{"slug":"khazarzar-epiphanius-index-discipulorum","id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-index-discipulorum","title":"Index discipulorum","title_source":"Index discipulorum","author":"Epiphanius","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"greek","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:42:25Z","cost_usd":0.004806},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-index-discipulorum","work_id":"khazarzar-epiphanius-index-discipulorum","edition":"khazarzar","language":"","license":"Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Index%20discipulorum.pdf"},"stats":{"passages":9,"english_words":1472,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":7286,"commentary_units":54,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":17,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-index-discipulorum","abstract":"The Index discipulorum is a pseudepigraphical catalogue of the seventy disciples of Christ, traditionally attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–403). Surviving only in medieval manuscripts, it likely originated in the 5th–6th centuries, possibly in a Greek-speaking monastic or hagiographic milieu. The list expands on New Testament figures, including names like Barnabas and Cephas, and reflects later legendary developments. It was used in Byzantine hagiography and canon lists but never achieved canonical status. The edition from khazarzar provides the Greek text without critical apparatus, limiting verification of textual variants.","historical_context":"The Index discipulorum belongs to the genre of apostolic catalogues, which emerged in early Christian literature to systematize the identities and missions of Christ’s followers. The work is traditionally attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, a 4th-century bishop and heresiologist, but this attribution is uncertain. The text likely dates from the 5th–6th centuries, a period when hagiographic and legendary expansions of apostolic traditions flourished in the Byzantine world. It survives only in later medieval manuscripts, often appended to Epiphanius’ Panarion, suggesting it was transmitted as a supplementary text. The list includes names not found in the New Testament, reflecting later traditions that sought to fill gaps in apostolic history. Its use in Byzantine hagiography and canon lists indicates it served as a reference for ecclesiastical writers, though it never attained canonical authority. The lack of early manuscript witnesses and critical editions makes it difficult to trace its exact origins or textual history.","significance":"The Index discipulorum is significant as a witness to the development of apostolic traditions in late antique and Byzantine Christianity. It illustrates how the seventy disciples were expanded and systematized beyond New Testament accounts, influencing later hagiography and canon lists. The work also highlights the fluidity of early Christian pseudepigrapha and the challenges of attributing texts to authoritative figures like Epiphanius.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–6th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Index discipulorum, though exact dating is uncertain."},{"date":"c. 310–403","event":"Lifetime of Epiphanius of Salamis, to whom the work is traditionally attributed."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Likely period of pseudepigraphical compilation, based on later legendary expansions."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Earliest manuscript witnesses, often appended to Epiphanius’ Panarion."},{"date":"Byzantine era","event":"Use of the list in hagiography and canon lists, influencing traditions about the seventy disciples."}],"relations":[{"work":"Panarion","relation":"The Index discipulorum is often appended to this work by Epiphanius, though its attribution is uncertain.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Acts of the Apostles","relation":"The list expands on New Testament figures, including Stephen and Barnabas, referencing Acts.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Apostolic catalogues","relation":"Belongs to this genre of early Christian literature, which systematized apostolic identities.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Byzantine hagiography","relation":"Influenced later hagiographic traditions about the seventy disciples.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Attribution to Epiphanius is uncertain; the work is likely pseudepigraphical from the 5th–6th centuries.","The text survives only in medieval manuscripts, with no early witnesses to confirm its original form or date.","The khazarzar edition lacks critical apparatus, so textual variants and stemmatic relationships cannot be verified.","The list includes legendary expansions (e.g., Barnabas, Cephas) and should not be used as a historical source for the apostolic age."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000458,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:42:25Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Patrologia Graeca text (khazarzar mirror)","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Index%20discipulorum.pdf"}],"checks":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-index-discipulorum","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"repetition-warn","i":4}],"stats":{"passages":9,"translated":9,"commentary_passages":9,"commentary_units":54,"english_words":1472,"source_letters":7204,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a list of the seventy disciples of Christ, traditionally attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis. It belongs to the genre of apostolic catalogues, common in early Christian literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text survives only in later manuscripts, often appended to Epiphanius’ Panarion. Its attribution to Epiphanius is uncertain; it may be a pseudepigraphical compilation from the 5th–6th centuries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list likely dates from the 4th–6th centuries, but no firm evidence places it in Epiphanius’ lifetime (c. 310–403). The earliest manuscript witnesses are medieval.