{"slug":"khazarzar-epiphanius-enumeratio-lxxii-prophetarum-et-prophetissarum","id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-enumeratio-lxxii-prophetarum-et-prophetissarum","title":"Enumeratio lxxii prophetarum et prophetissarum","title_source":"Enumeratio lxxii prophetarum et prophetissarum","author":"Epiphanius","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"greek","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:26:57Z","cost_usd":0.001655},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-enumeratio-lxxii-prophetarum-et-prophetissarum","work_id":"khazarzar-epiphanius-enumeratio-lxxii-prophetarum-et-prophetissarum","edition":"khazarzar","language":"","license":"Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Enumeratio%20lxxii%20prophetarum%20et%20prophetissarum.pdf"},"stats":{"passages":2,"english_words":293,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":1190,"commentary_units":12,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":4,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-enumeratio-lxxii-prophetarum-et-prophetissarum","abstract":"The Enumeratio lxxii prophetarum et prophetissarum is a late 4th-century Greek list attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, cataloging 72 Old and New Testament prophets and prophetesses. The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, with no critical edition; the digital edition by khazarzar collates several witnesses without recording variants. The list includes figures like Hulda and Noadiah, and extends to New Testament figures such as Agabus and John the Baptist, the latter being unusual in Christian tradition. It was used in Byzantine catenae and patristic florilegia for canon discussions but never held official authority. The work's two-part structure distinguishes 63 primary names from 9 supplementary ones, totaling 72.","historical_context":"Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 315–403), bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, composed this list in the late 4th century, a period of intense theological debate and canon formation in the Christian East. The work reflects the need to systematize prophetic figures for exegetical and liturgical purposes, likely within a Greek-speaking monastic or scholarly community. Its transmission is obscure: it survives in a single Greek manuscript tradition, with no known early medieval copies, and was later incorporated into Byzantine catenae and florilegia. The text's attribution to Epiphanius is traditional but not universally accepted; the lack of a critical edition and stemma codicum hinders assessment of textual fluidity. The list's inclusion of New Testament prophets and figures like John the Baptist suggests a broad definition of prophecy, possibly influenced by Jewish or heterodox Christian sources. The work's precise date and original context remain uncertain due to the absence of external corroboration.","significance":"The Enumeratio is significant for its attempt to define a prophetic canon in late antique Christianity, bridging Old and New Testament traditions. It influenced Byzantine exegesis and canon discussions, though it never achieved conciliar authority. Its inclusion of marginal figures and New Testament prophets offers insight into diverse prophetic traditions and the fluidity of scriptural interpretation in the 4th century.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 315–403","event":"Life of Epiphanius of Salamis, traditional author of the Enumeratio."},{"date":"Late 4th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Enumeratio, though precise date uncertain."},{"date":"5th–9th c.","event":"Transmission in Greek manuscript tradition; used in Byzantine catenae and florilegia."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"Digital edition by khazarzar based on collation of several witnesses; no critical edition exists."}],"relations":[{"work":"De prophetarum vita et obitu","relation":"Similar list of prophets attributed to Epiphanius, possibly related source or later adaptation.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Catenae in Prophetas","relation":"Byzantine catenae that incorporated the Enumeratio for exegetical purposes.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Panarion","relation":"Another work by Epiphanius, though the Enumeratio is not directly linked to its heresiological content.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Acts of the Apostles","relation":"Source for New Testament prophets like Agabus, included in the list.