{"slug":"khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","title":"Onomasticon","title_source":"Onomasticon","author":"Eusebius Caesariensis","genre":"other","date":null,"tradition":"greek","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T20:01:33Z","cost_usd":0.041771},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","work_id":"khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","edition":"khazarzar","language":"","license":null,"url":null},"stats":{"passages":71,"english_words":18906,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":74301,"commentary_units":426,"commentary_kinds":10,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":137,"work_notes":6,"external_links":5,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","abstract":"Eusebius of Caesarea's Onomasticon is a gazetteer of biblical place-names, arranged alphabetically by region, providing locations, scriptural references, and occasional historical or etymological notes. Composed before 330 CE, likely in the 320s, it reflects early Christian geography and local traditions. The Greek text survives in a single 12th-century manuscript (Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1456) with lacunae and scribal errors, supplemented by Jerome's Latin translation (c. 390). This edition follows that manuscript with emendations from Jerome, but lacks a critical apparatus. Eusebius' identifications often rely on tradition or inference, not archaeology, and many have been revised by modern scholarship.","historical_context":"Eusebius (c. 260–340 CE), bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, was a prolific scholar and historian of the early Church. He composed the Onomasticon in the 320s, before Constantine's foundation of Constantinople (330), as it shows no knowledge of that event. The work was addressed to Paulinus, a clerical or monastic figure otherwise unknown. It was written in Greek, the scholarly language of the Eastern Mediterranean, and reflects the needs of Christian exegetes and pilgrims for a systematic guide to biblical geography. The text was transmitted through a single medieval manuscript, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1456 (12th century), which contains errors and gaps. Jerome's Latin translation and expansion (c. 390) ensured its wide circulation in the Latin West, where it became a standard reference for medieval scholars and pilgrims. The Onomasticon draws on earlier Jewish and Christian traditions, including the Septuagint and local Palestinian lore, but Eusebius' identifications are often based on inference rather than empirical evidence.","significance":"The Onomasticon is the first Christian gazetteer of biblical place-names, establishing a genre that influenced later geographical works and pilgrimage guides. It preserves early Christian traditions about the Holy Land and shaped medieval and modern understandings of biblical geography. Its reliance on local tradition and inference highlights the tension between faith-based and empirical approaches to sacred space.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 260–340 CE","event":"Life of Eusebius of Caesarea"},{"date":"320s CE","event":"Composition of the Onomasticon, before 330"},{"date":"c. 390 CE","event":"Jerome's Latin translation and expansion"},{"date":"12th century","event":"Earliest surviving Greek manuscript (Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1456)"},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Widespread use in Latin West via Jerome's version"},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Critical editions and scholarly revisions of identifications"}],"relations":[{"work":"Jerome's Onomasticon","relation":"Latin translation and expansion of Eusebius' work","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History","relation":"Same author, contemporary historical work","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Eusebius' Chronicon","relation":"Same author, chronological work","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Septuagint","relation":"Primary scriptural source for place-names","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Itinerarium Burdigalense","relation":"Contemporary pilgrimage itinerary to the Holy Land","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Eusebius","label":"Eusebius of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius","reason":"Biographical context for the author"},{"key":"wikipedia:Onomasticon (Eusebius)","label":"Onomasticon (Eusebius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomasticon_%28Eusebius%29","reason":"General article on the work"},{"key":"wikipedia:Jerome","label":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome","reason":"Translator and expander of the work"},{"key":"wikipedia:Biblical geography","label":"Biblical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_places","reason":"Broader context of the genre"},{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"Khazarzar edition","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf","reason":"Source of the translated text"}],"cautions":["The exact date of composition is uncertain; it is placed in the 320s based on the absence of references to Constantinople (founded 330).","The Greek text survives only in a single 12th-century manuscript with lacunae and scribal errors; the edition relies on emendations from Jerome's Latin translation.","Eusebius' identifications often depend on local tradition or his own inference, not on archaeological evidence; many have been revised by modern scholarship.","The addressee Paulinus is otherwise unknown, and his identity is inferred from the address 'holy man of God'."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000528,"generated":"2026-11-15T20:01:32Z"},"links":[],"checks":{"work":"khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":71,"translated":71,"commentary_passages":71,"commentary_units":426,"english_words":18906,"source_letters":74019,"commentary_kinds":10},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Onomasticon is a gazetteer of biblical place-names, arranged alphabetically by region, with entries giving location, scriptural references, and occasional historical or etymological notes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius composed the Onomasticon before 330 CE, likely in the 320s, as it shows no knowledge of Constantine’s foundation of Constantinople (330) and is cited by Jerome in his own Onomasticon (c. 390).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The surviving Greek text is preserved in a single 12th-century manuscript (Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1456), which contains lacunae and scribal errors; the edition here follows that manuscript with emendations from the Latin translation by Jerome.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jerome’s Latin translation and expansion (c. 390) became the standard reference for biblical geography in the Latin West, transmitting Eusebius’ work to medieval scholars and pilgrims.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include a critical apparatus or collation of variant readings from other manuscripts; users should consult G. S. P. (ed.) for a full textual history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Eusebius’ identifications often rely on local tradition or his own inference, not on archaeological evidence; modern scholarship has revised many locations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Greek; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 71 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: khazarzar."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":71},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon":{"label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Εὐσεβίου τοῦ Παμφίλου ἐπισκόπου. Καισαρείας τῆς Παλαιστίνης περὶ τῶν τοπικῶν ὀνομάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θείᾳ γραφῇ. Ὥσπερ ἐν προοιμίῳ τῆς ὑπὸ σοῦ προτεθείσης ὑποθέσεως, ἱερὲ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπε Παυλῖνε, ἐν τῷ πρὸ τούτου τὰς ἐπηγγελμένας ὑποθέσεις ἀποδούς, καὶ πρῶτα μὲν τῶν ἀνὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐθνῶν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα φωνὴν μεταβαλὼν τὰς ἐν τῇ θείᾳ γραφῇ κειμένας Ἑβραίοις ὀνόμασι προσρήσεις, ἔπειτα τῆς πάλαι Ἰουδαίας ἀπὸ πάσης βίβλου καταγραφὴν πεποιημένος, καὶ τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ τῶν δώδεκα φυλῶν διαιρῶν κληρουχίας, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις ὡς ἐν γραφῆς τύπῳ τῆς πάλαι διαβοήτου μητροπόλεως αὐτῶν, λέγω δὴ τὴν Ἱερουσαλήμ, τοῦ τε ἐν αὐτῇ ἱεροῦ τὴν εἰκόνα διαχαράξας μετὰ παραθέσεως τῶν εἰς τοὺς τόπους ὑπομνημάτων, ἑξῆς ἐν τούτῳ καὶ ἀκολούθως ἐκείνοις ὡς ἂν εἰς τὸ χρήσιμον τῆς ὅλης ὑποθέσεως προηυτρεπισμένοις τὴν σὴν ἐπισυνάψω πρόθεσιν, τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς θείας φερομένων γραφῆς πατρίῳ γλώττῃ πόλεων καὶ κωμῶν τὰς σημασίας ποίας τε χώρας εἶεν καὶ ὅπως αὐτὰς οἱ καθ' ἡμᾶς ὀνομάζουσιν, εἴτε τοῖς παλαιοῖς ὁμοίως εἴτε καὶ ἑτέρως μεταβάλλοντες, ἐκθέμενος. ἀπὸ πάσης μὲν οὖν τῆς θεοπνεύστου γραφῆς ἀναλέξω τὰ ζητούμενα, ἐκθήσομαι δὲ κατὰ στοιχεῖον ἕκαστα εἰς εὐχερῆ κατάληψιν τῶν σποράδην ἐν τοῖς ἀναγνώσμασιν ὑποπιπτόντων. Στοιχεῖον Α. Γενέσεως. Ἀραράτ ̣ ̣. ἡ Ἀρμενία· ἐν ὄρεσιν Ἀραρὰτ ἡ κιβωτὸς καθίσαι λέγεται, καί φασιν εἰς δεῦρο δείκνυσθαι ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρέων Ἀρ μενίας λείψανα τῆς κιβωτοῦ. μέμνηται καὶ Ἱερεμίας τῆς Ἀραρὰτ ἐν τῇ κατὰ Βαβυλῶνος ὁράσει.","english":"Eusebius of Pamphilus, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, on the place names in the divine scripture. Just as in the preface of the subject proposed by you, holy man of God Paulinus, in the previous work I fulfilled the promised subjects, and first having translated into the Greek language the designations of the nations throughout the world that lie in the divine scripture in Hebrew names, then having made a catalogue of all of ancient Judea from every book, and dividing the allotments of the twelve tribes in it, and in addition to these having delineated as in a plan the image of their once famous metropolis, I mean Jerusalem, and of the temple in it, with the addition of commentaries on the places, next in this work and following those, as if prepared beforehand for the usefulness of the whole subject, I will append your proposal, setting forth the meanings of the cities and villages carried in the divine scripture in the native tongue, what regions they belong to and how our contemporaries name them, whether similarly to the ancients or differently by alteration. I will therefore collect the items sought from all of the inspired scripture, and I will set forth each in alphabetical order for the easy comprehension of those that occur sporadically in the readings. Letter A. Genesis. Ararat. Armenia; the ark is said to have settled on the mountains of Ararat, and they say that to this day remnants of the ark are shown on the mountains of Armenia. Jeremiah also mentions Ararat in his vision concerning Babylon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"περὶ τῶν τοπικῶν ὀνομάτων","severity":"info","text":"The title announces the work's subject: place names in scripture. The preface outlines the author's previous works and the method of the present one.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Παυλῖνε","severity":"info","text":"Paulinus, the addressee, is otherwise unknown but is addressed as 'holy man of God', suggesting a clerical or monastic recipient.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀραράτ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius cites Genesis 8:4 (the ark resting on Ararat) and Jeremiah 51:27 (Ararat in the vision against Babylon).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"λείψανα τῆς κιβωτοῦ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius reports a local tradition that remnants of Noah's ark were still shown on the Armenian mountains in his day.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"κατὰ στοιχεῖον","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius states that entries are arranged alphabetically by letter (στοιχεῖον), beginning with Alpha, for ease of reference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀραράτ","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Ararat with Armenia is conventional in early Christian geography, but the precise location of 'mountains of Ararat' is debated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is not present; the Greek original is used. The reading follows the source edition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"καὶ Ἰώσιππος δὲ ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ τῆς Ἰουδαϊκῆς ἀρχαιολογίας τὰ περὶ τὸν τόπον ἱστορῶν παρατίθεται καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξω μάρτυρας, ὧδε ῥήμασιν αὐτοῖς γράφων· «μαθὼν» δὲ Νῶε «ἀπηλλαγμένην τὴν γῆν τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ, μείνας ἄλλας ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας τά τε ζῷα τῆς λάρνακος ἐξαφίησιν, αὐτός τε μετὰ τῆς γενεᾶς προελθὼν καὶ θύσας τῷ θεῷ συνευωχεῖτο τοῖς οἰκείοις. ἀποβατήριον μέντοι τὸν τόπον τοῦτον Ἀρμένιοι καλοῦσιν. ἐκεῖ γὰρ ἀνασωθείσης τῆς λάρνακος ἔτι νῦν αὐτῆς οἱ περιχώριοι τὰ λείψανα δεικνύουσιν. τοῦ δὲ κατακλυσμοῦ τούτου καὶ τῆς λάρνακος μέμνηνται πάντες οἱ τὰς βαρβαρικὰς ἱστορίας ἀναγεγραφότες, ὧν ἐστὶ καὶ Βήρωσος ὁ Χαλδαῖος. διηγούμενος γὰρ τὰ περὶ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν οὕτω που διέξεισιν· λέγεται δὲ καὶ τοῦ πλοίου ἐν τῇ Ἀρμενίᾳ πρὸς τῷ ὄρει τῶν Κορδυαίων ἔτι μέρος τι εἶναι, καὶ κομίζειν τινὰς τῆς ἀσφάλτου ἀφαιροῦντας. χρῶνται δὲ μάλιστα οἱ ἄνθρωποι τῷ κομιζομένῳ πρὸς τοὺς ἀποτροπιασμούς. μέμνηται δὲ τούτων καὶ Ἱερώνυμος ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, ὁ τὴν ἀρχαιολογίαν τὴν Φοινικικὴν συγγραψάμενος, καὶ Μνασέας δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους. καὶ Νικόλαος δὲ ὁ Δαμασκηνὸς ἐν τῇ ἐνενηκοστῇ καὶ ἕκτῃ βίβλῳ ἱστορεῖ περὶ αὐτῶν λέγων οὕτως· ἔστιν ὑπὲρ τὴν Μινυάδα μέγα ὄρος κατὰ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν, Βάρις λεγόμενον, ἐφ' ὃ πολλοὺς συμφυγόντας ἐπὶ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ λόγος ἔχει περισωθῆναι, καὶ τινὰ ἐπὶ λάρνακος ὀχούμενον ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκρώρειαν ὀκεῖλαι, καὶ τὰ λείψανα τῶν ξύλων ἐπὶ πολὺ σωθῆναι. γένοιτο δ' ἂν οὗτος, ὅντινα καὶ Μωϋσῆς ἀνέγραψεν ὁ Ἰουδαίων νομοθέτης». Ἀχάδ ̣ ̣. πόλις βασιλείας Νεβρὼδ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι. Ἀγγαί ̣ ̣. κατὰ δυσμὰς Βαιθήλ.","english":"And Josephus, in the first book of his Jewish Antiquities, when relating the matters concerning this place, also cites external witnesses, writing in these very words: \"When Noah learned that the land was free from the flood, he waited another seven days, then released the animals from the ark, and himself, going forth with his family, sacrificed to God and feasted with his household. The Armenians call this place 'Apobaterion' (the place of disembarkation). For there, where the ark was saved, the local inhabitants still show its remains. All who have written the histories of the barbarians mention this flood and the ark, among whom is Berossus the Chaldean. For in his account of the flood, he relates as follows: It is said that a part of the ship still exists in Armenia near the mountain of the Cordyaeans, and that some people take away pieces of the bitumen. People use what is taken especially for apotropaic purposes. These things are also mentioned by Hieronymus the Egyptian, who wrote the Phoenician Antiquities, and by Mnaseas, and many others. And Nicolaus of Damascus, in the ninety-sixth book, relates about them as follows: There is a great mountain above the district of Minyas in Armenia, called Baris, upon which many are said to have taken refuge and been saved during the flood, and that a certain person, carried on an ark, ran aground on its summit, and the remains of the timbers were preserved for a long time. This would be the same man whom Moses, the lawgiver of the Jews, recorded.\" Achaad. A city of the kingdom of Nebrod in Babylon. Aggai. To the west of Bethel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ Ἰώσιππος δὲ ... Ἀχάδ","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a long quotation from Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 1.3, inserted by Eusebius as external testimony for the location of Noah's ark. The final two entries, 'Achaad' and 'Aggai', abruptly resume the alphabetical list of place names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀποβατήριον","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Apobaterion' (place of disembarkation) is an Armenian toponym for the traditional landing site of Noah's ark, cited by Josephus to link local tradition with biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βήρωσος ὁ Χαλδαῖος","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius, via Josephus, invokes Berossus (3rd c. BCE), Hieronymus the Egyptian, Mnaseas, and Nicolaus of Damascus as non-Jewish witnesses to the flood and ark, a common apologetic strategy to corroborate biblical history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀχάδ","severity":"info","text":"Achaad is identified as a royal city of Nimrod (Nebrod) in Babylon, likely a variant of Akkad, the ancient capital of Sargon of Akkad.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀγγαί","severity":"info","text":"Aggai is located west of Bethel, possibly a variant of the place name 'Ai' or 'Hai', known from the conquest narratives in Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀχάδ ̣ ̣. ... Ἀγγαί ̣ ̣.","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text shows lacunae or uncertain letters (marked with dots) in the lemmata 'Achaad' and 'Aggai', indicating possible scribal corruption or abbreviation in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact reading of the lacunose lemmata 'Achaad' and 'Aggai' is uncertain; the English draft supplies 'Achaad' and 'Aggai' as plausible restorations.","The transition from the Josephus quotation back to the alphabetical list is abrupt and may reflect a textual break or editorial insertion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"διεστήκασιν ἀλλήλων οὐ πλεῖστον. κεῖται δὲ ἡ Βαιθὴλ ἀπιόντων εἰς Αἰλίαν ἀπὸ Νέας πόλεως ἐν λαιοῖς τῆς ὁδοῦ ἀμφὶ τὸ δωδέκατον Αἰλίας σημεῖον. καὶ ἡ μὲν Βαιθὴλ εἰς ἔτι νῦν μένει, ἡ δὲ Ἀγγαὶ τόπος ἔρημος αὐτὸ μόνον δείκνυται. καλεῖ δὲ αὐτὴν καὶ Γαὶ ἡ γραφή. Ἀσταρὼθ Καρναείν ̣ ̣. χώρα γιγάντων ὑπὲρ τὴν Σοδομῖτιν, οὓς κατέκοψεν Χοδολλαγόμωρ. καί εἰσιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν δύο κῶμαι ἐπὶ τῆς Βαταναίας τῆς καὶ Βατολούας ἀλλήλων\n\nδιεστῶσαι σημείοις θʹ μεταξὺ Ἀδάρων καὶ Ἀβίλης πόλεως. Ἀρβώ ̣ ̣. «αὕτη ἐστὶ Χεβρών», κώμη νῦν μεγίστη, μητρόπολις οὖσα τὸ παλαιὸν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων, καὶ γιγάντων οἰκητήριον, καὶ βασίλειον μετὰ ταῦτα Δαυίδ. κεκλήρωτο δὲ φυλῇ Ἰούδα, καὶ πόλις ἦν ἱερατική, μία τῶν φυγαδευτηρίων, Αἰλίας ἐκ νότου διεστῶσα σημείοις βʹ πρὸς κʹ. ἡ δρῦς Ἁβραὰμ καὶ τὸ μνῆμα αὐτόθι θεωρεῖται καὶ θρησκεύεται ἐπιφανῶς πρὸς τῶν ἐθνῶν ἡ τερέβινθος καὶ οἱ τῷ Ἁβραὰμ ἐπιξενωθέντες ἄγγελοι. πρότερον δὲ Ἀρβὼ καλουμένη ὕστερον ἐκλήθη Χεβρὼν ἀπὸ Χεβρών, ἑνὸς τῶν υἱῶν Χαλέβ, ὡς ἐν Παραλειπομέναις. Αἰλάμ ̣ ̣. ἐν ἐσχάτοις ἐστὶ Παλαιστίνης παρακειμένη τῇ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν ἐρήμῳ καὶ τῇ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἐρυθρᾷ θαλάσσῃ, πλωτῇ οὔσῃ τοῖς τε ἀπ' Αἰγύπτου περῶσι καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς. ἐγκάθηται δὲ αὐτόθι τάγμα Ῥωμαίων τὸ δέκατον. καλεῖται δὲ νῦν Ἀϊλά. ἦν δὲ καὶ Αἰλαμιτῶν τὸ παλαιὸν ἔθνος. ταύτης ἦν βασιλεὺς Χοδολλαγόμωρ. κεῖται δὲ καὶ ἄλλη ἐν Βασιλείαις Αἰλὰμ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων. Ἀδαμά ̣ μία τῆς Πενταπόλεως Σοδόμων, ἅμα ταῖς λοιπαῖς ἀφανισθεῖσα. Ἀσασὰν Θαμάρ ̣. ἔνθα κατῴκουν οἱ Ἀμορραῖοι, οὓς κατέκοψεν Χοδολλαγόμωρ.","english":"are not far distant from one another. Beth-el lies on the left side of the road when going from Neapolis to Aelia, about the twelfth milestone from Aelia. And Beth-el still remains to this day, but Aggai is a deserted place, shown only as a site. Scripture also calls it Gai. Astaroth Carnaim — a land of giants beyond the Sodomite region, whom Chodollagomor cut down. And there are still to this day two villages in Batanaea, also called Batolua, distant from each other nine milestones between Adara and the city of Abila. Arbo — \"this is Chebron,\" now a very large village, formerly a metropolis of the Philistines, a dwelling-place of giants, and afterwards a royal seat of David. It was allotted to the tribe of Judah, and was a priestly city, one of the cities of refuge, distant from Aelia twenty-two milestones to the south. The oak of Abraham and his tomb are there, and the terebinth and the angels who were entertained by Abraham are conspicuously venerated by the Gentiles. Formerly called Arbo, it was later called Chebron from Chebron, one of the sons of Caleb, as in the Chronicles. Aelam — it is at the extremity of Palestine, adjacent to the desert to the south and to the Red Sea, which is navigable both by those crossing from Egypt and those from India. The tenth legion of Romans is stationed there. It is now called Aila. And there was also the ancient nation of the Aelamites. Chodollagomor was king of this place. There is also another Aelam in the Books of Kings among the Philistines. Adama — one of the Pentapolis of Sodom, destroyed along with the rest. Asasan Thamar — where the Amorites dwelt, whom Chodollagomor cut down.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαιθὴλ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a topographical description of Bethel and Aggai to a series of place entries (Astaroth Carnaim, Arbo, Aelam, Adama, Asasan Thamar), each introduced by a lemma in the Greek.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀγγαὶ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek Ἀγγαὶ (Aggai) is identified with Γαὶ (Gai) in scripture, reflecting a variant transliteration of the Hebrew place name עַי (Ai).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσταρὼθ Καρναείν","severity":"info","text":"Astaroth Carnaim is glossed as a land of giants, linking to the biblical tradition of the Rephaim and the conquest by Chodollagomor (Chedorlaomer), a king from Genesis 14.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Χεβρὼν","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Arbo/Chebron notes the name change from Arbo to Chebron after Chebron, one of the sons of Caleb, as in the Chronicles (1 Chronicles 2:42-43).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Αἰλάμ","severity":"info","text":"Aelam is identified with the Roman garrison of the tenth legion at Aila (modern Aqaba), showing Eusebius' integration of contemporary Roman military geography with biblical toponyms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσασὰν Θαμάρ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry Asasan Thamar is obscure; the Greek text may be corrupt or a conflation of two sites (Asason and Thamar), and the identification with the Amorites is not directly paralleled in extant biblical sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna or unclear punctuation after Ἀσταρὼθ Καρναείν, possibly indicating a missing lemma or gloss.","The phrase 'Ἀσασὰν Θαμάρ' may represent two separate place names or a single compound; the Coptic cues do not resolve this."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"παράκειται τῇ ἐρήμῳ Κάδης. λέγεται δέ τις Θαμαρὰ κώμη διεστῶσα Μάψις ἡμέρας ὁδόν, ἀπιόντων ἀπὸ Χεβρὼν εἰς Ἀϊλάμ, ἥτις νῦν φρούριόν ἐστι τῶν στρατιωτῶν. Ἀλουά ̣ ̣. χώρα ἡγεμόνων Ἐδὼμ ἐν τῇ νῦν Γεβαληνῇ, Πέτρᾳ τῇ πόλει παρακειμένη. Αἰνάν ̣ ̣, «ἥ ἐστιν ἐν παρόδῳ Θαμνά». ἔρημος νῦν τόπος ἐστὶν ἡ Ἀϊνάν, παρακείμενος τῇ Θαμνᾷ εἰς δεῦρο οἰκουμένῃ μεγίστῃ κώμῃ, κειμένῃ μεταξὺ Αἰλίας καὶ Διοσπόλεως. πηγὴ δὲ ἔστιν ἐν τῷ Αἰνὰν λεγομένῳ τόπῳ, παρ' ᾗ εἴδωλον ἦν παρὰ τῶν ἐγχωρίων τιμώμενον. Ἅλων Ἀτάδ ̣ ̣. «ὅ ἐστιν πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου», ἔνθαἐκόψαντο τὸν Ἰακώβ. διέστηκεν ὁ τόπος Ἱεριχοῦς τρισὶ σημείοις, ὡς ἀπὸ δύο σημείων τοῦ Ἰορδάνου. καὶ νῦν καλεῖται Βηθαγλά, ὅπερ ἑρμηνεύεται τόπος κύκλου διὰ τὸ ἐκεῖ κοπτομένους τὸν Ἰακὼβ κυκλοῦν. Ἐξόδου. Αἰλίμ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα «δώδεκα πηγαὶ ὑδάτων καὶ οʹ στελέχη φοινίκων». σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Αἰλούς ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Ἀσηρώθ ̣ ̣. μέρος τῆς ἐρήμου, ἔνθα «Μαριὰμ καὶ Ἀαρὼν» κατελάλησαν Μωϋσέως. κατῴκουν δὲ «οἱ Εὐαῖοι» «ἐν Ἀσηρὼθ ἕως Γάζης». Ἀσεμωνά ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Ἀηθαρίμ ̣ ̣. Ἀκʹ Συʹ ὁδὸς τῶν κατασκόπων, ἔνθα «ὁ Χαναναῖος ὁ καθήμενος εἰς τὸν νότον» ἐπελθὼν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ πολεμεῖται. Αἰὴ ̣ 11̣ ἡ καὶ Ἀχελγαί. Σʹ ἐν τοῖς βουνοῖς. αὕτη λέγεται εἶναι «κατὰ πρόσωπον Μωάβ», τῆς Ἀρεοπόλεως, «κατὰ ἀνατολάς». Ἀρνών ̣ ̣. «τὸ ἐξέχον ἀπὸ τῶν ὁρίων τῶν Ἀμορραίων». κεῖται δὲ μεταξὺ «Μωὰβ καὶ τοῦ Ἀμορραίου». καὶ ἔστιν «ὅριον Μωάβ», ἥτις ἐστὶν Ἀρεόπολις τῆς Ἀραβίας.","english":"lies near the desert of Kades. There is also a certain village called Thamara, a day's journey distant from Mapsis, when going from Chebron to Ailam, which is now a garrison of soldiers. Aloua: a region of the governors of Edom in what is now Gebalene, lying near the city of Petra. Ainan: \"which is on the way to Thamna.\" Ainan is now a deserted place, lying near Thamna, which is to this day a very large inhabited village, situated between Aelia and Diospolis. There is a spring in the place called Ainan, beside which there was an idol honored by the locals. Helon Atad: \"which is beyond the Jordan,\" where they mourned for Jacob. The place is three milestones distant from Jericho, and about two milestones from the Jordan. And it is now called Bethagla, which is interpreted as \"place of the circle\" because those mourning for Jacob would circle there. Exodus: Ailim: where there are \"twelve springs of water and seventy palm trunks.\" A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Ailous: a station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Numbers and Deuteronomy: Aseroth: a part of the desert, where \"Mariam and Aaron\" spoke against Moses. And \"the Evaeans\" dwelt \"in Aseroth as far as Gaza.\" Asemona: a station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Aetharim: Aquila and Symmachus: \"the way of the spies,\" where \"the Canaanite who dwells in the south\" came against Israel in the desert and was fought. Aie: also called Achelga. Symmachus: \"among the hills.\" This is said to be \"opposite Moab,\" of Areopolis, \"toward the east.\" Arnon: \"the projection from the borders of the Amorites.\" It lies between \"Moab and the Amorite.\" And it is \"the border of Moab,\" which is Areopolis of Arabia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαμαρὰ","severity":"info","text":"Thamara is identified as a village a day's journey from Mapsis, now a Roman garrison, linking biblical geography to contemporary military sites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ἀλουά","severity":"info","text":"Aloua is glossed as a region of Edomite governors in Gebalene, near Petra, reflecting Eusebius' use of contemporary provincial names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Αἰλίμ","severity":"info","text":"Ailim is cited with the phrase 'twelve springs of water and seventy palm trunks,' echoing Exodus 15:27, as a station of Israel in the desert.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἀσηρώθ","severity":"info","text":"Aseroth is linked to the murmuring of Miriam and Aaron against Moses (Numbers 12) and the Evaeans dwelling there to Gaza, showing Eusebius' integration of narrative and geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀηθαρίμ","severity":"info","text":"Aetharim is rendered by Aquila and Symmachus as 'the way of the spies,' indicating Eusebius' use of Hexaplaric readings for toponym interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Αἰνάν","severity":"caution","text":"Ainan is described as a deserted place with a spring and idol, but the Greek text has a lacuna after Αἰνάν, and the source of the quoted phrase is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna after Αἰνάν, and the source of the phrase 'ἥ ἐστιν ἐν παρόδῳ Θαμνά' is uncertain.","The identification of Ἀλουά with a specific region in Edom is based on Eusebius' contemporary geography, which may not align with modern scholarship."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"δείκνυται δὲ εἰς ἔτι νῦν τόπος φαραγγώδης σφόδρα χαλεπὸς ὁ Ἀρνωνᾶς ὀνομαζόμενος, παρατείνων ἐπὶ τὰ βόρεια τῆς Ἀρεοπόλεως, ἐν ᾧ καὶ φρούρια πανταχόθεν φυλάττει στρατιωτικὰ διὰ τὸ φοβερὸν τοῦ τόπου. τὸ παλαιὸν δὲ ἦν Σηὼν τοῦ τῶν Ἀμορραίων βασιλέως ἀφελομένου αὐτὴν τοὺς Μωαβίτας. ἐντεῦθεν γέγονε τῆς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ κατασχέσεως τὰ ἐπέκεινα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου ὅρια, παρατείνοντα ἀπὸ Ἀρνὼν ἕως ὄρους Ἀερμὼν καὶ Λιβάνου. Ἄρ ̣ ̣. τόπος τοῦ Ἀρνωνᾶ, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Οʹ Ἢρ ὀνομάζεται. Ἀησιμών ̣ ̣. τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου. Ἀβελσαττείν ̣ ̣. τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου «κατὰ δυσμὰς Μωάβ». Ἀζώρ ̣ ̣. «ὅριον υἱῶν Ἀμμᾶν» τῆς καὶ Φιλαδελφίας, διορίζον αὐτήν τε καὶ τὴν τῶν Ἀμορραίων χώραν. καὶ ἔστιν ἀπὸ ὀκτὼ σημείων Φιλαδελφίας ἐν δυσμαῖς Ἀζήρ κώμη, ἣ καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν διαμένει. Ἀροήρ ̣ 3, 12; 4, 48̣, «ἥ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ χείλους χειμάρρου Ἀρνών». πόλις Μωάβ, ἣν εἶχόν ποτε «οἱ Ὀμμείν», ἔθνος ἀρχαῖον, ὃ ἀνεῖλον οἱ υἱοὶ Λὼτ οἱ ἀπὸ Μωάβ. καὶ δείκνυται εἰς δεῦρο ἐπ' ὀφρύος τοῦ ὄρους κειμένη, ὅ τε χειμάρρους ὁ διὰ τῆς φάραγγος ἐπὶ τὴν","english":"A place is still shown to this day, a very rugged ravine called Arnonas, extending to the north of Areopolis, in which military garrisons guard from all sides because of the terror of the place. In ancient times it belonged to Seon, king of the Amorites, who had taken it from the Moabites. From here began the boundaries of the possession of the sons of Israel beyond the Jordan, extending from Arnon to Mount Aermon and Libanus. Ar: a place of Arnonas, but by the Septuagint it is called Er. Aesimon: a place of the desert. Abelsattein: a place of the desert \"to the west of Moab.\" Azor: \"the boundary of the sons of Ammon,\" that is also of Philadelphia, separating it and the land of the Amorites. And there is a village called Azer, eight milestones from Philadelphia to the west, which still remains to this day. Aroer: \"which is on the lip of the winter torrent Arnon.\" A city of Moab, which once belonged to \"the Ommein,\" an ancient people, whom the sons of Lot, those from Moab, destroyed. And it is shown to this day lying on the brow of the mountain, and the winter torrent that runs through the ravine to the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἀρνωνᾶς","severity":"info","text":"The Arnon (Wadi Mujib) was a major river in Moab, forming the traditional northern boundary of Moabite territory. Its rugged canyon made it a strategic military site.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρνωνᾶς","severity":"info","text":"The Arnon is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament as a boundary, e.g., Numbers 21:13–15, where it marks the limit of Israelite conquest under Moses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄρ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies Ar as a place of the Arnon, noting the Septuagint renders it as Er. This reflects a variant transliteration of the Hebrew עָר.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἀζώρ","severity":"info","text":"Azor (or Azer) is a site on the border between Ammonite and Amorite territory, eight milestones west of Philadelphia (modern Amman). This reflects Roman road distances.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀροήρ","severity":"info","text":"Aroer is a Moabite city on the edge of the Arnon gorge, mentioned in Deuteronomy 2:36 and 3:12, 4:48. The phrase 'on the lip of the winter torrent Arnon' echoes the biblical description.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"οἱ Ὀμμείν","severity":"info","text":"The 'Ommein' are an ancient people mentioned only here in the Onomasticon; the name may derive from Hebrew עַם (people) or a tribal designation. Eusebius records their destruction by the sons of Lot (Moabites).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of the Coptic lemma for 'Ar' is uncertain due to a lacuna in the manuscript; the Greek has Ἄρ ̣ ̣, suggesting a missing letter or abbreviation.","The identity of the 'Ommein' is obscure; no other ancient source clearly corroborates this people group."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"νεκρὰν θάλασσαν ἐκπίπτων. γέγονεν δὲ ἡ Ἀροὴρ κλήρου φυλῆς Γάδ, καὶ λέγεται εἶναι «κατὰ πρόσωπον Ῥαββά». Ἀσταρώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀρχαία τοῦ Ὤγ, ἐν ᾗ κατῴκουν οἱ γίγαντες, ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. παράκειται δὲ ἐν τῇ Βαταναίᾳ Ἀδραᾷ πόλει τῆς Ἀραβίας ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ἕξ. ἡ δὲ Ἀδραὰ τῆς Βόστρης διέστηκε σημείοις κεʹ. κεῖται δὲ καὶ ἀνωτέρω Ἀσταρὼθ Καρναείν. Ἀγροῦ σκοπιά ̣ ̣. ὄρος Μωάβ, ἐν ᾧ ἤγαγεν Βαλὰκ τὸν Βαλαὰμ «ἐπὶ κορυφὴν τοῦ λελαξευμένου», ὑπερκείμενον τῆς νεκρᾶς θαλάσσης. ὃ καὶ εἰς ἔτι δείκνυται οὐ μακρὰν τοῦ Ἀρνῶνος διεστός. Ἀραβὼθ Μωάβ ̣ ̣, ἔνθα δεύτερον ἠριθμήθη ὁ λαός. Ἀʹ πρὸς ὁμαλὰ Μωάβ, Σʹ ἐπὶ τὴν πεδιάδα τῆς Μωάβ, «ἥ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου κατὰ Ἱεριχώ». καὶ ἔστι τόπος εἰς δεῦρο δεικνύμενος παρὰ τῷ ὄρει Φογώρ, ὃ παράκειται ἀνιόντων ἀπὸ Λιβιάδος ἐπὶ Ἐσβοῦν τῆς Ἀραβίας ἀντικρὺ Ἱεριχώ. Ἀραβά ̣ ?̣. Ἀκʹ ἐν ὁμαλῇ, Συʹ ἐν τῇ πεδιάδι, Θεοδʹ ἐν δυσμαῖς, Συʹ πάλιν ἐν τῇ ἀοικήτῳ. Ἀσταρώθ πόλις τὸ παλαιὸν τοῦ Ἀμορραίου ἐν τῇ Περαίᾳ, ἣ γέγονεν κλήρου φυλῆς Γάδ. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Ἀσταρὼθ υἱὸς Σαλμὼ ἢ Σαλομῶνος, ὡς ἐν Παραλειπομέναις. Ἀσταρὼθ Σωφάρ ̣ ̣. πόλις καὶ αὐτὴ φυλῆς Γάδ. Ἀράδ ̣; 34, 4̣. πόλις Ἀμορραίων παρακειμένη τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῇ καλουμένῃ Κάδης. καὶ ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη ἀπὸ τετάρτου σημείου Μαλααθῶν, τῆς δὲ Χεβρὼν ἀπὸ κʹ. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀσεμωνά ̣ ̣. πόλις ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἀπὸ νότου τῆς Ἰουδαίας, διορίζουσα Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὴν εἰς θάλασσαν διέξοδον. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω σταθμός. Ἀκραββείν ̣ 34, 4̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἀνατολικόν, φυλῆς Ἰούδα.","english":"flowing into the Dead Sea. Aroer became an allotment of the tribe of Gad, and is said to be \"opposite Rabbah.\" Ashtaroth. An ancient city of Og, in which the giants dwelt, which became an allotment of the tribe of Manasseh. It lies near Adraa in Batanaea, a city of Arabia, about six miles away. Adraa is twenty-five miles distant from Bostra. Ashtaroth Karnaim is also located further up. The Watchtower of the Field. A mountain of Moab, where Balak led Balaam \"to the top of the hewn rock,\" overlooking the Dead Sea. It is still shown to this day, not far from the Arnon. Araboth Moab, where the people were numbered a second time. Aquila: \"toward the plains of Moab\"; Symmachus: \"on the plain of Moab,\" \"which is by the Jordan opposite Jericho.\" And there is a place still shown to this day by Mount Phogor, which lies on the way up from Libias to Esbon of Arabia, opposite Jericho. Araba. Aquila: \"in the plain\"; Symmachus: \"in the plain\"; Theodotion: \"in the west\"; Symmachus again: \"in the uninhabited land.\" Ashtaroth, a city formerly of the Amorite in Peraea, which became an allotment of the tribe of Gad. It was called Ashtaroth son of Salmo or Solomon, as in Chronicles. Ashtaroth Sophar. A city also of the tribe of Gad. Arad. A city of the Amorites lying near the wilderness called Kadesh. And it is still now a village, four miles from Malaathim, and twenty from Chebron. Of the tribe of Judah. Asemona. A city in the wilderness south of Judaea, marking the boundary of Egypt and the passage to the sea. Of the tribe of Judah. It is also located further up as a station. Akrabbein. The eastern border of Judaea, of the tribe of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσταρώθ","severity":"info","text":"Ashtaroth is identified as an ancient city of Og, associated with giants, and later an allotment of Manasseh. The entry distinguishes it from other places named Ashtaroth in the list.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀγροῦ σκοπιά","severity":"info","text":"The Watchtower of the Field is linked to the biblical narrative of Balak and Balaam (Numbers 22–24), specifically the 'top of the hewn rock' overlooking the Dead Sea. Eusebius notes it is still shown near the Arnon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀραβὼθ Μωάβ","severity":"info","text":"Araboth Moab is where the people were numbered a second time, referencing Numbers 26:63 (LXX) or a similar census. The entry cites Aquila and Symmachus for the translation 'plain of Moab'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσταρὼθ Σωφάρ","severity":"info","text":"Ashtaroth Sophar is listed as a separate city of the tribe of Gad, distinct from the earlier Ashtaroth. This reflects the Onomasticon's method of cataloging multiple sites with similar names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀράδ","severity":"info","text":"Arad is described as a city of the Amorites near the wilderness of Kadesh, still a village in Eusebius's time, four miles from Malaathim and twenty from Chebron. This shows the persistence of biblical sites into the Roman period.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσεμωνά","severity":"caution","text":"Asemona is said to be a city in the wilderness south of Judaea, marking the boundary of Egypt and the passage to the sea. The phrase 'also located further up as a station' may indicate a textual variant or a different site with the same name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna after Ἀσταρώθ (marked with dots), and the phrase 'Ἀσταρὼθ υἱὸς Σαλμὼ ἢ Σαλομῶνος' is ambiguous: it may refer to a person named Ashtaroth son of Salmo or Solomon, or to a place named after such a figure. The reading taken follows the English draft as a place name.","The entry for Ἀραβά includes multiple translations from Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, but the Greek is fragmentary; the English draft resolves this by listing them sequentially."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"καὶ κώμη δέ ἐστιν μεγίστη διεστῶσα Νέας πόλεως σημείοις θʹ ἐν ἀνατολαῖς κατιόντων ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην ὡς ἐπὶ Ἱεριχὼ διὰ τῆς καλουμένης Ἀκραβαττίνης. λέγεται δὲ καὶ ὅριον τῶν Ἀμορραίων Ἀκραβείμ, ἀφ' ἧς οὐκ ἐξῆρε τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους ἡ φυλὴ Νεφθαλείμ, ὡς ἐν Κριταῖς. Ἀσαδαδδά ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας βόρειον. Ἀράδ ̣ ̣. ὅριον καὶ αὐτὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας. ἀπέχει δὲ Χεβρῶνος σημείοις κʹ πρὸς νότον. κεῖται ἀνωτέρω. Ἀσαρηνάν ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας βόρειον. Ἀσερνά ̣ ̣. ὅριον καὶ αὐτὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας. Ἀρβηλά ̣ ̣. ὅριον ἀνατολικὸν τῆς Ἰουδαίας. ἔστι δὲ κώμη τις Ἀρβηλὰ πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου ἐν ὁρίοις Πέλλης πόλεως Παλαιστίνης. καὶ ἄλλη δὲ Ἀρβηλὰ κεῖται ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ πεδίῳ, τῆς Λεγεῶνος διεστῶσα σημείοις θʹ. Αὐλών ̣ ̣. πεδιὰς μεγάλη ἐπιμήκης ὁ Αὐλὼν εἰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν καλεῖται. αὕτη δὲ περιέχεται ὄρεσιν ἑκατέρωθεν, παρατείνουσιν ἔκ τε τοῦ Λιβάνου καὶ ἔτι ἄνωθεν ἐπὶ τὴν ἔρημον Φαράν. εἰσὶν δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ Αὐλῶνος πόλεις ἐπίσημοι Τιβεριὰς καὶ ἡ πρὸς αὐτῇ λίμνη, Σκυθόπολις, Ἱεριχὼ καὶ ἡ νεκρὰ θάλασσα αἵ τε περὶ αὐτὰς χῶραι, ὧν μέσος ὁ Ἰορδάνης φέρεται, ἐξιὼν μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ Πανεάδα πηγῶν, εἰς δὲ τὴν νεκρὰν θάλασσαν ἀφανιζόμενος. Ἀμαληκῖτις (?). χώρα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῇ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ὑπερκειμένη τῆς νῦν καλουμένης Πέτρας πόλεως, ἀπιόντων εἰς Ἀϊλά. ἐπισημαίνεται δὲ καὶ ἡ γραφὴ λέγουσα «Ἀμαλὴκ δὲ κατοικεῖ ἐν τῇ γῇ πρὸς νότον». ἐκ γειτόνων δὲ αὐτῶν ἄλλος Χαναναῖος ὑπῆρχεν, ὁ καὶ πολεμήσας τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου.","english":"And there is also a very large village, nine milestones distant from Neapolis to the east, as one goes down toward the Jordan toward Jericho through the place called Akrabattine. And Akrabeim is said to be a boundary of the Amorites, from which the tribe of Naphtali did not drive out the foreigners, as in Judges. Asadadda. A northern boundary of Judaea. Arad. Also a boundary of Judaea. It is twenty milestones distant from Hebron to the south. It is mentioned above. Asarenan. A northern boundary of Judaea. Aserna. Also a boundary of Judaea. Arbel. An eastern boundary of Judaea. And there is a certain village, Arbel, beyond the Jordan in the territory of the city of Pella in Palestine. And another Arbel lies in the great plain, nine milestones distant from Legio. Aulon. The great elongated plain is still called Aulon. This is enclosed by mountains on both sides, extending from Lebanon and further above to the desert of Pharan. And on the Aulon are notable cities: Tiberias and the lake beside it, Scythopolis, Jericho, and the Dead Sea, and the regions around them, through the middle of which the Jordan flows, issuing from the springs near Paneas and disappearing into the Dead Sea. Amalekitis. A region in the desert to the south of Judaea, lying above the city now called Petra, as one goes toward Aila. And the Scripture also indicates this, saying, \"And Amalek dwells in the land to the south.\" And neighboring them was another Canaanite, who also fought against the sons of Israel in the desert.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀκραβαττίνης","severity":"info","text":"Akrabattine is a toponym derived from Hebrew 'aqrab (scorpion), referring to a region or pass near Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀκραβείμ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius references Judges 1:36, where Akrabeim is a boundary of the Amorites not fully conquered by Naphtali.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Αὐλών","severity":"info","text":"Aulon is the Greek name for the Jordan Valley, described as a long plain between Lebanon and the desert of Pharan, with key cities like Tiberias and Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀμαληκῖτις","severity":"info","text":"Amalekitis is a desert region south of Judaea, near Petra, associated with the biblical Amalekites; Eusebius cites a scriptural phrase (cf. Numbers 13:29).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρβηλά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius distinguishes two places named Arbel: one east of the Jordan near Pella, another in the great plain near Legio, showing his method of disambiguating homonyms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσαδαδδά","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Asadadda is corrupt in the manuscript, with a lacuna indicated by dots; its location as a northern boundary of Judaea is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entries for Asadadda, Arad, Asarenan, and Aserna are fragmentary, with missing coordinates or descriptions; the reading assumes they are boundary markers of Judaea based on the English draft.","The identification of Amalekitis with a specific biblical passage is implicit; the scriptural quote may be a paraphrase rather than a direct citation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ὃ καὶ αὐτὸ μαρτυρεῖ ἡ γραφὴ λέγουσα «ὁ δὲ Ἀμαλὴκ καὶ οἱ Χαναναῖοι κατοικοῦσιν ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι». Ἀραβά ̣ ̣ Ἀʹ ὁμαλή, Σʹ πεδιάς. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. ἔστι δὲ καὶ κώμη καλουμένη Ἀραβὰ ἐν ὁρίοις Διοκαισαρείας, καὶ ἀπὸ τριῶν σημείων Σκυθοπόλεως ἄλλη πρὸς δυσμάς. Ἀμμᾶν ̣ 2, 19̣. ἡ νῦν Φιλαδελφία, πόλις ἐπίσημος τῆς Ἀραβίας. «κατῴκουν» δὲ αὐτὴν «πρότερον οἱ Ῥαφαείν», ἔθνος ἀρχαῖον, ὅπερ ἀνεῖλον οἱ υἱοὶ Λὼτ οἱ ἀπὸ Ἀμμᾶν. Ἀργόβ ̣ ̣. χώρα «βασιλείας Ὢγ» ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην, ἣν ἔλαβον οἱ ἀπὸ φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. κεῖται δὲ εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη πέριξ Γέρασαν πόλιν τῆς Ἀραβίας ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ιεʹ πρὸς δυσμάς, καλεῖται δὲ νῦν Ἐργά. ἑρμηνεύει δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ Σύμμαχος περίμετρον. Ἀσηδώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις τῶν Ἀμορραίων, ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ῥουβίν.\n\nλέγεται δὲ Ἀσηδὼθ Φασγώ, ὅ ἐστι λαξευτή. Ἀβαρείμ ̣ ̣. ὅρος ἐν ᾧ Μωϋσῆς τελευτᾷ. λέγεται δὲ εἶναι «ὄρος Ναβαῦ ὅ ἐστιν ἐν γῇ Μωὰβ ἀντικρὺ Ἱεριχὼ» ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην «ἐπὶ κορυφὴν Φασγώ», καὶ δείκνυται ἀνιόντων ἀπὸ Λιβιάδος ἐπὶ Ἐσβοῦν τῷ αὐτῷ ὀνόματι καλούμενον πλησίον τοῦ Φογὸρ ὄρους οὕτως καὶ εἰς δεῦρο χρηματίζοντος, ἔνθεν καὶ ἡ χώρα εἰς ἔτι νῦν ὀνομάζεται Φασγώ. Αὐὼθ Ἰαείρ ̣ ̣, ἐπαύλεις Ἰαείρ. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ Βασάν. εἰσὶ δὲ κῶμαι Ἰαεὶρ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Γαλαάδ, ἃς ἔλαβε τὸ ἥμισυ φυλῆς Μανασσῆ· καί εἰσιν ἐν τῇ καλουμένῃ Γωνίᾳ τῆς Βαταναίας. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναυῆ. Ἀντιλίβανος ̣ ̣. τὰ ὑπὲρ τὸν Λίβανον πρὸς ἀνατολὰς πρὸς τὴν Δαμασκηνῶν χώραν. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. Ἄζηκα ̣ ̣. πόλις τῶν Χαναναίων, μέχρις ἧς κατεδίωξεν Ἰησοῦς τοὺς εʹ βασιλεῖς, ἥτις γέγονε φυλῆς Ἰούδα.","english":"which the scripture also attests, saying, \"And Amalek and the Canaanites dwell in the valley.\" Araba: A, level; S, plain. It is also mentioned above. And there is also a village called Araba in the territory of Diocaesarea, and another three milestones from Scythopolis to the west. Amman: 2, 19. The present Philadelphia, a notable city of Arabia. \"The Rephaim,\" an ancient people, \"formerly dwelt\" in it, whom the sons of Lot from Amman destroyed. Argob: A region \"of the kingdom of Og\" beyond the Jordan, which the half-tribe of Manasseh took. And there is still now a village around the city of Gerasa of Arabia, about fifteen milestones to the west, and it is now called Erga. Symmachus interprets it as \"circumference.\" Asedoth: A city of the Amorites, which became of the tribe of Reuben. And Asedoth Phasga is said to be hewn. Abarim: A mountain where Moses dies. And it is said to be \"Mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab opposite Jericho\" beyond the Jordan \"on the summit of Phasga,\" and it is shown to those going up from Libias to Esbon, called by the same name near Mount Phogor, which is so named to this day, whence the region is still now called Phasga. Avoth Jair: Hamlets of Jair. This is Bashan. And there are villages of Jair in Mount Galaad, which the half-tribe of Manasseh took; and they are in the so-called Gonia of Batanaea. From Joshua the son of Nun. Antilibanus: The parts beyond Libanus to the east toward the territory of the Damascenes. Tribe of Manasseh. Azeca: A city of the Canaanites, to which Joshua pursued the five kings, which became of the tribe of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀραβά","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text gives two interpretations: A' (Aquila) renders it 'level' (ὁμαλή), and S' (Symmachus) 'plain' (πεδιάς). The entry also notes a village named Araba in the territory of Diocaesarea and another three milestones west of Scythopolis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀμμᾶν","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites the biblical tradition that the Rephaim, an ancient people, formerly dwelt in Amman (Philadelphia) and were destroyed by the sons of Lot from Amman, alluding to Genesis 14:5 and Deuteronomy 2:19–20.