{"slug":"khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","title":"Anacephalaeosis","title_source":"Anacephalaeosis","author":"Epiphanius","genre":"treatise","date":null,"tradition":"greek","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T19:41:51Z","cost_usd":0.012809},"source":{"registry_id":"greek:khazarzar:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","work_id":"khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","edition":"khazarzar","language":"","license":null,"url":null},"stats":{"passages":23,"english_words":5319,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":24061,"commentary_units":138,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":40,"work_notes":4,"external_links":2,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","abstract":"The Anacephalaeosis is a Greek heresiological summary traditionally attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–403) but likely composed in the 5th–6th century. It survives in a single 13th-century manuscript, Codex Vaticanus gr. 503, which shows signs of scribal abbreviation and possible interpolation. The work organizes heresies from Barbarism and Scythism onward, framing them within biblical salvation history. It was used in Byzantine catenae and Latin florilegia but never achieved wide circulation. This edition lacks a critical apparatus, limiting its value for textual criticism.","historical_context":"The Anacephalaeosis is a pseudepigraphon attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, a 4th-century bishop known for his Panarion, a comprehensive heresiology. The work's style and content suggest a later date, likely the 5th–6th century, placing it in the late antique or early Byzantine period. It was produced in a Greek-speaking Christian community, possibly in the Eastern Mediterranean, where heresiological summaries were used for doctrinal instruction and polemic. The text survives in a single 13th-century manuscript (Vaticanus gr. 503), indicating limited transmission. It was later excerpted in Byzantine catenae and Latin florilegia, reflecting its use as a reference for heresy classification. The work's reliance on biblical chronology (e.g., from Adam to the Tower of Babel) and ethnographic traditions (e.g., linking Scythism to Thracians) aligns with late antique Christian historiography.","significance":"The Anacephalaeosis is significant as a later summary of Epiphanian heresiology, illustrating how early Christian heresy lists were adapted and transmitted in Byzantine and Latin traditions. It provides insight into the development of heresiological genres and the use of biblical and ethnographic frameworks to categorize religious deviation. Its survival in a single manuscript highlights the selective preservation of such texts.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 310–403","event":"Life of Epiphanius of Salamis, to whom the work is traditionally attributed."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Anacephalaeosis as a pseudepigraphon."},{"date":"13th c.","event":"Copying of Codex Vaticanus gr. 503, the sole surviving manuscript."},{"date":"Byzantine period","event":"Use of the Anacephalaeosis in Byzantine catenae and heresiological compilations."},{"date":"Medieval Latin period","event":"Excerpts appear in Latin florilegia, indicating Western reception."}],"relations":[{"work":"Panarion","relation":"The Anacephalaeosis is a summary or epitome of Epiphanius's Panarion, though likely by a later author.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Codex Vaticanus gr. 503","relation":"The sole surviving manuscript, containing the Anacephalaeosis.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Byzantine catenae","relation":"The work was used as a source for heresiological summaries in these compilations.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Latin florilegia","relation":"Excerpts of the Anacephalaeosis appear in medieval Latin florilegia.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"Khazarzar edition of the Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf","reason":"Primary source edition used for this dossier."},{"key":"wikipedia:Epiphanius of Salamis","label":"Epiphanius of Salamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis","reason":"Provides background on the traditional author and his heresiological work."