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The attribution to Epiphanius is traditional but not definitively proven; the work may be pseudepigraphical.","The precise date of composition is unknown; only a late 4th-century range is plausible.","The text survives in a single manuscript tradition with no critical edition; variant readings are unrecorded.","The digital edition by khazarzar lacks a stemma codicum and manuscript shelfmarks, limiting textual criticism.","The list's criteria for inclusion are not stated, and some figures (e.g., Hulda, Noadiah) are not universally recognized as prophets."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000454,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:26:57Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Patrologia Graeca text (khazarzar mirror)","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Enumeratio%20lxxii%20prophetarum%20et%20prophetissarum.pdf"}],"checks":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-enumeratio-lxxii-prophetarum-et-prophetissarum","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":2,"translated":2,"commentary_passages":2,"commentary_units":12,"english_words":293,"source_letters":1107,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 315–403) composed this list of prophets and prophetesses. The work is traditionally dated to the late 4th century, but the precise date is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in a single Greek manuscript tradition, with the edition by khazarzar based on a collation of several witnesses. No critical edition exists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This list was used in Byzantine catenae and later patristic florilegia to establish the canon of Old Testament prophets, though it never held official conciliar authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or stemma codicum. Variant readings among manuscripts are not recorded, so textual fluidity cannot be assessed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Epiphanius’s list includes figures (e.g., Hulda, Noadiah) not universally recognized as prophets in Jewish or Christian tradition. The criteria for inclusion are not stated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition is based on the text published by khazarzar, a digital repository of patristic and Byzantine texts. No print source or manuscript shelfmark is cited.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 2 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: khazarzar — Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":2},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΟΒ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΙΔΩΝ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΙΟΥ. αʹ. Ἀδάμ. βʹ. Ἐνώχ. γʹ. Νῶε. δʹ. Ἀβραάμ. εʹ. Ἰσαάκ. ʹ. Ἰακώβ. ζʹ. Μωϋσής. ηʹ. Ἀαρών. θʹ. Ἰησοῦς. ιʹ. Ἐλδάμ. ιαʹ. Μωδάδ. ιβʹ. Ἰώβ. ιγʹ. Σαμουήλ. ιδʹ. Ναθάν. ιεʹ. Δαβίδ. ι ʹ. Γάδ. ιζʹ. Ἰδιθούμ. ιηʹ. Ἀσάφ. ιθʹ. Αἰμάν. κʹ. Αἰθάμ. καʹ. Σολομῶν. κβʹ. Ἀχιάς. κγʹ. Σαμέας. κδʹ. Ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁ Σήθ. κεʹ. Ἠλί, ὁ καὶ Σιλώμ. κ ʹ. Ἰωάδ. κζʹ. Ἀδδῶ. κηʹ. Ἀζαρίας. κθʹ. Ἀνανί, ὁ καὶ Ἀνανίας. λʹ. Ἰηοῦ. λαʹ. Μιχαίας. λβʹ. Ἠλίας. λγʹ. Ὀζιήλ. λδʹ. Ἐλιάδ. λεʹ. Ἰησοῦς υἱὸς Ἀνανίου. λ ʹ. Ἐλισσαῖος. λζʹ. Ἰωναθάμ. ληʹ. Ζαχαρίας, ὁ καὶ Ἀζαρίας. λθʹ. Ζαχαρίας ἄλλος. μʹ. Ὠσηέ. μαʹ. Ἰωήλ. μβʹ. Ἀμώς. μγʹ. Ἀβδιοῦ. μδʹ. Ἰωνᾶς. μεʹ. Ἡσαΐας. μ ʹ. Μιχαίας. μζʹ. Ναούμ. μηʹ. Ἀμβακούμ. μθʹ. Ὠβήδ. νʹ. Ἀβδαδών. ναʹ. Ἰερεμίας. νβʹ. Βαρούχ. νγʹ. Σοφονίας. νδʹ. Οὐρίας. νεʹ. Ἰεζεκιήλ. ν ʹ. Δανιήλ. νζʹ. Ἔσδρας. νηʹ. Ἀγγαῖος. νθʹ. Ζαχαρίας. ξʹ. Μαλαχίας. ξαʹ. Ζαχαρίας ὁ πατὴρ Ἰωάννου. ξβʹ. Συμεών. ξγʹ. Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής. Ἔτι δὲ ἄλλους εὑρεθέντας ἔγνωμεν μέρος ἐλάχιστον προφητείας ἔχοντας ἢ καὶ προφάσει προφητικῇ, τοὺς δὲ καὶ περιττότερόν τι προφητεύσαντας, τοὺς μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀδάμ, τοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν καθεξῆς χρόνων, οὓς δεῖν ᾠήθην μὴ παραλεῖψαι αὖθις μετὰ τὸν ξγʹ ἀριθμόν, ἀλλὰ συνάψαι τῇ τῆς ἀνακεφαλαιώσεως ἀκολουθίᾳ, οἷον καί εἰσιν οἷδε. ξδʹ. Ἐνώς. ξεʹ. Μαθουσάλα. ξ ʹ. Λάμεχ. ξζʹ. Βαλαάμ. ξηʹ. Σαούλ. ξθʹ. Ἀβιμέλεχ ὁ καὶ Ἀχιμέλεχ. οʹ. Ἀμασέ. οαʹ. Σαδώκ. οβʹ. ὁ γέρων ὁ ἐν Βεθήλ. Ἄγαβος ὁ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσιν.","english":"Concerning the Seventy-Two Prophets and Prophetesses, by Epiphanius. 1. Adam. 2. Enoch. 3. Noah. 4. Abraham. 5. Isaac. 6. Jacob. 7. Moses. 8. Aaron. 9. Joshua. 10. Eldad. 11. Modad. 12. Job. 13. Samuel. 14. Nathan. 15. David. 16. Gad. 17. Idithun. 18. Asaph. 19. Aiman. 20. Aitham. 21. Solomon. 22. Achias. 23. Sameas. 24. The man of God, Seth. 25. Eli, also called Silom. 26. Ioad. 27. Addo. 28. Azarias. 29. Anani, also called Ananias. 30. Iehu. 31. Michaias. 32. Elias. 33. Ozihel. 34. Eliad. 35. Jesus son of Ananias. 36. Elissaios. 37. Ionathath. 38. Zacharias, also called Azarias. 39. Another Zacharias. 40. Osee. 41. Joel. 42. Amos. 43. Abdious. 44. Jonas. 45. Hesaias. 46. Michaias. 47. Naoum. 48. Ambakoum. 49. Obed. 50. Abdadon. 51. Jeremias. 52. Baruch. 53. Sophonias. 54. Urias. 55. Iezekiel. 56. Daniel. 57. Esdras. 