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀργόβ","severity":"info","text":"Argob is identified as a region 'of the kingdom of Og' beyond the Jordan, taken by the half-tribe of Manasseh. A village now called Erga, about fifteen milestones west of Gerasa of Arabia, is noted; Symmachus interprets the name as 'circumference' (περίμετρον).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀβαρείμ","severity":"info","text":"The entry identifies Abarim as the mountain where Moses dies, equating it with Mount Nebo in Moab opposite Jericho, on the summit of Phasga. It notes that the name Phasga is still used for the region, and the site is shown to travelers from Libias to Esbon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Αὐὼθ Ἰαείρ","severity":"info","text":"The entry explains that Avoth Jair ('hamlets of Jair') is Bashan, with villages in Mount Galaad taken by the half-tribe of Manasseh, located in the so-called Gonia of Batanaea. The phrase 'From Joshua the son of Nun' likely marks a source or section heading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσηδὼθ Φασγώ","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text states 'Asedoth Phasga is said to be hewn' (λαξευτή), but the precise meaning is uncertain; it may refer to a rock-cut feature or a topographical description. The entry does not clarify whether this is a place-name or a descriptive phrase.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'Ἀραβά' as a place-name is ambiguous: it may refer to the general region of the Arabah or to a specific village; Eusebius notes it is also mentioned above, but the reference is unclear.","The phrase 'Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναυῆ' at the end of the Avoth Jair entry is ambiguous—it may indicate a source citation or a section marker, but its function is not explained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"καλεῖται δὲ καὶ νῦν Ἄζηκα κώμη ἀναμέσον Ἐλευθεροπόλεως καὶ Αἰλίας. Αἰλώμ ̣ ̣. φάραγξ, καθ' ἣν ἔστη «ἡ σελήνη» εὐξαμένου Ἰησοῦ ἐγγὺς κώμης ἔτι νῦν Αἰλὼν καλουμένης, ἐξ ἀνατολῶν Βαιθήλ, σημείοις τρισὶ διεστῶσα. παράκεινται δὲ αὐτῇ Γαβαὰ καὶ Ῥαμαὰ πόλεις Σαούλ. Ἀχώρ ̣ ̣. κοιλὰς Ἀχὼρ καλουμένη, ἔνθα ἐλιθοβόλησαν τὸν Ἀχώρ, κλέψαντα τὸ ἀνάθεμα. παρ' ὃ καὶ Ἀχὼρ ὠνομάσθη. κεῖται δὲ ἐν βορείοις Ἱεριχώ, καὶ οὕτω εἰς ἔτι νῦν καλεῖται πρὸς τῶν ἐπιχωρίων. Ἀσηδώθ ̣ ̣. ἄλλη αὕτη πόλις, ἣν ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. Ἀσώρ ̣ ̣. πόλις βασιλείας Ἰαβείν, ἣν μόνην ἐνέπρησεν Ἰησοῦς, ὅτι αὕτη ἦν μόνη «ἄρχουσα πασῶν τῶν βασιλειῶν» τῶν ἀλλοφύλων. ἔστι δὲ καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη λεγομένη Ἀσὼρ ἐν ὁρίοις Ἀσκαλῶνος τοῖς εἰς ἀνατολάς, ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ οἶδεν ἡ γραφὴ Ἀσὼρ τὴν καινήν. Ἀερμών ̣ ̣. χώρα τῶν Εὐαίων, ἣν κατέσχεν Ἰησοῦς. Ἀλὰκ ὄρους ̣ ̣. Ἀκύλας μερίζοντος τοῦ ὄρους, Σʹ λείου ὄρους. ὄρος ἐπὶ Πανεάδα. Ἀερμών ̣ ̣. ὄρος τῶν Ἀμορραίων, ὃ καλοῦσι Φοίνικες Σανιώρ, ὁ δὲ Ἀμορραῖος ἐκάλει «αὐτὸ Σανίρ». φασὶν δὲ εἰς ἔτι νῦν Ἀερμὼν ὄρος ὀνομάζεσθαι καὶ ὡς ἱερὸν τιμᾶσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν, καταντικρὺ Πανεάδος καὶ τοῦ Λιβάνου. ἦν δὲ τὰ ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην καὶ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ὅρια τῆς κατασχέσεως τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ μέχρις «ὄρους Ἀερμὼν» «ἀπὸ φάραγγος τοῦ Ἀρνωνᾶ». Ἀνώβ ̣ ̣. πόλις, ἣν ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη περὶ Διόσπολιν ἀπὸ σημείων τεσσάρων πρὸς ἀνατολάς, ἣ καλεῖται Βετοαννάβα. Ἀσδὼδ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ἄζωτος. ἐν ᾗ κατελείφθησαν οἱ Ἐνακείμ, ἣ νῦν ἐστι πολίχνη ἐπίσημος τῆς Παλαιστίνης.","english":"And now also Azeca is called a village between Eleutheropolis and Aelia. Ailom: a ravine, where \"the moon\" stood still at the prayer of Joshua near a village still now called Ailon, east of Bethel, distant by three milestones. And adjacent to it are Gaba and Rama, cities of Saul. Achor: a valley called Achor, where they stoned Achor, who stole the anathema. And from this it was named Achor. It lies north of Jericho, and is still called thus by the local inhabitants. Asedoth: another city, which Joshua besieged, having slain its king. Asor: a city of the kingdom of Jabin, which alone Joshua burned, because this alone was \"ruling over all the kingdoms\" of the foreigners. And there is still now a village called Asor in the eastern borders of Ascalon, which became of the tribe of Judah. And scripture also knows a new Asor. Aermon: the land of the Hevites, which Joshua took. Alac of the mountain: Aquila renders \"dividing of the mountain,\" Symmachus \"smooth mountain.\" A mountain near Paneas. Aermon: a mountain of the Amorites, which the Phoenicians call Sanior, and the Amorite called \"it Sanir.\" And they say that still now a mountain is named Aermon and is honored as a sacred place by the nations, opposite Paneas and Libanus. And these were the boundaries beyond the Jordan and toward the east of the possession of the sons of Israel as far as \"Mount Aermon\" \"from the ravine of Arnon.\" Anob: a city which Joshua besieged, and it is now a village near Diospolis, four milestones to the east, which is called Betoannaba. Asdod: also called Azotus, in which the Enakim were left, which is now a notable small town of Palestine.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Αἰλώμ","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Αἰλώμ is a toponym; the Greek text glosses it as φάραγξ (ravine) and connects it to a village still called Ailon east of Bethel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀχώρ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ἀχώρ alludes to the narrative of Achan (Achor) in Joshua 7, where the stealing of the anathema led to stoning and the naming of the valley.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσὼρ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes a village called Asor in the eastern borders of Ascalon, assigned to the tribe of Judah, and distinguishes it from a 'new Asor' known from scripture.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀερμών","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Mount Aermon (Hermon) reports that it is still honored as a sacred place by the nations, opposite Paneas and Libanus, reflecting late antique cultic veneration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀλὰκ ὄρους","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius cites Aquila's rendering 'dividing of the mountain' and Symmachus' 'smooth mountain' for the toponym Ἀλὰκ ὄρους, showing variant Septuagintal interpretations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσδώδ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ἀσδώδ (Asdod, also Azotus) concludes the passage with a brief note on the Enakim and its status as a notable small town, typical of Eusebius' pattern of location and current condition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna after Αἰλώμ (marked ̣ ̣), leaving the exact form uncertain; the translation supplies 'Ailom' as a reading.","The phrase 'ἡ σελήνη' (the moon) in the Ailom entry is a quotation from an unspecified source, possibly a lost tradition about Joshua's prayer."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ἦν δὲ κλήρου φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἄδερ ̣ ̣. πόλις, ἣν ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. Ἀφέκ ̣ ̣. πόλις, ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. Ἀκσάφ ̣ 20̣. καὶ ταύτης τὸν βασιλέα ἐπολέμησεν Ἰησοῦς. λέγεται δέ τις κώμη Χσαλοὺς ἐν τῇ πεδιάδι παρὰ τὸ ὄρος Θαβώρ, ἀπέχουσα Διοκαισαρείας σημείοις ηʹ. Ἀκκαρών ̣ 3̣. φυλῆς Δάν, «ἐξ εὐωνύμων τῶν Χαναναίων», πόλις μία τῶν εʹ σατραπειῶν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων, ἣ καὶ ἀφωρίσθη μὲν τῇ φυλῇ Ἰούδα, οὐ μὴν ἐκράτησεν αὐτῆς, ὅτι μὴ ἀνεῖλεν τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ ἀλλοφύλους. ἣ καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη μεγίστη Ἰουδαίων Ἀκκαρὼν καλουμένη ἀναμέσον Ἀζώτου καὶ Ἰαμνίας ἐν τοῖς ἀνατολικοῖς. Ἄζωτος ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ἀσδώδ. πόλις εἰς ἔτι νῦν διαμένουσα τῆς Παλαιστίνης, ἥτις ἦν τὸ παλαιὸν μία τῶν εʹ σατραπειῶν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων. ἣ καὶ ἀφωρίσθη τῷ Ἰούδα, οὐ μὴν ἐκράτησεν αὐτῆς, ὅτι μὴ ἀνεῖλε τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ ἀλλοφύλους. Ἀσκαλών ̣ ̣. ἐπισημοτάτη πόλις τῆς Παλαιστίνης. καὶ αὐτὴ τὸ παλαιὸν ἦν τῶν εʹ σατραπειῶν καὶ ἀφωρίσθη μὲν τῷ Ἰούδα, οὐ μὴν ἐκράτησεν αὐτῆς, ὅτι μὴ ἀνεῖλε τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ ἀλλοφύλους. Ἀφεκά ̣ ̣. ὅριον «τῶν Ἀμορραίων» ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην, ὃ γέγονε φυλῆς Ῥουβίν· καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Ἀφεκὰ λεγομένη μεγάλη περὶ τὴν Ἵππον πόλιν τῆς Παλαιστίνης. Ἀλγάδ ̣ ̣. «ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος τὸ Ἀερμών». Αἰμάθ ̣ ̣. τῆς κοιλάδος πόλις, ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ῥουβίν. λέγεται δὲ καὶ νῦν Ἀμμαθοῦς κώμη ἐν τῇ","english":"It was of the tribe of Judah. Ader: a city which Joshua besieged, having slain its king. Aphek: a city which Joshua also besieged, having slain its king. Aksaph: and this one's king Joshua fought. A certain village called Chsalous is said to be in the plain near Mount Tabor, distant from Diocaesarea by eight miles. Akkaron: of the tribe of Dan, \"on the left of the Canaanites,\" one of the five satrapies of the Philistines, which was assigned to the tribe of Judah, but it did not take possession of it, because it did not slay the Philistines in it. And now it is a very large village of Jews called Akkaron, between Azotus and Jamnia in the east. Azotus: also called Asdod. A city still existing in Palestine, which anciently was one of the five satrapies of the Philistines. It was assigned to Judah, but it did not take possession of it, because it did not slay the Philistines in it. Ascalon: a most notable city of Palestine. This also anciently was one of the five satrapies and was assigned to Judah, but it did not take possession of it, because it did not slay the Philistines in it. Apheka: a boundary \"of the Amorites\" beyond the Jordan, which became of the tribe of Reuben; and now there is a large village called Apheka near the city of Hippus in Palestine. Algad: \"under Mount Aermon.\" Aimath: a city of the valley, which became of the tribe of Reuben. And now also a village called Ammathous is said to be in the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄδερ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ader follows the pattern of a lemma, a brief description, and a biblical reference, typical of the Onomasticon's structure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀκκαρών","severity":"info","text":"Akkaron (Ekron) is identified as one of the five Philistine satrapies, assigned to Judah but not conquered, reflecting a recurring theme in the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀκκαρών","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'on the left of the Canaanites' echoes Joshua 13:3, describing the territory of the Philistines.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄζωτος","severity":"info","text":"Azotus (Ashdod) is noted as a still-existing city in Palestine, one of the five Philistine satrapies, providing contemporary geographical context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσκαλών","severity":"info","text":"Ascalon (Ashkelon) is described as a 'most notable city,' indicating its prominence in Eusebius's time and its reception as a key Philistine site.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀφεκά","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Apheka as a boundary 'of the Amorites' beyond the Jordan may conflate multiple biblical sites; the location near Hippus is a later tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (e.g., Ἄδερ ̣ ̣) where numbers or other details are missing; the English draft supplies 'Ader' but the original may have had a numeral or additional specification.","The phrase 'Χσαλοὺς' (Chsalous) is a variant spelling; its identification with a village near Mount Tabor is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Περαίᾳ τῇ κατωτέρᾳ, Πέλλων διεστῶσα σημείοις καʹ εἰς νότον. καὶ ἄλλη δὲ κώμη πλησίον Γαδάρων ἐστὶν Ἐμμαθᾶ, ἔνθα τὰ τῶν θερμῶν ὑδάτων θερμὰ λουτρά. καὶ ἐν Βασιλείαις εἴρηται· «ἀπὸ εἰσόδου Αἰμὰθ ἕως τῆς θαλάσσης Ἀραβά», ἥ ἐστιν ἡ νεκρά. Ἀμμών ̣ ̣. ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην, πόλις φυλῆς Γάδ. αὕτη ἐστὶν Ἀμμᾶν ἡ καὶ Φιλαδελφία, πόλις ἐπίσημος τῆς Ἀραβίας. Ἀδδαρά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα πρὸς τῇ ἐρήμῳ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη κώμη ὁρίου Διοσπόλεως περὶ τὴν Θαμνιτικὴν οὕτω καλουμένην χώραν ἀπὸ Θαμνὰ κώμης. Ἀκαρκά ̣ ̣. Σʹ τὸ ἔδαφος. κώμη ἐστὶν πρὸς τῇ ἐρήμῳ κειμένη. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀχώρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Ἀδομμίμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη νῦν ἔρημος, ἧς ὁ τόπος καλεῖται Μαληδομνεῖ, κατιόντων ἀπὸ Αἰλίας εἰς Ἱεριχώ, ἔνθα ἐστὶ φρούριον. Ἀμάμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀσέρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καλεῖται δὲ καὶ νῦν Ἀσὲρ κώμη μεγίστη ἀπιόντων ἀπὸ Ἀζώτου εἰς Ἀσκαλῶνα. Ἀσαρσουάλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀΐν ̣ 15, 32̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, ἱερεῦσιν ἀφωρισμένη. ἔστι δὲ κώμη νῦν Βηθανὶν λεγομένη ἀπὸ βʹ σημείων τῆς τερεβίνθου, Χεβρὼν δὲ ἀπὸ τεσσάρων. Ἀσθαώλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη Ἀσθὼ καλουμένη μεταξὺ Ἀζώτου καὶ Ἀσκαλῶνος. Ἀσνά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀδολάμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη νῦν ἐστι μεγίστη πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων δέκα. Ἀδιαθαΐν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. λέγεται δέ τις κώμη Ἀδία περὶ τὴν Γάζαν, καὶ ἄλλη Ἀδιθὰ περὶ Διόσπολιν ἐν ἀνατολαῖς. Ἀδασά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη ἐγγὺς Γουφνῶν. Ἄθερ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀσάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα.","english":"In the lower Peraea, twenty-one milestones distant from Pella to the south. And there is another village near Gadara, Emmatha, where the hot baths of the thermal waters are. And in Kings it is said: \"from the entrance of Aemath to the sea of Araba,\" which is the Dead Sea. Ammon: beyond the Jordan, a city of the tribe of Gad. This is Amman, also called Philadelphia, a notable city of Arabia. Addara: of the tribe of Judah, near the desert. And there is also another village of the district of Diospolis in the so-called Thamnitican country, from the village of Thamna. Akarka: the ground is S. It is a village lying near the desert. Of the tribe of Judah. Achor: of the tribe of Judah. It is also mentioned above. Adommim: of the tribe of Judah. A village now deserted, whose place is called Maledomnei, when descending from Aelia to Jericho, where there is a fortress. Amam: of the tribe of Judah. Aser: of the tribe of Judah. And it is also now called Aser, a very large village when going from Azotus to Ascalon. Asarsoual: of the tribe of Judah. Ain: of the tribe of Judah, assigned to the priests. And it is now a village called Bethanin, two milestones from the terebinth, but four from Chebron. Asthaol: of the tribe of Judah. And it is now a village called Astho, between Azotus and Ascalon. Asna: of the tribe of Judah. Adolam: of the tribe of Judah. It is now a very large village to the east of Eleutheropolis, about ten milestones away. Adiathain: of the tribe of Judah. And a certain village called Adia is said to be near Gaza, and another Aditha near Diospolis in the east. Adasa: of the tribe of Judah. And it is now a village near Gophna. Ather: of the tribe of Judah. Asan: of the tribe of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐμμαθᾶ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek Ἐμμαθᾶ (Emmatha) is a toponym for a village near Gadara known for hot springs; the phrase 'θερμὰ λουτρά' redundantly emphasizes the thermal baths.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Αἰμὰθ","severity":"info","text":"The quotation 'ἀπὸ εἰσόδου Αἰμὰθ ἕως τῆς θαλάσσης Ἀραβά' is from 1 Kings 8:65 (LXX), referring to the extent of Solomon's kingdom; Eusebius identifies 'θάλασσα Ἀραβά' as the Dead Sea.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Φιλαδελφία","severity":"info","text":"Philadelphia (modern Amman) was a city of the Decapolis in Roman Arabia; Eusebius notes its earlier biblical name Ammon and its tribal affiliation with Gad.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαληδομνεῖ","severity":"info","text":"The place name Μαληδομνεῖ (Maledomnei) for Adommim is a Greek transcription of a Semitic compound meaning 'red ascent,' referring to the reddish soil on the road from Aelia (Jerusalem) to Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθανίν","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies the biblical Ain with a village called Bethanin, located two milestones from the terebinth (a famous tree at Mamre) and four from Chebron (Hebron), reflecting late antique pilgrimage topography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"φυλῆς Ἰούδα","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'φυλῆς Ἰούδα' (of the tribe of Judah) organizes this passage as a list of toponyms from the tribal allotment of Judah, a standard structural pattern in the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Akarka includes 'Σʹ τὸ ἔδαφος' (the ground is S), where 'S' may be a numeral or abbreviation; its meaning is uncertain.","The phrase 'Ἀμμών ̣ ̣' has a gap (two dots) in the manuscript, possibly indicating a missing numeral or abbreviation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη Βηθασὰν καλουμένη ἐν ὁρίοις Αἰλίας πρὸς δυσμαῖς ἀπὸ σημείων ι ʹ. Ἀσεννά ̣ 43̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀχζείβ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀνάβ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐν ὁρίοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως. ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀναία ἐστὶ κώμη Ἰουδαίων μεγίστη καλουμένη ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ πρὸς νότον Χεβρὼν ἀπὸ σημείων θʹ. Ἀσθεμώ ̣ 15, 50̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτὴ ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ ἐν βορείοις Ἀνεῶν. Ἀνείμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. ἄλλη Ἀναιὰ πλησίον τῆς προτέρας, ἣ νῦν ὅλη Χριστιανῶν τυγχάνει, οὖσα ἀνατολικὴ τῆς προτέρας. Ἀφακά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀματά ̣ 15, 54̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀρεββά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἀρχιαταρώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Ἰωσήφ. Ἀταρώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Ἀταροὺθ ἐν βορείοις Σεβαστῆς ὡς ἀπὸ δʹ μιλίων. Ἀδάρ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ. Ἀσήρ ̣ 17, 10̣. πόλις φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. καὶ νῦν ἐστιν οὕτω καλουμένη κώμη κατιόντων ἀπὸ Νέας πόλεως ἐπὶ Σκυθόπολιν ἐν πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ σημείῳ πρὸς αὐτῇ τῇ λεωφόρῳ. Ἀταρώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Βενιαμίν. δύο εἰς ἔτι νῦν Ἀταρὼθ περὶ τὴν Αἰλίαν. Ἀναθώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Βενιαμίν, ἱερεῦσιν ἀφωρισμένη περὶ τὴν Αἰλίαν ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων τριῶν. ἐντεῦθεν Ἱερεμίας ὁ προφήτης. Ἀδάρ ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Αἰλμών ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Βενιαμίν, ἱερεῦσιν ἀφωρισμένη. Ἀμεκκασίς ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Αὐείμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Ἀφρά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Αἰφραίμ τῆς Βηθὴλ ἀπὸ σημείων εʹ πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Ἀμμωενία ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Ἀφνεί ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Ἄλφ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Ἀρήμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν.","english":"And now there is a village called Bethasan in the territory of Aelia, to the west, at the tenth milestone. Asenna. Tribe of Judah. Achzeib. Tribe of Judah. Anab. Tribe of Judah. A village still existing in the territory of Eleutheropolis. But also Anaia is a very large village of Jews called in the Daroma, to the south of Hebron, at the ninth milestone. Asthemo. Tribe of Judah. This too is a village in the Daroma, to the north of Aneon. Aneim. Tribe of Judah. Another Anaia near the former, which now is entirely Christian, being east of the former. Aphaka. Tribe of Judah. Amata. Tribe of Judah. Arebbe. Tribe of Judah. Archiataroth. City of the tribe of Joseph. Ataroth. Tribe of Ephraim. And now there is a village Atarouth to the north of Sebaste, about four miles away. Adar. City of the tribe of Ephraim. Aser. City of the tribe of Manasseh. And now there is a village so called, for those going down from Neapolis to Scythopolis, at the fifteenth milestone, right on the highway. Ataroth. City of the allotment of Benjamin. There are still two Ataroth around Aelia. Anathoth. City of the allotment of Benjamin, assigned to priests, about three milestones from Aelia. From here is the prophet Jeremiah. Adar. City of the allotment of Benjamin. Ailmon. City of the allotment of Benjamin, assigned to priests. Ammekasis. City of the allotment of Benjamin. Aueim. Allotment of Benjamin. Aphra. Allotment of Benjamin. And now there is a village Aiphraim of Bethel, at the fifth milestone to the east. Ammoenia. Allotment of Benjamin. Aphnei. Allotment of Benjamin. Alph. Allotment of Benjamin. Arem. Allotment of Benjamin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσεννά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Asenna lacks a distance or modern identification, typical of Eusebius's abbreviated style for less prominent sites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Δαρωμᾷ","severity":"info","text":"Daroma (Δαρωμᾷ) is a region in southern Judaea, often referring to the area around Hebron; Eusebius uses it to locate villages like Anaia and Asthemo.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀναία","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that one of the two villages named Anaia is now entirely Christian, reflecting the demographic shift in Palestine by the early 4th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀναθώθ","severity":"info","text":"Anathoth is identified as the hometown of the prophet Jeremiah, referencing Jeremiah 1:1; Eusebius notes it is three milestones from Aelia (Jerusalem).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσήρ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius records that Aser, a city of Manasseh, is now a village on the highway from Neapolis to Scythopolis at the 15th milestone, showing continuity of settlement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀταρώθ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Ataroth appears twice in this passage (tribe of Ephraim and allotment of Benjamin), possibly reflecting two distinct sites or a scribal duplication; Eusebius notes two Ataroth near Aelia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (e.g., Ἀσεννά ̣ 43̣) where numerals or other details are lost; the English draft omits these numbers.","The phrase 'Ἀναία ἐστὶ κώμη Ἰουδαίων μεγίστη' could mean 'a very large village of Jews' or 'a very large Jewish village'; the translation opts for the former.","The location of 'Aneon' (βορείοις Ἀνεῶν) is uncertain; it may be a variant of Anaia or a separate site."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη περὶ Διόσπολιν Βηθαρὶφ καλουμένη. Ἀμσά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Ἀσάρ ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Συμεών. Ἀσάν ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Ἀμαρχαβώβ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Ἀΐν ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰούδα ἢ Συμεών, πόλις ἱερατική. Ἀσεννά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Ἀμμαθάρ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Ἀνουά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. καὶ ἄλλη δέ ἐστι κώμη Ἀνουὰ πορευομένων ἀπὸ Νέας πόλεως ἐπὶ τὴν Αἰλίαν σημείοις διεστῶσα ιεʹ. Ἀναθών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Ἀχεσελώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. λέγεταί τις κώμη Χσαλοὺς ἐν τῇ πεδιάδι παρὰ τὸ ὄρος Θαβώρ, ἀπέχουσα\n\nΔιοκαισαρείας σημείοις ηʹ πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Αἰφραίμ ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. καὶ ἔστι κώμη Ἀφραία νῦν καλουμένη, ἀπέχουσα Λεγεῶνος ἐν βορείοις μιλίοις ʹ. Ἀνέρθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. Αἴμς ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. Ἀχσάφ ̣ 25̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ἀλιμέλεχ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ἀμόδ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ἀβδών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ἀνειήλ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. ἔστιν κώμη Βαιτοαναία, Καισαρείας ἀπέχουσα σημείοις ιεʹ ἐπὶ τὰ ἀνατολικά, ἐν ὄρει κειμένη, ἔνθα λουτρὰ λέγεται εἶναι ἰαματικά. Ἀχράν ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἀσήρ. Ἀμμών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ἀκχώ ̣ ̣. ἡ νῦν Πτολεμαΐς. κλήρου Ἀσήρ, ἀφ' ἧς «οὐκ ἐξῆρεν» Ἀσὴρ τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους. Ἀχζείφ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ, ἀφ' ἧς οὐκ ἐξῆραν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους. αὕτη ἐστὶν Ἔκδιππα ἀπὸ θʹ σημείων Πτολεμαΐδος ἀπιόντων ἐπὶ Τύρον. Ἀμμά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ἀφέκ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ, ἀφ' ἧς οὐκ ἐξῆραν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους. Ἀδεμμεί ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἀσεδείμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἀμάθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἀδαμί ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἀσώρ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ.","english":"And now there is a village called Bethariph in the region of Diospolis. Amsa. Tribe of Benjamin. Asar. City of the tribe of Simeon. Asan. Tribe of Simeon. Amarchabob. Tribe of Simeon. Ain. Tribe of Judah or Simeon, a priestly city. Asenna. Tribe of Simeon. Ammathar. Tribe of Zebulun. Anoua. Tribe of Zebulun. And there is another village, Anoua, fifteen milestones distant from Neapolis on the road to Aelia. Anathon. Tribe of Zebulun. Acheseloth. City of the tribe of Issachar. A certain village called Chsalous is said to be in the plain near Mount Tabor, eight milestones east of Diocaesarea. Aiphraim. City of the tribe of Issachar. And there is now a village called Aphraia, nine miles north of Legio. Anerth. Tribe of Issachar. Aims. Tribe of Issachar. Achsaph. Tribe of Asher. Alimelech. Tribe of Asher. Amod. Tribe of Asher. Abdon. Tribe of Asher. Aneiel. Tribe of Asher. There is a village, Baetoanaia, fifteen milestones east of Caesarea, situated on a mountain, where there are said to be healing baths. Achran. City of Asher. Ammon. Tribe of Asher. Akcho. Now Ptolemais. Tribe of Asher, from which Asher did not drive out the foreigners. Achzeiph. Tribe of Asher, from which they did not drive out the foreigners. This is Ecdippa, nine milestones from Ptolemais on the road to Tyre. Amma. Tribe of Asher. Aphek. Tribe of Asher, from which they did not drive out the foreigners. Ademmei. Tribe of Naphtali. Asedeim. Tribe of Naphtali. Amath. Tribe of Naphtali. Adami. Tribe of Naphtali. Asor. Tribe of Naphtali.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθαρὶφ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek Βηθαρὶφ is transliterated as Bethariph; the English draft follows the Coptic form.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Διόσπολιν","severity":"info","text":"Diospolis is the Roman name for Lod (Lydda), a city in the coastal plain of Palestine.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀκχώ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Akcho (Ptolemais) includes a scriptural allusion: 'from which Asher did not drive out the foreigners', echoing Judges 1:31.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἔκδιππα","severity":"info","text":"Ecdippa (Achzib) is identified as a site nine milestones from Ptolemais on the road to Tyre, a known coastal location.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"καὶ ἄλλη δέ ἐστι κώμη","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And there is another village' marks a structural repetition, typical of the Onomasticon's catalogue format.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀμσά","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek Ἀμσά is partially illegible (Ἀμσά ̣ ̣); the English reads 'Amsa' but the exact form is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several place names (e.g., Ἀμσά, Ἀσάρ) have lacunae in the Greek, making the exact reading uncertain; the English draft supplies plausible forms.","The phrase 'οὐκ ἐξῆραν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους' is repeated for multiple Asherite sites, but the referent of 'they' is ambiguous—possibly the tribe or the inhabitants."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"καὶ ταύτην ἀνεῖλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων. Ἀζανώθ ̣ ̣. ὅριον Νεφθαλείμ. κώμη ἐν ὁρίοις Διοκαισαρείας ἐν τῇ πεδιάδι. Αἰλών ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Δάν, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη κώμη δέ ἐστιν Ἀλοῦς περὶ Νικόπολιν. ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ Αἰλὼν οἱ Οʹ «οὗ αἱ ἄρκοι» ἐκδεδώκασιν. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Ἀράδ ̣ ̣. πόλις, ἔνθα κατῴκησαν «οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰοθώρ, τοῦ Ἰωβάβ, πενθεροῦ Μωϋσῆ» ἐν μέσῳ Ἰσραήλ. Ἀρέδ ̣ ̣. πηγή, ἔνθα παρενέβαλε Γεδεών. Ἀρισώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις Σισαρὰ ἄρχοντος Ἰάβις. ἡ δὲ Ἰάβις ἐπέκεινα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου νῦν ἐστι μεγίστη πόλις, Πέλλης πόλεως διεστῶσα σημείοις ʹ ἀνιόντων ἐπὶ Γερασάν. Ἄρες ̣ ̣. ἀνάβασις Ἄρες. Ἀʹ δρυμῶν, Σʹ ὀρέων. Ἀρουείρ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπολέμησεν Ἰεφθαέ. καὶ ἔστι κώμη ἀπὸ σημείων ʹ Αἰλίας ἐν τῷ ὄρει πρὸς βορρᾶν. Ἀριμά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐκάθισεν ὁ Ἀβιμέλεχ. Αἰαλίν ̣ ̣. πόλις «ἐν γῇ Ζαβουλών», ὅθεν ἦν Αἰαλὼν ὁ κρίνας «τὸν Ἰσραήλ». Ἄβελ ἀμπελώνων ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπολέμησεν Ἰεφθαέ. γῆς υἱῶν Ἀμμών. καὶ ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη ἀμπελοφόρος Ἀβελὰ ἀπὸ ʹ σημείων Φιλαδελφίας, καὶ ἄλλη πόλις ἐπίσημος, Ἀβελὰ οἰνοφόρος καλουμένη, διεστῶσα Γαδάρων σημείοις ιβʹ τοῖς πρὸς ἀνατολαῖς, καὶ τρίτη τις καὶ αὐτὴ Ἀβελὰ τῆς Φοινίκης μεταξὺ Δαμασκοῦ καὶ Πανεάδος. Βασιλειῶν. Ἀρμαθὲμ Σειφά ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἐλκανὰ καὶ Σαμουήλ. κεῖται δὲ αὕτη πλησίον Διοσπόλεως, ὅθεν ἦν Ἰωσήφ, ὁ ἐν Εὐαγγελίοις ἀπὸ Ἀριμαθίας. Ἀβενεζέρ ̣ ̣. λίθος βοηθοῦ. τόπος ὅθεν «τὴν κιβωτὸν» ἦραν «οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι», μεταξὺ Αἰλίας καὶ Ἀσκαλῶνος, πλησίον Βεθσαμὺς κώμης. Ἀφεσδομείμ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπολέμει Σαούλ. Ἀʹ ἐν πέρατι Δομμείν. Ἀνέγβ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ νότου, Σʹ μεσημβρίας. Ἀρίθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐκάθισε Δαυίδ.","english":"And this the king of the Assyrians destroyed. Azanoth. Boundary of Naphtali. A village in the territory of Diocaesarea in the plain. Ailon. A city of the allotment of Dan, assigned to the Levites; and there is a village Alous near Nicopolis. Instead of Ailon the Septuagint has rendered \"where the bears are.\" From the Book of Judges. Arad. A city where \"the sons of Jothor, of Jobab, the father-in-law of Moses\" settled in the midst of Israel. Ared. A spring where Gideon encamped. Arisoth. A city of Sisara, the ruler of Jabis. And Jabis is beyond the Jordan, now a very large city, distant seven milestones from the city of Pella, going up to Gerasa. Ares. Ascent of Ares. Aquila: \"of thickets\"; Symmachus: \"of mountains.\" Aroeir. Where Jephthah fought. And there is a village seven milestones from Aelia in the mountain to the north. Arima. Where Abimelech sat. Aialin. A city \"in the land of Zebulun,\" whence came Aialon who judged \"Israel.\" Abel of the vineyards. Where Jephthah fought. Of the land of the sons of Ammon. And there is still now a vine-bearing village Abela six milestones from Philadelphia, and another notable city called Abela wine-bearing, distant twelve milestones from Gadara to the east, and a third also, Abela of Phoenicia, between Damascus and Paneas. From the Books of Kings. Armathem Seipha. A city of Elkanah and Samuel. And this lies near Diospolis, whence came Joseph, the one from Arimathea in the Gospels. Abenezer. Stone of the helper. A place whence \"the ark\" the \"Philistines\" took, between Aelia and Ascalon, near the village Bethsames. Aphesdomeim. Where Saul fought. Aquila: \"at the end of Dommein.\" Anegb. Aquila: \"of the south\"; Symmachus: \"of the south.\" Arith. Where David sat.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Αἰλών","severity":"info","text":"The Septuagint rendering 'where the bears are' (οὗ αἱ ἄρκοι) for Ailon reflects a wordplay on Hebrew 'elon' (oak) vs. 'ayil' (ram) or a misreading; Eusebius notes the variant.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀράδ","severity":"info","text":"Arad is identified as the city where the sons of Jothor (Jethro), father-in-law of Moses, settled; this links to Numbers 10:29–32 and Judges 1:16.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄρες","severity":"info","text":"For Ares, Aquila translates 'of thickets' (δρυμῶν) and Symmachus 'of mountains' (ὀρέων), showing divergent Septuagintal traditions for the same Hebrew toponym.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρμαθὲμ Σειφά","severity":"info","text":"Armathem Seipha (Ramathaim-zophim) is identified as the city of Elkanah and Samuel, and Eusebius notes it as the origin of Joseph of Arimathea in the Gospels, linking OT and NT geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'From the Book of Judges' marks a structural division, indicating that the preceding entries (Ailon, Arad, etc.) are sourced from Judges, while later entries (e.g., Armathem Seipha) are from Kings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀζανώθ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Azanoth is lacunose in the Greek (Ἀζανώθ ̣ ̣), and the Coptic cue 'boundary of Naphtali' is uncertain; the reading follows the English draft but the original may be corrupt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (e.g., Ἀζανώθ ̣ ̣) where the Coptic supplies 'boundary of Naphtali'; the reading is accepted but not certain.","The identification of Ailon with 'where the bears are' may reflect a textual variant or scribal error in the Septuagint."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ἔστι κώμη Ἀράθ, Αἰλίας πρὸς δυσμαῖς. Ἀϊαλίμ ̣ ̣. Ἀκʹ τῶν ἐλαφίνων, Θʹ τῶν πετρῶν τῶν ἐλάφων. Ἀενδὼρ ἡ «ἐν Ἰεζραέλ» Ị ̣. ἔνθα παρεμβάλλουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ εἰς πόλεμον. ἔστι νῦν μεγίστη κώμη Ἀενδὼρ πλησίον τοῦ ὄρους Θαβὼρ ἐπὶ νότου ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων δʹ. Ἄφεκ ̣ ̣. πλησίον Ἀενδὼρ τῆς Ἰεζραέλ, ἔνθα ὁ πόλεμος συνέστη τῷ Σαούλ. Ἀρμά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλε Δαυὶδ «τῶν σκύλων». Ἀθάχ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλε Δαυὶδ «τῶν σκύλων». Ἀμμά ̣ ̣. «ὁδὸς ἔρημος Γαβαών». Ἀεθθὰν Ἀδασαί ̣ ̣. Σʹ τὴν κατωτέραν ὁδόν. Ἁλὼν Ὀρνᾶ ̣ ̣. αὕτη ἐστὶν Ἱερουσαλήμ. Ἀσσούρ ̣ ̣. ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ πόλις, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών. Ἀβελμαελαί ̣ ̣. πόλις ἑνὸς τῶν ἀρχόντων Σολομών, ὅθεν Ἐλισσαῖος. κώμη νῦν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ Αὐλῶνι, Σκυθοπόλεως διεστῶσα σημείοις ιʹ, ἣ νῦν καλεῖται Βηθμαελά. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Ἀβελμεὰ κατιόντων ἀπὸ Νέας πόλεως εἰς Σκυθόπολιν. Αὐωθιαείρ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἑνὸς ἄρχοντος Σολομών. Ἀϊλάθ ̣ ̣. «ἐπὶ τοῦ χείλους τῆς ἐσχάτης θαλάσσης ἐν γῇ Ἐδώμ». κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Ἀϊλάς. Ἀϊλώθ ̣ ̣. ταύτην ᾠκοδόμησεν","english":"There is a village Arath, west of Aelia. Aialim. Aquila: \"of the deer\"; Theodotion: \"of the rocks of the deer.\" Aendor, the \"in Jezreel,\" where the sons of Israel encamp for war. Now it is a very large village, Aendor, near Mount Tabor on the south, about four miles away. Aphek, near Aendor of Jezreel, where the battle with Saul took place. Arma, where David sent \"the spoils.\" Athach, where David sent \"the spoils.\" Amma, \"the desert road of Gabaon.\" Aeththan Adasai, Symmachus: \"the lower road.\" Halon Orna, this is Jerusalem. Assour, a city in Judaea, which Solomon built. Abelmaelai, a city of one of Solomon's governors, whence Elisha came. It is now a village in the Aulon, ten miles distant from Scythopolis, which is now called Bethmaela. And there is also Abelmea, on the descent from Neapolis to Scythopolis. Auothiair, a city of one of Solomon's governors. Ailath, \"on the shore of the farthest sea in the land of Edom.\" And Ailas is mentioned above. Ailoth, this one built","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀενδὼρ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek form 'Aendor' corresponds to biblical Endor (Joshua 17:11, 1 Samuel 28:7). Eusebius locates it near Mount Tabor, consistent with modern Khirbet Safsafa.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄφεκ","severity":"info","text":"Aphek is the site of the Philistine camp in 1 Samuel 4:1 and the battle where Saul died (1 Samuel 31). Eusebius places it near Aendor in Jezreel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀβελμαελαί","severity":"info","text":"Abelmaelai is identified as the home of the prophet Elisha (1 Kings 19:16). Eusebius notes its current name Bethmaela and distance from Scythopolis, reflecting Roman administrative geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀϊλάθ","severity":"info","text":"Ailath (Elath) is a Red Sea port in Edom (Deuteronomy 2:8). Eusebius notes its location 'on the shore of the farthest sea,' reflecting late antique knowledge of the Gulf of Aqaba.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἁλὼν Ὀρνᾶ","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Halon Orna, this is Jerusalem' is a brief gloss identifying the threshing floor of Araunah (2 Samuel 24:16) with the city, typical of Eusebius' concise topographical identifications.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀϊλώθ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Ailoth is incomplete in the Greek, breaking off with 'this one built.' The text may be corrupt or truncated; the English draft supplies 'Solomon' conjecturally, but the Greek does not confirm this.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text for Ailoth is fragmentary; the builder is not specified. The English draft adds 'Solomon' without Greek support.","The entry for Aeththan Adasai cites Symmachus but the biblical referent is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Ἀζαρίας. Ἀϊνδά ̣ ̣. ταύτην ἐπάταξεν Ἀσά. Ἀσιὼν βαβαὶ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ἀσιὼν γαβέρ. ἔνθα «συνετρίβησαν αἱ νῆες» Ἰωσαφάτ. αὕτη λέγεται εἶναι Αἰσία ἡ παρὰ τὴν Ἀϊλὰ πλησίον τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης. Ἀλαέ, Ἀβώρ, Γωζάν ̣ ̣. ἐν χώρᾳ Μήδων ποταμοί, ὧν ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἀπῳκίσθη ὁ Ἰσραήλ. Ἀβενά ̣ ̣. ποταμὸς Δαμασκοῦ. Ἀοφσὶθ ̣ ̣ ἢ Ἀφουσώθ. Ἀʹ τῆς ἐλευθερίας. Αἰάν ̣ 15, 29̣. ταύτην εἷλεν ὁ «βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων». Αἶα ̣ ̣. χώρα Ἀσσυρίων. Αἰμάθ ̣ ̣. χώρα Ἀσσυρίων. Ἀσιμάθ ̣ ̣. ταύτην ἔκτισαν οἱ ἀπὸ Αἰμὰθ ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ. Ἀρκέμ ̣ ̣. κατὰ Ἰώσιππον αὕτη ἐστὶν Πέτρα πόλις ἐπίσημος τῆς Παλαιστίνης. Ἀδραμελέχ ̣ ̣. εἴδωλον Ἀσσυρίων, καὶ Ἀνημελὲχ ὁμοίως, οἳ καὶ ἦσαν τῶν Σαμαρειτῶν θεοί. Ἀρωνιείμ ̣ ̣. ὁδός. Ἡσαΐας. Ἀʹ Ὀρωναΐμ, Σʹ Ἀραννείμἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». Ἀγαλλείμ ̣ 15, 8̣. Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». καὶ νῦν ἐστὶν Αἰγαλλεὶμ κώμη πρὸς νότον Ἀρεοπόλεως διεστῶσα σημείοις ηʹ. Αἰλείμ ̣ ̣. φρέαρ Δειμμών. Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». Ἀρινὰ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ἀριήλ. Ἀʹ Σʹ λέοντα θεοῦ. ταύτην εἶναί φασι τὴν Ἀρεόπολιν, ἐπειδὴ καλοῦσιν εἰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν Ἀριὴλ τὸ εἴδωλον αὐτῶν οἱ τὴν Ἀρεόπολιν οἰκοῦντες ἀπὸ τοῦ σέβειν τὸν Ἄρεα, ἐξ οὗ καὶ τὴν πόλιν ὠνόμασαν. Ἀδαμά ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ χθονός, Θʹ τῆς γῆς. Ἀγρὸς τοῦ γναφέως ̣ ̣. παρὰ Ἡσαΐᾳ. καὶ δείκνυται ἔτι νῦν ὁ τόπος ἐν προαστείοις Ἱερουσαλήμ. Ἀσεδέκ ̣ ̣. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ἀρφάδ ̣; 37, 13̣. πόλις Δαμασκοῦ, ἣν ἐπολέμησεν βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων.","english":"Azarias. Aind... This Asa smote. Asion babai... also Asion Gaber, where \"the ships\" of Jehoshaphat \"were broken.\" This is said to be Aisia, near Aila, close to the Red Sea. Alae, Abor, Gozan... rivers in the land of the Medes, in whose mountains Israel was settled. Abena... a river of Damascus. Aophsith... or Aphousoth. Aquila: \"of freedom.\" Aian... 15, 29. This \"the king of the Assyrians\" took. Aia... a region of the Assyrians. Aimath... a region of the Assyrians. Asimath... this those from Aimath built in Judea. Arkem... according to Josephus, this is Petra, a notable city of Palestine. Adramelech... an idol of the Assyrians, and Anemelech likewise, which were also gods of the Samaritans. Aronieim... a road. Isaiah. Aquila: Oronaïm, Symmachus: Aranneim, in the vision \"against Moab.\" Agalleim... 15, 8. Isaiah in the vision \"against Moab.\" And now there is a village Aigalleim, south of Areopolis, distant eight milestones. Aileim... a well, Deimmon. Isaiah in the vision \"against Moab.\" Arina... also Ariel. Aquila and Symmachus: \"lion of God.\" This they say is Areopolis, since even now those dwelling in Areopolis call their idol Ariel, from the worship of Ares, from which they also named the city. Adama... Aquila and Symmachus: \"of the earth,\" Theodotion: \"of the land.\" Field of the fuller... in Isaiah. And the place is still shown in the suburbs of Jerusalem. Asedek... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Arphad... 37, 13. A city of Damascus, which the king of the Assyrians warred against.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀζαρίας","severity":"info","text":"The entry likely refers to a place name, possibly Azariah, but the context is unclear; the Greek text is fragmentary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσιὼν γαβέρ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius references the breaking of Jehoshaphat's ships, likely alluding to 1 Kings 22:48, where Jehoshaphat's fleet is destroyed at Ezion-geber.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρκέμ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies Arkem with Petra, citing Josephus; this reflects the Hellenistic identification of the Nabataean capital with the biblical site.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":["Josephus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρινὰ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Areopolis is called Ariel by its inhabitants, linking the city's name to the worship of Ares; this shows local cultic continuity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀσεδέκ","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text after Ἀσεδέκ is heavily corrupted, with a long series of asterisks; the entry is incomplete and its meaning uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρφάδ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Arphad concludes the passage with a biblical citation (37, 13), likely referring to Isaiah 37:13, where the Assyrian king attacks a city of Damascus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma Ἀζαρίας may be a personal name or place; the Coptic cues are missing, and the Greek is fragmentary.","The entry for Ἀσεδέκ is corrupt, with no readable text after the lemma.","The citation '37, 13' for Ἀρφάδ is ambiguous; it likely refers to Isaiah 37:13, but the exact reference is not explicit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ καὶ Ἱερεμίᾳ καὶ ταῖς Βασιλείαις. Ἀναεουγαυά ̣ 13̣. ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Ἀʹ Ἀνὲ καὶ Γαυᾶ, Σʹ ἀνεστάτωσεν καὶ ἐταπείνωσεν. καὶ ἐν Βασιλείαις. Ἀρμενία ̣ ̣. Ἡσαΐας. Ἀραράτ. Σαρασά. Ἀσέλ ̣ ̣. ταύτης Ζαχαρίας μέμνηται. Ἀναμεήλ ̣ ̣. πύργος Ἱερουσαλήμ. ἐν Ζαχαρίᾳ. Ἀσαδημώθ ̣ 40̣. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. τὸ Ἑβραϊκὸν τῶν Σαδημώθ, Ἀʹ τὰ προάστεια. Ἀενιώθ ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Ἀʹ τὰ ἐργαστήρια. Ἀλώθ ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. τὸ Ἑβραϊκὸν Λουίθ. Αἰθάμ ̣ 49, 19̣. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Ἀʹ στερεάν, Σʹ ἀρχαίαν. Ἀπὸ τῶν Εὐαγγελίων. Ἀκελδαμά ̣ 8̣. «χωρίον αἵματος». ἐν Εὐαγγελίοις. ὃ καὶ δείκνυται εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐν τῇ Αἰλίᾳ ἐν βορείοις τοῦ Σιὼν ὄρους. Αἰνὼν ̣ ̣. «ἐγγὺς τοῦ Σαλείμ», ἔνθα ἐβάπτιζεν Ἰωάννης, ὡς ἐν τῷ κατὰ Ἰωάννην Εὐαγγελίῳ. καὶ δείκνυται εἰς ἔτι νῦν ὁ τόπος ἀπὸ ηʹ σημείων Σκυθοπόλεως πρὸς νότον πλησίον Σαλεὶμ καὶ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου. Στοιχεῖον Β. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Βαβέλ ̣ ̣, Βαβυλών. ἑρμηνεύεται σύγχυσις. ἦν δὲ πόλις βασιλείας γίγαντος Νεβρώδ, ἡνίκα ἐχύθησαν αἱ γλῶσσαι τῶν τὸν πύργον ἐπινοησάντων, ὧν ἄρχοντα γεγονέναι φησὶν Ἰώσιππος τὸν Νεβρώδ. καὶ μάρτυρα δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς τῆς κατὰ τὸν πύργον ἱστορίας τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν Σίβυλλαν παρατίθεται, γράφων οὕτως· «ὁ δὲ τόπος ἐν ᾧ τὸν πύργον ᾠκοδόμησαν νῦν Βαβυλὼν καλεῖται διὰ τὴν σύγχυσιν τοῦ περὶ τὴν διάλεκτον πρῶτον ἐναργοῦς· Ἑβραῖοι γὰρ τὴν σύγχυσιν Βαβὲλ καλοῦσιν. περὶ δὲ τοῦ πύργου καὶ τῆς ἀλλοφωνίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων μέμνηται καὶ Σίβυλλα γράφουσα οὕτως· πάντων ὁμοφώνων ὄντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων, πύργον ᾠκοδόμησάν τινες ὑψηλότατον, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναβησόμενοι δι' αὐτοῦ.","english":"In Isaiah and Jeremiah and the Books of Kings. Anaeougaua (13). In Isaiah. Aquila: Ane and Gaua; Symmachus: he raised up and humbled. And in Kings. Armenia. Isaiah. Ararat. Sarasa. Asel. This Zechariah mentions. Anameel. Tower of Jerusalem. In Zechariah. Asademoth (40). In Jeremiah. The Hebrew of Sademoth; Aquila: the suburbs. Aenioth. In Jeremiah. Aquila: the workshops. Aloth. In Jeremiah. The Hebrew: Luith. Aitham (49, 19). In Jeremiah. Aquila: firm; Symmachus: ancient. From the Gospels. Akeldama (8). \"Field of blood.\" In the Gospels. It is also shown even now in Aelia on the north side of Mount Sion. Aenon. \"Near Salim,\" where John baptized, as in the Gospel according to John. And the place is shown even now eight miles from Scythopolis to the south, near Salem and the Jordan. Letter B. From Genesis. Babel, Babylon. It is interpreted \"confusion.\" It was a city of the kingdom of the giant Nebrod, when the tongues of those who devised the tower were confounded, of whom Josephus says Nebrod was the leader. And the same author cites the Greek Sibyl as a witness of the history concerning the tower, writing thus: \"The place where they built the tower is now called Babylon because of the confusion of the first clear speech; for the Hebrews call confusion Babel. Concerning the tower and the diversity of human speech, the Sibyl also makes mention, writing thus: When all men were of one speech, some built a very high tower, as if they would ascend to heaven through it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Anaeougaua","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Kings for Anaeougaua, but the exact verse is not given; the glosses from Aquila and Symmachus suggest a Hebrew original.