονογενής; Ὁ γὰρ υἱὸς ὀφείλει πατέρα ἔχειν, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἂν εἴη υἱός. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπάτωρ ἐστὶν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἀμήτωρ. Πῶς; Ἀπάτωρ τὴν κάτω γέννησιν, ἀμήτωρ τὴν ἄνω· οὔτε γὰρ ἐπὶ γῆς ἔσχε πατέρα, οὔτε ἐν οὐρανῷ μητέρα. Ἀγενεαλόγητος. Ἀκουέτωσαν οἱ τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ πολυπραγμονοῦντες· καίτοι τινὲς νομίζουσιν, ὅτι τὸ Ἀγενεαλόγητος τοῦτο περὶ τῆς ἄνω γεννήσεως εἴρηται. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ αἱρετικοὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτο βούλονται· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκείνην πολυπραγμονοῦσι καὶ περιεργάζονται· οἱ δὲ ἐπιεικέστεροι τούτων ἐκείνῃ μὲν παραχωροῦσιν, οὐκέτι δὲ καὶ περὶ ταύτης τῆς κάτω νομίζουσιν εἰρῆσθαι τὸ, Ἀγενεαλόγητος.","english":"Rather, not according to our own ability, but according to the grace given to us from above, not through our own boldness, but for your benefit, let us dare to venture upon the sea, imitating Paul in this too. For that he did not deprive them of the word concerning Melchizedek, hear what follows. Having said, then, \"Concerning whom there is much to say and hard to interpret,\" he added: \"For this Melchizedek, king of righteousness; and then also king of Salem, which is, king of peace, without father, without mother, without genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God, he remains a priest continually.\" Did Paul not disturb your ears when he spoke about a man and said, \"Without father, without mother\"? And why do I say, about a man? For if this were said about Christ, would it not likewise furnish us with much inquiry? For if he is without father, how is he a Son? If without father, how is he Only-begotten? For a son ought to have a father, since otherwise he would not be a son. But the Son of God is both without father and without mother. How? Without father as to the generation below, without mother as to the generation above; for neither did he have a father on earth, nor a mother in heaven. Without genealogy. Let those who busy themselves with his essence hear this; and yet some think that this word \"without genealogy\" was said concerning the generation above. For the heretics do not even want this; for they busy themselves and meddle with that generation too; but the more moderate among them concede that point, but no longer think that \"without genealogy\" was said concerning this lower generation as well.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Δείξωμεν οὖν ὅτι περὶ ἑκατέρας γεννήσεως τοῦτο ὁ Παῦλος εἶπε, καὶ περὶ τῆς ἄνω, καὶ περὶ τῆς κάτω· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκείνη φρικτὴ, καὶ αὕτη μυστικωτάτη. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ Ἡσαΐας φησὶ, Τὴν γενεὰν αὐτοῦ τίς διηγήσεται; Ἀλλὰ περὶ ἐκείνης, φησὶν, εἶπε τῆς ἄνω. Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν Παύλῳ, ἀμφοτέρας εἰπόντι τὰς γεννήσεις, καὶ τότε ἐπαγαγόντι τὸ, Ἀγενεαλόγητος; Πρότερον γὰρ εἰπὼν, Ἀπάτωρ, ἀμήτωρ, τότε ἐπήγαγε τὸ, Ἀγενεαλόγητος, ἵνα μὴ μόνον κατ' ἐκείνην τὴν γέννησιν, καθ' ἣν ἀμήτωρ ἐστὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ ταύτην, καθ' ἣν ἀπάτωρ ἦν, τὴν κάτω λέγω, ἀγενεαλόγητον εἶναι πιστεύσῃς. Διὰ τοῦτο ἀμφοτέρας θεὶς, τότε εἶπε τὸ, Ἀγενεαλόγητος· καὶ γὰρ καὶ αὕτη ἡ κάτω ἀκατάληπτος, ἵνα πρὸς ἐκείνην μηδὲ παρακύψαι τολμήσωμεν. Εἰ γὰρ τὰ προπύλαια τοῦ ναοῦ οὕτω φοβερὰ καὶ ἀπρόσιτα, πῶς εἰς τὰ ἄδυτά τις εἰσελθεῖν ἐπιχειρήσει; Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἐγεννήθη ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς, οἶδα· τὸ δὲ πῶς, οὐκ οἶδα. Ὅτι ἐτέχθη ἐκ τῆς παρθένου, ἐπίσταμαι· τὸν δὲ τρόπον οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα καταλαμβάνω. Ἑκατέρας γὰρ φύσεως ἡ γέννησις ὁμολογεῖται, καὶ ἑκατέρας ὁ τρόπος σεσίγηται. Καὶ ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα ἐπὶ τῆς παρθένου, οὐκ εἰδὼς ἐγὼ πῶς ἐκ παρθένου ἐγεννήθη, ὁμολογῶ ὅτι ἐγεννήθη, καὶ οὐκ ἀναιρῶ τὸ πρᾶγμα διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τοῦ τρόπου· οὕτω καὶ σὺ ποίησον ἐπὶ τοῦ","english":"Let us show, then, that Paul said this concerning both births, both the one above and the one below; for that one is awesome, and this one is most mystical. This is why Isaiah also says, \"Who shall declare his generation?\" But he spoke, it says, of that birth above. What then shall we say to Paul, who spoke of both births, and then added \"without genealogy\"? For having first said, \"without father, without mother,\" he then added \"without genealogy,\" so that you might believe he is without genealogy not only according to that birth, according to which he is without mother, but also according to this one, according to which he was without father—I mean the lower one. This is why, having set down both, he then said \"without genealogy\"; for this lower birth too is incomprehensible, so that we should not dare even to peer into that one. For if the forecourts of the temple are so fearful and inaccessible, how will anyone attempt to enter the innermost sanctuaries? That he was begotten of the Father, I know; but how, I do not know. That he was born of the virgin, I understand; but the manner I do not grasp even here. For the birth of each nature is confessed, and the manner of each is kept silent. And just as here, in the case of the virgin, I, not knowing how he was born of a virgin, confess that he was born, and do not abolish the fact because of my ignorance of the manner—so also do you do in the case of the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Πατρός· εἰ καὶ οὐκ οἶδας πῶς ἐγεννήθη, τὸ, Ἐγεννήθη, ὁμολόγησον. Κἂν λέγῃ σοι ὁ αἱρετικὸς, Πῶς ἐγεννήθη ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ὁ Υἱός; κατάσπασον αὐτοῦ τὸ φρόνημα εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ εἰπὲ πρὸς αὐτόν· Κατάβηθι ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν, καὶ δεῖξον πῶς ἐγεννήθη ἐκ τῆς παρθένου, καὶ τότε ἐκεῖνα ἐρώτα. Κάτασχε αὐτὸν, καὶ περίστηθι, καὶ μὴ ἀφῇς ἀποπηδῆσαι, μηδὲ ἀναχωρῆσαι εἰς τὸν λαβύρινθον τῶν λογισμῶν· ἀλλὰ κάτασχε, καὶ ἀπόπνιξον, μὴ τῇ χειρὶ, ἀλλὰ τῷ ῥήματι· μὴ δῷς αὐτῷ διαστολὰς καὶ διαφυγὰς, ἃς βούλεται. Ἐκεῖθεν θόρυβον ἐμποιοῦσι τοῖς διαλεγομένοις, ἐπειδὴ ἡμεῖς αὐτοῖς ἀκολουθοῦμεν, καὶ οὐκ ἄγομεν ὑπὸ τοὺς νόμους τῶν θείων Γραφῶν. Περίθες τοίνυν αὐτῷ τειχίον πάντοθεν, τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν Γραφῶν μαρτυρίας, καὶ οὐδὲ χᾶναι δυνήσεται. Εἰπὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν, Πῶς ἐγεννήθη ἐκ τῆς παρθένου; οὐκ ἀφίσταμαι οὐδὲ ἀναχωρῶ. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι τὸν τρόπον εἰπεῖν, κἂν μυρία φιλονεικῇ. Ὅταν γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἀποκλείσῃ, τίς ἀνοίξει λοιπόν; Πίστει παραδεκτὰ τὰ τοιαῦτα μόνῃ. Εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἀνέχῃ, ἀλλὰ λογισμοὺς ἐπιζητεῖς, ἐρῶ πρὸς σὲ, ὃ πρὸς τὸν Νικόδημον ὁ Χριστός· Εἰ τὰ ἐπίγεια εἶπον ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε, πῶς, ἐὰν τὰ ἐπουράνια εἴπω, πιστεύσετε; Περὶ τῆς ἐκ παρθένου γεννήσεως εἶπον, καὶ οὐκ οἶδας, οὐδὲ χᾶναι τολμᾷς, καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν περιεργάζῃ; Εἴθε μὲν οὖν τὸν οὐρανὸν, καὶ μὴ τὸν Δεσπότην τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐπολυπραγμόνεις. Εἰ τὰ ἐπίγεια εἶπον ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε. Οὐκ εἶπεν, οὐ πείθεσθε, ἀλλ', Οὐ πιστεύετε, δεικνὺς ἡμῖν, ὅτι καὶ τὰ ἐπίγεια πίστεως δεῖται. Εἰ δὲ τὰ ἐπίγεια πίστεως δεῖται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰ οὐράνια.","english":"Of the Father. Even if you do not know how he was begotten, confess the fact, \"He was begotten.\" And if the heretic says to you, \"How was the Son begotten from the Father?\" dash his conceit to the ground and say to him: Come down from the heavens, and show how he was born from the virgin, and then ask those questions. Hold him fast, stand over him, and do not let him leap away or retreat into the labyrinth of his reasonings; but hold him fast and choke him—not with your hand, but with the word; do not give him the distinctions and escapes he wants. It is from that quarter that they stir up confusion for those who argue with them, because we follow them and are not led under the laws of the divine Scriptures. So wall him in on every side with the testimonies from the Scriptures, and he will not even be able to gape. Say to him, \"How was he born from the virgin?\" I do not depart, nor do I retreat. But he would not be able to state the manner, even if he contends ten thousand times. For when God shuts, who will open thereafter? Such things are acceptable by faith alone. But if you do not endure this, but demand reasonings, I will say to you what Christ said to Nicodemus: \"If I told you earthly things and you do not believe, how, if I tell you heavenly things, will you believe?\" I spoke of the birth from the virgin, and you do not know, nor do you dare to gape, and yet you pry into heaven? Would that you were busying yourself with heaven, and not with the Master of the heavens. \"If I told you earthly things and you do not believe.\" He did not say, \"you are not persuaded,\" but \"you do not believe,\" showing us that even earthly things need faith. And if earthly things need faith, much more do heavenly things.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Καίτοι τότε τῷ Νικοδήμῳ περὶ τόκου διελέγετο πολὺ ἐλάττονος· περὶ τοῦ βαπτίσματος γὰρ ὁ λόγος ἦν, καὶ τῆς ἀναγεννήσεως τῆς πνευματικῆς· ἀλλ' ἔλεγεν, ὅτι καὶ ταῦτα πίστει ἐστὶ καταληπτά. Ἐπίγεια δὲ αὐτὰ ἐκάλεσεν, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ ἐπίγειά ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἐν τῇ γῇ τελεῖται, καὶ τῇ συγκρίσει τῆς ἄνω γεννήσεως τῆς ἀποῤῥήτου καὶ πάντα ὑπερβαινούσης νοῦν, ἐπίγεια ταῦτά ἐστιν. Εἰ τοίνυν, πῶς ἀναγεννῶμαι ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων, οὐ δυνατὸν εἰδέναι, ἀλλὰ πίστει μόνῃ παραδέχεσθαι δεῖ τὸ γινόμενον, καὶ τὸν τρόπον μὴ περιεργάζεσθαι· πόσης ἂν εἴη μανίας, ἐπὶ τῆς ἄνω γεννήσεως τοῦ μονογενοῦς Υἱοῦ λογισμοὺς ἀνθρωπίνους κινεῖν, καὶ τρόπου γεννήσεως εὐθύνας ἀπαιτεῖν; γʹ. Πῶς μὲν οὖν ἀπάτωρ καὶ ἀμήτωρ ὁ Μονογενὴς Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἱκανῶς ἀποδέδεικται, καὶ πῶς ἀγενεαλόγητος ἑκατέραν τὴν γέννησιν· λοιπὸν δὲ πρὸς τὸ ἐπεῖγον ἀπαγάγωμεν, τὸν λόγον τὸν περὶ τοῦ Μελχισεδὲκ εἰς ἑτέραν ἡμέραν ἀναβαλλόμενοι, καὶ διαναστήσωμεν τὴν ἀκοὴν, προφητικῶν μέλλοντες ἀκούειν αἰνιγμάτων. Αἰνίγμασι γὰρ ἔοικε τὰ προφητικὰ, καὶ πολλὴ δυσκολία ἐν τῇ παλαιᾷ Διαθήκῃ, καὶ δυσεπίληπτα τὰ βιβλία· ἡ δὲ Καινὴ σαφεστέρα καὶ εὐκολωτέρα. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν, φησὶ, ταῦτα οὕτω διατετύπωται, καίτοι ἡ Καινὴ περὶ μειζόνων διαλέγεται πραγμάτων, περὶ βασιλείας οὐρανῶν, καὶ σωμάτων ἀναστάσεως, καὶ τῶν ἀποῤῥήτων ἀγαθῶν, ἃ καὶ ἀνθρώπινον ὑπερβαίνει νοῦν; Τίς οὖν ἡ αἰτία τοῦ τὰς προφητείας ἀσαφεῖς εἶναι; Πολλὰ προλέγουσιν Ἰουδαίοις αὗται κακά· καὶ ὅτι ἐκβληθή56.168 σονται μὲν ἐκεῖνοι, ἡμεῖς δὲ εἰσδεχθησόμεθα·","english":"Yet at that time he was speaking to Nicodemus about a begetting far less significant; for the discussion concerned baptism and spiritual rebirth. But he said that even these things are comprehended by faith. And he called them earthly, not because they are earthly, but because they are accomplished on the earth, and in comparison with the ineffable generation from above, which surpasses all understanding, these things are earthly. If, then, how I am reborn from the waters cannot be known, but what takes place must be accepted by faith alone, and the manner of it must not be meddled with, how great a madness would it be to stir up human reasonings about the generation from above of the only-begotten Son, and to demand an accounting of the manner of his generation? 3. How, then, the only-begotten Son of God is without father and without mother has been sufficiently demonstrated, and how he is without genealogy in either generation. For the rest, let us proceed to what presses upon us, postponing the discussion concerning Melchizedek to another day, and let us rouse our hearing, since we are about to hear prophetic riddles. For the prophetic writings resemble riddles, and there is great difficulty in the Old Testament, and its books are hard to grasp; but the New is clearer and easier. And for what reason, one may ask, have these things been so fashioned, although the New speaks of greater matters—of the kingdom of heaven, and the resurrection of bodies, and the ineffable good things which surpass even the human mind? What, then, is the cause of the prophecies being unclear? They foretell many evils for the Jews, and that those men will be cast out, while we will be received in.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"καὶ ὅτι καταλυθήσεται μὲν ὁ ναὸς, καὶ οὐκέτι λοιπὸν ἀναστήσεται, πεσεῖται δὲ τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα, καὶ πᾶσιν ἔσται βατά· Ἰουδαῖοί τε πλανῆται γενόμενοι, πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης διασπαρήσονται, καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐκπεσόντες, οὐδὲ τὴν πολιτείαν ἕξουσι λοιπὸν τὴν ἀρχαίαν, ἀλλὰ πάντα αὐτῶν ἀφαιρεθήσεται τὰ πρότερα, καὶ προφητεῖαι, καὶ θυσίαι, καὶ ἱερωσύνη, καὶ βασιλεία. Οὐ μόνον δὲ ταῦτα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ τοιαῦτα προέλεγον οἱ προφῆται, μυρίας τραγῳδίας τοῖς οἰκείοις ἐγκαταμιγνύντες βιβλίοις. Ἵν' οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι μὴ σαφῶς ἀκούσαντες παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν, διαχειρίσωνται τοὺς λέγοντας ταῦτα, τῇ δυσκολίᾳ τῆς ἑρμηνείας ἀπέκρυψαν τὰς προῤῥήσεις, καὶ πολλὴν ἀσάφειαν κατέχεαν τῶν πραγμάτων,\n\nτῇ ἀσαφείᾳ τῶν λεγομένων τοῖς λέγουσι παρασκευάζοντες ἀσφάλειαν. Καὶ πόθεν δῆλον τοῦτο; Δεῖ γὰρ καὶ εὐθύνας ἡμᾶς ἀπαιτεῖσθαι, εἰ καὶ ἐν φίλοις λέγομεν· καὶ γὰρ πολλοὶ ἴσως καὶ τῶν οὐ φίλων πάρεισι. Μανθανέτωσαν τοίνυν ταῦτα κἀκεῖνοι, ἵνα καὶ αὐτοὶ φίλοι γένωνται. Εἶπον, ὅτι εἰ ἤκουσαν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὰ μέλλοντα αὐτοὺς καταλήψεσθαι κακὰ, καὶ ὅτι τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα ἁλώσεται διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν τὴν ἅλωσιν ταύτην τὴν ἀθάνατον, καὶ οὐκ ἔχουσαν μεταβολὴν, εἰ ἤκουσαν φανερῶς παρὰ τῶν προφητῶν ταῦτα, εὐθέως ἂν τοὺς ταῦτα λέγοντας ἀπέκτειναν. Πόθεν οὖν τοῦτο δῆλον; Πρῶτον μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν τρόπων αὐτῶν· μανικοὶ γὰρ καὶ θηριώδεις ἦσαν. Δῆμός ἐστιν αἱμάτων ἀεὶ διψῶν προφητικῶν, αἱ χεῖρες αὐτῶν ἐμελέτησαν ἐν ταῖς σφαγαῖς τῶν ἁγίων. Ταῦτα ὁ μέγας Ἡλίας αὐτῶν καταβοᾷ λέγων· Κύριε, τοὺς προφήτας σου ἀπέκτειναν, τὰ θυσιαστήριά σου κατέσκαψαν.","english":"And that the temple will be destroyed and will no longer be rebuilt, and Jerusalem will fall and will be passable to all; and the Jews, having become wanderers, will be scattered everywhere throughout the inhabited world, and having been cast out of the city, they will no longer possess their ancient constitution either, but all their former things will be taken away—both prophecies and sacrifices and priesthood and kingdom. Not only these things, but many other such things the prophets foretold, mingling countless tragedies into their own books. So then, in order that the Jews, having heard these things clearly from the beginning, might not do away with those who spoke them, they concealed the predictions by the difficulty of their interpretation, and poured great obscurity over the events, providing safety for the speakers by the obscurity of what was said. And how is this clear? For we must also give an account, even if we speak among friends; for perhaps many who are not friends are also present. Let them therefore learn these things too, so that they themselves may become friends. I said that if the Jews had heard the evils that were about to overtake them, and that Jerusalem would be captured because of the Christ—this capture being immortal and having no change—if they had heard these things openly from the prophets, they would have immediately killed those who said them. From where then is this clear? First, from their own character; for they were mad and beastly. It is a people always thirsting for prophetic blood; their hands have practiced the slaughters of the saints. These things the great Elijah cries out against them, saying: Lord, they killed your prophets, they tore down your altars.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Ὁ Χριστὸς πάλιν, Ἱερουσαλὴμ, Ἱερουσαλὴμ, ἡ ἀποκτείνασα τοὺς προφήτας, καὶ λιθοβολοῦσα τοὺς ἀπεσταλμένους πρὸς αὐτήν. Καὶ ὁ Ἡσαΐας συνῳδὰ τούτοις αὐτῶν κατηγορῶν, ἐβόα· Αἱ χεῖρες ὑμῶν αἵματος πλήρεις. Καὶ πάλιν ὁ Χριστός· Οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν ἀπέκτειναν τοὺς προφήτας, ὑμεῖς δὲ οἰκοδομεῖτε τὰ μνήματα αὐτῶν· πληρώσατε τὸ μέτρον τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν. Ὁρᾷς πῶς καὶ ὁ Δεσπότης καὶ οἱ δοῦλοι μιαιφονίαν αὐτῶν μαρτυροῦσι; Τί δέ ἐστι· Πληρώσατε τὸ μέτρον τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν; Ἀποκτείνατε, φησὶ, κἀμέ· πρόσθετε τοῖς δουλικοῖς αἵμασι τὴν δεσποτικὴν σφαγήν. Εἰ γὰρ μυρίους ἔσφαξαν ἀνθρώπους, ἀλλὰ συνδούλους πάντας· ὅτε δὲ κατὰ τοῦ Δεσπότου τὰς χεῖρας ἐξέτειναν, τότε ἐπληρώθη τὸ μέτρον· καὶ εἰκότως. Ἕως μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἀπέκτειναν τὸν Δεσπότην, εἶχον ἐλπίδα σωτηρίας, καὶ προσεδόκων ὅτι ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐλθὼν ἀρεῖ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου· ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὸν ἰατρὸν διεχειρίσαντο, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ἱλαστήριον ὕβρισαν, καὶ τὸν ἐλθόντα ἀφεῖναι τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ἀπεστράφησαν, πάσης λοιπὸν ἐλπίδος ἐξέπεσον. Διὰ τοῦτο λέγει· Πληρώσατε τὸ μέτρον τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν. Ναὶ, φησίν· ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν μιαιφόνοι καὶ ἐναγεῖς, ἀποδέδεικται ἐκ πολλῶν μαρτυριῶν· πόθεν δὲ δῆλον, ὅτι τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἂν ἐφείσαντο, εἰ ἤκουσαν ὅτι τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα κατα56.169 στραφήσεται, ὅτι ὁ νόμος παυθήσεται, ὅτι ἡ Παλαιὰ ἀλλαγήσεται; Μάλιστα μὲν καὶ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων δῆλον· πλὴν ἀλλ' ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν Γραφῶν πάλιν ποιήσομαι τὴν ἀπόδειξιν σαφεστέραν.","english":"Christ again: Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets and stone those sent to her. And Isaiah, in agreement with these things, accusing them, cried out: Your hands are full of blood. And again Christ: Your fathers killed the prophets, and you build their tombs; fill up the measure of your fathers. Do you see how both the Master and the servants testify to their murderousness? But what is this: Fill up the measure of your fathers? Kill me also, he says; add to the blood of the servants the slaughter of the Master. For even if they slaughtered countless men, they were all fellow servants; but when they stretched out their hands against the Master, then the measure was filled; and rightly so. For as long as they did not kill the Master, they had hope of salvation, and they expected that the Lamb of God would come and take away the sin of the world; but since they laid hands on the physician, and insulted the very propitiation, and turned away from the one who came to forgive sins, they fell from all hope thereafter. Therefore he says: Fill up the measure of your fathers. Yes, he says; but that they are murderous and accursed has been demonstrated from many testimonies; but from where is it clear that they would not have spared the prophets, if they had heard that Jerusalem would be overthrown, that the law would cease, that the Old Covenant would be changed? Indeed it is clear even from what has been said; nevertheless, I will again make the demonstration clearer from the Scriptures themselves.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"John 1:29","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “the lamb of god”, which matches John 1:29. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Εἰ γάρ ποτε ἤκουσαν προφήτου λέγοντος, ὅτι τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα καταστραφήσεται καταστροφὴν πρόσκαιρον, δέον αὐτοὺς μεταβάλλεσθαι καὶ ἀποκρούεσθαι τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν ὀργὴν, εἰς τὸν προφήτην ἠφίεσαν τὸν θυμόν. Καὶ ὅτι τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀληθὲς, αὐτῶν ἀκούσατε τῶν ἱστοριῶν. Ἐπολιόρκουν τὴν πόλιν αὐτῶν οἱ Πέρσαι ποτὲ, καὶ βαρβαρικὸν στρατόπεδον ἔξω περιεκάθητο· καὶ τὰ τῶν κινδύνων οὐκ ἦν ἄδηλα, ἀλλ' ἐν μέσῃ παγίδι ἡ πόλις ἦν τότε Ἱερουσαλὴμ, ὡπλισμένων ἁπάντων καὶ περιεστώτων ἔξωθεν· ἀλλ' ὅμως οὕτω φανερῶν ὄντων τῶν δεινῶν, ἐπειδὴ Ἱερεμίας ἐλθὼν εἶπε πρὸς αὐτοὺς, ὅτι ἡ πόλις παραδοθήσεται εἰς χεῖρας Χαλδαίων· καίτοι τοῦτο οὐδὲ προφητεία ἦν· οἱ γὰρ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν ἑώρων τὰ συμβησόμενα· ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐπειδὴ τὰ φανερὰ καὶ πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν εἶπεν, οἱ μιαροὶ καὶ ἀναίσθητοι καὶ περὶ τοὺς εὐεργέτας ἀγνώμονες οὕτως ἐμάνησαν, ὡς προδότην αὐτὸν καὶ λυμεῶνα τῆς πόλεως νομίσαι, καὶ εἰπεῖν, ὅτι Ἐκλύει τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου. Καὶ μὴν ἐστερέου, καὶ μὴν διήγειρε τὴν προθυμίαν αὐτῶν, καὶ πρὸς Θεὸν ἦγε, τὸ ἀῤῥαγὲς καὶ ἀκαταμάχητον αὐτοῖς περιτιθεὶς τεῖχος· ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων ἐννοήσαντες ἐκεῖνοι, ἐκέλευον αὐτὸν ἀναιρεῖσθαι. Τοιαύτας γὰρ τοῖς εὐεργέταις ἀεὶ τὰς ἀμοιβὰς ἀπεδίδοσαν, καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως συγγνόντος, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐνέδωκαν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀνελεῖν οὐκ ἴσχυσαν. εἰς τὸν τοῦ βορβόρου λάκκον ἐνέβαλον. δʹ. Εἰ δὲ προσκαίρου αἰχμαλωσίας ἀκοὴν οὐκ ἤνεγκαν, πῶς τὴν πρόῤῥησιν τῆς","english":"For if they ever heard a prophet saying that Jerusalem would be destroyed with a temporary destruction, when they ought to have changed and averted the wrath of God, they vented their anger on the prophet. And that this is true, hear it from the histories themselves. The Persians once besieged their city, and a barbarian army encamped outside; and the dangers were not unclear, but Jerusalem was then in the midst of a snare, with all armed and standing round about outside; yet nevertheless, though the evils were so manifest, when Jeremiah came and said to them that the city would be delivered into the hands of the Chaldeans—although this was not even a prophecy, for their eyes saw what was about to happen—yet nevertheless, because he spoke of things manifest and before their eyes, those foul and senseless men, so ungrateful toward their benefactors, were so maddened as to consider him a traitor and a destroyer of the city, and to say: He weakens the hands of this people. And yet he was strengthening them, and yet he was rousing their zeal and leading them to God, setting around them the unbreakable and invincible wall; but none of these things did those men consider, and they ordered him to be put to death. For such returns they always rendered to their benefactors, and though the king pardoned him, not even so did they yield, but when they could not kill him, they cast him into the pit of mire. 4. But if they did not endure the report of a temporary captivity, how [will they endure] the proclamation of the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"διηνεκοῦς δουλείας ἔμελλον εἰσακούειν; Εἰ Ἱερεμίας εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἀπελεύσεσθε εἰς Βαβυλῶνα, καὶ οὐχ ὑπήνεγκαν ἀκοῦσαι, ἀλλ' ἐτιμωρήσαντο τὸν εἰπόντα· εἰ ἤκουσαν τῶν προφητῶν εἰπόντων, ὅτι Οὐκ εἰς Βαβυλῶνα, ἀλλὰ πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης διασπαρήσεσθε, καὶ οὐκέτι λοιπὸν ἐπανήξετε, οὐκ ἂν καὶ τὸ αἷμα τῶν λεγόντων ἐξέπιον; Εἰ δὲ δοκεῖ τοῦτο ἔτι στοχασμὸς εἶναι, φανερὰν ὑμῖν ἀπόδειξιν παρέχω, ὅτι οὐκ ἦν ἀσφαλὲς αὐτοῖς λέγειν τὰ μέλλοντα, τὴν ἡμετέραν τιμὴν λέγω, τὴν ἔκπτωσιν τὴν ἐκείνων. Στέφανον γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, τὴν ἀπαρχὴν τῶν μαρτύρων, διὰ τί ἐλίθασαν; οὐ ταῦτα ἐγκαλοῦντες αὐτῷ καὶ λέγοντες, ὅτι Ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος λαλεῖ βλάσφημα ῥήματα; Εἶπε, φησὶν, ὅτι Ἰησοῦς καταλύσει τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον, καὶ ἀλλάξει τὰ ἔθη, ἃ παρέδωκε Μωϋσῆς, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸν ἐλίθασαν. Εἰ δὲ τότε οὐκ ἠνείχοντο ταῦτα ἀκούειν, καὶ ταῦτα τῶν πραγμάτων αὐτοὺς πειθόντων λοιπὸν, πῶς ἂν τῶν προφητῶν ἠνέσχοντο ταῦτα προαναφωνούντων; Ἤκουσας, ἀγαπητὲ, ὅτι διὰ τὸν ναὸν καὶ τὴν μετάθεσιν τῆς πολιτείας αὐτὸν ἐλίθασαν· ἄκουσον πῶς καὶ τῷ Χριστῷ τοῦτο προφέρουσιν ἔγκλημα. Εἶπε γὰρ, φησὶν, οὗτος· Λύσατε τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον, καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις ἐγερῶ αὐτόν. Εἶδες πῶς πανταχοῦ ἡ κατάλυσις τοῦ ναοῦ, καὶ ἡ μετά56.170 θεσις τῆς πολιτείας τὴν ὀργὴν αὑτοῖς ἐνεποίει; Διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγον μὲν οἱ προφῆται ταῦτα, οὐκ ἔλεγον δὲ φανερῶς. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ Παῦλον ἐβούλοντο ἀνελεῖν, ὅτι ἔπειθεν αὐτοὺς μετατίθεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς πολιτείας Πόθεν τοῦτο δῆλον;","english":"of perpetual slavery? If Jeremiah said, \"You shall go away to Babylon,\" and they could not endure to hear it, but punished the one who spoke it—if they had heard the prophets saying, \"Not to Babylon, but you shall be scattered everywhere throughout the world, and you shall no longer return hereafter,\" would they not also have drunk up the blood of those who said it? But if this still seems to you to be mere conjecture, I will provide you with a clear proof that it was not safe for them to speak of things to come—I mean our honor, their fall. For tell me, why did they stone Stephen, the firstfruits of the martyrs? Was it not because they accused him of these very things, saying, \"This man speaks blasphemous words\"? He said, it is written, that Jesus will destroy this temple and change the customs which Moses delivered, and for this reason they stoned him. But if at that time they could not endure to hear these things, even when the events themselves were by then convincing them, how would they have endured the prophets foretelling these things? You have heard, beloved, that it was because of the temple and the change of the commonwealth that they stoned him; hear how they bring this same charge against Christ. For he said, it is written, \"Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.\" Do you see how everywhere the destruction of the temple and the change of the commonwealth stirred up their anger against them? For this reason the prophets spoke these things, but did not speak them openly. For this reason they also wished to kill Paul, because he persuaded them to change from the commonwealth. How is this clear?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Θεωρεῖς, φησὶν, ἀδελφὲ, πόσαι μυριάδες εἰσὶν Ἰουδαίων τῶν πεπιστευκότων, καὶ οὗτοι πάντες κατήχηνται περὶ σοῦ, ὅτι ἀποστασίαν τοῦ νόμου διδάσκεις. Οἱ πιστοὶ οὐκ ἠνείχοντο διδάσκεσθαι ἀποστασίαν τοῦ νόμου· καὶ οἱ οὐδέπω πιστεύσαντες πῶς ἂν ἠνέσχοντο ἀκοῦσαι, ὅτι παυθήσεται ὁ νόμος ποτέ; Ὅτι μὲν οὖν τοὺς προφήτας ἀπέκτειναν ἂν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι, εἴ τι τοιοῦτον σαφῶς προεῖπον, ἐδείξαμεν ἀπὸ τῶν μαρτυριῶν, ἀπό τε τοῦ μακαρίου Ἱερεμίου, καὶ τοῦ πρωτομάρτυρος Στεφάνου, ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ τοῦ ἀποστόλου Παύλου. Πᾶσι γὰρ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐγκαλοῦντες, οὕτως αὐτοὺς ἀνεῖλον. Ὅτι δὲ καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ βιβλία κατέκαυσαν ἂν τὰ προφητικὰ, εἰ συνεῖδον τὰ λεγομένα, καὶ τοῦτο παραστῆσαι πειράσομαι ἀπό τινος ἱστορίας, κεκρυμμένης μὲν ὑμῖν, δήλης δὲ ἐσομένης αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα· οὕτω γὰρ αὐτὴν ἀπαγγεῖλαι πειράσομαι. Τίς οὖν ἡ ἱστορία, ἀκούσατε. Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ ἔτει Ἰωακεὶμ υἱοῦ Ἰωσίου βασιλέως Ἰούδα, εἶπε Κύριος πρὸς Ἱερεμίαν· Γράψον πάντας τοὺς λόγους, οὓς ἐχρημάτισα πρὸς σὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας Ἰωσίου, ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης· τουτέστι, πάντα τὰ κακὰ, ἃ λογίζομαι ποιῆσαι αὐτοῖς. Ὅρα τί φιλάνθρωπος ὁ Θεὸς καὶ κηδεμονικός. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ κατὰ μέρος ἀκοῦσαι οὐκ ἠνείχοντο, Συνάγαγε, φησὶν, αὐτὰ πάντα, καὶ αὔξησον τὸν φόβον, ἵνα κἂν οὕτω βελτίους γένωνται. Μνημονεύετε τῆς ὑποσχέσεως· τὸ ζητούμενον ἡμῖν δεῖξαι, ὅτι καὶ τὰ βιβλία ἂν αὐτὰ κατέκοψαν, εἰ ἐνόησαν τὰ σήμερον ἐκβάντα πάντα. Ἴσως ἀκούσονται κακὰ δεῖ γὰρ ἔχεσθαι τῆς ἱστορίας, ἃ λογίζομαι ποιῆσαι αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἀποστραφήσονται ἀπὸ τῆς ὁδοῦ αὐτῶν τῆς πονηρᾶς.","english":"You see, brother, he says, how many tens of thousands of Jews there are who have believed, and all these have been instructed concerning you, that you teach apostasy from the law. The faithful could not endure to be taught apostasy from the law; and how would those who had not yet believed have endured to hear that the law would ever be abolished? That, then, the Jews would have killed the prophets if they had clearly foretold any such thing, we have demonstrated from the testimonies—from the blessed Jeremiah, and from Stephen the protomartyr, from Christ himself, and from the apostle Paul. For charging them all with the same things, they thus destroyed them. But that they would also have burned the prophetic books themselves, if they had understood what was said, I shall attempt to establish from a certain history, hidden from you indeed, but which will become clear presently—for I shall attempt to relate it thus. What, then, is the history? Listen. And it came to pass in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, the Lord spoke to Jeremiah: Write all the words which I have spoken to you from the days of Josiah until this day—that is, all the evils which I intend to do to them. Observe how philanthropic and provident God is. For since they could not endure to hear them piecemeal, he says, Gather them all together, and increase the fear, so that even thus they might become better. Remember the promise; what we must show is that they would have cut up the books themselves, if they had understood all that has come to pass today. Perhaps they will hear the evils—for one must hold to the history—which I intend to do to them, and they will turn away from their evil way.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Ἴσως, ὁ Θεὸς λέγει; ἀγνοεῖ, εἰπέ μοι, τὰ ἐσόμενα; οὐκ οἶδεν εἰ ἀκούσονται, ὁ εἰδὼς πάντα πρὶν γενέσεως, ὁ ἐτάζων καρδίας καὶ νεφροὺς, ὁ κριτικὸς ἐνθυμήσεων καὶ ἐννοιῶν; ᾧ πάντα γυμνὰ καὶ τετραχηλισμένα τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ; Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν ἔλεγεν, Ἴσως ἀκούσονται; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα ἀναγκαῖον ὑμᾶς μανθάνειν, διὰ τοὺς ἐγκαλοῦντας ἄγνοιαν τῷ Μονογενεῖ. Ἰδοὺ γὰρ καὶ ὁ Πατὴρ ἀγνοοῦντος φθέγγεται ῥήματα· τὸ γὰρ, Ἴσως, ἀγνοοῦντός ἐστιν· ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀγνοεῖ. Ὁπόταν οὖν καὶ παρὰ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ἀκούσῃς τι τοιοῦτον λέγοντος, τὴν αὐτὴν κατάδεξαι ψῆφον. Υἱὸς γὰρ ὢν, πανταχοῦ τὸν Πατέρα μιμεῖται. Ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν τῶν ἀγώνων καιροὶ τούτων ἀναμενέτωσαν, ἵνα μὴ τῆς προκειμένης ὑποθέσεως ἐκπέσωμεν· εἴπωμεν δὲ, τίνος ἕνεκεν λέγει, Ἴσως\n\nἀκούσονται. Εἰ εἶπεν, ὅτι ἀκούσονται, χωρὶς τοῦ Ἴσως, ψευδὲς ἦν· οὐ γὰρ ἔμελλον ἀκούσεσθαι. Εἰ εἶπε τὸ ἀληθὲς, ὅτι οὐκ ἀκούσονται, περιττῶς ἔπεμπε τὸν προφήτην τοῖς οὐκ ἀκουσομένοις. Καὶ οὐ διὰ τοῦτο μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἵνα μὴ ἡ πρόγνωσις αὐτοῦ νομισθείη ἀναγκαστική τις εἶναι τῆς παρακοῆς, διὰ τοῦτο ἐπαμ56.171 φιβόλως τέθεικε τὰ ῥήματα, ἵνα μὴ λέγωσί τινες, ὅτι προεῖπεν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ πάντως ἔδει γενέσθαι· ὃ καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα λέγουσι. Προεῖπε, φησὶν, ὅτι προδότης ἔσται, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο προδότης ἐγένετο. Ὢ τῆς ἀνοίας, ὢ τῆς ἀναισχυντίας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡ πρόγνωσις, ἄνθρωπε, τῆς πονηρίας αἰτία· μὴ γένοιτο. Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀναγκαστικὴ τῶν μελλόντων ἔσεσθαι, ἀλλὰ προγνωστικὴ μόνον. Οὐκ ἐπειδὴ προεῖπεν ὁ Χριστὸς, διὰ τοῦτο ἐγένετο ἐκεῖνος προδότης·","english":"Perhaps, God says? Tell me, does he not know what will happen? Does he not know whether they will hear—he who knows all things before their coming into being, who searches hearts and reins, who is discerning of thoughts and intentions, to whom all things are naked and laid bare before his eyes? And for what reason did he say, \"Perhaps they will hear\"? For you must learn these things too, because of those who charge the Only-Begotten with ignorance. For behold, even the Father utters words of one who does not know; for \"perhaps\" belongs to one who does not know—but he does not fail to know. Whenever, then, you hear something of this sort spoken even by the Son, accept the same verdict. For being the Son, he imitates the Father everywhere. But let the seasons of these contests wait for these matters, so that we do not fall away from the subject at hand; let us say, then, for what reason he says, \"Perhaps they will hear.\" If he had said, \"They will hear,\" without the \"perhaps,\" it would have been false; for they were not going to hear. If he had spoken the truth, that \"they will not hear,\" it would have been superfluous to send the prophet to those who would not hear. And not only for this reason, but also so that his foreknowledge might not be thought to be some compulsion of their disobedience, for this reason he set down the words doubtfully, so that some might not say that God foretold it and it necessarily had to happen—which they also say concerning Judas. He foretold, they say, that he would be a traitor, and for this reason he became a traitor. O the folly, O the shamelessness! For foreknowledge, O man, is not the cause of wickedness; may it never be. For it is not compulsory of what is going to be, but only foreknowing. It is not because Christ foretold it that that man became a traitor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ προδότης ἔμελλε γενέσθαι, διὰ τοῦτο προεῖπεν ὁ Χριστός. Ἵνα οὖν μὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα λέγωσιν, ὅτι εἶπεν ὅτι οὐκ ἀκούσονται, καὶ ἀπέκλεισεν αὐτοῖς τῆς μετανοίας τὴν ὁδὸν, προλαβὼν ἀνέσπασεν αὐτῶν τὴν πρόφασιν, εἰπὼν τῷ προφήτῃ, Ἴσως ἀκούσονται.\n\nεʹ. Μνημονεύετε τῆς ὑποσχέσεως· διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο συνεχῶς ὑμᾶς ὑπομιμνήσκω, ἵν' ὅταν ἐπαγάγω τὸ συμπέρασμα, μὴ ἐπιλάθησθε τοῦ ζητηθέντος ἡμῖν ἐν ἀρχῇ κεφαλαίου. Τί δὲ ἦν τοῦτο; Ὅτι εἰ ᾔσθοντο οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι, ὅτι ἔμελλεν αὐτοῖς συμβήσεσθαι τὰ κατειληφότα αὐτοὺς δεινὰ ταῦτα δὴ λέγω τὰ νῦν κατέχοντα αὐτοὺς, αὐτὰ τὰ βιβλία ἂν κατέκοψαν, καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐφείσαντο οὐδὲ τῶν θείων γραμμάτων. Ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὴν ἱστορίαν ἔλθωμεν. Ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ Ἱερεμίας, καλεῖ τὸν μαθητὴν αὐτοῦ Βαροὺχ υἱὸν Νηρίου, καὶ λέγει πρὸς αὐτόν· Γράψον εἰς βιβλίον πάντα τὰ μέλλοντα αὐτοῖς ἔσεσθαι δεινά. Τί γέγονε; σὺ ἐπετάγης παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τὸν μαθητὴν πέμπεις; ἆρα μὴ δειλιᾷς; ἆρα μὴ ἀγωνιᾷς; ἆρα μὴ δέδοικας; εἰ σὺ δέδοικας, πῶς ὁ μαθητὴς τολμήσει; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων· πρόσκειται γὰρ ἡ αἰτία· εἰπὼν γὰρ, Γράψον καὶ ἀνάγνωθι, ἐπήγαγεν· Ἐγὼ γὰρ κατέχομαι ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ. Ὢ μεγαλοψυχίας. Ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ἦν, καὶ τῆς προφητείας οὐκ ἀφίστατο. Προσέχωμεν τῇ ἀνδρείᾳ τοῦ δικαίου, καὶ τῇ τῆς διανοίας φιλοσοφίᾳ. Οὐκ εἶπε πρὸς ἑαυτόν· Τοσαῦτά μοι δεινὰ συμβέβηκε διὰ τὴν παῤῥησίαν ταύτην· μυρίους ἀνήλωσα λόγους, καὶ οὐδὲν ὤνησα, οὐδὲ ἐγένετό μοί τι πλέον, ἀλλ' ἢ τὸ δεδέσθαι μόνον· καὶ οὔπω με τῶν δεσμῶν ἀπέλυσεν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ πάλιν πέμπει με πρὸς τοὺς θῆρας ἐκείνους;","english":"But because he was going to become a traitor, for this reason Christ foretold it. So that they might not say here too that he declared they would not hear and thereby shut off for them the path of repentance, he forestalled them and cut off their pretext in advance, saying to the prophet, \"Perhaps they will hear.\"\n\n5. Remember the promise; for this reason I continually remind you, so that when I bring the argument to its conclusion, you may not forget the question we raised at the beginning of the chapter. What was it? That if the Jews had perceived that these terrible things which have now overtaken them—I mean the things that now hold them fast—were going to happen to them, they would have cut the books themselves to pieces, and would not have spared even the divine writings. But let us come to the history. When Jeremiah heard these things, he called his disciple Baruch son of Neriah and said to him: \"Write in a book all the terrible things that are going to happen to them.\" What has happened? You were commanded by God, and you send your disciple? Are you not afraid? Are you not anxious? Are you not in dread? If you are in dread, how will the disciple dare? But none of these things; for the reason is added. For after saying, \"Write and read,\" he added: \"For I am held in prison.\" What greatness of soul! He was in the prison, and he did not withdraw from prophecy. Let us attend to the courage of the righteous man and the philosophy of his mind. He did not say to himself: So many terrible things have happened to me because of this boldness; I have spent countless words and profited nothing, nor did I gain anything more than merely being bound; and God has not yet released me from my bonds, and again he sends me to those wild beasts?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Οὐδὲν τούτων οὐκ εἶπεν, οὐδὲ ἐνενόησεν· ἀλλ' ἓν μόνον ἐσκόπει, ὅπως ἀνυσθῇ τὸ ἐπίταγμα τοῦ Δεσπότου· καὶ ἐπεὶ δι' ἑαυτοῦ οὐκ ἴσχυσε, διὰ τοῦ μαθητοῦ κατεσκεύασεν αὐτό. Ἀνάγνωθι γὰρ, φησὶν, αὐτοῖς, καὶ εἰπὲ πάντα τὰ κακά. Ἐγὼ γὰρ κατέχομαι ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ. Καὶ ἔλεγεν Ἱερεμίας, καὶ ἔγραφεν ὁ Βαροὺχ ἐν βιβλίῳ. Νηστείας καιρὸς ἦν, ὅτε ταῦτα ἐγίνετο· ἑορτὴ ἐφειστήκει, πάντας καλοῦσα πρὸς τὴν μητρόπολιν· ἔδει γὰρ κοινὸν γενέσθαι τὸν σύλλογον, ἐπειδὴ περὶ ἀναγκαίων πραγμάτων ἔμελλεν ἡ ἐκκλησία ἔσεσθαι. Εἰσῆλθε πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας ὁ Βαροὺχ, καὶ ἀνέγνω εἰς τὰ ὦτα τῶν ἀρχόντων πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους· καὶ εἶπε καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν· Ἴσως γὰρ, φησὶ, πεσεῖται τὸ ἔλεος ὑμῶν ἐνώπιον Κυρίου· ἵνα μὴ νομίσωσιν ὅτι ὡς κατήγορος ἔλεγεν, ἀλλὰ μαθόντες ὅτι θεραπεῦσαι αὐτοὺς ἀφῖκται, ἐπιεικέστεροι γένωνται. Τί οὖν ἐκεῖνοι; Δέον χάριτας ὁμολογῆσαι, δέον ἐπαινέσαι, δέον θαυμάσαι, οὐδὲν τούτων ποιοῦσιν, ἀλλ' ἀπελθόντες ἀνήγγειλαν τῷ βασιλεῖ τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ, καὶ τὸ βιβλίον ἀπέθεντο ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ Ἐλισαμᾶ. Καὶ πέμψας, φησὶν, ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Ἰουδὴν, ἕνα τινὰ τῶν παρεστηκότων αὐτῷ, ἐκέλευσε κομισθῆναι τὸ βιβλίον. Καὶ ἐκάθητο ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν οἴκῳ χειμερινῷ· μὴν γὰρ ἔννατος ἦν, τουτέστι Νοέμβριος· ἔννατον ἀπὸ τοῦ Ξανθικοῦ ἀριθμῶν λέγει· δεῖ γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα ἀκριβῶς εἰδέναι. Εἰ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ Δίου ἠρίθμει, οὐκ ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι τότε χειμών. Τίνος οὖν","english":"He said none of these things, nor did he think them; but he had one thing only in view, how the command of the Master might be fulfilled; and since he could not accomplish it by himself, he arranged for it through the disciple. For he says, Read them, and speak all the evils. For I am held in prison. And Jeremiah spoke, and Baruch wrote in a book. It was a time of fasting when these things happened; a festival was at hand, calling all to the metropolis; for the assembly had to be a common one, since the church was going to be about matters of necessity. Baruch went in to the rulers, and read all these words in the ears of the rulers; and he also stated the reason: Perhaps, he says, your mercy will fall before the Lord; so that they might not think that he spoke as an accuser, but learning that he had come to heal them, they might become more gentle. What then did those men do? When they ought to have acknowledged favors, ought to have praised, ought to have marveled, they do none of these things, but went away and reported to the king the things written in the book, and they deposited the book in the house of Elishama. And the king, it says, sent Jehudi, one of those standing by him, and ordered the book to be brought. And the king was sitting in a winter house; for it was the ninth month, that is, November; counting the ninth from Xanthicus he speaks; for one must know these things accurately too. For if he were counting from Dius, there would not then be winter. Whose then","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ἕνεκεν καὶ τοῦτο πρόσκειται; Ἐκ τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα εἴσῃ σαφῶς. Καὶ ἐσχάρα πυρὸς ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ· ἀνθρακιὰ, φησὶ, διότι ψῦχος ἦν. Ὁρᾶτε πῶς οὐδὲν παραλιμπάνεται τῇ θείᾳ Γραφῇ; Καὶ ἀνθρακιὰ πυρὸς ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ· καὶ περιεστήκεισαν οἱ σατράπαι· ἐκομίσθη τὸ βιβλίον μυρίων γέμον καλῶν ἡ γὰρ τῶν κακῶν προφητεία κακῶν ἀναίρεσις ἦν, καὶ ἀνεγινώσκετο. Μνημονεύετέ μοι, παρακαλῶ, τῆς ὑποσχέσεως. Καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀναγινώσκειν αὐτὸν τρεῖς σελίδας, λαβὼν τὴν σμίλην ἔκοψεν, καὶ ἔβαλεν εἰς τὴν ἐσχάραν τοῦ πυρὸς, ἕως ἐξέλιπε τὸ βιβλίον ἅπαν. Εἶδες πῶς οὐ φείδονται οὐδὲ τῶν βιβλίων; πῶς οὐδὲ τῶν γραμμάτων τῶν θείων ἀπέχονται; Ἐπειδὴ αἰχμαλωσίαν εἶχε τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ, κατέκοψε· καὶ οὐχ εὑρὼν τὸν προφήτην, εἰς τὰ γράμματα τὴν ὀργὴν ἀφῆκεν. Ὁ τοίνυν τοῖς ἀψύχοις οὕτω πολεμῶν, εἰ τὸν ψυχὴν ἔχοντα εὗρε, τί οὐκ ἂν εἰργάσατο; Καθάπερ γὰρ τὰ χαλεπὰ τῶν θηρίων, ἐπειδὰν ἐπιλάβωνται τῶν πυκτευόντων αὐτοῖς, εἶτα ἐκεῖνοι διαφύγωσι καταλιπόντες ἐν τῷ στόματι τῶν θηρίων ἃ περίκεινται δέρματα, λοιπὸν αὐτὰ περιτρώγουσι παραμυθούμενα τὸν θυμόν· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐποίησεν. Οὐχ εὗρε τὸν ἔχοντα τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ βιβλίον κατέκοψε· καὶ οὐ κατέκοψε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐνέβαλεν εἰς τὴν ἐσχάραν τοῦ πυρὸς, ἵνα μηδὲ λείψανον μείνῃ τῶν γραμμάτων ἐκείνων. Ἀλλ' οὐδέπω πᾶσαν ἔγνωτε αὐτοῦ τὴν μανίαν· εἴσεσθε δὲ σαφῶς, ἐὰν μετὰ ἀκριβείας τῷ διηγήματι προσέχητε. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι ἀναγνοὺς τὸ βιβλίον ἅπαν, οὕτως ἔκαυσεν· ἀλλ' Ἐν τῷ ἀναγινώσκειν αὐτὸν τρεῖς σελίδας ἢ τέσσαρας, ἐξέτεμεν αὐτό.","english":"For this reason this too has been added. You will know clearly from what follows. And a hearth of fire before him; a charcoal fire, he says, because it was cold. Do you see how nothing is passed over by the divine Scripture? And a charcoal fire before him; and the satraps stood around; the book was brought, full of ten thousand good things—for the prophecy of evils was a removal of evils—and it was being read. Remember, I beg you, the promise. And while he was reading three columns, taking the knife he cut it and threw it into the hearth of fire, until the whole book was consumed. Did you see how they spare not even the books? How they do not keep away even from the divine writings? Because he had the captivity of Jerusalem, he cut it up; and not finding the prophet, he let his anger loose upon the writings. Therefore, the one who thus wages war against soulless things—if he had found the one who had a soul, what would he not have done? For just as savage beasts, when they seize those who fight with them, and then those men escape, leaving in the mouths of the beasts the skins they wore, thereafter the beasts gnaw at them, soothing their rage—so indeed the king did. He did not find the one who had the book, and he cut up the book itself; and he did not merely cut it up, but also threw it into the hearth of fire, so that not even a remnant of those writings might remain. But you have not yet known all his madness; you will know clearly, however, if you attend to the account with precision. For he did not say that after reading the whole book, he thus burned it; but, While he was reading three columns or four, he cut it off.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Οὐκ ἀνέμεινεν οὐδὲ τὸ τέλος τῆς ἀναγνώσεως, ἀλλ' ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν προοιμίων εὐθέως ἐξηγριώθη. Διὰ ταῦτα οὐκ ἦν ἀσφαλὲς τοῖς προφήταις Ἰουδαίοις λέγειν μετὰ σαφηνείας πάντα τὰ ἐσόμενα δεινά. Εἰ γὰρ πρόσκαιρον οὐκ ἤνεγκεν αἰχμαλωσίαν ἀκοῦσαι, τὴν διηνεκῆ πῶς ἂν ὑπέμεινε μαθεῖν; Καὶ οὐδὲ μέχρι τούτου ἔστη ὁ βασιλεύς· ἀλλ' ἔπεμψε, φησὶ, ζητεῖν πανταχοῦ τὸν προφήτην, ἀλλ' οὐχ εὗρεν αὐτόν· ἔκρυψε γὰρ αὐτὸν ὁ Θεός. Ἐκεῖνον μὲν τόπῳ τότε ἔκρυψε, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους προφήτας τῇ ἀσαφείᾳ τῶν λεγομένων.