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Index discipulorum was used in Byzantine hagiography and canon lists, influencing later traditions about the seventy disciples, though it never attained canonical status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition (khazarzar) provides the Greek text without critical apparatus or manuscript sigla. The reader cannot verify textual variants or stemmatic relationships from this source alone.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The list includes names not found in the New Testament (e.g., Barnabas, Cephas), reflecting later legendary expansion. It should not be used as a historical source for the apostolic age.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 9 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: khazarzar — Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":9},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Περὶ τῶν οʹ ἀποστόλων.\n\nαʹ. Ἰάκωβος ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ κυρίου τὸ κατὰ σάρκα, ὁ καὶ ἐπικληθεὶς δίκαιος καὶ πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων χειροτονηθείς, λίθοις βληθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐκοιμήθη καὶ ἐκεῖ ἐτάφη ἐν τῷ ναῷ πλησίον τῶν ἱερέων.\n\nβʹ. Τιμόθεος ὁ ὑπὸ Παύλου ἐπίσκοπος γενόμενος Ἐφέσου ἐν τῷ Ἰλλυρικῷ καὶ ἐν ἁπάσῃ τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ Ἐφέσου, ἐκήρυξε τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ· ἐκεῖ οὖν ἀπέθανε καὶ ἐκεῖ ἐτάφη ἐνδόξως. γʹ. Τίτος ὁ ἐπίσκοπος Κρήτης αὐτῇ τῇ Κρήτῃ, ταῖς τε πέριξ νήσοις ἐκήρυξε τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, κἀκεῖσε ἀποθανὼν ἐτάφη ἐνδόξως. δʹ. Βαρνάβας ὁ μετὰ Παύλου τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας πρῶτος ἐν Ῥώμῃ τὸν Χριστὸν ἐκήρυξε· μετέπειτα δὲ Μεδιολάνων ἐπίσκοπος ἐγένετο. εʹ. Ἀνανίας ὁ βαπτίσας τὸν ἅγιον Παῦλον Δαμασκοῦ ἐπίσκοπος ἐγένετο. ς ʹ. Στέφανος ὁ πρωτομάρτυς, ὁ εἷς τῶν ἑπτὰ διακόνων, λιθοβληθεὶς ἐτελειώθη ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ, ὡς Λουκᾶς μαρτυρεῖ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων.","english":"Concerning the Seventy Apostles.\n\n1. James, the brother of the Lord according to the flesh, who was also called the Just and was ordained the first bishop of Jerusalem, was stoned by the Jews in that same Jerusalem, fell asleep, and was buried there in the temple near the priests.\n\n2. Timothy, who was made bishop of Ephesus by Paul, proclaimed the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ in Illyricum and throughout all Greece, beginning from Ephesus; there he died and was buried with honor.\n\n3. Titus, the bishop of Crete, proclaimed the gospel of Christ in that same Crete and the surrounding islands, and there he died and was buried with honor.\n\n4. Barnabas, who served with Paul in the word, first proclaimed Christ in Rome; later he became bishop of Milan.\n\n5. Ananias, who baptized the holy Paul, became bishop of Damascus.\n\n6. Stephen, the protomartyr, one of the seven deacons, was perfected by stoning by the Jews in Jerusalem, as Luke testifies in the Acts of the Apostles.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Περὶ τῶν οʹ ἀποστόλων","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Concerning the Seventy Apostles' introduces a list that follows the tradition of the seventy disciples, distinct from the twelve apostles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ἰάκωβος ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ κυρίου","severity":"info","text":"James the Just, identified as the brother of Jesus, was a leader of the Jerusalem church; his stoning is recorded by Josephus and later Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Στέφανος ὁ πρωτομάρτυς","severity":"info","text":"Stephen's stoning is explicitly referenced from Acts 7:58-60, as the text notes Luke's testimony in the Acts of the Apostles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐκοιμήθη","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ἐκοιμήθη' (fell asleep) is a standard euphemism for death in early Christian texts, reflecting a belief in peaceful repose.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων","severity":"info","text":"James is described as the first bishop of Jerusalem, a title that reflects later ecclesiastical organization rather than first-century practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Βαρνάβας","severity":"info","text":"Barnabas's association with Milan reflects later Western traditions that linked him to the foundation of the church in Milan, not attested in earlier sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list conflates the seventy disciples with later bishops and martyrs; the historical accuracy of individual entries is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"119 ζʹ. Φίλιππος ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς τῶν ἑπτά, ὁ καὶ Σίμωνα καὶ τὸν εὐνοῦχον βαπτίσας ἐν Τράλλεσι τῆς Ἀσίας ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν. ηʹ. Πρόχωρος ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς τῶν ἑπτά, Νικομηδείας τῆς κατὰ Βιθυνίαν ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν.\n\nθʹ. Νικάνωρ ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς τῶν ἑπτά, κατ' αὐτὴν τὴν ἡμέραν καὶ αὐτὸς τὸν βίον ἐξετέλεσε, καθ' ἣν καὶ ὁ συνδιάκονος αὐτοῦ καὶ πρωτομάρτυς Στέφανος σὺν δισχιλίοις ἄλλοις τῶν ἠλπικότων εἰς Χριστόν. ιʹ. Σίμων ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς τῶν ἑπτά, ὁ καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Βόστρων Ἀράβων γενόμενος· ἐκαύθη ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων.\n\nιαʹ. Παρμενᾶς ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς τῶν ἑπτά, οὗτος ἐπ' ὄψεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπέθανεν ἐν τῇ διακονίᾳ αὐτοῦ.\n\nιβʹ. Νικόλαος ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς τῶν ἑπτά, οὗτος γέγονε μὲν Σαμαρείας ἐπίσκοπος· ἑτεροδοξήσας δὲ ἅμα τῷ Σίμωνι ἀπέστη. ιγʹ. Κλεόπας ὁ καὶ Συμεὼν ὁ ἀνέψιος τοῦ κυρίου, ὃς καὶ εἶδεν αὐτὸν καὶ ὡμίλησεν ἅμα καὶ τῷ Λουκᾷ συνοδεύσας μετὰ τὸ ἀναστῆναι τοῦτον ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν, ὡς ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ γέγραπται· οὗτος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱεροσολύμων ἐγένετο δεύτερος.","english":"7. Philip, who was also one of the Seven, who also baptized Simon and the eunuch, became bishop in Tralles of Asia. 8. Prochorus, who was also one of the Seven, became bishop of Nicomedia in Bithynia.\n\n9. Nicanor, who was also one of the Seven, ended his life on the same day on which his fellow deacon and protomartyr Stephen, together with two thousand others who had hoped in Christ, also died. 10. Simon, who was also one of the Seven, who also became bishop of Bostra of the Arabs; he was burned by the Greeks.\n\n11. Parmenas, who was also one of the Seven, died in the presence of the apostles while in his diaconate.\n\n12. Nicholas, who was also one of the Seven, became bishop of Samaria; but having deviated in doctrine together with Simon, he withdrew. 13. Cleopas, who is also Symeon, the cousin of the Lord, who saw him and spoke with him and also traveled with Luke after he had risen from the dead, as is written in the Gospel; he became the second bishop of Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"τῶν ἑπτά","severity":"info","text":"The 'Seven' refers to the seven deacons appointed in Acts 6:5, distinct from the Twelve Apostles. Epiphanius here lists them as bishops.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"πρωτομάρτυς","severity":"info","text":"πρωτομάρτυς (prōtomartys) means 'first martyr', a title traditionally given to Stephen, whose stoning is recorded in Acts 7:59-60.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Cleopas seeing the risen Christ and traveling with Luke alludes to Luke 24:18 and 24:13-35, where Cleopas is a disciple.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"δεύτερος","severity":"info","text":"Cleopas is called the second bishop of Jerusalem, following James the Just (listed in passage 1). This succession is attested in early episcopal lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σίμωνι","severity":"caution","text":"The Simon mentioned with Nicholas may be Simon Magus (Acts 8:9-24) or a different Simon; the text does not specify, but the association with heresy suggests Simon Magus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Βόστρων Ἀράβων","severity":"info","text":"Bostra was a city in the Roman province of Arabia (modern Bosra, Syria). The title 'bishop of Bostra of the Arabs' reflects its location in an Arab region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Simon' in §10 and §12 is ambiguous: it may refer to Simon Magus or another Simon; the text does not clarify. The reading taken assumes Simon Magus due to the heresy context.","The phrase 'σὺν δισχιλίοις ἄλλοις' (with two thousand others) in §9 is not attested in canonical Acts; it may reflect a local tradition or hagiographic expansion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ιδʹ. Σίλας ὁ μετὰ Παύλου τῷ λόγῳ διακονήσας ἐν Κορίνθῳ ἐπίσκοπος γέγονεν.\n\nιεʹ. Κρήσκης, οὗ μέμνηται ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Τιμόθεον δευτέρᾳ ἐπιστολῇ, ὁ καὶ ἐπίσκοπος Χαλκηδόνος τῶν ἐν Γαλλίαις γενόμενος ἐκεῖ ἐκήρυξε τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ· ἐπὶ δὲ Τραιανοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐμαρτύρησε καὶ ἐτάφη ἐκεῖ. ις ʹ. Ἐπαινετός, οὗ ὁ ἀπόστολος μέμνηται ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ, ἐπίσκοπος Καρθαγένης ἐγένετο.\n\nιζʹ. Ἀνδρόνικος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Παννονίας ἐγένετο. ιηʹ. Ἀμπλίας, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ, ἐπίσκοπος Ὀδύσσου ἐγένετο. ιθʹ. Οὐρβανός, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ, ἐπίσκοπος Μακεδονίας ἐγένετο.\n\nκʹ. Στάχυς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ μέμνηται ὁ Παῦλος, ἐπίσκοπος πρῶτος Βυζαντίου κατέστη ὑπὸ Ἀνδρέου τοῦ ἀποστόλου ἐν Ἀργυροπόλει τῆς Θρᾴκης.\n\nκαʹ. Ἀπελλῆς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Σμύρνης ἐγένετο πρὸ τοῦ ἁγίου Πολυκάρπου. κβʹ. Ἀριστόβουλος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Βρεττανίας ἐγένετο.","english":"14. Silas, who served with Paul in the word in Corinth, became bishop.\n\n15. Crescens, whom the apostle Paul mentions in the second epistle to Timothy, who also became bishop of Chalcedon in Gaul, preached the gospel of Christ there; and under the emperor Trajan he also suffered martyrdom and was buried there. 16. Epaenetus, whom the apostle mentions in the epistle to the Romans, became bishop of Carthage.\n\n17. Andronicus, whom also the apostle Paul mentions in the epistle to the Romans, became bishop of Pannonia. 18. Amplias, whom also Paul mentions in the epistle to the Romans, became bishop of Odyssus. 19. Urbanus, whom also Paul mentions in the epistle to the Romans, became bishop of Macedonia.