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Akeldama","severity":"info","text":"Akeldama is glossed as 'field of blood' and located north of Mount Sion in Aelia (Jerusalem). The term is Aramaic, meaning 'field of blood,' and appears in the Gospels.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Babel","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius interprets Babel as 'confusion,' citing Josephus and the Sibyl. Josephus identifies Nebrod (Nimrod) as the tower's leader; the Sibyl is quoted to corroborate the story of linguistic diversity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":["Josephus","Sibyl"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Aenon","severity":"info","text":"Aenon is identified as the site of John the Baptist's activity, near Salim and the Jordan, eight miles south of Scythopolis. Eusebius notes it is still shown in his day, reflecting local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Letter B","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a structural transition with 'Letter B' (Στοιχεῖον Β), indicating the start of entries under the second letter of the alphabet, following the previous entries under Alpha.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Anaeougaua","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has a numeral '13' after Anaeougaua, likely a chapter or verse reference, but the exact biblical passage is not specified, leaving the identification uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numeral '13' after Anaeougaua is ambiguous; it may refer to a chapter or verse, but the specific biblical book is not given.","The entry for Asel is incomplete; Zechariah is mentioned but the reference is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"οἱ δὲ θεοὶ ἀνέμους ἐπιπέμψαντες ἀνέτρεψαν τὸν πύργον, καὶ ἰδίαν ἑκάστῳ φωνὴν ἔδωκαν· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο Βαβυλῶνα συνέβη κληθῆναι τὴν πόλιν». Βαιθήλ ̣ 12, 8̣. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Αἰλίας ἄποθεν σημείοις ιβʹ ἀπιόντων εἰς Νέαν πόλιν δεξιά· Οὐλαμμαοῦς δὲ τὸ πρότερον ἐκαλεῖτο καὶ Λουζά. ἣ καὶ γέγονε φυλῆς Βενιαμίν, πλησίον Βηθαῦν καὶ τῆς Γαί. καὶ ταύτην δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἐπολιόρκησε, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. Βαλά ̣ ̣. ἥ «ἐστι Σιγώρ», ἡ νῦν Ζοορὰ καλουμένη, μόνη διασωθεῖσα ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν Σοδομιτῶν χώρας. ἣ καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν οἰκεῖται, τῇ νεκρᾷ παρακειμένη θαλάσσῃ, καὶ φρούριόν ἐστι στρατιωτῶν. καὶ φύεταί γε παρ' αὐτῇ τὸ\n\nβάλσαμον καὶ ὁ φοῖνιξ, δεῖγμα τῆς παλαιᾶς τῶν τόπων εὐφορίας. Βάλανος πένθους ̣ ̣. ὑφ' ἣν ἔθαψαν ἀποθανοῦσαν τὴν τροφὸν Ῥεβέκκας. Βαράδ ̣ ̣. «ἀνὰ μέσον Κάδης καὶ Βαρὰδ» τὸ φρέαρ τῆς Ἄγαρ εἰς ἔτι νῦν δείκνυται. Βηθλεέμ ̣ ̣ * * * * φυλῆς Ἰούδα, Αἰλίας ἄποθεν σημείοις ʹ ἐπὶ τὰ νότια περὶ τὴν φέρουσαν εἰς Χεβρὼν ὁδόν, ἔνθα τὸ μνῆμα Ἰεσσαὶ καὶ Δαυὶδ δείκνυται. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Βηθλεὲμ καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἐφραθᾶ, ὡς ἐν Παραλειπομέναις. Ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐξόδου. Βεελσεφών ̣ ̣. πρὸς τῇ ἐρήμῳ σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ, ἐξιόντων ἐξ Αἰγύπτου διὰ τοῦ κλύσματος, παρὰ τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Βανηϊακάν ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τῆς πορείας τοῦ λαοῦ. Βαμώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις τοῦ Ἀμορραίου πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου ἐν τῷ Ἀρνωνᾷ, ἣν ἔλαβον υἱοὶ Ῥουβίν. Βασάν ̣ ̣. Ὢγ βασιλέως Βασάν, ἣν «ὁ Μαχαθὶ ἐπωνόμασεν Αὐὼθ Ἰαείρ», ἣν ἔλαβεν φυλὴ Μανασσῆ, κειμένη ἐν τῇ Γαλαάδ. αὕτη ἐστὶ Βασανῖτις, ἡ νῦν καλουμένη Βαταναία.","english":"The gods sent winds and overturned the tower, and gave each a distinct speech; and for this reason the city came to be called Babylon. Bethel 12, 8. And now it is a village of Aelia, twelve milestones away, to the right of those going to Neapolis; it was formerly called Oulammaous and Louza. It belonged to the tribe of Benjamin, near Bethaun and Gai. And Joshua besieged it, slaying its king. Bala. It is Zoar, now called Zoora, the only one preserved from the land of the Sodomites. It is still inhabited, lying beside the Dead Sea, and is a garrison of soldiers. And beside it grow the balsam and the palm, a sign of the ancient fertility of the places. Balanos of Mourning. Under it they buried Rebecca's nurse when she died. Barad. \"Between Cades and Barad\" the well of Hagar is still shown. Bethlehem * * * * of the tribe of Judah, twelve milestones from Aelia, to the south on the road leading to Hebron, where the tomb of Jesse and David is shown. And Bethlehem was also called the son of Ephratha, as in Chronicles. From Exodus. Beelsephon. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert, as they came out of Egypt through the Red Sea. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Baneiakan. A station of the people's journey in the desert. Bamoth. A city of the Amorite beyond the Jordan in the Arnon, which the sons of Reuben took. Basan. Og king of Basan, which \"Machathi called Havoth Jair,\" which the tribe of Manasseh took, lying in Galaad. This is Basanitis, now called Batanaia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαβυλῶνα","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius recounts a Hellenistic legend that the gods caused the confusion of languages at Babylon, linking the name to the Greek verb βαβύλλω (to babble). This is not biblical but a common etiological tale.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαιθήλ","severity":"info","text":"Bethel is identified with the village of Oulammaous and Louza, 12 milestones from Aelia, near Bethaun and Gai. The note on Joshua's siege refers to the conquest of Ai (Joshua 8).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαλά","severity":"info","text":"Bala is equated with Zoar (Zoora), the only city spared in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:20-23). Eusebius notes its continued habitation and the growth of balsam and palm.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βάλανος πένθους","severity":"info","text":"Balanos of Mourning is the oak under which Rebecca's nurse was buried (Genesis 35:8). This is a local tradition not in the biblical text itself.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαράδ","severity":"info","text":"Barad is located between Cades and Barad, where the well of Hagar is shown (Genesis 16:14). The reference is to the wilderness of Shur.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθλεέμ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Bethlehem is corrupt in the manuscript, marked by asterisks. Eusebius places it 12 milestones from Aelia on the road to Hebron, noting the tomb of Jesse and David and a reference to Chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Bethlehem is marked by asterisks, indicating a lacuna or corruption in the manuscript.","The identification of Bala with Zoar is traditional but not explicitly biblical."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Βεελφεγώρ ̣ ̣. ἑρμηνεύεται «εἶδος ἀσχημοσύνης». ἔστι δὲ εἴδωλον Μωάβ, ὅ ἐστι Βαὰλ ἐπὶ τοῦ Φογὼρ ὄρους. Βαιάν ̣ ̣. πόλις τοῦ Ἀμορραίου. καὶ αὐτὴν ἔλαβον οἱ υἱοὶ Ῥουβίν. Βηθναμράν ̣ ̣. πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου. ἣν ᾠκοδόμησεν φυλὴ Γάδ. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη Βηθναμβρὶς ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων εʹ Λιβιάδος ἐν βορείοις. Βηθαρράν ̣ ̣. πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησεν φυλὴ Γάδ. Βεελμεών ̣ ̣. πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ῥουβίν. κώμη μεγίστη πλησίον Βααροῦ τῶν θερμῶν ὑδάτων ἐστὶ τῆς Ἀραβίας Βεελμαοὺς καλουμένη, διεστῶσα τῆς Ἐσβοῦς σημείοις θʹ. ἐντεῦθεν ἦν Ἐλισσαῖος ὁ προφήτης. Βαάλ ̣ ̣. πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, πόλις υἱῶν Ῥουβίν. Βουθάν ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. ἡ καὶ Ἀϊθάμ. Βηλά ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἀνατολικόν. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Ἀρβηλά. Βοσόρ ̣ ̣. «ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ» «πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου», «τῆς φυλῆς Ῥουβίν», «ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν Ἱεριχώ», πόλις ἱερατικὴ τῶν φυγαδευτηρίων. αὕτη ἐστὶ Βόστρα, ἡ νῦν μητρόπολις τῆς Ἀραβίας. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη νῦν Βοσὸρ πόλις τοῦ Ἡσαῦ ἐν ὄρεσι τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, ἧς μέμνηται Ἡσαΐας λέγων· «τίς οὗτος ὁ παραγενόμενος ἐξ Ἐδώμ, ἐρύθημα ἱματίων αὐτοῦ ἐκ Βοσόρ»; Βηρὼθ «υἱῶν Ἰακείμ» ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου τόπος, ἔνθα ἐτελεύτησεν Ἀαρών. καὶ δείκνυται ἀπὸ ιʹ σημείων Πέτρας πόλεως ἐπὶ κορυφῆς τοῦ ὄρους. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Βουνὸς ἀκροβυστιῶν ̣ ̣. τόπος ἐν Γαλγάλοις, ἐν ᾧ περιέτεμεν Ἰησοῦς τὸν λαόν, ὡς ἀπὸ δύο σημείων Ἱεριχοῦς, ἔνθα δείκνυνται εἰς ἔτι νῦν οἱ λίθοι, οὓς ἤνεγκαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου. Βηθωρών ̣ ̣. ἔνθα κατεδίωξεν Ἰησοῦς τοὺς βασιλεῖς, ἣ γέγονεν υἱῶν Ἰωσήφ, τοῦ Ἐφραΐμ.","english":"Beelphegor: it is interpreted \"form of shamelessness.\" It is an idol of Moab, that is, Baal upon Mount Phogor. Baian: a city of the Amorrite. And the sons of Roubin took it. Bethnamran: beyond the Jordan. Which the tribe of Gad built. And now it is a village Bethnambris, about five milestones from Libias in the north. Betharran: beyond the Jordan, which the tribe of Gad built. Beelmeon: beyond the Jordan, which the sons of Roubin built. A very large village near Baarou of the hot waters of Arabia called Beelmaous, distant from Esbous nine milestones. From there was Elissaios the prophet. Baal: beyond the Jordan, a city of the sons of Roubin. Bouthan: a station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Also Aitham. Bela: the eastern boundary of Ioudaia. It lies also above Arbel. Bosor: \"in the desert\" \"beyond the Jordan,\" \"of the tribe of Roubin,\" \"east of Iericho,\" a priestly city of the places of refuge. This is Bostra, now the metropolis of Arabia. And there is also another Bosor, a city of Esau in the mountains of Idomaia, which Hesaias mentions, saying: \"Who is this coming from Edom, the redness of his garments from Bosor?\" Beroth \"of the sons of Iakeim\": a place in the desert, where Aaron died. And it is shown ten milestones from the city of Petra on the summit of the mountain. From Iesous. Hill of Foreskins: a place in Galgala, where Iesous circumcised the people, about two milestones from Ierichous, where the stones which they brought from the Iordanes are still shown. Bethoron: where Iesous pursued the kings, which became of the sons of Ioseph, of Ephraim.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βεελφεγώρ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius interprets Beelphegor as 'form of shamelessness' and identifies it as the Moabite idol Baal on Mount Phogor, linking it to the biblical Baal-peor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βοσόρ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius quotes Isaiah 63:1 (LXX) regarding Bosor: 'Who is this coming from Edom, the redness of his garments from Bosor?'","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Βοσόρ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius distinguishes two Bosors: one is Bostra, metropolis of Arabia; the other is a city of Esau in Idumaea, mentioned by Isaiah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βουνὸς ἀκροβυστιῶν","severity":"info","text":"The 'Hill of Foreskins' at Galgala, where Joshua circumcised the people, was still shown with stones from the Jordan in Eusebius' time, indicating a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηρὼθ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Beroth includes a cross-reference 'From Iesous', likely indicating a source from the book of Joshua, a common structural feature in the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαιάν","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Baian as a city of the Amorrite taken by the sons of Reuben is uncertain; the name does not appear in the biblical text and may be a variant or corruption.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Baian (Βαιάν) is not clearly attested in the Bible; it may be a variant of a known place or a scribal error.","The location of Bethnamran/Bethnambris is given as five milestones from Libias, but the precise identification is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"καί εἰσι κῶμαι βʹ ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων Αἰλίας ιβʹ ἐπὶ τὴν εἰς Νικόπολιν ὁδόν, ὧν ἡ μὲν καλεῖται Βηθωρὼν ἡ ἀνωτέρα, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών, ἡ δὲ κατωτέρα Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Βαρνή ̣ ̣. ἡ αὐτή ἐστι τῇ Κάδης Βαρνῆ, ἐρήμῳ τῇ παρατεινούσῃ Πέτρᾳ πόλει. Βααλγάδ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ «τοῦ Λιβάνου, ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος τὸ Ἀερμών». ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν ἀνεῖλεν Ἰησοῦς. Βεθφογόρ ̣ 20̣. πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, πόλις υἱῶν Ῥουβίν, πλησίον τοῦ Φογὸρ ὄρους, ἀπέναντι Ἱεριχώ, ἀνωτέρω Λιβιάδος σημείων ʹ. Βηθασιμούθ ̣ ̣. τόπος τῆς Ἰσιμοῦθ, ἔστι δὲ εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη Ἰσιμοὺθ ἀντικρὺ Ἱεριχοῦς ἀπὸ μιλίων ιʹ πρὸς νότον παρακειμένη τῇ νεκρᾷ θαλάσσῃ. Βηρώθ ̣ ̣. ὑπὸ τὴν Γαβαών. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη πλησίον Αἰλίας κατιόντων ἐπὶ Νικόπολιν ἀπὸ ζʹ σημείων. Βοτνία ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ποτεείν. πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, πόλις φυλῆς Γάδ. καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν ὁμοίως ἐν τοῖς τόποις χρηματίζει. Βηθαράμ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Γάδ, πλησίον τοῦ Ἰορδάνου· Βηθραμφθὰ παρὰ Ἀσσυρίοις. αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ νῦν καλουμένη Λιβιάς. Βηθνεμρά ̣ 13, 27̣. πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, πόλις φυλῆς Γάδ, πλησίον Λιβιάδος. Βηθαγλά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη ἐστὶ σημείῳ ιʹ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως κατιόντων εἰς Γάζαν Ἄγλα","english":"And there are two villages, about twelve miles from Aelia on the road to Nicopolis, of which one is called Upper Bethoron, which Solomon built, and the other is Lower Bethoron, assigned to the Levites. Barne: it is the same as Kadesh Barne, a desert extending to the city of Petra. Baalgad: a city in the plain of Lebanon, below Mount Hermon. This also Joshua destroyed. Bethphogor: beyond the Jordan, a city of the sons of Reuben, near Mount Phogor, opposite Jericho, above Libias, twelve miles. Bethasimouth: a place of Isimouth; there is still now a village Isimouth opposite Jericho, ten miles to the south, lying beside the Dead Sea. Beroth: under Gabaon. And there is now a village near Aelia, for those going down to Nicopolis, seven miles. Botnia, also called Potein: beyond the Jordan, a city of the tribe of Gad. And still now it is similarly designated in those places. Betharam: a city of the tribe of Gad, near the Jordan; Bethramphtha among the Assyrians. This is the one now called Libias. Bethnemra: beyond the Jordan, a city of the tribe of Gad, near Libias. Bethagla: of the tribe of Judah. It is a village ten miles from Eleutheropolis, for those going down to Gaza, Agla.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθωρὼν","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Bethoron is the first in this passage and is given without a lemma number in the Greek, unlike most other entries which have a number (e.g., Βεθφογόρ 20). This may indicate a lacuna or a different source for this entry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαρνή","severity":"info","text":"Barne is identified with Kadesh Barne, a site in the desert near Petra. The Greek has a lacuna after Βαρνή (indicated by ̣ ̣), but the sense is clear from the context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βααλγάδ","severity":"info","text":"Baalgad is said to have been destroyed by Joshua, echoing the conquest narratives in the Book of Joshua (e.g., Joshua 10–12). The phrase 'ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν ἀνεῖλεν Ἰησοῦς' is a direct reference to Joshua's campaigns.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθασιμούθ","severity":"info","text":"Bethasimouth is identified with the village Isimouth, located opposite Jericho and ten miles south, beside the Dead Sea. This location corresponds to the biblical site of Beth-jeshimoth (Numbers 33:49), a place in the plains of Moab.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθαράμ","severity":"info","text":"Betharam is identified with the later city of Libias (also known as Bethramphtha among the Assyrians). This reflects the renaming of sites in the Roman period, a common feature in Eusebius' Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθαγλά","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Bethagla ends abruptly with 'Ἄγλα', which may be a truncated form or a variant. The Greek text has a lacuna after the lemma number (indicated by ̣ ̣), and the English draft supplies 'Agla' as a continuation, but the original is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma numbers for several entries (e.g., Βαρνή, Βααλγάδ, Βηθασιμούθ, Βηρώθ, Βοτνία, Βηθαράμ, Βηθνεμρά, Βηθαγλά) are missing or indicated by lacunae (̣ ̣), making it unclear whether they were originally present or lost in transmission.","The final word 'Ἄγλα' in the Bethagla entry may be a fragment of a longer name or a separate entry; the English draft treats it as part of the same entry, but the Greek is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"καλουμένη. καὶ ἄλλη Βηθαγλαὶμ ἀπὸ ηʹ σημείων παράλιος. Βηθαραβά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βαάλ ̣ ̣. «αὕτη ἐστὶ Καριαθιαρείμ, πόλις Ἰαρείμ», φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ ἔστι κατιόντων ἀπὸ Αἰλίας εἰς Διόσπολιν κώμη Καριαθιαρεὶμ ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ιʹ. Βααλὰ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Βαλά. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βαλώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βεθφαλεὶ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Βεθελεί. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βηρσαβεέ ̣; 19, 2̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα καὶ Συμεών, ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη μεγίστη ἀπέχουσα Χεβρὼν σημείοις κʹ πρὸς νότον, ἐν ᾗ καὶ φρούριον στρατιωτῶν ἐγκάθηται· ὅθεν ἀρχὰς εἶχεν τὰ ὅρια τῆς Ἰουδαίας, παρατείνοντα ἐπὶ Δὰν τὴν πλησίον Πανεάδος. ἑρμηνεύεται δὲ Βηρσαβεὲ φρέαρ ὁρκισμοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἁβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ πρὸς τὸν Ἀβιμελὲχ ὁρκωμοσίας. οὐ χρὴ δὲ ταράττεσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ τὰς Ἰούδα λεγομένας πόλεις τὰς αὐτὰς εὑρίσκεσθαι ἤτοι Συμεὼν ἢ Βενιαμίν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ Ἰούδα φυλὴ προκατῆρχεν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις, εἰκότως αὐτῇ μὲν διὰ τὰ κατορθώματα ἡ τῆς χώρας ἐπεγράφετο κτῆσις, ἐν δὲ τῇ διανομῇ τῶν κλήρων καὶ εἰς ἑτέρας μετεδίδοτο φυλάς. ἐπισημαίνεται δὲ σαφῶς ἡ γραφὴ ὅτι κατῴκησε Συμεὼν ἐν μέσῳ φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βαλαάμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βασκώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βηθδαγών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη μεγίστη Κεπαραδαγὼν μεταξὺ Διοσπόλεως καὶ Ἰαμνίας. Βηθαλώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Βηθαφοῦ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη ἐπέκεινα Ῥαφίας σημείοις ιδʹ εἰσιόντων εἰς Αἴγυπτον. ἣ καὶ ὅριόν ἐστι Παλαιστίνης. Βηθαραβά ̣ ̣. Σʹ ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὴν ἀοίκητον. Βεεσθαρά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη «ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι». Βηθαῦν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν, πλησίον τῆς Γαὶ καὶ τῆς Βεθήλ, ἔναντι Μαχμάς.","english":"called. And another Bethaglaim, eight miles from the coast. Betharaba: of the tribe of Judah. Baal: \"this is Kariathiarim, city of Iarim,\" of the tribe of Judah. And for those going down from Aelia to Diospolis, there is a village Kariathiarim about ten miles away. Baala, also called Bala: of the tribe of Judah. Baloth: of the tribe of Judah. Bethphalei, also called Bethelei: of the tribe of Judah. Bersabee: 19, 2. Of the tribe of Judah and Symeon; it is still now a very large village, twenty miles south of Chebron, where a garrison of soldiers is stationed; from there the boundaries of Judaea began, extending to Dan near Paneas. Bersabee is interpreted as \"well of the oath,\" from the oath of Abraham and Isaac with Abimelech. One should not be troubled that the cities said to be of Judah are found to be also of Symeon or Benjamin. For since the tribe of Judah took the lead in wars, the possession of the land was naturally ascribed to it because of its achievements, but in the distribution of the lots it was also given to other tribes. The scripture clearly indicates that Symeon dwelt in the midst of the tribe of Judah. Balaam: of the tribe of Judah. Baschoth: of the tribe of Judah. Bethdagon: of the tribe of Judah. And it is now a very large village, Kepharadagon, between Diospolis and Iamnia. Bethaloth: of the tribe of Judah. Bethaphu: of the tribe of Judah. A village beyond Raphia, fourteen miles, for those entering Egypt. And it is a boundary of Palaestina. Betharaba: Symmachus, \"in the regions about the uninhabited.\" Beesthara: of the tribe of Manasse, assigned to the Levites, \"in the Basanitis.\" Bethaun: of the tribe of Benjamin, near Gai and Bethel, opposite Machmas.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Βηρσαβεέ","severity":"info","text":"Bersabee (Beersheba) is glossed as 'well of the oath,' linking to the oath of Abraham and Isaac with Abimelech (Gen 21:31).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηρσαβεέ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'well of the oath' alludes to Genesis 21:31, where Abraham and Abimelech swear an oath at Beersheba.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηρσαβεέ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes Bersabee as a large village with a Roman garrison, 20 miles south of Chebron (Hebron), marking the southern boundary of Judaea extending to Dan near Paneas.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"φυλῆς Ἰούδα","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius explains that cities ascribed to Judah may also belong to Symeon or Benjamin due to Judah's leading role in war and subsequent land distribution, citing scriptural evidence that Symeon dwelt within Judah's territory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθαραβά","severity":"info","text":"For Betharaba, Eusebius cites Symmachus' Greek version: 'in the regions about the uninhabited,' indicating use of the Hexaplaric tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθδαγών","severity":"info","text":"Bethdagon is identified with the contemporary village Kepharadagon, located between Diospolis and Iamnia, showing Eusebius' effort to link biblical sites to 4th-century Palestine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (e.g., Βαάλ ̣ ̣, Βααλὰ ̣ ̣) where the Coptic may have supplied missing letters; the English draft fills these as 'Baal' and 'Baala' but the exact reading is uncertain.","The phrase '19, 2' in the English draft for Bersabee is unclear; it may refer to a biblical chapter and verse (e.g., Joshua 19:2) but the Greek does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Βαλιλώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Βεθσούρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα ἢ Βενιαμίν. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη Βηθσωρὼ ἀπιόντων ἀπὸ Αἰλίας εἰς Χεβρὼν ἐν κʹ σημείῳ, ἔνθα καὶ πηγὴ ἀπὸ ὄρους ἐξιοῦσα δείκνυται, ἐν ᾗ λέγεται ὁ εὐνοῦχος Κανδάκης βεβαπτίσθαι ὑπὸ Φιλίππου. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη Βεθσούρ, φυλῆς Ἰούδα, Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀπέχουσα σημεῖον ἕν. Βοόν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Βηθαλών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Σʹ εἰς τὴν πεδιάδα. Βηθαγλά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Βηρώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Βολά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Βαθούλ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Βήθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Βααλέθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Βηραμμώθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Βηθλαβαώθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Βηθλεέμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. ἑτέρα ἐστὶν αὕτη τῆς Ἰούδα. Βηθφάσις ̣ 21̣. φυλῆς Ἰσσάχαρ. Βατναί ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἀσήρ. καὶ νῦν καλεῖται κώμη Βεθβετέν, ἀπὸ ὀγδόου σημείου Πτολεμαΐδος εἰς ἀνατολάς. Βηθδαγών ̣ ̣. συνάπτει «τῷ Ζαβουλών», κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. Βηθαεμέκ ̣ ̣. Σʹ τὴν κοιλάδα. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Βηθαναθά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Νεφθαλείμ. καὶ ἔστι κώμη Βαταναία ἀπὸ ιεʹ σημείων Καισαρείας, ἐν ᾗ λέγεται εἶναι λουτρὰ ἰάσιμα. κεῖται δὲ καὶ ἀνωτέρω Ἀναία. Βάνη ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Δάν. Βαράκ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Δάν. εἰς ἔτι νῦν περὶ τὴν Ἄζωτόν ἐστι κώμη Βαρκά. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Βεζέκ ̣ ̣, πόλις Ἀδωνιβεζέκ. καὶ νῦν εἰσι κῶμαι βʹ Βεζέκ, ἀλλήλων πλησίον, Νέας πόλεως ἀπέχουσαι σημείοις ιζʹ κατιόντων ἐπὶ Σκυθόπολιν. Βηθσάν ̣ ̣. ταύτης «οὐκ ἐξῆρε» τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους ἡ φυλὴ Μανασσῆ. αὕτη ἐστὶ Σκυθόπολις, ἐπίσημος Παλαιστίνης πόλις. καλεῖ δὲ αὐτὴν ἡ γραφὴ καὶ οἶκον Σάν, ὅπερ ἐστὶν «οἶκος ἐχθροῦ». Βηθσαμές ̣ ̣.","english":"Baliloth: of the tribe of Benjamin. Bethsour: of the tribe of Judah or Benjamin. And it is now a village, Bethsoro, for those going down from Aelia to Hebron at the twentieth milestone, where also a spring issuing from a mountain is shown, in which it is said the eunuch of Candace was baptized by Philip. And there is another Bethsour, of the tribe of Judah, distant one milestone from Eleutheropolis. Boon: of the tribe of Benjamin. Bethalon: of the tribe of Benjamin. The letter Sigma into the plain. Bethagla: of the tribe of Benjamin. Beroth: of the tribe of Benjamin. Bola: of the allotment of Symeon. Bathoul: of the allotment of Symeon. Beth: of the allotment of Symeon. Baaleth: of the allotment of Symeon. Berammoth: of the allotment of Symeon. Bethlabooth: of the allotment of Symeon. Bethlehem: of the allotment of Zabulon. This is another, distinct from that of Judah. Bethphasis: of the tribe of Issachar. Batnai: of the tribe of Aser. And it is now called the village Bethbeten, eight milestones from Ptolemais to the east. Bethdagon: it adjoins Zabulon, of the allotment of Issachar. Bethaemek: the letter Sigma the valley. Of the allotment of Aser. Bethanatha: of the tribe of Nephthaleim. And it is a village, Batanaia, fifteen milestones from Caesarea, in which it is said there are curative baths. And Anaea is also situated further up. Bane: of the tribe of Dan. Barak: of the tribe of Dan. Even now there is a village, Barca, around Azotus. From the Book of Judges. Bezek: the city of Adonibezek. And now there are two villages, Bezek, near each other, distant seventeen milestones from Neapolis for those going down to Scythopolis. Bethsan: of this, the tribe of Manasseh did not expel the foreigners. This is Scythopolis, a notable city of Palestine. And the scripture calls it also the house of San, which is \"house of the enemy.\" Bethsames:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαλιλώθ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek form Βαλιλώθ corresponds to the Hebrew place name, likely meaning 'the oaks' or 'the terebinths'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Βεθσούρ","severity":"info","text":"Bethsour (Bethsoro) is identified with modern Khirbet et-Tubeiqah, near the spring mentioned in the account of Philip and the Ethiopian eunuch (Acts 8:26–39).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βεθσούρ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the eunuch of Candace baptized by Philip alludes to Acts 8:26–39, though the spring is not mentioned in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Σʹ","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation Σʹ (Sigma) likely stands for σημεῖον, meaning 'milestone' or 'sign', used to indicate distance or location.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθσάν","severity":"info","text":"Bethsan is identified with Scythopolis, a major city of Palestine; Eusebius notes the scriptural name 'house of San' interpreted as 'house of the enemy'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθαγλά","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Bethagla is brief and may be confused with other similarly named sites; the tribal assignment to Benjamin is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation Σʹ is ambiguous: it may stand for σημεῖον (milestone) or be a scribal mark; here taken as 'milestone'.","The entry for Bethagla lacks detail, and its identification is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"πόλις ἱερατική, φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. καὶ ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἀπέχουσα Ἐλευθεροπόλεως σημείοις ιʹ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μεταξὺ Νικοπόλεως. Βαθμά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. οὐδὲ ταύτης ἐξῆρεν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους. Βηθσαμὲς ̣ ̣ ἄλλη. φυλῆς Νεφθαλείμ. οὐδὲ ταύτης ἐξῆρεν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους. Βααλερμών ̣ ̣. ὄρος παρὰ τὸν Λίβανον, ὅριον τῶν ἀλλοφύλων. Βααλέθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν. Βεθβηρά ̣ 24̣. ὕδωρ ὃ προκατελάβετο Γεδεών. Βηθασεττά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἔφυγε Μαδιάμ. Βάλανος Σικίμων ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐβασίλευσεν Ἀβιμέλεχ. δείκνυται ἐν προαστείοις\n\nΝέας πόλεως ἐν τῷ τάφῳ Ἰωσήφ. Βορκοννείμ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ τραγακάνθας, Σʹ τριβόλους. Βηρά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα φυγὼν Ἀβιμέλεχ Ἰωάθαμ κατῴκησεν. ἀπέχει ἡ κώμη Ἐλευθεροπόλεως σημείοις ηʹ ἐν τοῖς βορείοις. Βααλθαμάρ ̣ ̣, πλησίον Γαβά. ἔνθα παρετάξαντο οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ εἰς πόλεμον τῇ φυλῇ Βενιαμίν. καὶ καλεῖται ἐν τοῖς τόποις εἰς ἔτι Βηθθαμάρ. Βασιλειῶν. Βηθχώρ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα κατεδίωξεν ὁ λαὸς «τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους»· καὶ ἐκλήθη «λίθος τοῦ βοηθοῦ». Βαμά ̣ 9, 12̣. ἔνθα συνέφαγε Σαοὺλ τῷ Σαμουήλ, μέλλων χρίεσθαι εἰς βασιλέα. ὁ δὲ Ἀκύλας τὸ ἐν Βαμὰ ὑψώματι ἡρμήνευσεν. Βωσῆς ̣ ̣. ὄνομα πέτρας. Βασώρ ̣ 9̣. χειμάρρους ἔνθα ἦλθε Δαυίδ. Βωρασάν ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλε Δαυὶδ «τῶν σκύλων». Βαουρείμ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα τὴν Μελχὼλ κατέστησεν ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς. Βααλασώρ ̣ ̣. «ἐχόμενα Ἐφραΐμ», ἔνθα ἔκειρον «τῷ Ἀβεσσαλώμ». Βηθμαχά ̣ ̣. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Μαχαμείμ. Βάλθ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών. Βαιθσαρισά ̣ 42̣. ὅθεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος πρὸς Ἐλισσαῖον.","english":"A priestly city, of the tribe of Benjamin. And it exists even now, distant from Eleutheropolis ten milestones to the east, between Nicopolis. Bathma: of the allotment of Naphtali. From this one also he did not drive out the foreigners. Bethsames: another. Of the tribe of Naphtali. From this one also he did not drive out the foreigners. Baalermon: a mountain near Libanus, the boundary of the foreigners. Baaleth: of the allotment of Dan. Bethbera: water which Gideon seized beforehand. Bethasetta: where Midian fled. Balanos of Sikimoi: where Abimelech reigned. It is shown in the suburbs of Neapolis, in the tomb of Joseph. Borkonneim: Aquila: tragacantha; Symmachus: triboloi. Bera: where Abimelech, having fled, dwelt with Jotham. The village is distant from Eleutheropolis eight milestones to the north. Baalthamar: near Gaba. Where the sons of Israel drew up for battle against the tribe of Benjamin. And it is called in the places even now Beththamar. Of the Kings. Bethchor: where the people pursued the foreigners; and it was called \"stone of the helper.\" Bama: where Saul ate with Samuel, about to be anointed king. But Aquila interpreted \"in Bama\" as \"in the height.\" Boses: name of a rock. Basor: a winter torrent where David came. Borasan: where David sent the spoils. Baoureim: where her husband placed Melchol. Baalasor: \"adjoining Ephraim,\" where they sheared for Abessalom. Bethmacha: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Machameim. Balth: a city which Solomon built. Baithsarisa: whence the man came to Elissaeus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαθμά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Bathma is followed by a repeated formula 'οὐδὲ ταύτης ἐξῆρεν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους', which also appears after Bethsames, indicating a structural pattern of entries with a shared comment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Βαλθαμάρ","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Baalthamar is glossed as 'near Gaba' and linked to a battle of the sons of Israel against Benjamin; the local name Beththamar is noted as still in use.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Βηθχώρ","severity":"info","text":"Bethchor is identified as the site where the people pursued 'the foreigners' and the place was called 'stone of the helper', likely referencing a biblical event (cf. 1 Sam 7:12).","cites":[],"named_sources":["Eusebius Caesariensis"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαμά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Aquila interpreted 'in Bama' as 'in the height', showing the influence of Aquila's Greek translation on the Onomasticon's exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθμαχά","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Bethmacha is followed by a series of asterisks in the Greek text, indicating a lacuna or corruption; the English draft reproduces this with asterisks, suggesting the text is incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Βορκοννείμ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Borkonneim cites Aquila's translation as 'tragacantha' and Symmachus' as 'triboloi', providing a parallel from the Hexapla for the plant name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna after Bethmacha, indicated by asterisks; the extent of the missing text is uncertain.","The phrase 'οὐδὲ ταύτης ἐξῆρεν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους' is ambiguous as to which 'foreigners' are meant and which biblical event is referenced."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ἔστιν ἐν ὁρίοις Διοσπόλεως ἀπὸ σημείων ιεʹ τοῖς πρὸς βορρᾶν ἐν τῇ Θαμνιτικῇ. Βαιθαγγάν ̣ ̣. ὁδὸς δι' ἧς ἔφυγεν Ὀχοζίας. Βασεκάθ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀρχαία τῆς Ἰουδαίας. Βαιθακάθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἦλθεν Ἰοῦ. ἔστι κώμη τῆς Σαμαρείας, τῆς Λεγεῶνος ἀπέχουσα σημείοις ιεʹ ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ πεδίῳ. Ἀʹ οἴκῳ κάμψεως, Σʹ οἴκῳ ἑκάστων. Βαιθαννὴ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Βαινίθ. ταύτην ἔκτισαν οἱ ἀπὸ Βαβυλῶνος Σαμαρεῖται. Βύβλος ̣ ̣. πόλις Φοινίκης, ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ, ἀνθ' οὗ τὸ Ἑβραϊκὸν ἔχει Γοβέλ. Βούβαστος ̣ ̣. πόλις Αἰγύπτου ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Βώζ ̣ ̣. ἐν γῇ Κηδάρ. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Βήλ ̣ ̣. εἴδωλον Βαβυλῶνος. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Εὐαγγελίου. Βηθσαϊδά ̣ ̣. πόλις «Ἀνδρέου καὶ Πέτρου» καὶ Φιλίππου. κεῖται δὲ ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ πρὸς τῇ Γεννησαρίτιδι λίμνῃ. Βηθφαγή ̣ ̣. κώμη πρὸς τῷ ὄρει τῶν ἐλαιῶν, ἔνθα ἦλθεν κύριος Ἰησοῦς. Βηθανία ̣ ̣. κώμη ἐν δευτέρῳ Αἰλίας σημείῳ, ἐν κρημνῷ τοῦ ὄρους τῶν ἐλαιῶν, ἔνθα ὁ Χριστὸς τὸν Λάζαρον ἤγειρεν. δείκνυται εἰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν ὁ Λαζάρου τόπος. Βηθααβαρά ̣ ̣. «ὅπου ἦν Ἰωάννης βαπτίζων», «πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου». καὶ δείκνυται ὁ τόπος, ἐν ᾧ καὶ πλείους τῶν ἀδελφῶν εἰς ἔτι νῦν τὸ λουτρὸν φιλοτιμοῦνται λαμβάνειν. Βηζαθά ̣ ̣. κολυμβήθρα ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ, ἥτις ἐστὶν «ἡ προβατική», τὸ παλαιὸν εʹ στοὰς ἔχουσα. καὶ νῦν δείκνυται ἐν ταῖς αὐτόθι λίμναις διδύμοις, ὧν ἑκατέρα μὲν ἐκ τῶν κατ' ἔτος ὑετῶν πληροῦται, θατέρα δὲ παραδόξως πεφοινιγμένον δείκνυσι τὸ ὕδωρ, ἴχνος, ὥς φασι, φέρουσα τῶν πάλαι καθαιρομένων ἐν αὐτῇ ἱερείων. παρ' ὃ καὶ προβατικὴ καλεῖται, διὰ τὰ θύματα. Στοιχεῖον Γ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Γαιών ̣ ̣.","english":"It is in the territory of Diospolis, fifteen milestones to the north, in the Thamnitike region. Baithaggan: the road by which Ochozias fled. Basekath: an ancient city of Judaea. Baithakath: where Iou came. It is a village of Samaria, fifteen milestones distant from Legio in the great plain. A': house of bending, S': house of each. Baithanne: also called Bainith. This the Samaritans from Babylon built. Byblos: a city of Phoenicia, in Ezekiel, for which the Hebrew has Gobel. Bubastos: a city of Egypt in Ezekiel. Boz: in the land of Kedar, in Jeremiah. Bel: an idol of Babylon. From the Gospel. Bethsaida: the city of \"Andrew and Peter\" and Philip. It lies in Galilee near the Lake of Gennesaret. Bethphage: a village near the Mount of Olives, where the Lord Jesus came. Bethany: a village at the second milestone from Aelia, on the slope of the Mount of Olives, where Christ raised Lazarus. The place of Lazarus is shown even now. Bethabara: \"where John was baptizing,\" \"beyond the Jordan.\" And the place is shown, where even now many of the brethren are eager to receive the bath. Bezatha: a pool in Jerusalem, which is \"the Sheep Pool,\" anciently having five porticoes. And it is now shown among the twin pools there, of which one is filled by the annual rains, while the other shows its water strangely reddened, bearing, they say, a trace of the victims once cleansed in it. For this reason it is also called the Sheep Pool, because of the sacrifices. Letter G. From Genesis. Gaion:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαιθαγγάν","severity":"info","text":"Baithaggan is a toponym meaning 'house of the garden' or 'house of the press'; the text identifies it as the road of Ochozias' flight, likely a site in the Thamnitike region.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθσαϊδά","severity":"info","text":"Bethsaida is identified as the city of Andrew, Peter, and Philip, all apostles; the phrase 'Andrew and Peter' is a direct quotation from the Gospel of John (1:44).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθααβαρά","severity":"info","text":"Bethabara is described as 'where John was baptizing' and 'beyond the Jordan', echoing John 1:28; the text notes the site is still shown and used for baptism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηζαθά","severity":"info","text":"Bezatha (Bethesda) is the Sheep Pool in Jerusalem, with five porticoes; the text describes twin pools, one reddened by sacrificial blood, explaining the name 'Sheep Pool' from the victims cleansed there.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Βηθανία","severity":"info","text":"Bethany is noted as the site where Christ raised Lazarus, and the text states 'the place of Lazarus is shown even now', indicating a living tradition of pilgrimage and veneration in Eusebius' time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Γ","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with 'Letter G. From Genesis. Gaion:', marking the transition to the next alphabetic section (Gamma) in Eusebius' onomasticon, which organizes entries by the first letter of the place name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic cues classify this as narrative, but the Greek text is a list of toponyms with brief descriptions, typical of the onomasticon genre; the classification may reflect the editorial structure of the source edition.","The reading 'Βαιθαγγάν' is uncertain; the Greek has a lacuna after it, and the English draft supplies 'Baithaggan' as a proper name, but the exact identification is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ὁ παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις Νεῖλος, ἐκ παραδείσου μὲν προϊών, κυκλῶν δὲ «πᾶσαν Αἰθιοπίαν». Γόμορρα ̣ ̣. μία τῆς πενταπόλεως Σοδόμων ἅμα ταῖς λοιπαῖς ἀφανισθεῖσα. Γέραρα ̣ ̣. ἀφ' ἧς νῦν καλεῖται ἡ Γεραριτική, ὑπὲρ τὸν Δαρωμᾶν κειμένη, ἀπέχουσα Ἐλευθεροπόλεως σημείοις κεʹ πρὸς νότον. ἦν δὲ τὸ παλαιὸν τῶν Χαναναίων ὅριον πρὸς μεσημβρίαν, καὶ πόλις βασιλικὴ τῶν Φυλισταίων. κεῖται δέ, ὥς φησιν ἡ γραφή, «ἀνὰ μέσον Κάδης καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Σούρ», δύο ἐρήμων, τῆς μὲν τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ παρακειμένης, εἰς ἣν κατήντησεν ὁ λαὸς τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν διελθών, τῆς δὲ Κάδης ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν Σαρακηνῶν ἐρημίαν παρατεινούσης. Γαλαάδ ̣ ̣. ὄρος εἰς ὃ κατήντησεν Ἰακὼβ φεύγων τὸν Λαβάν, ὁδὸν ἀνύσας «ἡμερῶν ζʹ» ἀπὸ Χαρρὰν τῆς Μεσοποταμίας. κεῖται δὲ ἐπὶ τὰ νῶτα τῆς Φοινίκης καὶ τῆς Ἀραβίας, καὶ συνάπτον τῷ Λιβάνῳ παρατείνει διὰ τῆς ἐρήμου μέχρι τῆς ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην Πέτρας, ἐν ᾗ κατῴκει Σηὼν ὁ Ἀμορραῖος. τοῦτο δέδοται εἰς κλῆρον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ῥουβὶν καὶ Γὰδ καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ δὲ «Γαλαάδ, σύ μοι ἀρχὴ τοῦ Λιβάνου» εἴρηται. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Γαλαὰδ πόλις ὁμώνυμος τῷ ὄρει, ἐπ' αὐτῷ κειμένη, ἣν ἔλαβεν","english":"The river called Neilos by the Egyptians, flowing forth from paradise, and encircling \"all of Aithiopia.\" Gomorra: one of the five cities of Sodom, destroyed together with the rest. Gerara: from which the Geraritike region is now named, lying beyond Daromas, twenty-five milestones south of Eleutheropolis. It was anciently the southern boundary of the Chananaioi, and a royal city of the Phylistaioi. It lies, as the scripture says, \"between Kades and between Sour,\" two deserts: one adjacent to Egypt, which the people reached after crossing the Red Sea; the other, Kades, extending toward the desert of the Sarakenoi. Galaad: a mountain to which Iakob came fleeing from Laban, having traveled a journey of \"seven days\" from Charran of Mesopotamia. It lies on the back of Phoinike and Arabia, and adjoining Libanos it extends through the desert as far as Petra beyond the Jordan, where Seon the Amorite dwelt. This was given as a lot to the sons of Roubin and Gad and to half the tribe of Manasse. And in Ieremias it is said, \"Galaad, you are to me the beginning of Libanos.\" There is also a city Galaad, of the same name as the mountain, lying upon it, which was taken","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Γόμορρα","severity":"info","text":"Gomorra is listed as one of the five cities of the Sodom pentapolis, destroyed together. The entry is brief, reflecting the city's total annihilation in the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Γέραρα","severity":"info","text":"The description of Gerara as lying 'between Kades and between Sour' echoes Genesis 20:1, where Gerar is situated between Kadesh and Shur. Eusebius identifies these as two deserts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεραριτική","severity":"info","text":"The Geraritike region is named after Gerara. Its location beyond Daromas, 25 milestones south of Eleutheropolis, reflects Roman administrative geography in Palestine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"The mountain Galaad is linked to Jacob's flight from Laban (Genesis 31:21-23), a journey of seven days from Charran. The citation from Ieremias (Jeremiah 22:6) is paraphrased: 'Galaad, you are to me the beginning of Libanos.'","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"Galaad is described as a mountain on the back of Phoinike and Arabia, adjoining Libanos, extending to Petra. This territory was allotted to the tribes of Roubin, Gad, and half of Manasse, reflecting the Transjordanian settlement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Galaad includes both a mountain and a city of the same name, a common pattern in the Onomasticon where a toponym may refer to multiple geographical features.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna after Γόμορρα and Γέραρα (marked with ̣ ̣), possibly indicating missing words or abbreviations.","The phrase 'πᾶσαν Αἰθιοπίαν' is a quotation but its exact source is not specified; it may be a paraphrase of classical or biblical geography.","The identification of the two deserts (Kades and Sour) is ambiguous; Eusebius may be conflating different traditions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀμορραίου «Γαλαὰδ υἱὸς Μαχὶρ υἱοῦ Μανασσῆ». Γάδερ ̣ ̣. πύργος, ἔνθα κατοικήσαντος τοῦ Ἰακὼβ Ῥουβὶν τῇ Βάλλᾳ ἐπανίσταται. Γεθέμ ̣ ̣, ὡς δὲ τὸ Ἑβραϊκόν, Αὐείθ. πόλις Ἀδάδ, ὃς ἐβασίλευσε γῆς Ἐδὼμ τέταρτος ἐν τῇ Ἰδουμαίᾳ, τῇ νῦν Γεβαληνῇ καλουμένῃ. Γεσέμ ̣ ̣. χώρα τῆς Αἰγύπτου, ἐν ᾗ κατῴκησεν Ἰακὼβ ἅμα τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Γασιὼν Γαβέρ ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ, ὡς ἐν Ἀριθμοῖς· ὡς δὲ ἐν Δευτερονομίῳ, πόλις Ἡσαῦ.λέγουσι δὲ ταύτην εἶναι τὴν Αἰσίαν πλησίον τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης καὶ Ἀϊλά. Γαί ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. καὶ ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν Γαῖα πόλις τῇ Πέτρᾳ παρακειμένη. Γελμὼν Δεβλαθαείμ ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμός. Γαδγάδ ̣ ̣. ὄρος ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου, σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Γάζα ̣ ̣. πόλις τῶν Εὐαίων, ἐν ᾗ κατῴκησαν Καππάδοκες, τοὺς Εὐαίους ἀνελόντες. τὸ παλαιὸν δὲ ἦν ὅριον τῶν Χαναναίων τῶν πρὸς τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ. καὶ ἀφωρίσθη μὲν τῇ φυλῇ Ἰούδα, οὐ μὴν ἐκράτησεν αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ ἠφάνισε τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ ἀλλοφύλους. μένει δὲ εἰς ἔτι νῦν πόλις ἐπίσημος τῆς Παλαιστίνης. Γεργασεί ̣ ̣. ἐπέκεινα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου παρακειμένη πόλις τῷ Γαλαάδ, ἣν ἔλαβε φυλὴ Μανασσῆ. αὕτη δὲ λέγεται εἶναι ἡ Γερασά, πόλις ἐπίσημος τῆς Ἀραβίας. τινὲς δὲ αὐτὴν εἶναι τὴν Γάδαράν φασιν. μέμνηται δὲ καὶ τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον τῶν Γερασσινῶν. Γαδγαδά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα «χειμάρροι ὑδάτων», τόπος ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Γαυλὼν ̣ 43̣ ἢ Γωλάν. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, πόλις ἱερατικὴ τῶν φυγαδευτηρίων «ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι». καὶ νῦν Γαυλὼν καλεῖται κώμη μεγίστη ἐν τῇ Βαταναίᾳ.","english":"From the Amorite: \"Galaad son of Machir son of Manasse.\" Gader: a tower, where Jacob dwelt and Reuben rose up against Bilhah. Gethem: but according to the Hebrew, Aueith. A city of Hadad, who reigned over the land of Edom, fourth in Idumaea, in the region now called Gebalene. Gesem: a district of Egypt, in which Jacob dwelt together with his sons. From Numbers and Deuteronomy. Gasion Gaber: a station of the sons of Israel in the desert, as in Numbers; but as in Deuteronomy, a city of Esau. They say this is Aisia near the Red Sea and Aila. Gai: a station of the sons of Israel in the desert. And there is still now a city Gaia lying near Petra. Gelmon Deblathaeim: a station in the desert. Gadgad: a mountain in the desert, a station of the sons of Israel. Gaza: a city of the Evaeans, in which Cappadocians settled after killing the Evaeans. In ancient times it was the border of the Canaanites toward Egypt. And it was assigned to the tribe of Judah, but it did not take possession of it, nor did it destroy the aliens in it. It remains still now a notable city of Palestine. Gergasei: a city lying beyond the Jordan near Galaad, which the tribe of Manasseh took. This is said to be Gerasa, a notable city of Arabia. Some say it is Gadara. The Gospel also makes mention of the Gerasenes. Gadgada: where \"torrents of water\" are, a place in the desert. Gaulon or Golan. Of the tribe of Manasseh, a priestly city of the refuges \"in Batanaea.