}],"cautions":["Attribution to Epiphanius of Salamis is traditional but uncertain; the work is likely a pseudepigraphon from the 5th–6th century.","The text survives in a single 13th-century manuscript with signs of scribal abbreviation and possible interpolation.","This edition lacks a critical apparatus and does not collate variant readings, limiting its use for textual criticism."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000439,"generated":"2026-11-15T18:56:47Z"},"links":[],"checks":{"work":"khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":23,"translated":23,"commentary_passages":23,"commentary_units":138,"english_words":5319,"source_letters":24062,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4.1-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Anacephalaeosis survives in a single Greek manuscript, Codex Vaticanus gr. 503, from the 13th century. The text shows signs of scribal abbreviation and possible interpolation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Attribution to Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–403) is traditional but uncertain. The work's style and content suggest a later date, possibly 5th–6th century, making it a pseudepigraphon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Anacephalaeosis was used as a source for heresiological summaries in Byzantine catenae and later Latin florilegia, though it never achieved wide circulation or canonical status.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition lacks a critical apparatus and does not collate the manuscript against other witnesses. Variant readings and scribal errors remain unmarked, limiting its use for textual criticism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Greek; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 23 narrative."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: John 1:14."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: khazarzar."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":23},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis":{"label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Τάδε ἔνεστιν ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τόμῳ τοῦ πρώτου βιβλίου τοῦ κατὰ τῶν εἴκοσι αἱρέσεων ἐλέγχου, ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν αἱρέσεις κ οὕτως· Πρῶτον μὲν αἱ τῶν αἱρέσεων πασῶν μητέρες τε καὶ πρωτότυποι ὀνομασίαι, ἐξ ὧν μητέρων πέντε αἱ ἄλλαι ἐφύησαν, καὶ εἰσὶν αὗται αἱ πρῶται τέσσαρες·\n\nα. Πρώτη Βαρβαρισμός, ἥτις καθ' ἑαυτήν ἐστι, διαρκέσασα ἀφ' ἡμερῶν τοῦ Ἀδὰμ ἐπὶ δέκα γενεαῖς ἕως τοῦ Νῶε. Βαρβαρισμὸς δὲ κέκληται ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ τοὺς τότε ἀνθρώπους ἀρχηγόν τινα ἔχειν ἢ μίαν συμφωνίαν, ἀλλ' ὅτι πᾶς τις ἑαυτῷ ἐστοίχει καὶ νόμος ἑαυτῷ κατὰ τὴν προτίμησιν τοῦ ἰδίου βουλήματος ἐγίνετο. β. Δευτέρα Σκυθισμός, ἀπὸ τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ Νῶε καὶ μετέπειτα ἄχρι τῆς τοῦ πύργου οἰκοδομῆς καὶ Βαβυλῶνος καὶ μετὰ τὸν τοῦ πύργου χρόνον ἐπὶ ὀλίγοις ἔτεσι τουτέστιν ἕως Φαλὲκ καὶ Ῥαγαῦ· οἵτινες ἐπὶ τὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης κλίμα νενευκότες τῷ τῆς Σκυθίας μέρει καὶ τοῖς αὐτῶν ἔθνεσι προσεκρίθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Θάρρα ἡλικίας καὶ ἐπέκεινα, ἐξ οὗπερ οἱ Θρᾷκες γεγόνασι.","english":"The following is contained in the first volume of the first book of the refutation against the twenty heresies, in which there are twenty heresies as follows: First, the mothers and original names of all heresies, from which mothers five others sprang, and these are the first four:\n\na. First, Barbarism, which exists by itself, having lasted from the days of Adam for ten generations until Noah. It is called Barbarism because the men of that time had no leader or single agreement, but each one was guided by himself and became a law unto himself according to the preference of his own will. b. Second, Scythism, from the days of Noah and thereafter until the building of the tower and Babylon, and after the time of the tower for a few years, that is, until Peleg and Reu; who, having inclined toward the region of Europe, were assigned to the part of Scythia and to their own nations from the age of Terah and beyond, from whom the Thracians came.