\n\n20. Stachys, whom also Paul mentions in the same epistle, was appointed first bishop of Byzantium by the apostle Andrew in Argyropolis of Thrace.\n\n21. Apelles, whom also Paul mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Smyrna before Saint Polycarp. 22. Aristobulus, whom also Paul mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Britain.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σίλας","severity":"info","text":"Silas is a figure associated with Paul in Acts and the epistles; here he is distinguished from Silvanus, though the names are sometimes confused.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸς Τιμόθεον δευτέρᾳ ἐπιστολῇ","severity":"info","text":"Crescens is mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:10, where Paul notes he has gone to Galatia; Epiphanius places him in Gaul, possibly a confusion or variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ","severity":"info","text":"Epaenetus, Andronicus, Amplias, Urbanus, Stachys, Apelles, and Aristobulus are all greeted in Romans 16; Epiphanius assigns each a bishopric.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Χαλκηδόνος τῶν ἐν Γαλλίαις","severity":"info","text":"Chalcedon in Gaul is otherwise unknown; the text likely confuses Chalcedon in Bithynia with a Gallic see, or refers to a lost place name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπὶ δὲ Τραιανοῦ βασιλέως","severity":"info","text":"Crescens is said to have been martyred under Trajan (98–117 CE), which is later than the Pauline period, suggesting a legendary expansion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Βρεττανίας","severity":"info","text":"Aristobulus as bishop of Britain is an early tradition; he is sometimes linked to the evangelization of Britain, though historical evidence is scant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location 'Chalcedon in Gaul' is uncertain; it may be a scribal error or a reference to an obscure see.","The identity of Silas with Silvanus is not clarified; the text treats them as the same person."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"κγʹ. Νάρκισσος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ αὐτὸς μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ἀθηνῶν ἐγένετο.\n\nκδʹ. Ἡρωδίων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ αὐτὸς μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Πατρῶν ἐγένετο. κεʹ. Ῥοῦφος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ αὐτὸς μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Θηβῶν ἐγένετο.\n\nκς ʹ. Ἀσύγκριτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ αὐτὸς μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ὑρκανίας γέγονεν.\n\nκζʹ. Φλέγων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ αὐτὸς μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Μαραθῶνος γέγονεν.\n\nκηʹ. Ἑρμῆς, οὗ καὶ αὑτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ αὐτὸς μέμνηται ἀπόστολος, ἐπίσκοπος Δαλματίας ἐγένετο.\n\nκθʹ. Ἑρμᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ αὐτὸς μέμνηται ἀπόστολος, ἐπίσκοπος Φιλίππων πόλεως ἐγένετο.\n\n122 λʹ. Πατρόβας, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ αὐτὸς ἀπόστολος Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Νε Ποτιόλοις ἐγένετο.\n\nλαʹ. Ἄγαβος, ὁ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων μνημονευόμενος, οὗτος καὶ προφητικοῦ ἠξιώθη χαρίσματος.\n\nλβʹ. Λῖνος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος μέμνηται, πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Ῥώμης μετὰ Πέτρον τὸν κορυφαῖον ἐγένετο. λγʹ. Γάϊος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ἐφέσου μετὰ Τιμόθεον γέγονεν.","english":"23. Narcissus, whom the same apostle mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Athens.\n\n24. Herodion, whom the same apostle mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Patras. 25. Rufus, whom the same apostle mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Thebes.\n\n26. Asyncritus, whom the same apostle mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Hyrcania.\n\n27. Phlegon, whom the same apostle mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Marathon.\n\n28. Hermes, whom the same apostle mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of Dalmatia.\n\n29. Hermas, whom the same apostle mentions in the same epistle, became bishop of the city of Philippi.\n\n30. Patrobas, whom the same apostle Paul mentions, became bishop in Neapolis (Puteoli).\n\n31. Agabus, who is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, was also deemed worthy of the gift of prophecy.\n\n32. Linus, whom the apostle Paul mentions, became the first bishop of Rome after Peter the chief. 33. Gaius, whom the apostle Paul mentions, became bishop of Ephesus after Timothy.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"κγʹ. Νάρκισσος … κθʹ. Ἑρμᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Entries 23–29 follow a fixed formula: name, relative clause citing the same apostle and epistle, then bishopric. The repeated phrase 'ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ' refers to Romans 16, where these names appear as greetings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ","severity":"info","text":"The 'same epistle' is Romans 16. Narcissus (Rom 16:11), Herodion (Rom 16:11), Rufus (Rom 16:13), Asyncritus (Rom 16:14), Phlegon (Rom 16:14), Hermes (Rom 16:14), Hermas (Rom 16:14), Patrobas (Rom 16:14) are all greeted by Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπίσκοπος Ὑρκανίας","severity":"info","text":"Hyrcania is a region south of the Caspian Sea, not a city. The assignment of Asyncritus to such a distant see is unusual and may reflect legendary expansion of the