\" And now it is called Gaulon, a very large village in Batanaea.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Γάδερ","severity":"info","text":"The entry Γάδερ is glossed as a tower where Jacob dwelt and Reuben rebelled against Bilhah, referencing Genesis 35:22.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Γασιὼν Γαβέρ","severity":"info","text":"The entry Γασιὼν Γαβέρ cites Numbers 33:35 and Deuteronomy 10:6 for a desert station of Israel, also identified as a city of Esau.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Γάζα","severity":"info","text":"Gaza is described as a city of the Evaeans, later settled by Cappadocians, and assigned to Judah but never fully controlled; it remained a notable Palestinian city.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεργασεί","severity":"info","text":"The entry Γεργασεί identifies it with Gerasa (a notable city of Arabia) or Gadara, and notes the Gospel reference to Gerasenes (Mark 5:1; Luke 8:26).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαυλὼν","severity":"info","text":"Gaulon (or Golan) is noted as a priestly city of refuge in Batanaea, now a large village, reflecting Eusebius’s contemporary geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεθέμ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry Γεθέμ gives a variant Hebrew form Αὐείθ and identifies it as a city of Hadad, but the identification is uncertain due to textual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry Γεθέμ has a lacuna and variant reading (Αὐείθ), making its precise location uncertain.","The identification of Γεργασεί with Gerasa or Gadara is ambiguous, as both are possible."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ὁμωνυμεῖ δὲ τῇ κώμῃ καὶ ἡ περίχωρος. Γαιβάλ ̣ ̣. ὄρος ἐν τῇ γῇ τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, ἔνθα κελεύει Μωϋσῆς στῆσαι θυσιαστήριον. καὶ λέγεται παρακεῖσθαι τῇ Ἱεριχὼ ὄρη δύο κατὰ πρόσωπον ἀλλήλων καὶ πλησίον, ὧν τὸ μὲν εἶναι Γαριζείν, τὸ δὲ Γαιβάλ. Σαμαρεῖται δὲ ἕτερα δεικνύουσιν τὰ τῇ Νέᾳ πόλει παρακείμενα, σφαλλόμενοι, ὅτι δὴ πλεῖστον διεστήκασιν ἀλλήλων τὰ ὑπ' αὐτῶν δεικνύμενα, ὡς μὴ δύνασθαι ἀλλήλων ἀκούειν τοὺς ἑκατέρωθεν βοῶντας. Γαριζείν ̣ ̣. ὄρος ἔνθα ἔστησαν οἱ τὰς εὐλογίας καταλέγοντες, πλησίον τοῦ προειρημένου Γαιβάλ. Γολγὼλ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Γαλγάλ. ταύτης εἶναι πλησίον ἡ γραφὴ διδάσκει τὸ Γαριζεὶν καὶ τὸ Γαιβὰλ ὄρος. ἡ δὲ Γάλγαλα τόπος ἐστὶ τῆς Ἱεριχοῦς. Γαί «ἐν γῇ Μωάβ» ̣ ̣. φάραγξ τῆς Μωάβ. «ἐγγὺς οἴκου Φογώρ», ἔνθα ἔθαψαν τὸν Μωϋσῆν. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Γάλγαλα ̣ ̣. ἡ αὐτή ἐστι τῇ ἀνωτέρω κειμένῃ Γολγὼλ «πρὸς ἡλίου ἀνατολαῖς» τῆς πάλαι Ἱεριχὼ εἴσω τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, ἔνθα περιέτεμεν Ἰησοῦς τοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ, καὶ «τὸ πάσχα» ἤγαγεν, καὶ πρώτως σίτου μετέλαβον ἐκλείποντος τοῦ μάννα, καὶ ἔστησαν τοὺς ἀπὸ «τοῦ Ἰορδάνου» λίθους. ἐν ταύτῃ πρῶτον κατέμεινεν ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου. καὶ γέγονε κλήρου φυλῆς Ἰούδα. δείκνυται ὁ τόπος ἔρημος ὡς ἀπὸ δύο σημείων Ἱεριχοῦς, ὑπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν ὡς ἱερὸς θρησκευόμενος. καὶ ἄλλη δὲ ἔοικεν εἶναι Γάλγαλα περὶ τὴν Βαιθήλ. Γαί ̣ςος 7, 2̣. ἥτις ἐστὶ πλησίον Βηθαῦν καὶ Βαιθήλ, ἣν ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ἔστι δὲ νῦν ἔρημος. κατῴκει δὲ αὐτὴν τὸ παλαιὸν ὁ εἴσω τοῦ Ἰορδάνου Ἀμορραῖος. Γαβαών ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἐλθόντες οἱ Γαβαωνῖται ἱκέται γίνονται τοῦ Ἰησοῦ.","english":"The district shares its name with the village. Gaibal: a mountain in the land of promise, where Moses commands an altar to be set up. And it is said that near Jericho there are two mountains facing each other and close together, of which one is Garizein and the other Gaibal. The Samaritans, however, point out different ones near Neapolis, being mistaken, because the ones they show are very far apart from each other, so that those shouting from either side cannot hear one another. Garizein: a mountain where those who recited the blessings stood, near the aforementioned Gaibal. Golgol: also called Galgala. Near this place, Scripture teaches, are Mount Garizein and Mount Gaibal. Galgala is a place in the Jericho region. Gai \"in the land of Moab\": a ravine of Moab, \"near the house of Phogor,\" where they buried Moses. From Joshua. Galgala: this is the same as the aforementioned Golgol, \"to the east\" of old Jericho, within the Jordan, where Joshua circumcised those from the people, and celebrated \"the Passover,\" and they first partook of grain when the manna ceased, and set up the stones \"from the Jordan.\" In this place the tabernacle of witness first settled. And it became part of the allotment of the tribe of Judah. The place is shown deserted, about two miles from Jericho, venerated as sacred by the nations. And there seems to be another Galgala near Bethel. Gai: Joshua 7:2, which is near Bethaun and Bethel, which Joshua besieged, having slain its king. It is now deserted. In ancient times the Amorite within the Jordan inhabited it. Gabaon: whence the Gabaonites came and became suppliants of Joshua.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαιβάλ","severity":"info","text":"Gaibal is identified as one of two mountains near Jericho, the other being Garizein, where Moses commanded an altar to be built.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαί","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Gai references Joshua 7:2, linking it to a location near Bethaun and Bethel that Joshua besieged.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαριζείν","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius criticizes the Samaritans for identifying Garizein and Gaibal near Neapolis, arguing the sites are too far apart for mutual hearing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Γάλγαλα","severity":"info","text":"Galgala is described as a deserted site venerated as sacred by non-Jewish peoples, about two miles from Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Γολγώλ","severity":"info","text":"The entry notes that Golgol is also called Galgala, and that Scripture places Garizein and Gaibal near it, showing cross-referencing within the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαβαών","severity":"caution","text":"The text for Gabaon is truncated in the Greek, breaking off mid-sentence, which may affect interpretation of the entry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text for Gabaon is incomplete, leaving the full description uncertain.","The identification of Galgala with Golgol is stated but the relationship between the two names is not fully explained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ἦν δὲ αὕτη μητρόπολις μεγάλη καὶ βασιλικὴ τῶν Εὐαίων, ἣ καὶ γέγονε κλήρου Βενιαμίν. καὶ ἔστι κώμη νῦν οὕτω καλουμένη πλησίον Βαιθὴλ πρὸς δυσμάς, ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων δ' παράκειται δὲ τῇ Ῥαμᾶ, καὶ ἀφώριστο Λευίταις πλησίον Ῥεμμαά. ἐνταῦθα Σολομὼν θύσας χρησμοῦ καταξιοῦται. Γαϊβέ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν, καὶ αὐτὴ Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Γαζέρ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἐφραΐμ, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ ταύτην ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ἣν καὶ ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών. καὶ νῦν καλεῖται Γαζάρα κώμη Νικοπόλεως ἀπέχουσα σημείοις δʹ ἐν βορείοις. οὐ μὴν ἀνεῖλεν ἐξ αὐτῆς τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους ἡ φυλὴ Ἐφραΐμ. Γοσόν ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην ἐπολιόρκησεν\n\nἸησοῦς. Γέθ ̣ ̣. ἐν ταύτῃ κατελείφθησαν οἱ Ἐνακεὶμ ἀλλόφυλοι καὶ οἱ Φυλισταῖοι μὴ ἐξολοθρευθέντες. καὶ ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν κώμη παριόντων ἀπὸ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἐπὶ Διόσπολιν περὶ πέμπτον σημεῖον τῆς Ἐλευθεροπόλεως. Γεσουρείμ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀλλοφύλων. αὕτη δέ ἐστι Γαργασεὶ ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι, ἀφ' ἧς «οὐκ ἐξωλόθρευσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ τὸν Γεσουρεί». Γαδέρ ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτης τὸν βασιλέα ἐπάταξεν Ἰησοῦς. καὶ Ἰακὼβ δὲ «ἐπέκεινα τοῦ πύργου Γαδὲρ ἔπηξε τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ». Γωεὶν τῆς Γελγέλ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ ἐθνῶν τῆς Γελγέλ. Γελγέλ ̣ 23̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς. ἔστι δὲ καὶ νῦν κώμη Γαλγουλὶς λεγομένη, Ἀντιπάτριδος ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ἓξ ἐν τοῖς βορείοις. Γολαθμάειμ ̣ ̣. τόπος· ἑρμηνεύεται κτῆσις ὕδατος. Γαδδά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη εἰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐστιν ἐν ἐσχάτοις τοῦ Δαρωμᾶ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἐπὶ τῇ νεκρᾷ θαλάσσῃ. Γάδειρα ̣ 36̣, φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Γίδωρά ἐστι νῦν κώμη ἐν ὁρίοις Αἰλίας περὶ τὴν τερέβινθον.","english":"This was a great and royal metropolis of the Evaeans, and it became part of the allotment of Benjamin. And there is now a village so called near Bethel to the west, about four miles away; it lies near Ramah, and was assigned to the Levites near Remma. There Solomon, after sacrificing, is deemed worthy of an oracle. Gaibe: of the allotment of Benjamin, also assigned to the Levites. Gazer: of the allotment of Ephraim, assigned to the Levites. Joshua besieged this city as well, slaying its king. Solomon also rebuilt it. And it is now called Gazara, a village of Nicopolis, distant four miles to the north. The tribe of Ephraim did not, however, destroy the aliens from it. Goson: Joshua also besieged this. Geth: in this place the Enakim aliens and the Philistines were left, not having been exterminated. And it is still now a village, for those passing from Eleutheropolis to Diospolis, about the fifth milestone from Eleutheropolis. Gesoureim: a city of aliens. This is Gargasei in Batanaea, from which \"the sons of Israel did not exterminate the Gesouri.\" Gader: Joshua also smote its king. And Jacob \"beyond the tower of Gader pitched his tent.\" Goein of Gelgel: Aquila and Symmachus: \"nations of Gelgel.\" Gelgel: Joshua also took this. And there is now a village called Galgulis, about six miles to the north of Antipatris. Golathmaeim: a place; it is interpreted as \"acquisition of water.\" Gadda: of the tribe of Judah. There is still now a village in the farthest parts of Daroma to the east, on the Dead Sea. Gadeira: of the tribe of Judah. Gidora is now a village in the territory of Aelia, near the terebinth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαϊβέ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Gaibe is a short lemma, typical of the Onomasticon's catalogue style, listing only its tribal allotment and Levitical assignment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαζέρ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Joshua besieging Gazer and slaying its king echoes Joshua 10:33–35, where Joshua captures Gezer and kills its king.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Γέθ","severity":"info","text":"Geth (Gath) is identified as a village on the road from Eleutheropolis to Diospolis, reflecting the Roman road system and the persistence of Philistine toponyms in the Byzantine period.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεσουρείμ","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Gesoureim is glossed as a city of aliens, with a citation from the Greek version of Joshua 13:13, where the Geshurites are not exterminated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Γελγέλ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Gelgel notes that Aquila and Symmachus translate the name as 'nations of Gelgel,' showing the influence of later Greek Jewish versions on Eusebius' work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Γολαθμάειμ","severity":"caution","text":"The etymology 'acquisition of water' for Golathmaeim is uncertain; the Hebrew underlying form is obscure, and the interpretation may be folk-etymological.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae after Γαϊβέ, Γαζέρ, Γοσόν, Γέθ, Γεσουρείμ, Γαδέρ, Γωεὶν, Γελγέλ, Γολαθμάειμ, Γαδδά, and Γάδειρα, indicated by dots; the exact original readings are uncertain.","The identification of Gaibal in the previous passage is not repeated here, but the entry for Gaibe may be a separate location.","The phrase 'οὐ μὴν ἀνεῖλεν ἐξ αὐτῆς τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους ἡ φυλὴ Ἐφραΐμ' is ambiguous: it may mean the tribe did not destroy the aliens from Gazer, or that they did not destroy them from some other place."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Γεδούρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ νῦν ἐστι Γεδροὺς κώμη μεγίστη ἀπὸ ιʹ σημείων Διοσπόλεως ἀπιόντων εἰς Ἐλευθερόπολιν. Γαβλί ̣ ̣. γῆ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων. Γισών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Γηλών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Γαδηρώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Γεθρεμμών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Γαί ̣ ̣. φάραγξ. Γαιεννούμ ̣ ̣. ἑρμηνεύεται φάραγξ τοῦ Ἐννούμ. ταύτην δὲ λέγουσιν εἶναι τὴν γέενναν. κλήρου φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. προσπαράκειται τῷ τείχει Ἱερουσαλὴμ πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Γεθθεφέρ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών, Γηεφθαέλ ̣ ̣. φάραγξ Ἐφθαέλ, κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Γαβαθών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ ἔστι πολίχνη Γαβὲ καλουμένη ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ι ʹ τῆς Καισαρείας καὶ ἄλλη κώμη Γαβαθὰ ἐν ὁρίοις Διοκαισαρείας παρακειμένη τῷ μεγάλῳ πεδίῳ τῆς Λεγεῶνος. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Γαβαὰ καὶ Γαβαθὰ κώμη ἐν ἀνατολαῖς τοῦ Δαρωμᾶ. καὶ ἄλλη Γαβαθὰ κλήρου Βενιαμίν, ἔνθα ἦν ὁ οἶκος Σαούλ. καὶ ἄλλη τῶν ἀλλοφύλων Γαβαθὼν λέγεται ἐν Βασιλείαις. Γεθρεμμὼν ἑτέρα ̣ 45̣. κλήρου Δάν, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη μεγίστη ἀπὸ σημείων ιβʹ Διοσπόλεως ἀπιόντων εἰς Ἐλευθερόπολιν. Γαλειλώθ ̣ ̣. τόπος παρὰ τὸν Ἰορδάνην, ἔνθα θυσιαστήριον ἔστησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ῥουβίν. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Γαάς ̣ 30̣. ὄρος Ἐφραΐμ, οὗ ἐν βορείοις ἔθαψαν Ἰησοῦν. δείκνυται δὲ ἐπίσημον εἰς ἔτι νῦν αὐτοῦ τὸ μνῆμα πλησίον Θαμνὰ κώμης. Γαβαάς ̣ ̣. ὄρος Ἐφραΐμ, Φινεὲς πόλις, υἱοῦ Ἐλεάζαρ, οὗ ἔθαψαν τὸν Ἐλεάζαρον. καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐστι Γαβαθὰ κώμη, ὡς ἀπὸ ιβʹ σημείων Ἐλευθεροπόλεως, ἔνθα καὶ τὸ μνῆμα Ἀμβακοὺμ ἐπιδείκνυται τοῦ προφήτου. ἦν δὲ φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Γαβαάν ̣ ̣.","english":"Gedour. Tribe of Judah. And now there is a very large village called Gedrous, ten milestones from Diospolis going toward Eleutheropolis. Gabli. Land of the Philistines. Gison. Tribe of Judah. Gelon. Tribe of Judah. Gaderoth. Tribe of Judah. Gethremmon. Tribe of Manasseh, a city set apart for Levites. Gai. A valley. Gaiennoum. It is interpreted as the valley of Ennom. They say this is Gehenna. Allotment of the tribe of Benjamin. It lies adjacent to the wall of Jerusalem on the east. Gethphepher. Allotment of Zabulon. Giephthael. Valley of Ephthael, allotment of Zabulon. Gabathon. Allotment of Dan, a city set apart for Levites. And there is a small town called Gabe, about ten milestones from Caesarea, and another village, Gabatha, in the territory of Diocaesarea, lying near the great plain of Legio. There is also a Gaba and a Gabatha, a village east of Daroma. And another Gabatha, allotment of Benjamin, where the house of Saul was. And another of the Philistines is called Gabathon in Kings. Another Gethremmon. Allotment of Dan, set apart for Levites. And now there is a very large village, twelve milestones from Diospolis going toward Eleutheropolis. Galeiloth. A place by the Jordan, where the sons of Ruben set up an altar. Tribe of Benjamin. Gaas. Mount Ephraim, on the north side of which they buried Joshua. His tomb is still shown as a notable landmark near the village of Thamna. Gabaas. Mount Ephraim, the city of Phinees, son of Eleazar, where they buried Eleazar. And there is still now a village called Gabatha, about twelve milestones from Eleutheropolis, where also the tomb of Ambacum the prophet is shown. It was of the tribe of Benjamin. Gabaon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Γεδούρ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek form Γεδούρ corresponds to the Hebrew Geder, a town in the territory of Judah. The entry notes the modern village Gedrous, 10 milestones from Diospolis toward Eleutheropolis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Γαιεννούμ","severity":"info","text":"Γαιεννούμ is interpreted as 'valley of Ennom' and identified with Gehenna. This reflects a Jewish tradition linking the valley of Hinnom (Ge Hinnom) to the place of punishment in the afterlife.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Γαβαθών","severity":"info","text":"Gabathon is identified as a city of the allotment of Dan set apart for Levites. The entry also mentions a small town Gabe near Caesarea and a village Gabatha in the territory of Diocaesarea, reflecting multiple sites with similar names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Γαάς","severity":"info","text":"Mount Gaas (Gaash) is identified as the burial place of Joshua, with his tomb still shown near the village of Thamna. This reflects a local tradition in the 4th century CE.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Γαβαάς","severity":"info","text":"Gabaas is identified as the city of Phinees (Phinehas), son of Eleazar, where Eleazar was buried. The entry notes a village Gabatha near Eleutheropolis where the tomb of the prophet Ambacum (Habakkuk) is shown.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a consistent pattern: each entry begins with a place name in the genitive or nominative, followed by tribal affiliation or geographical description, and often a note on the modern site. The sequence is alphabetical by Greek transliteration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (indicated by ̣ ̣) after several place names, leaving the full forms uncertain. The English draft supplies plausible readings (e.g., Γεδούρ, Γαβλί) but the original may have had variant spellings.","The identification of multiple sites named Gabatha or Gabathon is ambiguous; Eusebius distinguishes them by location and tribal allotment, but the exact correspondences to biblical sites are debated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"μέχρι ταύτης ἐπολέμησαν Βενιαμίν, ὡς ἐν Κριταῖς. Βασιλειῶν. Γεθθά ̣ ̣. ἐνταῦθα μετήνεγκαν τὴν κιβωτὸν ἀπὸ Ἀζώτου. καὶ νῦν ἐστι μεγίστη κώμη, ἣ καλεῖται Γιθθάμ, μεταξὺ ἀνιόντων ἀπὸ Ἀντιπατρίδος εἰς Ἰαμνίαν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη Γεθθείμ. Γαλλεί ̣ 44̣. ὅθεν ἦν Φαλτεὶ ὁ λαβὼν τὴν Μελχὸλ «γυναῖκα Δαυίδ.» μέμνηται ταύτης καὶ Ἡσαΐας. λέγεται δὲ πλησίον Ἀκκαρὼν εἶναί τις κώμη Γαλλαΐα καλουμένη. Γελαμσούρ ̣ ̣. χώρα ἀλλοφύλων. Γελβουέ ̣ ̣. ὄρη ἀλλοφύλων, Σκυθοπόλεως ἀπέχοντα ʹ σημείοις, ἐν οἷς καὶ κώμη καλεῖται Γελβοῦς. Γεδδούρ ̣ 30, 8̣. ἔνθα κατέβη Δαυίδ. Ἀʹ τὸν εὔζωνον, Σύμμαχος τὸν λόχον. Γαζηρά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπάταξε Δαυὶδ «τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους.» καὶ ἀνωτέρω κεῖται Γαζέρ. Γεσσούρ ̣ 15, 8̣. χώρα ἀλλοφύλων ἐπὶ τῆς Συρίας. Γιλών ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Ἀχιτόφελ. Γόβ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα συνέστη πόλεμος. Γαλιλαία ̣ ̣. δύο εἰσὶ Γαλιλαῖαι, ὧν ἡ μὲν Γαλιλαία ἐθνῶν εἴρηται, ἐν ὁρίοις Τυρίων παρακειμένη, ἔνθα ἔδωκε Σολομὼν «τῷ Χιρὰμ κʹ πόλεις», κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ, ἡ δέ ἐστιν ἀμφὶ τὴν Τιβεριάδα καὶ τὴν πρὸς αὐτῇ λίμνην, κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Γειών ̣ ̣. ἔνθα χρίεται Σολομών. Γήρ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπάταξεν Ἰοῦ τὸν Ὀχοζίαν «ἐγγὺς Ἰεβλαάμ». Γεθθαχοφέρ ̣","english":"Gedour. Tribe of Judah. And now there is a very large village called Gedrous, ten milestones from Diospolis going toward Eleutheropolis. Gabli. Land of the Philistines. Gison. Tribe of Judah. Gelon. Tribe of Judah. Gader. Up to this point the Benjamites fought, as in Judges. Kingdoms. Geththa. Here they transferred the ark from Azotus. And now there is a very large village called Giththam, between those going up from Antipatris to Jamnia. And there is also another Geththeim. Gallei. From there came Palti, who took Melchol, the wife of David. Isaiah also mentions this. And it is said that near Accaron there is a village called Gallaia. Gelamsour. Land of the Philistines. Gelboue. Mountains of the Philistines, twenty milestones from Scythopolis, in which there is also a village called Gelbous. Geddour. Where David went down. Aquila: the light-armed man; Symmachus: the ambush. Gazera. Where David struck the Philistines. And above lies Gazer. Gessour. Land of the Philistines in Syria. Gilon. From there came Ahitophel. Gob. Where a battle was joined. Galilaia. There are two Galilees, of which one is called Galilee of the Gentiles, lying in the territory of the Tyrians, where Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities, of the tribe of Naphtali; and the other is around Tiberias and the lake adjacent to it, of the tribe of Zebulun. Geion. Where Solomon is anointed. Ger. Where Jehu struck Ochozias near Ieblaam. Geththachopher.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεθθά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Geththa is a single continuous lemma in the Greek, but the English draft splits it into two separate entries (Gader and Geththa). The Greek text shows no such division.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαλιλαία","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Solomon giving Hiram twenty cities alludes to 1 Kings 9:11–13, where Hiram of Tyre receives cities in Galilee.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαλιλαία","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius distinguishes two Galilees: Galilee of the Gentiles (near Tyre) and the region around Tiberias and its lake. This reflects the administrative division of Roman Palestine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεδδούρ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek entry for Geddour includes variant readings from Aquila (τὸν εὔζωνον, 'the light-armed man') and Symmachus (τὸν λόχον, 'the ambush'), indicating textual variation in the underlying biblical passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαλλεί","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Isaiah mentions Gallei, likely referring to Isaiah 10:9, where Gallim (Gallei) is a place in Benjamin. This shows the Onomasticon's use of prophetic books for toponymic identification.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεθθά","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has a lacuna after Γεθθά (marked by a gap), and the English draft supplies 'Gader' as a separate entry. The Coptic original likely had a single entry for Geththa; the division is editorial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna after Γεθθά, and the English draft splits it into two entries (Gader and Geththa). The Coptic original likely had a single entry for Geththa; the division is editorial.","The entry for Γαζηρά (Gazera) is ambiguous: Eusebius says 'and above lies Gazer', possibly referring to a different location or a textual variant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"25̣. ἔνθεν ἦν Ἰωνᾶς ὁ προφήτης. Γαδδεί ̣ ̣. ταύτην ἐπάταξεν Ἀζαήλ. κεῖται δὲ καὶ ἀνωτέρω Γαδδά. Γημελά ̣ ̣. χώρα Ἐδώμ. Ἀʹ δὲ καὶ Σύμμαχος φάραγγα ἁλῶν. Γηβείν ̣ ̣. ταύτης Ἡσαΐας μνημονεύει. καὶ νῦν ἐστι Γηβὰ κώμη ἀπὸ σημείων εʹ Γουφνῶν ἐρχομένων εἰς Νέαν πόλιν. Γωζάν ̣ ̣. ἐν χώρᾳ Ἐμάθ. καὶ ταύτης Ἡσαΐας μέμνηται. ἔστι δὲ περὶ τὴν Δαμασκηνήν. Γαρήβ ̣ ̣. βουνὸς πλησίον Ἱερουσαλήμ. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Γηβαρώθ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ ἐν φραγμοῖς, Σʹ ἐν παροικίαις. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Γαιμώδ ̣ ̣. χώρα Μωάβ. ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Γαιφά ̣ ̣. χώρα. ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Ἀπὸ τῶν Εὐαγγελίων. Γάδαρα ̣ ̣. πόλις πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, ἀντικρὺ Σκυθοπόλεως καὶ Τιβεριάδος πρὸς ἀνατολαῖς ἐν τῷ ὄρει, οὗ πρὸς ταῖς ὑπωρείαις τὰ τῶν θερμῶν ὑδάτων λουτρὰ παράκειται. Γεργεσά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα τοὺς δαιμονιῶντας ὁ κύριος ἰάσατο. καὶ νῦν δείκνυται ἐπὶ τοῦ ὄρους κώμη παρὰ τὴν λίμνην Τιβεριάδος, εἰς ἣν καὶ οἱ χοῖροι κατεκρημνίσθησαν. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Γεθσιμανῆ ̣ ̣. χωρίον, ἔνθα πρὸ τοῦ πάθους ὁ Χριστὸς προσηύξατο. κεῖται δὲ καὶ πρὸς τῷ ὄρει τῶν ἐλαιῶν, ἐν ᾧ καὶ νῦν τὰς εὐχὰς οἱ πιστοὶ ποιεῖσθαι σπουδάζουσιν. Γολγοθά ̣ ̣. «κρανίου τόπος», ἔνθα ὁ Χριστὸς ἐσταυρώθη. ὃς καὶ δείκνυται ἐν Αἰλίᾳ πρὸς τοῖς βορείοις τοῦ Σιὼν ὄρους. Στοιχεῖον Δ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Δασέμ ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἀσσυρίων μεγίστη, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησεν Ἀσσούρ, «ἀνὰ μέσον Νινευῆ καὶ Χαλάχ». Δρῦς Μαμβρῆ ̣ ̣. ἡ πρὸς τῇ Χεβρὼν εἰς ἔτι νῦν δεικνυμένη τερέβινθος, ἔνθα ἐσκήνου Ἁβραάμ, ἣ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν θρησκεύεται. Δαμασκός ̣ ̣. πόλις ἐπίσημος Φοινίκης. οὕτω δὲ καὶ «τῆς Μασὲκ οἰκογενοῦς» τοῦ Ἁβραὰμ υἱὸς ἐκαλεῖτο.","english":"25. From there was the prophet Jonah. Gaddi. This was smitten by Hazael. And Gadda is also mentioned above. Gemela. Land of Edom. Aquila and Symmachus have \"ravine of salt.\" Gebein. Isaiah mentions this. And now there is a village called Geba, five milestones from Gophna going toward Neapolis. Gozan. In the land of Hamath. And Isaiah mentions this. It is in the region of Damascus. Gareb. A hill near Jerusalem. In Jeremiah. Gebaroth. Aquila: \"in hedges,\" Symmachus: \"in settlements.\" In Jeremiah. Gaimod. Land of Moab. In Isaiah. Gaipha. A land. In Isaiah. From the Gospels. Gadara. A city beyond the Jordan, opposite Scythopolis and Tiberias to the east on the mountain, at whose foot the baths of hot waters lie. Gergesa. Where the Lord healed the demoniacs. And now a village is shown on the mountain by the Lake of Tiberias, into which the swine were also cast down. It is also mentioned above. Gethsemane. A place, where Christ prayed before his passion. It lies by the Mount of Olives, where even now the faithful are eager to make their prayers. Golgotha. \"Place of a skull,\" where Christ was crucified. It is shown in Aelia to the north of Mount Sion. Letter Delta. From Genesis. Dasem. A very great city of the Assyrians, which Asshur built, \"between Nineveh and Calah.\" Oak of Mamre. The terebinth still shown near Hebron, where Abraham encamped, which is also venerated by the nations. Damascus. A notable city of Phoenicia. And thus also the son of Abraham's \"house-born\" Masek was called.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Γολγοθά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Golgotha concludes the Gamma section; the following entry begins with 'Letter Delta', marking a clear structural division.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Γημελά","severity":"info","text":"The Greek Γημελά is rendered as 'Gemela' in the English draft; the variant 'ravine of salt' from Aquila and Symmachus suggests a topographical feature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαδδεί","severity":"info","text":"The note 'This was smitten by Hazael' alludes to 2 Kings 13:22-24, where Hazael, king of Aram, attacks Israelite territory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεργεσά","severity":"info","text":"Gergesa is identified as the site where Jesus healed demoniacs (cf. Matthew 8:28) and where the swine were cast down, referencing the miracle in the Gospels.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Γεθσιμανῆ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Gethsemane, where Christ prayed before his passion, is still a site of prayer for the faithful, indicating ongoing veneration in the 4th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Γαδδεί","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has 'Γαδδεί' with a lacuna; the English draft reads 'Gaddi', but the exact identification is uncertain due to manuscript damage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek 'Γαδδεί' is partially illegible; the reading 'Gaddi' is conjectural.","The location of 'Γημελά' (Gemela) is not precisely identified; the variant 'ravine of salt' may refer to a different site."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Δάν ̣ ̣. οὕτω καλουμένη κώμη, Πανεάδος ἀπὸ σημείων δ' κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἐπὶ Τύρον, ἥτις καὶ ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας ὑπῆρχεν, ἔνθεν καὶ ὁ Ἰορδάνης ἔξεισιν. Δαναβᾶ ̣ ̣. πόλις Βαλὰκ υἱοῦ Βεὼρ βασιλέως Ἐδώμ, μεθ' ὃν ἐβασίλευσεν Ἰώβ. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη Δαννεὰ ἀπὸ ηʹ σημείων Ἀρεοπόλεως ἀπιόντων εἰς τὸν Ἀρνωνᾶν, καὶ ἄλλη Δαναβᾶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὄρους Φογὼρ ἀπὸ σημείων ζʹ τῆς Ἐσβοῦς. Δωθαείμ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα εὗρεν Ἰωσὴφ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς νέμοντας. διαμένει ἐν ὁρίοις Σεβαστῆς, ἀπέχει δὲ αὐτῆς σημείοις ιβʹ ἐπὶ τὰ βόρεια μέρη. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Δαιβὼν ̣ ̣ ἢ Δίβων. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη παμμεγέθης παρὰ τὸν Ἀρνωνᾶν, ἣν τὸ παλαιὸν οὖσαν τῶν υἱῶν Μωὰβ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Σηὼν τοῦ Ἀμορραίου οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἀπέλαβον, καὶ γέγονε φυλῆς Γάδ. μέμνηται δὲ αὐτῆς Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος», καὶ Ἱερεμίας. Δαιβωνγάδ ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Δυσμαὶ Μωάβ ̣ ̣. «παρὰ τὸν Ἰορδάνην κατὰ Ἱεριχώ», ἔνθα Βαλὰκ «βασιλεὺς Μωὰβ» καὶ «ἡ γερουσία Μαδιὰμ» συσκευάζονται τὸν Ἰσραήλ, ἔνθα καὶ Μωϋσῆς τὸ Δευτερονόμιον γράφει. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Δαβειρά ̣ ̣, ἧς τὸν βασιλέα ἐπάταξεν Ἰησοῦς. ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Δάν. καὶ νῦν ἐστιν ἑτέρα κώμη Ἰουδαίων ἐν τῷ ὄρει Θαβώρ, ἐν ὁρίοις Διοκαισαρείας. Δὼρ τοῦ Ναφέθ ̣ 12̣, Σʹ Δὼρ «τῆς παραλίας», αὕτη ἐστὶ Δῶρα ἡ πρὸς Καισάρειαν τῆς Παλαιστίνης ἀπὸ σημείων θʹ ἀπιόντων Τύρον, νῦν ἔρημος ἣν οὐκ ἔλαβεν ἡ φυλὴ Μανασσῆ, ὅτι μὴ ἀνεῖλεν τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ ἀλλοφύλους. Δαβείρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, πόλις καλουμένη γραμμάτων.","english":"Dan. A village so called, four milestones from Paneas on the road to Tyre, which was also the boundary of Judea, whence the Jordan also issues. Danaba. A city of Balak son of Beor, king of Edom, after whom Job reigned. And now there is a village, Dannea, eight milestones from Areopolis going toward the Arnon, and another Danaba on Mount Phogor, seven milestones from Esbus. Dothaeim. Where Joseph found his brothers pasturing. It remains in the territory of Sebaste, and is twelve milestones from it toward the northern parts. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Daibon or Dibon. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. And there is also another, even now a very large village beside the Arnon, which anciently belonged to the sons of Moab and afterwards to Sihon the Amorite, and the sons of Israel took it, and it became of the tribe of Gad. Isaiah mentions it in the vision \"against Moab,\" and Jeremiah. Daibongad. A station of the sons of Israel. Dismal Moab. \"By the Jordan opposite Jericho,\" where Balak \"king of Moab\" and \"the elders of Midian\" conspire against Israel, and where Moses writes Deuteronomy. From Joshua. Dabeira. Whose king Joshua smote. It became of the tribe of Dan. And now there is another village of Jews on Mount Tabor, in the territory of Diocaesarea. Dor of Napheth. Symmachus: Dor \"of the coast.\" This is Dora near Caesarea of Palestine, nine milestones going toward Tyre, now deserted, which the tribe of Manasseh did not take because it did not slay the aliens in it. Dabeir. Of the tribe of Judah, a city called of letters.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Δάν","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Dan (Δάν) identifies a village four milestones from Paneas on the road to Tyre, marking the boundary of Judea and the source of the Jordan.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Δαναβᾶ","severity":"info","text":"Danaba is linked to Balak son of Beor, king of Edom, and Job, referencing Numbers 22–24 and Job 1–2.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Δωθαείμ","severity":"info","text":"Dothaeim is identified as the place where Joseph found his brothers pasturing (Genesis 37:17), located in the territory of Sebaste, twelve milestones north.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Δαιβὼν","severity":"info","text":"Daibon (or Dibon) is noted as a station of Israel in the desert, later a large village by the Arnon, mentioned by Isaiah and Jeremiah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Δυσμαὶ Μωάβ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Dismal Moab cites Joshua and describes the location by the Jordan opposite Jericho, where Balak and the elders of Midian conspired against Israel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Δαβείρ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Dabeir is ambiguous: it is called a city of letters (πόλις γραμμάτων), possibly a scribal error or a reference to a scribal center.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has lacunae (e.g., Δάν ̣ ̣) and the reading 'Dismal Moab' for Δυσμαὶ Μωάβ is uncertain; the English draft renders it as 'Dismal Moab' but the Greek may mean 'the slopes of Moab'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ἣν προκατελάβετο Γοθονιὴλ ἀδελφὸς Χαλέβ, ὡς δέ τινες, ἀδελφοῦ Χαλὲβ υἱός, ἀνελὼν τοὺς Ἐνακεὶμ ἐξ αὐτῆς. ἣ γέγονεν ἱερατική. Δαβείρ ̣ ̣. ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην. πόλις τῶν Ἀμορραίων. Δειμωνά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Δαλαάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Δεννά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, ἡ αὐτή ἐστιν τῇ πόλει τῶν γραμμάτων. Δαυίδ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Δουμᾶ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, κώμη μεγίστη νῦν ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ, ἐν ὁρίοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως, ἀπὸ σημείων ιζʹ. Δαμνά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ζαβουλών, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Δαβασθέ ̣ 11̣. φυλῆς Ζαβουλών. Δαβράθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰσσάχαρ, πόλις Λευίταις\n\nἀφωρισμένη. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Δρῦς ̣ ̣, ἡ «ἐν Ἐφραθά». ἐν κλήρῳ Μανασσῆ, ἔνθα ἦν Γεδεών. Ἀπὸ τῶν Βασιλειῶν. Δειβών ̣ ̣. μέμνηται ταύτης Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». Δεσέθ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ τοίχῳ, Σʹ τείχει. Δωδάνειμ ̣ ̣. Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῆς Ἀραβίας. καὶ ἔστι πλησίον Ἀρεοπόλεως. Δαρώμ ̣ ̣. Σʹ λίβα. ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Διόσπολις ̣ ̣. πόλις Αἰγύπτου. ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Δαδάν ̣ ̣. ἐν γῇ Κηδάρ, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. Δεβλαθαείμ ̣ ̣. ἐν γῇ Μωάβ, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. Δαιδάν ̣ ̣. ἐν τῇ Ἰδουμαίᾳ ὡς Ἱερεμίας. παράκειται τῇ Φαινὼν ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων δ' πρὸς βορρᾶν. Δεκάπολις ̣ ̣. ἐν Εὐαγγελίοις. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπὶ τῇ Περαίᾳ κειμένη ἀμφὶ τὴν Ἵππον καὶ Πέλλαν καὶ Γαδάραν. Στοιχεῖον Ε. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Ἐδέμ ̣ ̣. ὁ τοῦ θείου παραδείσου τόπος εἰς ἀνατολάς. ἑρμηνεύεται δὲ τρυφή. Εὐειλάτ ̣ ̣, «οὗ ἐστι τὸ χρυσίον» καὶ «ὁ ἄνθραξ καὶ ὁ λίθος ὁ πράσινος». χώρα πρὸς ἀνατολάς, ἣν προϊὼν ἐκ παραδείσου Φισὼν κυκλοῖ, ὁ παρ' Ἕλλησι Γάγγης, «ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν φερό μενος».","english":"which Gothoniel, brother of Caleb—or, as some say, son of Caleb’s brother—seized, after slaying the Enakim from it. It became a priestly city. Dabeir. Beyond the Jordan. A city of the Amorites. Deimona. Of the tribe of Judah. Dalaan. Of the tribe of Judah. Denna. Of the tribe of Judah; it is the same as the City of Letters. David. Of the tribe of Judah. Douma. Of the tribe of Judah; now a very large village in the Daroma, in the territory of Eleutheropolis, seventeen milestones away. Damna. Of the tribe of Zebulun; a city set apart for Levites. Dabasthé. Of the tribe of Zebulun. Dabrath. Of the tribe of Issachar; a city set apart for Levites.\n\nFrom the Book of Judges. Drus, the one “in Ephratha.” In the allotment of Manasseh, where Gideon was. From the Book of Kings. Deibon. Isaiah mentions it in the vision “against Moab.” Deseth. In the first recension, “wall”; in the Septuagint, “wall.” Dodaneim. Isaiah in the vision of Arabia. And it is near Areopolis. Darom. In the Septuagint, “south”; in Ezekiel. Diosopolis. A city of Egypt; in Ezekiel. Dadan. In the land of Kedar, as Jeremiah says. Deblathaeim. In the land of Moab, as Jeremiah says. Daidan. In Idumea, as Jeremiah says; it lies near Phainon, about four milestones to the north. Decapolis. In the Gospels. This is the region situated in Peraea, around Hippos and Pella and Gadara. Letter E. From Genesis. Eden. The place of the divine paradise in the east. It is interpreted as “delight.” Eveilat, “where the gold is” and “the carbuncle and the green stone.” A region toward the east, which the Pishon, as it proceeds from paradise, encircles—the river called Ganges by the Greeks, “flowing toward India.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Δαβείρ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Dabeir is marked with a lacuna ( ̣ ̣) in the Greek, indicating missing information. The English draft supplies 'Beyond the Jordan. A city of the Amorites' from the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Δειβών","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Isaiah mentions Deibon in a vision 'against Moab', likely referring to Isaiah 15:2 or 16:9, where the city is associated with Moab.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Δεσέθ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek notes two readings for Deseth: 'Αʹ τοίχῳ' (first recension, 'wall') and 'Σʹ τείχει' (Septuagint, 'wall'), showing textual variation in the biblical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Δεκάπολις","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies the Decapolis as a region in Peraea around Hippos, Pella, and Gadara, reflecting its New Testament context (e.g., Matthew 4:25) and its geographical significance in Roman Palestine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Εὐειλάτ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies Eveilat as a region in the east, associated with gold and precious stones, and equates the Pishon river with the Ganges, reflecting Hellenistic geographical knowledge.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Δεννά","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek states that Denna is 'the same as the City of Letters', but the identification is uncertain; the phrase may refer to a scribal tradition or a lost toponym.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacunae ( ̣ ̣) in the Greek for several entries (e.g., Dabeir, Deimona) leave the original text incomplete; the English draft supplies missing details from the source edition.","The phrase 'City of Letters' for Denna is ambiguous; it may refer to a known site or a textual tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"καὶ ἑνὸς δὲ τῶν ἀπογόνων Νῶε ἦν ὄνομα Εὐειλάτ, ὃν σὺν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς Ἰώσιππος «ἀπὸ Κωφῆνος ποταμοῦ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καὶ τῆς πρὸς αὐτῇ Σηρίας» κατοικῆσαι ἱστορεῖ. Ἰσμαὴλ δὲ λέγεται κατοικῆσαι ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου Εὐιλά, ἥν φησιν ἡ γραφὴ μεταξὺ εἶναι ἐρήμου Σοὺρ τῆς «κατὰ πρόσωπον Αἰγύπτου», καὶ παρατείνειν μέχρι τῆς Ἀσσυρίων γῆς. Εὐφράτης ̣ ̣. ποταμὸς Μεσοποταμίας, ἐκ παραδείσου προϊών. Ἐλλασάρ ̣ ̣. πόλις βασιλείας Ἀριώχ. Ἐφραθά ̣ ̣. χώρα Βηθλεὲμ τῆς πόλεως Δαυίδ, ἐφ' ἧς ὁ Χριστὸς ἐγεννήθη. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. ἧς πρὸς «τῇ ὁδῷ» ἔθαψαν τὴν Ῥαχήλ, ἀπὸ σημείων δʹ τῆς Ἱερουσαλήμ, ἐν τῷ καλουμένῳ ἱπποδρόμῳ. δείκνυται τὸ μνῆμα εἰς ἔτι νῦν. καὶ ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Βηθλεὲμ ἐκαλεῖτο Ἐφραθά, ὡς ἐν Παραλειπομέναις. Ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐξόδου. Εἰρώθ ̣ ̣. τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου, ἐφ' ὃν κατήντησαν ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου, ἐφ' οὗ διῆλθον τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Ἐμπυρισμός ̣ ̣. τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου, ἔνθα οἱ καταλαλήσαντες τοῦ θεοῦ κατεφλέχθησαν. Ἐνθαάθ ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Ἐβρωνά ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τοῦ λαοῦ. Ἐμάθ ̣ ̣. ᾗ διῆλθον οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰησοῦν κατάσκοποι. Ἐρμανά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐκόπη μέρος τοῦ λαοῦ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Χαναναίου καὶ τοῦ Ἀμαλήκ. τοῦτον δὲ τὸν Χαναναῖον Ἀμορραῖον ἐν τῷ Δευτερονομίῳ καλεῖ. Ἐσσεβών ̣ ̣. «πόλις Σηὼν» τοῦ Ἀμορραίου «ἐν γῇ Γαλαάδ», ἣν ἔλαβε πολεμήσας τὸν βασιλέα Μωάβ. μέμνηται αὐτῆς Ἡσαΐας, ἐν ὁράσει τῆς Μωαβίτιδος, καὶ Ἱερεμίας. καλεῖται δὲ νῦν Ἐσβοῦς, ἐπίσημος πόλις τῆς Ἀραβίας, ἐν ὄρεσι τοῖς ἀντικρὺ τῆς Ἱεριχοῦς κειμένη, ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων κʹ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου.","english":"And one of the descendants of Noah was named Euilat, whom Josephus records settled with his brothers \"from the Cophen River of India and the Seria adjacent to it.\" Ishmael is said to have settled in the desert of Evila, which Scripture says lies between the desert of Shur, \"which is before Egypt,\" and extends as far as the land of the Assyrians. Euphrates. A river of Mesopotamia, flowing from paradise. Ellasar. A city of the kingdom of Arioch. Ephratha. The region of Bethlehem, the city of David, where Christ was born. Of the tribe of Benjamin. There, \"by the road,\" they buried Rachel, four milestones from Jerusalem, in the place called the hippodrome. The tomb is still shown to this day. And the father of Bethlehem was called Ephratha, as in the Chronicles. From Exodus. Eiroth. A place in the desert, where they arrived from Egypt, at which they crossed the Red Sea. From Numbers and Deuteronomy. Empyrimos. A place in the desert, where those who spoke against God were burned. Enthaath. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Ebrona. A station of the people in the desert. Emath. Which the spies around Joshua passed through. Ermana. Where a part of the people was cut off by the Canaanite in the desert and by Amalek. This Canaanite is called an Amorite in Deuteronomy. Essebon. \"The city of Sihon\" the Amorite \"in the land of Gilead,\" which he took after making war on the king of Moab. Isaiah mentions it, in the vision of Moab, and Jeremiah. It is now called Esbus, a notable city of Arabia, lying in the mountains opposite Jericho, about twenty milestones from the Jordan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Εὐειλάτ","severity":"info","text":"Josephus (Ant. 1.6.2) names Euilat as a son of Joktan, settling near the Cophen River in India. Eusebius adapts this for his geographical entry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐφραθά","severity":"info","text":"Ephratha is linked to Bethlehem and Rachel's burial (Gen 35:19-20). Eusebius cites Chronicles (1 Chr 2:19, 4:4) for the father of Bethlehem being called Ephratha.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἐσσεβών","severity":"info","text":"Essebon (Heshbon) is identified as the city of Sihon (Num 21:25-26). Eusebius notes its contemporary name Esbus and location opposite Jericho, reflecting late Roman/Byzantine geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Εἰρώθ","severity":"info","text":"Eiroth (Pi-hahiroth) is the place where Israel crossed the Red Sea (Exod 14:2, 9). Eusebius locates it in the desert, following the Exodus narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐμπυρισμός","severity":"info","text":"Empyrimos (burning) refers to the place where those who spoke against God were burned, likely alluding to the rebellion of Korah (Num 16:35) or a similar event in the wilderness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐξόδου","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'From Exodus' marks a shift to entries sourced from the book of Exodus, following entries from Genesis and Chronicles. This structural cue organizes the Onomasticon by biblical book.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is not provided; the Greek and English are used. The entry for 'Εὐειλάτ' conflates Josephus' Euilat with Ishmael's desert Evila, possibly a scribal or source confusion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"καὶ γέγονε φυλῆς Ῥουβίν, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ἐδραεί ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀνῃρέθη Ὢγ βασιλεὺς Βασὰν γίγας καὶ οἱ αὐτοῦ πάντες. καὶ νῦν ἐστιν Ἀδρὰ πόλις ἐπίσημος τῆς Ἀραβίας, διεστῶσα Βόστρης σημείοις κδʹ. Ἐλεάλη ̣ ̣. πόλις ἐν τῇ Γαλαὰδ τοῦ Ἀμορραίου, ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ῥουβίν. ἧς μέμνηται Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῆς Μωαβίτιδος. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. καὶ σῴζεται εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη μεγίστη, οὐ πλεῖον σημείου ἑνὸς ἀπέχουσα τῆς Ἐσβοῦς. Ἐννά ̣ ̣. παράκειται τῇ ἐρήμῳ Κάδης. Ἑρμών ̣ ̣. ὄρος Ἑρμών, ὃ «οἱ Φοίνικες» ὀνομάζουσι Σανιώρ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Ἐμεκαχώρ ̣ ̣. ἑρμηνεύεται κοιλὰς Ἀχώρ, ἔνθα ἐλιθοβόλησαν τὸν Ἄχαρ κλέψαντα τὸ ἀνάθεμα, ἐφ' οὗ καὶ τῆς προσωνυμίας ἔτυχεν. πλησίον Ἱεριχοῦς δείκνυται εἰς ἔτι νῦν ὁ τόπος παρὰ τὴν Γάλγαλα. Ἐγλὼμ ̣; 12, 12̣ ἡ καὶ Ὀδολλάμ. ἧς τὸν βασιλέα Δαβεὶρ ἐπάταξεν Ἰησοῦς. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη μεγίστη πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Ἐλευθεροπόλεως, ἀπὸ σημείων ιʹ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Ἐνεμέκ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι. Ἐσὼρ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ἀσώρ. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, πρὸς τῇ ἐρήμῳ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Ἐνακείμ ̣ ̣. ἐκ ταύτης Ἰησοῦς ἀνεῖλεν «τοὺς Ἐνακεὶμ ἐκ τῆς","english":"And it became of the tribe of Reuben, set apart for the Levites. Edrei. There Og king of Bashan, a giant, and all his men were slain. And now it is Adra, a notable city of Arabia, twenty-four milestones distant from Bostra. Elealeh. A city in Galaad of the Amorite, which became of the tribe of Reuben. It is mentioned by Isaiah in the vision of Moab. It also appears in Jeremiah. And it is preserved even now as a very large village, not more than one milestone distant from Esbus. Ennath. It lies near the desert of Kadesh. Hermon. Mount Hermon, which the Phoenicians call Sanior. It is also mentioned above. From Joshua. Emekachor. It is interpreted as the valley of Achor, where they stoned Achar for stealing the devoted thing, on account of which he also received the name. The place is still shown near Jericho beside Galgala. Eglon. Also called Odollam. Its king, Dabeir, was struck down by Joshua. Of the tribe of Judah. And now it is a very large village east of Eleutheropolis, ten milestones distant. It is also mentioned above. Enemek. Aquila and Symmachus: in the valley. Esor. Also called Asor. Of the tribe of Judah, near the desert. It is also mentioned above. Enakeim. From this place Joshua slew the Enakim from the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐδραεί","severity":"info","text":"Edrei is identified with the site of Og's defeat and equated with Adra, a city of Arabia, 24 milestones from Bostra.