{"slug":"khazarzar-epiphanius-apophthegmata","id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-apophthegmata","title":"Apophthegmata","title_source":"Apophthegmata","author":"Epiphanius","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"greek","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:31:59Z","cost_usd":0.002596},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-apophthegmata","work_id":"khazarzar-epiphanius-apophthegmata","edition":"khazarzar","language":"","license":"Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Apophthegmata.pdf"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":916,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":3658,"commentary_units":24,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":7,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-apophthegmata","abstract":"The Apophthegmata of Epiphanius is a collection of sayings and anecdotes attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–403), a fourth-century bishop and heresiologist. The work belongs to the Apophthegmata Patrum tradition, offering hortatory and ascetical wisdom. Although traditionally ascribed to Epiphanius, the collection likely took shape in the fifth or sixth century. The Greek text survives in multiple manuscript families with significant variation. The Khazarzar edition, based on Migne's Patrologia Graeca, lacks a critical apparatus, limiting its text-critical utility. The sayings were excerpted in Byzantine florilegia and translated into Syriac, Coptic, and Latin, influencing monastic literature in both Eastern and Western traditions.","historical_context":"The sayings are attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, a prominent fourth-century bishop known for his anti-heretical writings, particularly the Panarion. The collection likely emerged in the fifth or sixth century within the monastic circles of Egypt and Palestine, where the Apophthegmata Patrum genre flourished. The Greek text circulated widely, with manuscript families showing considerable variation in ordering and selection. The sayings were incorporated into Byzantine florilegia and translated into Syriac, Coptic, and Latin, reflecting their broad influence. The Khazarzar edition reproduces the text from Migne's Patrologia Graeca but does not provide a critical apparatus or manuscript sigla, limiting its use for scholarly text-critical work. The historical Epiphanius died in 403 CE, but the narratives include events after his death, indicating later compilation.","significance":"The Apophthegmata of Epiphanius exemplifies the transmission of ascetical wisdom from a major heresiologist into the monastic tradition. Its inclusion in Byzantine florilegia and translations into Syriac, Coptic, and Latin demonstrates its cross-cultural influence, shaping monastic literature in both Eastern and Western Christianity. The work also illustrates the fluidity of the Apophthegmata Patrum genre, where sayings were adapted and expanded over time.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 310–403","event":"Life of Epiphanius of Salamis"},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Probable compilation of the Apophthegmata of Epiphanius"},{"date":"6th–9th c.","event":"Transmission in Greek manuscript families with variation"},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Translation into Syriac, Coptic, and Latin"},{"date":"19th c.","event":"Publication in Migne's Patrologia Graeca"},{"date":"21st c.","event":"Khazarzar digital edition based on Migne's text"}],"relations":[{"work":"Apophthegmata Patrum","relation":"Part of the same genre of monastic sayings","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Panarion","relation":"Epiphanius's major heresiological work","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Patrologia Graeca","relation":"Source of the Khazarzar edition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Sayings of the Desert Fathers","relation":"Related collection in the same tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The attribution to Epiphanius is traditional but the collection likely took shape in the fifth or sixth century, after his death.","The Khazarzar edition lacks a critical apparatus and manuscript sigla, limiting its use for text-critical study.","The date of compilation is uncertain; only a broad range (5th–6th c.) can be inferred.","The Greek text survives in multiple manuscript families with significant variation in ordering and selection."