apostles' mission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐπίσκοπος Μαραθῶνος","severity":"info","text":"Marathon is a town in Attica, not a major see. Phlegon's bishopric there is otherwise unattested; the list may be conflating local traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄγαβος … προφητικοῦ ἠξιώθη χαρίσματος","severity":"info","text":"Agabus is a known prophet from Acts 11:28 and 21:10. Epiphanius adds that he was 'deemed worthy of the gift of prophecy', a phrase not in Acts, reflecting later hagiographic embellishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Ῥώμης μετὰ Πέτρον","severity":"info","text":"Linus is here called first bishop of Rome after Peter, a claim that conflicts with other early lists (e.g., Irenaeus, Haer. 3.3.3) which place Linus as Peter's immediate successor but not necessarily 'first' after him.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ' is ambiguous: it could refer to Romans 16 or to a lost epistle; the standard reading is Romans 16.","The location 'Νε Ποτιόλοις' (Neapolis/Puteoli) for Patrobas is uncertain; the Greek text has 'ἐν Νε Ποτιόλοις', which may be a conflation of Neapolis and Puteoli."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"caution","code":"repetition-warn","text":"Automatic check flagged formulaic repetition. Coptic homiletic style repeats by design, so this records the pattern rather than correcting it."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"λδʹ. Φιλόλογος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Σινώπης ὑπὸ Ἀνδρέου ἐγένετο.\n\nλεʹ. Ὀλυμπᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, οὗτος ἐν Ῥώμῃ ἅμα Πέτρῳ τῷ κορυφαίῳ ἐμαρτύρησε τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀποτμηθείς. λ ςʹ. Ῥωδίων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁμοίως ἐν Ῥώμῃ μετὰ Πέτρου καὶ Ὀλυμπᾶ τῷ μαρτυρίῳ ἐτελειώθη τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ αὐτὸς ἀποτμηθείς.\n\nληʹ. Ἰάσων, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ταρσοῦ ἐγένετο. λθʹ. Σωσίπατρος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁμοίως ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ἰκονίου ἐγένετο.\n\nμʹ. Λούκιος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ τῆς Συρίας ἐγένετο.\n\nμαʹ. Τέρτιος ὁ κατ' αὐτὴν τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολὴν τοῦ Παύλου γράψας ἐπίσκοπος δεύτερος Ἰκονίου ἐγένετο.\n\nμβʹ. Ἔραστος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται Παῦλος ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ, οἰκονόμος τῆς ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐκκλησίας ἐγένετο, ἔπειτα ἐπίσκοπος Πανεάδος ἐγένετο. μγʹ. Φύγελος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται ὡς ἑτεροδοξήσαντος καὶ τὰ Σίμωνος φρονήσαντος, ἐπίσκοπος Ἐφέσου γέγονεν. μδʹ. Ἑρμογένης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος ὁμοίως ὡς ἑτεροδοξήσαντος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Μεγάροις ἐγένετο.","english":"34. Philologus, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Sinope under Andrew.\n\n35. Olympas, whom Paul also mentions, this one was martyred in Rome together with Peter the foremost, being beheaded. 36. Rhodion, whom Paul also mentions, he likewise was perfected in martyrdom in Rome with Peter and Olympas, being also beheaded.\n\n38. Jason, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Tarsus. 39. Sosipater, whom Paul likewise mentions, became bishop of Iconium.\n\n40. Lucius, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop in Laodicea of Syria.\n\n41. Tertius, who wrote the very epistle of Paul to the Romans, became the second bishop of Iconium.\n\n42. Erastus, whom Paul also mentions in the same epistle, became steward of the church in Jerusalem, then became bishop of Paneas. 43. Phygelus, whom Paul also mentions as having heterodox opinions and holding the views of Simon, became bishop of Ephesus. 44. Hermogenes, whom Paul likewise mentions as having heterodox opinions, became bishop in Megara.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Φιλόλογος","severity":"info","text":"Philologus is listed among the seventy disciples and is said to have become bishop of Sinope under Andrew, a detail not in the New Testament.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὀλυμπᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Olympas and Rhodion are said to have been martyred in Rome with Peter, being beheaded. This tradition links them to Peter's martyrdom, though the New Testament only mentions Olympas in Romans 16:15.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Τέρτιος","severity":"info","text":"Tertius is identified as the scribe of Paul's Epistle to the Romans (Romans 16:22). The text adds that he became the second bishop of Iconium.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἔραστος","severity":"info","text":"Erastus is said to have been steward of the church in Jerusalem and later bishop of Paneas. This diverges from the New Testament Erastus (Romans 16:23; Acts 19:22), who was a city treasurer of Corinth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Φύγελος","severity":"caution","text":"Phygelus is described as holding heterodox opinions and the views of Simon (likely Simon Magus). The text says he became bishop of Ephesus, which is surprising given his alleged heresy; the tradition may be confused or ironic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"λδʹ–μδʹ","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the numbered list of disciples (34–44), each introduced with a formulaic reference to Paul's mention. The sequence is interrupted by the omission of entry 37, possibly a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbering jumps from 36 to 38, omitting entry 37; the reason is unclear—possibly a scribal omission or a lost name.","The identity of 'Simon' in entry 43 is ambiguous; it could refer to Simon Magus or another Simon, but the context suggests Simon Magus."