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Τάδε ἔνεστιν ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τόμῳ τοῦ πρώτου βιβλίου","severity":"info","text":"This opening formula introduces the first volume of the first book of the refutation, establishing a clear structural division within the larger work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαρβαρισμός","severity":"info","text":"Barbarism is the first 'mother' heresy, defined as a state of lawlessness and individualism before any organized society or religion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σκυθισμός","severity":"info","text":"Scythism is the second 'mother' heresy, associated with the postdiluvian period and the peoples of Scythia and Thrace.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπὸ τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ Νῶε καὶ μετέπειτα ἄχρι τῆς τοῦ πύργου οἰκοδομῆς","severity":"info","text":"The chronology from Noah to the Tower of Babel reflects the biblical timeline in Genesis, used by Epiphanius to frame the origin of heresies within salvation history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ τοὺς τότε ἀνθρώπους ἀρχηγόν τινα ἔχειν","severity":"info","text":"Barbarism is dated from Adam to Noah (ten generations), while Scythism extends from Noah to Peleg and Reu, aligning with the genealogical framework of Genesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐξ οὗπερ οἱ Θρᾷκες γεγόνασι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius connects Scythism to the Thracians, reflecting a late antique ethnographic tradition that traced European peoples to Scythian origins.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text does not specify the exact number of 'mother' heresies beyond the first four; the draft says 'five others sprang' but the Greek reads 'πέντε αἱ ἄλλαι ἐφύησαν' (five others grew), which may include the four listed or be a separate group."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"γ. Τρίτη Ἑλληνισμός, ἀπὸ τῶν χρόνων τοῦ Σεροὺχ ἐναρξάμενος διά τοι τῆς εἰδωλολατρείας καὶ ὡς ἐστοίχουν τὸ τηνικαῦτα ἕκαστος κατά τινα δεισιδαιμονίαν ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον πολιτικώτερον καὶ ἐπὶ ἔθη καὶ θεσμούς. εἰδώλων μέντοι γε ἐναρξαμένων τάττεσθαι, τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένη οἷς τότε στοιχήσαντες * ἐθεοποίουν, διὰ μὲν χρωμάτων διαγράφοντες τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπεικονίζοντες τοὺς πάλαι παρ' αὐτοῖς τετιμημένους ἢ τυράννους ἢ γόητας ἤ τινάς τι δράσαντας ἐν βίῳ μνήμης δοκοῦν ἄξιον, δι' ἀλκῆς τε ἢ σωμάτων εὐρωστίας *· ἔπειτα δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν χρόνων τοῦ Θάρρα πατρὸς Ἀβραὰμ καὶ δι' ἀγαλμάτων τὴν πλάνην τῆς εἰδωλολατρείας εἰσηγησάμενοι, τοὺς ἑαυτῶν προπάτορας δι' ἀπεικονισμῶν τετιμηκότες καὶ τοὺς πρὸ αὐτῶν τετελευτηκότας τεχνησάμενοι ἐκ κεραμικῆς ἐπιστήμης τὸ πρῶτον, ἔπειτα δι' ἑκάστης τέχνης μιμησάμενοι, οἰκοδόμοι μὲν λίθον ξέσαντες, ἀργυροκόποι δὲ καὶ χρυσοχόοι διὰ τῆς ἰδίας ὕλης τεκτηνάμενοι, οὕτω καὶ τέκτονες καὶ οἱ καθεξῆς· Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ ὁμοῦ καὶ Βαβυλώνιοι καὶ Φρύγες καὶ Φοίνικες ταύτης τῆς θρῃσκείας πρῶτοι εἰσηγηταὶ γεγόνασιν, ἀγαλματοποιίας τε καὶ μυστηρίων, ἀφ' ὧν τὰ πλεῖστα εἰς Ἕλληνας μετηνέχθη ἀπὸ τῆς Κέκροπος ἡλικίας καὶ καθεξῆς, μετέπειτα δὲ καὶ ὑστέρῳ πολὺ τοὺς περὶ Κρόνον καὶ Ῥέαν, Δία τε καὶ Ἀπόλλωνα καὶ τοὺς καθεξῆς θεοὺς ἀναγορεύσαντες. Ἕλληνες δὲ κέκληνται ἀπὸ Ἕλληνός τινος ἀνδρὸς τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι κατῳκηκότων καὶ τὴν προσωνυμίαν τῇ χώρᾳ παρεχομένου, ὡς δὲ ἕτεροί φασιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐλαίας τῆς ἐν Ἀθήναις βλαστησάσης.","english":"3. Third, Hellenism, which began from the time of Serouch through idolatry, and how each one at that time followed according to some superstition, becoming more civic and moving toward customs and institutions. For when idols first began to be set in order, the races of men, whom they then followed, deified them, at first by means of colors depicting and portraying those long ago honored among them—whether tyrants or sorcerers or any who had done something in life deemed worthy of remembrance, through strength or vigor of bodies. Then, from the time of Tharrha, father of Abraham, they introduced the error of idolatry through statues, honoring their own forefathers through representations and fashioning those who had died before them, first from the craft of pottery, then imitating through every art: stonecutters carving stone, silversmiths and goldsmiths working their own material, and likewise carpenters and so forth. Egyptians together with Babylonians, Phrygians, and Phoenicians became the first introducers of this worship, both of statue-making and of mysteries, from which most things were transferred to the Greeks from the time of Cecrops and thereafter; much later they proclaimed Cronus and Rhea, Zeus and Apollo and the subsequent gods. They are called Greeks from a certain man named Hellen, one of those who dwelt in Greece and gave the name to the region, though others say it is from the olive tree that sprouted in Athens.