\n\nςʹ. Οὐκ ἀπὸ τούτων δὲ μόνον ἡμῖν ἔσται φανερὸν, ὅτι τολμηρὸν ἦν παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις καὶ ψυχῆς ῥιψοκινδύνου, τὴν ἐσομένην τοῖς ἔθνεσι τιμὴν καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τὴν διαδεξομένην ἐκείνους ἀτιμίαν λέγειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῶν Παύλου ῥημάτων. Οὗτος γοῦν ἰδών τινα προφήτην μικρὸν παρανοίξαντά τι τῆς προῤῥήσεως ταύτης, καὶ σαφέστερον τῶν ἄλλων εἰπόντα, καὶ τὰ ἡμέτερα ἀγαθὰ, καὶ τὰ ἐκείνων κακὰ, ἐξεπλάγη καὶ ἐθαύμασε τῆς τόλμης αὐτὸν, οὕτως εἰπών· Ἡσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ, καὶ λέγει· Εὑρέθην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν, ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν. Εἶπον, Ἰδού εἰμι, τῷ ἔθνει, οἳ οὐκ ἐκάλεσαν τὸ ὄνομά μου. Καίτοι, εἰ μὴ κίνδυνος ἐκ τῆς προῤῥήσεως ἠκολούθει, τίνος ἕνεκεν εἶπε Παῦλος, Ἡσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ, καὶ λέγει· Εὑρέθην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; Μεγίστη ὄντως κατηγορία Ἰουδαίων. Οἱ μὴ ζητοῦντες εὗρον, καὶ οἱ ζητοῦντες ἀπέτυχον· οἱ μὴ ἀκούσαντες ἐπίστευσαν, καὶ οἱ ἀκούσαντες ἐσταύρωσαν. Διὰ ταῦτα τολμητὴν ἐκάλεσε τὸν Ἡσαΐαν.","english":"He did not even wait for the end of the reading, but was stirred to savagery straight from the very opening words. For this reason it was not safe for the prophets to tell the Jews clearly all the terrible things that were to come. For if he could not bear to hear of a temporary captivity, how would he have endured to learn of the unending one? And the king did not stop even at this, but, it says, he sent to seek the prophet everywhere, but did not find him; for God hid him. That man he hid then by place, but the other prophets by the obscurity of what was said.\n\n6. And it will be clear to us that it was rash among the Jews, and the act of a soul risking destruction, to speak of the honor and glory that were to come to the nations, and the dishonor that would succeed those men, not only from these things, but also from the words of Paul. At any rate, when he saw a certain prophet opening up a little of this foretelling, and speaking more clearly than the others both of our good things and of their evils, he was struck and marveled at his boldness, saying thus: But Isaiah is very bold, and says: I was found by those who did not seek me, I became manifest to those who did not ask for me. I said, Behold, I am here, to the nation that did not call on my name. And yet, if no danger followed from the foretelling, for what reason did Paul say, But Isaiah is very bold, and says: I was found by those who did not seek me? A very great accusation against the Jews. Those who did not seek found, and those who sought failed; those who did not hear believed, and those who heard crucified. For this reason he called Isaiah bold.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Καὶ γὰρ ὄντως μεγίστης τόλμης ἦν, ἐν μέσῳ τῶν κατηγορουμένων ἑστῶτα, ἀφειδῶς ποιεῖσθαι τὰς κατηγορίας, καὶ ἐκείνους μὲν τῆς τιμῆς φανερῶς ἐκβάλλειν διὰ τῆς προφητείας, ἑτέρους δὲ εἰσάγειν εἰς τὴν ὀφειλομένην ἐκείνοις δόξαν. Τὸ δικαστήριον τῶν ἀκουόντων κατηγόρους εἶχε πάντας. Τίς δὲ ἐν δικασταῖς ἐχθροῖς διαφεύγειν δύναται κίνδυνον; Διὰ τοῦτο, φησὶν, Ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει. Ἀλλ' ἔτι τοῦτο ὑμῖν σαφέστερον ἀποδεῖξαι βούλομαι. Διὰ τοῦτο περὶ Ἰουδαίων καὶ ἡμῶν ἀσαφῶς ἐν ταῖς Γραφαῖς εἴρηται, ἵνα μὴ πρὸ καιροῦ συνῶσι τῶν λεγομένων Ἰουδαῖοι. Καὶ τούτου παράγω μάρτυρα τὸν μεγαλοφωνότατον Παῦλον, τὸν ἄνωθεν φθεγγόμενον, τὴν σάλπιγγα τῶν οὐρανῶν, τὸ σκεῦος τῆς ἐκλογῆς, τὸν νυμφαγωγὸν\n\nτοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ἡρμοσάμην γὰρ ὑμᾶς, φησὶν, ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ. Τοῦτον ὑμῖν παράγω μάρτυρα φανερῶς λέγοντα, ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο συνεσκίασταί τινα τῶν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ, οὐχὶ πάντα. Εἰ γὰρ πάντα ἀσαφῆ ἔμελλεν εἶναι, περιττῶς εἴρητο τοῖς τότε. Αἱ γὰρ προφητεῖαι ἔχουσι καὶ πολέμους προσκαίρους τοὺς τότε, καὶ λοιμοὺς, καὶ λιμούς· ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ σήμερον ἐκβάντα, τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τὴν κλῆσιν, τῆς συναγωγῆς τὴν ἀποβολὴν, τοῦ νόμου τὴν κατάργησιν. Ταῦτα δὲ οὐκ ἐβούλετο αὐτοὺς εἰδέναι· ἐκεῖνα δὲ ἤθελε τὰ ἐν τοῖς καιροῖς συμβαίνοντα τοῖς αὐτῶν. Καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ ἀποδεῖξαι πειράσομαι· ὅτι ταῦτα μόνα ἀσαφῆ ἐποίησε γενέσθαι, τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν καὶ τῆς συναγωγῆς, τὰ νῦν ἐκβάντα, καὶ τὴν τοῦ νόμου κατάργησιν· τοῦτο δὲ αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἔδει εἰδέναι ἐκ τότε.","english":"For it was truly an act of the greatest daring, standing in the midst of those who were being accused, to bring the accusations without sparing, and openly to cast those men out of their honor through the prophecy, and to bring others into the glory owed to them. The court of the hearers had all of them as accusers. But who can escape danger among hostile judges? For this reason, he says, he is bold and speaks. But I wish to demonstrate this to you still more clearly. For this reason it has been said obscurely in the Scriptures concerning the Jews and us, so that the Jews might not understand what is said before the proper time. And for this I produce as witness the most mighty-voiced Paul, who speaks from above, the trumpet of the heavens, the vessel of election, the bridegroom-escort of Christ. For I betrothed you, he says, to one husband, to present you as a pure virgin to Christ. Him I produce for you as a witness, plainly saying that for this reason certain things in the Old Testament have been obscured, not all things. For if all things were going to be obscure, it would have been said superfluously to those of that time. For the prophecies contain both the temporary wars of that time, and plagues, and famines; they also contain the things that have come to pass today: the calling of the Church, the rejection of the synagogue, the abolition of the law. These things he did not wish them to know; but those things he did wish, the things happening in their own times. And this very thing I shall attempt to demonstrate: that he made only these things obscure—the things concerning us and the synagogue, the things that have now come to pass, and the abolition of the law—but it was not necessary for them to know this from that time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Εἰ γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἔμαθον, ὅτι πρόσκαιρος ὁ νόμος, πάντως ἂν αὐτοῦ κατεφρόνησαν· διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸν συνεσκίασε μόνον. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐ πᾶσα προφητεία ἀσαφὴς ἦν, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μόνον περιέσταλτο τὸ μέρος, ἄκουσον τοῦ Παύλου σαφῶς ἀμφότερα ταῦτα ἡμῖν ἐνδεικνυμένου, καὶ ὅτι συνεσκίαστο ὁ νόμος, καὶ ὅτι κατὰ τοῦτο μόνον τὸ μέρος. Κορινθίοις γὰρ ἐπιστέλλων, οὕτω πώς φησιν· Ἔχοντες οὖν τοιαύτην ἐλπίδα, πολλῇ παῤῥησίᾳ χρώμεθα, καὶ οὐ καθάπερ Μωϋσῆς ἐτίθει κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ, ὥστε μὴ ἀτενίσαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ εἰς τὸ τέλος τοῦ καταργουμένου, ἀλλ' ἐπωρώθη τὰ νοήματα αὐτῶν. Ἄχρι γὰρ σήμερον κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς Παλαιᾶς Διαθήκης μένει, μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται. Τάχα ἀσαφὲς τὸ εἰρημένον· οὐκοῦν ἀναγκαῖον αὐτὸ ποιῆσαι σαφέστερον, τῆς ἱστορίας αὐτῆς ὑμᾶς ἀναμνήσας. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ λαβὼν τὰς πλάκας ἐν τῷ ὄρει ἔμελλε καταβαίνειν ὁ Μωϋσῆς, δόξα τις ἀπόῤῥητος καὶ θαυμαστὴ τῆς ἁγίας ἐκείνης ἐξέλαμψεν ὄψεως τοιαύτη, ὡς μηδένα τῶν πολλῶν αὐτῷ δύνασθαι προσιέναι καὶ διαλέγεσθαι. Ἵνα οὖν μὴ διὰ παντὸς ἀπρόσιτος ᾖ τῷ δήμῳ, κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῆς ὄψεως ἐπιτιθεὶς, παρεῖχε μετὰ ἀδείας τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις αὐτῷ συγγίνεσθαι. Καὶ τῷ δήμῳ μὲν ὁμιλῶν εἶχε τὸ κάλυμμα, πρὸς δὲ τὸν Θεὸν ἐπιστρέφων ἀπετίθει τοῦτο πάλιν. Τοῦτο δὲ συνέβαινεν, ὁμοῦ μὲν ἵνα ἀξιόπιστος ὁ νομοθέτης φαίνηται τοῖς μέλλουσι τὸν δι' αὐτοῦ κομιζόμενον δέχεσθαι νόμον, ὁμοῦ δὲ ἵνα καὶ ὁ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν αὐτῷ προδιαγραφῇ τύπος, καὶ διαγραφῇ τῆς κατὰ Χριστὸν οἰκονομίας ἄνωθεν ἡ αἰτία. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἔμελλόν τινες λέγειν.","english":"For if they had learned from the beginning that the law was temporary, they would certainly have despised it; for this reason he veiled it only. For that not every prophecy was unclear, but that only this part was concealed, hear Paul clearly showing us both these things, both that the law was veiled, and that only in this part. For writing to the Corinthians, he speaks somehow thus: Since we have such a hope, we use great boldness, and not as Moses put a veil over his face, so that the sons of Israel might not gaze at the end of what was being abolished, but their minds were hardened. For until today a veil remains over the reading of the Old Testament, not being unveiled, because it is abolished in Christ. Perhaps what has been said is unclear; therefore it is necessary to make it clearer, having reminded you of the history itself. For when Moses, having received the tablets on the mountain, was about to come down, some secret and wonderful glory shone forth from that holy face, such that no one of the many could approach him and converse with him. In order, therefore, that he might not be altogether unapproachable to the people, placing a veil over his face, he allowed the Jews to associate with him freely. And when conversing with the people he had the veil on, but when turning to God he put it aside again. And this happened, on the one hand so that the lawgiver might appear trustworthy to those who were about to receive the law delivered through him, and on the other hand so that the type of the truth might also be prefigured in him, and the cause of the economy according to Christ might be outlined from above. For some were about to say.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐ γυμνῇ τῇ θεότητι παρεγένετο ὁ Χριστὸς, ἀλλὰ σάρκα περιεβάλ[λ]ετο; ἄνωθεν διὰ τῆς ὄψεως τοῦ δούλου πᾶσι τούτοις ἀπελογήσατο. Εἰ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ δούλου δόξαν οὐκ ἤνεγκαν ἰδεῖν τὴν ἐπιγενομένην ὕστερον Ἰουδαῖοι, πῶς ἂν γυμνὴν τὴν θεότητα μετὰ ταῦτα ἰδεῖν ὑπέμειναν;\n\nζʹ. Οὐ τοῦτο δὲ μόνον τὸ κάλυμμα ἡμῖν ἐνδείκνυται ἐκεῖνο, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ ταῦτα πάσχουσιν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐπὶ τοῦ νόμου, ἅπερ ἔπασχον ἐπὶ τῆς ὄψεως Μωϋσέως τότε. Καθάπερ γὰρ οὐχ ἑώρων τῆς ὄψεως τοῦ νομοθέτου τὴν δόξαν, τοῦ παραπετάσματος ἐκείνου παρεμβεβλημένου μέσον, οὕτως οὐδὲ τὴν νόμου δόξαν δύνανται νῦν κατιδεῖν. Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ πρὸς αἱρετικοὺς ἀναγκαῖον ἡμῖν. Καὶ γὰρ νομίσαντες κατηγορίαν εἶναι τοῦ νόμου τὰ εἰρημένα, κατεδέξαντο τῆς Ἐπιστολῆς τὸ χωρίον τοῦτο· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἤκουσαν, ὅτι κάλυμμα ἔχει ὁ νόμος, καὶ ὅτι καταργεῖται, νομίσαντες εἶναι διαβολὴν, ἀφῆκαν τὰ γράμματα, ἵνα τοῖς οἰκείοις ἁλῶσιν ἐπιχειρήμασιν. Αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο δείκνυσι μέγαν ὄντα τὸν νόμον. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τότε οὐκ ἦν κατηγορία Μωϋσέως τὸ κάλυμμα ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς ὄψεως, ἀλλ' ἀσθένεια τῶν Ἰουδαίων, Μωϋσέως δὲ καὶ ἐγκώμιον μέγιστον ἦν, ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶχεν ἐπὶ τῆς ὄψεως δόξαν, ὡς καὶ παραπετάσματος δεηθῆναι πρὸς τοὺς ὁμοδούλους· οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ νόμου συνέβη. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ δόξαν εἶχεν ἀπρόσιτον ὁ νόμος, οὐκ ἂν ἐδεήθη καλύμματος. Ὅταν οὖν λέγῃ, ὅτι Κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῆς ἀναγνώσεως τῆς","english":"For what reason did Christ come not with bare divinity, but clothed himself in flesh? From the beginning, through the appearance of the servant, he defended himself against all these charges. For if the Jews could not bear to see the glory of the servant that appeared afterward, how would they have endured to see bare divinity after these things?\n\n7. And not only does that veil indicate this to us, but also that the Jews suffer these things under the law, which they suffered then at the appearance of Moses. For just as they did not see the glory of the lawgiver's appearance, that curtain having been placed in between, so neither can they now behold the glory of the law. But this is also necessary for us against the heretics. For having supposed that what was said was an accusation against the law, they accepted this passage of the Epistle; and when they heard that the law has a veil, and that it is being abolished, supposing it to be slander, they abandoned the writings, so that they might be caught by their own arguments. For this very thing shows that the law is great. For just as then it was not an accusation against Moses that he had a veil over his appearance, but a weakness of the Jews, and it was a very great praise of Moses that he had such glory on his appearance as even to need a curtain in relation to his fellow servants; so it also happened with the law. For if the law did not have inaccessible glory, it would not have needed a veil. When, then, he says that a veil lies over the reading of the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Παλαιᾶς Διαθήκης μένει, τὴν ἀσάφειαν αὐτοῦ φησιν· ὅταν δὲ λέγῃ, Μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται, τὸ μέρος, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀσαφὲς, ὁ νόμος ἡμῖν ἐπέδειξεν. Οὐ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο ἀσαφὲς ἦν τοῦ νόμου τὸ μέρος, ὅπερ εἰς βίον ἡμῖν συνετέλει καὶ πολιτείαν· ἐπεὶ περιττῶς ἂν ἐδόθη· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνα μόνα συνεσκίαστο τὰ μέρη, δι' ὧν ἐδυνάμεθα μαθεῖν, ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ καταργεῖται. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίας ἔργον, τὸ τὸν νόμον αὐτὸν εἰσαγαγεῖν λέγοντα περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι Χριστὸς ἐλθὼν αὐτὸν καταργήσει, καὶ ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ παυθήσεται. Αὐτὸ οὖν τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τοῦ νόμου τὸ λέγον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται ὁ νόμος, τοῦτο ἀσαφὲς μόνον ἦν. Καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ δηλῶν ὁ μέγας Παῦλος, ἐπήγαγε· Μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ ἀκούσας, ὅτι Κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς Παλαιᾶς Διαθήκης μένει, ὅλην αὐτὴν ἀσαφῆ καὶ συνεσκιασμένην εἶναι νομίσῃς, τῇ ἐπαγωγῇ ταύτην διώρθωσε τὴν ὑπόνοιαν. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς Παλαιᾶς Διαθήκης μένει, ἐπήγαγε, Μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται. Τοῦτο αὐτὸ, φησὶν, οὐκ ἀνεκαλύφθη, ὅτι μέλλει ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖσθαι· οὐκ ἀνεκαλύφθη δὲ τοῖς μὴ προσελθοῦσι τῇ πίστει· ὡς ὅ γε προσελθὼν, καὶ τῆς τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος χάριτος ἀπολαύσας, οὐκέτι μετὰ παραπετάσματος βλέπει τὸν νόμον, ἀλλὰ γυμνὴν αὐτοῦ καθορᾷ τὴν δόξαν. Δόξα δὲ νόμου, τὸ δυνηθῆναι διδάξαι, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται, ἵνα καὶ τοῦτο μάθῃς. Εἶδες τοῦ νόμου τὴν δόξαν; Δόξα δέ ἐστιν ἀληθὴς ἐκείνου, ὅταν σε πρὸς τὸν Χριστὸν παιδαγωγῆσαι δυνηθῇ·","english":"It remains a matter of the Old Covenant, he means its obscurity; but when he says, \"not being unveiled,\" it is because in Christ the part which is obscure is abolished, which the law showed to us. For that part of the law was not obscure which contributed to our life and conduct; since otherwise it would have been given in vain; but only those parts were shadowed over through which we could learn that it is abolished through Christ. For this too is a work of the wisdom of God, that the law itself should be brought in saying about itself that Christ, when he came, would abolish it, and that in him it would cease. Therefore this very part of the law which says that the law is abolished in Christ, this alone was obscure. And the great Paul, making this same point clear, added: \"not being unveiled, because it is abolished in Christ.\" For lest, having heard that \"a veil remains over the reading of the Old Covenant,\" you should think that the whole of it is obscure and shadowed over, by this addition he corrected that supposition. For having said, \"A veil remains over the reading of the Old Covenant,\" he added, \"not being unveiled, because it is abolished in Christ.\" This very thing, he says, was not unveiled—that it is going to be abolished in Christ; and it was not unveiled to those who have not come to the faith; whereas one who has come and has enjoyed the grace of the Holy Spirit no longer sees the law through a curtain, but beholds its glory naked. And the glory of the law is this: to have been able to teach that it is abolished in Christ, so that you may learn this too. Do you see the glory of the law? And its true glory is when it has been able to lead you as a pedagogue to Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"παιδαγωγεῖ δὲ, ἐπειδὰν δείξῃ αὐτὸν καταργούμενον. Ὥστε καὶ ἐντεῦθεν καιρία τοῖς αἱρετικοῖς ἡ πληγὴ γέγονεν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐναντίος ἦν ὁ νόμος καὶ πολέμιος τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ μὴ παρ' ἐκείνου δοθεὶς, οὐκ ἔδει Παῦλον δόξαν αὐτοῦ καλέσαι, τῷ δυνηθῆναι παιδεῦσαι τοὺς προσιόντας αὐτῷ, ὅτι διὰ Χριστοῦ καταρκεῖται. Εἰ πονηρὸς ἦν ὁ νόμος πάλιν, οὐκ ἔδει τὸ κάλυμμα αὐτοῦ ἀφαιρεθῆναι, ἀλλὰ μένειν αὐτὸν καὶ μετὰ τὴν χάριν συνεσκιασμένον. Εἰ δὲ τοῦτο τῆς χάριτος ἔργον, τὸ διορατικωτέρους ποιεῖν τοὺς προσιόντας πρὸς τὴν τοῦ νόμου κατάληψιν, ὥστε ἐκεῖθεν τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἀφορμὰς πάσας λαμβάνειν τῆς πρὸς τὸν Χριστὸν πίστεως· τί μεῖζον τούτου τεκμήριον τῆς τοῦ νόμου συγγενείας τῆς πρὸς τὴν χάριν εἴποι τις ἂν, ἀλλ' ἢ ὅταν μὲν Χριστὸς ἀνοίγῃ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῶν αὐτῷ προσιόντων, ὥστε δυνηθῆναι κατιδεῖν τοῦ νόμου τὴν ἀγωγὴν, ἐκείνη δὲ φανεῖσα καὶ γενομένη δήλη, παραπέμψαι μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς εὐκολίας δυνήσεται τοὺς συνιέντας τὰ Χριστοῦ; Ταῦτα γὰρ οὔτε τὸν Χριστὸν τῷ νόμῳ μαχόμενον δείκνυσιν, οὔτε τὸν νόμον πολεμοῦντα τῷ Ἰησοῦ, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἅπαν, τὸν μὲν προοδοποιοῦντα τῇ μεγάλῃ ταύτῃ φιλοσοφίᾳ, τὸν δὲ ἐκεῖθεν αὐτοὺς παραλαμβάνοντα καὶ πρὸς ἄκραν ἄγοντα κορυφήν. Ὑπὲρ δὲ τούτων ἁπάντων εὐχαριστήσωμεν τῷ φιλανθρώπῳ Θεῷ, τῷ κατὰ τὸν προσήκοντα καιρὸν ἕκαστα οἰκονομοῦντι, καὶ πολυτρόπως τὴν ἡμετέραν πραγματευομένῳ σωτηρίαν, καὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ φιλανθρωπίας καὶ τῆς τοσαύτης προνοίας ἀξίαν κατὰ δύναμιν ἐπιδειξώμεθα πολιτείαν, ἵνα καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτύχωμεν ἀγαθῶν·","english":"It educates, however, when it has shown that it is being abolished. So from this too the blow against the heretics has become decisive. For if the law were contrary and hostile to Christ, and not given by him, Paul ought not to have called its glory great, by the fact that it was able to educate those who come to it, that through Christ it is abolished. If the law were evil again, its veil ought not to have been removed, but it should have remained even after grace, overshadowed. But if this is the work of grace, to make those who come to it more clear-sighted for the understanding of the law, so as to receive from there all the beginnings and all the occasions of faith in Christ—what greater proof of the law's kinship with grace could one name, than that when Christ opens the eyes of those who come to him, so that they are able to discern the law's guidance, and that guidance, having appeared and become clear, will be able to send on those who understand the things of Christ with great ease? For these things show neither that Christ fights against the law, nor that the law wars against Jesus, but quite the opposite: the one prepares the way for this great philosophy, and the other receives them from there and leads them to the very summit. And for all these things let us give thanks to the loving God, who orders each thing at the fitting time, and in many ways works out our salvation, and let us show forth a conduct worthy of his love for humanity and of so great a providence, according to our ability, so that we may also obtain the good things to come.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ὧν γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δι' οὗ καὶ μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ, ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, δόξα, τιμὴ, κράτος, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.\n\nἜτι εἰς τὴν ἀσάφειαν τῆς Παλαιᾶς Διαθήκης, καὶ εἰς τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ φιλανθρωπίαν, καὶ περὶ τοῦ μὴ κατηγορεῖν ἀλλήλων. αʹ. Χαίρει μὲν βουκόλος, ἐπειδὰν εὐπαθοῦσαν αὐτῷ καὶ σφριγῶσαν ἴδῃ τῶν\n\nβοῶν τὴν ἀγέλην· χαίρει δὲ καὶ γηπόνος, θεωρῶν κομῶντα τὰ λήϊα· ἀλλ' οὔτε γηπόνος ἐπὶ τοῖς ληΐοις, οὔτε βουκόλος ἐπὶ ταῖς βουσὶν οὕτω χαίρουσιν, ὡς ἐγὼ χαίρω νῦν καὶ ἀγάλλομαι, τὴν καλὴν ταύτην ἅλω τῶν πνευματικῶν τούτων δραγμάτων πεπληρωμένην ὁρῶν. Ὅταν γὰρ εἰς ἀκοὰς τοσαύτας καὶ τοιαύτας σπείρηται τῆς εὐσεβείας ὁ λόγος, ἀνάγκη ταχέως πολὺν καὶ ὥριμον βλαστῆσαι τῆς ὑπακοῆς τὸν ἄσταχυν. Καὶ γὰρ ὅταν τις εἰς βαθύγειον καὶ λιπαρὰν ἄρουραν αὔλακα τέμῃ, κἂν μὴ δαψιλεῖ τῇ χειρὶ καταβάλῃ τὰ σπέρματα, πολλὴν δέξεται τὴν φορὰν, τῆς φύσεως τοῦ χωρίου τὴν ὀλιγότητα τῶν σπερμάτων διὰ τῆς οἰκείας δυνάμεως πλεοναζούσης· οὕτω καὶ ὅταν τις εἰς ψυχὰς σπείρῃ καταπειθεῖς καὶ εὐλαβείας γεμούσας, κἂν ὀλίγα καταβάλῃ τὰ τῆς διδασκαλίας σπέρματα, πλούσιον ὄψεται τὸν ἄμητον, τῆς τῶν ἀκουόντων σοφίας τὴν τοῦ λέγοντος πενίαν ἀποκρυπτούσης. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἁλείας γίνεται τῶν ἰχθύων. Κἂν γὰρ ἄπειροι τυγχάνωσιν ὄντες οἱ ἁλιεῖς, εἰς κόλπον δὲ βάλωσι τὰ δίκτυα πολλοὺς ἔχοντα τοὺς ἰχθύας, ῥᾳδίως τῆς θήρας ἐπιτυγχάνουσι, τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συντρεχόντων ἰχθύων συσκιάζοντος ἐκείνων τὴν ἀπειρίαν.","english":"May it be granted to us all to attain these things, by the grace and loving-kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom and with whom be glory, honor, and might to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, unto the ages of ages. Amen.