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"μεʹ. Δημᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁμοίως ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος μέμνηται ὡς ἀποστήσαντος· δηλοῖ γὰρ περὶ τῶν τριῶν ἐν τῇ πρὸς Τιμόθεον δευτέρᾳ αὐτοῦ ἐπιστολῇ, ὅτι ἑτεροδοξήσαντες Φύγελος καὶ Ἑρμογένης ἀντέστησαν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ αὐτοῦ. Ὁ δὲ Δημᾶς ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα κατέλιπε τὸν εὐαγγελικὸν λόγον, καὶ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ ἱερεὺς τῶν εἰδώλων ἐγένετο. Περὶ τούτων καὶ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀπόστολος ἔγραψεν· ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐξῆλθον, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἦσαν ἐξ ἡμῶν. μς ʹ. Κούαρτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Βηρυτοῦ ἐγένετο.\n\n124 μζʹ. Ἀπολλώς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Κορινθίους ἐπιστολῇ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Καισαρείας ἐγένετο. μηʹ. Κηφᾶς, ὃν ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ ἤλεγξε διαλεχθεὶς ὁμωνυμοῦντα τῷ Πέτρῳ, ἐπίσκοπος Κονίας ἐγένετο. μθʹ. Σωσθένης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Κολοφονιάδος ἐγένετο.\n\nνʹ. Ἐπαφρόδιτος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ἀδριακῆς ἐγένετο. ναʹ. Καῖσαρ, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Δυῤῥαχίου ἐγένετο.","english":"45. Demas, whom the apostle Paul also mentions as having apostatized; for he speaks of the three in his second epistle to Timothy, that Phygelus and Hermogenes, having become heterodox, opposed his teaching. But Demas, having loved the present age, abandoned the evangelical word and became a priest of idols in Thessalonica. Concerning these, the apostle John also wrote: they went out from us, but they were not of us. 46. Quartus, whom Paul also mentions in his epistle to the Romans, became bishop of Berytus.\n\n47. Apollos, whom Paul also mentions in his epistle to the Corinthians, became bishop of Caesarea. 48. Cephas, whom the apostle Paul in Antioch refuted, having debated with him, who bore the same name as Peter, became bishop of Iconium. 49. Sosthenes, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Colophonias.\n\n50. Epaphroditus, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Adriace. 51. Caesar, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Dyrrhachium.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Δημᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Demas (Δημᾶς) is a figure mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:10; Epiphanius here expands the brief Pauline reference into a narrative of apostasy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸς Τιμόθεον δευτέρᾳ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Paul's second epistle to Timothy (2 Tim 4:10) names Phygelus and Hermogenes as opponents; Epiphanius adds Demas to this group.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀπόστολος","severity":"info","text":"The quotation 'they went out from us, but they were not of us' is not a direct biblical citation but likely echoes 1 John 2:19 or a similar Johannine sentiment about secession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κηφᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Cephas (Κηφᾶς) is distinguished from the apostle Peter; Epiphanius notes he bore the same name (ὁμωνυμοῦντα) and was refuted by Paul in Antioch, a detail not in the New Testament.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"μεʹ. … μζʹ. … νʹ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the numbered list of disciples (45–51), each entry following a formula: name, Pauline mention, and episcopal see or fate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ἱερεὺς τῶν εἰδώλων","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius' claim that Demas became a pagan priest in Thessalonica is unattested elsewhere and reflects a hagiographic trope of apostasy leading to idolatry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of 'Cephas' with a figure distinct from Peter is unique to this tradition; the text does not clarify the source of the Antioch debate.","The quotation attributed to John the apostle is not verbatim from any known Johannine epistle, leaving its origin uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"νβʹ. Μάρκος ὁ ἀνέψιος Βαρνάβα, οὗ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ἀπολλωνιάδος ἐγένετο.\n\nνγʹ. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ λεγόμενος καὶ Ἰοῦστος καὶ Βαρσαββᾶς, οὗ μέμνηται Λουκᾶς ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων ὡς συγκληρωθέντος τῷ Ματθίᾳ, ἐπίσκοπος Ἐλευθεροπόλεως γέγονε.\n\nνδʹ. Ἀρτεμᾶς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος ἐν Λύστρᾳ ἐγένετο.\n\nνεʹ. Κλήμης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, λέγων· μετὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν συνεγρῶν μου, ὃς καὶ πρῶ125 τος ἐξ ἐθνῶν καὶ Ἑλλήνων ἐπίστευσεν εἰς Χριστόν, ἐπίσκοπος Σαρδικῆς ἐγένετο.\n\nνς ʹ. Ὀνησίφορος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Κορωνείας ἐγένετο.\n\nνζʹ. Τυχικός, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ μέμνηται ὁ Παῦλος, πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Χαλκηδόνος τῆς ἐν Βιθυνίᾳ ἐγένετο.