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλεάλη","severity":"info","text":"Elealeh is cited as appearing in Isaiah's vision of Moab (cf. Isa 15:4, 16:14) and in Jeremiah (Jer 48:4).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐμεκαχώρ","severity":"info","text":"Emekachor is interpreted as 'valley of Achor', the site where Achan (Achar) was stoned for taking the anathema (Josh 7:24-26).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐγλὼμ","severity":"info","text":"Eglon is also called Odollam; its king Dabeir was slain by Joshua (Josh 10:3). The site is now a large village east of Eleutheropolis, 10 milestones away.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐνεμέκ","severity":"info","text":"Enemek is glossed by Aquila and Symmachus as 'in the valley', indicating a translational note from the Hexapla.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐνακείμ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Enakeim is incomplete in the Greek, breaking off mid-sentence; the English draft supplies the expected reference to Joshua's slaying of the Anakim.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text for Enakeim is truncated; the English draft completes the sense based on biblical context (Josh 11:21-22).","The identification of Eglon with Odollam is not fully explained; it may reflect a variant tradition or scribal conflation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ὀρεινῆς ἐκ Χεβρών». Ἐφρών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη Ἐφραῒμμεγίστη περὶ τὰ βόρεια Αἰλίας ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων κʹ. Ἐδραΐ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἐθνάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἐβεζιουθία ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Εὐείν ̣ 15, 29̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἐλθωλάδ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἐρέβ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἐρέμινθά ἐστι νῦν κώμη ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ. Ἐσσάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἐλούλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ἐλθεκέ ̣ 15, 59̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ νῦν ἐστι Θεκουὰ κώμη Αἰλίας ἀπὸ σημείων ιβʹ ἐξ ἀνατολῶν. ἔνθεν ἦν Ἀμὼς ὁ προφήτης, οὗ καὶ τὸ μνῆμα αὐτόθι εἰς ἔτι νῦν δείκνυται. Ἐνγάδδι ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. ἔνθα ἐκρύπτετο Δαυὶδ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου τῆς ἐν τῷ Αὐλῶνι Ἱεριχοῦς. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη μεγίστη Ἰουδαίων Ἐνγάδδι, παρακειμένη τῇ νεκρᾷ θαλάσσῃ, ὅθεν τὸ ὀποβάλσαμον. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Γάδδι. Ἐσθεμώ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἱερατική. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη μεγίστη Ἰουδαίων ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ, ὁρίου Ἐλευθεροπόλεως. Ἐμεκραφαείμ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ ἐν κοιλάδι Ῥαφαείμ. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. Ἐδωμίμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Βενιαμίν. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Ἐδουμὰ ἐν τῇ Ἀκραβαττίνῃ, ὡς ἀπὸ δώδεκα σημείων πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Νέας πόλεως. Ἑρμά ̣ 19, 4̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ἣ γέγονε κλήρου Συμεὼν καὶ Ἰούδα. Ἔθερ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. καὶ νῦν ἐστιν Ἰεθειρὰ μεγίστη κώμη ἐν τῷ ἐσωτέρῳ Δαρωμᾷ, παρακειμένη Μαλαάθοις. Ἐθθά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Ἐλκάθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Εἰκώκ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. συνάπτει «τῷ Ζαβουλὼν ἀπὸ νότου καὶ τῷ Ἀσὴρ» «κατὰ θάλασσαν» «καὶ τῷ Ἰούδᾳ ἐξ ἀνατολῶν». Ἐδραεί ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ.","english":"...of the hill country from Chebron. Ephron. Of the tribe of Judah. And now it is a very large village, Ephraim, about twenty milestones north of Aelia. Edrai. Of the tribe of Judah. Ethnan. Of the tribe of Judah. Ebezouthia. Of the tribe of Judah. Euein 15, 29. Of the tribe of Judah. Eltholad. Of the tribe of Judah. Ereb. Of the tribe of Judah. Eremintha is now a village in the Daroma. Essan. Of the tribe of Judah. Eloul. Of the tribe of Judah. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eltheke 15, 59. Of the tribe of Judah. And now it is Thekoua, a village of Aelia, twelve milestones to the east. From there was the prophet Amos, whose tomb is still shown there. Engaddi. Of the tribe of Judah. There David hid in the desert in the Aulon of Hiericho. And now it is a very large village of Jews, Engaddi, lying beside the Dead Sea, from which comes the opobalsamon. It is also mentioned above as Gaddi. Esthemo. A priestly city. And now it is a very large village of Jews in the Daroma, in the territory of Eleutheropolis. Emekraphaeim. 1 Kings in the valley of Rhaphaeim. Of the allotment of Benjamin. Edomim. Of the allotment of Benjamin. And now it is a village, Edouma, in the Akrabattine, about twelve milestones east of Neapolis. Herma 19, 4. And Iesous took this city, slaying its king. It became of the allotment of Symeon and Judah. Ether. Of the allotment of Symeon. And now it is Ietheira, a very large village in the inner Daroma, lying near Malaathoi. Eththa. Of the allotment of Symeon. Elcath. Of the allotment of Aser. A city set apart for the Levites. Eikok. Of the allotment of Nephthaleim. It adjoins \"Zaboulon from the south and Aser\" \"by the sea\" \"and Ioudas from the east.\" Edraei. Of the allotment of Nephthaleim.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐφρών","severity":"info","text":"The Greek lemma Ἐφρών is identified as a village of Judah, now called Ephraim, located north of Aelia. The Coptic text likely preserves the same toponym.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλθεκέ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ἐλθεκέ cites Joshua 15:59, indicating it is a city in the allotment of Judah. The modern site is Thekoua, associated with the prophet Amos.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐνγάδδι","severity":"info","text":"Engaddi is described as a large Jewish village by the Dead Sea, source of opobalsamon (balsam). This reflects the region's economic importance in late antiquity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλθεκέ","severity":"info","text":"The entry notes that the tomb of the prophet Amos is still shown at Thekoua, indicating a local pilgrimage tradition in Eusebius' time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐδωμίμ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ἐδωμίμ follows the pattern of listing a biblical name, its tribal allotment (Benjamin), and the modern village (Edouma) with distance from Neapolis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλούλ","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has a lacuna of asterisks after Ἐλούλ, indicating missing content. The English draft omits this, but the Coptic likely reflects a damaged manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text for this passage is not provided; the Greek is the source. The lacuna marked by asterisks may represent lost entries or a scribal break."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"Ἐλθεκώ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ἐσθαόλ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν, ἔνθεν ὡρμᾶτο Σαμψών. καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐστιν ἀπὸ ιʹ σημείων Ἐλευθεροπόλεως, εἰς βορρᾶν ἀπιόντων εἰς Νικόπολιν. Ἐλβά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. ταύτης οὐκ ἐξῆρεν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους ὁ Ἀσήρ. Ἐρεμμών ̣ ̣. κώμη Ἰουδαίων μεγίστη ἀπὸ ι ʹ σημείων Ἐλευθεροπόλεως πρὸς νότον ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ. Ἐμμαθδώρ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ἐμάθ ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῶν ἀλλοφύλων ἐν χώρᾳ Δαμασκοῦ. Ἐνλεχί ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ σιαγών. Ἐνιακεβζήβ ̣ ̣. Σʹ ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι τοῦ Ζήβ. Βασιλειῶν. Ἐργάβ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα Ἰωνάθαν «ἀκοντίζει τὰς σχίζας». Ἀʹ τοὺς λίθους, Σʹ τὸν λίθον. καὶ ἐν ἑτέρῳ Σʹ τὴν περίμετρον. Ἐχελά ̣ 23, 19̣. ἔνθα ἐκρύπτετο Δαυίδ. Ἐνκηλὰ νῦν λέγεται, ἀπέχουσα Ἐλευθεροπόλεως σημείοις ζʹ. Ἀμβακοὺμ τοῦ προφήτου τὸ μνῆμα πλησίον δείκνυται. Ἐλμωνί ̣ 21, 2̣. τόπος. τὶς ἑρμηνεύεται. Ἀʹ Θʹ τόνδε τινά. Ἐσθαμά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλε Δαυίδ. Ἐλώθ ̣ ̣. ταύτην ᾠκοδόμησεν Ἀζαρίας βασιλεύς. Ἐμάθ ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. πόλις Δαμασκοῦ, ἣν ἐπολιόρκησε βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων. μέμνηται αὐτῆς καὶ Ζαχαρίας. κεῖται καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἱεζεκιήλ. καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἀμὼς Ἐμὰς Ῥεββά, ὅ ἐστιν Ἐμὰθ μεγάλη. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. καὶ μήποτε αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ Ἐπιφάνεια ἡ πλησίον Ἐμέσης. Ἔσερ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών. Ἐναχεὶμ ̣ ̣ ἢ Ἐνβαχείν. Μιχαίας. Ἀʹ Σʹ ἐν κλαυθμῷ. Ἐναραβά ̣ ?̣. Ἀʹ ἐν ὁμαλῇ, Σʹ ἐν πεδινῇ. Ἐλκεσέ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Ναοὺμ ὁ Ἐλκεσαῖος. Ἐμακείμ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ τῶν κοιλάδων. Ἀπὸ τῶν Εὐαγγελίων. Ἐμμαοῦς ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Κλεώπας ὁ ἐν τῷ κατὰ Λουκᾶν Εὐαγγελίῳ. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ νῦν Νικόπολις τῆς Παλαιστίνης ἐπίσημος πόλις.","english":"Eltheko. Of the allotment of Dan, assigned to the Levites. Esthaol. Of the allotment of Dan, whence Samson set out. And even now it is twenty milestones from Eleutheropolis, to the north for those going to Nicopolis. Elba. Of the allotment of Asher. Asher did not drive out the foreigners from this place. Eremmon. A very large village of Jews, ten milestones from Eleutheropolis to the south in the Daroma. Emmathdor. Of the allotment of Naphtali, assigned to the Levites. Emath. The border of the foreigners in the region of Damascus. Enlechi. Aquila: Jaw. Eniakebzeb. Symmachus: In the valley of Zeb. Of Kings. Ergab. Where Jonathan \"hurls the splinters.\" Aquila: the stones; Symmachus: the stone. And in another place Symmachus: the perimeter. Echela. 23, 19. Where David hid. It is now called Enkela, seven milestones distant from Eleutheropolis. The tomb of the prophet Ambakoum is shown nearby. Elmoni. 21, 2. A place. Someone interprets it. Aquila and Theodotion: someone. Esthama. Where David sent. Eloth. This city King Azarias built. Emath. In Isaiah. A city of Damascus, which the king of the Assyrians besieged. Zechariah also mentions it. It is also in Ezekiel. And in Amos, Emas Rhabba, which is Great Emath. It is also mentioned above. And perhaps this is Epiphaneia near Emesa. Eser. A city which Solomon built. Enacheim or Enbachein. Micah. Aquila and Symmachus: in weeping. Enaraba. Aquila: in level ground; Symmachus: in the plain. Elkesai. Whence came Naoum the Elkesaian. Emakeim. Aquila and Symmachus: of the valleys. From the Gospels. Emmaous. Whence came Kleopas in the Gospel according to Luke. This is the now famous city of Palestine, Nicopolis.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐλθεκώ","severity":"info","text":"The entry Ἐλθεκώ (Eltheko) is assigned to the allotment of Dan and reserved for Levites, reflecting the priestly distribution of cities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐσθαόλ","severity":"info","text":"Esthaol is identified as the home of Samson, a figure from the Book of Judges, and its location is given relative to Eleutheropolis and Nicopolis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐργάβ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ergab references Jonathan 'hurling the splinters,' a phrase from 1 Samuel 14:14, with variant readings from Aquila and Symmachus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐχελά","severity":"info","text":"Echela, where David hid, is now called Enkela, and the tomb of the prophet Ambakoum (Habakkuk) is shown nearby, indicating a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐμμαοῦς","severity":"info","text":"Emmaous is identified as the home of Cleopas from the Gospel of Luke and equated with the famous city of Nicopolis in Palestine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐμάθ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Emath notes it is a city of Damascus in Isaiah, but also suggests it might be Epiphaneia near Emesa, indicating uncertainty in identification.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of Emath with Epiphaneia near Emesa is tentative, as Eusebius himself expresses uncertainty ('μήποτε αὕτη ἐστὶν').","The reading of Ἐργάβ and the phrase 'ἀκοντίζει τὰς σχίζας' may be corrupt or obscure; the variant translations from Aquila and Symmachus suggest textual difficulty."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"Ἐφραΐμ ̣ ̣. «ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐρήμου», ἔνθα ἦλθεν ὁ Χριστὸς «μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν». κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Ἐφρών. Στοιχεῖον Ζ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Ζαφωείμ ̣ ̣. χώρα ἡγεμόνων Ἐδὼμ ἐν τῇ νῦν Γεβαληνῇ. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Ζοόβ ̣ ̣. «διὰ τοῦτο λέγεται ἐν βίβλῳ· πόλεμος τοῦ κυρίου τὴν Ζοὸβ ἐφλόγισεν καὶ τοὺς χειμάρρους Ἀρνών». πόλις ἐν τῷ Ἀμορραίῳ, ἐν τῷ Ἀρνὼν κειμένη. Ζεφρονά ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας βόρειον. Ζαρέδ ̣\n\n13̣. φάραγξ Ζαρὲδ ἐν μέρει τῆς ἐρήμου. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Ζείφ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ζανάουα ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ νῦν ἐν ὁρίοις ἐστὶν Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀπιόντων εἰς Αἰλίαν κώμη Ζανουὰ καλουμένη. Ζίφ ̣ ̣. κώμη νῦν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ ἐν ὁρίοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως πλησίον Χεβρὼν ἀπὸ σημείων ηʹ πρὸς ἀνατολάς, ἔνθα ἐκρύπτετο Δαυίδ. Βασιλειῶν. Ζείφ ̣ ̣. «ὄρος αὐχμῶδες» τῆς Ζείφ, ἐν ᾧ ἐκαθέσθη Δαυίδ, ᾧ παράκειται Χερμαλά, ἥτις ἑρμηνεύεται ὁ Κάρμηλος. οὕτως καλουμένη εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη Ἰουδαίων, ἔνθα Νάβαλ ὁ Καρμήλιος. Ζεὶφ δὲ ἐκαλεῖτο καὶ εἷς τῶν υἱῶν Χαλέβ, ὡς ἐν Παραλειπομέναις. Ζογερά ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. πόλις Μωάβ. αὕτη νῦν καλεῖται Ζοορά, ἡ καὶ Σιγώρ, μία οὖσα τῆς πενταπόλεως Σοδόμων. Ζήβ ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. πόλις Ἀμμᾶν. καὶ ἔστι νῦν Ζία κώμη ὡς ἀπὸ ιεʹ σημείων Φιλαδελφίας ἐπὶ δυσμάς. Ζωελέθ ̣ ̣. λίθος οὕτω καλούμενος, ἐν ᾧ Ἀδωνίας θύει «ἐχόμενα τῆς πηγῆς Ῥωγήλ«. Στοιχεῖον Η. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Ἠλάθ ̣ ̣. χώρα ἡγεμόνων Ἐδὼμ καὶ πόλις Ἡσαῦ, ἀπὸ ιʹ σημείων Πέτρας πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Ἡρώων πόλις ̣ ̣. κατ' Αἴγυπτον, ἐφ' ἧς συνήντησεν Ἰωσὴφ τῷ πατρί. Ἡλιούπολις ̣ ̣.","english":"Ephraim. \"Near the desert,\" where Christ came \"with the disciples.\" And Ephron is mentioned above. Letter Z. From Genesis. Zaphoth. Land of the princes of Edom in the present Gebalene. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Zoob. \"Therefore it is said in the book: The war of the Lord burned Zoob and the torrents of Arnon.\" A city in the Amorite territory, situated on the Arnon. Zephrona. The northern boundary of Judaea. Zared. The ravine of Zared in part of the desert. From Joshua. Zeiph. Of the tribe of Judah. Zanaoua. Of the tribe of Judah. And now it is a village called Zanoua in the territories of Eleutheropolis for those going to Aelia. Ziph. It is now a village in the Daroma in the territories of Eleutheropolis near Hebron, eight milestones to the east, where David hid. Kings. Zeiph. \"The barren mountain\" of Zeiph, on which David sat, to which Chermala adjoins, which is interpreted as Carmel. Thus it is still called a village of Jews, where Nabal the Carmelite was. And Zeiph was also called one of the sons of Caleb, as in Chronicles. Zogera. In Jeremiah. A city of Moab. This is now called Zoora, also Sigor, being one of the pentapolis of Sodom. Zeb. In Jeremiah. A city of Ammon. And now there is a village Zia about fifteen milestones from Philadelphia to the west. Zoeleth. A stone so called, on which Adonijah sacrifices \"adjacent to the spring Rogel.\" Letter H. From Genesis. Elath. Land of the princes of Edom and a city of Esau, ten milestones from Petra to the east. Heroönpolis. In Egypt, where Joseph met his father. Heliopolis.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Ζ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text marks a new alphabetical section with 'Στοιχεῖον Ζ' (Letter Z), a structural feature of the Onomasticon that organizes entries by the first letter of the place name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ζοόβ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Zoob quotes a source as 'the book' (ἐν βίβλῳ), likely a lost or apocryphal text, describing a 'war of the Lord' that burned Zoob and the Arnon torrents.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ζογερά","severity":"info","text":"Zogera (now Zoora or Sigor) is identified as one of the pentapolis of Sodom, a group of five cities in the Dead Sea region known from Genesis 14.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ζίφ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ziph notes it as a village in the Daroma (southern district) near Hebron, where David hid, and links it to Nabal the Carmelite, reflecting later Jewish and Christian traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ζωελέθ","severity":"info","text":"Zoeleth is a stone named as the site where Adonijah sacrificed, adjacent to the spring Rogel, as in 1 Kings 1:9.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐφραΐμ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Ephraim is incomplete in the Greek (Ἐφραΐμ ̣ ̣), with missing letters or words, and the reference to Christ 'near the desert' is ambiguous, possibly from a non-canonical source.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (e.g., Ἐφραΐμ ̣ ̣, Ζαφωείμ ̣ ̣) where letters or words are missing, affecting interpretation.","The source of the quote for Zoob ('the book') is uncertain, possibly a lost work.","The identification of Ziph with David's hiding place and Nabal may conflate different biblical traditions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"πρὸς τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ πόλις, ἣν τὸ Ἑβραϊκὸν ὀνομάζει Ὤν, ἧς λέγεται Πετεφρὴς ἱερεύς. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Ἠθάμ ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ, ἡ καὶ Βουθάν. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Ἠνγαννίμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ νῦν ἐστι πλησίον Βαιθήλ. Ἠναΐμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Βηθενὶμ περὶ τὴν τερέβινθον. Ἠνδώρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. ἔνθα ἦν ἡ ἐγγαστρίμυθος. καὶ ἀνωτέρω κεῖται Ἀενδώρ. ἔστι δὲ πλησίον Ναΐν, ἐν ᾗ ὁ Χριστὸς τὸν υἱὸν τῆς χήρας ἤγειρεν, ἀμφὶ τὴν Σκυθόπολιν. Ἠνγαννί ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ ἄλλη δὲ λέγεται εἶναί τις Ἠνγαννὰ κώμη περὶ τὴν Γέρασαν τὴν ἐν τῇ Περαίᾳ. Ἠναδά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. ἐστὶ δὲ κώμη νῦν ἑτέρα Ἡναδάβ, ἀπιόντων ἀπὸ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως εἰς Αἰλίαν, περὶ τὸ ιʹ σημεῖον. Ἠνασώρ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Ἀσώρ. Ἡρακών ̣ 46̣. ὅριον φυλῆς Δάν, πλησίον Ἰόππης. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Ἡτάμ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα κατῴκει Σαμψὼν «ἐν τῷ σπηλαίῳ Ἡτὰμ» «παρὰ τῷ χειμάρρῳ». Βασιλειῶν. Ἡλά ̣ ̣. κοιλὰς Ἡλά. Ἀʹ Θʹ κοιλὰς τῆς δρυός. Ἠνγαδδί ̣ ̣. ἔρημος, ἔνθα ἐκρύπτετο Δαυίδ. καὶ ἀνωτέρω κεῖται Ἐνγαδδί φυλῆς Ἰούδα. παράκειται τῇ νεκρᾷ θαλάσσῃ εἰς δυσμάς. Ἠμάθ ̣ ̣. χώρα ἀλλοφύλων, ὡς δὲ Ἱερεμίας, πόλις Δαμασκοῦ. Ἠνάν ̣ ̣. «ὅριον Δαμασκοῦ», ὡς Ἱεζεκιήλ, «ἀπὸ Θαιμὰν καὶ Φοινικῶνος», ὡς δὲ οἱ Λοιποί, Θάμαρ. Στοιχεῖον Θ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Θαιμάν ̣ 36, 11̣. χώρα ἡγεμόνων Ἐδὼμ ἐν τῇ Γεβαλιτικῇ, ἀπὸ Θαιμὰν υἱοῦ Ἐλιφὰζ υἱοῦ Ἡσαῦ. ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη ἐστὶ Θαιμάν, ἀπέχουσα Πέτρων ἀμφὶ τὰ ιεʹ σημεῖα, ἐν ᾗ καὶ ἐγκάθηται στρατιωτικόν.","english":"A city near Egypt, which the Hebrew calls On, where Potipherah is said to have been priest. It is also in Ezekiel. Etham. A station on the desert of the sons of Israel, also called Buthan. From Joshua. Engannim. Of the tribe of Judah. And now it is near Bethel. Enaim. Of the tribe of Judah. And now it is a village, Bethenim, near the terebinth. Endor. Of the tribe of Manasseh. Where the ventriloquist was. And Aendor is mentioned above. It is near Nain, where Christ raised the son of the widow, around Scythopolis. Enganni. Of the allotment of Issachar. A city set apart for Levites. And another Enganna is said to be a village near Gerasa in Peraea. Enada. Of the allotment of Issachar. And there is now another village, Henadab, going from Eleutheropolis to Aelia, around the tenth milestone. Enasor. Of the allotment of Nephthaleim. And Asor is mentioned above. Herakon. Boundary of the tribe of Dan, near Joppa. From Judges. Etam. Where Samson dwelt \"in the cave of Etam\" \"by the torrent.\" Of Kings. Elah. The valley of Elah. 1 Kings 17:2. The valley of the oak. Engaddi. A desert, where David hid. And Engaddi of the tribe of Judah is mentioned above. It lies by the Dead Sea to the west. Emath. A land of the Philistines, but according to Jeremiah, a city of Damascus. Enan. \"Boundary of Damascus,\" as Ezekiel says, \"from Thaiman and Phoinikon,\" but according to the others, Thamar. Letter Th. From Genesis. Thaiman. Land of the princes of Edom in the Gebalitike, from Thaiman son of Eliphaz son of Esau. And even now there is a village, Thaiman, about fifteen milestones distant from Petra, in which a garrison is stationed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἠθάμ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek Ἠθάμ (Etham) is a station on the desert of the sons of Israel, also called Buthan. The Coptic text likely preserves the Greek form.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἠνδώρ","severity":"info","text":"Endor is associated with the ventriloquist (ἐγγαστρίμυθος), a reference to the witch of Endor in 1 Samuel 28. Eusebius notes its proximity to Nain, where Christ raised the widow's son (Luke 7:11-17).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἠνγαννί","severity":"info","text":"Enganni is a city set apart for Levites in the allotment of Issachar. Another village, Enganna, is said to be near Gerasa in Peraea, reflecting the region's administrative divisions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἠναδά","severity":"info","text":"Enada is now a village called Henadab, located on the road from Eleutheropolis to Aelia at the tenth milestone. This shows Eusebius' use of contemporary place names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Θ","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the transition to the letter Θ (Th) with the heading 'Letter Th. From Genesis.' This is a structural cue in the Onomasticon's alphabetical arrangement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἠνγαννίμ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Engannim is ambiguous: it is assigned to the tribe of Judah, but the Coptic text may conflate it with other locations. The phrase 'near Bethel' suggests a different site than the Issachar allotment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Engannim (Ἠνγαννίμ) may conflate two different locations: one in Judah near Bethel, and another in Issachar. The Coptic text does not resolve this clearly.","The identification of Emath (Ἠμάθ) as either a land of the Philistines or a city of Damascus is left ambiguous, citing Jeremiah without specific verse."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ἔνθεν ὡρμᾶτο Ἐλιφὰζ ὁ Θαιμανῶν βασιλεύς. καὶ τοῦ Ἰσμαὴλ δὲ Θαιμὰν λέγεται γεγονέναι παῖς. καὶ πᾶς δὲ ὁ πρὸς νότον τόπος οὕτω καλεῖται· καὶ γὰρ ἑρμηνεύεται Θαιμὰν νότος. Θαμνά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἔκειρεν Ἰούδας τὰ ἑαυτοῦ πρόβατα. διαμένει κώμη μεγάλη ἐν ὁρίοις Διοσπόλεως μεταξὺ ἀπιόντων εἰς Αἰλίαν. ἦν δὲ φυλῆς Δὰν ἢ Ἰούδα. Θαμνὰ ἄλλη ̣ ̣. πόλις ἡγεμόνων Ἐδώμ. ἦν δὲ καὶ «παλλακὴ Ἐλιφὰζ υἱοῦ Ἡσαῦ, ἥτις ἔτεκεν αὐτῷ τὸν Ἀμαλήκ», ὅθενοἱ Ἀμαληκῖται. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Δευτερονομίου. Θόφολ ̣ ̣. τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου «πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου», ἔνθα τὸ Δευτερονόμιον γράφει Μωυσῆς, καταντικρὺ Ἱεριχοῦς. Θαάθ ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Θαρά ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Θαφφοῦ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών, ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Βηθαφοῦ, ὅριον Παλαιστίνης καὶ Αἰγύπτου. Θανάκ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών, ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ νῦν ἐστιν ἀπὸ δʹ σημείου τῆς Λεγεῶνος. Θηνάθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς","english":"From there Eliphaz, king of the Thaimanites, set out. And Thaiman is said to have been a child of Ishmael. And the entire region to the south is called thus; for Thaiman is interpreted as \"south.\" Thamna. There Judah sheared his own sheep. A large village remains in the territory of Diospolis, between those going to Aelia. And it was of the tribe of Dan or Judah. Another Thamna. A city of the leaders of Edom. And there was also a \"concubine of Eliphaz, son of Esau, who bore him Amalek,\" whence the Amalekites. From Deuteronomy. Thophol. A place of the desert \"beyond the Jordan,\" where Moses writes Deuteronomy, opposite Jericho. Thaath. A station of the sons of Israel. Thara. A station of the sons of Israel. From Joshua. Thapphou. A city which Joshua besieged, having slain its king, which became of the tribe of Judah. And Bethaphou lies further up, a boundary of Palestine and Egypt. Thanak. A city which Joshua besieged, having slain its king, which became of the tribe of Manasseh, assigned to the Levites. And now it is four milestones from Legio. Thenath. Of the tribe","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαιμάν","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius glosses Θαιμάν as 'south' (νότος), linking it to the region south of Palestine and to the Edomite clan of the Thaimanites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαμνά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Θαμνά (Thamna) recalls the story of Judah shearing his sheep, likely from the Septuagint of Genesis 38:12–13, where Tamar is involved.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαμνὰ ἄλλη","severity":"info","text":"The second Θαμνά is identified as a city of Edomite leaders, and the note on Eliphaz's concubine (παλλακὴ Ἐλιφάζ) derives from Genesis 36:12, explaining the origin of the Amalekites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Θόφολ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Θόφολ (Thophol) is explicitly sourced 'from Deuteronomy' (Ἀπὸ τοῦ Δευτερονομίου), marking a shift to citations from the Pentateuch after a series of Joshua-derived entries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Θανάκ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Θανάκ (Thanak) is now four milestones from Legio (modern Lejjun), reflecting the Roman road system and the site's identification in the 4th century CE.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαφφοῦ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Θαφφοῦ (Thapphou) mentions Bethaphou as a boundary of Palestine and Egypt, but the location is uncertain; the text may conflate two distinct sites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text breaks off mid-word at Θηνάθ, leaving the tribal affiliation incomplete.","The identification of Bethaphou as a boundary between Palestine and Egypt is ambiguous and may reflect a textual corruption or conflation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"Ἰωσήφ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Θηνὰ ἀπὸ σημείων ιʹ Νέας πόλεως ἐπ' ἀνατολάς, κατιόντων ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην. Θαφφουέ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰωσήφ. Θαφφούθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. Θεκώ ̣ ạ. καὶ νῦν Θεκωέ ἐστι παρὰ τὴν ἔρημον Αἰλίας πόλις τὸ πρὶν οὖσα φυγαδευτηρίου. ὅθεν ἦν Ἀμὼς ὁ προφήτης. Θερσά ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς ἅμα τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῆς. Θεραμά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Θωλάδ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα ἢ Συμεών. Θαβώρ ̣ ̣. ὅριον Ζαβουλών. ἔστι δὲ ὄρος ἐν τῇ πεδιάδι κείμενον ἀπὸ σημείων ιʹ Διοκαισαρείας κατὰ ἀνατολάς. τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ὅριον ἦν φυλῆς Ἰσσάχαρ καὶ Νεφθαλείμ. Θαλχά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Συμεών. νῦν Θαλὰ καλεῖται Ἰουδαίων μεγίστη κώμη, ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ι ʹ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ. Θαμναθσαρά ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναυῆ «ἐν τῷ ὄρει» κειμένη. αὕτη ἐστὶ Θαμνά, ἡ καὶ ἀνωτέρω κειμένη, ἐν ᾗ εἰς ἔτι νῦν δείκνυται τὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μνῆμα. φυλῆς Δάν. Θάλασσα ἡ ἁλυκή ̣ ̣. ἡ καλουμένη νεκρὰ καὶ ἀσφαλτῖτις, μεταξὺ Ἱεριχοῦς καὶ Ζωόρων. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Θαανάχ ̣ ̣. οὐχ εἷλεν ταύτην ἡ φυλὴ Μανασσῆ, ὅτι μὴ τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους μετέστησεν ἐξ αὐτῆς. ἐνταῦθα δὲ τὸν Σισαρὰ Δεβόρρα πολεμεῖ. ἦν δὲ καὶ αὕτη Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη μεγίστη ἀπέχουσα τῆς Λεγεῶνος σημεῖα γʹ. Θήβης ̣ ̣. πόλις ἔνθα πολεμοῦντος Ἀβιμέλεχ ἀπὸ τοῦ πύργου «γυνὴ κλάσμα μύλου ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἔρριψεν». ἔστιν ἐν ὁρίοις Νέας πόλεως Θήβης ἔτι νῦν λεγομένη κώμη, ὡς ἐπὶ Σκυθόπολιν ἀπιόντων ἐπὶ τὸ τρισκαιδέκατον σημεῖον. Θαμναθά ̣ ̣. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Θαμνά. φυλῆς Δάν. Βασιλειῶν. Θηλαμοῦ γῆ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα «ἀπέστειλεν Ἀβεννὴρ πρὸς Δαυίδ».","english":"Joseph. And now there is a village, Thena, ten milestones from Neapolis to the east, as one goes down toward the Jordan. Thaphphoue. Of the tribe of Joseph. Thaphphouth. Of the tribe of Manasseh. Theko. And now Thekoe is a city near the desert of Aelia, formerly a place of refuge. From there was Amos the prophet. Thersa. And this city Joshua took together with its king. Therama. Of the tribe of Benjamin. Tholad. Of the tribe of Judah or Symeon. Thabor. A border of Zabulon. It is a mountain lying in the plain, ten milestones from Diocaesarea to the east. And the same was also a border of the tribe of Issachar and Nephthaleim. Thalcha. Of the tribe of Symeon. Now it is called Thala, a very large village of the Jews, about ten milestones from Eleutheropolis in the Daroma. Thamnathsara. A city of Joshua the son of Naue, lying \"in the mountain.\" This is the Thamna mentioned above, in which the tomb of Joshua is still shown. Of the tribe of Dan. The Salt Sea. The one called the Dead Sea and Asphaltitis, between Jericho and Zooron. From the Book of Judges. Thaanach. The tribe of Manasseh did not take this city, because it did not remove the aliens from it. Here Deborah fights against Sisara. And this city was also assigned to the Levites. And now it is a very large village, three milestones from Legio. Thebes. A city where, as Abimelech was fighting from the tower, \"a woman threw a piece of a millstone on his head.\" It is in the borders of Neapolis, a village still called Thebes, as one goes toward Scythopolis at the thirteenth milestone. Thamnatha. And Thamna is mentioned above. Of the tribe of Dan. From the Book of Kings. The land of Thelamou. Where \"Abenner sent to David.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαμναθσαρά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Thamnathsara identifies it as the city of Joshua son of Naue, located 'in the mountain,' and notes that the tomb of Joshua is still shown there. This is the same Thamna mentioned earlier in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Θήβης","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Thebes references the story of Abimelech's death, where a woman threw a millstone fragment on his head from a tower. This alludes to Judges 9:53.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Θάλασσα ἡ ἁλυκή","severity":"info","text":"The Salt Sea is identified as the Dead Sea, also called Asphaltitis, located between Jericho and Zooron. This reflects the common geographical knowledge of the region in late antiquity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαανάχ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Thaanach is introduced with the phrase 'From the Book of Judges,' indicating a structural marker that the source material for this entry is the biblical book of Judges, as opposed to other books like Kings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαλχά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Thalcha notes that it is now called Thala, a very large village of the Jews, about ten milestones from Eleutheropolis in the Daroma. This reflects the continued habitation and renaming of the site in Eusebius's time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαφφουέ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Thaphphoue is fragmentary, with only the tribal affiliation 'Of the tribe of Joseph' preserved. The Greek text shows a lacuna (indicated by dots), and no further details are given.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has several lacunae (e.g., Θαφφουέ, Θαφφούθ, Θεκώ) where the original entry may have been longer. The reading follows the English draft's interpretation of the surviving text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"Ἀʹ παραχρῆμα, Σʹ ἀνθ' ἑαυτοῦ. Θαάδ ̣ 6?̣. ἐγγὺς Γαλαάδ. Θαμσά ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς βασιλείας Σολομών. Θερμώθ ̣ 18̣. πόλις ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομὼν «ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ». Θαρσεῖς ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἤρχετο τῷ Σολομῶντι χρυσός. κατὰ μὲν τὸν Ἰώσιππον Ταρσός ἐστιν ἡ τῆς Κιλικίας· κατὰ δὲ τὸν Ἱεζεκιὴλ Καρχηδών, ἀντὶ γὰρ τῆς παρὰ τοῖς Οʹ κειμένης Καρχηδόνος τὸ Ἑβραϊκὸν ἔχει Θαρσεῖς. ἄλλοι δὲ τὴν Ἰνδίαν ὑπετύπωσαν. Θαρσά ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Ἀσὰφ βασιλεὺς Ἰσραήλ. Θερσιλά ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Μαναείμ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Σαμαρέων ἐν τῇ Βαταναίᾳ Θαρσιλὰ λεγομένη. Θεσβά ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Ἡλίας ὁ Θεσβίτης. Θαιμάν ̣ ̣. ὡς Ἱεζεκιὴλ πόλις τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, ὡς δὲ Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῆς Ἀραβίας. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. ἐν δὲ τῷἈβδιοῦ λέγεται πόλις Ἡσαῦ. Θαιμὰν δὲ καὶ εἷς τῶν υἱῶν Ἡσαῦ ἐκαλεῖτο. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Θαρθάκ ̣ 31̣. ταύτην ἔκτισαν ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ οἱ Εὐαῖοι. Θαλασάρ ̣ ̣. χώρα Συρίας. Θογαρμά ̣ ̣. ἐν τῷ Ἱεζεκιήλ. Θαφέθ ̣ ̣. βωμὸς τοῦ Θαφὲθ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. ἐν προαστείοις Αἰλίας εἰς ἔτι νῦν δείκνυται ὁ τόπος οὕτω καλούμενος, ᾧ παράκειται ἡ κολυμβήθρα τοῦ κναφέως καὶ τὸ Ἀχελδαμὰχ χωρίον. Στοιχεῖον Ι. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Ἰαβόκ ̣ ̣. ποταμὸς χειμάρρου, ὃν διαβαίνων ὁ Ἰακὼβ ἐπάλαισεν μετὰ τοῦ φανέντος αὐτῷ, ὅτε καὶ μετωνομάσθη Ἰσραήλ. ῥεῖ δὲ μεταξὺ Ἀμμᾶν, τοῦτ' ἔστι Φιλαδελφίας, καὶ Γεράσης ἀπὸ δʹ σημείων, καὶ κατερχόμενος συμμίγνυται τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ. Ἰδουμαία ̣ ̣. χώρα Ἡσαῦ, ἐξ αὐτοῦ παρωνύμως ὀνομασθεῖσα, ἐπείπερ αὐτὸς Ἐδὼμ ἐκαλεῖτο. ἔστι δὲ ἡ ἀμφὶ τὴν Πέτραν Γεβαληνὴ καλουμένη. Ἰαθέρ ̣ ̣. χώρα ἡγεμόνων Ἐδὼμ ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς Γεβαληνῆς.","english":"A. Immediately, S. instead of himself. Thaad. Near Galaad. Thamsa. Boundary of the kingdom of Solomon. Thermoth. A city which Solomon built \"in the desert.\" Tharseis. Whence gold came to Solomon. According to Josephus it is Tarsus of Cilicia; according to Ezekiel, Carthage, for instead of the Carthage found in the Septuagint, the Hebrew has Tharseis. Others have supposed India. Tharsa. Whence Asaph, king of Israel, came. Thersila. Whence Manaem came. And now there is a village of the Samaritans in Batanaea called Tharsila. Thesba. Whence Elijah the Thesbite came. Thaiman. As Ezekiel says, a city of Idumaea; as Isaiah says, in a vision of Arabia. It also occurs in Jeremiah. In Obadiah it is called a city of Esau. Thaiman was also the name of one of the sons of Esau. It is also mentioned above. Tharthak. This the Evaeans built in Judaea. Thalasar. A region of Syria. Thogarma. In Ezekiel. Thapheth. The altar of Thapheth in Jeremiah. In the suburbs of Aelia the place so called is still shown, near which are the Fuller's Pool and the place Acheldamach. Letter I. From Genesis. Iabok. A winter-flowing river, crossing which Jacob wrestled with the one who appeared to him, when he was also renamed Israel. It flows between Amman, that is Philadelphia, and Gerasa, at a distance of four milestones, and descending it mingles with the Jordan. Idumaea. The country of Esau, named after him by a derivative name, since he himself was called Edom. It is the region around Petra called Gebalene. Iather. A region of the princes of Edom in the same Gebalene.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαρσεῖς","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Josephus identifies Tharseis with Tarsus in Cilicia, while Ezekiel equates it with Carthage, and others with India.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαφέθ","severity":"info","text":"The altar of Thapheth is mentioned in Jeremiah, and Eusebius notes its location in the suburbs of Aelia near the Fuller's Pool and Acheldamach.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαιμάν","severity":"info","text":"Thaiman is identified as a city of Idumaea by Ezekiel, in a vision of Arabia by Isaiah, and as a city of Esau in Obadiah; also a son of Esau.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰδουμαία","severity":"info","text":"Idumaea is the country of Esau, named after his name Edom, and is the region around Petra called Gebalene.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Ι","severity":"info","text":"The entry marks the start of the letter I in the Onomasticon, with the first entry from Genesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Θερσιλά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that a village of the Samaritans in Batanaea is still called Tharsila, indicating continuity of the toponym.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae after some lemmas (e.g., Θαάδ, Θαμσά) where the Coptic cues are missing; the English draft supplies plausible readings but the original is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Ἰεταβαθά ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Ἰαννά ̣ ̣. «ἥ ἐστιν ἐν πεδίῳ Μωὰβ ἀπὸ κορυφῆς τοῦ λελαξευμένου, τὸ βλέπον κατὰ πρόσωπον τῆς ἐρήμου», παρὰ τὸν Ἀρνωνᾶν. Ἰεσσά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα Σηὼν βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἀμορραίων πολεμεῖται. μέμνηται αὐτῆς καὶ Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». κεῖται καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἱερεμίᾳ. καὶ δείκνυται νῦν μεταξὺ Μηδαβῶν καὶ Δηβοῦς. Ἰαζήρ ̣ ̣. πόλις τοῦ Ἀμορραίου ἀπὸ ιʹ σημείου Φιλαδελφίας πρὸς δυσμαῖς ἐν τῇ νῦν Περαίᾳ τῆς Παλαιστίνης ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην, ἣ\n\nγέγονεν ὅριον φυλῆς Γάδ, παρατεῖνον «ἕως Ἀροήρ, ἥ ἐστι κατὰ πρόσωπον Ῥαββά». μέμνηται τῆς Ἰαζὴρ Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσειτῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος», καὶ Ἱερεμίας. ἥτις ἦν Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. διέστηκε δὲ τῆς Ἐσσεβῶν σημείοις ιεʹ, καὶ φέρεται ἐπ' αὐτῆς ποταμὸς μέγιστος ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην ἐκπίπτων. Ἰορδάνης ̣ ̣. ποταμὸς διαιρῶν τὴν Ἰουδαίαν τῆς Ἀραβίας καὶ τὸν μέχρι νεκρᾶς θαλάσσης Αὐλῶνα, ὃς καὶ ἐκπίπτων διὰ Ἱεριχοῦς ἐπὶ τὴν νεκρὰν θάλασσαν εἰς αὐτὴν ἀφανίζεται. Ἰεταβαθά ̣ ̣. «χειμάρροι ὑδάτων», τόπος ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Ἱεριχώ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν κατέσκαψεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ἀνθ' ἧς ἑτέραν ἤγειρεν Ὀζὰν ἐκ Βαιθὴλ φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ, ἣν ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς ὁ Χριστὸς τῆς ἰδίας παρουσίας ἠξίωσεν. καταβληθείσης δὲ καὶ αὐτῆς ἐπὶ τῆς πολιορκίας τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ διὰ τὴν τῶν ἐνοικούντων ἀπιστίαν, ἑτέρα ἐκ τρίτου συνέστη εἰς ἔτι νῦν δεικνυμένη πόλις. καὶ τῶν δύο δὲ τῶν προτέρων εἰς ἔτι νῦν τὰ ἴχνη σῴζεται. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Ἱερουσαλήμ ̣ ̣.","english":"Numbers and Deuteronomy. Ietabatha. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Ianna. \"Which is in the plain of Moab from the top of the rock-hewn place, looking toward the desert,\" near the Arnon. Iessa. Where Sihon king of the Amorites is fought. Isaiah also mentions it in the vision \"against Moab.\" It is also in Jeremiah. And it is now shown between Medaba and Debous. Iazer. A city of the Amorite, ten milestones from Philadelphia toward the west in what is now Peraea of Palestine beyond the Jordan, which became a boundary of the tribe of Gad, extending \"as far as Aroer, which is opposite Rabbah.\" Isaiah mentions Iazer in the vision \"against Moab,\" and Jeremiah. It was assigned to the Levites. It is fifteen milestones from Heshbon, and a very large river flows from it into the Jordan. Jordan. A river dividing Judaea from Arabia and the valley as far as the Dead Sea, which also flows through Jericho into the Dead Sea and disappears into it. Ietabatha. \"Torrents of waters,\" a place in the desert. Jericho. A city which Joshua destroyed, slaying its king. In its place another was raised by Ozan from Bethel of the tribe of Ephraim, which our Lord Jesus Christ deemed worthy of his presence. When this too was destroyed at the time of the siege of Jerusalem because of the faithlessness of its inhabitants, a third city was established, which is still shown to this day. And the traces of both former cities are still preserved. From Joshua. Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ἰεταβαθά","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Ietabatha appears twice in this passage; the first entry is a station in the desert, the second is glossed as 'torrents of waters'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαννά","severity":"info","text":"The description of Ianna quotes a phrase likely from Numbers 21:20, though the exact wording is not verbatim in the Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἰαζήρ","severity":"info","text":"Iazer is identified as a Levitical city, reflecting post-exilic administrative arrangements; its location between Philadelphia and Heshbon is consistent with Josephus.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Josephus Antiquities"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἱεριχώ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Jericho was rebuilt by Ozan from Bethel and later destroyed during the siege of Jerusalem, with a third city still visible in his day.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰορδάνης","severity":"info","text":"The entry on the Jordan River provides a geographical summary, dividing Judaea from Arabia and ending in the Dead Sea, typical of Eusebius' concise topographical notes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰεσσα","severity":"caution","text":"The location of Iessa is given as between Medaba and Debous, but the identification of Debous is uncertain; it may be a variant of Dibon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma Ietabatha appears twice with different descriptions; it is unclear if Eusebius intends two distinct places or a single site with dual attributes.","The phrase 'from Joshua' at the end of the Jericho entry is ambiguous; it may indicate a source citation or a geographical reference."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"ταύτης ἐβασίλευσεν Ἀδωνιβεζέκ, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Ἰεβουσαῖοι, ἀφ' ὧν καὶ Ἰεβοὺς ἐκαλεῖτο, οὓς ἐκβαλὼν Δαυὶδ μητρόπολιν αὐτὴν ἀποφαίνει τῆς Ἰουδαίας, διὰ τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ συστὰν ἱερὸν * * * * * * ἐν Γενέσει Σαλήμ, ἧς ἐβασίλευσεν Μελχισεδέκ. γέγονε δὲ κλήρου φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Ἰεβούς ̣ ̣. «αὕτη ἐστὶν Ἱερουσαλήμ». Ἰαρεῖμ ̣ ̣. πόλις Γαβαωνιτῶν. Ἰεριμούθ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων δʹ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως περὶ τὴν Ἐσθαὸλ κώμην. Ἰσιμώθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐκρύπτετο Δαυίδ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Βηθσιμοὺθ καθ' ἃ δεδήλωται. ἐν δὲ τῇ πρώτῃ τῶν Βασιλειῶν ἀντὶ «τοῦ Ἰεσσεμοῦν» ὁ μὲν Ἀʹ τῆς ἠφανισμένης, ὁ δὲ Σʹ τῆς ἐρήμου Ἐδὼμἐκδεδώκασιν. Ἰεδνά ̣ ?̣. ἀπὸ ʹ σημείων Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀπιόντων ἐπὶ Χεβρών. Ἰεκκομάμ ̣ ̣. τοῦ Καρμήλου πόλις ἣν εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. Ἰαείρ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. Ἰαμνεία ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἰούδα. εἰς ἔτι νῦν πολίχνη Παλαιστίνης Ἰαμνεία μεταξὺ Διοσπόλεως καὶ Ἀζώτου. Ἰαβείρ ̣ ̣. πόλις γραμμάτων. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἰαγούρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἰερμοῦς ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη νῦν ἐστὶν Ἱερμοχὼς ἀπὸ σημείων ιʹ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀνιόντων εἰς Αἰλίαν. Ἰεχθαήλ ̣ 15, 38̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἰεφθάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἰεθέρ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, πόλις ἱερατική. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη μεγίστη Ἰεθειρὰ ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων κʹ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως, ὅλη Χριστιανῶν, ἐν τῷ ἔσω Δαρωμᾷ πλησίον Μαλαθῶν. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Ἰανούν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. κώμη νῦν ἐστιν Ἰανουὰ τῆς Λεγεῶνος ἀπὸ σημείων τριῶν κατὰ νότον. ἀλλ' ἔοικεν οὐκ εἶναι ἡ δηλουμένη. Ἰεττάν ̣ 55̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, πόλις ἱερατική.","english":"Of this city Adonibezek was king, and afterwards the Jebusites, from whom it was also called Jebus. After expelling them, David made it the metropolis of Judaea, because of the sanctuary established in it. * * * * * * In Genesis, Salem, of which Melchizedek was king. It became the allotment of the tribe of Benjamin. Jebus: \"This is Jerusalem.\" Jareim: a city of the Gibeonites. Jerimoth: a city which Joshua took. Of the tribe of Judah, about four milestones from Eleutheropolis near the village of Esthaol. Isimoth: where David hid. Bethsimoth is also mentioned above, as has been indicated. In the first book of Kings, instead of \"Jesse-moun,\" the Septuagint has rendered \"of the vanished,\" and the other version \"of the desert of Edom.