\n\nAgain, on the obscurity of the Old Testament, and on the loving-kindness of God, and on not accusing one another. 1. The herdsman rejoices when he sees his herd of cattle thriving and sleek; the farmer too rejoices when he beholds the cornfields waving with grain; but neither does the farmer rejoice over his cornfields, nor the herdsman over his cattle, as I now rejoice and exult, seeing this fair threshing-floor filled with these spiritual sheaves. For when the word of piety is sown into ears so many and so excellent, it must quickly bring forth a great and ripe ear of obedience. For just as when one cuts a furrow in deep and rich soil, even if he does not cast the seeds with a lavish hand, he will receive an abundant yield, since the nature of the place, through its own power, multiplies the scantiness of the seeds; so too when one sows into souls that are obedient and full of reverence, even if he casts down few seeds of teaching, he will see a rich harvest, since the wisdom of the hearers conceals the poverty of the speaker. The same happens also in the fishing for fish. For even if the fishermen happen to be inexperienced, yet if they cast their nets into a bay that has many fish, they easily succeed in the catch, since the multitude of fish rushing together overshadows their inexperience.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Εἰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς ἄγρας ἐκείνης τῶν ἁλιεύεσθαι μελλόντων τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ σαγηνεύοντος πολλάκις παραμυθεῖται τὴν ἀμάθειαν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τῆς ἁλιείας ταύτης τῆς πνευματικῆς τοῦτο συμβήσεται. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι μὲν οἱ ἰχθύες, ὅταν ἴδωσιν ἐμβληθέντα τὰ θήρατρα, εὐθέως ἀποπηδῶσι καὶ ἐξάλλονται· ὑμεῖς δὲ τὸ ἐναντίον ποιεῖτε· ὅταν ἴδητε ἀναστάντα καὶ τὴν σαγήνην ἁπλώσαντα τῆς διδασκαλίας, οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀποπηδᾶτε καὶ ἐξάλλεσθε, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐνδοτέρω βαδίζετε πανταχόθεν συντρέχοντες, καὶ τὸν πλησίον ἕκαστος ὠθῶν καὶ θλίβων, πρότερος αὐτὸς ἐπείγεται ἐμπηδῆσαι καὶ ἐμπεσεῖν εἰς τὰ δίκτυα. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδέποτε κενὴν ἀνεσπάσαμεν τὴν σαγήνην, οὐ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐμπειρίαν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ὑμετέραν ἐπιθυμίαν. Ἱκανῶς μὲν οὖν ἡμᾶς καὶ πρώην εἱστίασεν ἡ χρυσὸν δόκιμον καὶ καθαρὸν ῥέουσα γλῶττα, καὶ πηγὰς ἔχουσα μέλιτος ἐν τῷ στόματι, ἡ τοῦ μακαρίου, λέγω, Παύλου· μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ κηρίου παντὸς ἀποκρύπτουσα τὴν ἡδονὴν τῇ τῆς πνευματικῆς διδασκαλίας γλυκύτητι. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατὰ τὴν πρέπουσαν ὑμῖν φιλοσοφίαν οὐδὲ τὰ τοῦ πένητος ἐμοῦ καὶ πτωχεύοντος ἀτιμάζετε, ἀλλὰ θαυμάζετε μὲν τὰ πολλὴν ἔχοντα ὑπεροχὴν, προσίεσθε δὲ καὶ τὰ τῆς ἡμετέρας εὐτελείας ῥήματα, ἀνέστην μετὰ προθυμίας ἀποδώσων ὑμῖν τὸ ὄφλημα, ὃ πρώην ὑπεσχόμην μὲν, οὐ κατέβαλον δὲ, τοῦ μήκους τῆς διδασκαλίας ἐκκρούσαντος ἡμᾶς τοῦ τέλους. Τί οὖν ἦν τὸ ὄφλημα ἐκεῖνο; Ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἀναμνῆσαι ὑμᾶς τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ δανείσματος, ὥστε σαφεστέραν ὑμῖν ἀπὸ τῆς ὑποθέσεως γενέσθαι τὴν ἐξήγησιν. Ἐζητήσαμεν τότε, τίνος ἕνεκεν ἀσαφεστέρα τῆς Καινῆς ἡ Παλαιὰ Διαθήκη·","english":"If in that hunt of those about to be fished the multitude of those casting the net often consoles ignorance, much more will this happen in this spiritual fishing. For those fish, when they see the hunting gear cast in, immediately leap away and spring out; but you do the opposite: when you see the one who has risen and spread out the net of teaching, you not only do not leap away and spring out, but you even walk further in, running together from every side, and each one pushing and pressing his neighbor, he himself hastens to be first to leap in and fall into the nets. Therefore we have never drawn up the net empty, not through our experience, but through your desire. Sufficiently indeed did that tongue which flows with tried and pure gold, and has springs of honey in its mouth—I mean that of the blessed Paul—feast us even recently; or rather, it surpasses the sweetness of every honeycomb with the sweetness of spiritual teaching. But since, in accordance with the philosophy that befits you, you do not despise even the words of me, your poor and beggarly servant, but you marvel at those things which have great preeminence, and you also receive the words of our lowliness, I have risen with eagerness to pay you the debt which I promised recently but did not discharge, since the length of the teaching drove us away from the end. What then was that debt? For it is necessary to remind you of the beginning of the loan, so that the explanation may become clearer to you from the subject. We sought then, for what reason the Old Testament is less clear than the New.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"τάχα γὰρ μέμνησθε· καὶ μίαν τέως εἰρήκαμεν αἰτίαν, τὴν θηριωδίαν τῶν ἀκουόντων, καὶ μάρτυρα παρηγάγομεν τὸν Παῦλον λέγοντα, ὅτι Τὸ αὐτὸ κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς Παλαιᾶς Διαθήκης μένει μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται. Ἐδείξαμεν ὅτι καθάπερ Μωϋσῆς εἶχε κάλυμμα ὁ νομοθέτης, οὕτω καὶ ὁ νόμος εἶχε κάλυμμα, τὴν ἀσάφειαν· ἀλλ' οὔτε τοῦ νομοθέτου ἔγκλημα, οὔτε τοῦ νόμου κατηγορία τὸ κάλυμμα, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας τῶν ἀκουόντων. Οὐδὲ γὰρ δι' ἑαυτὸν εἶχε κάλυμμα ὁ Μωϋσῆς, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἠδύναντο ὑπενεγκεῖν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ. Ὅτε γοῦν ἐπέστρεφε πρὸς Κύριον, περιῃρεῖτο τὸ κάλυμμα. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ νόμος, ἐπεὶ οὐδέπω ἠδύνατο μαθεῖν τὰ τέλεια διδάγματα καὶ φιλοσοφίας γέμοντα, τά τε περὶ Χριστοῦ καὶ τῆς Καινῆς Διαθήκης πάντα γὰρ ἐκεῖνα ἐναπέκειτο, καθάπερ ἐν θησαυρῷ, τῇ παλαιᾷ Γραφῇ, κάλυμμα εἶχεν, ἐκείνοις μὲν συγκαταβαίνων, ἡμῖν δὲ τηρῶν τὸν πλοῦτον ἅπαντα, ἵν', ὅταν παραγένηται ὁ Χριστὸς, καὶ ἐπιστρέψωμεν πρὸς αὐτὸν, περιαιρεθῇ τὸ κάλυμμα. Ὁρᾶτε τοίνυν εἰς ὅσην ἡμᾶς ἀξίαν ἤγαγεν ἡ τοῦ Χριστοῦ","english":"For perhaps you remember; and we have so far mentioned one cause—the brutishness of the hearers—and we brought forward Paul as a witness, saying, \"The same veil remains at the reading of the Old Testament, not being unveiled, because in Christ it is abolished.\" We showed that just as Moses the lawgiver had a veil, so also the Law had a veil—its obscurity; but the veil is neither an accusation against the lawgiver nor a charge against the Law, but rather [a sign] of the weakness of the hearers. For Moses did not have a veil for his own sake, but because they could not endure the glory of his face. At any rate, whenever he turned to the Lord, the veil was removed. So also the Law, since it was not yet able to teach the perfect doctrines and those full of philosophy—both the things concerning Christ and those concerning the New Testament (for all those things lay stored up as in a treasury in the old Scripture)—had a veil, condescending to those people, but preserving all the wealth for us, so that when Christ should come and we should turn to him, the veil might be removed. Do you see, then, to what dignity the coming of Christ has brought us?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"παρουσία, εἰς τὴν τάξιν ἀνάγουσα Μωϋσέως. Ἀλλ' ἴσως ἐρεῖ τις· Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐλέγετο τότε, εἰ μὴ ἔμελλεν αὐτοῖς σαφῆ εἶναι τὰ λεγόμενα; Ἵνα τοῖς μετὰ ταῦτα γένηται χρήσιμα. Προφητείας γὰρ ἀξίωμα τοῦτό ἐστιν, οὐχ ὅταν τὰ παρόντα ἀπαγγείλῃ πράγματα, ἀλλ' ὅταν τὰ μέλλοντα προαναφωνήσῃ. Προφητεία δὲ ὅταν συνεσκιασμένως λέγηται, μετὰ τὴν τῶν πραγμάτων ἔκβασιν γίνεται σαφεστέρα, πρὸ δὲ τῆς ἐκβάσεως οὐδαμῶς. Ὥστε, ἐπειδὴ τότε μὲν ἐλέγετο συνεσκιασμένως, ἀσαφῆ ἦν· ὅτε δὲ ἐκβέβηκε τὰ πράγματα, διὰ τοῦτο σαφέστερα ἦν τὰ λεγόμενα. Καὶ ἵνα μάθητε, ὅτι προφητεία, κἂν πρὸ πολλοῦ λέγηται τοῦ χρόνου, συνεσκιασμένως δὲ λέγηται, ἀσαφεστέρα γίνεται ἀναμένουσα τὴν ἐκ τῶν πραγμάτων ἔκβασιν, ἀπ' αὐτῶν τῶν μαθητῶν ὑμῖν τοῦτο ποιήσω φανερόν. Λύσατε τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον, τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ἔλεγεν ὁ Χριστός. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐδίωκε τοὺς διὰ τῆς καπηλείας εἰς τὸν ναὸν ἐνυβρίζοντας, λέγουσιν ἐκεῖνοι· Τί σημεῖον δεικνύεις ἡμῖν, ὅτι ταῦτα ποιεῖς; Καὶ πρὸς τοῦτό φησι· Λύσατε τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον, καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις ἐγερῶ αὐτόν. Ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἔλεγε περὶ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ. Τοῦτο προφητεία τίς ἐστιν· οὔπω γὰρ ἦν ἐκβεβηκὼς ὁ σταυρὸς, οὐδὲ ἡ λύσις τοῦ ναοῦ, οὐδὲ ἡ τριήμερος ἀνάστασις, ἢν αὐτὸς ἐποιήσατο Καὶ ὅρα πῶς τὰ ἀμφότερα μετὰ ἀκριβείας ᾐνίξατο, καὶ τὴν τόλμαν τὴν ἐκείνων, καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν αὐτοῦ δύναμιν. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐκ ᾔδεισαν τὰ λεγόμενα. Καὶ τὸ μὲν Ἰουδαίους ἀγνοεῖν, οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν· λέγει δὲ, ὅτι οὐδὲ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ συνῆκαν, ἕως ἀνέστη ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν· Καὶ τότε ἐπίστευσαν τῇ Γραφῇ, καὶ τῷ λόγῳ, ᾧ εἶπεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς.","english":"his presence, bringing us back to the order of Moses. But perhaps someone will say: And for what reason was it said then, if what was said was not going to be clear to them? So that it might be useful to those after them. For this is the dignity of prophecy, not when it announces present events, but when it foretells future ones. And a prophecy, when it is spoken in a veiled way, becomes clearer after the outcome of the events, but before the outcome not at all. So that, since at that time it was spoken in a veiled way, it was unclear; but when the events had come to pass, for this reason what was said was clearer. And so that you may learn that a prophecy, even if it is spoken long before the time, and is spoken in a veiled way, becomes rather unclear while awaiting the outcome of events, I will make this clear to you from the disciples themselves. \"Destroy this temple,\" Christ said to the Jews. For since he was driving out those who were insulting the temple through their trading, they say: \"What sign do you show us, that you do these things?\" And to this he says: \"Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.\" But he was speaking about the temple of his body. This is a prophecy; for the cross had not yet come to pass, nor the destruction of the temple, nor the three-day resurrection which he himself accomplished. And see how he hinted at both things with precision, both their audacity and his own power. But nevertheless they did not know what was said. And that the Jews were ignorant is no wonder; but he says that not even his disciples understood, until he rose from the dead: And then they believed the Scripture, and the word which Jesus had spoken.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"βʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι ἐδεήθησαν τῆς διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐκβάσεως, ἵνα σαφεστέρα γένηται ἡ προφητεία, καὶ ὅτι ἔγκλημα οὐκ εἶχον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι μὴ συνιέντες τὰς προφητείας ἐκείνας τὰς περὶ Χριστοῦ πρὸ τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίας; Τῇ γὰρ παρουσίᾳ δῆλαι ἔμελλον γίνεσθαι καὶ σαφεῖς. Ἄκουσον αὐτοῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ λέγοντος· Εἰ μὴ ἦλθον, καὶ ἐλάλησα αὐτοῖς, ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἶχον. Διὰ τί οὐκ εἶχον ἁμαρτίαν, εἰ αἱ προφητεῖαι προέλεγον; Ὅτι προέλεγον μὲν, οὐκ ἦσαν δὲ σαφεῖς, οὐδὲ δῆλαι πρὸ τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ προλεγομένου. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τότε σαφεῖς ἦσαν αὐτοῖς καὶ δῆλαι, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ πρὸ τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτίαν εἶχον· εἰ δὲ ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἶχον, εὔδηλον ὅτι διὰ τὴν ἀσάφειαν αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ συνεσκιάσθαι τὰ λεγόμενα. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀπῃτοῦντο τὴν εἰς τὸν Χριστὸν πίστιν πρὸ τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίας. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν προελέγετο τότε; Ἵν', ὅταν παραγένηται, οἴκοθεν ἔχωσι τοὺς διδασκάλους ἐνάγοντας αὐτοὺς, καὶ εἰδῶσιν ὅτι οὐ καινοτομία τὰ γινόμενα, οὐδὲ πρόσφατος ἡ οἰκονομία, ἀλλ' ἄνωθεν ταῦτα καὶ πρὸ πολλῶν προανεκηρύττετο χρόνων· οὐ μικρὸν δὲ τοῦτο εἰς τὸ ἐπισπάσασθαι πρὸς τὴν πίστιν αὐτούς. Μία μὲν οὖν αὕτη τῆς ἀσαφείας αἰτία, ἣν καὶ διὰ πλειόνων ἀπεδείξαμεν μαρτυριῶν ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ διαλέξει. Ἵν' οὖν μὴ πάλιν ὑμᾶς ἐνοχλῶμεν τὰ αὐτὰ λέγοντες, ἀναγκαῖον μὲν ταύτης ἀποστῆναι, ἑτέραν δὲ εἰπεῖν τὴν οὐκ ἀσαφῆ καὶ ἄγνωστον, ἀλλὰ δυσκολωτέραν ἡμῖν ποιοῦσαν τὴν Παλαιὰν Διαθήκην. Ἄλλο γάρ ἐστι μηδὲν ὅλως εἰδέναι τῶν ἐγκειμένων, καὶ ὁρᾷν κάλυμμα ἐπικεί56.178 μενον, ἄλλο δὲ εὑρεῖν μὲν τὰ λεγόμενα, μετὰ πόνου δὲ εὑρεῖν.","english":"2. Do you see that they needed the outcome brought about by events, so that the prophecy might become clearer, and that the Jews had no charge to answer for not understanding those prophecies concerning Christ before Christ's coming? For by his coming they were going to become clear and evident. Hear Christ himself saying: If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have had sin. Why would they not have had sin, if the prophecies foretold it? Because they foretold it, but they were not clear, nor evident before the coming of the one foretold. For if they had been clear and evident to them even then, it is obvious that they would have had sin even before his coming; but if they had no sin, it is evident that it was because of their obscurity and because the things said were overshadowed. For neither were they required to have faith in Christ before Christ's coming. For what reason, then, was it foretold at that time? So that, when he arrives, they might have teachers from their own midst urging them on, and might know that what was happening was not an innovation, nor was the dispensation recent, but that these things had been proclaimed beforehand from above and many ages before; and this is no small thing for drawing them to the faith. This, then, is one cause of the obscurity, which we also demonstrated through more testimonies in the previous discourse. So that we may not again trouble you by saying the same things, it is necessary to leave this one aside and to state another cause—one that does not make the Old Testament obscure and unknown, but rather more difficult for us. For it is one thing to know nothing at all of what lies therein, and to see a veil laid over it, and another to find what is said, but to find it with labor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Τίς οὖν ἐστιν ἡ δευτέρα αἰτία, δι' ἣν δυσκολωτέρα ἡ Παλαιὰ Διαθήκη τῆς Νέας ἐστίν; Οὐχὶ τῇ ἐγχωρίῳ φωνῇ ἔχομεν τὴν Παλαιὰν Διαθήκην παρ' ἡμῖν γεγραμμένην· ἀλλ' ἑτέρᾳ μὲν συνετέθη γλώττῃ, ἑτέρᾳ δὲ ἔχομεν αὐτὴν ἀναγινωσκομένην ἡμεῖς. Τῇ γὰρ Ἑβραίων φωνῇ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν συνεγράφη, ἡμεῖς δὲ αὐτὴν τῇ Ἑλλήνων παρελάβομεν γλώττῃ· ὅταν δὲ γλῶττα ἑρμηνευθῇ εἰς ἑτέραν γλῶτταν, πολλὴν ἔχει τὴν δυσκολίαν. Καὶ ἴσασιν ἀκριβῶς, ὅσοι πολλῶν γλωσσῶν εἰσιν ἔμπειροι, πῶς οὐ δυνατὸν πᾶσαν τὴν σαφήνειαν τῆς φωνῆς τῆς ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ φύσει κειμένης μετενεγκεῖν εἰς τὴν ἑτέραν μεταβάλλοντας γλῶσσαν. Τοῦτο\n\nοὖν αἴτιον τῆς δυσκολίας τῆς ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ Διαθήκῃ γέγονε. Πρὸ γὰρ τριακοσίων ἐτῶν τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίας, ἐπὶ Πτολεμαίου τοῦ βασιλέως τῶν Αἰγυπτίων, πρὸς τὴν Ἑλλάδα μετηνέχθη γλῶσσαν ἡ Παλαιὰ Διαθήκη, χρησίμως σφόδρα καὶ ἀναγκαίως. Ἕως μὲν γὰρ ἑνὶ ἔθνει τῶν Ἰουδαίων διελέγετο, ἔμενεν ἐν τῇ Ἑβραΐδι φωνῇ. Οὐδεὶς γὰρ τότε ἔμελλεν αὐτῇ προσέχειν, τοῦ λοιποῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους εἰς θηριωδίαν ἐσχάτην ἐληλακότος.","english":"What, then, is the second reason why the Old Testament is more difficult than the New? Is it not that we have the Old Testament written among us in our own language? No—it was composed in one language, but we have it read in another. For at the beginning it was written in the language of the Hebrews, but we received it in the language of the Greeks. And whenever a language is translated into another language, it has great difficulty. And those who are experienced in many languages know precisely how it is not possible to transfer all the clarity of a language that lies in its own nature into another language by changing it. This, then, has become the cause of the difficulty in the Old Testament. For three hundred years before the coming of Christ, in the time of Ptolemy, king of the Egyptians, the Old Testament was translated into the Greek language, very usefully and necessarily. For as long as it spoke to one nation of the Jews, it remained in the Hebrew language. For no one at that time was going to pay attention to it, since the rest of the human race had been driven to the utmost savagery.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἔμελλεν ὁ Χριστὸς παραγίνεσθαι, καὶ τὴν οἰκουμένην πᾶσαν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν καλεῖν, οὐχὶ διὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τῶν προφητῶν καὶ γὰρ κἀκεῖνοι πρὸς τὴν πίστιν ἡμᾶς χειραγωγοῦσι τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ γνώσεως, τηνικαῦτα λοιπὸν ὡσπερεί τινας εἰσόδους καὶ ὁδοὺς τὰς προφητείας, πρότερον ἀποκεκλεισμένας τῇ τῆς γλώττης ἀσαφείᾳ, πάντοθεν ἀνοιγῆναι παρεσκεύασε διὰ τῆς ἑρμηνείας, ἵνα πάντες οἱ ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν πανταχόθεν συῤῥέοντες, καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς εὐκολίας ταύτας ὁδεύοντες τὰς ὁδοὺς, δι' αὐτῶν δυνηθῶσι πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τῶν προφητῶν ἐλθεῖν, καὶ προσκυνῆσαι τῷ μονογενεῖ τοῦ Θεοῦ Υἱῷ. Διὰ τοῦτο πρό γε τοῦ χρόνου τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἡρμηνεύθησαν ἅπασαι· ἐπεὶ εἰ ἔμενον ἐν τῇ Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ μόνον, ἔλεγε δὲ ὁ Δαυῒδ, Αἴτησαι παρ' ἐμοῦ, καὶ δώσω σοι ἔθνη τὴν κληρονομίαν σου, καὶ τὴν κατάσχεσίν σου τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, πόθεν ἔμελλεν εἰδέναι τὸ λεγόμενον ὁ Σύρος, ἢ ὁ Γαλάτης, ἢ ὁ Μακεδὼν, ἢ ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, ἐν ἀσαφείᾳ μενούσης τῆς Γραφῆς; Πάλιν ὁ Ἡσαΐας ἐβόα· Ὡς πρόβατον ἐπὶσφαγὴν ἤχθη, καὶ ὡς ἀμνὸς ἐναντίον τοῦ κείροντος αὐτὸν ἄφωνος. Καὶ πάλιν· Ἔσται ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαὶ, καὶ ὁ ἀνιστάμενος ἄρχειν ἐθνῶν· ἐπ' αὐτῷ ἔθνη ἐλπιοῦσι. Καὶ πάλιν· Πλησθήσεται ἡ γῆ τοῦ γνῶναι τὸν Κύριον, ὡς ὕδωρ πολὺ κατακαλύψαι θαλάσσας. Καὶ ὁ Δαυῒδ πάλιν ἔλεγεν· Ἀνέβη ὁ Θεὸς ἐν ἀλαλαγμῷ, Κύριος ἐν φωνῇ σάλπιγγος· καὶ πάλιν· Εἶπεν ὁ Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου· Κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου. γʹ.","english":"But since Christ was about to come and to call the whole inhabited world to himself, not only through the apostles but also through the prophets—for those men too lead us by the hand toward faith in the knowledge of Christ—at that time he arranged that the prophecies, like so many entrances and roads, previously closed off by the obscurity of their language, should be opened from every side through translation, so that all who come streaming together from every direction out of the nations, and who travel these roads with great ease, might through them be able to come to the King of the prophets and worship the only-begotten Son of God. For this reason, before the time of Christ's coming, they were all translated; since if they had remained only in the Hebrew tongue, and David was saying, Ask of me, and I will give you the nations as your inheritance, and the ends of the earth as your possession, how was the Syrian, or the Galatian, or the Macedonian, or the Athenian going to know what was said, while the Scripture remained in obscurity? Again Isaiah was crying out: As a sheep he was led to the slaughter, and as a lamb before its shearer is silent. And again: The root of Jesse shall be, and the one who rises to rule the nations; on him shall the nations hope. And again: The earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the Lord, as much water to cover the seas. And David again was saying: God has gone up with a shout, the Lord with the sound of a trumpet; and again: The Lord said to my Lord: Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet. 3.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ περὶ τοῦ πάθους, καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως, καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀναλήψεως, καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐκ δεξιῶν καθέδρας, καὶ περὶ τῆς δευτέρας αὐτοῦ παρουσίας, καὶ περὶ πάντων τούτων ἁπλῶς τῶν ἐν τῇ Καινῇ κειμένων προεῖπεν ἡ Παλαιὰ Διαθήκη, ἵνα μὴ ἄγνωστα μένῃ ταῦτα τοῖς ἔθνεσι τοῖς μετὰ ταῦτα μέλλουσιν ἔσεσθαι, καὶ ἀγνοῶσι τῆς προφητείας τὴν ἰσχὺν, ᾠκονόμησεν ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ χάρις πρὸ τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἑρμηνευθῆναι τὰς Γραφὰς, οὐ τοῖς ἐξ ἐθνῶν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἰουδαίων τοῖς πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης διασπαρεῖσι καὶ τὴν Ἑβραΐδα λοιπὸν ἀποβαλοῦσι γλῶσσαν χρησίμους αὐτὰς ποιῶν. Ἰδοὺ γὰρ, ἐπίστευσεν ὁ ἐξ ἐθνῶν, βλέπων τὰ σημεῖα τῶν Ἰουδαίων. Πῶς εἶχον πάλιν ἐπαγαγέσθαι τὸν Ἰουδαῖον οἱ ἀπόστολοι, εἰ μὴ ἔμελλον αὐτῷ διδάσκαλον οἴκοθεν παρέχειν τὸν προφήτην; Εἰ γὰρ εἰς Ἀθήνας εἰσελθὼν ὁ Παῦλος ἐπιγράμματος ἐδεήθη ἐγκεκολαμμένου βωμῷ, καὶ τὴν διδασκαλίαν ἐξ ἐκείνου πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐποιήσατο, τοῖς οἰκείοις αὐτῶν ὅπλοις εὐκολώτερον αἱρήσειν προσδοκῶν, ὅπερ καὶ ἐγένετο· πολλῷ μᾶλλον Ἰουδαίοις διαλεγόμενος ἐδεῖτο συμμαχίας τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν προφητῶν, ὥστε μὴ καὶ ἐκείνους ἐγκαλεῖν, ὅτι καινά τινα καὶ ξενίζοντα εἰσφέρει εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς αὐτῶν. Καὶ διὰ τί, φησὶν, οὐκ ἦν μία φωνὴ, καὶ πάσης ἦμεν ἀπηλλαγμένοι τῆς δυσκολίας; Μία φωνὴ τὸ παλαιὸν ἦν, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, καὶ ὥσπερ μία φύσις ἀνθρώπων, καὶ μία φωνὴ πάντων ἦν. Οὐκ ἦν ἑτερόγλωσσος ἀπ' ἀρχῆς, οὐκ ἦν ἑτερόφωνος, οὐκ ἦν Ἰνδὸς, οὔτε Θρᾲξ, οὔτε Σκύθης, ἀλλὰ πάντες μιᾷ διελέγοντο γλώσσῃ. Τί οὖν γέγονε τὸ αἴτιον; φησίν.","english":"Since, then, the Old Testament foretold both the passion, and the resurrection, and the ascension, and the session at the right hand, and his second coming, and simply all these things that lie in the New Testament, so that these things might not remain unknown to the nations that were to exist afterward, and so that they might not be ignorant of the power of the prophecy, the grace of God arranged, before the coming of Christ, that the Scriptures be translated, making them useful not only to those from the nations but also to the Jews scattered everywhere throughout the inhabited world and by then having cast off the Hebrew tongue. For behold, the one from the nations believed, seeing the signs of the Jews. How, again, could the apostles have won over the Jew, if they were not going to provide him with the prophet as a teacher from his own home? For if Paul, entering Athens, needed an inscription engraved on an altar, and made his teaching to them from that, expecting to capture them more easily with their own weapons—which indeed happened—how much more, when conversing with Jews, did he need the alliance from the prophets, so that they too might not accuse him, saying that he was introducing certain new and strange things into their ears. And why, he says, was there not one language, and we would have been rid of all the difficulty? There was one language in ancient times, O man, and just as there was one nature of men, so there was one language of all. There was no one of another tongue from the beginning, no one of another speech, there was no Indian, nor Thracian, nor Scythian, but all conversed in one language. What, then, was the cause? he says.