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000433,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:31:59Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Patrologia Graeca text (khazarzar mirror)","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Apophthegmata.pdf"}],"checks":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-apophthegmata","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":24,"english_words":916,"source_letters":3641,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work collects sayings and anecdotes attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, a fourth-century bishop and heresiologist. The register is hortatory and ascetical, typical of the Apophthegmata Patrum tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The sayings are traditionally ascribed to Epiphanius (c. 310–403), but the collection likely took shape later, perhaps in the fifth or sixth century, as part of the wider Sayings of the Desert Fathers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Greek text survives in multiple manuscript families, with significant variation in ordering and selection. The present edition follows the Khazarzar digital transcription, which is based on the Greek text of Migne's Patrologia Graeca.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius' sayings were excerpted in Byzantine florilegia and translated into Syriac, Coptic, and Latin, influencing monastic literature in both Eastern and Western traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Khazarzar edition does not provide a critical apparatus or manuscript sigla. Variant readings and the editorial principles behind the text selection are not documented, limiting its use for text-critical study.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: khazarzar — Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου Ἐπιφανίου ἐπισκόπου Κύπρου. αʹ. Διηγήσατο ὁ ἅγιος Ἐπιφάνιος ὁ ἐπίσκοπος, ὅτι ἐπὶ τοῦ μακαρίου Ἀθανασίου τοῦ μεγάλου, κορῶναι περιϊπτάμεναι τὸ τοῦ Σεράπιδος ἱερὸν, ἔκραζον ἀπαύ στως, Κρᾶς, Κρᾶς. Καὶ προστάντες ἐπὶ τὸν μακάριον Ἀθανάσιον οἱ Ἕλληνες, ἔκραξαν· Κακόγηρε, εἰπὲ ἡμῖν τί κράζουσιν αἱ κορῶναι. Καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· Αἱ κορῶναι κράζουσι, Κρᾶς, Κρᾶς· τὸ δὲ Κρᾶς τῇ Αὐσωνίων φωνῇ αὔριόν ἐστι καὶ προσετίθει, ὅτι Αὔριον ὄψεσθε τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ. Καὶ ἑξῆς ἠγγέλθη ὁ θάνατος τοῦ Ἰουλιανοῦ βασιλέως. Καὶ τούτου γενομένου, συνδραμόντες κατέκραζον τοῦ Σεράπιδος, λέγοντες· Ἐὰν οὐκ ἤθελες αὐτὸν, τί ἐλάμβανες τὰ αὐτοῦ; βʹ. Ὁ αὐτὸς διηγήσατο, ὅτι ἦν τις ἡνίοχος κατὰ τὴν Ἀλεξανδρέων, ὃς ἦν μητρὸς Μαρίας υἱός. Οὗτος ἱππικοῦ ἐπιτελουμένου κατέπεσεν· εἶτα ἀναστὰς παρῆλθε τὸν καταβεβληκότα, καὶ ἐνίκησε. Καὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἀνεβόησεν· Ὁ Υἱὸς Μαρίας πέπτωκε καὶ ἐγήγερται καὶ ἐνίκησε. Ταύτης ἔτι τῆς φωνῆς λεγομένης, ἐνέπεσεν ἡ περὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τοῦ Σεράπιδος φήμη τῷ πλήθει, ὅτι ὁ μέγας Θεόφιλος ἀνελθὼν, τὸ τοῦ Σεράπιδος κατέστρεψεν εἴδωλον, καὶ τοῦ ναοῦ γέγονεν ἐγκρατής. γʹ. Ἐδηλώθη τῷ μακαρίῳ Ἐπιφανίῳ τῷ ἐπισκόπῳ Κύπρου παρὰ τοῦ ἀββᾶ τῆς μονῆς ἧς εἶχεν ἐν Παλαιστίνῃ, ὅτι Εὐχαῖς σου οὐκ ἠμελήσαμεν τοῦ κανόνος ἡμῶν, ἀλλὰ μετὰ σπουδῆς καὶ τὴν τρίτην καὶ τὴν ἕκτην καὶ τὴν ἐννάτην ἐπιτελοῦμεν. Ὁ δὲ καταγνοὺς αὐτῶν, ἐδήλωσεν αὐτοῖς λέγων, ὅτι Φανεροί ἐστε ἀμελοῦντες τὰς ἄλλας ὥρας τῆς ἡμέρας ἀργοῦντες ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχῆς.","english":"Concerning Saint Epiphanius, Bishop of Cyprus. 1. Saint Epiphanius the bishop related that in the time of the blessed Athanasius the Great, crows flying around the temple of Serapis cried out incessantly, \"Cras, Cras.