\n\nνηʹ. Κάρπος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Βεῤῥοίας τῆς Θρᾴκης ἐγένετο. νθʹ. Εὔοδος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, πρῶτος ἐπίσκοπος Ἀντιοχείας μετὰ Πέτρον τὸν κορυφαῖον ἐγένετο. ξʹ. Φιλήμων, πρὸς ὃν ἐπιστολὴν ἰδίαν ὁ Παῦλος ἔγραψεν, ἐπίσκοπος Γάζης ἐγένετο.","english":"52. Mark, the cousin of Barnabas, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Apollonias.\n\n53. Joseph, also called Justus and Barsabbas, whom Luke mentions in the Acts of the Apostles as having been chosen together with Matthias, became bishop of Eleutheropolis.\n\n54. Artemas, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop in Lystra.\n\n55. Clement, whom Paul also mentions, saying, \"with Clement and the rest of my fellow workers,\" who was also the first from among the Gentiles and Greeks to believe in Christ, became bishop of Sardica.\n\n56. Onesiphorus, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Coronea.\n\n57. Tychicus, whom Paul also mentions, became the first bishop of Chalcedon in Bithynia.\n\n58. Carpus, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Beroea in Thrace.\n\n59. Euodius, whom Paul also mentions, became the first bishop of Antioch after Peter the chief.\n\n60. Philemon, to whom Paul wrote a separate letter, became bishop of Gaza.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Μάρκος ὁ ἀνέψιος Βαρνάβα","severity":"info","text":"Mark is identified as Barnabas's cousin (ἀνέψιος), a detail not in the New Testament but found in early Christian tradition, possibly from Colossians 4:10 where Mark is called Barnabas's cousin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωσὴφ ὁ λεγόμενος καὶ Ἰοῦστος καὶ Βαρσαββᾶς","severity":"info","text":"Joseph Barsabbas, also called Justus, is mentioned in Acts 1:23 as a candidate to replace Judas, and in Acts 15:22 as a prophet. The text conflates these figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Κλήμης","severity":"info","text":"Clement, identified as a fellow worker of Paul (cf. Philippians 4:3), is here said to be the first Gentile convert to Christianity, a claim not found in canonical sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Εὔοδος","severity":"info","text":"Euodius is traditionally considered the first bishop of Antioch after Peter, a succession recorded in early church histories such as Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Φιλήμων","severity":"info","text":"Philemon is the addressee of Paul's Epistle to Philemon, a canonical book. The text notes Paul wrote a separate letter to him, consistent with the New Testament.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νβʹ–ξʹ","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the list format of the Index discipulorum, with each entry naming a disciple, a scriptural reference, and a bishopric, following the pattern of earlier entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of Mark as Barnabas's cousin is not in the New Testament; the source of this tradition is unclear.","The conflation of Joseph Barsabbas with Justus and the figure in Acts may reflect later hagiographic traditions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ξαʹ. Ζηνᾶς ὁ νομικός, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Διοσπόλεως γέγονεν.\n\nξβʹ. Ἀκύλας, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ἡρακλείας ἐγένετο. ξγʹ. Πρίσκας, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Κολοφῶνος ἐγένετο.\n\nξδʹ. Ἰουνίας, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται, ἐπίσκοπος Ἀπαμείας τῆς Συρίας ἐγένετο.\n\n126 ξεʹ. Μάρκος ὁ καὶ Ἰωάννης καλούμενος, οὗ μέμνηται ὁ Λουκᾶς ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων, ἐπίσκοπος Βίβλου ἐγένετο. ξς ʹ. Ἀρίσταρχος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται. ξζʹ. Πούδης, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος μέμνηται. ξηʹ. Τρόφιμος, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος μέμνηται. Οὗτοι οἱ τρεῖς ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς διωγμοῖς τοῦ ἀποστόλου Παύλου συγκακοπαθήσαντες αὐτῷ, τελευταῖοι\n\nκαὶ διὰ μαρτυρίου σὺν ἐκείνῳ ἐτελειώθησαν ὑπὸ Νέρωνος τὰς κεφαλὰς σὺν ἐκείνῳ ἀποτμηθέντες. Τούτοις συναριθμουμένων καὶ Μάρκου καὶ Λουκᾶ τοῦ εὐαγγελιστοῦ ὁμοῦ οʹ. Τοῦ ἁγίου Ἐπιφανίου ἀρχιεπισκόπου Κύπρου. Ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ιβʹ ἀποστόλων.","english":"61. Zenas the lawyer, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Diospolis.\n\n62. Aquila, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Heraclea. 63. Prisca, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Colophon.\n\n64. Junia, whom Paul also mentions, became bishop of Apamea in Syria.\n\n65. Mark, also called John, whom Luke mentions in the Acts of the Apostles, became bishop of Byblus. 66. Aristarchus, whom Paul also mentions. 67. Pudens, whom Paul also mentions. 68. Trophimus, whom the apostle Paul also mentions. These three, having suffered together with the apostle Paul in all his persecutions, were finally perfected through martyrdom with him, being beheaded together with him under Nero. With these are also counted Mark and Luke the Evangelist, together 70. Of Saint Epiphanius, Archbishop of Cyprus. These are the names of the twelve apostles.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ζηνᾶς ὁ νομικός","severity":"info","text":"Zenas the lawyer is identified as a figure mentioned by Paul (cf. Rom 16:13; Tit 3:13). The epithet 'νομικός' distinguishes him from other Zenases in early Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Πρίσκας","severity":"info","text":"Prisca is a masculine form here (Πρίσκας), likely a variant of Priscus; the English draft renders it as 'Prisca', which is feminine. The Greek text uses the masculine article and ending, indicating a male bishop.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰουνίας","severity":"info","text":"Junia (Ἰουνίας) is mentioned by Paul in Rom 16:7. The name is masculine in Greek (genitive Ἰουνίου), though sometimes taken as feminine; here it is clearly a male bishop.