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"Ἀνάξιοι τῆς μιᾶς ταύτης φωνῆς ἐφάνημεν ἡμεῖς, οἱ ἀγνώμονες ἀεὶ περὶ τὸν εὐεργέτην. Τί λέγεις; φωνῆς ἀνάξιοι ἐφάνημεν; καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄλογα τὴν οἰκείαν φωνὴν ἔχει πάντα· βληχᾶται πρόβατα, μηκῶνται αἶγες, μυκᾶται ταῦρος, χρεμετίζει ἵππος, βρύχεται λέων, ὠρύεται λύκος, συρίζει δράκων· ἕκαστον τῶν\n\nἀλόγων τὸν οἰκεῖον φθόγγον διετήρησεν, ἐγὼ δὲ μόνος τῆς οἰκείας ἀπεστέρημαι φωνῆς; Καὶ τὰ ἄγρια καὶ τὰ ἥμερα, καὶ τὰ χειροήθη καὶ τὰ ἀτιθάσσευτα ζῶα ἔμεινεν ἕκαστον ἔχοντα τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς συγκληρωθεῖσαν αὐτοῖς φωνήν· ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ ἄρχων αὐτῶν ἠτίμωμαι; κἀκείνοις μὲν ἀκίνητοι αἱ τιμαὶ, ἐγὼ δὲ ἐξέπεσον τῶν δωρεῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ; Καὶ τί τοσοῦτον ἡμάρτηταί μοι; οὐκ ἤρκουν αἱ πρότεραι τιμωρίαι; Ἔδωκέ μοι τὸν παράδεισον, καὶ ἐξέβαλέ με τοῦ παραδείσου· ἔζων βίον ἀταλαίπωρον καὶ πόνων ἀπηλλαγμένον, κατεδίκασέ με ἱδρῶτι καὶ μόχθῳ· ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα μοι παρεῖχεν ἡ γῆ, ἐκέλευσεν αὐτῇ ἀκάνθας καὶ τριβόλους ἀνενεγκεῖν, καὶ εἰς αὐτήν με πάλιν ἀπέστρεψε· θανάτῳ με ἐκόλασε· τὸ τῶν γυναικῶν γένος ἐκόλασεν ὑποβαλὼν ὠδῖσι καὶ πόνοις. Οὐκ ἤρκει ταῦτα εἰς τιμωρίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς φωνῆς με ἐξέβαλε, καὶ ταύτης ἀπεστέρησε τῆς τιμῆς, ἵνα τοὺς ὁμοφύλους καὶ ὁμογενεῖς καθάπερ θηριώδεις ἀποστρέφωμαι, τῆς φωνῆς διατειχιζούσης μοι τὴν συνουσίαν. Διὰ τοῦτο ηὔξησα τὴν ἀντίθεσιν, ἵν' ὅταν ἐπαγάγω τὴν λύσιν, λαμπροτέρα γένηται ἡ νίκη. Εἰ ἐβούλετό με, φησὶν, ἐκβαλεῖν τούτων ἁπάντων, τίνος ἕνεκέν μοι αὐτὰ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐδίδου; Βούλεσθε ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τούτου ἐπαγάγω τὴν λύσιν, ἀπ' αὐτῆς τῆς ἀντιῤῥήσεως τῆς ψιλῆς;","english":"We appeared unworthy of this one voice, we who are always ungrateful toward our Benefactor. What are you saying? We appeared unworthy of a voice? And all the irrational creatures have their own voice: sheep bleat, goats bleat, the bull bellows, the horse neighs, the lion roars, the wolf howls, the dragon hisses; each of the irrational creatures has preserved its own sound, but I alone have been deprived of my own voice? Both the wild and the tame, both the gentle and the untamed animals, each remained possessing the voice allotted to them from the beginning; but I, their ruler, have been dishonored? For them the honors are immovable, but I have fallen away from the gifts of God? And what sin so great has been committed by me? Were the former punishments not enough? He gave me paradise, and he cast me out of paradise; I lived a life free from toil and released from labors, and he condemned me to sweat and hardship; the earth provided me all things unsown and unplowed, and he commanded it to bring forth thorns and thistles, and turned me back to it; he punished me with death; he punished the race of women, subjecting them to birth-pangs and pains. Were these not enough for punishment, but he also cast me out from my voice and deprived me of this honor, so that I turn away from those of the same tribe and race as though they were beasts, my voice walling off intercourse from me? For this reason I increased the opposition, so that when I bring on the dissolution, the victory may become more brilliant. If he wished, he says, to cast me out of all these things, for what reason did he give them to me at the beginning? Do you wish me to bring on the dissolution from this very thing, from this bare contradiction itself?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Τοσαύτη γὰρ τῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ Θεοῦ δικαιωμάτων ἡ περιουσία, ὡς αὐτὴν τοῦ ἀντιλέγοντος τὴν ἀντίῤῥησιν, μηδὲν παρ' ἡμῶν προσλαμβάνουσαν, ἀρκέσαι πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἐγκλημάτων λύσιν. Εἰ ἐβούλετό με ἐκβαλεῖν πάντων τούτων, τίνος ἕνεκεν αὐτά μοι παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐδίδου; Καὶ γὰρ κἀγὼ τὸ αὐτὸ λέγω· εἰ ἐβούλετό σε ἐκβαλεῖν πάντων τούτων, τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐδίδου; Ὥστε ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἐβούλετό σε ἐκβαλεῖν, διὰ τοῦτο ἔδωκέ σοι ταῦτα παρὰ τὴν ἀρχήν. Τί οὖν ἐγένετο; Οὐχ ὁ Θεός σε ἐξέβαλεν, ἀλλὰ σὺ ἀπώλεσας τὰ δοθέντα. Ἐκεῖνον θαύμαζε τῆς φιλανθρωπίας, ὅτι ἐχαρίσατο· σαυτῷ μέμφου τῆς ῥᾳθυμίας, ὅτι τὸ δῶρον οὐκ ἐφύλαξας. Ὥστε δῆλον, ὅτι οὐχ ὁ παρακαταθέμενος αἴτιος, ἀλλ' ὁ τὴν παρακαταθήκην προδοὺς ἐγκλημάτων ὑπεύθυνος. Ὅτι γὰρ ἐφίλει, καὶ φιλάνθρωπος ἦν, καὶ ἐβούλετο χαρίσασθαι, ἔδειξεν, οὐδενὸς δὲ ἀναγκάζοντος, οὐδὲ βίαν ἐπιτιθέντος, οὐ τὰ κατορθώματά σου θαυμάσας, οὐκ ἔχων σοι πόνων ἀμοιβὴν ἀποδοῦναι· ἀλλ' εὐθέως πλάσας, εὐθέως εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν μετήγαγε ταύτην, ἵνα δείξῃ, ὅτι οὐκ ἀντίδοσις ἀμοιβῆς ἡ δωρεὰ, ἀλλὰ γυμνὴ ἡ χάρις ἦν. Εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἐφύλαξας τὰ δοθέντα, σαυτὸν αἰτιῶ, μὴ τὸν δεδωκότα τὴν δωρεάν. Ἆρ' οὖν τοῦτο μόνον ἔχομεν εἰπεῖν ὑπὲρ τοῦ Δεσπότου; Ἱκανὴ μὲν οὖν καὶ αὕτη ἡ ἀπολογία· ἀλλ' ἡ ἄπειρος αὐτοῦ ἀγαθότης καὶ ἡ ἄῤῥητος φιλανθρωπία καὶ ἑτέραν ἡμῖν περιουσίαν δικαιωμάτων παρέχει. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο μόνον ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι αὐτὸς μὲν ἔδωκε, σὺ δὲ ἀπώλεσας·","english":"For so great is the abundance of God's righteous acts that even the objection of the one who contradicts, receiving nothing from us, suffices to dissolve the charges. If he wished to cast me out from all these things, for what reason did he give them to me from the beginning? For I too say the same: if he wished to cast you out from all these things, for what reason did he give them? So since he did not wish to cast you out, for this reason he gave you these things from the beginning. What then happened? God did not cast you out, but you destroyed what was given. Marvel at his love for humanity, that he bestowed it as a gift; blame yourself for your carelessness, that you did not guard the gift. So it is clear that the one who entrusted the deposit is not the cause, but the one who betrayed the deposit is liable to the charges. For that he loved, and was a lover of humanity, and wished to bestow a gift, he showed—with no one compelling, nor imposing force, nor marveling at your achievements, nor having a recompense of labors to repay you; but immediately after forming you, immediately he brought you into this rule, in order to show that the gift was not a repayment of recompense, but grace was bare. But if you did not guard what was given, blame yourself, not the one who gave the gift. Have we then only this to say on behalf of the Master? This defense is indeed sufficient; but his boundless goodness and ineffable love for humanity provide us with another abundance of righteous acts. For it is not only this that can be said, that he gave, but you destroyed—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ἀπήλλακται μὲν γὰρ καὶ οὕτω τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ὁ δοὺς, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ μεγίστου θαύματός ἐστιν ἄξιος, ὅτι καὶ προειδὼς ὅτι ἀπολεῖς, οὐκ ἀπεστέρησέ σε τῆς δωρεᾶς· πλὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον πολλῷ μεῖζον ἔχω τούτων εἰπεῖν. Τί δὲ τοῦτό ἐστιν; Ὅτι καὶ μετὰ τὸ ἀπολέσαι ἐξ οἰκείας ῥᾳθυμίας, πάλιν ἀποδέδωκέ σοι τὰ ἀπολωλότα· μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ τὰ ἀπολωλότα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ μείζονα τούτων. Ἀπώλεσας μὲν γὰρ παράδεισον, ἔδωκε δέ σοι τὸν οὐρανόν. Ὁρᾷς πῶς μείζων ἡ ἐμπορία τῆς ζημίας, πῶς πλείων ὁ πλοῦτος; Ἔδωκέ σοι τὸν οὐρανὸν, ἵνα καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπιδείξηται, καὶ τὸν διάβολον δάκῃ, δεικνὺς ὅτι κἂν μυρία τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιβουλεύσῃ γένει, οὐδὲν ἔσται πλέον αὐτῷ, τοῦ Θεοῦ πρὸς μείζονα ἀεὶ τιμὴν ἡμᾶς ἀνάγοντος. Ἀπώλεσας τοίνυν παράδεισον, καὶ ἀνέῳξέ σοι ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανόν· κατεδικάσθης πόνῳ προσκαίρῳ, καὶ ἐτιμήθης ζωῇ αἰωνίῳ· ἐκέλευσε τῇ γῇ ἀκάνθας καὶ τριβόλους ἐνεγκεῖν, καὶ ἐβλάστησέ σοι καρπὸν Πνεύματος ἡ ψυχή. δʹ. Καὶ σκόπει μοι τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, μέχρι πόσου κατέβη. Ἐν τοῖς ἀπολλύουσί τινα τῶν οἰκείων κτημάτων, κἂν μείζονα λάβωσι καὶ πολυτελέστερα, ἐκεῖνα τὰ ἀπολωλότα","english":"For in this way too the giver has been cleared of the charges, or rather he is worthy even of the greatest wonder, because even foreknowing that you would destroy it, he did not deprive you of the gift; but indeed I have something else to say that is far greater than these things. And what is this? That even after you destroyed it through your own negligence, he restored to you the things that were lost—or rather not only the things that were lost, but things far greater than these. For you lost paradise, but he gave you heaven. Do you see how the gain is greater than the loss, how the wealth is more abundant? He gave you heaven, so that he might display his own love for humanity, and sting the devil, showing that even if he plots ten thousand things against the human race, he will gain nothing more, since God always leads us up to greater honor. You lost paradise, then, and God opened heaven to you; you were condemned to temporary toil, and you were honored with eternal life; he commanded the earth to bring forth thorns and thistles, and your soul sprouted the fruit of the Spirit. 4. And observe for me the love of God for humanity—to what extent he descended. In the case of those who lose some of their own possessions, even if they receive greater and more precious things, those lost things","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"ζητεῖν ἐφίενται, καὶ μὴ πρότερον πληροφορεῖσθαι, ἕως ἂν αὐτὰ ἀπολάβωσιν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἀπώλεσας παράδεισον, οὐχὶ τὸν οὐρανόν σοι δέδωκε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παράδεισον καὶ οὐρανόν. Σήμερον μετ' ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ, φησίν· ἵνα μὴ μόνον τῇ τῶν μειζόνων προσθήκῃ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ τῶν ἀπολωλότων ἀνακτήσει παραμυθήσηται τὴν ὀδυνωμένην ψυχήν. Ἀλλ', εἰ δοκεῖ, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἔλθωμεν τὸ προκείμενον, καὶ ἴδωμεν πῶς ἀπωλέσαμεν τὴν φωνήν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ μικρὸν εἰς ἀσφαλείας λόγον ἡ ἱστορία. Ὁ γὰρ μαθὼν τὸν τρόπον τῆς προτέρας ἀσφαλείας, πρὸς τὰ λοιπὰ ἀσφαλέστερος ἔσται. Ἀναγκαῖον δὲ πάντα πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν· οἷον, ὅτι μία φωνὴ τὸ παλαιὸν πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἦν, ὅτι εἰς πολλὰς ὕστερον μετέπεσε· μέχρι πότε μία ἦν, καὶ πότε μετέπεσεν εἰς πολλάς· καὶ πότερον αὐτὴ ἐκείνη ἠφανίσθη, καὶ ἕτεραι εἰσηνέχθησαν, ἢ μενούσης ἐκείνης ἐπεισήχθη56.181 σαν αἱ λοιπαί· διὰ τί συνεχύθη, καὶ ἐκ ποίας αἰτίας· εἶτα ποίᾳ τούτων τῶν πολλῶν φωνῶν ἡ Παλαιὰ συνέκειτο Διαθήκη· διὰ γὰρ ἐκείνην πάντα ταῦτα ἐκινήσαμεν· πότερον τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ καὶ πρεσβυτέρᾳ, ἢ ταῖς ὕστερον ἐπεισενεχθείσαις. Ἀλλὰ μὴ δείσητε· κἂν γὰρ μὴ τήμερον ἅπαντα δυνηθῶμεν ἀποδοῦναι, ἀλλὰ πάντως ὑμῖν ἀποδώσομεν ὕστερον. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν μὴ μέλλοντες ἅπαντα τήμερον ἀποδιδόναι, ἁπάντων τῶν ὀφλημάτων τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ὑμῖν ἀνέγνωμεν; Ἵνα προσδοκῶντες τὴν ἀπόδοσιν, διαπαντὸς κατὰ νοῦν ἡμᾶς ἔχητε. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ χρυσίον τινὶ δανείσας, καὶ ὑπεύθυνον ἔχων τοῦ ὀφλήματος, καὶ ἐν τραπέζῃ, καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ, καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ, καὶ ἐν κλίνῃ, καὶ πανταχοῦ τὸν ὀφείλοντα αὐτῷ φαντάζεται καὶ ὀνειροπολεῖ·","english":"they desire to seek and not to be fully assured until they recover them. Since, then, you destroyed paradise, he has given you not heaven only, but paradise and heaven. Today you shall be with me in paradise, he says, so that not only by the addition of greater things, but also by the recovery of what was lost, he might comfort the grieving soul. But, if it seems good, let us come to this very thing that lies before us, and let us see how we lost the voice. For the history is no small contribution to the argument for security. For the one who has learned the manner of the former security will be more secure with respect to the rest. But it is necessary to say all things to you: for instance, that in ancient times there was one voice of all men, that later it fell into many; until when it was one, and when it fell into many; and whether that very voice was destroyed and others were brought in, or while that one remained the rest were brought in besides; why it was confounded, and from what cause; then, with which of these many voices the Old Testament was composed; for it was on account of that that we have set all these things in motion; whether with the ancient and older one, or with those brought in later. But do not be afraid; for even if we are not able to render all things today, yet we will certainly render them to you later. For what reason, then, when we were not going to render all things today, did we read out to you the account of all the debts? So that, expecting the payment, you might keep us in mind continually. For the one who has lent gold to someone, and has the debtor liable for the debt, both at the table, and in the house, and in the marketplace, and on the bed, and everywhere imagines and dreams of the one who owes him;","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"καὶ ὁ τῶν χρημάτων ἔρως μετὰ τῶν χρημάτων κἀκεῖνον ἐπὶ τῆς τοῦ δεδανεικότος ποιεῖ διαπαντὸς περιφέρεσθαι ψυχῆς. Ἵνα οὖν καὶ ἡμεῖς τῇ ἐλπίδι τῆς ἀποδόσεως ἐσώμεθα διαπαντὸς ἐν ταῖς ὑμετέραις διανοίαις, καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ, καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ, καὶ ὅπου δ' ἂν ἦτε, διὰ τοῦτο τὰ μὲν ὀφλήματα ὡμολογήσαμεν, τὴν δὲ ἀπόδοσιν ἅπασαν οὐ ποιούμεθα σήμερον, ἵνα τῇ προσδοκίᾳ τῶν λειπομένων ὑπόθεσιν τῆς περὶ ἡμῶν μνήμης παρ' ὑμῖν καταλείψωμεν. Μεγάλη γὰρ ἡμῶν ἀσφάλεια, τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης ἀπολαύειν διηνεκῶς, δήμου τοιούτου καὶ τοσούτου. Ὁ γὰρ ἀγάπης ἀπολαύων, καὶ εὐχῆς ἀπολαύσεται πάντως. Τοῦτο δὲ ἡλίκον ἐστὶν ἀγαθὸν, δῆλον ἐκεῖθεν· Παῦλος ἐκεῖνος, ὁ εἰς τρίτον ἁρπαγεὶς οὐρανὸν, ὁ ῥήματα ἀκούσας ἄῤῥητα, ὁ πάσας καταπατήσας τὰς ἀνάγκας τῆς φύσεως, ὁ ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ τελείᾳ λοιπὸν ὢν, ἐδεῖτο καὶ εὐχῆς τῶν μαθητῶν, καὶ ἔλεγε· Προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ, ἵνα ῥυσθῶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀπειθούντων· καὶ πάλιν, Προσεύχεσθε, ἵνα μοι δοθῇ λόγος ἐν ἀνοίξει τοῦ στόματός μου. Καὶ πανταχοῦ ὁρᾶτε αὐτὸν καὶ αἰτοῦντα τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν μαθητῶν, καὶ εὐχαριστοῦντα αὐτοῖς μετὰ τὸ λαβεῖν. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ λέγῃ τις, ὅτι διὰ ταπεινοφροσύνην καταφεύγει ἐπὶ τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν μαθητῶν, δείκνυσιν αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν, οὕτω λέγων· Ὃς ἐκ τηλικούτων θανάτων ἐῤῥύσατο ἡμᾶς· ἠλπίκαμεν δὲ ὅτι καὶ ῥύσεται, συνυπουργούντων καὶ ὑμῶν τῇ δεήσει ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, ἵνα τὸ εἰς ἡμᾶς χάρισμα διὰ πολλῶν εὐχαριστηθῇ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν. Εἰ δὲ Παῦλον κινδύνων ἀπήλλαξεν ἡ τοῦ πλήθους εὐχὴ, πῶς οὐ μεγάλα δεῖ προσδοκᾷν καὶ ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ ταύτης καρπώσεσθαι τῆς προστασίας;","english":"And the love of money, together with money, causes that man also to be carried about continually in the soul of the one who has lent. Therefore, so that we too may be preserved by the hope of repayment continually in your minds, and in the house, and in the marketplace, and wherever you may be, for this reason we have acknowledged the debts, but we do not make the whole repayment today, so that by the expectation of what remains we may leave behind among you a ground for remembering us. For great is our security, to enjoy your love continually, of such a people and so great. For the one who enjoys love will certainly also enjoy prayer. And how great a good this is, is clear from that: that Paul, the one caught up to the third heaven, the one who heard unspeakable words, the one who trampled on all the constraints of nature, the one who was henceforth in perfect safety, needed even the prayer of his disciples, and said: Pray for me, that I may be delivered from those who disobey; and again, Pray, that a word may be given to me in the opening of my mouth. And everywhere you see him both asking for the prayers of his disciples and giving thanks to them after receiving them. For so that no one might say that it is out of humility that he takes refuge in the prayers of his disciples, he shows also their power, saying thus: Who delivered us from such great deaths; and we have hoped that he will also deliver us, while you also work together by your supplication for us, so that the gift bestowed on us may be thanked for by many on our behalf. But if the prayer of the multitude delivered Paul from dangers, how great things ought we also to expect to reap from this protection?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ καθ' ἑαυτοὺς εὐχόμενοι ἀσθενεῖς ἐσμεν, ὅταν δὲ συλλεγῶμεν, ἰσχυροὶ γινόμεθα μᾶλλον, δυσωποῦμεν τὸν Θεὸν τῷ πλήθει καὶ τῇ συμμαχίᾳ. Οὕτω καὶ βασιλεὺς πολλάκις τινὰ παραπέμψας θανάτῳ, ἑνὶ μὲν οὐκ ἐπένευσε δεομένῳ περὶ τοῦ καταδικασθέντος, πόλιν δὲ ὁλόκληρον παρακαλοῦσαν ἐδυσωπήθη, καὶ τὸν ἐπὶ τὸ βάραθρον ἀπαγόμενον διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν παρακαλούντων ἐξήρπασε τῆς καταδίκης, καὶ πρὸς ζωὴν ἐπανήγαγε. Τοσαύτη ἡ δύναμις τῆς τοῦ πλήθους ἱκετηρίας ἐστί. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθα συλλεγόμεθα πάντες, ἵνα μειζόνως εἰς οἶκτον ἐπισπασώμεθα τὸν Θεόν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ καθ' ἑαυτοὺς εὐχόμενοι, καθὼς ἔφθην εἰπὼν, ἀσθενεῖς ἐσμεν, ἀπὸ τοῦ\n\nσυνδέσμου τῆς ἀγάπης δυσωποῦμεν τὸν Θεὸν δοῦναι ἡμῖν τὰ αἰτούμενα. Ταῦτα δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς λέγω, οὐδὲ δι' ἐμαυτὸν μόνον, ἀλλ' ἵνα ἀεὶ σπεύδητε εἰς τὰς συνάξεις, ἵνα μὴ λέγητε· Τί γὰρ, ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ οὐ δύναμαι εὔξασθαι; Δύνασαι μὲν εὔξασθαι, οὐ τοσαύτην δὲ δύναμιν ἔχει ἡ εὐχὴ, ὡς ὅταν μετὰ τῶν μελῶν τῶν οἰκείων γίνηται, ὡς ὅταν ὁλόκληρον τὸ σῶμα τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἀναπέμπῃ τὴν δέησιν μιᾷ φωνῇ, ἱερέων παρόντων, καὶ τὰς εὐχὰς τοῦ κοινοῦ πλήθους ἀναφερόντων. εʹ. Βούλει μαθεῖν πόση ἐστὶν ἡ δύναμις τῆς εὐχῆς ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ γινομένης; Ἐδέδετο ὁ Πέτρος ποτὲ ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ, καὶ ἁλύσεις περιέκειτο πολλάς· Προσευχὴ δὲ ἦν ἐκτενὴς ὑπὸ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας περὶ αὐτοῦ γινομένη, καὶ εὐθέως αὐτὸν ἀπήλλαξε τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου. Τί τοίνυν δυνατώτερον ταύτης γένοιτ' ἂν τῆς εὐχῆς, ἣ τοὺς στύλους καὶ πύργους τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ὠφέλησε; Παῦλος γὰρ καὶ Πέτρος πύργοι καὶ στῦλοι τῆς Ἐκκλησίας·","english":"For since when we pray by ourselves we are weak, but when we are gathered together we become stronger, we entreat God by our multitude and our alliance. Thus also a king, having often sent someone to death, did not consent to one man begging on behalf of the condemned, but was moved by a whole city entreating him, and snatched from condemnation the one being led to the pit because of the multitude of those pleading, and brought him back to life. So great is the power of the multitude's supplication. For this reason we too all gather here, so that we may draw God to greater compassion. For since when we pray by ourselves, as I said before, we are weak, from the\n\nbond of love we entreat God to give us what we ask. And I say these things not casually, nor for my own sake only, but so that you may always hasten to the assemblies, so that you may not say: \"Why then, can I not pray in my house?\" You can pray, but the prayer does not have as much power as when it is made together with your own members, as when the whole body of the Church with one accord sends up the petition with one voice, with priests present, and offering up the prayers of the common multitude. 5. Do you wish to learn how great is the power of prayer when it is made in the church? Peter was once bound in the prison, and many chains were laid upon him; but prayer was being made earnestly by the Church on his behalf, and immediately it released him from the prison. What then could be more powerful than this prayer, which benefited the pillars and towers of the Church? For Paul and Peter are towers and pillars of the Church.