\" And the pagans, approaching the blessed Athanasius, cried out, \"Wretched old man, tell us what the crows are crying.\" And he answered and said, \"The crows cry, 'Cras, Cras'; and 'Cras' in the Ausonian tongue means 'tomorrow,'\" and he added, \"Tomorrow you will see the glory of God.\" And thereafter the death of the Emperor Julian was announced. And when this happened, they ran together and cried out against Serapis, saying, \"If you did not want him, why did you accept his offerings?\" 2. The same man related that there was a certain charioteer in Alexandria, who was the son of a mother named Mary. When a horse race was being held, he fell; then, rising, he passed the one who had thrown him and won. And the crowd shouted, \"The Son of Mary has fallen and risen and conquered.\" While this cry was still being uttered, the report concerning the temple of Serapis fell upon the crowd, that the great Theophilus had gone up, overthrown the idol of Serapis, and taken possession of the temple. 3. It was reported to the blessed Epiphanius, the bishop of Cyprus, by the abba of the monastery which he had in Palestine, that \"By your prayers we have not neglected our rule, but with zeal we perform both the third, the sixth, and the ninth hours.\" And he, disapproving of them, reported to them saying, \"It is evident that you are neglecting the other hours of the day, being idle from prayer.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σεράπιδος","severity":"info","text":"The temple of Serapis in Alexandria was a major pagan cult site. Its destruction under Bishop Theophilus in 391 CE marked a decisive moment in the Christianization of the Roman Empire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Κρᾶς","severity":"info","text":"The Greek word κρᾶς is a transliteration of the Latin crās, meaning 'tomorrow.' The anecdote plays on the phonetic coincidence of the crows' cry and the Latin word.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Υἱὸς Μαρίας","severity":"info","text":"The crowd's acclamation 'The Son of Mary has fallen and risen and conquered' echoes Christian language about Christ's resurrection, here applied to a charioteer, creating a typological parallel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἰουλιανοῦ βασιλέως","severity":"info","text":"The death of Emperor Julian the Apostate occurred in 363 CE, well before Theophilus's destruction of the Serapeum in 391 CE. The narrative conflates events from different decades.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"αʹ. βʹ. γʹ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into three numbered sections (αʹ, βʹ, γʹ), each presenting a distinct anecdote about Epiphanius: a prophecy, a typological omen, and a monastic discipline rebuke.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Διηγήσατο","severity":"caution","text":"The attribution of these stories to Epiphanius himself is a literary device; the historical Epiphanius died in 403 CE, but the narrative includes events after his death, suggesting later compilation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the three anecdotes is not explicitly stated; they may be independent sayings collected under Epiphanius's name.","The phrase 'τῇ Αὐσωνίων φωνῇ' (Ausonian tongue) refers to Latin, but the term 'Ausonian' is poetic and may reflect literary stylization."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Δεῖ γὰρ τὸν ἀληθινὸν μοναχὸν ἀδιαλείπτως ἔχειν τὴν εὐχὴν καὶ τὴν ψαλμῳδίαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ. δʹ. Ἔπεμψέ ποτε ὁ ἅγιος Ἐπιφάνιος πρὸς τὸν ἀββᾶν Ἱλαρίωνα, παρακαλῶν αὐτὸν, καὶ λέγων· Δεῦρο, ἴδωμεν ἑαυτοὺς πρὸ τοῦ ἐξελθεῖν ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος· καὶ παραγενομένου αὐτοῦ, ἐχάρησαν μετ' ἀλλήλων. Ἐσθιόντων δὲ αὐτῶν, ἠνέχθη πετεινόν. Καὶ λαβὼν ὁ ἐπίσκοπος ἔδωκε τῷ ἀββᾷ Ἱλαρίωνι. Καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ γέρων· Συγχώρησόν μοι, ὅτι ἐξ οὗ ἔλαβον τὸ σχῆμα, οὐκ ἔφαγον θῦμα. Καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ ἐπίσκοπος· Ἐγὼ δὲ ἐξ οὗ ἔλαβον τὸ σχῆμα, οὐκ ἀφῆκά τινα κοιμηθῆναι ἔχοντα κατ' ἐμοῦ, οὐδὲ ἐγὼ ἐκοιμήθην ἔχων κατὰ τινός. Καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ γέρων· Συγχώρησόν μοι, ὅτι ἡ σὴ πολιτεία μείζων ἐστὶ τῆς ἐμῆς. εʹ. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἔλεγεν, ὅτι ἡ εἰκὼν τοῦ Χριστοῦ Μελχισεδὲκ, τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν Ἰουδαίων εὐλόγησε τὸν Ἀβραάμ· πολλῷ πλέον αὐτὴ ἡ ἀλήθεια ὁ Χριστὸς, εὐλογεῖ καὶ ἁγιάζει πάντας τοὺς πιστεύοντας εἰς αὐτόν. ς ʹ. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἔλεγεν· Ἡ Χαναναία βοᾷ καὶ ἀκούεται· καὶ ἡ αἱμόῤῥους σιωπᾷ καὶ μακαρίζεται· ὁ δὲ Φαρισαῖος κράζει καὶ κατακρίνεται· ὁ τελώνης οὐδὲ ἀνοίγει τὸ στόμα καὶ ἀκούεται.","english":"For the true monk must have prayer and psalmody unceasingly in his heart. 4. Saint Epiphanius once sent to Abba Hilarion, beseeching him and saying, \"Come, let us see one another before we depart from the body.\" And when he arrived, they rejoiced together. While they were eating, a fowl was brought. And the bishop took it and gave it to Abba Hilarion. And the old man said to him, \"Forgive me, for since I received the schema, I have not eaten meat.\" And the bishop said to him, \"But I, since I received the schema, have not let anyone sleep who held a grudge against me, nor have I myself slept holding a grudge against anyone.\" And the old man said to him, \"Forgive me, for your way of life is greater than mine.\" 5. The same said that the image of Christ Melchizedek blessed the root of the Jews, Abraham; much more does the truth itself, Christ, bless and sanctify all who believe in him. 6. The same said, \"The Canaanite woman cries out and is heard; the woman with the issue of blood is silent and is blessed; the Pharisee shouts and is condemned; the tax collector does not even open his mouth and is heard.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"σχῆμα","severity":"info","text":"The term σχῆμα (schema) refers to the monastic habit or the state of being a monk, often associated with a formal profession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"θῦμα","severity":"info","text":"θῦμα (thyma) means a sacrificial animal or meat; here it indicates that Hilarion abstains from meat as part of his ascetic practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Μελχισεδὲκ","severity":"info","text":"Melchizedek is a priest-king from Genesis 14:18-20, who blessed Abraham; early Christian typology saw him as a type of Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Χαναναία","severity":"info","text":"The Canaanite woman refers to the Syrophoenician woman in Mark 7:24-30 and Matthew 15:21-28, who cried out to Jesus for help and was heard.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"αἱμόῤῥους","severity":"info","text":"The woman with the issue of blood (αἱμόῤῥους) is the hemorrhaging woman healed by Jesus in Mark 5:25-34; she is silent in the story but blessed by the healing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Φαρισαῖος","severity":"info","text":"The Pharisee and the tax collector are figures from the parable in Luke 18:9-14, where the Pharisee's loud prayer is condemned and the tax collector's humble silence is heard.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text has 'αἱμόῤῥους' (hemorrhaging woman) which is a variant spelling; the standard form is 'αἱμορροοῦσα'.","The phrase 'εἰκὼν τοῦ Χριστοῦ Μελχισεδὲκ' could be read as 'the image of Christ, Melchizedek' or 'the image of Christ Melchizedek'; the translation takes it as a typological identification."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ζʹ. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Δαβὶδ ὁ προφήτης, ἐν ἀωρίᾳ ηὔχετο, μεσονύκτιον ἐξηγείρετο, πρὸ τοῦ ὄρθρου παρεκάλει, ὄρθρου παρίστατο, πρωΐας ἐδέετο, ἑσπέρας καὶ μεσημβρίας ἱκέτευε, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγεν· Ἑπτάκις τῆς ἡμέρας ᾔνεσά σε. ηʹ. Εἶπε πάλιν, ὅτι ἀναγκαία τῶν Χριστιανῶν βιβλίων ἡ κτῆσις τοῖς ἔχουσι. Καὶ αὐτὴ γὰρ\n\nκαθ' ἑαυτὴν τῶν βιβλίων ἡ ὄψις, ὀκνηροτέρους ἡμᾶς πρὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐργάζεται, καὶ πρὸς δικαιοσύνην μᾶλλον διανίστασθαι προτρέπεται. θʹ. Εἶπε πάλιν, ὅτι μεγάλη ἀσφάλεια πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἁμαρτάνειν, τῶν Γραφῶν ἡ ἀνάγνωσις.