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἑλληνισμός","severity":"info","text":"Hellenism here denotes the pagan religious system of the Greeks, not the later cultural or linguistic sense. Epiphanius uses it as a heresy label for polytheistic worship.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σερούχ","severity":"info","text":"Serouch (Serug) is a biblical patriarch, son of Reu, appearing in Gen 11:20–23. Epiphanius dates the start of Hellenism to his time, linking idolatry to the post-Flood generations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Θάρρα","severity":"info","text":"Tharrha (Terah) is Abraham's father, mentioned in Gen 11:26. Epiphanius associates the introduction of statue-worship with his era, reflecting a common patristic tradition that Terah was an idol-maker.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the third of five 'mother heresies' (Barbarism, Scythism, Hellenism, Judaism, Christianity) in Epiphanius's genealogical scheme. Hellenism is traced through two phases: painting and statuary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἕλληνες","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius offers two folk etymologies for 'Hellenes': from the man Hellen or from the olive tree (ἐλαία) in Athens. This reflects ancient aetiologies found in sources like Herodotus and later Byzantine lexica.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐστοίχουν","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ἐστοίχουν (from στοιχέω) is ambiguous: it can mean 'followed' or 'were arranged'. The English draft takes it as 'followed', but the sense of 'being aligned with' a superstition is also possible.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'οἷς τότε στοιχήσαντες' could be read as 'whom they then followed' or 'to which they were then aligned'; the English draft opts for the former.","The identity of 'Ἕλλην' as a person is uncertain; Epiphanius reports it as a tradition, not a fact."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Ἴωνες δὲ τούτων ἀρχηγοὶ γεγόνασιν, ὡς ἔχει ἡ ἀκρίβεια, ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰωυάν *, ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς τῶν τὸν πύργον οἰκοδομησάντων, ὅτε αἱ γλῶσσαι διεμερίσθησαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, δι' ἣν αἰτίαν καὶ Μέροπες πάντες κέκληνται διὰ τὴν μεμερισμένην φωνήν. ὕστερον δὲ ὁ Ἑλληνισμὸς εἰς αἱρέσεις κατέστη κατωτέρω τῷ χρόνῳ, φημὶ δὲ Πυθαγορείων καὶ Στωϊκῶν καὶ Πλατωνικῶν καὶ Ἐπικουρείων καὶ λοιπῶν. θεοσεβείας δὲ χαρακτὴρ ὑπῆρχεν ἅμα καὶ ὁ κατὰ φύσιν νόμος, πολιτευόμενος ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ἐθνῶν, ἑαυτὸν ἀφορίζων ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου καταβολῆς καὶ δεῦρο, μέσος τυγχάνων Βαρβαρισμοῦ καὶ Σκυθισμοῦ καὶ Ἑλληνισμοῦ, ἕως ὅτου συνήφθη τῇ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ θεοσεβείᾳ.\n\nδ. Καὶ μετέπειτα Ἰουδαϊσμός, ἀπὸ τῶν χρόνων Ἀβραὰμ τὸν χαρακτῆρα διὰ περιτομῆς εἰληφὼς καὶ ἐν Μωυσῇ, ἑβδόμῳ ἀπὸ Ἀβραάμ, διὰ τοῦ δι' αὐτοῦ δοθέντος\n\nνόμου ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πλατυνθείς, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Ἰούδα, τετάρτου υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἰακὼβ τοῦ ἐπικληθέντος Ἰσραήλ,διὰ Δαυὶδ τοῦ πρώτου βασιλεύσαντος ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ αὐτοῦ Ἰούδα φυλῆς τὸ τέλειον τοῦ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ ὄνομα κεκληρωμένος. σαφῶς γὰρ περὶ τούτων τῶν τεσσάρων αἱρέσεων ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐπιτιμῶν ἔφη «ἐν γὰρ Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ οὐ βάρβαρος, οὐ Σκύθης, οὐχ Ἕλλην, οὐκ Ἰουδαῖος ἀλλὰ καινὴ κτίσις». Ἑλλήνων