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"καὶ τοῦ μὲν τὰ δεσμὰ ἔλυσε, τοῦ δὲ τὸ στόμα ἀνέῳξεν. Ἵνα δὲ μὴ μόνον ἀπὸ τῶν τότε συμβάντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν καθ' ἑκάστην τελουμένων τὴν ἡμέραν, διπλῆν τὴν δύναμιν ἐπιδείξωμεν, αὐτῆς τῆς ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου γινομένης εὐχῆς ὑμᾶς ἀναμνήσωμεν. Καίτοι γε εἴ τις τῶν πολλῶν ὑμῶν ἐπιτάξειεν εὔχεσθαι καθ' ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ ἐπισκόπου σωτηρίας, ἕκαστος ἂν παραιτήσαιτο, ὡς μεῖζον τὸ φορτίον τῆς αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως ὅν· κοινῇ δὲ πάντες ἀκούοντες τοῦ διακόνου τοῦτο κελεύοντος καὶ λέγοντος, Δεηθῶμεν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἐπισκόπου, καὶ τοῦ γήρως, καὶ τῆς ἀντιλήψεως, καὶ ἵνα ὀρθοτομῇ τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας, καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐνταῦθα, καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁπανταχοῦ, οὐ παραιτεῖσθε ποιεῖν τὸ ἐπίταγμα, ἀλλὰ μετ' ἐκτενείας ἀναφέρετε τὴν εὐχὴν, εἰδότες τῆς ὑμετέρας συνόδου τὴν δύναμιν. Ἴσασιν οἱ μεμυημένοι τὰ λεγόμενα· τῇ γὰρ εὐχῇ τῶν κατηχουμένων οὐδέπω τοῦτο ἐπιτέτραπται, ἐπειδὴ οὐδέπω πρὸς τὴν παῤῥησίαν ἔφθασαν ταύτην· ὑμῖν δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς οἰκουμένης, καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τῆς μέχρι περάτων τῆς γῆς ἐκτεταμένης, καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν διοικούντων αὐτὴν ἐπισκόπων ἁπάντων παρακελεύεται ποιεῖσθαι τὰς δεήσεις ὁ ταύταις διακονῶν, καὶ ὑπακούετε μετὰ προθυμίας, ἔργῳ μαρτυροῦντες, ὅτι μεγάλη τῆς εὐχῆς ἡ δύναμις τῆς ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ ἀπὸ τοῦ δήμου συμφώνως ἀναφερομένης ἐστίν. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸ προκείμενον ἐπανίωμεν, ὅτι μία φωνὴ ἦν τὸ παλαιόν. Πόθεν οὖν δῆλον, ὅτι μία φωνὴ ἦν; Καὶ ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ, φησὶ, χεῖλος ἕν. Ἀσαφὲς τὸ εἰρημένον. Ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἔχει; Οὐδαμῶς. Τί οὖν φησι, καὶ περὶ τίνος; Οὐ περὶ ταύτης λέγει τῆς γῆς τῆς ἀναισθήτου, τῆς ἀκινήτου·","english":"And he loosed the bonds of the one, and opened the mouth of the other. But so that we may show the double power not only from what happened then, but also from what is accomplished each day, let us remind you of the prayer itself that is made by the people. And yet if anyone among the many of you were to command someone to pray by himself for the salvation of the bishop, each man would decline, as though the burden were greater than his own strength; but when all together hear the deacon commanding this and saying, Let us pray for the bishop, and for his old age, and for his support, and that he may rightly divide the word of truth, and for those here, and for those everywhere, you do not decline to fulfill the command, but with earnestness you offer up the prayer, knowing the power of your assembly. Those who have been initiated know what is said; for this has not yet been entrusted to the prayer of the catechumens, since they have not yet reached this boldness; but to you he who ministers these things exhorts that supplications be made both for the whole world, and for the Church that is spread to the ends of the earth, and for all the bishops who administer it, and you obey with readiness, bearing witness by your deed that great is the power of the prayer that is offered up in the church by the people in unison. But let us return to what lies before us, that there was one voice in ancient times. From where, then, is it clear that there was one voice? And all the earth, it says, was one lip. What is said is unclear. Does the earth have a lip? By no means. What then does it say, and about what? It does not speak about this earth that is without sense, that is unmoved—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"ἀλλὰ τὸ κοινὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος οὕτως ἐκάλεσε, τῆς οἰκείας αὐτοὺς ἀναμιμνήσκων φύσεως, τῆς μητρὸς εἰς ὑπόμνησιν ἄγων, ὅθεν ἐγένοντο. Διπλοῦν γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ ζῶον, ὁ ἄνθρωπος, λέγω, ἐκ δύο συγκείμενος οὐσιῶν, τῆς μὲν αἰσθητῆς, τῆς δὲ νοητῆς, ψυχῆς, λέγω, καὶ σώματος, καὶ ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐν γῇ συγγένειαν ἔχων. Διὰ μὲν γὰρ τῆς νοητῆς οὐσίας κοινωνεῖ ταῖς ἄνω δυνάμεσι, διὰ δὲ τῆς αἰσθητῆς τοῖς τῆς γῆς συνῆπται πράγμασι, σύνδεσμός τις ὢν ἀκριβὴς ἑκατέρας τῆς κτίσεως. Ὅταν μὲν οὖν πράττῃ τι τῶν τῷ Θεῷ δοκούντων, πνευματικὸς λέγεται, καὶ οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ὀνομάζεται, ἀλλ' ἀφ' ἑτέρας μείζονος τιμῆς, ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐνεργείας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀρκεῖ ἡ ψυχὴ ἡμῖν εἰς κατορθώματα, ἐὰν μὴ ἀπολαύσωμεν τῆς βοηθείας ἐκείνης. Καὶ ἵνα μάθητε, ὅτι, οὐδὲ ἡ ψυχὴ ἀρκεῖ ἡμῖν εἰς κατορθώματα· καὶ τί λέγω, εἰς κατορθώματα; οὐδὲ εἰς τὸ δυνηθῆναι συνιέναι τῶν λεγομένων· Ψυχικὸς, φησὶν, ἄνθρωπος οὐ δέχεται τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος. Ὥσπερ γὰρ σαρκικὸν καλεῖ τὸν τῇ σαρκὶ δουλεύοντα, οὕτω ψυχικὸν καλεῖ τὸν τοῖς λογισμοῖς τοῖς ἀνθρωπίνοις τὰ πράγματα ἐπιτρέποντα, καὶ μὴ δεχόμενον τοῦ Πνεύματος τὴν ἐνέργειαν. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἔλεγον, ὅτι κατορθοῦντες μὲν πνευματικοὶ λεγόμεθα· ὅταν δὲ ἁμάρτωμεν καὶ ὑποσκελισθῶμεν καὶ πράξωμέν τι ἀνάξιον τῆς","english":"But he called the common race of mankind, reminding them of their own nature, leading them to the remembrance of their mother, whence they came. For this living being is double, I mean man, composed of two substances, the one sensible, the other intelligible—I mean soul and body—and having kinship both in heaven and on earth. For through the intelligible substance he shares with the powers above, but through the sensible he is joined to the things of the earth, being a certain exact bond of each part of creation. When, then, he does any of the things that seem good to God, he is called spiritual, and is not even named from the soul, but from another greater honor, from the energy of the Spirit. For the soul is not sufficient for us for right actions, unless we enjoy that assistance. And so that you may learn that not even the soul is sufficient for us for right actions—and what do I say, for right actions? not even for the ability to understand what is said: \"The natural man,\" he says, \"does not receive the things of the Spirit.\" For just as he calls him who is enslaved to the flesh fleshly, so he calls him who entrusts matters to human reasonings, and does not receive the energy of the Spirit, natural. But, as I was saying, that when we act rightly we are called spiritual; but when we sin and are tripped up and do something unworthy of the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ἡμετέρας εὐγενείας, ἀπὸ τῆς εὐτελοῦς ἡμᾶς καλεῖ φύσεως, γῆν ἡμᾶς ὀνομάζων. Ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ ἐνταῦθα μέλλει τινῶν κατηγορήσειν τῶν τὸν πύργον οἰκοδομησάντων, τῶν εἰς ἀπόνοιαν ἐπαρθέντων, τῶν μείζονα ἔννοιαν λαβόντων τῆς οἰκείας ἀξίας, μέλλει δὲ αὐτῶν κατηγορεῖν ἀπόνοιαν, διὰ τοῦτο ἀπὸ τῆς εὐτελοῦς αὐτοὺς ἐκάλεσεν οὐσίας εἰπών· Καὶ ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἕν. Καὶ ἵνα μάθητε, ὅτι οὕτω καλεῖ ἡμᾶς, ὅταν ἁμάρτωμεν, τὸν Ἀδὰμ μετὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν οὕτως ἐκάλεσεν εἰπών· Γῆ εἶ, καὶ εἰς γῆν ἀπελεύσῃ· καὶ μὴν οὐκ ἦν γῆ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀθάνατον εἶχε ψυχήν. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν γῆν αὐτὸν ἐκάλεσεν; Ἐπειδὴ ἥμαρτεν. Ὅτε γοῦν ἔπλαττεν αὐτὸν, οὐκ ἐκάλεσεν αὐτὸν οὕτως· ἀλλὰ τί; Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ἡμετέραν· καὶ ἀρχέτωσαν τῶν ἰχθύων τῆς θαλάσσης, καὶ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς. Καὶ ἔσται ὁ φόβος αὐτῶν καὶ ὁ τρόμος ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν. Ὁρᾷς οἷα τὰ προέδρια τῆς φύσεως; οἷαι αἱ τιμαί; οἷα τὰ ἐγκώμια; Ἀλλὰ πρὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας· μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν λοιπὸν, Γῆ εἶ, καὶ εἰς γῆν ἀπελεύσῃ. Ἄκουσον δὲ καὶ τοῦ Μαλαχίου τοῦτο αἰνιττομένου, μᾶλλον δὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ τοῦ προφήτου· Ἰδοὺ γὰρ ἀποστέλλω ὑμῖν, φησὶν, Ἠλίαν τὸν Θεσβίτην. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἀποστέλλει; Ὥστε ἐπιστρέψαι καρδίαν πατρὸς πρὸς υἱόν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ μέλλει τὸ δικαστήριον ἐφίστασθαι τὸ φοβερὸν ἐκεῖνο καὶ φρικῶδες, ἵνα μὴ ἀναπολογήτους λαβὼν ὑπὸ τὰς εὐθύνας ὁ δικαστὴς κατακρίνῃ τινάς· ἵνα ἐλθὼν μὲν ἐκεῖνος καὶ προειπὼν, ὅτι ἐγγὺς ἐπὶ θύραις ἡ παρουσία, σωφρονεστέρους ποιήσῃ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους·","english":"of our noble birth, he calls us from our lowly nature, naming us earth. Since, then, here too he is about to accuse certain of those who built the tower, those who were lifted up into folly, those who conceived a greater opinion of themselves than their own worth deserved, and he is about to accuse them of folly, for this reason he called them from their lowly substance, saying: And all the earth had one lip. And so that you may learn that this is how he calls us when we sin, he called Adam in this way after the sin, saying: You are earth, and to earth you shall return; and yet he was not only earth, but he also had an immortal soul. For what reason, then, did he call him earth? Because he sinned. At any rate, when he formed him, he did not call him thus; but what? Let us make man in our image and likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the beasts of the earth. And their fear and their trembling shall be upon all the earth. Do you see what privileges of nature there are? What honors? What praises? But that was before sin; after sin, from then on: You are earth, and to earth you shall return. Hear also Malachi hinting at this, or rather God through the prophet: For behold, he says, I send to you Elijah the Tishbite. For what reason, then, does he send him? So as to turn the heart of a father toward his son. For since that fearful and dreadful tribunal is about to be present, so that the judge, taking some without defense, may not condemn them under scrutiny; so that when he comes and foretells that the coming is near, at the doors, he may make men more temperate;","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"καὶ γὰρ τὰ πρὸ πολλῶν χρόνων εἰρημένα εἰς ὀλιγωρίαν ἐμπίπτειν εἴωθεν· ἀνανεῶν τοίνυν τὴν μνήμην ἡμῶν ἔρχεται ἐκεῖνος ὁ προφήτης. Ἀλλ' ὅτι γῆ καλοῦνται οἱ ἁμαρτάνοντες, τοῦτο ἀποδεῖξαι χρὴ νῦν.\n\nςʹ. Εἰπὼν τοίνυν, Ὅπως ἐπιστρέψῃ καρδίαν πατρὸς πρὸς υἱὸν, ἐπήγαγε· Μή ποτε ἐλθὼν πατάξω τὴν γῆν ἄρδην· πατάσσει δὲ τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας. Ὁρᾷς τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας γῆν καλουμένους; Πάλιν ἀλλαχοῦ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ διηγούμενος ὁ προφήτης, οὕτως ἔλεγεν· Ἔσται δικαιοσύνῃ περιεζωσμένος τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀληθείᾳ εἰλημμένος τὰς πλευρὰς αὐτοῦ· οὐχ ὅτι πλευρὰ καὶ ὀσφὺς περὶ τὸν Θεόν· ἀσώματον γὰρ τὸ Θεῖον· ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀδέκαστον καὶ ἀπαραλόγιστον τῆς τοῦ δικαστοῦ κρίσεως διὰ τούτων ἡμῖν ἐμφαίνει· καὶ ὅτι οὐδαμοῦ συκοφάνται λοιπὸν, οὐδὲ οἱ ἐπηρεάζοντες, οὐδὲ ἡ διὰ τῶν χρημάτων διαφθορὰ, οὐδὲ ἄγνοια τοῦ δικαίου. Ἐν τούτοις μὲν γὰρ τοῖς δικαστηρίοις καὶ ἀνεύθυνος κολάζεται, καὶ ὑπεύθυνος διαφεύγει· διέφθαρται γὰρ πολλαχοῦ τὸ δίκαιον· ἐπειδὰν δὲ ὁ δίκαιος κριτὴς καὶ ἀπαραλόγιστος παραγένηται, ὁ δικαιοσύνῃ ἐζωσμένος τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀληθείᾳ περιειλημμένος τὰς πλευρὰς αὐτοῦ, τῶν δικαίων μετὰ ἀκριβείας ἅπαντες τεύξονται. Καὶ πατάξει τὴν γῆν τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι οὐ περὶ τῆς γῆς λέγει, ἀλλὰ περὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν, ἐπήγαγεν, ὅτι Καὶ πνεύματι διὰ χειλέων ἀνελεῖ ἀσεβεῖς. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ ἐνταῦθα τοὺς ἁμαρτωλοὺς ἐκάλεσε γῆν; Ταῦτ' οὖν εἰδὼς, ὅταν ἀκούσῃς, ὅτι Ἡ γῆ πᾶσα ἦν χεῖλος ἓν, τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην πάλιν ἐννόει φύσιν· ἀναμιμνήσκει γὰρ τῆς οἰκείας εὐτελείας ἡμᾶς·","english":"For words spoken long ago are accustomed to fall into neglect; therefore that prophet comes to renew our memory. But that sinners are called earth, this must now be demonstrated.\n\n6. Having said, then, \"That he may turn the heart of a father to his son,\" he added: \"Lest coming I strike the earth utterly\"; and he strikes those who sin. Do you see that those who sin are called earth? Again, elsewhere, the prophet, recounting things concerning Christ, spoke thus: \"He shall be girded with righteousness about his loins, and taken with truth about his sides\"—not that God has sides and loins, for the Divine is incorporeal, but through these things he shows us the impartiality and infallibility of the judge's judgment, and that there are no longer anywhere false accusers, nor those who abuse, nor corruption through money, nor ignorance of what is just. For in these courts, both the innocent is punished and the guilty escapes; for justice has been corrupted in many places. But when the righteous and infallible judge comes—he who is girded with righteousness about his loins, and wrapped with truth about his sides—all shall obtain their rights with exactness. \"And he shall strike the earth with the word of his mouth.\" And so that you may learn that he is not speaking about the earth, but about sinners, he added: \"And with the spirit through his lips he shall destroy the ungodly.\" Do you see that here too he called sinners earth? Knowing these things, then, whenever you hear, \"The whole earth was one lip,\" understand again the human nature; for it reminds us of our own lowliness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"καὶ γὰρ μέγα ἀγαθὸν τὴν οἰκείαν ἐπισκέπτεσθαι συγγένειαν, καὶ εἰδέναι πόθεν συνεστήκαμεν. Ἀρκοῦσα αὕτη διδασκαλία ταπεινοφροσύνης, ἡ τῆς φύσεως ἐπίσκεψις· πάντα τὰ πάθη καταστεῖλαι δύναται, καὶ ποιῆσαι γαλήνην ἐν διανοίᾳ. Διὰ τοῦτο παρῄνει τις λέγων· Πρόσεχε σεαυτῷ· ἀναλόγισαι τὴν φύσιν σου καὶ τὴν κατασκευὴν, καὶ ἀρκεῖ σοι τοῦτο πρὸς τὸ κατεστάλθαι διηνεκῶς. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ δίκαιος ἐκεῖνος Ἀβραὰμ διαπαντὸς τοῦτον εἶχε τὸν λογισμὸν ἐν ἑαυτῷ, καὶ οὐδέποτε μέγα ἐφρόνει. Ὁ γοῦν Θεῷ διαλεγόμενος, καὶ παῤῥησίας τοσαύτης ἀπολαύων, καὶ μαρτυρηθεὶς παρ' αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ ἀρετῇ, ἔλεγεν· Ἐγὼ δέ εἰμι γῆ καὶ σποδός. Καὶ ἄλλος\n\nβουλόμενος πάλιν τὸν πεφυσιωμένον ἄνθρωπον καταστεῖλαι, οὐ μακροὺς κινεῖ λόγους, ἀλλ' ἀναμιμνήσκει αὐτὸν τῆς φύσεως μόνον, καὶ ἐπιτιμᾷ σφοδρῶς, οὑτωσὶ λέγων· Τί ὑπερηφανεύεται γῆ καὶ σποδός; Τὰ μετὰ τὸν θάνατόν μοι φαινόμενα λέγεις; Κατάστειλον αὐτὸν ζῶντα. Οὐκ οἶδε νῦν, ὅτι γῆ καὶ σποδός ἐστιν. Ὁρᾷ τὴν εὐπρέπειαν τοῦ σώματος, ὁρᾷ τὴν δυναστείαν, τὴν θεραπείαν τῶν κολάκων, τοὺς παρασίτους ἀκολουθοῦντας. Ἱμάτια περίκειται πολυτελῆ, ὄγκον ἀρχῆς περιβέβληται μέγαν, ἡ φαντασία αὐτὸν ἀπατᾷ καὶ ἐπιλαθέσθαι ποιεῖ τῆς φύσεως. Οἴδαμεν, ὅτι γῆ ἐσμεν καὶ σποδός· ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς οἱ σωφρονοῦντες· ἐκεῖνος δὲ οὐκ ἀναμένει τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ τέλους ἀπόδειξιν, οὐδὲ ἔρχεται πρὸς τὰς σοροὺς καὶ τὰς θήκας τῶν προγόνων, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὰ παρόντα βλέπει, οὐδὲν τῶν μελλόντων ἐννοεῖ. Δίδαξον αὐτὸν ἐντεῦθεν ἤδη, ὅτι γῆ καὶ σποδός ἐστιν. Ἀνάμεινόν με, φησὶ, καὶ οὐ διδάσκω τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ ἄλλο εὐτελέστερον·","english":"For it is a great good to examine one's own kindred, and to know from what we are constituted. This teaching is sufficient for humility—the examination of nature; it can restrain all the passions and produce calm in the mind. For this reason someone advised, saying: \"Pay attention to yourself; consider your nature and your constitution, and this is enough for you to be restrained continually.\" For this reason that righteous man Abraham always kept this thought within himself, and never thought highly of himself. At any rate, he who conversed with God, and enjoyed such great boldness, and was testified to by him for virtue, said: \"But I am earth and ashes.\" And another, wishing again to restrain the puffed-up man, does not stir up long speeches, but merely reminds him of his nature, and rebukes him sharply, saying thus: \"Why is earth and ashes proud?\" You tell me of things that appear after death; restrain him while he is alive. He does not know now that he is earth and ashes. He sees the comeliness of the body, he sees the power, the attendance of flatterers, the parasites following. He is clothed in costly garments, he is wrapped in the great bulk of office, the imagination deceives him and makes him forget his nature. We know that we are earth and ashes—but we who are sober-minded; but he does not wait for the proof that comes from the end, nor does he come to the coffins and tombs of his ancestors, but looks at present things, and considers nothing of what is to come. Teach him from here and now that he is earth and ashes. \"Wait for me,\" he says, \"and I do not teach this, but something far more worthless.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"ἵν', ὅταν φαντάζηται, ἐπιγινώσκῃ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ εὐτέλειαν· ἵνα ζῶν λάβῃ τὸ φάρμακον. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Τί ὑπερηφανεύεται γῆ καὶ σποδός; ἐπήγαγεν· Ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ ἐξουδένωται τὰ ἐνδόσθια αὐτοῦ. Τί ἐστιν, Ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ ἐξουδένωται τὰ ἐνδόσθια αὐτοῦ; Τάχα ἀσαφὲς τὸ εἰρημένον. Ἐνδόσθια τὰ ἔγκατα λέγει, τὰ σπλάγχνα λέγει, τὴν γαστέρα τὴν γέμουσαν σκυβάλων καὶ πολλῆς ἀκαθαρσίας καὶ δυσωδίας, οὐ κατηγορῶν τῆς φύσεως, ἀλλ' εἰς ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐνάγων· Ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ ἐξουδένωται. Εἶδες τὸ εὐτελὲς καὶ ἐπίκηρον τῆς οὐσίας; Μὴ ἀναμείνῃς τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς τελευτῆς, ἵνα μάθῃς σου τὴν ἀσθένειαν· ἔτι μοι ζῶντα τὸν ἄνθρωπον διερεύνησον, καὶ εἰς τὰ ἔγκατα αὐτοῦ διάβηθι τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ πᾶσαν αὐτοῦ τὴν οὐδένειαν ὄψει. Ἀλλὰ μὴ καταπέσῃς· οὐδὲ γὰρ μισῶν ἡμᾶς, ἀλλὰ φειδόμενος οὕτως ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς, προφάσεις ἡμῖν ταπεινοφροσύνης παρέχων μεγάλας. Εἰ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος γῆ ὢν καὶ σποδὸς, ἐτόλμησεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι Εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναβήσομαι· εἰ μὴ τὸν τῆς φύσεως χαλινὸν εἶχε, ποῦ οὐκ ἂν ἐξέπεσε τῇ διανοίᾳ; Ὅταν οὖν ἴδῃς τινὰ πεφυσιωμένον, τὸν αὐχένα ἀνατείνοντα, τὰς ὀφρῦς ἀνασπῶντα, ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀχήματος φερόμενον, ἀπειλοῦντα, εἰς δεσμωτήριον ἐμβάλλοντα, θανάτῳ παραδιδόντα, ἐπηρεάζοντα, εἰπὲ πρὸς αὐτόν· Τί ὑπερηφανεύεται γῆ καὶ σποδός; Ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ ἐξουδένωται τὰ ἐνδόσθια αὐτοῦ. Ταῦτα οὐ περὶ ἀνθρώπου μόνον ἰδιώτου, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ βασιλικοῦ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν.","english":"so that, whenever it presents itself, he may recognize his own worthlessness; so that while living he may receive the remedy. For having said, \"Why is earth and ashes proud?\" he added: \"For even in his life his inward parts are despised.\" What is this, \"For even in his life his inward parts are despised\"? Perhaps what is said is unclear. He calls the inward parts the entrails, he means the bowels, the belly that is full of refuse and much uncleanness and foulness—not accusing nature, but leading to humility: \"For even in his life he is despised.\" Did you see the worthlessness and fragility of his substance? Do not wait for the day of death in order to learn your weakness; while the man is still living, search him out for me, and pass through his entrails by reason, and you will see all his nothingness. But do not be cast down; for God did not make us thus out of hatred, but out of sparing, providing us with great occasions for humility. For if man, being earth and ashes, dared to say, \"I will ascend into heaven,\" had he not had the bridle of nature, where would he not have fallen in his thought? When, therefore, you see someone puffed up, lifting his neck, raising his eyebrows, carried on his chariot, threatening, casting into prison, delivering to death, insulting, say to him: \"Why is earth and ashes proud? For even in his life his inward parts are despised.\" These things can be said not only about a private man, but also about the one seated on the royal throne.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"Μὴ γὰρ τὴν ἁλουργίδα ἴδῃς, μηδὲ τὸ διάδημα, μηδὲ τὰ ἱμάτια τὰ χρυσᾶ, ἀλλ' αὐτὴν τὴν φύσιν ἐρεύνησον, καὶ οὐδὲν ὄψει πλέον ἔχουσαν τῶν πολλῶν· μᾶλλον δὲ, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τὴν ἁλουργίδα, καὶ τὸ διάδημα, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια, καὶ πᾶσαν περίελθε τὴν φαντασίαν ἐκείνην, καὶ τούτων αὐτῶν ὄψει πάλιν τὴν γῆν οὖσαν ὑπόθεσιν. Πᾶσα γὰρ δόξα ἀνθρώπου ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. Ἰδοὺ καὶ γῆς εὐτελέστερος ἐφάνη ὁ καλλωπισμὸς ἐκεῖνος ἅπας. Ὁρᾷς πῶς καταστέλλει τὸ φύσημα; πῶς καθαιρεῖ πᾶσαν ἀπόνοιαν ἡ ἔννοια τῆς φύσεως αὐτῆς; Ἀρκεῖ μόνον λογίσασθαι τίνες ἐσμὲν, καὶ πόθεν συνεστήκαμεν, καὶ πᾶσα οἰχήσεται λογισμῶν ἀπόνοια. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐκ δύο οὐσιῶν κατεσκεύασεν ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεὸς, ἵν' ὅταν μὲν εἰς ἀπόνοιαν ἐπαρθῇς, καταστείλῃ σε τὸ εὐτελὲς τῆς σαρκός· ὅταν δὲ ἀνάξιόν τι καὶ ἀγεννὲς τῆς δοθείσης σοι παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τιμῆς ἐννοήσῃς, ἀναγάγῃ σε πρὸς τὸν τῶν οὐρανίων δυνάμεων ζῆλον ἡ τῆς ψυχῆς εὐγένεια.\n\nζʹ. Οὐκ εἰς ἀναίρεσιν δὲ ἀπονοίας μόνον ἐπιτηδεία ἡ ἐπίσκεψις τῆς φύσεως ἀλλὰ κἂν ἑτέρα τις ἐπιθυμία διενοχλῇ, κἂν ἡ τῶν χρημάτων, κἂν ἡ τῶν σωμάτων, ἡ ἄτοπος αὕτη καὶ εἰς ἀσέλγειαν ἐκκαλουμένη, ἀπόχρη τοῦτο εἰς παραμυθίαν τοῦ πάθους. Ὅταν οὖν ἴδῃς γυναῖκα εὔμορφον, λάμποντα ἔχουσαν ὀφθαλμὸν, φαιδρὸν, στίλβουσαν ἀπὸ τῆς παρειᾶς, ἀμήχανόν τινα ὥραν ἐπὶ τῆς ὄψεως φέρουσαν, φλέγουσάν σου τὸν","english":"For do not look at the purple robe, nor the diadem, nor the golden garments, but examine nature itself, and you will see that it has nothing more than the many; or rather, if you wish, go around the purple robe, the diadem, the garments, and all that pomp, and you will see again that even these have earth as their foundation. For all the glory of man is as the flower of grass. Behold, all that adornment has appeared even more worthless than earth. Do you see how he checks the swelling? How the thought of nature itself brings down all arrogance? It is enough only to consider who we are, and from what we are composed, and all arrogance of thoughts will depart. For this reason God constructed us from two substances, so that when you are lifted up into arrogance, the worthlessness of the flesh may check you; and when you think something unworthy and base of the honor given you by God, the nobility of the soul may lead you up to the zeal of the heavenly powers.