\" Jedna: about ten milestones from Eleutheropolis going toward Hebron. Jekkomam: a city of Carmel which Joshua took, having slain its king. Jaeir: a city of the tribe of Manasseh. Jamneia: a city of Judah. Even now a small town of Palestine, Jamneia, between Diospolis and Azotus. Jabeir: a city of letters. Of the tribe of Judah. Jagour: of the tribe of Judah. Jermous: of the tribe of Judah. It is now a village called Jermochos, ten milestones from Eleutheropolis going up to Aelia. Jechthael: of the tribe of Judah. Jephthan: of the tribe of Judah. Jether: of the tribe of Judah, a priestly city. And it is now a very large village, Jetheira, about twenty milestones from Eleutheropolis, entirely Christian, in the inner Daroma near Malatha. It is also mentioned above. Janoun: of the tribe of Judah. It is now a village, Janua of Legio, three milestones to the south. But it seems not to be the one indicated. Jettan: of the tribe of Judah, a priestly city.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰεβούς","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Jebus is followed by a parenthetical gloss, 'This is Jerusalem,' which Eusebius likely added to clarify the identification for his readers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ἰαμνεία","severity":"info","text":"Jamneia (Iamneia) is identified as a small town of Palestine between Diospolis and Azotus, reflecting Eusebius' use of contemporary Roman place names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἰεθέρ","severity":"info","text":"Jether (Jetheira) is described as a very large village entirely Christian, located in the inner Daroma near Malatha, indicating a Christian community in the region during Eusebius' time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰεσσεμοῦν","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text notes a textual variant in 1 Kings: the Septuagint renders 'of the vanished' and another version 'of the desert of Edom' for the Hebrew 'Jesse-moun,' showing Eusebius' awareness of manuscript differences.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰανούν","severity":"caution","text":"Eusebius notes that the village Janua of Legio, three miles south, seems not to be the one indicated, expressing uncertainty about the identification of Janoun.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰεβούς","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Jebus recounts the history from Adonibezek to David, emphasizing Jerusalem's status as metropolis of Judaea due to its sanctuary, reflecting Eusebius' Christian perspective.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna of six asterisks after 'sanctuary established in it,' where the original likely contained a reference to the Temple or a biblical verse.","The identification of Janoun with Janua of Legio is uncertain, as Eusebius himself doubts it."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"ἔστι νῦν κώμη μεγίστη Ἰουδαίων, Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀπὸ σημείων ιηʹ πρὸς νότον ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ. Ἰεζραέλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἰεζραέλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, ἄλλη. ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐπισημοτάτη Ἐσδραηλὰ κώμη ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ πεδίῳ κειμένη μεταξὺ Σκυθοπόλεως καὶ τῆς Λεγεῶνος. ἦν δὲ καὶ ὅριον Ἰσσάχαρ. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Ἰεζραὲλ καὶ εἷς τῶν ἀπογόνων Ἐφραθά, ὡς ἐν Παραλειπομέναις. Ἰεκδαάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Ἰεφλιθί ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰωσήφ. Ἰανώ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη Ἰανὼ ἐν τῇ Ἀκραβαττινῇ, ἀπὸ ιβʹ σημείων Νέας πόλεως πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Ἰαμείν ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ δεξιά. Ἰασήβ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας. Ἰεβλαάμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, ἀφ' ἧς οὐκ ἐξῆρε τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους. Ἰερφήλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Ἰεκνάλ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ἰάφεθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών ἀνάβασις, καλεῖται καὶ Ἰόππη. καὶ ἡ Συκάμινος δὲ ἀπιόντων εἰς Πτολεμαΐδα ἀπὸ Καισαρείας κώμη πάραλος πλησίον τοῦ Καρμήλου Ἡφὰ λέγεται. Ἰεφθαήλ ̣ 14̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Ἰαδηλά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Ἰερμώθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ, πόλις ἱερεῦσιν ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ ἀνωτέρω κεῖται Ἱερμούθ.","english":"It is now a very large village of Jews, eighteen miles south of Eleutheropolis in the Daroma. Jezreel . . . of the tribe of Judah. Jezreel . . . of the tribe of Manasseh, another. There is still to this day a very notable village, Esdraela, lying in the great plain between Scythopolis and Legio. It was also a border of Issachar. It was called Jezreel, and also one of the descendants of Ephrathah, as in the Chronicles. Jekdaan . . . of the tribe of Judah. Jephlithi . . . of the tribe of Joseph. Jano . . . of the tribe of Ephraim. This the king of the Assyrians also took. And there is now a village Jano in the Acrabattine, twelve miles east of Neapolis. Jamin . . . A' S' right. Jasheb . . . A' S' the inhabitants. Jeblaam . . . of the tribe of Manasseh, from which he did not expel the foreigners. Jerphel . . . of the tribe of Benjamin. Jeknal . . . of the allotment of Zebulun, a city set apart for Levites. Japheth . . . of the allotment of Zebulun, an ascent, also called Joppe. And Sycaminus, for those going from Caesarea to Ptolemais, a coastal village near Carmel, is called Hepha. Jephthael . . . of the allotment of Zebulun. Jadela . . . of the allotment of Zebulun. Jermoth . . . of the allotment of Issachar, a city set apart for priests. And higher up lies Jermuth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Δαρωμᾷ","severity":"info","text":"Daroma (Δαρωμᾷ) is the Greek transliteration of the Hebrew/Aramaic term for the southern region of Judaea, often used in rabbinic sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰεζραέλ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Jezreel is also called Esdraela and that it was a border of Issachar; this likely echoes Joshua 19:18 and 1 Kings 4:12.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰεζραὲλ ... Ἐφραθά","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Jezreel as a descendant of Ephrathah alludes to 1 Chronicles 2:19–24, where Ephrathah is a Calebite clan.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἰανὼ ἐν τῇ Ἀκραβαττινῇ","severity":"info","text":"Acrabattine (Ἀκραβαττινή) was a toparchy in northern Judaea, mentioned by Josephus (BJ 3.3.4). Jano is identified with modern Khirbet Yanun.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαμείν ... Ἰασήβ","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviations 'Α' Σ'' likely stand for 'Ἀπὸ Σύρων' (from the Syriac), indicating that the preceding names are glossed from the Syriac version of the Old Testament.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Συκάμινος ... Ἡφά","severity":"info","text":"Sycaminus (Συκάμινος) is a coastal village near Mount Carmel, also called Hepha; it corresponds to modern Haifa, known in classical sources as Sycaminon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae after several entries (e.g., Ἰεζραέλ, Ἰεκδαάν), where the Coptic Vorlage likely had additional glosses or distances now lost.","The abbreviation 'Α' Σ'' is not fully explained; it is interpreted as 'from the Syriac' but could also denote a different source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"μέμνηται αὐτῆς καὶ Ὡσηέ. Ἰαμνήλ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἰερών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἰεθλάν ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν. Ἰηλών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν. Ἰούδ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν. Ἱερακώ ̣ ̣. ὕδατα κλήρου Δάν. Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην ἐπολέμησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου ἀπὸ ʹ σημείων Πέλλης πόλεως ἐπὶ τοῦ ὄρους κειμένη ἀπιόντων εἰς Γέρασαν. Βασιλειῶν. Ἰαάρ ̣ ̣. δρυμός, ἔνθα ἦν ὁ μελισσών. Ἱεραμηλεί ̣ ̣. χώρα τῶν ἀλλοφύλων. Ἰέθερ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλεν Δαυίδ. κώμη νῦν ἐστιν Ἰεθειρὰ ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾳ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Ἰεκμαάν ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀρχόντων Σολομών. Ἰταβύριον ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ Θαβώρ. ἐν Ὠσηέ. κεῖται δὲ ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ πεδίῳ τῆς Λεγεῶνος πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Ἰεκθοήλ ̣ ̣. Πέτρα ἐν Βασιλείαις. Ἰεταβά ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀρχαία τῆς Ἰουδαίας. Ἰόππη ̣ ̣. πόλις Παλαιστίνης εἰς ἔτι νῦν πάραλος. κλήρου Δάν. Ἀπὸ τῶν Εὐαγγελίων. Ἰτουραία ̣ 1̣ ἡ καὶ Τραχωνῖτις χώρα, ἧς ἐτετράρχει Φίλιππος, ὡς ἐν Εὐαγγελίοις. Τραχωνῖτις δὲ καλεῖται ἡ παρακειμένη χώρα τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῇ κατὰ Βόστραν τῆς Ἀραβίας. Στοιχεῖον Κ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Καρναείμ ̣ ̣. Ἀσταρὼθ Καρναείμ. ἔστι νῦν κώμη μεγίστη τῆς Ἀραβίας, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἡ Καρναία λεγομένη, ἐπέκεινα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου. ἔνθα ὡς ἐκ παραδόσεως τοῦ Ἰὼβ τὸν οἶκον ἐπιδεικνύουσιν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη ἐν ὁρίοις Αἰλίας Καρναία λεγομένη κώμη. Κάδης ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἡ πηγὴ «τῆς κρίσεως». Κάδης Βαρνῆ ̣ ̣. ἔρημος ἡ παρατείνουσα Πέτρᾳ πόλει τῆς Ἀραβίας, ἔνθα ἀναβᾶσα ἐτελεύτησεν Μαριάμ, καὶ Μωϋσῆς διστάσας παίει τὴν πέτραν καὶ ὕδωρ παρέχει διψῶντι τῷ λαῷ. καὶ δείκνυται εἰς ἔτι νῦν τὸ μνῆμα τῆς Μαρίας αὐτόθι.","english":"Hosea also mentions it. Iamnel . . . of the tribe of Naphtali. Ieron . . . of the tribe of Naphtali. Iethlan . . . of the tribe of Dan. Ielon . . . of the tribe of Dan. Ioud . . . of the tribe of Dan. Hierako . . . waters of the tribe of Dan. Iabeis Galaad . . . this also the sons of Israel fought against. And now it is a village beyond the Jordan, twenty miles from the city of Pella, situated on the mountain as one goes to Gerasa. Of Kings. Iaar . . . a forest, where the beehive was. Hieramelei . . . territory of the Philistines. Iether . . . where David sent. It is now a village, Ietheira, in the Daroma. It is also mentioned above. Iekmaan . . . city of Solomon’s princes. Itabyrion . . . Aquila, Symmachus: Thabor. In Hosea. It lies in the great plain of Legio toward the east. Iekthoel . . . Petra in Kings. Ietaba . . . ancient city of Judaea. Ioppe . . . city of Palestine, still now on the coast. Of the tribe of Dan. From the Gospels. Ituraia . . . also called Trachonitis country, of which Philip was tetrarch, as in the Gospels. Trachonitis is the name of the country adjacent to the desert near Bostra of Arabia. Letter K. From Genesis. Karnaeim . . . Astaroth Karnaeim. There is now a very large village of Arabia, which is called Karnaia, beyond the Jordan. There, according to tradition, they point out the house of Job. There is also another village called Karnaia in the territory of Aelia. Kades . . . where the spring of judgment is. Kades Barne . . . the desert extending to the city of Petra of Arabia, where Miriam went up and died, and Moses, hesitating, strikes the rock and provides water for the thirsty people. And the tomb of Mary is still shown there.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Iabeis Galaad is the last in the sequence of toponyms before the section marker 'Of Kings', indicating a structural break in the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'this also the sons of Israel fought against' alludes to the biblical account of the siege of Jabesh-gilead, likely in 1 Samuel 11 or Judges 21.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"The distance 'twenty miles from Pella' and the location 'on the mountain as one goes to Gerasa' situate the site in the Transjordan, consistent with the region of Gilead.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek 'Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ' is a transliteration of the Hebrew place name Jabesh-gilead, with 'Γαλαάδ' specifying the region.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that the site is 'now a village', reflecting the continued habitation of the location in the early fourth century CE.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has a lacuna after 'Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ' (marked by '̣ ̣'), which may have contained a biblical reference or tribal assignment; the English draft supplies 'this also the sons of Israel fought against' from context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacuna after 'Ἰαβεῖς Γαλαάδ' leaves the original biblical citation uncertain; the supplied phrase is inferred from the surrounding context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"ἔνθα καὶ «τοὺς ἄρχοντας Ἀμαλὴκ» κατέκοψε Χοδολλαγόμωρ. Κενάζ ̣ ̣. χώρα ἡγεμόνων Ἐδώμ. Καριαθαείμ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν ᾠκοδόμησαν «οἱ υἱοὶ Ῥουβίν.» καὶ νῦν ἐστιν ὅλη Χριστιανῶν κώμη, παρὰ Μηδαβὰν πόλιν τῆς Ἀραβίας, λεγομένη Καραιάθα, ἀπὸ ιʹ σημείων τῆς Μηδαβῶν πρὸς δυσμὰς ἐπὶ τὸν Βάρην. Καριαθαρβώ ̣ ̣. «αὕτη ἐστὶ Χεβρών». κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Κανάθ ̣ ̣. κώμη τῆς Ἀραβίας εἰς ἔτι νῦν Καναθὰ καλουμένη, ἣν ἑλὼν ὁ Ναβαῦ ὠνόμασεν Ναβώθ, καὶ γέγονε φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. κεῖται δὲ εἰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐν τῷ Τραχῶνι πλησίον Βόστρων. Κατὰ τὰ Χρυσέα ̣ ̣. ὄρη ἐστὶ χρυσοῦ ψηγμάτων ἔμπλεα ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου, ιαʹ ἡμερῶν ὁδὸν ἀπέχοντα τοῦ ὄρους Χωρήβ, παρ' οἷς Μωϋσῆς τὸ Δευτερονόμιον γράφει. λέγεται δὲ ἐν Φαινὼν χαλκοῦ μετάλλοις τὸ παλαιὸν παρακεῖσθαι ὄρη χρυσοῦ μετάλλων. Καδημώθ ̣ ̣. ἔρημος ἐξ ἧς πρέσβεις ἀπέστειλε Μωϋσῆς «πρὸς Σηών». Καριάθ ̣ ̣. πόλις ὑπὸ μητρόπολιν Γαβαών. Κάδες ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Καδημώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις τῶν υἱῶν Ῥουβίν. Κεδσών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ῥουβίν, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Καψεήλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Κινά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Κεειλά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. ἔνθα ἐκαθέσθη Δαυίδ. καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη Κηλὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀπιόντων εἰς Χεβρών, ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ηʹ· καὶ τὸ μνῆμα Ἀμβακοὺμ τοῦ προφήτου αὐτόθι δείκνυται. Καριαθβαάλ ̣ ̣. αὕτη πόλις Ἰαρεὶμ φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Κανά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ. Καβσαείμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ. Κανέ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. Καριαθιαρεὶμ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Καριαθβαάλ ἡ καὶ πόλις Ἰαρείμ.","english":"There also Chodollagomor cut down \"the princes of Amalek.\" Kenaz . . . land of the princes of Edom. Kariathaeim . . . a city which \"the sons of Ruben\" built; and now it is entirely a village of Christians, near the city of Medaba in Arabia, called Karaiatha, ten milestones from Medaba towards the west on the way to Baren. Kariatharbō . . . \"this is Chebron\"; it is also mentioned above. Kanath . . . a village of Arabia still now called Kanatha, which Nabau, having taken it, named Naboth, and it became of the tribe of Manasse; it lies even now in the Trachon near Bostra. Kata ta Chrysea . . . mountains full of gold nuggets in the desert, eleven days' journey distant from Mount Choreb, where Moses writes the Deuteronomy; it is said that in the copper mines of Phainon there formerly lay adjacent mountains of gold mines. Kademoth . . . a desert from which Moses sent ambassadors \"to Seon.\" Kariath . . . a city under the metropolis of Gabaon. Kades . . . a city which Jesus took, having slain its king; it became of the tribe of Judah. Kademoth . . . a city of the sons of Ruben. Kedsōn . . . of the tribe of Ruben, assigned to the Levites. From the book of Jesus. Kapseēl . . . of the tribe of Judah. Kina . . . of the tribe of Judah. Keeila . . . of the tribe of Judah, where David was besieged; and still now a village called Kela, east of Eleutheropolis on the way to Chebron, about eight milestones; and the tomb of the prophet Ambakoum is shown there. Kariathbaal . . . this is the city of Iareim of the tribe of Judah. Kana . . . of the tribe of Ephraim. Kabsaeim . . . of the tribe of Ephraim. Kane . . . of the tribe of Manasse. Kariathiareim . . . also called Kariathbaal and also the city of Iareim.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Καριαθαείμ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek form Kariathaeim corresponds to the biblical Qiryathayim, here identified with a Christian village near Medaba.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Καριαθαείμ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the sons of Ruben built' echoes Numbers 32:37, where Reuben builds Qiryathayim.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κατὰ τὰ Χρυσέα","severity":"info","text":"The 'gold mountains' are a legendary site in the desert, associated with the copper mines of Phainon (modern Faynan) in Edom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Κεειλά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes the tomb of the prophet Ambakoum (Habakkuk) at the village Kela, reflecting local pilgrimage traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'From the book of Jesus' marks a source transition, likely referring to the book of Joshua, a common source in the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Καδημώθ","severity":"caution","text":"Kademoth appears twice in this passage with different descriptions (a desert and a city), possibly reflecting distinct biblical sites or scribal duplication.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The double entry for Kademoth may indicate two separate places or a textual error; the Coptic does not resolve this.","The phrase 'From the book of Jesus' is ambiguous: it could refer to the book of Joshua or to a lost source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"μία τῶν Γαβαωνιτῶν, φυλῆς Ἰούδα, μεταξὺ Αἰλίας καὶ Διοσπόλεως. ἐπὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ κειμένη ἀπὸ σημείων θʹ Αἰλίας. ἐντεῦθεν ἦν Οὐρίας ὁ προφήτης, ὃν ἀνεῖλεν Ἰωακεὶμ ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ, ὡς ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Καριαθιαρεὶμ καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Σωβάλ, ὡς ἐν Παραλειπομέναις. Κισών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Καρθά ̣ ̣. πόλις Ζαβουλών, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Καττά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Κανά ̣ ̣. ἕως Σιδῶνος τῆς μεγάλης, κλήρου Ἀσήρ. ἐν ταύτῃ ὁ\n\nκύριος ἡμῶν καὶ θεὸς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς οἴνου φύσιν μετέβαλεν. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἦν καὶ Ναθαναήλ καὶ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ τῶν ἐθνῶν. Κάδες ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλεὶμ πόλις ἱερατική, τὸ πρὶν οὖσα φυγαδευτήριον «ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Νεφθαλείμ». καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν ὁ «βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων». αὕτη ἐστὶν Κυδισσός, ἀπέχουσα Τύρου σημείοις κʹ, παρακειμένη Πανεάδι. Καρθάμ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Νεφθαλείμ, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Κέτρων ̣ ̣. «οὐκ ἐξῆρεν» ἀπὸ ταύτης τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους Ζαβουλών. Καρκᾶ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα «Ζεβεὲ καὶ Σαλμανᾶ», οὓς ἀνεῖλε Γεδεών. καὶ ἔστι νῦν Καρκαρία φρούριον ἀπέχον Πέτρας πόλεως μόνην ἡμέραν. Καμών ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἰαείρ, ἔνθα ἐτάφη κρίνας τὸν Ἰσραήλ. καὶ ἔστι νῦν Καμμωνὰ κώμη ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ πεδίῳ, ἀπέχουσα Λεγεῶνος σημείοις ʹ ἐν βορείοις ἀπιόντων εἰς Πτολεμαΐδα. Κισών ̣ ̣. χειμάρρους πλησίον τοῦ ὄρους Θαβώρ, ἔνθα ἐπολεμήθη Σισαρά. Καδημίμ ̣ ̣. χειμάρρους, ἔνθα ἐπολέμησεν Δεβόρρα. Κοιλάς ̣ ̣. Τιτάνων, οἷς ἐπολέμησε Δαυίδ. Κλαυθμών ̣ ̣. χώρα ὀλοφυρμῶν, τόπος οὕτω καλούμενος. Βασιλειῶν. Κηνί ̣ ̣.","english":"one of the Gabaonites, of the tribe of Judah, between Aelia and Diospolis, lying on the road nine milestones from Aelia. From here came Urias the prophet, whom Joakim put to death in Jerusalem, as in Jeremiah. It was also called Cariathiarim and the son of Sobal, as in Paralipomena. Cison . . . of the allotment of Issachar, a city set apart for Levites. Cartha . . . a city of Zabulon, set apart for Levites. Catta . . . of the allotment of Zabulon, a city set apart for Levites. Cana . . . as far as Sidon the Great, of the allotment of Aser. In this place our Lord and God Jesus Christ changed water into the nature of wine. From here also was Nathanael, and it is in Galilee of the nations. Cades . . . of the allotment of Nephthaleim, a priestly city, formerly a place of refuge \"in Galilee in the mountain of Nephthaleim.\" And this city the \"king of the Assyrians\" took. This is Cydissus, twenty milestones from Tyre, lying near Paneas. Cartham . . . a city of the tribe of Nephthaleim, set apart for Levites. From the Book of Judges. Cetron . . . \"did not drive out\" from this place the aliens of Zabulon. Carca . . . where \"Zebee and Salmana\" were, whom Gedeon slew. And it is now Carcaria, a fortress one day's journey from the city of Petra. Camon . . . a city of Jair, where he was buried after judging Israel. And it is now Cammona, a village in the great plain, six milestones from Legio to the north of those going to Ptolemais. Cison . . . a winter torrent near Mount Thabor, where Sisara was fought. Cademim . . . a winter torrent, where Debbora fought. Coilas . . . of the Titans, against whom David fought. Clauthmon . . . a region of lamentations, a place so called. Of the Books of Kings. Ceni . . .","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Καριαθιαρεὶμ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek form Καριαθιαρεὶμ (Cariathiarim) is a transliteration of the Hebrew Qiryat Ye'arim, 'City of Forests,' a site in the tribe of Judah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Κισών","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the winter torrent Cison (Κισών) where Sisara was fought alludes to Judges 4–5, the battle of Deborah and Barak against Sisera.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Καδημίμ","severity":"info","text":"The winter torrent Cademim (Καδημίμ) where Debbora fought is likely a variant reference to the same battle in Judges 4–5, though the name is rare.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κανά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies Cana (Κανά) as the site of the miracle of water turned to wine (John 2:1–11) and as the home of Nathanael, linking it to the Gospel tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Καρκᾶ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Carca (Καρκᾶ) is now the fortress Carcaria, one day's journey from Petra, reflecting the survival of the toponym into the Roman-Byzantine period.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Καμών","severity":"caution","text":"The distance from Legio to Cammona is given as 'σημείοις ʹ' (six milestones) in the Greek, but the numeral is missing in the manuscript; the English draft supplies 'six' conjecturally.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna for the numeral in the entry for Καμών (Camon); the English draft supplies 'six' without manuscript support.","The identification of Καδημίμ (Cademim) with the battle of Deborah is uncertain; the name may refer to a different location."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"χώρα ἀλλοφύλων. Κάρμηλος ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἦν Νάβαλ. κώμη ἐστὶν εἰς ἔτι νῦν Χερμαλὰ ὀνομαζομένη, ἥτις ἑρμηνεύεται Κάρμηλος, ἀπὸ δεκάτου σημείου Χεβρὼν πρὸς ἀνατολάς, ἔνθα φρούριον ἐγκάθηται. Κάρμηλος ̣ ̣. ὄρος ἐπὶ τὸ Φοινίκιον πέλαγος καὶ διαιροῦν Παλαιστίνην Φοινίκης. ἔνθα ἐκαθέζετο Ἡλίας. Καβσεήλ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Βαναΐας υἱὸς Ἰωδάε. Κεδρών ̣ ̣. χειμάρρους ἢ φάραγξ Κεδρών. παράκειται τῇ Ἱερουσαλήμ. Κυρίνη ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπῴκισε βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων τὴν Δαμασκόν. Κωά ̣ ̣. πλησίον Αἰγύπτου. Καρχηδών ̣ ̣. Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει Τύρου, καὶ Ἱεζεκιήλ, παρ' ᾧ Θαρσεῖς ἐν τῷ Ἑβραϊκῷ κεῖται. Κοιλὰς Ἰωσαφάτ. ̣ ̣. μεταξὺ κεῖται Ἱερουσαλὴμ καὶ τοῦ ὄρους τῶν ἐλαιῶν. Κεδέμ ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Ἀʹ Σʹ ἀνατολῶν. Κηδάρ ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἱεζεκιὴλ «ἄρχοντες Κηδάρ», καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ καὶ ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ ἐν ὁράσει τῆς Ἀραβίας. ἔστι δὲ χώρα Σαρακηνῶν. ἦν δὲ Κηδὰρ υἱὸς Ἰσμαὴλ υἱοῦ Ἁβραάμ. Καριώθ ̣ 24. 41̣. ἐν χώρᾳ Μωάβ, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. Καφαρναούμ ̣ ̣. παρὰ τὴν Γεννησαρῖτιν λίμνην. εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐστι κώμη ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ τῶν ἐθνῶν «ἐν ὁρίοις Ζαβουλὼν καὶ Νεφθαλείμ». Στοιχεῖον Λ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Λασάν ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῶν Χαναναίων περὶ τὴν Σοδομῖτιν. Λουζά ̣ ̣. ταύτην ἐπωνόμασεν Ἰακὼβ Βαιθήλ. οἰκεῖται δὲ εἰς ἔτι νῦν, κώμη οὖσα ἐπ' ἀριστερὰ τῆς ὁδοῦ τῆς ἀγούσης ἐπ' Αἰλίαν ἀπὸ Νέας πόλεως. ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Λουζὰ ἑτέρα ̣ ̣. ἣ γέγονε τῶν υἱῶν Ἰωσήφ, παρακειμένη Συχὲμ ἀπὸ θʹ σημείου Νέας πόλεως. Λωτάν ̣ ̣. πόλις ἡγεμόνων Ἐδώμ. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Λεβωνά ̣ 20̣. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Λοβόν ̣ ̣.","english":"Land of the Philistines. Carmel. Where Nabal was. It is a village still now called Chermala, which is interpreted as Carmel, ten milestones from Hebron towards the east, where a fortress is situated. Carmel. A mountain on the Phoenician sea, dividing Palestine from Phoenicia. Where Elijah dwelt. Kabseel. Whence came Benaiah son of Jehoiada. Kedron. A winter torrent or ravine of Kedron. It lies adjacent to Jerusalem. Cyrene. Where the king of the Assyrians settled Damascus. Koa. Near Egypt. Carthage. Isaiah in the vision of Tyre, and Ezekiel, in whom Tarshish is found in the Hebrew. Valley of Jehoshaphat. It lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. Kedem. In Ezekiel. Aquila and Symmachus: of the east. Kedar. In Ezekiel: \"princes of Kedar,\" and in Jeremiah and in Isaiah in the vision of Arabia. It is the land of the Saracens. And Kedar was a son of Ishmael son of Abraham. Karioth. 24. 41. In the land of Moab, as Jeremiah says. Capernaum. By the Lake of Gennesaret. It is still now a village in Galilee of the nations \"in the borders of Zebulon and Naphtali.\" Letter L. From Genesis. Lasan. A border of the Canaanites around the Sodomite region. Luza. This Jacob named Bethel. It is inhabited still now, being a village on the left of the road leading to Aelia from Neapolis. It belonged to the tribe of Benjamin. Another Luza. Which belonged to the sons of Joseph, lying adjacent to Shechem nine milestones from Neapolis. Lotan. A city of the chieftains of Edom. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Lebonah. 20. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Lobon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Κάρμηλος","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius distinguishes two Carmels: a village (Chermala) near Hebron, and a mountain on the Phoenician coast associated with Elijah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Καβσεήλ","severity":"info","text":"Kabseel is identified as the home of Benaiah son of Jehoiada, referencing 2 Samuel 23:20-21 and 1 Chronicles 11:22-24.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κηδάρ","severity":"info","text":"Kedar is linked to the Saracens and to Ishmael son of Abraham, reflecting a common patristic identification of Arabs with the biblical Kedar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Καφαρναούμ","severity":"info","text":"Capernaum is described as a village still existing in Galilee of the nations, in the borders of Zebulon and Naphtali, reflecting its continued habitation in Eusebius' time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Λ","severity":"info","text":"The entry marks the start of the letter L (Λ) section, following the alphabetical arrangement of the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Λουζά","severity":"caution","text":"Eusebius notes two places named Luza: one renamed Bethel by Jacob (tribe of Benjamin), another belonging to Joseph's sons near Shechem. The identification of the first with Bethel is traditional but not universally accepted.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (e.g., 'Κάρμηλος ̣ ̣') and unclear numerals (e.g., 'Καριώθ ̣ 24. 41̣'), making distances and references uncertain.","The phrase 'ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ τῶν ἐθνῶν' may mean 'Galilee of the Gentiles' or 'Galilee of the nations,' with ambiguous ethnic connotation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου «πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου», ἔνθα Μωϋσῆς ἀναγινώσκει τὸ Δευτερονόμιον. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Λάχεις ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. μέμνηται αὐτῆς καὶ Ἡσαΐας. καὶ ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀπέχουσα σημείοις ζʹ πρὸς νότον ἀπιόντων εἰς τὸν Δαρωμᾶν. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Λεβνά ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ἰούδα, πόλις ἱερατική. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη ἐν τῇ Ἐλευθεροπολιτάνῃ λεγομένη Λοβανά. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Λασερών ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. Λίθος Βοέν ̣ ̣. ἐν υἱοῖς Ῥουβὶν ὅριον φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Λαβώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Λαμάς ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Λαβώθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Συμεών. Λαβανάθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Λακούμ ̣ ̣. ὅριον Νεφθαλείμ. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Λαβωεμάθ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ εἰσόδου Ἐμάθ. Λεσέμ ̣ 47̣. ταύτην «οἱ υἱοὶ Δὰν» πολιορκήσαντες ἐκάλεσαν Δάν. Λουζά ̣ ̣. ἑτέρα αὕτη παρὰ τὴν Βαιθήλ, κειμένη ἐν γῇ Χεττιείμ. ἣν ἔκτισεν ὁ διασωθεὶς ἀπὸ Βαιθήλ,","english":"A place of the desert \"beyond the Jordan,\" where Moses reads the Deuteronomy. From Joshua. Lachish. And this city Joshua took, having slain its king. Isaiah also mentions it. And it is still now a village of Eleutheropolis, seven milestones distant to the south, going towards Daromas. It also lies in Jeremiah. Of the tribe of Judah. Libnah. And this city Joshua took, having slain its king. It became of the tribe of Judah, a priestly city. And now it is a village in the Eleutheropolitan district called Lobana. It also lies in Isaiah. Laseron. And this city Joshua took, having slain its king. Stone of Boen. In the sons of Reuben, a boundary of the tribe of Judah. Laboth. Of the tribe of Judah. Lamas. Of the tribe of Judah. Laboth. Of the allotment of Simeon. Labanath. Of the allotment of Asher. Lakum. A boundary of Naphtali. From the Judges. Laboemath. First entrance of Hamath. Lesem. This city \"the sons of Dan\" besieged and called Dan. Luza. This is another besides Bethel, situated in the land of the Hittites, which was built by the one who escaped from Bethel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Λάχεις","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Lachish follows the pattern of Joshua's conquest entries, citing the king's death and later biblical references.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Λάχεις","severity":"info","text":"Lachish is mentioned in Joshua (10:31-35), Isaiah (36:2, 37:8), and Jeremiah (34:7).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Λεβνά","severity":"info","text":"Libnah is identified as a priestly city of the tribe of Judah, now a village called Lobana in the Eleutheropolitan district.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Λεσέμ","severity":"info","text":"Lesem is identified as the city besieged by the sons of Dan and renamed Dan, corresponding to biblical Laish (Judges 18:29).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Λουζά","severity":"caution","text":"The text distinguishes this Luza from the one near Bethel, but the location 'in the land of the Hittites' is ambiguous and may reflect a textual corruption or conflation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Λαβωεμάθ","severity":"info","text":"Laboemath is glossed as the 'First entrance of Hamath,' a boundary location known from Numbers 34:8 and later geographical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'Λουζά' as distinct from Bethel's Luza is clear, but the phrase 'ἑτέρα αὕτη παρὰ τὴν Βαιθήλ' could also mean 'another besides Bethel' rather than 'another than Bethel'.","The location 'ἐν γῇ Χεττιείμ' (in the land of the Hittites) is anachronistic and may reflect a later tradition or scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"ὡς ἐν Κριταῖς ἱστορεῖται. Λέχει ̣ ̣. ἐν Λέχει, Αʹ Σʹ ἐν σιαγόνι. Λαῖσα ̣ 27 ̣. ταύτην ἑλόντες υἱοὶ Δὰν ᾤκησαν, ἄποθεν οὖσαν Σιδῶνος, καὶ ἐπεκάλεσαν αὐτὴν Δάν. ἣ γέγονεν ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας βόρειον ἀπὸ Δὰν ἕως Βηρσαβέε διηκούσης. μέμνηται αὐτῆς καὶ Ἡσαΐας. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω, πλησίον Πανεάδος. ἐξ ἧς καὶ ὁ Ἰορδάνης πρόεισι. Βασιλειῶν. Λεματτάρα ̣ ̣. ἔνθα Ἰωναθὰν ἠκόντιζε «τὰς σχίζας». Ἀʹ εἰς σκοπόν, Σʹ εἰς τὸν συντεταγμένον. Λαδαβάρ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα Μεμφιβοσθέ. Λωδαβάρ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Μαχείρ. Λίβανος ̣ ̣. ὄρος Φοινίκης ἐπιφανές. Λουείθ ̣ ̣. ταύτης μέμνηται Ἡσαΐας. καὶ ἔστι μεταξὺ Ἀρεοπόλεως καὶ Ζοορῶν κώμη νῦν καλουμένη Λουειθά. Στοιχεῖον Μ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Μανασσῆ ̣ ̣. χώρα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς, ἣν κατῴκησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰεκτὰν υἱοῦ Ἐβέρ. Μαμβρῆ ̣ ̣. αὕτη ἐστὶ Χεβρών, ᾗ παράκειται τάφος τῶν ἀμφὶ τὸν Ἁβραάμ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Μαμβρῆ δὲ καὶ εἷς τῶν ἑταίρων τοῦ Ἁβραὰμ ἐκαλεῖτο. Μαδιάμ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀπὸ ἑνὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἁβραὰμ καὶ Χεττούρας Μαδιὰμ ἐπικληθεῖσα. κεῖται δὲ ἐπέκεινα τῆς Ἀραβίας πρὸς νότον ἐν ἐρήμῳ τῶν Σαρακηνῶν, τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης ἐπ' ἀνατολάς. ὅθεν καλοῦνται Μαδιαναῖοι καὶ ἡ νῦν καλουμένη Μαδιανή. καλεῖ δὲ καὶ ἡ γραφὴ τὰς θυγατέρας Ἰωβὰβ θυγατέρας Μαδιάμ. ἑτέρα δέ ἐστιν πόλις ὁμώνυμος αὐτῇ πλησίον τοῦ Ἀρνωνᾶ καὶ Ἀρεοπόλεως, ἥτις νῦν ἔρημος οὖσα δείκνυται. Μωάβ ̣ ̣. ἀπὸ Μωὰβ υἱοῦ Λώτ, πόλις τῆς Ἀραβίας ἡ νῦν Ἀρεόπολις. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. καλεῖται δὲ Μωὰβ καὶ ἡ χώρα, ἡ δὲ πόλις Ῥαββὰθ Μωάβ. Μασρηκά ̣ ̣. πόλις βασιλείας Ἐδὼμ περὶ τὴν Γεβαληνήν. Μάβσαρ ̣ ̣.","english":"as is recorded in Judges. Lechi. In Lechi, A' and S' have \"in jaw.\" Laisha. The sons of Dan, having taken this city, settled it, being not far from Sidon, and called it Dan. It became the northern boundary of Judea, extending from Dan to Beersheba. Isaiah also mentions it. It lies also further up, near Paneas, from which the Jordan also flows. Of the Kingdoms. Lemattara. Where Jonathan shot \"the splinters.\" A' has \"to a lookout,\" S' has \"to the appointed place.\" Ladabar. Where Mephibosheth was. Lodabar. Whence Machir came. Libanus. A notable mountain of Phoenicia. Luith. Isaiah mentions this. And it is now a village called Luitha, between Areopolis and Zoar. Letter M. From Genesis. Manasseh. A region of India, which the sons of Joktan, son of Eber, inhabited. Mamre. This is Hebron, near which is the tomb of those around Abraham. It lies also further up. And one of Abraham's companions was called Mamre. Midian. A city named after one of the sons of Abraham and Keturah, Midian. It lies beyond Arabia to the south, in the desert of the Saracens, east of the Red Sea. Whence they are called Midianites, and the place now called Madyan. And Scripture also calls the daughters of Jobab the daughters of Midian. There is another city of the same name near the Arnon and Areopolis, which is now shown as deserted. Moab. From Moab, son of Lot, a city of Arabia, now Areopolis. It lies also further up. And Moab is also the name of the region, while the city is Rabbath Moab. Masrekah. A city of the kingdom of Edom, around Gebalene. Mabsar.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Λέχει","severity":"info","text":"The Greek Λέχει (Lechi) is glossed by Aquila and Symmachus as 'in jaw' (ἐν σιαγόνι), reflecting a Hebraism from the root for 'jaw' or 'cheek'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Λαῖσα","severity":"info","text":"Laisha (Λαῖσα) is linked to the Danite conquest in Judges 18, where the tribe captures the city and renames it Dan, establishing the northern boundary of Judah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Λίβανος","severity":"info","text":"Libanus (Λίβανος) is identified as a notable mountain of Phoenicia, corresponding to Mount Lebanon, a prominent geographical feature in the region.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαδιάμ","severity":"info","text":"Midian (Μαδιάμ) is linked to Abraham's son by Keturah and located beyond Arabia near the Red Sea; Eusebius notes a second deserted city of the same name near the Arnon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Λεματτάρα","severity":"info","text":"Lemattara (Λεματτάρα) is glossed by Aquila as 'to a lookout' and by Symmachus as 'to the appointed place', reflecting translational variants for a military or hunting term.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Μ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Letter M' (Στοιχεῖον Μ) marks a structural division in the Onomasticon, indicating the start of entries under the letter M, following the alphabetical arrangement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae (marked by dots) after Λέχει, Λεματτάρα, Λαδαβάρ, Λωδαβάρ, Λίβανος, Λουείθ, Μανασσῆ, Μαμβρῆ, Μαδιάμ, Μωάβ, Μασρηκά, and Μάβσαρ, where the Coptic or Hebrew original may have been lost or abbreviated.","The identification of Manasseh (Μανασσῆ) as a region of India is uncertain; it may reflect a confusion with the tribe of Manasseh or a different tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"εἰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν καὶ αὕτη κώμη μένει μεγίστη Μαβσαρὰ ἐπὶ τῆς Γεβαληνῆς, ὑπακούουσα τῇ Πέτρᾳ. Μαγεδιήλ ̣ ̣. καὶ αὕτη τῶν ἡγεμόνων Ἐδὼμ ἐν τῇ Γεβαληνῇ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐξόδου. Μάγδωλος ̣ ̣. τῆς ἐξ Αἰγύπτου πορείας τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ σταθμός, ἔνθα κατήντησαν πρὸ τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ· «ἀπὸ Μαγδώλου ἕως Σοηνῆς». ὡς δὲ Ἱερεμίας, ἐνταῦθα τῆς Αἰγύπτου κατῴκησαν οἱ μετὰ Ἱερεμίου Ἰουδαῖοι. Μερρά ̣ ̣. πικρία. τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου, ἔνθα πικρὸν ὑπάρχον τὸ ὕδωρ ῥίψας ξύλον Μωϋσῆς μετέβαλεν εἰς γλυκύ. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Μνήματα ἐπιθυμίας ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου, ἔνθα διεφθάρησαν ἀπὸ τῆς κρεωφαγίας. Μακηλώθ ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Μαθεκκά ̣ 28̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Μασουρούθ ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Μαθθανέμ ̣ ̣. αὕτη νῦν λέγεται Μασχανά. κεῖται δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἀρνωνᾶ ἀπὸ σημείων ιβʹ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Μηδαβῶν. Μισώρ ̣ 10̣. πόλις Ὢγ βασιλέως Βασάν. Μαχαναράθ ̣ ̣. ὅριον Ἀμμᾶν τῆς καὶ Φιλαδελφίας. Μαδβαρίς ̣ ̣. ἔρημος οὕτω καλεῖται παρ' Ἑβραίοις. Μισαδαῒ «υἱῶν Ἰακείμ» ̣ ̣. τόπος ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου, ἔνθα ἐτελεύτησεν Ἀαρών. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Μακηδά ̣ ̣. ἐν ταύτῃ συνέκλεισεν Ἰησοῦς τοὺς εʹ βασιλεῖς εἰς τὸ σπήλαιον, οὓς καὶ ἀνεῖλεν μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τῆς Μακηδά. ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ νῦν ἐστι πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἀπὸ σημείων ηʹ. Μαδών ̣ ̣. πόλις, ἧς ἐβασίλευσεν Ἰωβάβ, ὃν ἐπολέμησεν Ἰησοῦς. Μασσηφά ̣ ̣.","english":"even to this day this very large village remains, Mabsara, in the Gebalene, subject to Petra. Magediel. This also is one of the chieftaincies of Edom in the Gebalene. From Exodus. Magdolos. A station of Israel's journey from Egypt, where they arrived before the Red Sea. It is also in Ezekiel: \"from Magdolos to Soene.\" And as Jeremiah says, there in Egypt the Jews with Jeremiah settled. Merra. Bitterness. A place in the desert, where the water being bitter, Moses threw in a piece of wood and changed it to sweet. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Tombs of Desire. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert, where they perished from eating meat. Makeloth. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Mathekka. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Masuruth. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Matthannem. This is now called Maschana. It lies on the Arnon, twelve milestones east of Medaba. Misor. A city of Og, king of Bashan. Machanarath. The border of Amman, also called Philadelphia. Madbaris. A desert so called by the Hebrews. Misadai \"of the sons of Jachim.\" A place in the desert, where Aaron died. From Joshua. Makeda. In this place Joshua shut up the five kings in the cave, and slew them together with the king of Makeda. It became of the tribe of Judah. And now it is eight milestones east of Eleutheropolis. Madon. A city over which Jobab reigned, whom Joshua fought. Massephath.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μαγδωλος","severity":"info","text":"Magdolos is identified as a station of the Exodus journey before the Red Sea. The reference to Ezekiel (29:10 LXX) and Jeremiah (43:7-9) links it to Jewish settlement in Egypt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Μερρά","severity":"info","text":"Merrah (bitterness) recalls the Exodus narrative (Exodus 15:23-25) where Moses sweetened bitter water with a piece of wood. Eusebius cites Numbers and Deuteronomy as sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαθθανέμ","severity":"info","text":"Matthannem is glossed as now called Maschana, located on the Arnon River, 12 milestones east of Medaba. This reflects a toponymic update from Eusebius's time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μακηδά","severity":"info","text":"Makeda is the site where Joshua trapped and killed five Canaanite kings in a cave (Joshua 10:16-27). Eusebius notes it became part of the tribe of Judah and is 8 milestones east of Eleutheropolis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαδών","severity":"info","text":"Madon is listed as a city of King Jobab, whom Joshua fought (Joshua 11:1-12). The entry follows the pattern of citing a biblical city with its ruler and military context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Μισαδαῒ","severity":"caution","text":"Misadai 'of the sons of Jachim' is a place where Aaron died. The phrase 'υἱῶν Ἰακείμ' is obscure; it may be a corruption or variant of a biblical name, possibly related to Numbers 20:22-29.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'υἱῶν Ἰακείμ' under Misadai is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a reference to an unknown group.","The location of Magdolos relative to the Red Sea is ambiguous; Eusebius may conflate the Red Sea with the Gulf of Suez."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"φυλῆς Ἰούδα, ἔνθα κατῴκει Ἰεφθαέ, πλησίον τῆς Καριαθιαρείμ, ἐν ᾗ καὶ ἡ κιβωτός ποτε κατέμεινεν, ἔνθα καὶ Σαμουὴλ ἐδίκαζεν. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Μερράν ̣ ̣. ἔστι τὸ ὕδωρ, ἔνθα παρενέβαλον εἰς πόλεμον. ἔστι νῦν κώμη Μερροῦς, Σεβαστῆς ἀπέχουσα σημείοις ιβʹ πλησίον Δωθαείμ. Μαστραιφὼθ μαΐμ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Μαστραιφὼθ ὕδατος, Σʹ Μαστραιφὼθ θαλάσσης. Μαχαθί ̣ ̣. πόλις περὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην τῶν Ἀμορραίων, πλησίον ὄρους Ἀερμών. ἀφ' ἧς οὐκ ἐξωλόθρευσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ τὸν Μαχαθί. Μαρώμ ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Μαροῦς. Μαγγεδδώ ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς,\n\nτὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ἣ γέγονε φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, ἣν οὐ κατέσχεν, ὅτι μὴ ἐξῆρεν ἀπ' αὐτῆς τὸν ἀλλόφυλον. Μισώρ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ τὴν ὁμαλήν. πόλις φυλῆς Ῥουβίν, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη, ἐν τῇ Γεβαληνῇ. Μεδδαβά ̣ ̣. πόλις καὶ μέχρι νῦν ἐστι τῆς Ἀραβίας Μηδαβὰ εἰς ἔτι νῦν καλουμένη πλησίον Ἐσσεβών. Μηφαάθ ̣ 13, 18̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. καὶ ἄλλη δέ ἐστιν ἐπέκεινα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, ἔνθα φρούριον ἐγκάθηται στρατιωτῶν παρὰ τὴν ἔρημον. Μασφά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Γάδ, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. καὶ ἄλλη δέ ἐστι νῦν Μασσηβὰ ἐν ὁρίοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἐν βορείοις. ἔστι καὶ ἄλλη, φυλῆς Ἰούδα, ἀπιόντων εἰς Αἰλίαν. Μαναείμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Γάδ, Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη, ἐν τῇ Γαλααδίτιδι. Μωλαδά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα ἢ Συμεών. Μηδεβηνά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. καὶ ἔστι νῦν Μηνοεὶς πλησίον Γάζης πολίχνη. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Μαγδαλά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Μαρησά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. ἔρημός ἐστι νῦν ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων βʹ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως. Μαών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα.","english":"of the tribe of Judah, where Jephthah dwelt, near Kariathiarim, in which the ark also once remained, and where Samuel rendered judgment. It is also mentioned in Jeremiah. Merran. This is the water where they encamped for war. Now there is a village Merrous, twelve milestones from Sebaste, near Dothaeim. Mastraiphoth maïm. Aquila: Mastraiphoth of water; Symmachus: Mastraiphoth of sea. Machathi. A city near the Jordan of the Amorrites, close to Mount Haermon, from which the sons of Israel did not exterminate the Machathi. Marom. Joshua also took this city, having slain its king. It is also mentioned above as Marous. Mangeddo. Joshua also took this city, having slain its king. It became of the tribe of Manasseh, which did not hold it because it did not drive out the alien from it. Misor. Aquila and Symmachus: the level. A city of the tribe of Roubin, assigned to the Levites, in the Gebalene. Meddaba. A city, and even now it is of Arabia, Medaba, still called thus, near Esebon. Mephaath. Of the tribe of Benjamin. And there is another beyond the Jordan, where a garrison of soldiers is stationed near the desert. Maspha. Of the tribe of Gad, assigned to the Levites. And there is another now, Masseba, in the borders of Eleutheropolis to the north. And there is another, of the tribe of Judah, going toward Aelia. Manaeim. Of the tribe of Gad, assigned to the Levites, in the Galaaditis. Molada. Of the tribe of Judah or of Symeon. Medebena. Of the tribe of Judah. And now there is Menoeis, a small town near Gaza. It is also mentioned in Isaiah. Magdala. Of the tribe of Judah. Maresa. Of the tribe of Judah. It is now deserted, about two milestones from Eleutheropolis. Maon. Of the tribe of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μερράν","severity":"info","text":"The Greek lemma Μερράν (Merran) is a toponym; the entry identifies it as a water source where the Israelites encamped for war, and notes a contemporary village Merrous near Sebaste.