διαφοραί· ε. Πυθαγόρειοι εἴτ' οὖν Περιπατητικοί· τὴν μονάδα καὶ τὴν πρόνοιαν καὶ τὸ κωλύειν θύεσθαι τοῖς δῆθεν θεοῖς Πυθαγόρας ἐδογμάτισεν, ἐμψύχων τε μὴ μεταλαμβάνειν, ἀπὸ οἴνου δὲ ἐγκρατεύεσθαι. διώριζεν δὲ ἅμα τὰ ἀπὸ σελήνης καὶ ἄνω ἀθάνατα λέγων, τὰ δὲ ὑποκάτω θνητά·","english":"The Ionians became the leaders of these, as the accurate account holds, from Javan, one of the men who built the tower, when the languages of men were divided, for which reason all are called Meropes because of the divided speech. Later, however, Hellenism devolved into heresies in the course of time, I mean those of the Pythagoreans, Stoics, Platonists, Epicureans, and the rest. But the character of true religion also existed, along with the law according to nature, being practiced among these nations, separating itself from the foundation of the world until now, standing in the middle between Barbarism, Scythism, and Hellenism, until it was joined to the piety of Abraham.\n\n4. And afterwards, Judaism, having received its character through circumcision from the time of Abraham, and in Moses, the seventh from Abraham, was broadened through the law given by God through him, and from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob who was called Israel, through David, the first to reign from the tribe of the same Judah, it obtained the full name of Judaism. For clearly concerning these four heresies the apostle said in rebuke, \"For in Christ Jesus there is neither barbarian, nor Scythian, nor Greek, nor Jew, but a new creation.\" Differences of the Greeks: 5. Pythagoreans, or Peripatetics: Pythagoras taught the monad and providence and the prohibition of sacrificing to the so-called gods, and not partaking of ensouled beings, and abstaining from wine. He also defined that things from the moon and above are immortal, while those below are mortal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἴωνες","severity":"info","text":"The Ionians are here derived from Javan (Ἰωυάν), the biblical figure (Gen 10:2, 4), linking Greek ethnicity to the Tower of Babel narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μέροπες","severity":"info","text":"Meropes (Μέροπες) is an obscure term, possibly a pun on μεμερισμένην φωνήν (divided speech), used to denote all humans after Babel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ἐν γὰρ Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ οὐ βάρβαρος, οὐ Σκύθης, οὐχ Ἕλλην, οὐκ Ἰουδαῖος","severity":"info","text":"This is a paraphrase of Paul, Colossians 3:11 (or a similar Pauline formula), not a direct quotation; Epiphanius adapts it to his fourfold scheme.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Πυθαγόρειοι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius conflates Pythagoreans and Peripatetics, attributing to Pythagoras doctrines of the monad, providence, and vegetarianism, reflecting a doxographical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"δ. Καὶ μετέπειτα Ἰουδαϊσμός","severity":"info","text":"This section (4) introduces Judaism as the fourth 'heresy' in Epiphanius's scheme, following Barbarism, Scythism, and Hellenism, and preceding the list of Greek philosophical schools.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"θεοσεβείας δὲ χαρακτὴρ","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius posits a primordial 'true religion' (θεοσέβεια) alongside natural law, existing between the three false systems, a concept later influential in Christian heresiology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The term Μέροπες is obscure; it may be a learned allusion or a neologism. The reading 'all are called Meropes' is taken as a reference to divided speech, but the exact source is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"μεταγγισμούς τε ψυχῶν ἀπὸ σωμάτων εἰς σώματα ἄχρι ζῴων καὶ κνωδάλων, σιωπὴν δὲ ἅμα ἀσκεῖν ἐπὶ χρόνον πέντε ἐτῶν ἐδίδασκε. τὸ τελευταῖον δὲ ἑαυτὸν θεὸν ὠνόμασε. ς΄ ϛ. Πλατωνικοὶ θεὸν καὶ ὕλην καὶ εἶδος, καὶ τὸν κόσμον γενητὸν καὶ φθαρτὸν ὑπάρχειν, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ ἀγένητον καὶ ἀθάνατον καὶ θείαν· εἶναι δὲ αὐτῆς τρία μέρη, λογικὸν θυμικὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμητικόν· τὰς δὲ γυναῖκας κοινὰς τοῖς πᾶσι γίνεσθαι καὶ μηδένα μίαν ἔχειν γαμετὴν ἰδίαν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς θέλοντας ταῖς βουλομέναις συνεῖναι· μεταγγισμὸν δὲ ὡσαύτως ψυχῶν εἰς σωμάτων διαφορὰς ἄχρι κνωδάλων, ὁμοῦ δὲ καὶ θεοὺς ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς πολλοὺς ἐδογμάτισαν.