\n\n7. And the contemplation of nature is suitable not only for the removal of arrogance, but even if some other desire troubles you, whether that of money, or that of bodies, this unreasonable one and enticing to licentiousness, this is sufficient for the consolation of the passion. When therefore you see a beautiful woman, having a shining eye, bright, gleaming from her cheek, bearing some ineffable bloom upon her face, inflaming your","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"λογισμὸν, καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν αὔξουσαν, ἐννόησον ὅτι γῆ τὸ θαυμαζόμενον, ὅτι σποδὸς τὸ ἐκκαῖον, καὶ παύσεται λυττῶσα ἡ ψυχή· ἀνακάλυψον αὐτῆς τὸ δέρμα τῆς ὄψεως, καὶ τότε πᾶσαν αὐτὴν ὄψει τῆς εὐμορφίας τὴν εὐτέλειαν· μὴ στῇς μέχρι τῆς ἐπιφανείας, ἀλλ' ἐνδοτέρω διάβηθι τῷ λογισμῷ, καὶ οὐδὲν ἕτερον εὑρήσεις, ἀλλ' ἢ ὀστᾶ καὶ νεῦρα καὶ φλέβας. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀρκεῖ ταῦτα; Λόγισαί μου ταύτην ἀλλοιουμένην, γηράσκουσαν, ἀῤῥωστοῦσαν, ὑφιζάνοντας ὀφθαλμοὺς, καὶ κοιλαινομένας παρειὰς, ἅπαν καταῤῥέον τὸ ἄνθος ἐκεῖνο· ἐννόησον τί θαυμάζεις, καὶ αἰσχύνθητί σου τὴν κρίσιν. Πηλὸν θαυμάζεις καὶ σποδὸν, καὶ κόνις σε ἐκκαίει καὶ τέφρα. Οὐ κατηγορῶν τῆς φύσεως ταῦτα λέγω· μὴ γένοιτο· οὐ κακίζων, οὐδὲ εἰς εὐτέλειαν ἐμβάλλων, ἀλλὰ φάρμακα τοῖς νοσοῦσι κατασκευάζων. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ Θεὸς τοιαύτην αὐτὴν ἐποίησεν, οὕτως εὐτελῆ, ἵνα καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν δύναμιν ἐπιδείξηται, καὶ τὴν κηδεμονίαν τὴν περὶ ἡμᾶς, τῇ τῆς φύσεως μὲν εὐτελείᾳ πρὸς ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐνάγων, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἡμῶν καταστέλλων, τὴν δὲ σοφίαν δεικνὺς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, ὡς καὶ ἐν πηλῷ τοσοῦτον ἰσχύων ἐξασκῆσαι κάλλος. Ὥστε ὅταν ἐξευτελίσω τὴν οὐσίαν, τότε ἐκκαλύπτω τὴν τέχνην τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἀνδριαντοποιὸν τότε μᾶλλον θαυμάζομεν, οὐχ ὅταν ἐκ χρυσίου καλὸν ἡμῖν δείξῃ τὸν ἀνδριάντα, ἀλλ' ὅταν ἐκ πηλοῦ τῆς ὕλης ὑποκειμένης ἀπηρτισμένην καὶ ἀκριβῆ τὴν εἰκόνα ἐργάζηται οὕτω καὶ τὸν ἀριστοτέχνην Θεὸν ἐκπληττόμεθα καὶ δοξάζομεν, ὅτι ἐν σποδῷ καὶ πηλῷ κάλλος ἀμήχανον καὶ σοφίας ἀῤῥήτου τινὸς ἐπίδειξιν τοῖς σώμασιν ἡμῶν ἐναπέθετο.","english":"Consider that what is admired is earth, that what inflames is ashes, and the soul will cease from its frenzy. Uncover the skin of its appearance, and then you will see all its cheapness of beauty. Do not stop at the surface, but go further in with your reasoning, and you will find nothing else but bones and sinews and veins. But are these not enough? Consider this woman changing, growing old, falling ill, with eyes sinking and cheeks hollowing, and all that flower of hers wasting away. Consider what you are admiring, and be ashamed of your judgment. You admire mud and ashes, and dust and cinder inflame you. I say these things not accusing nature—may it not be!—nor reproaching it, nor casting it into cheapness, but preparing medicines for the sick. For this reason God made it such, so cheap, in order that he might display both his own power and his care for us, leading us to humility by the cheapness of nature and restraining all our desire, and showing his own wisdom, in that he is able to cultivate such beauty even in mud. So that when I cheapen the substance, then I reveal the art of the Creator. For just as we admire a sculptor more, not when he shows us a beautiful statue made of gold, but when he works out a complete and exact image from mud as the underlying material, so too we are struck by and glorify God, the master craftsman, because in ashes and mud he has placed in our bodies an indescribable beauty and a demonstration of some ineffable wisdom.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"Καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ ἐν τῷ σώματι μόνον τῷ ἡμετέρῳ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει ἐποίησεν. Εὐτελεῖς γὰρ πολλαχοῦ παραγαγὼν τὰς οὐσίας, καὶ τῆς οἰκείας τέχνης δεῖγμα σαφὲς ἐγκατέθηκε, καὶ τῆς τῶν οὐσιῶν ἀσθενείας ἔλεγχόν τινα ἐγκατέμιξεν· ἵνα διὰ μὲν τὴν τέχνην καὶ τὸ κάλλος θαυμάζῃς τὸν Δημιουργὸν, διὰ δὲ τὴν ἀσθένειαν καὶ τὴν εὐτέλειαν τῆς φύσεως καὶ τῆς οὐσίας μὴ προσκυνήσῃς τὰ γενόμενα. Φαιδρὸς ὁ ἥλιος λάμπων, καὶ πᾶσαν καταυγάζει τὴν οἰκουμένην· ἀλλ' ἐλθούσης τῆς νυκτὸς ἐκλείπει. Τί γὰρ, φησὶ, φωτεινότερον ἡλίου; Ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο ἐκλείπει· οὐκ ἐν νυκτὶ δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ. Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πολλάκις καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἥλιος ἐξέλιπεν, ἵνα θαυμάζῃς μὲν διὰ τὴν τέχνην τὸν Δημιουργὸν, μὴ προσκυνήσῃς δὲ διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τὸ γενόμενον. Ὁρᾷς τὸν οὐρανὸν τοῦτον, ἡλίκον ἐστὶ σῶμα; πῶς καλόν; πῶς ἀποστίλβον, καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων βέλτιον σωμάτων κατὰ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν; Ἀλλ' ἄψυχόν ἐστιν. Εἶδες καὶ τῆς τέχνης τὴν ἐπίδειξιν, καὶ τῆς ἀσθενείας τὸν ἔλεγχον; ὁρᾷς ἑκατέρωθέν σοι τὰ ὀχυρώματα κείμενα; Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ καταγινώσκῃς τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ ὡς ἀσθενοῦς, καλὰ ἐποίησεν· ἵνα δὲ μὴ προσκυνῇς τὰ γενόμενα ὡς θεοὺς, ἀσθενῆ ταῦτα ἐκ μέρους εἰργάσατο. Ταῦτα μέμνησθε διηνεκῶς. Διὰ τοῦτο Γραφὰς ἑρμηνεύομεν, οὐχ ἵνα Γραφὰς μάθητε μόνον, ἀλλ' ἵνα καὶ τὰ ἤθη διορθώσητε. Ἂν γὰρ τοῦτο μὴ γένηται, περιττῶς ἀναγινώσκομεν, περιττῶς ἐξηγούμεθα. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἀθλητὴς εἰς παλαίστραν εἰσιὼν ἀλειφόμενος καὶ ἀπολαύων τῶν χειρῶν τοῦ παιδοτρίβου, ἂν τοῦ ἀγῶνος παραγενομένου ἐλέγξῃ ἐκείνην τὴν τέχνην, περιττῶς εἰσήχθη εἰς τὴν παλαίστραν·","english":"And this he did not only in our body, but in all creation. For in many places, having brought forth substances of little worth, he implanted a clear demonstration of his own craftsmanship, and mixed in a certain proof of the weakness of these substances; so that through the craftsmanship and beauty you might marvel at the Creator, but through the weakness and cheapness of nature and substance you might not worship the things that were made. The sun is bright as it shines, and it illumines the whole inhabited world; but when night comes it fails. For what, it says, is brighter than the sun? But even this fails; not only at night, but also by day. And for this reason the sun has often failed even by day, so that you might marvel at the Creator through the craftsmanship, but not worship the thing made because of its weakness. Do you see this heaven, how great a body it is? How beautiful? How radiant, and better than our bodies in appearance? But it is without soul. Did you see both the display of craftsmanship and the proof of weakness? Do you see the fortifications lying on either side for you? For so that you might not condemn the Creator as weak, he made them beautiful; but so that you might not worship the things made as gods, he made them weak in part. Remember these things continually. This is why we interpret the Scriptures, not so that you may learn the Scriptures only, but so that you may also correct your character. For if this does not happen, we read in vain, we expound in vain. For just as an athlete entering the wrestling school, anointing himself and enjoying the hands of the trainer, if when the contest comes he brings shame on that skill, was brought into the wrestling school in vain;","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"οὕτως ἂν ἐνταῦθα παραγινόμενοι, καὶ μανθάνοντες τὰ παλαίσματα πάντα καὶ τὰς λαβὰς τοῦ διαβόλου, τοῦ καιροῦ τῶν ἀγώνων ἐλθόντος ὑποσκελισθῆτε, ἢ εὔμορφον ὄψιν ἰδόντες, ἢ πρὸς ἀπόνοιαν ἐπαρθέντες, ἢ ἑτέρῳ τινὶ πονηρῷ χειρωθέντες λογισμῷ, μάτην ἐνταῦθα εἰσήλθετε. Μέμνησθε τοίνυν τῶν λόγων, οὐ τῶν κατὰ τῆς φύσεως τῆς ἡμετέρας, ἀλλὰ τῶν κατὰ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀκολάστου. Οὐ φύσεως ἔγκλημα τὰ εἰρημένα, ἀλλὰ ἐπιθυμίας τὰ λεγόμενα. Ταύτῃ καταστέλλετε θυμὸν, οὕτω πραΰνατε ἐπιθυμίαν, οὕτω κατασπᾶτε ἀπόνοιαν. Καὶ ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἓν, καὶ φωνὴ μία πᾶσιν. Ἰδοὺ τὸ ζητούμενον ἔτι. Οὐ περὶ ταύτης ὁ λόγος, ἀλλ' ὅτι πάντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι\n\nφωνὴν εἶχον μίαν. Διὰ τί δὲ χεῖλος ἓν ἐκάλεσε τὴν φωνήν; Ἔθος τῇ Γραφῇ οὕτω καλεῖν τὰ ῥήματα, γλῶσσαν. Ἀναγκαῖον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο εἰδέναι διὰ τοὺς αἱρετικοὺς, τοὺς κατηγοροῦντας τῆς δημιουργίας τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοὺς λέγοντας, ὅτι πονηρὸν τὸ σῶμα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὰ πονηρὰ κινήματα τῆς διανοίας τοῖς μέλεσι τοῦ σώματος ἡ Γραφὴ καλεῖ· οἷόν τι λέγω· Ἠκόνησαν γλῶσσαν αὐτῶν ὡσεὶ ὄφεως· Ἡ γλῶσσα αὐτῶν μάχαιρα ὀξεῖα· νομίζουσιν οὖν τινες, ὅτι περὶ τῆς γλώττης εἴρηται. Οὐκ εἴρηται δὲ περὶ τῆς γλώττης· μὴ γένοιτο· ἔργον γάρ ἐστι τοῦ Θεοῦ· ἀλλὰ περὶ τῶν ῥημάτων τῶν φονικῶν, τῶν ἀποκτιννύντων ἀνθρώπους, τῶν ἐμπιπτόντων ξίφους χαλε56.187 πώτερον. Ἡ γλῶσσα αὐτῶν μάχαιρα ὀξεῖα· καὶ πάλιν· Χείλη δόλια ἐν καρδίᾳ, καὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἐλάλησε κακά· οὐ περὶ τοῦ μέλους λέγων τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλὰ περὶ τῶν ὑπούλων ῥημάτων.","english":"Thus, if you come here and learn all the wrestlings and grips of the devil, when the time of the contests comes, you might be tripped up—either by seeing a beautiful face, or by being lifted up to recklessness, or by being overcome by some other evil thought—and you would have entered here in vain. Remember, then, the words—not those against our nature, but those against unbridled desire. What has been said is not an accusation against nature, but what is spoken concerns desire. By this, subdue anger; thus, calm desire; thus, pull down recklessness. And the whole earth was one lip, and one voice for all. Behold, what is sought is still here. The account is not about this, but that all men had one voice. Why did he call the voice \"one lip\"? It is a custom of Scripture thus to call words \"tongue.\" It is also necessary to know this because of the heretics who accuse God's creation, who say that the body is evil. For since Scripture calls the evil movements of the mind \"members of the body\"—as for example what I mean: \"They sharpened their tongue like a serpent\"; \"Their tongue is a sharp sword\"—some therefore think that it has been said about the tongue. But it has not been said about the tongue; may it not be! For it is a work of God; rather, it is about murderous words, which kill men, which fall upon them harsher than a sword. \"Their tongue is a sharp sword\"; and again: \"Deceitful lips in the heart, and in the heart he spoke evil\"—not speaking about the member of the body, but about treacherous words.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"Οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα εἰπὼν, Καὶ ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἓν, οὐ τοῦτο ἐδίδαξεν, ὅτι πάντες ἄνθρωποι εἶχον ἓν χεῖλος, ἀλλὰ χεῖλος τὴν φωνὴν ἐκάλεσεν. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἓν, ἐπήγαγε, Καὶ φωνὴ μία πᾶσιν. Οὕτως ὅταν λέγῃ, Τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν, οὐ τοῦ λάρυγγος κατηγορεῖ, ἀλλὰ τῶν κακῶν ῥημάτων τῶν ἀναβαινόντων ἐκεῖθεν, τῶν νεκρῶν δογμάτων. Τάφος γὰρ τοῦτό ἐστι, νεκρῶν δοχεῖον ὀστῶν καὶ σωμάτων. Τοιαῦτα κἀκείνων τὰ στόματα, τῶν κατηγορούντων τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ· τοιαῦτα τὰ στόματα τῶν αἰσχρὰ φθεγγομένων ἀνθρώπων, τῶν λοιδορούντων, τῶν δυσώδη καὶ πονηρὰ ῥήματα ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας φάρυγγος ἐκβαλλόντων.\n\nηʹ. Εὐωδίας αὐτὴν ἔμπλησον, ἄνθρωπε, μὴ δυσωδίας· θησαυρὸν ποίησον βασιλικὸν, μὴ τάφον σατανικόν. Εἰ δὲ τάφος ἐστὶ, κἂν ἀπόκλεισον, ἵνα μὴ προβαίνῃ ἡ δυσωδία. Πονηρὰ ἔχεις ἐνθυμήματα; Μὴ προενέγκῃς αὐτὰ διὰ ῥημάτων· ἔασον κάτω κεῖσθαι, καὶ ταχέως ἀποπνίγονται. Ἄνθρωποί ἐσμεν, πολλὰ πολλάκις πονηρὰ βουλευόμενοι καὶ ἄτοπα καὶ αἰσχρὰ βουλεύματα· ἀλλὰ μὴ συγχωρῶμεν εἰς ῥήματα τὰ νοήματα προελθεῖν, ἵνα πιεζόμενα κάτω ἀσθενέστερα γίνηται καὶ ἀπολλύηται. Καθάπερ γὰρ θηρία τις παντοδαπὰ καὶ ἀνήμερα εἰς λάκκον ἐμβαλὼν, ἂν μὲν ἐμφράξῃ τὸν λάκκον ἄνωθεν, ἀποπνίγει ῥᾳδίως· ἂν δὲ διέξοδόν τινα καὶ ἀναπνοὴν παράσχῃ μικρὰν, πολλὴν αὐτοῖς δίδωσι τὴν παραμυθίαν, καὶ οὐκ ἀφίησιν ἀπολέσθαι, ἀλλ' ἐκθηριοῖ μειζόνως· οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν λογισμῶν γίνεται τῶν πονηρῶν, ὅταν τεχθῶσιν ἔνδον, ἂν μὲν ἀποκλείσωμεν αὐτῶν τὴν εἰς τὰ ἔξω πρόοδον, ταχέως αὐτοὺς ἀφανίζομεν·","english":"Thus here too, when he said, \"And the whole earth was one lip,\" he did not teach that all men had one lip, but he called speech a lip. For having said, \"The whole earth was one lip,\" he added, \"and one voice for all.\" So when he says, \"Their throat is an open tomb,\" he is not accusing the throat, but the evil words that rise up from there, the dead doctrines. For a tomb is this: a receptacle of dead bones and bodies. Such were the mouths of those men also, of those who accused the Creator; such are the mouths of men who utter shameful things, of those who revile, of those who cast out foul-smelling and wicked words from their own throat.\n\n8. Fill it with fragrance, O man, not with stench; make it a royal treasury, not a satanic tomb. But if it is a tomb, at least shut it, so that the stench does not come forth. Do you have wicked thoughts? Do not bring them out through words; let them lie below, and they are quickly stifled. We are men, often pondering many wicked things and absurd and shameful counsels; but let us not allow the thoughts to proceed into words, so that, pressed down below, they may become weaker and be destroyed. For just as if someone throws all kinds of savage beasts into a pit, if he blocks the pit from above, he easily stifles them; but if he provides some outlet and a little breathing space, he gives them great relief, and does not let them perish, but makes them more savage; so it is also with wicked thoughts: when they are bred within, if we shut off their passage outward, we quickly make away with them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"ἂν δὲ διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων αὐτοὺς ἐξενέγκωμεν, κἀκείνους ἰσχυροτέρους εἰργασάμεθα, δόντες ἀναπνεῦσαι διὰ τῆς γλώττης αὐτοῖς, καὶ πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἀτόπων πράξεων βάραθρα ταχέως ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν αἰσχρῶν ῥημάτων μελέτης καταπίπτομεν. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ προφήτης οὐχ ἁπλῶς τάφον ἐκάλεσεν, ἀλλὰ Τάφον ἀνεῳγμένον, αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐγκαλῶν ὅπερ εἶπον. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἑαυτὸν αἰσχύνει μόνον ὁ τὰ αἰσχρὰ φθεγγόμενος ῥήματα, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς πλησίον, καὶ τοὺς συγγινομένους αὐτῷ πολλῆς ἀναπίμπλησι τῆς λύμης. Καὶ καθάπερ εἰ τοὺς τάφους ἀνοίξομεν, λοιμοῦ τὰς πόλεις ἐμπλήσομεν· οὕτω τὰ αἰσχρὰ στόματα εἰ μετὰ ἀδείας ἀνοίγοιτο, τοὺς συγγινομένους ἅπαντας νόσου χαλεπωτάτης ἐμπλήσει. Διὰ τοῦτο χρὴ θύραν καὶ μοχλὸν καὶ χαλινὸν ἐπιθεῖναι τῷ στόματι. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν μία φωνὴ ἦν τότε, ἱκανῶς ἐκ τούτων ἡμῖν ἀποδέδεικται· λοιπὸν δὲ ἀναγκαῖον εἰπεῖν, τίνος ἕνεκεν αἱ πολλαὶ ἐπεισήχθησαν. Ἀλλὰ τέως τὸν ἠθικώτερον γυμνάσωμεν λόγον· παιδεύσωμεν τὴν ἡμετέραν γλῶτταν χαλινὸν ἔχειν, καὶ μὴ πάντα ἁπλῶς ἐκφέρειν τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς διανοίας· μὴ κακηγορεῖν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς, μὴ ἀλλήλους δάκνειν καὶ κατεσθίειν. Τῶν δακνόντων τὰ σώματα χείρους εἰσὶν οἱ διὰ λόγων τοῦτο ποιοῦντες. Ἐκεῖνοι τοῖς ὀδοῦσι δάκνουσι τὸ σῶμα, οὗτος τοῖς λόγοις δάκνει τὴν ψυχὴν, τιτρώσκει τὴν ὑπόληψιν, ἀνίατον ποιεῖ τὸ τραῦμα. Διόπερ μείζονα ἐκδέξεται κόλασιν καὶ τιμωρίαν,","english":"But if we bring them out through words, we have made them stronger too, giving them relief through the tongue, and we quickly fall from the practice of shameful words into the depths of disgraceful deeds. For this reason the prophet did not simply call it a tomb, but an open tomb, charging them with this very thing I have mentioned. For the one who utters shameful words does not shame himself alone, but also fills his neighbors and those who associate with him with great pollution. And just as if we were to open tombs, we would fill the cities with plague, so if shameful mouths are opened with impunity, they will fill all who associate with them with a most grievous disease. For this reason it is necessary to place a door and a bolt and a bridle on the mouth. That there was then one voice has been sufficiently demonstrated to us from these things; but it remains necessary to say for what reason the many were introduced. But for now let us exercise the more ethical discourse: let us teach our tongue to have a bridle, and not simply to bring forth everything that comes from the mind; not to slander brothers, not to bite and devour one another. Those who do this through words are worse than those who bite bodies. The latter bite the body with their teeth, but the former bites the soul with his words, wounds reputation, makes the wound incurable. Therefore he will receive greater punishment and retribution,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"ὅσον χαλεπώτερον ἐντίθησι τὸ δῆγμα. Οὐ διὰ τοῦτο δὲ μόνον ἐκπεσεῖται συγγνώμης ὁ κατηγορῶν, ἀλλ' ὅτι οὔτε δικαίαν οὔτε ἄδικον ἔχει πρόφασιν εἰπεῖν τῆς πονηρίας τῆς ἑαυτοῦ. Αἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλαι ἁμαρτίαι κἂν ἀλόγους ἔχωσιν αἰτίας, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἔχουσιν· οἷον, ὁ πόρνος ἐπιθυμίαν πληροῖ, ὁ κλέπτης τὴν πενίαν λύει, ἀνδροφόνος τὸν θυμὸν παύει· ὁ κατηγορῶν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει πρόφασιν εἰπεῖν. Ποίαν γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, χρημάτων περιουσίαν περιβάλλεται; ποίαν ἐπιθυμίαν πληροῖ; Οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ἢ βασκανίας ὑπόθεσις, οὔτε δικαίαν οὔτε ἄδικον ἔχουσα αἰτίαν. Διὰ τοῦτο ἀπεστέρηται συγγνώμης ἁπάσης. Βούλει κακηγορεῖν; Δίδωμί σοι χρησίμην ὑπόθεσιν. Βούλει κακῶς λέγειν; Εἰπὲ τὰς ἁμαρτίας σου κακῶς. Λέγε γὰρ σὺ, φησὶ, τὰς ἁμαρτίας σου πρῶτος, ἵνα δικαιωθῇς. Εἶδες κακηγορίαν στέφανον ἔχουσαν καὶ ἐγκώμιον καὶ δικαιοσύνην; Πάλιν, Δίκαιος ἑαυτοῦ κατήγορος ἐν πρωτολογίᾳ· ἑαυτοῦ, οὐκ ἄλλου. Ἐὰν ἄλλου κατήγορος γένῃ, ἐκολάσθης· ἐὰν ἑαυτοῦ, ἐστεφανώθης. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς πόσον ἐστὶ καλὸν τὸ κατηγορεῖν τὸ ἑαυτοῦ παράπτωμα, Δίκαιος ἑαυτοῦ κατήγορος ἐν πρωτολογίᾳ, φησί. Καὶ μὴν εἰ δίκαιος, πῶς κατήγορος; εἰ κατήγορος, πῶς δίκαιος; Ὁ δίκαιος οὐκ ἔστι κατηγορίας ὑπεύθυνος. Ἀλλ' ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι κἂν ἁμαρτωλὸς ᾖ τις, κατηγορῇ δὲ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, διὰ τῆς κατηγορίας δίκαιος γίνεται, διὰ τοῦτο εἶπε, Δίκαιος ἑαυτοῦ κατήγορος ἐν πρωτολογίᾳ. Τί δέ ἐστιν, Ἐν πρωτολογίᾳ; Πρόσεχε ἀκριβῶς· Ἐν τοῖς δικαστηρίοις δύο μέρη ἐστὶ, τῶν μὲν ἐναγόντων, τῶν δὲ ἐναγομένων· τῶν μὲν κατηγορούντων, τῶν δὲ κατηγορουμένων·","english":"it implants the bite all the more grievously. And it is not for this reason alone that the accuser will fall from forgiveness, but also because he has neither a just nor an unjust pretext to offer for his own wickedness. For the other sins, even if they have unreasonable causes, nevertheless have them: for example, the fornicator fulfills his desire, the thief relieves his poverty, the murderer stops his anger; but the accuser has no pretext to offer. For tell me, what abundance of wealth does he surround himself with? What desire does he fulfill? It is nothing other than a occasion for envy, having neither a just nor an unjust cause. Therefore he has been deprived of all forgiveness. Do you wish to speak evil? I give you a useful occasion. Do you wish to speak ill? Speak ill of your own sins. For say your sins first, it says, that you may be justified. Did you see slander having a crown and praise and righteousness? Again, The righteous man is his own accuser in the first word; his own, not another's. If you become another's accuser, you have been punished; if your own, you have been crowned. And so that you may learn how great a good it is to accuse one's own transgression, The righteous man is his own accuser in the first word, it says. And yet if he is righteous, how is he an accuser? If an accuser, how is he righteous? The righteous man is not liable to accusation. But so that you may learn that even if someone is a sinner, yet accuses his sins, through the accusation he becomes righteous, therefore it said, The righteous man is his own accuser in the first word. And what is, In the first word? Pay close attention: in the courts there are two parties, those who prosecute and those who are prosecuted; those who accuse and those who are accused;","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"τῶν μὲν ὑπευθύνων, τῶν δὲ ἀνευθύνων· καὶ ἡ πρωτολογία τῷ κατηγόρῳ δίδοται, τῷ ἀνευθύνῳ. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ τοὐναντίον. Σὺ ὁ ὑπεύθυνος ἅρπασον τὴν πρωτολογίαν, ἵνα ἀνεύθυνος γένῃ· μὴ ἀναμείνῃς τὸν κατήγορον. Εἰ καὶ τῶν ὑπευθύνων εἶ, ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἢ παρ' ἐκείνου τι τοιοῦτον ἀκούσῃς, αὐτὸς κατηγόρησον τῶν ἡμαρτημένων. Μάχαιρά ἐστιν ἡ γλῶσσα ἠκονημένη· ἀλλὰ μὴ ἑτέροις ἐπάγωμεν τραύματα, ἀλλὰ τὰς ἡμετέρας σηπεδόνας ἀποτέμνωμεν. Βούλει μαθεῖν ὅτι ἔθος ἦν τοῖς δικαίοις μὴ ἄλλους κακῶς λέγειν, ἀλλ' ἑαυτούς; Ἄκουσον τοῦ Παύλου βοῶντος· Χάριν ἔχω ἐνδυναμώσαντί με Χριστῷ, ὅτι πιστόν με ἡγήσατο θέμενος εἰς διακονίαν, τὸν πρότερον βλάσφημον ὄντα, καὶ διώκτην, καὶ ὑβριστήν. Ὁρᾷς πῶς ἑαυτὸν κακῶς λέγει; Καὶ πάλιν, Χριστὸς ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἁμαρτωλοὺς σῶσαι, ὧν πρῶτός εἰμι ἐγώ. Καὶ πάλιν ἀλλαχοῦ, Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς, φησὶ, καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος, διότι ἐδίωξα τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ.\n\nθʹ. Εἶδες πῶς πανταχοῦ ἑαυτὸν κακῶς λέγει; Οἶδε γὰρ τῆς κατηγορίας ταύτης τὸ κέρδος, ὅτι δικαιοσύνην ἐργάζεται. Ὅταν μὲν οὖν αὐτὸν ἑαυτοῦ κατηγορεῖν δέῃ, ἀφειδῶς κέχρηται τῇ κατηγορίᾳ· ὅταν δὲ καὶ ἑτέρους ἴδῃ τοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις δικάζοντας κακοῖς, ὅρα μεθ' ὅσης αὐτοὺς ἐπιστομίζει τῆς αὐστηρότητος, οὑτωσὶ λέγων· Ὥστε μὴ πρὸ καιροῦ τι κρίνετε, ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ ὁ Κύριος, ὃς καὶ φωτίσει τὰ κρυπτὰ τοῦ σκότους, καὶ φανερώσει τὰς βουλὰς τῶν καρδιῶν. Ἐκείνῳ τήρησον τὸ δικαστήριον, τῷ τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα εἰδότι τῆς διανοίας. Κἂν ἀκριβῶς νομίζῃς εἰδέναι τὰ τοῦ πλησίον, ἔσφαλταί σου ἡ κρίσις.","english":"Of those who are liable and those who are not liable; and the first word is given to the accuser, to the one not liable. But here it is the opposite. You who are liable, seize the first word, so that you may become not liable; do not wait for the accuser. Even if you are among the liable, before you hear anything of that sort from him, accuse yourself of your sins. The tongue is a sharpened sword; but let us not inflict wounds on others, but let us cut off our own putrid sores. Do you wish to learn that it was the custom of the righteous not to speak evil of others but of themselves? Hear Paul crying out: I give thanks to Christ who strengthened me, because he considered me faithful, appointing me to service, though I was formerly a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and an insolent man. Do you see how he speaks evil of himself? And again, Christ came into the world to save sinners, of whom I am the first. And again elsewhere, he says, I am not fit to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the Church of God.\n\n9. Do you see how everywhere he speaks evil of himself? For he knows the gain of this accusation, that it works righteousness. When, then, he must accuse himself, he uses accusation without sparing; but when he sees others judging by the evils of others, observe with how much severity he silences them, saying thus: Therefore do not judge anything before the time, until the Lord comes, who will both bring to light the hidden things of darkness and make manifest the counsels of the hearts. Keep the judgment seat for him, for the one who knows the secret things of the mind. And even if you think you know precisely the things of your neighbor, your judgment has gone astray.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"Τίς γὰρ οἶδε, φησὶ, τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ; Πόσοι τῶν ἀπεῤῥιμμένων καὶ εὐτελῶν ἡλίου φαιδρότερον ἐκλάμπειν ἔχουσι! πόσοι τῶν μεγάλων καὶ περιφανῶν σποδὸς ὄντες καὶ τάφος κεκονιαμένος εὑρεθήσονται! Ἤκουσας πῶς ὁ Παῦλος ἑαυτὸν κακῶς λέγει, μετὰ σφοδρότητος καὶ ὑπερβολῆς ἁμαρτημάτων, ὧν οὐκ ἔμελλεν εὐθύνας ὑπέχειν, συνεχῶς μεμνημένον; Βλάσφημος γὰρ καὶ διώκτης καὶ ὑβριστὴς πρὸ τοῦ βαπτίσματος ἦν, ἐκεῖνα δὲ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ἔλυσε τὸ βάπτισμα· ἀλλ' ὅμως αὐτῶν μέμνηται, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ λόγον ἔμελλεν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ὑπέχειν, ἀλλ' ἵνα δείξῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν, καὶ τίνα ὄντα, οἷον κατεσκεύασεν, ἀπὸ\n\nδιώκτου ποιήσας ἀπόστολον. Εἰ δὲ ἐκεῖνος τῶν ἀφανισθέντων ἁμαρτημάτων μέμνηται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡμᾶς τῶν μετὰ τὸ βάπτισμα μεμνῆσθαι χρή. Τίς γὰρ ἡμῖν ἀπολογία ἔσται, ἢ ποία συγγνώμη, ὅταν ἐκεῖνος μὲν τῶν ἀνευθύνων μνημονεύῃ συνεχῶς, ἡμεῖς δὲ μηδὲ ὧν μέλλομεν λόγον ὑπέχειν, μηδὲ τούτων ἑαυτοὺς ὑπομιμνήσκωμεν, ἀλλ' ἀφέντες τὰ οἰκεῖα, τὰ ἀλλότρια περιεργαζώμεθα κακά; [Ἄκουσον τὸν Πέτρον λέγοντα· Ἔξελθε ἀπ' ἐμοῦ, ὅτι ἀνὴρ ἁμαρτωλός εἰμι.] Ἄκουσον πῶς καὶ Ματθαῖος τῆς προτέρας ἑαυτοῦ κατηγορεῖ ζωῆς, καὶ τελώνην ἑαυτὸν καλεῖ, καὶ οὐδὲ αἰσχύνεται τὸν πρότερον ἐκπομπεύων βίον. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐδὲν εἶχον κατηγορεῖν ἑαυτῶν μετὰ τὸ βάπτισμα, τῶν προτέρων ἐμέμνηντο, παιδεύοντες ἡμᾶς τῶν μὲν ἀλλοτρίων κακῶν μηδένα ποιεῖσθαι λόγον, τὰ δὲ οἰκεῖα μεριμνᾷν καὶ συνεχῶς ἀναστρέφειν.","english":"For who knows, it says, the things of a man, except the spirit of the man that is in him? How many of the cast-off and worthless have it in them to shine brighter than the sun! How many of the great and illustrious will be found to be ashes and a whitewashed tomb! You have heard how Paul speaks ill of himself, continually recalling with vehemence and excess sins for which he was not going to give an account; for he was a blasphemer and a persecutor and an insolent man before baptism, but baptism dissolved those sins. Nevertheless he recalls them, not because he was going to give an account for them, but in order to show God's love for mankind, and what sort of man he was, and what he made him, from a persecutor making him an apostle. But if that man recalls sins that have been blotted out, much more should we recall those after baptism. For what defense will we have, or what pardon, when that man continually remembers sins for which he is not liable, while we do not even remind ourselves of those for which we are going to give an account, but leaving our own affairs aside, we busy ourselves with the evils of others? Hear Peter saying: Depart from me, for I am a sinful man. Hear how Matthew also accuses his former life, and calls himself a tax collector, and is not ashamed to expose his earlier life. For since they had nothing to accuse themselves of after baptism, they remembered their former deeds, teaching us to make no account of the evils of others, but to care for our own and continually to turn them over.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"Οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν ἕτερον φάρμακον τοιοῦτον πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἀναίρεσιν, ὡς ἡ συνεχὴς αὐτῶν ἀνάμνησις, καὶ ἡ διηνεκὴς αὐτῶν κατηγορία. Οὕτως ὁ τελώνης τὰ μυρία ἠδυνήθη κακὰ ἀποθέσθαι, ἵνα εἴπῃ· Ὁ Θεὸς, ἱλάσθητί μοι τῷ ἁμαρτωλῷ· οὕτως ὁ Φαρισαῖος τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἁπάσης ἐξέπεσεν, ὅτι ἀφεὶς λογίζεσθαι τὰ αὐτῷ πεπλημμελημένα, τὴν οἰκουμένην κατεδίκαζε, λέγων· Οὐκ εἰμὶ ὡς οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἅρπαγες καὶ πλεονέκται, οὐδὲ ὡς οὗτος ὁ τελώνης. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος παρῄνει λέγων· Ἕκαστος δὲ δοκιμαζέτω τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ἔργον, καὶ τότε εἰς ἑαυτὸν μόνον τὸ καύχημα ἕξει, καὶ οὐκ εἰς τὸν ἕτερον. Βούλει μαθεῖν καὶ ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ πῶς οἱ δίκαιοι κατηγόρησαν ἑαυτῶν; Ἄκουε καὶ τούτων ἐκείνοις συνῳδὰ φθεγγομένων. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ Δαυῒδ ἔλεγεν· Αἱ ἀνομίαι μου ὑπερῆραν τὴν κεφαλήν μου· ὡσεὶ φορτίον βαρὺ ἐβαρύνθησαν ἐπ' ἐμέ. Ὁ δὲ Ἡσαΐας ἐβόα· Οἴμοι ὁ τάλας ἐγὼ, ὅτι ἄνθρωπος ὢν καὶ ἀκάθαρτα χείλη ἔχων. Καὶ οἱ τρεῖς παῖδες ἐν καμίνῳ διατρίβοντες, καὶ τὰ σώματα θανάτῳ διὰ τὸν Θεὸν παραδόντες, ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν ἑαυτοὺς ἠρίθμουν, Ἡμάρτομεν, ἠνομήσαμεν, λέγοντες· καίτοι τί λαμ56.190 πρότερον ἐκείνων, τί καθαρώτερον ἦν; Καὶ γὰρ εἰ καί τινας ἦσαν ἁμαρτίας πεποιηκότες, πάσας ἀπέσμηξε τῆς φλογὸς ἐκείνης ἡ φύσις. Ἀλλ' οὐ πρὸς τὰ κατορθώματα ἑώρων τὰ οἰκεῖα, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ἀνελογίζοντο. Οὕτω καὶ Δανιὴλ μετὰ τὸν λάκκον τῶν λεόντων, μετὰ τὰς μυρίας τιμωρίας, ἃς ὑπέμεινε, καὶ αὐτὸς ἑαυτοῦ κατηγόρει, τοῦ δὲ πλησίον οὐδείς. Τί δή ποτε; Ὅτι ὁ μὲν ἑτέρους λέγων κακῶς, παροξύνει τὸν Δεσπότην.","english":"For there is not, there is not any other remedy such as this for the removal of sins, as the continual remembrance of them and the unceasing accusation of them. Thus the tax collector was able to put away countless evils, so as to say: God, be merciful to me, the sinner. Thus the Pharisee fell away from all righteousness, because, having ceased to reckon the offenses committed by himself, he condemned the whole world, saying: I am not like the rest of men, extortioners and greedy, nor like this tax collector. For this reason Paul also exhorted, saying: Let each one test his own work, and then he will have his boast in himself alone, and not in the other. Do you wish to learn also in the Old Testament how the righteous accused themselves? Hear these also speaking in harmony with those. For David said: My iniquities have risen above my head; like a heavy burden they have weighed down upon me. And Isaiah cried out: Woe to me, the wretched one, because I am a man and have unclean lips. And the three children dwelling in the furnace, and handing over their bodies to death for God's sake, numbered themselves among the last of sinners, saying: We have sinned, we have done lawlessly; and yet what was more illustrious than they, what was purer? For even if they had committed some sins, the nature of that flame wiped them all away. But they did not look to their own achievements, but reckoned up their sins. Thus Daniel also, after the pit of lions, after the countless punishments which he endured, himself accused himself, and no one accused his neighbor. Why ever so? Because the one who speaks evil of others provokes the Master.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"Ὁ δὲ ἑαυτὸν λέγων κακῶς, ἐξιλεοῖ καὶ καταλλάττει· καὶ τὸν δίκαιον δικαιότερον ἀπεργάζεται, καὶ τὸν ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐξαρπάζει τῶν ἐγκλημάτων καὶ συγγνώμης ἄξιον ποιεῖ. Ταῦτ' οὖν εἰδότες, μὴ τὰ ἀλλότρια, ἀλλὰ οἰκεῖα πολυπραγμονῶμεν κακά· ἀναπτύξωμεν ἡμῶν τὸ συνειδὸς, ἀναμνησθῶμεν ἡμῶν τὴν ζωὴν ἅπασαν, ἕκαστον τῶν ἡμαρτημένων ἡμῖν περιεργασώμεθα, καὶ μὴ μόνον μὴ λέγωμεν κακῶς ἑτέρους, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ ἀκούωμεν ἑτέρων λεγόντων κακῶς. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τούτου ἔγκλημα κεῖται καὶ τιμωρία μεγίστη· Ἀκοὴν γὰρ, φησὶ, ματαίαν μὴ παραδέξῃ. Οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἀκοῇ ματαίᾳ μὴ πιστεύσῃς, ἀλλὰ, Μηδὲ δέξῃ αὐτήν· ἀπόφραξον τὰ ὦτα, ἀποτείχισον τῇ κατηγορίᾳ τὴν εἴσοδον, δεῖξον ὅτι τοῦ κατηγορουμένου οὐκ ἔλαττον αὐτὸς ὁ ἀκούων ἐχθρὸς εἶ καὶ πολέμιος τῷ κακῶς λέγοντι. Μίμησαι τὸν προφήτην οὕτω λέγοντα· Τὸν καταλαλοῦντα λάθρα τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ, τοῦτον ἐξεδίωκον. Οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Οὐκ ἐπίστευον, οὐδὲ ὅτι Οὐ παρεδεχόμην τὰ λεγόμενα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπήλαυνον, ὡς ἐχθρὸν καὶ πολέμιον. ιʹ. Ἀλλ' εἰσί τινες, οἳ ψυχρᾷ παραμυθίᾳ ἑαυτοὺς παραμυθοῦνται, οὑτωσὶ λέγοντες· Κύριε, μὴ στήσῃς μοι τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ταύτην, ὅτι ἀκοῆς λόγον ὀφείλω. Τίς χρεία τῆς ἀπολογίας; τίς χρεία τῆς συγγνώμης ταύτης; Σίγησον, καὶ ἀπήλλαξαι τῶν ἐγκλημάτων· μηδὲν εἴπῃς, καὶ καθαρὸς εἶ τῆς ἀγωνίας. Τί σαυτῷ πράγματα πλέκεις, καὶ παρὰ Θεῷ, καὶ παρὰ ἀνθρώποις; Τί ποιεῖς ὑπεύθυνον ἑαυτὸν ἐγκλημάτων; τί τὸ φορτίον","english":"But the one who speaks ill of himself propitiates and reconciles, and makes the righteous man more righteous, and snatches the sinner away from the charges and makes him worthy of forgiveness. Knowing these things, therefore, let us busy ourselves not with others' evils but with our own; let us unroll our conscience, let us call to mind our whole life, let us examine closely each of the sins we have committed, and let us not only not speak ill of others, but not even listen to others speaking ill. For for this too a charge is laid down and a very great punishment: For a vain hearing, it says, do not receive. It did not say, Do not believe a vain hearing, but, Do not even receive it; block your ears, wall off the entrance against accusation, show that you, the hearer, are no less an enemy and foe to the one who speaks ill than to the one accused. Imitate the prophet who says thus: The one who slanders his neighbor in secret, this one I drove out. He did not say, that I did not believe, nor that I did not accept what was said, but I even drove him away, as an enemy and foe. 10. But there are some who console themselves with a cold consolation, speaking thus: Lord, do not hold this sin against me, because I owe the word of hearing. What need of a defense? What need of this excuse? Be silent, and you are released from the charges; say nothing, and you are clean of the struggle. Why do you weave troubles for yourself, both before God and before men? Why do you make yourself liable to charges? Why the burden","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"βαρύτερον δεσμεῖς; Οὐκ ἀρκεῖ σοι περὶ τῶν οἰκείων κακῶν εὐθύνας ὑποσχεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρας ἁμαρτίας ἐπισωρεύεις σαυτῷ; Περιττὴ αὕτη ἡ ἀπολογία· οὐκ ἀκοῆς λόγον ὀφείλεις, ἀλλὰ κατηγορίας λόγον χρεωστεῖς. Ὅταν γὰρ ἀκούσας, οὐ σιγήσῃς, οὐ τῆς ἀκοῆς λόγον μόνον ὀφείλεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατηγορίας. Ἐκ γὰρ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ, φησὶ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου κατακριθήσῃ. Ταῦτα οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῶν κακῶς ἀκουόντων, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τῶν κακῶς λεγόντων δεδοικὼς λέγω καὶ διαμαρτύρομαι. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ κακῶς ἀκούσας, οὐδὲν ἐπηρέασται, οὐδὲ ἐβλάβη· ἀλλ' ἂν μὲν ψευδῆ ᾖ τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ λεγόμενα, καὶ μισθὸν ἔχει· ἂν δὲ ἀληθῆ, οὐδὲν οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐπηρέασται παρὰ τὴν σὴν κατηγορίαν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς σῆς λοιδορίας οἴσει τότε τὴν ψῆφον αὐτῷ ὁ δικάζων. Εἰ δὲ χρή τι καὶ θαυμαστὸν εἰπεῖν, καὶ τὰ μέγιστα κερδανεῖ γενναίως φέρων τὴν βλασφημίαν, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ τελώνης· ὁ δὲ κακῶς λέγων, ἄν τε ἀληθῆ κακῶς εἴπῃ τὸν πλησίον, τὰ μέγιστα ἠδίκηται. Καὶ ὅτι μὲν ὁ συκοφαντῶν ἀπόλωλεν, οὐδὲ ἀποδείξεως χρεία· ὅτι δὲ, κἂν ἀληθῆ λέγῃ, φορτικώτερον ἑαυτῷ ποιεῖ τὸ δικαστήριον, ἐκπομπεύων τὰς τοῦ πλησίον συμφορὰς, καὶ σκανδάλων αἴτιος γινόμενος, ἃ κρύπτειν δέον, ἐκκαλύπτων ἅπασι, καὶ κηρύττων τὰ ἁμαρτήματα τοῦ πλησίον, παντί που δῆλόν ἐστιν. Εἰ γὰρ ἕνα τις σκανδαλίσας, ἀπαραίτητον δώσει τιμωρίαν, ὁ μυρίους σκανδαλίζων διὰ τῆς πονηρᾶς φήμης, πόσην οὐχ ὑποστήσεται κόλασιν; Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Φαρισαῖος οὐκ ἐψεύδετο, ἀλλ' ἀληθῆ ἔλεγε, τελώνην καλῶν τὸν τελώνην, ἀλλ' ὅμως δίκην ἔδωκε. Ταῦτ' οὖν εἰδότες, ἀγαπητοὶ, φεύγωμεν τὸ κατηγορεῖν.","english":"Do you bind yourself more heavily? Is it not enough for you to give an account for your own evils, but you also heap other sins upon yourself? This defense is superfluous; you do not owe the account of hearing, but you are indebted to the account of accusation. For when you have heard and do not keep silent, you owe not only the account of hearing, but also of accusation. For by your words you will be justified, it says, and by your words you will be condemned. I say these things and testify, fearing not for those who are spoken of badly, but for those who speak badly. For the one who is spoken of badly has suffered no harm nor been injured; but if the things said about him are false, he even has a reward; and if they are true, not even so has he been harmed by your accusation. For the judge will not render his verdict then on the basis of your abuse. And if one may say something wonderful, he will gain the greatest things by nobly bearing the slander, just as the tax collector did. But the one who speaks badly, whether he speaks badly of his neighbor with truth, has been most greatly wronged. And that the false accuser has perished needs no proof; but that, even if he speaks the truth, he makes the judgment seat more burdensome for himself, parading his neighbor's misfortunes and becoming a cause of stumbling, uncovering to all what ought to be hidden, and proclaiming his neighbor's sins, is surely clear to everyone. For if one who causes one person to stumble will pay an inexorable punishment, how great a chastisement will he not undergo who causes countless people to stumble through evil report? For the Pharisee was not lying, but was speaking the truth, calling the tax collector a tax collector, but nevertheless he paid the penalty. Knowing these things, then, beloved, let us flee from accusing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"Οὔτε γὰρ ταύτης χαλεπωτέρα, οὔτε εὐκολωτέρα ἐστὶν ἁμαρτία. Τίνος ἕνεκεν; Ὅτι πάσης παρανομίας ὀξύτερον δρᾶται, καὶ ταχέως συναρπάζει τὸν μὴ προσέχοντα. Αἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλαι ἁμαρτίαι καὶ χρόνου δέονται, καὶ δαπάνης, καὶ μελλήσεως, καὶ συνεργῶν, καὶ πολλάκις ἐν τῇ τοῦ χρόνου διατριβῇ διακόπτονται. Οἷόν τι λέγω· Εἵλετό τις φονεῦσαι, εἵλετό τις ἁρπάσαι καὶ πλεονεκτῆσαι· πολλῆς αὐτῷ δεῖ τῆς πραγματείας, καὶ ἐν τῷ μέλλειν πολλάκις ἐξέλυσε τὸν θυμὸν, ἀπέστη τῆς πονηρᾶς ὁρμῆς, κατέλυσε τὴν διεφθαρμένην γνώμην, οὐ προσέθηκε τὸ ἔργον τῇ βουλῇ· ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ κακῶς λέγειν οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ σφόδρα ὦμεν νήφοντες, συναρπαζόμεθα ῥᾳδίως· καὶ οὔτε χρόνου, οὔτε μελλήσεως, οὔτε δαπάνης, οὔτε πραγματείας ἡμῖν δεῖ τινος, ὥστε κακῶς εἰπεῖν· ἀλλ' ἀρκεῖ μόνον ἑλέσθαι, καὶ εὐθέως εἰς ἔργον ἐξῆλθε τὸ βούλημα. Γλῶσσα γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπηρετουμένη μόνον. Ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ ὀξύῤῥοπον τὸ κακὸν, καὶ εὐπερίστατος ἡ ἁμαρτία, καὶ χαλεπὴ ἡ κόλασις καὶ ἡ τιμωρία, καὶ κέρδος οὐδὲν, οὐ μικρὸν, οὐ μέγα, μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ἀκριβείας φεύγωμεν τὸ νόσημα, καὶ τὰ ἀλλότρια περιστέλλωμεν κακὰ, καὶ μὴ ἐκπομπεύωμεν· παραινῶμεν τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσι, καθὼς καὶ ὁ Κύριός φησιν· Ἐὰν ἁμαρτήσῃ εἰς σὲ ὁ ἀδελφός σου, ὕπαγε, ἔλεγξον αὐτὸν μεταξὺ σοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ μόνου. Ὥστε τὸ ἀδημοσίευτον τῶν ἐλέγχων εὐκολωτέραν ποιήσει τὴν θεραπείαν. Μὴ δάκνωμεν, μηδὲ κατεσθίωμεν τὰ ἀλλότρια τραύματα· μὴ τὰς μυίας μιμησώμεθα, ἀλλὰ τὰς μελίττας ζηλώσωμεν. Αἱ μυῖαι τοῖς τραύμασιν ἐγκαθέζονται, καὶ δάκνουσιν· αἱ μέλιτται τοῖς ἄνθεσιν ἐφίπτανται.","english":"For neither is this sin more difficult nor easier. For what reason? Because it is committed more swiftly than any transgression, and it quickly seizes the one who does not pay attention. For the other sins require time, and expense, and delay, and accomplices, and often in the passing of time they are interrupted. What do I mean? Someone chose to murder, someone chose to seize and to defraud; he needs much effort, and in the delaying he often released his anger, desisted from the evil impulse, dissolved the corrupted intention, and did not add the deed to the plan. But in the case of speaking evil it is not so, but unless we are very sober, we are easily seized; and we need neither time, nor delay, nor expense, nor any effort in order to speak evil; but it is enough only to choose, and immediately the will has come out into action. For the tongue is what serves alone. Since, then, the evil is swift to turn, and the sin easily surrounded, and the punishment and the penalty severe, and the gain nothing, neither small nor great, let us flee the disease with great exactness, and let us cover over the evils of others, and not expose them publicly; let us exhort those who sin, just as the Lord also says: If your brother sins against you, go, reprove him between you and him alone. So that the not publicizing of the reproofs will make the cure easier. Let us not bite, nor devour the wounds of others; let us not imitate the flies, but let us emulate the bees. The flies settle on wounds and bite them; the bees fly about the flowers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"Διὰ τοῦτο αὗται μὲν κηρία πηγνύουσιν, ἐκεῖναι δὲ νοσήματα ἐπάγουσιν, οἷς ἂν ἐπικαθεσθῶσι σώμασι· καὶ αἱ μέν εἰσι βδελυκταὶ, αἱ δὲ ποθειναὶ καὶ ἐπίδοξοι. Καὶ ἡμεῖς τοίνυν τῷ λειμῶνι τῆς ἀρετῆς τῶν ἁγίων ἐπιπτῆναι τὴν ψυχὴν παρασκευάσωμεν, καὶ συνεχῶς τὴν εὐωδίαν τῶν παρ' ἐκείνοις κατορθωμάτων ἀνακινῶμεν, τὰ δὲ τραύματα μὴ δάκνωμεν τῶν πλησίον· ἀλλ' εἰ καί τινας ἴδωμεν τοῦτο ποιοῦντας, ἐπιστομίζωμεν, τὸν φόβον αὐτοῖς τῆς κολάσεως ἐπιτειχίζοντες, τῆς συγγενείας αὐτοὺς ἀναμιμνήσκοντες τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφούς. Εἰ δὲ μηδενὶ τούτων εἴκοιεν, μυίας αὐτοὺς καλῶμεν, ἵνα κἂν τὸ ὄνειδος τῆς προσηγορίας ταύτης ἀποστήσῃ τῆς πονηρᾶς μελέτης\n\nαὐτούς· ἵνα τῆς κακοσχολίας ταύτης ἀπαλλαγέντες, πᾶσαν τὴν σχολὴν εἰς τὴν ἔρευναν τῶν οἰκείων ἀναλίσκωσι κακῶν. Οὕτω γὰρ οἵ τε πεπτωκότες ἀναστήσονται τῇ μνήμῃ τῶν ἡμαρτημένων αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἐκπομπευομένων, οἵ τε τὰ οἰκεῖα ἀναλογιζόμενοι συνεχῶς κακὰ, ῥᾳδίως αὐτὰ ἀποθήσονται, τῇ μνήμῃ τῶν ἡμαρτημένων πρὸς τὴν τῶν λοιπῶν πρᾶξιν ὀκνηρότεροι γινόμενοι, οἵ τε τὴν ἀρετὴν τῶν ἁγίων ἐπισκοποῦντες συνεχῶς, μέγιστον λήψονται ζῆλον πρὸς τὴν τῶν αὐτῶν μίμησιν· καὶ διὰ τούτων ἁπάντων ὁλοκλήρου τοῦ σώματος τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ἡμῖν κατορθωθέντος, δυνησόμεθα μετὰ τοῦ πληρώματος τούτου εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν εἰσελθεῖν· ἧς γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δι' οὗ καὶ μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἡ δόξα, ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.","english":"Therefore these produce wax, while those bring diseases upon whatever bodies they settle on; and the one kind is loathsome, the other desirable and glorious. Let us therefore prepare our soul to fly to the meadow of the virtue of the saints, and let us continually stir up the fragrance of their right actions, but let us not bite the wounds of our neighbors; but if we see some doing this, let us stop them, building up against them the fear of punishment, reminding them of their kinship with their brothers. But if they yield to none of these, let us call them flies, so that at least the reproach of this name may turn them away from their evil practice; so that, freed from this idle busyness, they may spend all their leisure on the examination of their own evils. For in this way both those who have fallen will rise again, since the sins they have committed are not made a public spectacle, and those who continually reckon up their own evils will easily put them aside, becoming more sluggish toward the practice of the rest through the memory of their sins, and those who continually look upon the virtue of the saints will receive the greatest zeal for the imitation of the same; and when through all these things the whole body of the Church has been set right among us, we shall be able, with this fullness, to enter into the kingdom of heaven; may it be granted to us all to attain it, by the grace and love for mankind of our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom and with whom be glory to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, now and always and unto the ages of ages. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"","notes":[]}]}