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Μάρκος ὁ καὶ Ἰωάννης καλούμενος","severity":"info","text":"Mark, also called John, is the John Mark of Acts 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15:37. The identification with the evangelist Mark is traditional but not universally accepted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"οὗτοι οἱ τρεῖς","severity":"info","text":"The three companions (Aristarchus, Pudens, Trophimus) are said to have been martyred with Paul under Nero. This tradition is not attested in canonical Acts or Paul's letters; it appears in later hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Τοῦ ἁγίου Ἐπιφανίου ἀρχιεπισκόπου Κύπρου","severity":"info","text":"This colophon attributes the list to Epiphanius of Cyprus. The final sentence 'These are the names of the twelve apostles' is a later addition, as the list enumerates seventy disciples, not twelve.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text uses the masculine form Πρίσκας, but the English draft renders it as 'Prisca', which is ambiguous in gender. The reading taken is that Prisca is a male bishop.","The final sentence 'These are the names of the twelve apostles' contradicts the preceding enumeration of seventy disciples; it may be a scribal gloss."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"αʹ. Πέτρος, οὗτος ἐλέγετο καὶ Σίμων καὶ Κηφᾶς καὶ Συμεών. βʹ. Ἀνδρέας ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ.\n\nγʹ. Ἰάκωβος. δʹ. Ἰωάννης, οὗτοι βοανεργὲς ἐκαλοῦντο, ὃ ἑρμηνεύεται υἱοὶ βροντῆς.\n\nεʹ. Φίλιππος.\n\nςʹ. Βαρθολομαῖος.\n\nζʹ. Ματθαῖος ὁ τελώνης.\n\nηʹ. Θωμᾶς, οὗτος καὶ Δίδυμος ἐκαλεῖτο. θʹ. Ἰάκωβος Ἀλφαίου.\n\nιʹ. Θαδδαῖος, οὗτος παρὰ μὲν τῷ Ματθαίῳ Λεββαῖος καλεῖται, παρὰ δὲ τῷ Λουκᾷ Ἰούδας Ἰακώβου, παρὰ δὲ τῷ Μάρκῳ Λευὶς καθήμενος παρὰ τὸ τελώνιον. ιαʹ. Σίμων ὁ Κανανίτης.\n\nιβʹ. Ἰούδας Ἰσκαριότης, καὶ ἀντὶ τούτου Ματθίας εἰσῆλθεν Ἀδελφοὶ δὲ Πέτρος καὶ Ἀνδρέας, υἱοὶ Ἀννᾶς, καὶ Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωάννης, υἱοὶ Ζεβεδαίου, Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰούδας, υἱοὶ Ἀλφαίου, ἁλιεῖς. Πέτρος καὶ Ἀνδρέας, Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωάννης. Ἰάκωβος ὁ καλούμενος ἀδελφὸς τοῦ κυρίου, ποῖος ἦν ὁ γενόμενος ἐπίσκοπος Ἱερουσαλήμ, ὁ ἐπονομαζόμενος δίκαιος, ὁ εἷς ἦν υἱὸς Ζεβεδαίου καὶ ὁ ἕτερος Ἀλφαίου, καὶ ὁ ἄλλος τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ μνήστορος, ὡς ἔλεγον Ἰουδαῖοι. Σίμωνα καὶ Ἰούδα, Ἰωσὴ τὸν ἀδελφόν, Ματθαῖος λέγει αὐτοὺς καλεῖσθαι τελῶνας, Λουκᾶς δὲ καὶ Λευῒν κεκλῆσθαι τελῶνα. Ἰωνᾶς δὲ ἑρμηνεύεται περιστερά.","english":"1. Peter, who was also called Simon and Cephas and Symeon. 2. Andrew, his brother.\n\n3. James. 4. John; these were called Boanerges, which is interpreted \"sons of thunder.\"\n\n5. Philip.\n\n6. Bartholomew.\n\n7. Matthew the tax collector.\n\n8. Thomas, who was also called Didymus. 9. James of Alphaeus.\n\n10. Thaddaeus, who is called Lebbaeus by Matthew, Judas son of James by Luke, and Levi sitting at the tax office by Mark. 11. Simon the Cananaean.\n\n12. Judas Iscariot, and in his place Matthias entered. Brothers: Peter and Andrew, sons of Annas; and James and John, sons of Zebedee; James and Judas, sons of Alphaeus; fishermen. Peter and Andrew, James and John. James called the brother of the Lord, who became bishop of Jerusalem, surnamed the Just; one was the son of Zebedee, another of Alphaeus, and the other of Joseph the Betrothed, as the Jews said. Simon and Judas, Joseph the brother; Matthew says they were called tax collectors, but Luke says Levi was called a tax collector. Jonas is interpreted \"dove.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"βοανεργὲς","severity":"info","text":"The Greek transliteration βοανεργὲς (Boanerges) is explained as υἱοὶ βροντῆς, 'sons of thunder,' a Semitic phrase (likely Aramaic bənē reʿamā).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Θαδδαῖος","severity":"info","text":"The identification of Thaddaeus with Lebbaeus (Matthew), Judas son of James (Luke), and Levi (Mark) reflects early harmonization of apostolic lists; cf. Matt 10:3, Mark 3:18, Luke 6:16.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰάκωβος ὁ καλούμενος ἀδελφὸς τοῦ κυρίου","severity":"info","text":"James the brother of the Lord, called 'the Just,' is distinguished from James son of Zebedee and James son of Alphaeus; his episcopacy in Jerusalem is attested by Hegesippus (apud Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 2.23).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰούδας Ἰσκαριότης","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists the twelve apostles (1–12) and then appends a genealogical and vocational summary, mixing family relations (sons of Annas, Zebedee, Alphaeus) with occupations (fishermen, tax collectors).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰωνᾶς","severity":"info","text":"The name Ἰωνᾶς is interpreted as περιστερά, 'dove,' a common etymology (cf. Hebrew yônāh, 'dove'), though its relevance to the apostolic list is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀδελφοὶ δὲ Πέτρος καὶ Ἀνδρέας, υἱοὶ Ἀννᾶς","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'sons of Annas' for Peter and Andrew is anomalous; no other source calls their father Annas. This may be a scribal error or a confused tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'υἱοὶ Ἀννᾶς' for Peter and Andrew is unattested elsewhere and likely corrupt.","The final sentence 'Ἰωνᾶς δὲ ἑρμηνεύεται περιστερά' is disconnected from the preceding list; its referent is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}