\n\nζ. Στωϊκοὶ σῶμα τὸ πᾶν δογματίζοντες καὶ τὸν αἰσθητὸν τοῦτον κόσμον θεὸν νομίζοντες, τινὲς δὲ ἐκ τῆς τοῦ πυρὸς οὐσίας τὴν φύσιν ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἀπεφήναντο. καὶ τὸν μὲν θεὸν νοῦν ὁρίζουσι καὶ ὡς ψυχὴν παντὸς τοῦ ὄντος κύτους οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς· σῶμα δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸ πᾶν, ὡς ἔφην, καὶ ὀφθαλμοὺς τοὺς φωστῆρας. τὴν δὲ σάρκα πάντων ἀπόλλυσθαι καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν πάντων μεταγγίζεσθαι ἀπὸ σώματος εἰς σῶμα. η. Ἐπικούρειοι ἄτομα καὶ ἀμερῆ σώματα, ὁμοιομερῆ τε καὶ ἄπειρα τὴν ἀρχὴν εἶναι τῶν πάντων ὑπεστήσαντο καὶ τέλος εἶναι εὐδαιμονίας τὴν ἡδονὴν ἐδογμάτισαν καὶ μήτε θεὸν μήτε πρόνοιαν τὰ πράγματα διοικεῖν. θ. Σαμαρειτισμὸς καὶ οἱ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ Σαμαρεῖται, ὅς ἐστιν ἀπὸ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ, πρὸ μὲν τοῦ καταστῆναι αἱρέσεις εἰς Ἕλληνας καὶ πρὸ τοῦ συστῆναι αὐτῶν τὰ δόγματα, μετὰ δὲ τὸ εἶναι Ἑλλήνων τὴν θρῃσκείαν καὶ μέσον τοῦ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ τὴν πρόφασιν εἰληφὼς ἀπὸ τῶν χρόνων Ναβουχοδονόσορ καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἰουδαίων αἰχμαλωσίας·","english":"transmigrations of souls from bodies into bodies, even into animals and beasts, and he taught to practice silence for a period of five years. Finally, he named himself a god. 6. Platonists: they dogmatized that God, matter, and form exist, and that the cosmos is generated and perishable, but the soul is ungenerated, immortal, and divine; and that it has three parts: the rational, the spirited, and the appetitive; and that women are common to all and no one has a private wife, but those who wish may consort with those who are willing; and likewise transmigration of souls into different bodies, even into beasts, and also they dogmatized many gods from the one.\n\n7. Stoics: they dogmatized that the whole is body, and they consider this sensible cosmos to be God, and some declared that he has his nature from the substance of fire. And they define God as mind and as the soul of the whole container of heaven and earth; and his body is the whole, as I said, and the luminaries are his eyes. And the flesh of all perishes, and the soul of all is transmigrated from body to body. 8. Epicureans: they posited atoms and indivisible bodies, both homogeneous and infinite, as the origin of all things, and they dogmatized that the end of happiness is pleasure, and that neither God nor providence governs affairs. 9. Samaritanism and the Samaritans from it, which is from Judaism, before the heresies among the Greeks arose and before their doctrines were established, but after the religion of the Greeks existed, and taking its pretext from Judaism in the middle, from the time of Nebuchadnezzar and the captivity of the Jews.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"μεταγγισμούς τε ψυχῶν ἀπὸ σωμάτων εἰς σώματα","severity":"info","text":"The doctrine of transmigration of souls is attributed to Pythagoreans and Platonists, linking Greek philosophical heresies to earlier pagan thought.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Πλατωνικοὶ","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius presents Platonists as dogmatizing common women and transmigration, reflecting a polemical conflation of Platonic and Cynic or Stoic ideas.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Σαμαρειτισμὸς","severity":"info","text":"Samaritanism is treated as a heresy derived from Judaism, chronologically placed after Greek religion but before Greek philosophical heresies, reflecting Epiphanius’s schema of heresy origins.