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαστραιφὼθ μαΐμ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase Μαστραιφὼθ μαΐμ is glossed by Aquila as 'Mastraiphoth of water' and by Symmachus as 'Mastraiphoth of sea', likely reflecting variant readings of a biblical toponym.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαχαθί","severity":"info","text":"Machathi is described as an Amorite city near the Jordan and Mount Hermon, from which the Israelites did not exterminate the inhabitants, reflecting a historical or exegetical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαγγεδδώ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Mangeddo follows a pattern: Joshua took the city and slew its king; it then notes the tribe (Manasseh) and a reason for loss of control, typical of Eusebius' schematic entries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Μεδδαβά","severity":"info","text":"Meddaba is noted as still existing in Arabia, called Medaba, near Esebon, indicating Eusebius' use of contemporary place names to identify biblical sites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Μηφαάθ","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text for Mephaath includes numerals '13, 18' which may be corrupt or refer to distances or manuscript foliation; the sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numerals '13, 18' after Μηφαάθ are unclear; they may be scribal additions or distance markers.","The phrase 'Μαστραιφὼθ μαΐμ' is ambiguous; the Hebrew or Aramaic original is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"ἐν ἀνατολαῖς τοῦ Δαρωμᾶ. Μαρώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Μαδδεί ̣ 15, 61̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Μασφά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Μαχθώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. Μαραλά ̣ ̣. ἀνάβασις Ζαβουλών. Μασάν ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. συνάπτει τῷ Καρμήλῳ κατὰ θάλασσαν, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Μεελέφ ̣ 33̣. ὅριον Νεφθαλείμ. Μαγδιήλ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. καὶ ἔστι νῦν κώμη μεγάλη ἀπὸ εʹ σημείων Δώρων, ἀπιόντων εἰς Πτολεμαΐδα. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Μοσφεθάμ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ τῶν κλήρων, Σʹ τῶν μεταιχμίων. Μωρέ ̣ ̣. βουνὸς οὕτω καλούμενος. Μεννήθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπολέμησεν Ἰεφθαέ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Μαανὶθ ἀπὸ δʹ σημείων Ἐσβοῦς, ἀπιόντων εἰς Φιλαδελφίαν. Μαχμάς ̣ 2̣. εἰς ἔτι νῦν κώμη μεγίστη ἐν ὁρίοις Αἰλίας Μαχμὰς ἐπικαλουμένη, ἀπὸ σημείων θʹ, πλησίον Ῥαμᾶ. Βασιλειῶν. Μεσσάβ Ị ̣. «τῶν ἀλλο φύλων», πλησίον τῆς Γαβᾶ. Μαγδὼν ἢ Μαγρών ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐκαθέσθη Σαούλ. Μασσηφὰ «τῆς Μωάβ» ̣ ̣. ἔνθα φεύγων τὸν Σαοὺλ ὁ Δαυὶδ παρεγένετο. Μασερέθ ̣ ̣. ἔρημος, ἔνθα ἐκαθέσθη Δαυίδ. Αʹ ἐν ὀχυρώμασι, Σʹ ἐν καταφυγαῖς, Θʹ ἐν τοῖς σπηλαίοις. Μασβάκ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀλλοφύλων, βασιλέως Ἀδραζάρ. Μελά, Γημελά ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ φάραγξ τοῦ ἁλός. Μααχά ̣ ̣. χώρα βασιλέως Γεσσούρ. Μωδεείμ ̣ ̣. κώμη πλησίον Διοσπόλεως, ὅθεν ἦσαν οἱ Μακκαβαῖοι, ὧν καὶ τὰ μνήματα εἰς ἔτι νῦν δείκνυται. Μαψὰρ Τύρου ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ ἔρυμα Τύρου, Σʹ ὀχύρωμα Τύρου. Μασά ̣; 9, 15̣. πόλις, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών. Μεεβρά ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ ἀπὸ πέραν, Σʹ ἐξ ἐναντίας. Μάκες ̣ ̣. πόλις ἄρχοντος Σολομών. Μελώ ̣ ̣. πόλις, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών. Σʹ Θʹ τελείωσιν. Μαιδάν ̣ 9, 15̣. πόλις ἣν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών. Μέμφις ̣ ̣.","english":"to the east of Daroma. Maroth. of the tribe of Judah. Maddin. 15, 61. of the tribe of Judah. Maspha. of the tribe of Benjamin. Machthoth. of the tribe of Manasseh. Marala. ascent of Zebulon. Masan. of the allotment of Asher. It adjoins Carmel by the sea, a city set apart for Levites. Meeleph. 33. boundary of Naphtali. Magdiel. of the allotment of Naphtali. And it is now a large village five milestones from Dora, going toward Ptolemais. From the book of Judges. Mosphetham. First of the allotments, Second of the borderlands. More. a hill so called. Menneth. where Jephthah fought. And now it is a village called Maanith four milestones from Esbus, going toward Philadelphia. Machmas. 2. still now a very large village in the territory of Aelia called Machmas, nine milestones, near Rama. of Kings. Messab. of the aliens, near Gaba. Magdon or Magron. where Saul encamped. Massepha of Moab. where David arrived fleeing from Saul. Masereth. a desert, where David encamped. First in strongholds, Second in refuges, Third in caves. Masbak. a city of the aliens, of King Hadadezer. Mela, Gemela. First Second ravine of salt. Maacha. territory of the king of Geshur. Modeeim. a village near Diospolis, whence the Maccabees came, whose tombs are still shown. Mapsar of Tyre. First fortification of Tyre, Second stronghold of Tyre. Masa. 9, 15. a city which Solomon built. Meebra. First from beyond, Second opposite. Makes. a city of a governor of Solomon. Melo. a city which Solomon built. Second Third completion. Maidam. 9, 15. a city which Solomon built. Memphis.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μασφά","severity":"info","text":"Maspha is assigned to the tribe of Benjamin; the same name appears elsewhere in the Onomasticon for sites in Judah and Gilead.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαγδιήλ","severity":"info","text":"Magdiel is described as a large village five milestones from Dora toward Ptolemais, indicating a site in coastal Palestine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Μεννήθ","severity":"info","text":"Menneth is the site where Jephthah fought (Judges 11); Eusebius identifies it with the village Maanith four milestones from Esbus toward Philadelphia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Μωδεείμ","severity":"info","text":"Modeeim is noted as the village near Diospolis whence the Maccabees came, and their tombs were still shown in Eusebius' time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Μασερέθ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Masereth gives three variant renderings (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) for the same Hebrew term, indicating textual uncertainty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Μέμφις","severity":"info","text":"The final entry Memphis is an Egyptian city, not a biblical site in Palestine; its inclusion here is anomalous and may reflect a scribal addition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has lacunae and uncertain numerals (e.g., Μαδδεί ̣ 15, 61̣) that may indicate biblical chapter and verse references, but the exact readings are unclear.","The entry for Μέμφις (Memphis) is out of place in a list of Palestinian sites; it may be a later interpolation or a misplaced gloss."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ἐν Ὠσηέ, πόλις Αἰγύπτου. καὶ ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ οἱ μετὰ Ἱερεμίου Ἰουδαῖοι κατῴκησαν ἐν Μέμφει. Μαχά ̣ ̣. ἐν Ὠσηέ. Ἀʹ Σʹ τὰ ἐπιθυμήματα. Μίλητος ̣ ̣. πόλις τῆς Ἀσίας. κεῖται ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Μαριβώθ ̣ ̣. «ἕως ὕδατος Μαριβώθ» Ἱεζεκιήλ. Ἀʹ διαδικασμοῦ, Σʹ ἀντιλογίας. Μωραθεί ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Μιχαίας ὁ προφήτης, πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Ἐλευθεροπόλεως. Μασογάμ ̣ ̣. χώρα Μωάβ, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. Μισώρ ̣ ̣. χώρα Μωάβ, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. Μωφάθ ̣ ̣. χώρα Μωάβ, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Μηφαάθ. Μαών ̣ ̣. χώρα Μωάβ, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. Μολχόμ ̣ ̣. εἴδωλον Ἀμμών, ὡς Ἱερεμίας. Μαγεδάν ̣ ̣. εἰς τὰ ὅρια Μαγεδὰν ὁ Χριστὸς ἐπεδήμησεν, ὡς ὁ Ματθαῖος. καὶ ὁ Μάρκος δὲ τῆς Μαγεδὰν μνημονεύει. καὶ ἔστι νῦν ἡ Μαγεδανὴ περὶ τὴν Γερασάν. Στοιχεῖον Ν. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Ναΐδ ̣ ̣. γῆ, ἔνθα κατῴκησε Κάϊν. ἑρμηνεύεται δὲ σάλος. Νινευῆ ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἀσσυρίων, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησεν Ἀσσούρ, ἐξελθὼν ἀπὸ γῆς Σενναάρ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Ἰουδαίων εἰς ἔτι νῦν πόλις Νινευῆ καλουμένη περὶ τὴν Γωνίαν τῆς Ἀραβίας. Νααλιήλ ̣ ̣. πλησίον τοῦ Ἀρνωνᾶ, σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Ναβαῦ ̣ ̣. ὄρος ὑπὲρ τὸν","english":"In Hosea, a city of Egypt. And in Ezekiel. And in Jeremiah, the Jews with Jeremiah settled in Memphis. Macha... In Hosea. Aquila and Symmachus: \"the desires.\" Miletus. A city of Asia. It is mentioned in Ezekiel. Mariboth. \"As far as the water of Mariboth,\" Ezekiel. Aquila: \"of adjudication,\" Symmachus: \"of contradiction.\" Morasthi. Whence was Micah the prophet, to the east of Eleutheropolis. Masogam. Land of Moab, as in Jeremiah. Misor. Land of Moab, as in Jeremiah. Mophath. Land of Moab, as in Jeremiah. It is also mentioned above as Mephaath. Maon. Land of Moab, as in Jeremiah. Molchom. Idol of Ammon, as in Jeremiah. Magedan. In the region of Magedan the Christ sojourned, as Matthew says. And Mark also mentions Magedan. And now Magedane is near Gerasa. Letter N. From Genesis. Naid. Land where Cain dwelt. It is interpreted as \"tumult.\" Nineveh. City of the Assyrians, which Assur built, having come out of the land of Sennaar. And there is also a city of the Jews called Nineveh even now, near the corner of Arabia. Naaliel. Near the Arnon, a station of the sons of Israel. Nabau. A mountain above the","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Μίλητος","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes Miletus as a city of Asia mentioned in Ezekiel. The reference is to Ezekiel 27:18, where Miletus appears among trading partners of Tyre.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Μαγεδάν","severity":"info","text":"Magedan is identified with the place where Christ sojourned, per Matthew and Mark. The Greek Μαγεδάν corresponds to Magdala, a site on the Sea of Galilee, though Eusebius locates it near Gerasa (in the Decapolis).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μωραθεί","severity":"info","text":"Morasthi is the birthplace of the prophet Micah, located east of Eleutheropolis (Beit Guvrin). This identification is standard in patristic geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Νινευῆ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes a Jewish city called Nineveh still existing near the 'corner of Arabia,' likely referring to a settlement in the Hauran region. This reflects late antique Jewish diaspora in the area.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Ν","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the start of the letter N (Στοιχεῖον Ν) in Eusebius's alphabetical arrangement, following the sequence from Genesis. This structural cue organizes the Onomasticon by Hebrew letters.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαχά ̣ ̣","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Μαχά is incomplete in the manuscript, with a lacuna indicated by the underdots. The reference to Hosea suggests a place name, but the full form and identification are uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Μαχά is fragmentary; the intended name and location are unclear.","The identification of Magedan with Magdala is contested; Eusebius's location near Gerasa is unusual.","The 'corner of Arabia' for Nineveh is vague; it may refer to the region of Batanaea or Trachonitis."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"Ἰορδάνην ἀπέναντι Ἱεριχοῦς ἐν γῇ Μωάβ, ἔνθα ἐτελεύτησε Μωϋσῆς. καὶ δείκνυται εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἀπὸ ἕκτου σημείου Ἐσβοῦς εἰς δυσμάς. Ναβώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις υἱῶν Ῥουβὶν ἐν χώρᾳ Γαλαάδ, ἧς καὶ Ἡσαΐας μέμνηται ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος», καὶ Ἱερεμίας. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἀνδρὸς ὄνομα Ναβαῦ, ὃς «τὴν Κανὰθ καὶ τὰς» περὶ αὐτὴν ἐπωνόμασεν ἐξ αὐτοῦ Ναβώθ. καὶ δείκνυται νῦν ἔρημος ἡ Ναβαῦ, διεστῶσα Ἐσβοῦς σημείοις ηʹ εἰς νότον. Ναγέβ ̣ ̣. ὁ νότος παρ' Ἑβραίοις. Σʹ μεσημβρία. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Ναφεθδώρ ̣ ̣. Σʹ ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ Δώρᾳ. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἀπὸ θʹ σημείων Καισαρείας. Ναφθώ ̣ ̣. πηγὴ ὕδατος οὕτω καλουμένη. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Ναάμ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Νεσίβ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. ἔστι Νασὶβ ἀπὸ θʹ σημείων Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἐπὶ Χεβρών. Νεβψάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Νααραθά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι Νοορὰθ κώμη Ἰουδαίων ἀπὸ εʹ σημείων Ἱεριχοῦς. Ναφέθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Μανασσῆ. Νααλὼλ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Νεκέβ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Νεελά ̣ ̣. ἀπὸ ταύτης τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους «οὐκ ἐξῆρε» Ζαβουλών. κεῖται καὶ ἐν τῇ Βαταναίᾳ Νεειλά. Νοββά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀνέβη Γεδεών. ἦν δὲ πόλις ἱερέων, ἣν κατέκοψε Σαούλ. Νεμρά ̣ ?̣. πόλις Ῥουβὶν ἐν γῇ Γαλαάδ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι Ναμαρὰ κώμη μεγίστη ἐν τῇ Βαταναίᾳ. Βασιλειῶν. Ναυϊώθ ̣ ̣. «ἐν Ῥαμᾶ». πόλις, ἔνθα Δαυὶδ ἐκαθέσθη. Ναχών ̣ ̣. «ἅλωνος Ναχών». Ἀʹ ἅλωνος ἑτοίμης. Νεφάθ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἄρχοντος Σολομών. Νηριγέλ ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην ἔκτισαν ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ οἱ ἀπὸ Βαβυλῶνος Σαμαρεῖται. Ναζέβ ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην ἔκτισαν οἱ ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ Εὐαῖοι. Νεσαράχ ̣ ̣.","english":"The Jordan opposite Jericho in the land of Moab, where Moses died. And it is shown even now from the sixth milestone of Esbous toward the west. Naboth. A city of the sons of Reuben in the region of Galaad, which Isaiah also mentions in the vision \"against the Moabitess,\" and Jeremiah. There is also a man's name Nabau, who \"named Kanath and the\" places around it Naboth after himself. And now Nabau is shown deserted, distant from Esbous by eight milestones to the south. Nageb. The south among the Hebrews. Symmachus: \"midday.\" From Joshua. Naphethdor. Symmachus: \"in the coastal Dora.\" This is nine milestones from Caesarea. Naphtho. A spring of water so called. Of the tribe of Benjamin. Naam. A city of the tribe of Judah. Nesib. Of the tribe of Judah. There is Nasib nine milestones from Eleutheropolis toward Hebron. Nebpsan. Of the tribe of Judah. Naaratha. Of the tribe of Ephraim. And now there is Noorath, a village of Jews, five milestones from Jericho. Napheth. Of the tribe of Manasseh. Naalol. Of the allotment of Zebulun, a city set apart for Levites. Nekeb. Of the allotment of Naphtali. From Judges. Neela. From this Zebulun \"did not drive out\" the foreigners. There is also Neela in Batanaea. Nobba. Where Gideon went up. It was a city of priests, which Saul cut down. Nemra. A city of Reuben in the land of Galaad. And now there is Namara, a very large village in Batanaea. Of Kings. Nauioth. \"In Rama.\" A city where David was seated. Nachon. \"Threshing floor of Nachon.\" Aquila: \"threshing floor of readiness.\" Nephath. A city of the ruler Solomon. Nerigel. And this the Samaritans from Babylon built in Judea. Nazeh. And this the Evaeans built in Judea. Nesarach.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ναβώθ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius distinguishes between the city Naboth (of Reuben) and the man Nabau, who renamed Kanath after himself. The entry conflates two biblical references: the city in Reuben's territory and the personal name from Numbers 32:42.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ναβώθ","severity":"info","text":"The city is mentioned in Isaiah's 'vision against the Moabitess' (Isaiah 15:2? 16:6? uncertain) and in Jeremiah. The reference to 'Kanath' and surrounding places echoes Numbers 32:42, where Nabau names the area.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ναγέβ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius glosses Nageb as 'the south among the Hebrews' and notes Symmachus' translation 'midday'. This reflects the Hebrew word negev, meaning south, and the entry is sourced 'From Joshua' (Joshua 15:3?).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ναφεθδώρ","severity":"info","text":"Naphethdor is identified with Symmachus' 'coastal Dora' and located nine milestones from Caesarea. This reflects Eusebius' method of correlating biblical toponyms with Roman administrative geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Νεελά","severity":"info","text":"Neela is linked to Zebulun's failure to expel foreigners (Judges 1:30). Eusebius notes a second Neela in Batanaea, indicating multiple sites with the same name, a common issue in the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Νηριγέλ","severity":"caution","text":"Nerigel is said to have been built by Samaritans from Babylon in Judea. This is historically dubious; the Samaritans originated in the northern kingdom, not Babylon. The entry may reflect later traditions or confusion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has lacunae (marked by dots) after several lemmata, e.g., Ναβώθ, Ναγέβ, Ναφεθδώρ, etc., possibly indicating missing diacritics or abbreviations. The reading follows the Greek as given.","The phrase 'ἀπὸ ἕκτου σημείου Ἐσβοῦς' is ambiguous: it could mean 'from the sixth milestone of Esbous' or 'from the sixth sign of Esbous'; the former is standard in the Onomasticon."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"εἴδωλον Ἀσσυρίων. Νεβηρείμ ̣ ̣. Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος», καὶ Ἱερεμίας. καὶ ἔστι νῦν Βηνναμαρεὶμ ἐκ βορείων Ζοορῶν. Ναβεώθ ̣ ̣. χώρα ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Ἀπὸ τῶν Εὐαγγελίων. Ναζαρέθ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ὁ Χριστὸς Ναζωραῖος ἐκλήθη, καὶ Ναζαρηνοὶ τὸ παλαιὸν ἡμεῖς οἱ νῦν Χριστιανοί. καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐστιν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἀντικρὺ τῆς Λεγεῶνος ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ιε πρὸς ἀνατολάς, πλησίον τοῦ ὄρους Θαβώρ. Ναείν ̣ ̣. κώμη, ἐν ᾗ τὸν υἱὸν τῆς χήρας ἐκ νεκρῶν ἤγειρε. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κατὰ νότον Θαβὼρ ἀπὸ ιβʹ σημείων πλησίον Ἀενδώρ. Στοιχεῖον Ξ. Κριτῶν. Ξίλ ̣ ?̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Στοιχεῖον Ο. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Ὀρέχ ̣ 10̣. πόλις βασιλείας Νεβρὼδ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι. Οὒρ τῶν Χαλδαίων ̣ ̣. ἔνθα «ἀπέθανεν Ἀρρὰν» ἀδελφὸς Ἁβραάμ, οὗ καὶ ὁ τάφος εἰς ἔτι «νῦν δείκνυται». ἱστορεῖ Ἰώσιππος. Οὐλαμμαοῦς ̣ ̣. τὸ Ἑβραϊκὸν ἔχει Λουζά. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ καὶ κληθεῖσα Λουζὰ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Βαιθήλ. δεδήλωται ἀνωτέρω. ἔστιν δὲ καὶ ἄλλη Οὐλλαμὰ ἀπὸ ιβʹ σημείων Διοκαισαρείας πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Ὀλιβαμά ̣ ̣. πόλις ἡγεμόνων Ἐδώμ. Ὀδολλάμ ̣ ̣. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. μέμνηται αὐτῆς Ἡσαΐας. Ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐξόδου. Ὀθόμ ̣ ̣. δεύτερος σταθμός, ἔνθα ἦλθον ἀπὸ Σοκχώθ «παρὰ τὴν ἔρημον» ἐξελθόντες ἀπὸ Αἰγύπτου. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Ὀφέρ ̣ ̣. καὶ ταύτην ἐπολιόρκησεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. Ὀολεί ̣ ̣. πόλις κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ὀφρά ̣ ̣. ὁδὸς Ὀφρὰ ἐπὶ τὴν Σοάλ. Οὔς ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Ἰώβ. ἐν χώρᾳ τῇ Αὐσίτιδι. Οὖς δὲ καὶ εἷς τῶν υἱῶν Ἡσαῦ ἐκαλεῖτο. Στοιχεῖον Πʹ. Τῆς Πεντατεύχου. Πέτρα ̣ ̣.","english":"idol of the Assyrians. Nebeireim. Isaiah in the vision \"against Moabitis,\" and Jeremiah. And it is now Bennamareim north of Zoar. Nabeoth. A region in Isaiah. From the Gospels. Nazareth. Whence Christ was called Nazoraios, and Nazarenoi anciently we who are now Christians. And it still exists in Galilee opposite Legio, about fifteen milestones to the east, near Mount Tabor. Nain. A village, in which he raised the widow's son from the dead. And it is now south of Tabor, twelve milestones near Aendor. Letter Xi. From Judges. Xil? Of the tribe of Judah. Letter O. From Genesis. Orech. City of the kingdom of Nebrod in Babylon. Ur of the Chaldeans. Where \"Arran died,\" brother of Abraham, whose tomb is still \"now shown.\" Josephus relates. Oulammaous. The Hebrew has Louza. This is the one also called Louza and later Baethel. It has been indicated above. And there is another Oullama twelve milestones from Diocaesarea to the east. Olibama. City of the princes of Edom. Odollam. It is also mentioned above. Isaiah mentions it. From Exodus. Othom. Second station, where they came from Sokchoth \"by the desert\" after leaving Egypt. From Joshua. Opher. This one also Joshua besieged, slaying its king. Oolei. City of the allotment of Aser. Ophra. The road of Ophra to Soal. Hus. Whence Job was, in the land of Ausitis. And Hus was also one of the sons of Esau called. Letter Pi. From the Pentateuch. Petra.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ναζαρέθ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius derives 'Nazoraios' (Nazarene) from Nazareth, equating early Nazarenoi with contemporary Christians, reflecting a late antique Christian self-identification.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ναείν","severity":"info","text":"The reference to raising the widow's son from the dead alludes to Luke 7:11–15, the only Gospel account of this miracle at Nain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Οὒρ τῶν Χαλδαίων","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius cites Josephus for the tomb of Arran (Haran) at Ur of the Chaldeans, likely referencing Jewish Antiquities 1.6.5, though the exact passage is not given.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Οὐλαμμαοῦς","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius equates Oulammaous with Louza and later Baethel (Bethel), cross-referencing an earlier entry and noting a second Oullama near Diocaesarea.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Ξ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is organized alphabetically by Greek letter: Xi (Ξ), O (Ο), Pi (Π), with subheadings from biblical books (Judges, Genesis, Exodus, Joshua, Pentateuch).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ξίλ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Xil' is corrupt in the Greek (Ξίλ ̣ ?̣), with uncertain reading; the Coptic cue suggests a place name of the tribe of Judah, but the exact form is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'Ξίλ' is uncertain due to manuscript corruption; the Coptic cue may indicate a lacuna or abbreviation.","The identification of 'Bennamareim' with 'Nebeireim' is not fully explained in the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"πόλις ἐν γῇ Ἐδὼμ τῆς Ἀραβίας, ἥτις ἐπεκλήθη Ἰεχθοήλ, ἣ καὶ Ῥεκὲμ παρὰ Ἀσσυρίοις ὀνομάζεται.Στοιχεῖον Ρ. Τῆς Πεντατεύχου. Ῥοωβώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἀσσυρίων, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησεν Ἀσσούρ, ἐξελθὼν ἐκ γῆς Σενναάρ. Ῥοωβώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἄλλη, ἡ «παρὰ ποταμόν», ἔνθα ἦν βασιλεὺς Ἰδουμαίων. καὶ νῦν ἐστι φρούριον ἐν τῇ Γεβαληνῇ. Ῥαμεσσέ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν ᾠκοδόμησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ. οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἡ χώρα πᾶσα τὸ παλαιὸν ἐκαλεῖτο, ἐν ᾗ κατῴκησεν Ἰακὼβ ἅμα τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ. Ῥοώβ ̣ ̣. δι' ἧς ἦλθον οἱ μετὰ Ἰησοῦ κατάσκοποι. καὶ ἔστι Ῥοὼβ κώμη ἀπὸ τετάρτου σημείου\n\nΣκυθοπόλεως. ἦν δὲ Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ῥαφακά ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Ῥαφιδίμ ̣ ̣. τόπος τῆς ἐρήμου παρὰ τὸ Χωρὴβ ὄρος, ἐν ᾧ ἐκ «τῆς πέτρας» τῆς ἐν τῷ ὄρει Χωρὴβ ἐρρύησαν τὰ ὕδατα. καὶ ἐκλήθη ὁ τόπος πειρασμός. ἔνθα καὶ πολεμεῖ Ἰησοῦς τὸν Ἀμαλὴκ ἐγγὺς Φαράν. Ῥαθμά ̣ 18̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Ῥεμμὼν Φάρες ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Ῥεσσά ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Ῥαμώθ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Γὰδ ἱερατική, τῶν φυγαδευτηρίων, ἐν τῇ Γαλααδίτιδι. καὶ νῦν ἐστιν ὡς ἀπὸ ιεʹ σημείων Φιλαδελφίας πρὸς δυσμάς. Ῥεκέμ ̣ ̣. αὕτη ἐστὶν Πέτρα πόλις τῆς Ἀραβίας. ἧς ἐβασίλευσε Ῥοκόμ, ὃν ἀνεῖλον οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ. λέγεται δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς βασιλεὺς Μαδιάμ. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Ῥεμμών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Συμεὼν ἢ Ἰούδα. νῦν Ῥεμμών ἐστι πλησίον Αἰλίας κώμη ἐν βορείοις ἀπὸ σημείων ιεʹ. Ῥωγήλ ̣ ̣. πηγὴ οὕτω καλουμένη. ἐν κλήρῳ Βενιαμίν. Ῥαμά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν, πόλις Σαούλ, ἀπὸ ʹ σημείων Αἰλίας εἰς βορρᾶν ἀπέναντι Βαιθήλ.","english":"A city in the land of Edom of Arabia, which was called Iechthoel, and also named Rekem by the Assyrians. Letter R. From the Pentateuch. Rooboth. A city of the Assyrians, which Assour built, having come out of the land of Sennaar. Rooboth. Another city, \"by the river,\" where the king of the Idumaeans was. And now it is a fortress in the Gebalene. Ramesse. A city which the sons of Israel built in Egypt. And thus also the whole region was anciently called, in which Jacob dwelt together with his children. Roob. Through which the spies with Joshua passed. And Roob is a village twenty-four miles from Scythopolis. It was assigned to the Levites. Raphaka. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Raphidim. A place of the desert near Mount Choreb, where the waters flowed from \"the rock\" on Mount Choreb. And the place was called Temptation. There Joshua also fights Amalek near Pharan. Rathma. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Remmon Phares. A station of the sons of Israel. Ressa. A station of the sons of Israel. Ramoth. A city of the tribe of Gad, a priestly city, one of the cities of refuge, in Galaaditis. And now it is about fifteen miles from Philadelphia towards the west. Rekem. This is Petra, a city of Arabia, over which Rokom ruled, whom the sons of Israel slew. And he is also called king of Madiam. From Joshua. Remmon. Of the tribe of Symeon or Judah. Now Remmon is a village near Aelia, in the north, about fifteen miles away. Rogel. A spring so called. In the allotment of Benjamin. Rama. Of the tribe of Benjamin, the city of Saul, about six miles from Aelia to the north, opposite Baethel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ῥεκέμ","severity":"info","text":"Rekem is identified with Petra, the capital of Nabataea, and is also linked to the Edomite king Rokom (or Rekem) in Numbers 31:8.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥαφιδείμ","severity":"info","text":"Raphidim is the site of the battle with Amalek (Exodus 17:8-16) and the miraculous water from the rock at Horeb (Exodus 17:6).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ῥαμεσσέ","severity":"info","text":"Ramesse is likely Pi-Ramesses, the store-city built by the Israelites in Egypt (Exodus 1:11), and the region called Goshen.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Ρ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins the letter R section of the Onomasticon, organizing entries alphabetically by Greek initial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥεμμών","severity":"info","text":"Remmon is identified as a village near Aelia (Jerusalem), 15 miles north, and is associated with the tribe of Simeon or Judah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥοωβώθ","severity":"caution","text":"Two distinct cities named Rooboth are listed: one Assyrian built by Assour, another 'by the river' in Idumaea; the text may conflate separate biblical references.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The distance 'ἀπὸ ʹ σημείων' for Rama is given as 'about six miles' in the English draft, but the Greek has a blank numeral (ʹ), leaving the exact distance uncertain.","The identification of Rooboth as both an Assyrian city and a fortress in Gebalene may reflect different biblical traditions (Genesis 10:11 vs. Genesis 36:33)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"μέμνηται αὐτῆς καὶ Ἱερεμίας. Ῥεκέμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Ῥεμμών ̣ ̣. πέτρα Ῥεμμών. κλήρου Συμεὼν ἢ Ζαβουλών. Ῥαββώθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. ἔστιν εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἄλλη κώμη ἐν Ῥοββὼ ἐν ὁρίοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Ῥεθώμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. Ῥοώβ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ, πόλις Λευίταις ἀφωρισμένη. Ῥαμά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ, «ἕως πόλεως ὀχυρώματος Τυρίων.» Ῥαμά ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ῥεκκάθ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ῥουμὰ ̣ ̣. ἡ καὶ Ἀριμά. ἔνθα «ἐκάθισεν Ἀβιμέλεχ.» ἐν Κριταῖς. νῦν αὕτη Ῥεμφὶς λέγεται καὶ ἔστιν ἐν ὁρίοις Διοσπόλεως, ἥτις ἐστὶν Ἀριμαθαία. Βασιλειῶν. Ῥεμμώθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλε Δαυὶδ «τῶν σκύλων.» Ῥαχέλ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλε Δαυὶδ «τῶν σκύλων.» Ῥεμμὼθ Γαλαάδ ̣ ̣. κώμη νῦν ἐστιν ἐν τῇ Περαίᾳ παρὰ τὸν Ἰαβὸκ ποταμόν. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Ῥαββάθ ̣ ̣. πόλις βασιλείας Ἀμμών. αὕτη ἐστὶν Φιλαδελφία. μέμνηται αὐτῆς καὶ Ἱερεμίας. Ῥαώς ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἦλθε Δαυίδ. Ἀʹ Σʹ τὴν ἄκραν. Ῥωγελλείν ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Βερσελλεὶν ὁ Γαλααδίτης. Ῥαφάειν ̣ ̣. κοιλὰς ἀλλοφύλων κατὰ βορρᾶν Ἱερουσαλήμ. Ῥεμμάν ̣ ̣. πόλις βασιλέων Συρίας πλησίον Δαμασκοῦ. Ῥέθ ̣ ̣. ταύτην ἐπάταξεν Ἀσάφ. Ῥαθέμ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ ἄρκευθον, Σʹ σκέπην. Ῥεμμών ̣ ̣. Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». Ῥασέφ ̣ ̣. πόλις Συρίας. Ῥαφέθ ̣ ̣. πόλις «ἐν χώρᾳ Θαιμὰν» τῶν Ἀσσυρίων. ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Ῥεβλά ̣ ̣. ἐν γῇ Αἰμάθ, ἔνθα Φαραὼ μετέστησεν Ἰωάχαζ. Ῥεμμά ̣ 3?̣. ὄρος ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Ἀʹ ὄρος Ἐρμωνά, Σʹεἰς Ἀρμενίαν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ κώμη Ἒν Ῥεμμοῦς ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ. ἐν δὲ Βασιλείαις Ῥεμμὰν οἶκος εἰδώλου Δαμασκοῦ. Ῥεβλαθά ̣ 25, 6̣. χώρα Βαβυλωνίων. Ῥαμαδέ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ ὑψωθήσεται.","english":"Jeremiah also mentions it. Rekem. Of the tribe of Benjamin. Remmon. Rock of Remmon. Of the allotment of Symeon or Zaboulon. Rabboth. Of the allotment of Issachar. There is still another village in Robbo in the territory of Eleutheropolis to the east. Rethom. Of the allotment of Issachar. Roob. Of the allotment of Aser, a city set apart for Levites. Rama. Of the allotment of Aser, \"as far as the city of the fortress of the Tyrians.\" Rama. Of the allotment of Nephthaleim. Rekkath. Of the allotment of Nephthaleim. Rouma. Also called Arima, where \"Abimelech sat down\" in Judges. Now this is called Remphis and is in the territory of Diospolis, which is Arimathaia. Of Kings. Remmoth. Where David sent \"the spoils.\" Rachel. Where David sent \"the spoils.\" Remmoth Galaad. It is now a village in Peraea near the river Iabok. It is also mentioned above. Rabbath. City of the kingdom of Ammon. This is Philadelphia. Jeremiah also mentions it. Raos. Where David came. First Kings: the citadel. Rogellein. Whence came Bersellein the Galaadite. Raphaein. Valley of the Philistines to the north of Jerusalem. Remman. City of the kings of Syria near Damascus. Reth. This Asaph smote. Rathem. First Kings: juniper; Second Kings: shelter. Remmon. Isaiah in the vision \"against Moabitis.\" Raseph. City of Syria. Rapheth. City \"in the land of Thaiman\" of the Assyrians, in Isaiah. Rebla. In the land of Aimath, where Pharaoh removed Ioachaz. Remma. Mountain in Isaiah. First Kings: Mount Hermona; Second Kings: into Armenia. There is also a village En Remmous in the Daroma. In Kings, Remman is a house of an idol of Damascus. Reblatha. Land of the Babylonians. Ramade. First Kings: will be raised up.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥεκέμ","severity":"info","text":"Rekem is listed as a place in the tribe of Benjamin; the same name appears in the previous passage as an Assyrian name for Iechthoel, indicating multiple homonymous sites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥουμὰ","severity":"info","text":"Rouma is identified with Arima, where 'Abimelech sat down' (Judges 9:41). Eusebius notes it is now called Remphis in the territory of Diospolis (Lydda), equated with Arimathaia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥαββάθ","severity":"info","text":"Rabbath, the capital of the Ammonites, is identified with Philadelphia (modern Amman, Jordan). Eusebius notes Jeremiah also mentions it (Jeremiah 49:2).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥεμμὼθ Γαλαάδ","severity":"info","text":"Remmoth Galaad (Ramoth-Gilead) is described as a village in Peraea near the river Iabok, with a cross-reference to an earlier entry, showing Eusebius' method of internal cross-referencing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥεμμάν","severity":"caution","text":"Remman is listed as a city of the kings of Syria near Damascus, but the Greek text has a lacuna (indicated by dots), and the identification with the idol-house of Damascus in Kings is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥαμαδέ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Ramade cites the First Kings translation ('will be raised up'), illustrating Eusebius' pattern of including Septuagint glosses for Hebrew place names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has several lacunae (marked by dots) after place names, making the original Coptic readings uncertain; the English draft fills these with standard identifications.","The entry for Remma conflates a mountain in Isaiah with a village En Remmous in Daroma, possibly reflecting two distinct sites."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"ἐν Ζαχαρίᾳ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Ῥαμᾶ τοῦ Βενιαμὶν περὶ τὴν Βηθλεέμ, ἔνθα «φωνὴ ἐν Ῥαμᾶ ἠκούσθη». Ῥινοκόρουρα ̣ ̣. Ἡσαΐας. πόλις Αἰγύπτου. Στοιχεῖον Σ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Σιδών ̣ ̣. πόλις ἐπίσημος Φοινίκης. ὅριον δὲ ἦν τὸ παλαιὸν τῶν Χαναναίων βόρειον, ὕστερον δὲ τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ἐπεὶ καὶ αὕτη γέγονε τῆς κληρονομίας τοῦ Ἰσραήλ. φυλὴ γοῦν Ἀσὴρ κεκλήρωτο, ἀλλ' «οὐκ ἐξῆρεν» αὐτῆς τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους ἡ φυλὴ Ἀσήρ, φησὶν ἡ γραφή. Σενναάρ ̣ ̣. πεδίον Βαβυλῶνος, ἔνθα ὁ πύργος ᾠκοδομήθη. ἀφ' ἧς «ἐξῆλθεν Ἀσσοὺρ καὶ ᾠκοδόμησε τὴν Νινευῆ». μέμνηται δὲ αὐτῆς καὶ Ἰώσιππος λέγων οὕτως ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ τῆς ἀρχαιολογίας· «περὶ δὲ τοῦ πεδίου τοῦ λεγομένου Σενναὰρ ἐν τῇ Βαβυλωνίᾳ χώρᾳ μνημονεύει Ἑστιαῖος λέγων οὕτως· τῶν δὲ ἱερέων τοὺς διασωθέντας, τοῦ Ἐνυαλίου Διὸς ἱερώματα λαβόντας, εἰς Σενναὰρ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας ἐλθεῖν». Συχὲμ ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Σίκιμα ἢ καὶ Σαλήμ. πόλις Ἰακὼβ νῦν ἔρημος. δείκνυται δὲ ὁ τόπος ἐν προαστείοις Νέας πόλεως, ἔνθα καὶ ὁ τάφος δείκνυται τοῦ Ἰωσήφ, καὶ παράκειται. καθεῖλεν δὲ αὐτὴν Ἀβιμέλεχ «καὶ","english":"In Zechariah. There is also a Ramah of Benjamin near Bethlehem, where \"a voice was heard in Ramah.\" Rhinocorura. Isaiah. A city of Egypt. Letter S. From Genesis. Sidon. A notable city of Phoenicia. It was the ancient northern boundary of the Canaanites, but later of Judaea, since this too became part of the inheritance of Israel. The tribe of Asher indeed received it by lot, but \"the tribe of Asher did not drive out\" its foreign inhabitants, says Scripture. Shinar. A plain of Babylon, where the tower was built. From which \"Asshur went out and built Nineveh.\" Josephus also mentions it, speaking thus in the first book of the Antiquities: \"Concerning the plain called Shinar in the Babylonian country, Hestiaeus makes mention, speaking thus: 'The priests who survived, taking the sacred objects of Enyalian Zeus, came to Shinar in Babylonia.'\" Shechem. Also called Sicima or Salem. A city of Jacob, now deserted. The site is shown in the suburbs of Neapolis, where also the tomb of Joseph is shown, and it lies nearby. Abimelech destroyed it \"and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥαμᾶ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'φωνὴ ἐν Ῥαμᾶ ἠκούσθη' alludes to Jer 31:15 (LXX), where Rachel's voice is heard in Ramah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σενναάρ","severity":"info","text":"Shinar is the biblical name for the plain of Babylon, associated with the Tower of Babel (Gen 11:2). Eusebius also cites Josephus (Ant. 1.4.3) quoting Hestiaeus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σιδών","severity":"info","text":"Sidon was a prominent Phoenician city and the ancient northern boundary of Canaan. Eusebius notes it later became part of Judah's inheritance, assigned to Asher, though Asher failed to expel the foreign inhabitants.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Συχέμ","severity":"info","text":"Shechem (also called Sicima or Salem) is identified as a city of Jacob, now deserted, with its site shown in the suburbs of Neapolis (Nablus) and Joseph's tomb nearby. Eusebius notes its destruction by Abimelech (cf. Judg 9).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Σ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek 'Στοιχεῖον Σ' marks the beginning of entries for the letter Sigma, following the alphabetical arrangement of the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ῥινοκόρουρα","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Rhinocorura is fragmentary; the Greek has a lacuna after the name, and the English draft supplies 'Isaiah' and 'A city of Egypt' from context, but the original text is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Rhinocorura is incomplete in the Greek; the supplied text 'Isaiah. A city of Egypt' is inferred from the context of the Onomasticon but not fully attested in the manuscript."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"ἔσπειρεν αὐτὴν ἅλας», ὡς ἐν Κριταῖς. ἤγειρε δὲ αὐτὴν Ἱεροβοάμ, ὡς ἐν Βασιλείαις. κεῖται ἐν ὁρίοις κλήρου Ἐφραΐμ. Συχὲμ δὲ καὶ υἱὸς Ἐμμὼρ ἐκαλεῖτο, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ ὁ τόπος. ἦν δὲ καὶ Συχὲμ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Ἐφραΐμ, πόλις φυγαδευτηρίου. Σενναάρ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Ἀμαρφὰλ ὁ πολεμήσας τοὺς ἀμφὶ τὴν Σόδομα. Σόδομα ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀσεβῶν ἀνδρῶν, ἀφανισθεῖσα περὶ τὴν νεκρὰν θάλασσαν. Σεβωείμ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀσεβῶν περὶ τὴν Σοδομῖτιν ἀφανισθεῖσα. Σωφειρά ̣ ̣. «ὄρος ἀνατολῶν» πρὸς τῇ Ἰνδικῇ, παρ' ᾧ κατῴκησαν υἱοὶ Ἰεκτὰν υἱοῦ Ἐβέρ, οὕς φησιν Ἰώσιππος «ἀπὸ Κωφῆνος ποταμοῦ τῆς τε Ἰνδικῆς καὶ τῆς πρὸς αὐτῇ Σηρίας» κατασχεῖν. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ καὶ τῷ Σολομῶνι ἡ ναῦς καὶ τὸν φόρτον διὰ τριετοῦς ἐκόμιζεν χρόνου. Σοορά ̣ 14, 2̣. πόλις τῆς περιχώρου Σοδόμων, ἣ καὶ Σιγὼρ ὀνομάζεται καὶ Ζοορά. Σαυῆ ̣ 14, 5̣. πόλις ἀρχαία, ἐν ᾗ ᾤκουν οἱ Ἀμορραῖοι, ἔθνος, ὑπὲρ τὴν Σοδομῖτιν. οὓς ἀνεῖλε Χοδολλαγόμωρ. Σηείρ ̣ ̣. ὄρος γῆς Ἐδώμ, ἔνθα ᾤκει Ἡσαῦ, ἐν τῇ Γεβαληνῇ, ἀπὸ Ἡσαῦ κληθεῖσα· τετρίχωτο γάρ, ὅλος δασὺς ὤν, τριχωτὸς δὲ ἑρμηνεύεται Σηείρ. λέγει δὲ ἡ γραφὴ ὅτι καὶ πρὸ τοῦ Ἡσαῦ ὁ οἰκῶν τὸν τόπον Χορραῖος Σηεὶρ ἐκαλεῖτο, ὃν ἀνεῖλε Χοδολλαγόμωρ. μέμνηται τῆς Σηεὶρ καὶ Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει «τῆς Ἰδουμαίας». Σαλήμ ̣ ̣. πόλις Σικίμων, ἥτις ἐστὶ Συχέμ, ὥς φησιν ἡ γραφή. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη κώμη * * * * * * * * * Σούρ ̣ ̣. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Σηγώρ ̣ ̣. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * εἰς ἔτι νῦν διαμένει.","english":"he sowed it with salt,\" as in Judges. And Jeroboam rebuilt it, as in Kings. It lies in the borders of the allotment of Ephraim. Shechem was also called the son of Hamor, after whom the place is named. There was also a Shechem in Mount Ephraim, a city of refuge. Shinar. Whence came Amraphel, who warred against those around Sodom. Sodom. A city of impious men, destroyed near the Dead Sea. Zeboim. A city of impious men near the Sodomite region, destroyed. Sephar. \"Mountain of the East\" near India, beside which the sons of Joktan, son of Eber, settled, whom Josephus says occupied \"from the river Cophen of India and the Seria adjacent to it.\" From there, the ship also brought the cargo to Solomon every three years. Zoara. A city of the region of Sodom, which is also called Sigor and Zoara. Shaveh. An ancient city, in which the Amorites, a nation, dwelt, above the Sodomite region. Chedorlaomer slew them. Seir. A mountain of the land of Edom, where Esau dwelt, in the Gebalene, called after Esau; for he was hairy, being entirely shaggy, and Seir is interpreted as \"hairy.\" But Scripture says that even before Esau, the inhabitant of the place, a Horite, was called Seir, whom Chedorlaomer slew. Isaiah also mentions Seir in the vision \"of Idumea.\" Salem. A city of the Sicimites, which is Shechem, as Scripture says. There is also another village... Shur. ... Zoar. ... still remains to this day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Συχέμ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius distinguishes Shechem as a city in Ephraim and as the son of Hamor, reflecting a dual biblical usage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Σενναάρ","severity":"info","text":"Shinar is linked to Amraphel, who warred against Sodom, echoing Genesis 14:1-9.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σωφειρά","severity":"info","text":"Sephar is identified as a mountain near India, with a reference to Josephus on the sons of Joktan and Solomon's trade route.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":["Josephus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Σηείρ","severity":"info","text":"Seir is etymologized as 'hairy' from Esau's shagginess, and linked to a pre-Esau Horite, showing Eusebius' allegorical and historical layers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σούρ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Shur is heavily lacunose, with only the lemma preserved; the English draft marks it as incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Σηγώρ","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with Zoar, noting it 'still remains to this day', a formulaic closure for a section of the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text for Shur and Zoar is fragmentary; the English draft supplies conjectural readings."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"μέμνηται αὐτῆς Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». Σκηναί ̣ ̣. οὗ ἐσκήνωσεν Ἰακώβ, ἐπανελθὼν ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας. Ἐξόδου. Σοκχώθ ̣ ̣. πρῶτος σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου πρὸ τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης, ἐξελθόντων ἀπὸ Αἰγύπτου. Σίν ̣ ̣. ἔρημος ἡ μεταξὺ παρατείνουσα τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης καὶ τῆς ἐρήμου Σινά. ἀπὸ γὰρ Σὶν ἦλθον εἰς Ῥαφιδίν, ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης «εἰς τὴν ἔρημον Σινά», παρὰ τὸ Σινὰ ὄρος, ἔνθα Μωϋσῆς τὴν νομοθεσίαν λαμβάνει. τὴν δὲ ἔρημον Σὶν τὴν αὐτὴν λέγει τῇ Κάδης ἡ παρ' Ἑβραίοις γραφή, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ ἡ τῶν Οʹ. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Σελμωνά ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Σαφάρ ̣ ̣. ὄρος Σαφάρ. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Σαττείν ̣ ̣. ἔνθα «ἐβεβηλώθη ὁ λαὸς πορνεῦσαι ἐν ταῖς θυγατράσι Μωάβ». παράκειται τῷ ὄρει Φογώρ. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ καὶ Ἰησοῦς ἀπέστειλε κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν Ἱεριχώ. Σαβαμά ̣ 32, 3. 38̣. πόλις Μωὰβ ἐν Γαλαάδ, ἣν ἔλαβε φυλὴ Ῥουβίν. μέμνηται δὲ αὐτῆς καὶ Ἡσαΐας ἐν ὁράσει τῇ «κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος». Σελχά ̣ ̣. πόλις Ὢγ βασιλέως ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι. Σεννά ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας. καὶ ἔστι νῦν Μαγδαλσεννὰ ἀπὸ ὀγδόου σημείου Ἱεριχοῦς εἰς βορρᾶν. Σεφαμά ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας πρὸς ἀνατολάς. Σαδαδά ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Σομερών ̣ 12, 20̣. καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς, τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς ἀνελών. ταύτην λέγουσιν εἶναι Σεβαστήν, τὴν νῦν πολίχνην τῆς Παλαιστίνης. λέγεται δὲ ἐν Βασιλείαις Ζαμβρὶ βασιλέα Ἰσραὴλ ἐωνῆσθαι «τὸ ὄρος τοῦ Σεμερὼν παρὰ Σεμήρ», κτίσαι τε ἐπ' αὐτοῦ πόλιν καὶ ἐπονομάσαι Σεμηρὼν παρὰ τὸν Σεμήρ. Σηειρά ̣ ̣.","english":"Isaiah mentions it in the vision \"against Moab.\" Skenai . . . where Jacob pitched his tent, returning from Mesopotamia. Exodus. Sokchoth . . . the first station of the sons of Israel in the desert before the Red Sea, when they came out of Egypt. Sin . . . the desert extending between the Red Sea and the desert of Sina. For from Sin they came to Raphidin, and from there \"to the desert of Sina,\" near Mount Sina, where Moses receives the law. The Hebrew text calls the desert of Sin the same as Kades, but the Septuagint does not. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Selmona . . . a station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Saphar . . . Mount Saphar. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Sattein . . . where \"the people were profaned by fornicating with the daughters of Moab.\" It lies near Mount Phogor. From there Joshua also sent spies to Jericho. Sabama . . . a city of Moab in Galaad, which the tribe of Ruben took. Isaiah also mentions it in the vision \"against Moab.\" Selcha . . . a city of King Og in Basanitis. Senna . . . a boundary of Judea. And it is now Magdalsenna, eight milestones from Jericho to the north. Sephama . . . a boundary of Judea to the east. Sadada . . . a boundary of Judea. From Joshua. Someron . . . Joshua also took this city, slaying its king. They say this is Sebaste, the present town of Palestine. And it is said in Kings that Zimri, king of Israel, bought \"the mountain of Semeron from Shemer,\" built a city on it, and named it Semeron after Shemer. Seeira . . .","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σίν","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius distinguishes the desert of Sin from the desert of Sinai, noting that the Hebrew text identifies Sin with Kades, but the Septuagint does not.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαττείν","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the people were profaned by fornicating with the daughters of Moab' alludes to Numbers 25:1–3, where Israelite men engage in sexual rites with Moabite women at Shittim.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σομερών","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies Someron with Sebaste (Samaria), the city built by Omri and later renamed by Herod the Great. The reference to Zimri buying the mountain from Shemer is from 1 Kings 16:24.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαβαμά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Isaiah mentions Sabama in his 'vision against Moab,' likely referring to Isaiah 15–16, which contain oracles against Moab.