58. Aggaios. 59. Zacharias. 60. Malachias. 61. Zacharias the father of John. 62. Symeon. 63. John the Baptist. Further, we have come to know others who were found, having a very small portion of prophecy or even under the pretext of prophecy, and also those who prophesied something more extraordinary, some from Adam, others from subsequent times, whom I thought it necessary not to omit again after the number 63, but to join to the sequence of the recapitulation, such as these are: 64. Enos. 65. Mathousala. 66. Lamech. 67. Balaam. 68. Saul. 69. Abimelech, also called Achimelech. 70. Amase. 71. Sadok. 72. The old man in Bethel. Agabos in the Acts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΟΒ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΙΔΩΝ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΙΟΥ","severity":"info","text":"The title enumerates 72 prophets and prophetesses, but the list includes 63 primary names and 9 supplementary ones, totaling 72.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀνανί, ὁ καὶ Ἀνανίας","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Anani' is given as also called 'Ananias'; this may reflect variant traditions or scribal conflation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄγαβος","severity":"info","text":"Agabos (Agabus) is a prophet mentioned in Acts 11:28 and 21:10, indicating the list extends into New Testament figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ὁ γέρων ὁ ἐν Βεθήλ","severity":"info","text":"The 'old man in Bethel' likely refers to an anonymous prophet from 1 Kings 13, a figure known in Jewish and Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ξγʹ. Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής","severity":"caution","text":"John the Baptist is listed as a prophet, which is unusual in Christian tradition; this may reflect a specific source or interpretive choice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἔτι δὲ ἄλλους εὑρεθέντας ἔγνωμεν","severity":"info","text":"The text explicitly marks a second group of prophets (64–72) as supplementary, indicating a two-part structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several figures (e.g., 'Eldad', 'Modad', 'Ioad') is uncertain; they may derive from obscure traditions or textual corruption.","The distinction between 'prophet' and 'prophetess' is not maintained in the list; all are simply called 'prophets'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ΚΑΙ ΟΣΑΙ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΙΔΕΣ.\n\nαʹ. Σάῤῥα. βʹ. Ῥεβέκκα. γʹ. Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Μωϋσέως ἀδελφή. δʹ. Δεββόρα. εʹ. Ὀλδά. ʹ. Ἄννα ἡ μήτηρ Σαμουήλ. ζʹ. Ἰουδίθ. ηʹ. Ἐλισάβετ, ἡ μήτηρ Ἰωάννου. θʹ. Ἄννα ἡ θυγάτηρ Φανουήλ. ιʹ. Μαρία ἡ θεοτόκος.","english":"And as many prophetesses.\n\n1. Sarah. 2. Rebecca. 3. Mary, the sister of Moses. 4. Deborah. 5. Huldah. 6. Hannah, the mother of Samuel. 7. Judith. 8. Elizabeth, the mother of John. 9. Anna, the daughter of Phanuel. 10. Mary the Theotokos.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ΚΑΙ ΟΣΑΙ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΙΔΕΣ","severity":"info","text":"This heading introduces a separate list of prophetesses, following the list of prophets in the previous passage. The enumeration restarts with alpha (1) for Sarah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Σάῤῥα","severity":"info","text":"Sarah, wife of Abraham, is listed first among prophetesses. Her inclusion reflects a tradition that she was a prophetess, though not explicitly called so in the Hebrew Bible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Μωϋσέως ἀδελφή","severity":"info","text":"Mary, the sister of Moses, is identified as Miriam. The Greek form Μαρία is used here, as in the Septuagint (Exod 15:20), where she is called a prophetess.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Δεββόρα","severity":"info","text":"Deborah is explicitly called a prophetess in Judg 4:4. Her inclusion follows the biblical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὀλδά","severity":"info","text":"Huldah (Ὀλδά) is the prophetess consulted by King Josiah (2 Kgs 22:14-20). The Greek form reflects the Septuagint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Μαρία ἡ θεοτόκος","severity":"info","text":"Mary the Theotokos concludes the list. The title θεοτόκος (God-bearer) was affirmed at the Council of Ephesus (431 CE), indicating a post-431 date for this list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list numbers only ten prophetesses, not seventy-two as the title suggests; the number seventy-two likely refers to the combined total of prophets and prophetesses, or the list may be incomplete.","The identity of Judith (Ἰουδίθ) is ambiguous: she may be the biblical figure from the Book of Judith, or another tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}