\n\nιʹ. Εἶπε πάλιν, ὅτι μέγας κρημνὸς καὶ βαθὺ βάραθρον, τῶν Γραφῶν ἡ ἄγνοια. ιαʹ. Εἶπε πάλιν, ὅτι μεγάλη προδοσία σωτηρίας, τὸ μηδένα τῶν θείων νόμων εἰδέναι.\n\nιβʹ. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἔλεγεν, ὅτι τὰ τῶν δικαίων ἁμαρτήματα περὶ τὰ χείλη ἐστὶ, τὰ δὲ τῶν ἀσεβῶν, ἐξ ὅλου τοῦ σώματος. Ὅθεν ψάλλει Δαβίδ· Θοῦ, Κύριε, φυλακὴν τῷ στόματί μου, καὶ θύραν περιοχῆς περὶ τὰ χείλη μου· Καί· Εἶπα, Φυλάξω τὰς ὁδούς μου, τοῦ μὴ ἁμαρτάνειν με ἐν γλώσσῃ μου.","english":"7. The same one said that David the prophet prayed at the untimely hour, rose at midnight, entreated before dawn, stood at dawn, besought in the morning, and supplicated at evening and midday, and because of this he said, \"Seven times a day I have praised you.\" 8. He said again that the possession of Christian books is necessary for those who have them. For even the sight of the books by itself makes us more sluggish toward sin and rather urges us to rouse ourselves toward righteousness. 9. He said again that great security against sinning is the reading of the Scriptures. 10. He said again that great is the precipice and deep the abyss, the ignorance of the Scriptures. 11. He said again that great is the betrayal of salvation, to know none of the divine laws. 12. The same one said that the sins of the righteous are about the lips, but those of the impious, from the whole body. Whence David sings, \"Place, Lord, a guard at my mouth, and a door of enclosure about my lips,\" and \"I said, I will guard my ways, that I may not sin with my tongue.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ζʹ. ηʹ. θʹ. ιʹ. ιαʹ. ιβʹ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a series of six sayings (numbered 7–12) attributed to Epiphanius, each introduced by Εἶπε πάλιν or Ὁ αὐτὸς ἔλεγεν, forming a discrete unit within the Apophthegmata collection.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἑπτάκις τῆς ἡμέρας ᾔνεσά σε","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Seven times a day I have praised you' echoes Psalm 119:164 (LXX 118:164) and reflects the monastic practice of the seven daily prayer hours.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Θοῦ, Κύριε, φυλακὴν τῷ στόματί μου","severity":"info","text":"The quotation 'Place, Lord, a guard at my mouth' is from Psalm 141:3 (LXX 140:3), and 'I said, I will guard my ways' is from Psalm 39:2 (LXX 38:2), both attributed to David.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀωρίᾳ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek term ἀωρίᾳ means 'untimely hour' or 'the dead of night', indicating a time outside the regular prayer hours, emphasizing David's constant devotion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"τῶν Γραφῶν ἡ ἄγνοια","severity":"info","text":"The saying that ignorance of the Scriptures is a 'great precipice and deep abyss' reflects a common patristic theme, e.g., in Origen and John Chrysostom, stressing the necessity of biblical literacy for salvation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"τὰ τῶν δικαίων ἁμαρτήματα περὶ τὰ χείλη ἐστὶ","severity":"info","text":"The contrast between sins of the righteous (verbal) and of the impious (bodily) is a traditional ascetic motif, later influential in monastic literature on the primacy of speech discipline.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text is clear; no significant ambiguities in this passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ιγʹ. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἠρωτήθη, Διατί δέκα μέν εἰσιν αἱ νομικαὶ ἐντολαὶ, ἐννέα δὲ οἱ μακαρισμοί; καὶ ἔφη· Ἰσάριθμος τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν μαστίγων ὁ Δεκάλογος· τριπλῆς δὲ Τριάδος εἰκὼν, ἡ τῶν μακαρισμῶν ἀρίθμησις. ιδʹ. Ἠρωτήθη ὁ αὐτὸς, εἰ ἀρκεῖ εἷς δίκαιος δυσωπῆσαι τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ ἔφη· Ναὶ, αὐτὸς γὰρ εἶπεν· Ἐρευνήσατε ἕνα ποιοῦντα κρῖμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην, καὶ ἵλεως ἔσομαι παντὶ τῷ λαῷ.