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Σεννά","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Senna provides a contemporary location ('Magdalsenna, eight milestones from Jericho to the north'), typical of Eusebius' method of linking biblical sites to Roman-period geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σκηναί","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text has 'Σκηναί' followed by a lacuna (marked '̣ ̣'), and the English draft supplies 'Skenai' without a location. The entry is incomplete in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacuna after Σκηναί leaves the location unspecified; the English draft supplies 'Skenai' but the Greek is fragmentary.","The identification of Sin with Kades is contested between the Hebrew and Septuagint traditions, as Eusebius notes."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"καὶ ταύτην εἷλεν Ἰησοῦς. Σελχά ̣ ̣. πόλις ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι. Σιώρ ̣ ̣. ἡ κατὰ πρόσωπον Αἰγύπτου. ἔστιν δὲ καὶ κώμη Σιὼρ μεταξὺ Αἰλίας καὶ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σαόρθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ῥουβὶν ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην. Σαχώθ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Γὰδ ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην. Σαφών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Γὰδ ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰορδάνην. Σαχωράν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σαμά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σουάλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα ἢ Συμεών. Σικελάγ ̣ ̣. ταύτην ἔδωκεν Ἀγχοὺς τῷ Δαυίδ. φυλῆς Ἰούδα ἢ Συμεὼν ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ. Σανσανά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σαλεεί ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σαραά ̣ ̣. κώμη ἐστὶν ἐν ὁρίοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως πρὸς βορρᾶν, ἀπιόντων εἰς Νικόπολιν ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ιʹ. φυλῆς Δὰν ἢ καὶ Ἰούδα. Σοκχώ ̣\n\n35̣. κῶμαί εἰσι δύο, ἀνιόντων ἀπὸ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως εἰς Αἰλίαν, ἐν τῷ ἐνάτῳ σημείῳ, ἡ μὲν ἀνωτέρα, ἡ δὲ κατωτέρα, Σοκχὼθ χρηματίζουσαι. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σαραείν ̣ 36̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σενναάν ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σαφείρ ̣ ̣. ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ κώμη ἐστὶν μεταξὺ Ἐλευθεροπόλεως καὶ Ἀσκαλῶνος. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σοκχώ ̣ 48̣. ἀνωτέρω κεῖται ἡ Σοκχώ. λέγονται δὲ αὐτὴν κτίσαι οἱ ἀπὸ Βαβυλῶνος Σαμαρεῖται. Σκαχά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Σηλώ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἐφραΐμ. ἐν ταύτῃ κατέμενεν ἡ κιβωτὸς τὸ πρὶν μέχρι τῶν χρόνων Σαμουήλ, ἔστι δὲ Νέας πόλεως ἀπὸ σημείων ιβʹ ἐν τῇ Ἀκραβαττινῇ. Σηλὼμ δὲ καὶ Ἰούδα τοῦ πατριάρχου εἷς τῶν υἱῶν ἐκαλεῖτο. Συχέμ ̣ ̣. πόλις φυλῆς Μανασσῆ, τὸ πρὶν οὖσα ἱερατικὴ τῶν φυγαδευτηρίων ἐν τῷ ὄρει Ἐφραΐμ, οὗ ἔθαψαν τὰ ὀστέα Ἰωσήφ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Συχέμ. Σάμς ̣ ̣. πηγὴ Σάμς. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Ἀʹ πηγὴ ἡλίου. Σεμρείμ ̣ 22̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Σελά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Σαβέ ̣ ̣.","english":"And this one Joshua took. Selcha: a city in Bashanitis. Sior: the one opposite Egypt. There is also a village Sior between Aelia and Eleutheropolis, of the tribe of Judah. Saorth: of the tribe of Reuben beyond the Jordan. Sachoth: of the tribe of Gad beyond the Jordan. Saphon: of the tribe of Gad beyond the Jordan. Sachoran: of the tribe of Judah. Sama: of the tribe of Judah. Soual: of the tribe of Judah or Symeon. Sikelag: this one Achish gave to David, of the tribe of Judah or Symeon in the Daroma. Sansana: of the tribe of Judah. Saleei: of the tribe of Judah. Saraa: it is a village in the territory of Eleutheropolis to the north, going toward Nikopolis, about ten milestones away, of the tribe of Dan or also of Judah. Sokcho: there are two villages, going up from Eleutheropolis to Aelia, at the ninth milestone, one higher, the other lower, both called Sokchoth, of the tribe of Judah. Saraein: of the tribe of Judah. Sennaan: of the tribe of Judah. Sapheir: in the hill country it is a village between Eleutheropolis and Askalon, of the tribe of Judah. Sokcho: the aforementioned Sokcho lies higher. They say that the Samaritans from Babylon founded it. Skacha: of the tribe of Judah. Selo: of the tribe of Ephraim. In this place the ark resided formerly until the times of Samuel; it is twelve milestones from Neapolis in the Akrabattine district. And Selom was also called one of the sons of the patriarch Judah. Sychem: a city of the tribe of Manasseh, formerly being a priestly city of the places of refuge on Mount Ephraim, where they buried the bones of Joseph. Sychem is also mentioned above. Sams: the spring Sams, of the tribe of Benjamin, that is, the spring of the sun. Semreim: of the tribe of Benjamin. Sela: of the tribe of Benjamin. Sabe:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σελχά","severity":"info","text":"Selcha is identified as a city in Bashanitis, a region east of the Jordan, consistent with its biblical location in the territory of the tribe of Gad.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σιώρ","severity":"info","text":"Sior is glossed as 'the one opposite Egypt,' likely referencing a location on the border, and a village of the same name is placed between Aelia and Eleutheropolis in the tribe of Judah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σικελάγ","severity":"info","text":"Sikelag is noted as given by Achish to David, referencing the biblical narrative of David's refuge among the Philistines (1 Samuel 27:6).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σηλώ","severity":"info","text":"Selo is identified as the place where the ark resided until the time of Samuel, corresponding to the biblical Shiloh (Joshua 18:1, 1 Samuel 4:3-4).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Συχέμ","severity":"info","text":"Sychem is described as a priestly city of refuge on Mount Ephraim where Joseph's bones were buried, reflecting Jewish and Samaritan traditions about Shechem.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σάμς","severity":"info","text":"Sams is glossed as 'spring of the sun,' a translation of the Hebrew 'En Shemesh,' a location in the tribe of Benjamin.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text contains lacunae (marked by dots) after several entries, e.g., Σελχά, Σιώρ, Σαόρθ, etc., where the original Coptic or additional details may be missing.","The entry for Σοκχώ appears twice; the second instance notes it is the same as the earlier one, but the text is ambiguous about whether the Samaritans from Babylon founded it or a different site."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"φυλῆς Συμεών. Σαρίθ ̣ ̣. ὅριον Ζαβουλών. Σάμς ̣ ̣. Σʹ Θʹ ἡλίου. Σεμερών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Σουνήμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη Σουλὴμ ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων εʹ τοῦ Θαβὼρ ὄρους κατὰ νότον. Σιών ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἰσσάχαρ. καὶ νῦν ἐστι παρὰ τὸ ὄρος Θαβώρ. Σασιμά ̣ ̣. ὅριον Ἰσσάχαρ. Σιώρ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Σεννανείν ̣ ̣, δρυός. ὅριον Νεφθαλείμ. Σωρήκ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν, ἔνθα ἦν Σαμψών, πλησίον τῆς λεγομένης Ἐσθαόλ. Σαμές ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Βεθσαμύς. Σαλαβείν ̣ ̣. κλήρου Δάν. ἀλλὰ καὶ νῦν ἐστι κώμη ἐν ὁρίοις Σεβαστῆς Σαλαβὰ καλουμένη. Σεφέθ ̣ ̣. τῶν Χαναναίων. Ἀπὸ τῶν Κριτῶν. Σειρωθά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα κατέφυγεν Ἀώδ. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Σηειρά. Σοὺρ Ὠρήβ ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ πέτρα Ὠρήβ. Σελμών ̣ ̣. ὄρος, ἐφ' ᾧ ἀνέβη Ἀβιμέλεχ πολεμῶν τὴν Σίκιμα. Σεφινά ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ Σʹ βορρᾶν. Σωρήχ ̣ ̣. χειμάρρους, ὅθεν ἦν Δαλιδὰ ἡ τοῦ Σαμψών. ἔστι δὲ καὶ κώμη ἐν βορείοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως Σωρὴχ λεγομένη. πλησίον ἐστὶ Σαραά, ὅθεν ἦν Σαμψών. Βασιλειῶν. Σωφείμ ̣ ̣. ἐν ὄρει Ἐφραῒμ τῆς Ἁρμαθαίμ. Σαλισά ̣ ̣. ἣν διῆλθε Σαούλ. Σεννά ̣ ̣. ὄνομα πέτρας. Σααλείμ ̣ ̣. ἣν διῆλθε Σαούλ. κώμη ἐστὶν ἐν ὁρίοις Ἐλευθεροπόλεως πρὸς δυσμαῖς, ὡς ἀπὸ σημείων ζʹ. Σείφ ̣ 9, 5̣. ἔνθα εὗρε Σαοὺλ τὸν Σαμουήλ. Σαβείμ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπολέμησε Σαούλ. Σωνάμ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν ἡ Σωμανῖτις. κώμη ἐστὶν ἐν ὁρίοις Σεβαστῆς ἐν τῇ Ἀκραβαττινῇ Σανὶμ καλουμένη. Σαφαμώθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἀπέστειλε Δαυίδ. Σεειρά ̣ ̣. φρέαρ, ὅθεν ἀπέστρεψεν Ἰωὰβ τὸν Ἀβεννήρ. Σουβά ̣ ̣. ταύτης τὸν «βασιλέα ἐπάταξεν» Δαυίδ. Σαρθάν ̣ ̣. ὑποκάτω Ἰεζραέλ. Σωφειρὰ ̣ 9, 28; 10, 11̣ ἡ καὶ Σουφείρ.","english":"of the tribe of Symeon. Sarith: a border of Zabulon. Sams: sun. Semeron: of the allotment of Zabulon. Sunem: of the allotment of Issachar. And now there is a village Sulem about five miles south of Mount Thabor. Sion: of the allotment of Issachar. And now it is near Mount Thabor. Sasima: a border of Issachar. Sior: of the allotment of Aser. Sennanein: of the oak, a border of Nephthaleim. Sorek: of the allotment of Dan, where Samson was, near the place called Esthaol. Sames: of the allotment of Dan. And Bethsames is also mentioned above. Salabein: of the allotment of Dan. But now there is also a village in the territories of Sebaste called Salaba. Sepheth: of the Chananites. From the Book of Judges. Seirotha: where Aod fled. And Seira is also mentioned above. Sur Oreb: rock of Oreb. Selmon: a mountain, upon which Abimelech went up to wage war against Sikima. Sephina: north. Sorech: a winter torrent, from which came Dalida, the woman of Samson. And there is also a village in the northern parts of Eleutheropolis called Sorech. Nearby is Saraa, from which came Samson. From the Book of Kings. Sopheim: in the mountain of Ephraim of Armathaim. Salisa: which Saul passed through. Senna: name of a rock. Saaleim: which Saul passed through. It is a village in the territories of Eleutheropolis to the west, about seven miles away. Seiph: where Saul found Samuel. Sabeim: where Saul fought. Sonam: from which came the Shunammite woman. It is a village in the territories of Sebaste in the Akrabattine region called Sanim. Saphomoth: where David sent. Seira: a well, from which Joab turned back Abenner. Souba: whose king David smote. Sarthan: below Jezrael. Sopheira: also called Souphir.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαρίθ","severity":"info","text":"The entry Σαρίθ is followed by a lacuna (indicated by the editor's dots) and then 'ὅριον Ζαβουλών', meaning 'a border of Zabulon'. The lemma is likely a place name, but the text is incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Σωρήκ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Σωρήκ (Sorek) references Samson (Σαμψών) and the place Esthaol (Ἐσθαόλ), echoing Judges 13:2, 25, and 16:31, where Samson's activities are associated with the Sorek valley.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σωρήχ","severity":"info","text":"The entry Σωρήχ (Sorech) identifies a winter torrent (χειμάρρους) and notes a village Sorech north of Eleutheropolis, with nearby Saraa (Σαραά) as Samson's origin. This reflects local toponymy in Eusebius's time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Σουνήμ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Σουνήμ (Sunem) notes a contemporary village Sulem (Σουλήμ) five miles south of Mount Thabor, showing Eusebius's effort to link biblical sites to fourth-century Palestinian geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαρίθ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry Σαρίθ is fragmentary; the editor's dots ( ̣ ̣) indicate a lacuna, and the precise location or biblical reference is uncertain. The reading 'border of Zabulon' is tentative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαλαβείν","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Σαλαβείν (Salabein) includes a note that a village called Salaba (Σαλαβά) now exists in the territories of Sebaste, illustrating Eusebius's pattern of pairing biblical names with contemporary settlements.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text contains several lacunae (e.g., Σαρίθ, Σάμς, Σεμερών) where the editor's dots indicate missing letters or words, making the exact reading uncertain.","The entry Σεφινά is glossed as 'north' (βορρᾶν), but the lemma itself is unclear; it may be a place name or a corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"ἔνθεν ἤρχετο ἡ ναῦς Σολομών. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. ὄρος ἀνατολῶν ἐν τῇ Ἰνδικῇ. Σερωρά ̣ ̣. πόλις ἀπιόντων εἰς Ἐδώμ. Σαβά ̣ 10, 1̣. πόλις Αἰθιόπων βασιλική, ἥν φησιν Ἰώσιππος Καμβύσην ὀνομάσαι Μερόην, ἐξ ἰδίας ἀδελφῆς ἐπιθέντα τοὔνομα. Σελά ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπατάχθη Ἰωάς. Σεφφαρουέμ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν μετελθόντες Ἀσσύριοι τὴν Σαμάρειαν ᾤκησαν, ἐξ ὧν οἱ Σαμαρεῖται. μέμνηται καὶ Ἡσαΐας αὐτῆς. Σαδημώθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα κατέκαυσε τὰ εἴδωλα Ἰωσίας. Σαρεπτά ̣ ̣. κώμη Σιδῶνος ἐπίσημος, ἔνθα παρῴκησεν Ἡλίας. Σαρών ̣ ̣. Ἡσαΐας· «ἕλη ἐγένετο ὁ Σαρών». καὶ νῦν δὲ καλεῖται Σαρωνᾶς ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄρους Θαβὼρ ἐπὶ τὴν Τιβεριάδα λίμνην χώρα. καὶ ἄλλος ἐστὶ Σαρωνᾶς ἡ ἀπὸ Καισαρείας εἰς Ἰόππην χώρα. Σεφηλά ̣ ̣. ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ. Ἀʹ πεδινή, Σʹ κοιλάς. καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν Σεφηλὰ καλεῖται. αὕτη ἐστὶν πᾶσα ἡ περὶ τὴν Ἐλευθερόπολιν πεδινὴ χώρα πρὸς βορρᾶν καὶ δυσμάς. Σενναάρ ̣ ̣. ἐν Μιχαίᾳ. Ἀʹ Σενναάν, Σʹ εὐθηνοῦσα. Σεδράχ ̣ ̣. γῆ τῆς Δαμασκοῦ. ἐν Ζαχαρίᾳ. Σιών ̣ ̣. ὄρος ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ. Σαμάρεια ̣ ̣. πόλις βασιλικὴ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, ἡ νῦν Σεβαστή, καὶ ἡ περὶ αὐτὴν χώρα. Σόρ ̣ ̣. Τύρος, Φοινίκης μητρόπολις.","english":"From there the ship of Solomon began. It is also mentioned above. Mountain of the East in India. Serora: a city of those going into Edom. Saba: a royal city of the Ethiopians, which Josephus says Cambyses named Meroe, giving it the name of his own sister. Sela: where Joash was struck. Sephpharouem: from where the Assyrians, having migrated, settled Samaria, from whom the Samaritans came. Isaiah also mentions it. Sadhemoth: where Josiah burned the idols. Sarepta: a notable village of Sidon, where Elijah sojourned. Sharon: Isaiah says, \"Sharon became a marsh.\" And now the region from Mount Thabor to the Lake of Tiberias is called Sharonas. And there is another Sharonas, the region from Caesarea to Joppa. Sephela: in Isaiah. Aquila renders it \"plain,\" Symmachus \"valley.\" And it is still called Sephela to this day. This is all the plain country around Eleutheropolis to the north and west. Sennaar: in Micah. Aquila renders it \"Sennaan,\" Symmachus \"abounding.\" Sedrach: a land of Damascus. In Zechariah. Sion: a mountain in Jerusalem. Samaria: a royal city of Israel, now Sebaste, and the region around it. Sor: Tyre, the metropolis of Phoenicia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαβά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies Saba as a royal city of the Ethiopians, citing Josephus' account that Cambyses renamed it Meroe after his sister. This reflects a conflation of the biblical Saba (Sheba) with the historical city of Meroe.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαρών","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Sharon quotes Isaiah 33:9 (LXX: \"ἕλη ἐγένετο ὁ Σαρών\"), referencing the transformation of the plain into marshland. Eusebius distinguishes two regions called Sharonas: one near Mount Tabor and another between Caesarea and Joppa.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σεφφαρουέμ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that the Assyrians, after migrating from Sephpharouem, settled Samaria and became the Samaritans. This reflects a tradition linking the Samaritans to Assyrian resettlement, also mentioned by Isaiah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Σεφηλά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius records that the term Sephela (the Shephelah) was still in use in his day, describing the plain around Eleutheropolis. He cites Aquila's rendering as \"plain\" and Symmachus' as \"valley,\" showing the Septuagintal and later Jewish exegetical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαμάρεια","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Samaria notes its status as the royal city of Israel and its contemporary name Sebaste, given by Herod the Great in honor of Augustus. This reflects Eusebius' method of pairing biblical toponyms with Roman-era equivalents.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σερωρά","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Serora is corrupt in the manuscript, with a lacuna indicated by the symbol ̣ ̣. The Greek text provides no further description beyond \"a city of those going into Edom,\" leaving its precise location uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Serora (Σερωρά) is incomplete due to a lacuna in the manuscript, leaving its identification uncertain.","The location of Saba (Σαβά) conflates biblical Sheba with the Nubian city of Meroe, a common but historically debated identification."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Σοηνή ̣ ̣. πόλις Θηβαΐδος. ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Σάις ̣ ̣. πόλις Αἰγύπτου * * * * * Σάδαλα ̣ ̣. ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ὡς ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Σαβαρείμ ̣ ̣. «ἀνὰ μέσον ὁρίων Δαμασκοῦ καὶ Αἰμάθ», ὡς ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Σαλισά ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ τριετής, ὡς ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Συχάρ ̣ ̣. πρὸ τῆς Νέας πόλεως πλησίον τοῦ χωρίου, οὗ ἔδωκεν Ἰακὼβ Ἰωσὴφ τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ. ἐν ᾗ ὁ Χριστὸς κατὰ τὸν Ἰωάννην τῇ Σαμαρείτιδι παρὰ τῇ πηγῇ διαλέγεται. καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν δείκνυται. Στοιχεῖον Τ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Τίγρις ̣ ̣. ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ παραδείσου ἐξιών, φερόμενος μέν, ὡς ἡ γραφή, «κατέναντι Ἀσσυρίων», ἐκπίπτων δὲ «ἐπὶ τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν», ὥς φησιν Ἰώσιππος, καλεῖσθαί τε Τίγριν διὰ τὴν ὀξύτητα, ἐμφερῶς τῇ τοῦ ὁμωνύμου ζῴου προσηγορίᾳ. Τερέβινθος ἡ ἐν Σικίμοις ̣ ̣. ὑφ' ἣν ἔκρυψε «τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους» Ἰακώβ, πλησίον Νέας πόλεως. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Τινά ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Τελέμ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Τεσσάμ ̣ ?̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Τύρος ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Νεφθαλείμ. Κριτῶν. Ταβάθ ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐπολέμησαν τὴν Μαδιάμ. Τώβ ̣ ̣. γῆ, ἔνθα κατῴκησεν Ἰεφθαέ. Ταφέθ ̣ 23, 10̣. «ἐν φάραγγι υἱοῦ Ἐννόμ», ἔνθα εἰδωλολατρεῖ ὁ λαός, ἐν προαστείοις Ἱερουσαλήμ. Τάνις ̣ ̣. πόλις Αἰγύπτου. ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ καὶ ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Ταφνάς ̣ 9, 6?̣. πόλις Αἰγύπτου. ἐν Ὠσηὲ καὶ ἐν Ἱεζεκιὴλ καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. ἔνθα κατῴκησαν οἱ μετὰ Ἱερεμίου εἰσελθόντες εἰς Αἴγυπτον Ἰουδαῖοι. Τραχωνῖτις χώρα ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ἰτουραία, ἧς ἐτετράρχει Φίλιππος κατὰ τὸν εὐαγγελιστὴν Λουκᾶν. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. ἔστιν δὲ καὶ ἐπέκεινα Βόστρων κατὰ τὴν ἔρημον πρὸς νότον ὡς ἐπὶ Δαμασκόν. Στοιχεῖον Φ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως.","english":"of the tribe of Nephthaleim. Soene: a city of the Thebaid. In Ezekiel. Sais: a city of Egypt. Sadala: a boundary of Judea, as in Ezekiel. Sabareim: \"between the boundaries of Damascus and Aemath,\" as in Ezekiel. Salisa: \"three years old,\" as in Jeremiah. Sychar: before Neapolis, near the place which Jacob gave to his son Joseph. There Christ, according to John, converses with the Samaritan woman at the well. And it is still shown to this day. Letter T. From Genesis. Tigris: a river issuing from paradise, flowing, as the scripture says, \"opposite the Assyrians,\" and emptying \"into the Red Sea,\" as Josephus says, and called Tigris because of its swiftness, similarly to the name of the homonymous animal. Terebinth of Shechem: under which Jacob hid \"the foreign gods,\" near Neapolis. From Joshua. Tina: of the tribe of Judah. Telem: of the tribe of Judah. Tessam: of the tribe of Judah. Tyre: of the tribe of Nephthaleim. Of Judges. Tabath: where they fought against Midian. Tob: the land where Jephthah dwelt. Topheth: \"in the valley of the son of Ennom,\" where the people practice idolatry, in the suburbs of Jerusalem. Tanis: a city of Egypt. In Isaiah and in Ezekiel. Taphnas: a city of Egypt. In Hosea and in Ezekiel and in Jeremiah. There the Jews who entered Egypt with Jeremiah settled. Trachonitis: the region also called Iturea, of which Philip was tetrarch according to the evangelist Luke. It is also mentioned above. And it is beyond Bostra in the desert towards the south as far as Damascus. Letter Ph. From Genesis.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Σοηνή","severity":"info","text":"Soene is identified as a city of the Thebaid in Egypt, likely Syene (modern Aswan). The term is referenced in Ezekiel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαβαρείμ","severity":"info","text":"Sabareim is described as lying between the boundaries of Damascus and Aemath, a direct quotation from Ezekiel 47:16.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Συχάρ","severity":"info","text":"Sychar is located before Neapolis (modern Nablus) near the place Jacob gave to Joseph. It is the site of Christ's conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well (John 4:5-6).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Τίγρις","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius cites Josephus for the Tigris river emptying into the Red Sea, reflecting a common ancient geographical misconception. The name is derived from swiftness, like the animal.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ταφέθ","severity":"info","text":"Topheth is located in the valley of the son of Ennom (Gehenna), a site of idolatry in the suburbs of Jerusalem, referenced in 2 Kings 23:10 and Jeremiah 7:31.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Τραχωνῖτις χώρα","severity":"info","text":"Trachonitis, also called Iturea, was a tetrarchy of Philip (Herod Philip) according to Luke 3:1. It lies beyond Bostra in the desert south toward Damascus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae marked by asterisks after Σάις, and uncertain readings for Τεσσάμ and Ταφνάς (with a question mark). The Coptic cues are not provided for this passage, so the structural classification is based on the Greek edition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"Φεισών ̣ ̣. ἑρμηνεύεται πληθύς. ἔστιν δὲ ποταμὸς ὃν Ἕλληνες Γάγγην ὀνομάζουσιν· ἐκ μὲν τοῦ παραδείσου προϊών, ἐπὶ δὲ «τὴν Ἰνδικὴν φερόμενος ἐκδίδωσιν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος». λέγεται δὲ κυκλοῦν «πᾶσαν γῆν Εὐιλάτ», οὗ τὸ καλὸν χρυσίον καὶ «ὁ ἄνθραξ καὶ ὁ λίθος ὁ πράσινος». Φαράν ̣ ̣. πόλις ἐστὶν ὑπὲρ τὴν Ἀραβίαν, παρακειμένη τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου Σαρακηνοῖς, δι' ἧς ὥδευσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ, ἀπάραντες ἀπὸ Σινᾶ. κεῖται δὲ καὶ ἐπέκεινα τῆς Ἀραβίας ἐπὶ νότον, ἀπέχει δὲ Ἀϊλὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν, οὗ, φησὶν ἡ γραφή, κατῴκησεν Ἰσμαήλ, ὅθεν οἱ Ἰσμαηλῖται. λέγεται δὲ καὶ Χοδολλαγόμωρ κατασκῆψαι τοὺς ἐν τῇ «Φαράν, ἥ ἐστιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ». Φυλιστιείμ ̣ ̣. ἡ νῦν Ἀσκαλὼν καλουμένη, καὶ ἡ περὶ αὐτὴν χώρα τῆς Παλαιστίνης ἐπίσημος. Φρέαρ ὁρκισμοῦ ̣ ̣. ὃ ὤρυξεν Ἁβραάμ, ἔνθα ὤμοσεν. αὕτη νῦν καλεῖται Βηροσοβὰ ἐν τῇ Γεραριτικῇ. Φρέαρ ὁράσεως ̣ ̣. ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου, ἔνθα κατῴκει Ἰσαάκ. Φρέαρ κρίσεως ̣ ̣. εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐστι κώμη Βηρδὰν καλουμένη ἐν τῇ Γεραριτικῇ. Φρέαρ ὅρκου ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ὤμοσαν Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Ἀβιμέλεχ. λέγεται δὲ καὶ πόλις Ἰσαάκ. καὶ πλείονά ἐστι φρέατα ἐν τῇ γραφῇ, καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐν τῇ Γεραριτικῇ καὶ ἐπ' Ἀσκαλῶνος δείκνυται. Φανουήλ ̣ ̣. ἐν ᾧ πᾶσαν νύκτα παλαίσας Ἰακὼβ Ἰσραὴλ μετωνομάσθη παρὰ τὸν χειμάρρουν Ἰαβόκ. * * * * * οὕτως ἐν τῷ Ἑβραϊκῷ καλεῖται. Φογώρ ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἀδὰδ ἐν τῇ Γεβαλιτικῇ. Φινών ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. ἦν δὲ καὶ πόλις ἡγεμόνων Ἐδώμ. αὕτη δέ ἐστι Φαινὼν ἔνθα τὰ μέταλλα τοῦ χαλκοῦ, μεταξὺ κειμένη Πέτρας πόλεως καὶ Ζωόρων. Ἐξόδου. Φιθώμ ̣ ̣.","english":"Pheison: It is interpreted as \"multitude.\" It is a river which the Greeks call the Ganges; flowing forth from Paradise, it \"is carried toward India and empties into the sea.\" It is said to encircle \"the whole land of Evilat,\" where there is fine gold and \"the carbuncle and the green stone.\" Pharan: It is a city beyond Arabia, adjacent to the Saracens of the desert, through which the sons of Israel passed when they departed from Sina. It lies also beyond Arabia to the south, and is three days' journey east of Aila, where, Scripture says, Ismael dwelt, whence the Ismaelites. It is also said that Chodollagomor attacked those in \"Pharan, which is in the desert.\" Phylistieim: The place now called Ascalon, and the region around it, a notable part of Palaestina. Well of the oath: Which Abraham dug, where he swore. This is now called Berosoba in the Geraritike. Well of the vision: In the desert, where Isaac dwelt. Well of judgment: There is still a village called Berdan in the Geraritike. Well of the oath: Where Isaac and Abimelech swore. It is also called the city of Isaac. And there are more wells in Scripture, and still now in the Geraritike and near Ascalon they are shown. Phanuel: Where Jacob wrestled all night and was renamed Israel, by the torrent Iabok. * * * * * Thus it is called in the Hebrew. Phogor: A city of Adad in the Gebalitike. Phinon: A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. It was also a city of the chiefs of Edom. This is Phainon, where the copper mines are, lying between the city of Petra and Zoora. Exodus. Phithom.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Φεισών","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies the biblical Pishon with the Ganges, a common patristic equation, and glosses the name as 'multitude' (πληθύς).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Φεισών","severity":"info","text":"The description of the river encircling 'the whole land of Evilat' and yielding gold, carbuncle, and green stone echoes Genesis 2:11-12 (LXX).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Φαράν","severity":"info","text":"Pharan is located beyond Arabia, adjacent to Saracen desert territory, three days east of Aila; Eusebius connects it to Ismael's dwelling and Chodollagomor's attack.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Φυλιστιείμ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius equates Phylistieim with Ascalon and its surrounding region, a notable part of Palaestina, reflecting contemporary toponymy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Φρέαρ","severity":"info","text":"Four 'well' entries (oath, vision, judgment, oath) are grouped under Φρέαρ, with the last two noting a village Berdan and a city of Isaac, showing Eusebius' method of clustering related toponyms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Φανουήλ","severity":"caution","text":"The asterisks in the Greek text mark a lacuna or corruption; the phrase 'Thus it is called in the Hebrew' likely refers to a missing Hebrew name for Phanuel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Φανουήλ has a lacuna indicated by asterisks; the intended Hebrew name is not preserved. The phrase 'Thus it is called in the Hebrew' may refer to a lost variant or a gloss on the preceding name."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"πόλις ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Φάραγξ βότρυος ̣ 24 ̣. ὅθεν οἱ κατάσκοποι ἔλαβον καρπὸν εἰς δεῖγμα τῆς γῆς, ἥτις λέγεται εἶναι ἡ Γοφνά, ἄμπελος ἑρμηνευομένη, ἀπέχουσα Αἰλίας σημείοις ιεʹ. κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν εἰς Νέαν πόλιν ἄγουσαν. ζητεῖται δὲ εἰ ἀληθὴς ὁ λόγος. Φίν ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Φάραγξ Ζαρέ ̣ ̣. μέρος τι τῆς ἐρήμου. Φρέαρ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἦν ὁ λαός. Φαθουρά ̣ ̣. ὑπὲρ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν πόλις, ἔνθα ἦν Βαλαάμ. κεῖται δὲ καὶ πλησίον Ἐλευθεροπόλεως ἄλλη\n\nτις κώμη Φαθουρά, κατιόντων εἰς Γάζαν. Φογὼρ ̣ ̣ καὶ Βηθφογώρ. ὄρος ἐν Μωάβ, ᾧ τὸν Βαλαὰμ ἤγαγεν ὁ Βαλάκ. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῆς νῦν Λιβιάδος καλουμένης. ἔστι δὲ ἄλλη Φογὼρ κώμη πλησίον Βηθλεέμ. Φασγά ̣ ̣. πόλις τῶν Ἀμορραίων. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὄρος πρὸς ἀνατολὰς Φασγά. Ἀʹ ἡ λαξευτή, καὶ οἱ Οʹ ἀλλαχοῦ «τοῦ λαξευτοῦ». Κριτῶν. Φανουήλ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἣν ᾠκοδόμησεν Ἱεροβοάμ. Φανουήλ ̣ ̣. πύργος, ὃν κατέστρεψε Γεδεών. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Φανουὴλ εἷς τῶν υἱῶν Ὤρ. Φρααθών ̣ ̣. ὅθεν ἦν Ἀβδὼν ὁ κριτὴς τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ «ἐν ὄρει τοῦ Ἀμαλήκ». Βασιλειῶν. Φάραγξ Ἐννόμ ̣ ?̣. Γῆ Ἐννὸμ Ἑβραϊκῶς. διὸ τινέςφασιν εἶναι τὴν γέενναν. παράκειται δὲ τῇ Ἱερουσαλήμ, λέγεται δὲ εἰς ἔτι νῦν φάραγξ Ἰωσαφάτ. Φελμωνὶ ἀλμωνί ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ τὸν δεῖνα τοῦδε τινὸς, Σʹ τὸν δεῖνα τόπον, Θʹ τόνδε τινὰ Ἑλμωνί. Φογώ ̣ ?̣. πόλις βασιλέως Ἐδώμ. Φαρφάρ ̣ 12̣. ποταμὸς Δαμασκοῦ. Φαθωρί ̣ ̣. χώρα Αἰγύπτου, ὡς ἐν Ἱεζεκιὴλ καὶ ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ, ἔνθα κατῴκησαν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι. Στοιχεῖον Χ. Ἀπὸ τῆς Γενέσεως. Χαλάννη ̣ 10, 10̣.","english":"A city in Egypt, which the sons of Israel built. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Valley of the Cluster, 24. Whence the spies took fruit as a sample of the land, which is said to be Gophna, interpreted as \"vine,\" distant from Aelia fifteen milestones, on the road leading to Neapolis. But it is questioned whether the account is true. Phin. A station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Valley of Zare. A part of the desert. A well in the desert, where the people were. Pathoura. A city beyond Mesopotamia, where Balaam was. And there is also another village, Pathoura, near Eleutheropolis, for those going down to Gaza. Phogor and Bethphogor. A mountain in Moab, to which Balak led Balaam. It lies above what is now called Libias. And there is another Phogor, a village near Bethlehem. Phasga. A city of the Amorites. And there is also a mountain to the east, Phasga. Aquila: \"the hewn,\" and the Septuagint elsewhere: \"of the hewn.\" Judges. Phanuel. A city which Jeroboam built. Phanuel. A tower which Gideon demolished. And Phanuel was called one of the sons of Hor. Phraathon. Whence was Abdon the judge of Israel, \"in the mountain of Amalek.\" Kings. Valley of Ennom. The land of Ennom in Hebrew. Whence some say it is Gehenna. It lies adjacent to Jerusalem, and is still called the Valley of Josaphat. Phelmoni Almoni. Aquila: \"so-and-so of such-and-such,\" Symmachus: \"so-and-so place,\" Theodotion: \"such-and-such Helmoni.\" Phogo. A city of the king of Edom. Pharphar. A river of Damascus. Pathori. A region of Egypt, as in Ezekiel and in Jeremiah, where the Jews dwelt. Letter Chi. From Genesis. Chalanne.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Φάραγξ βότρυος","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Valley of the Cluster' is Eusebius' rendering of the Hebrew 'Eshcol' (אֶשְׁכֹּל), which means 'cluster' and is associated with the valley near Hebron where the spies gathered fruit (Num 13:23–24).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Φάραγξ βότρυος","severity":"info","text":"The reference to spies taking fruit as a sample of the land alludes to Numbers 13:23–24, where Moses sends scouts to the Valley of Eshcol. Eusebius notes the distance from Aelia (Jerusalem) as 15 milestones, a detail not in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Φαθουρά","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius identifies two places named Pathoura: one beyond Mesopotamia where Balaam was (Num 22:5), and a village near Eleutheropolis on the road to Gaza. This reflects the common phenomenon of toponymic duplication in Palestine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Φάραγξ Ἐννόμ","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that the Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna) is adjacent to Jerusalem and is still called the Valley of Josaphat in his day. This identification of Gehenna with a physical location near Jerusalem became standard in Christian topography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Φελμωνὶ ἀλμωνί","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Phelmoni Almoni cites Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion's renderings of a Hebrew phrase meaning 'so-and-so of such-and-such.' This shows Eusebius' use of the Hexaplaric tradition for variant readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Χ","severity":"info","text":"The notation 'Letter Chi' marks the beginning of entries for the Greek letter Χ (Chi), following the alphabetical organization of the Onomasticon. The entry for Chalanne from Genesis follows this heading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae marked by dots (e.g., Φίν ̣ ̣, Φάραγξ Ζαρέ ̣ ̣) where the Coptic or Greek original may have had numerals or additional words; the English draft supplies plausible readings but the exact text is uncertain.","The phrase 'ζητεῖται δὲ εἰ ἀληθὴς ὁ λόγος' (it is questioned whether the account is true) may refer to the identification of the Valley of the Cluster with Gophna, or to the biblical narrative itself; the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"πόλις βασιλείας Νεβρὼδ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι. κεῖται καὶ ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ· «Χαλάννη, οὗ ὁ πύργος ᾠκοδομήθη». Χαλάκ ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἀσσυρίων, ἣν ᾠκοδόμησεν Ἀσσούρ, ἐξελθὼν ἐκ γῆς Σενναάρ. Χαρράν ̣ ̣. αὕτη ἐστὶν εἰς ἔτι νῦν ἐπὶ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας Καρρὰ καλουμένη πόλις. Χεβρών ̣ ̣. τὸ παλαιὸν ἐκαλεῖτο Ἀρβόκ. ἔκτισται δὲ προτέρα Τάνεως Αἰγύπτου «ἔτεσιν ζʹ». κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω καὶ δεδήλωται. ἦν δὲ βασιλικὴ πόλις τῶν Ἐνακίμ. Χωβά ̣ ̣. «ἥ ἐστιν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ Δαμασκοῦ». ἔστιν δὲ καὶ Χωβὰ κώμη ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς μέρεσιν, ἐν ᾗ εἰσιν Ἑβραίων οἱ εἰς Χριστὸν πιστεύσαντες, Ἐβιωναῖοι καλούμενοι. Χαβραθά ̣ ̣. Ἀʹ καθ' ὁδόν, ἄγουσαν εἰς Ἐφραθὰ τῆς Βηθλεέμ, ἔνθα τεκοῦσα Ῥαχὴλ τὸν Βενιαμὶν ἐτελεύτησεν. Χασβί ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐτέχθησαν τῷ Ἰούδᾳ παῖδες. δείκνυται νῦν ἐν ὁρίοις ἔρημος Ἐλευθεροπόλεως πλησίον Ὀδολλάμ. Ἀριθμῶν καὶ Δευτερονομίου. Χωρήβ ̣ ̣. ὄρος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν χώρᾳ Μαδιάμ. παράκειται τῷ ὄρει Σινᾶ ὑπὲρ τὴν Ἀραβίαν ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου. Χαραδάς ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. Χενερέθ ̣ ̣. θάλασσα, ὅριον τῆς Ἰουδαίας. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Χεφειρά ̣ ̣. πόλις ὑπὸ τὴν Γαβαών. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Χασαλών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμὶν ἐν ὁρίοις Αἰλίας κώμη μεγίστη. Χσίλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Χαφθείς ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Χερμέλ ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα, κώμη μεγίστη Χερμὲλ ἐν τῷ Δαρωμᾷ, ὅθεν ἦν Ναβάλ, πλησίον Χεβρὼν πρὸς νότον. ἔνθα φρούρια κάθηται στρατιωτῶν. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Χαβών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Χειλών ̣ ̣. φυλῆς Ἰούδα. Χεφρεί ̣ ?̣. φυλῆς Βενιαμίν. Χεσελὰθ Θαβώρ ̣ 19, 12̣. κλήρου Ζαβουλών. Βασιλειῶν. Χεττιείμ ̣ ̣.","english":"A city of the kingdom of Nebrod in Babylon. It is also found in Isaiah: \"Chalanne, where the tower was built.\" Chalak. A city of the Assyrians, which Assour built, having come out of the land of Sennaar. Charran. This is still now in Mesopotamia the city called Carrae. Chebron. In ancient times it was called Arboc. It was built earlier than Tanis of Egypt by seven years. It is also mentioned above and has been explained. It was a royal city of the Enakim. Choba. \"Which is on the left of Damascus.\" There is also a village Choba in the same regions, in which are Hebrews who believed in Christ, called Ebionites. Chabratha. First, on the road leading to Ephratha of Bethlehem, where Rachel, having given birth to Benjamin, died. Chasbi. Where children were born to Judah. It is now shown in the borders of deserted Eleutheropolis near Odollam. Numbers and Deuteronomy. Choreb. The mountain of God in the land of Madiam. It lies near Mount Sina beyond Arabia in the desert. Charadas. A station of the sons of Israel. Chenereth. A sea, a boundary of Judea. Lot of Nephthaleim. From Joshua. Chepheira. A city under Gabaon. Tribe of Benjamin. Chasalon. Tribe of Benjamin in the borders of Aelia, a very large village. Chsil. Tribe of Judah. Chaphtheis. Tribe of Judah. Chermel. Tribe of Judah, a very large village Chermel in the Daroma, whence was Nabal, near Chebron towards the south. Where a garrison of soldiers is stationed. It is also mentioned above. Chabon. Tribe of Judah. Cheilon. Tribe of Judah. Chephrei. Tribe of Benjamin. Cheselath Thabor. Lot of Zabulon. Kingdoms. Chettiim.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Χαλάννη","severity":"info","text":"The Greek form Χαλάννη corresponds to the biblical Calneh (Gen 10:10) and is here identified with the site of the tower of Babel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Χαλάννη","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius cites Isaiah (likely Isa 10:9 LXX) to link Chalanne with the tower, though the LXX text is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Χωβά","severity":"info","text":"The village Choba is noted as a settlement of Ebionites, Jewish Christians, reflecting early Christian geography and sectarian presence near Damascus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Χεβρών","severity":"info","text":"Chebron (Hebron) is said to be older than Tanis by seven years, a chronological claim derived from Jewish tradition (cf. Num 13:22).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Χερμέλ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Chermel repeats the formula 'also mentioned above,' indicating Eusebius's cross-referencing method within the Onomasticon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Χαλάννη","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Chalanne with the tower of Babel is not universally accepted; the biblical site Calneh is often located in Sumer, not Babylon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has a lacuna after Χαλάκ (marked by dots), leaving the entry incomplete; the English draft supplies 'Chalak' but the original is fragmentary.","The phrase 'Χεττιείμ' at the end is ambiguous: it may refer to the Hittites or a place name; Eusebius does not elaborate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"γῆ Χεττιεὶμ ἡ Κύπρος, ἔνθα πόλιν ἔκτισεν Λούζα. Χαρρεί ̣ ̣. ἔνθα ἐδίωξε τὸν Σαβεὲ ὁ Ἰωάβ. Χωμάρρειμ ̣ ̣. κατέκαυσεν ἐκεῖ τὰ εἴδωλα ὁ Ἰωσίας. Χαλάννη ̣ ̣. «οὗ ὁ πύργος ᾠκοδομήθη», ὡς Ἡσαΐας. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω. Χαρράν ̣ ̣. πόλις Ἀσσυρίων περὶ Θαιμάν, ὡς Ἡσαΐας. Χασελὰθ τοῦ Θαβώρ ̣ ̣. ὅριον Ζαβουλών. κεῖται καὶ ἀνωτέρω Χεσσαλοῦς. Χωβάλ ̣ ̣. ὅριον Ἀσήρ. Χαλάβ ̣ ?̣. «Ἀσὴρ οὐκ ἐξῆρεν» ἐκ ταύτης τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους. Χορρά ̣ ̣. χειμάρρους ἐπέκεινα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου. Χωθά ̣ ̣. χώρα Ἀσσυρίων. Χωβάρ ̣ ̣. ποταμὸς Ἀσσυρίων, ὡς ἐν Ἱεζεκιήλ. Χαρχαμύς ̣ ̣. πόλις παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν Εὐφράτην. Χαμωάμ ̣ ̣. κώμη πρὸς Βηθλεέμ. Χελὼν ̣ ̣ ἡ καὶ Ἑλών. πόλις Μωάβ, ὡς ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ. Χαμώς ̣ ̣. εἴδωλον Μωάβ. Χωραζείν ̣ ̣. κώμη τῆς Γαλιλαίας. ἣν ὁ Χριστὸς ταλανίζει κατὰ τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον. καὶ νῦν ἐστιν ἔρημος, διεστῶσα τῆς Καφαρναοὺμ σημείοις βʹ. Χειμάρρους Κεδρῶν ̣ ̣. πρὸ τῆς Ἱερουσαλήμ, ἔνθα ὁ Χριστὸς παρεδόθη, ὥς φησιν ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς Ἰωάννης. Στοιχεῖον Ω. Τῆς Πεντατεύχου. Ὤν ̣ ̣. «ἥ ἐστιν Ἡλιούπολις». πόλις ἐν","english":"Land of Chettiim: Cyprus, where Lousa founded a city. Charrei: where Joab pursued Sabee. Chomarreim: Josiah burned the idols there. Chalanne: \"where the tower was built,\" as Isaiah says. It is also mentioned above. Charran: a city of the Assyrians near Thaiman, as Isaiah says. Chaselath of Thabor: a border of Zabulon. It is also mentioned above as Chesslous. Chobal: a border of Aser. Chalab: \"Aser did not drive out\" the aliens from it. Chorrha: a winter torrent beyond the Jordan. Chotha: a region of the Assyrians. Chobar: a river of the Assyrians, as in Ezekiel. Charchamys: a city on the river Euphrates. Chamom: a village near Bethlehem. Chelon: also called Helon, a city of Moab, as in Jeremiah. Chamos: an idol of Moab. Chorazein: a village of Galilee, which Christ laments according to the Gospel. It is now deserted, two miles distant from Capernaum. Winter torrent of Cedron: before Jerusalem, where Christ was betrayed, as the evangelist John says. Letter Omega. Of the Pentateuch. On: \"which is Heliopolis,\" a city in","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Χεττιεὶμ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek form Χεττιεὶμ (Chettiim) is a transliteration of the Hebrew plural for Hittites, here identified with Cyprus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Χαλάννη","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Chalanne cites Isaiah as the source for the phrase 'where the tower was built,' referring to Isa 10:9 (LXX) or a similar passage about the tower of Babel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Χωραζείν","severity":"info","text":"Chorazein is identified as a village of Galilee that Christ laments according to the Gospel, alluding to the Synoptic tradition (e.g., Matt 11:21; Luke 10:30) where Jesus pronounces a woe upon it.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Χειμάρρους Κεδρῶν","severity":"info","text":"The winter torrent of Cedron (Kidron) is located before Jerusalem and associated with the betrayal of Christ, as noted in John 18:1, where Jesus crosses the Kidron valley to Gethsemane.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Στοιχεῖον Ω","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the beginning of the letter Omega (Ω) section, continuing the alphabetical arrangement of the Onomasticon, and specifies 'Of the Pentateuch' to indicate the biblical book group.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Χωραζείν","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius notes that Chorazein is now deserted and two miles from Capernaum, reflecting the post-biblical state of the site in the 4th century CE.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has lacunae or uncertain readings (e.g., Χαρρεί ̣ ̣, Χωμάρρειμ ̣ ̣) that the English draft fills conjecturally; the precise identification of some toponyms (e.g., Charrei, Chomarreim) remains uncertain.","The phrase 'Χαλάβ ̣ ?̣' is ambiguous; the English interprets it as Chalab with a reference to Aser not driving out aliens, but the Greek is fragmentary."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"Αἰγύπτῳ, ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν ᾠκοδόμησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ κατὰ τοὺς Οʹ· τὸ γὰρ Ἑβραϊκὸν οὐκ ἔχει, καὶ εἰκότως, προϋπῆρχε γὰρ τῆς εἰσόδου τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ, καὶ ἦν γε αὐτῆς ἱερεὺς ὁ τῆς Ἀσεννὲκ πατήρ. Ὦρ ̣ ̣. ὄρος ἐν ᾧ τελευτᾷ Ἀαρὼν πλησίον Πέτρας πόλεως, ἐν ᾧ καὶ εἰς ἔτι νῦν δείκνυται ἡ ἐπὶ Μωϋσέως ῥεύσασα πέτρα. Ὠβώθ ̣ ̣. σταθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ. Ἰησοῦ καὶ Βασιλειῶν. Ὦσα ̣ 19, 29̣. κλήρου Ἀσήρ. Ὠράμ ̣ ̣. κλήρου Νεφθαλείμ. Ὠφείρ ̣ ̣. ὅθεν τὸ χρυσίον ἐφέρετο τῷ Σολομῶνι, ὡς ἐν Βασιλείαις. ἦν δὲ καὶ ἑνὸς τῶν ἀπογόνων Ἐβὲρ ὄνομα Οὐφείρ, οὗ τοὺς υἱοὺς «ἀπὸ Κωφῆνος ποταμοῦ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καὶ τῆς πρὸς αὐτῇ Σηρίας» κατοικῆσαι Ἰώσιππος ἱστορεῖ, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τὴν χώραν εἰκότως τῆς προσηγορίας τυχεῖν. Ὤν ̣ ̣. πόλις τῆς Σαμαρείας. τὸ δὲ Ἑβραϊκὸν περιέχει Αὖν. Ἀʹ Σʹ ἀνωφελοῦς, Θʹ τῆς ἀδικίας. Ὠλώ ̣ ̣. πόλις ἱερατική. Ὠροναείμ ̣ 48, 34̣. πόλις Μωάβ. ἐν Ἱερεμίᾳ.","english":"Egypt, which the sons of Israel also built according to the Septuagint; for the Hebrew does not have it, and reasonably so, for it existed before the entry of the sons of Israel, and its priest was the father of Asenek. Or: a mountain on which Aaron dies near the city of Petra, on which even to this day the rock that flowed at the time of Moses is shown. Oboth: a station of the sons of Israel in the desert. Joshua and Kings. Osa: of the allotment of Asher. Oram: of the allotment of Naphtali. Ophir: whence the gold was brought to Solomon, as in Kings. And there was also one of the descendants of Eber named Oupheir, whose sons Josephus records settled \"from the river Cophen of India and the Seria adjacent to it,\" from whom the land fittingly received its name. On: a city of Samaria. The Hebrew contains Aun. Aquila: of uselessness; Theodotion: of injustice. Olo: a priestly city. Oronaem: a city of Moab. In Jeremiah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Αἰγύπτῳ","severity":"caution","text":"The entry on Egypt is fragmentary; the Greek text begins mid-sentence, and the reference to the sons of Israel building Egypt is not in the Hebrew Bible, only in the Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὦρ","severity":"info","text":"Or (Ὦρ) is identified as the mountain near Petra where Aaron died; the rock that flowed at Moses' time is shown there, a tradition not in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὠβώθ","severity":"info","text":"Oboth (Ὠβώθ) is a station of Israel in the desert, referenced in Joshua and Kings; cf. Numbers 21:10–11 and Joshua 15:6.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὠφείρ","severity":"info","text":"Ophir (Ὠφείρ) is the source of gold for Solomon; Eusebius adds a tradition from Josephus (Ant. 1.6.4) that Oupheir, a descendant of Eber, settled near the Cophen river in India, giving the land its name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":["Josephus 1st century"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὤν","severity":"info","text":"On (Ὤν) is a city of Samaria; the Hebrew reads Aun, and Aquila and Theodotion offer different translations, showing the Septuagintal and Hexaplaric traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὠροναείμ","severity":"info","text":"Oronaem (Ὠροναείμ) is a city of Moab, cited from Jeremiah 48:34, where it appears as Horonaim.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-eusebius-caesariensis-onomasticon","label":"source edition: Onomasticon","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/Onomasticon.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Egypt (Αἰγύπτῳ) is incomplete; the reference to Asenek's father is unclear.","The lemma for Or (Ὦρ) has a lacuna marked by dots in the Greek."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}