\n\nιεʹ. Ὁ αὐτὸς εἶπεν, ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς τοῖς μὲν ἁμαρτωλοῖς καὶ τὸ κεφάλαιον παραχωρεῖ μετανοοῦσιν, ὡς τῇ πόρνῃ καὶ τῷ τελώνῃ· τοὺς δὲ δικαίους ἀπαι τεῖ καὶ τόκους. Καὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν ὃ τοῖς ἀποστόλοις ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ἡ δικαιοσύνη ὑμῶν, πλέον τῶν γραμματέων καὶ Φαρισαίων, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν.\n\nις ʹ. Ἔλεγε δὲ καὶ τοῦτο, ὅτι ὀλίγον πάνυ τὰς δικαιοσύνας ὁ Θεὸς πωλεῖ τοῖς ἀγοράζειν σπουδάζουσι· μικροῦ κλάσματος ἄρτου, εὐτελοῦς ἱματίου, ψυχροῦ ποτηρίου, ἑνὸς ὀβολοῦ. ιζʹ. Προσετίθει δὲ καὶ τοῦτο, ὅτι παρ' ἀνθρώπῳ δανειζόμενος ἄνθρωπος διὰ πενίαν, ἢ χρείαν εὐπορίας, καὶ ἀποδιδοὺς χάριτας μὲν ὁμολογεῖ, κρύφα δὲ ἀποδίδωσιν αἰσχυνόμενος. Ὁ δὲ δεσπότης Θεὸς τὸ ἀνάπαλιν· κρυφῆ δανειζόμενος ἐνώπιον ἀγγέλων καὶ ἀρχαγγέλων καὶ δικαίων ἀποδίδωσιν.","english":"13. The same one was asked, \"Why are there ten legal commandments, but nine beatitudes?\" And he said, \"The Decalogue is equal in number to the Egyptian plagues; the numbering of the beatitudes is an image of a triple Trinity.\" 14. The same one was asked whether one righteous man suffices to appease God, and he said, \"Yes, for He Himself said, 'Search out one man who performs judgment and righteousness, and I will be merciful to the whole people.'\"\n\n15. The same one said that God, to sinners who repent, forgives even the principal, as to the harlot and the tax collector; but from the righteous He demands even the interest. And this is what He said to the apostles, that \"Unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven.\"\n\n16. He also said this, that God sells righteousness very cheaply to those who are eager to buy: for a small piece of bread, a cheap garment, a cold cup of water, a single obol. 17. He added also this, that when a man borrows from another man because of poverty or need of means, and repays, he acknowledges gratitude, but secretly repays with shame. But the Lord God does the opposite: He borrows secretly, but repays in the presence of angels and archangels and the righteous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Δεκάλογος","severity":"info","text":"The Decalogue (Exod 20:1–17) is here equated in number with the ten plagues of Egypt (Exod 7–12), a typological link found in patristic exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐρευνήσατε ἕνα ποιοῦντα κρῖμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην","severity":"info","text":"This saying is not a direct biblical quotation; it may echo Gen 18:23–33 (Abraham’s plea for Sodom) or a lost apocryphon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ἡ δικαιοσύνη ὑμῶν","severity":"info","text":"The warning to the apostles adapts Matt 5:20, where Jesus says the disciples’ righteousness must exceed that of the scribes and Pharisees.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"τῇ πόρνῃ καὶ τῷ τελώνῃ","severity":"info","text":"The harlot and tax collector are stock examples of repentant sinners in early monastic literature; the tax collector recalls the parable of Zacchaeus (Luke 19:1–10).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ιγʹ. ιδʹ. ιεʹ. ιςʹ. ιζʹ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a series of five numbered sayings (13–17) attributed to the same speaker, each introduced by a formula (ὁ αὐτός).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τριπλῆς δὲ Τριάδος εἰκών","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'image of a triple Trinity' is obscure; it may refer to the nine beatitudes as three groups of three, but the arithmetic is not explained.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the same one' (ὁ αὐτός) is not specified in the Greek; the Coptic context (not provided) may clarify whether it is Epiphanius or another figure.","The source of the saying in §14 ('Search out one man...') is uncertain; it may be a paraphrase of a lost Jewish or Christian text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}