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ς΄ ϛ. ... ζ. ... η. ... θ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses numbered sections (6–9) to catalogue heresies: Platonists, Stoics, Epicureans, then Samaritanism, marking a transition from Greek to non-Greek heresies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"πρὸ μὲν τοῦ καταστῆναι αἱρέσεις εἰς Ἕλληνας","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius dates Samaritanism before the establishment of Greek heresies but after Greek religion, using Nebuchadnezzar’s captivity as a historical anchor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"τὰς δὲ γυναῖκας κοινὰς τοῖς πᾶσι γίνεσθαι","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Platonists advocated common women is not attested in Plato’s dialogues and likely reflects a hostile doxographical tradition or confusion with Cynic or other sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text uses 'μεταγγισμὸν' for transmigration, a term also used by Neoplatonists, but Epiphanius applies it broadly to multiple schools without clear distinction.","The phrase 'Σαμαρειτισμὸς καὶ οἱ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ Σαμαρεῖται' may imply a distinction between the heresy and its adherents, but the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"μέτοικοι δὲ ὄντες ἀπὸ Ἀσσυρίων εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν καὶ λαβόντες τὴν πεντάτευχον μόνην Μωυσέως, τοῦ βασιλέως αὐτοῖς ἀποστείλαντος ἀπὸ Βαβυλῶνος διὰ ἱερέως Ἔσδρα καλουμένου, τὰ πάντα ἔχοντες ἴσα Ἰουδαίων, πλὴν τοῦ βδελύττεσθαι τὰ ἔθνη καὶ μήτε προσψαύειν τινῶν καὶ πλὴν τοῦ ἀρνεῖσθαι νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν καὶ τὰς ἄλλας προφητείας τὰς μετὰ Μωυσέα. Σαμαρειτῶν ἔθνη τέσσαρα·\n\nι. Γοροθηνοί, οἱ ἄλλοις καιροῖς τὰς ἑορτὰς ἄγοντες παρὰ τοὺς Σεβουαίους. ια. Σεβουαῖοι, διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν τῶν ἑορτῶν πρὸς τοὺς Γοροθηνοὺς διαφερόμενοι.\n\nιβ. Ἐσσηνοί, μηδ' ὁποτέροις ἐναντιούμενοι, τοῖς δὲ παρατυγχάνουσι συνεορτάζοντες ἀδιαφόρως.\n\nιγ. Δοσίθεοι, τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἔθεσιν οἷς καὶ Σαμαρεῖται ἐμπολιτευόμενοι, περιτομῇ τε καὶ σαββάτῳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις, χρώμενοί τε τῇ πεντατεύχῳ, περιττότερον δὲ τῶν ἄλλων φυλάττοντες τὸ ἀπέχεσθαι ἐμψύχων καὶ ἐν νηστείαις δὲ συνεχέστατα βιοῦντες. ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ παρθενίαν τινὲς αὐτῶν, ἐγκρατεύονται δὲ ἄλλοι. πιστεύουσι δὲ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν, ὅπερ ξένον ἐστὶ Σαμαρείταις. Ἰουδαίων αἱρέσεις ἑπτά· ιδ. Γραμματεῖς, οἵτινες νομικοὶ μὲν ἦσαν καὶ δευτερωταὶ παραδόσεων τῶν παρ'","english":"They were settlers from Assyria into Judaea, and they received only the Pentateuch of Moses, the king having sent it to them from Babylon through a priest called Ezra. They hold everything equal to the Jews, except that they abhor the nations and do not touch any of them, and except that they deny the resurrection of the dead and the other prophecies after Moses. The nations of the Samaritans are four:\n\n10. Gorotheni, who celebrate the feasts at different times from the Sebouaei. 11. Sebouaei, who differ from the Gorotheni for the same reason concerning the feasts.\n\n12. Esseni, who oppose neither party, but indiscriminately celebrate with whichever they happen upon.\n\n13. Dosithei, who live by the same customs as the Samaritans, using circumcision and the Sabbath and the rest, and employing the Pentateuch, but more than the others they observe abstinence from living beings and live very continuously in fasts. Some of them also practice virginity, and others practice continence. They believe in the resurrection of the dead, which is foreign to the Samaritans. The sects of the Jews are seven: 14. Scribes, who were legal experts and secondary transmitters of traditions from","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σαμαρειτῶν","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius here describes the Samaritans as a group distinct from Jews, tracing their origin to Assyrian settlers who received only the Pentateuch from Ezra. This reflects a common patristic view of Samaritan origins.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Γοροθηνοί","severity":"info","text":"The Gorotheni are one of four Samaritan sects listed by Epiphanius. The name likely derives from a place name or a founder, but its exact origin is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Σεβουαῖοι","severity":"info","text":"The Sebouaei are another Samaritan sect, distinguished from the Gorotheni by their calendar for feast days. The name may be related to the Hebrew word for 'seven' (sheva), possibly indicating a group that observed a different sabbath or festival cycle.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ἐσσηνοί","severity":"info","text":"The Esseni here are a Samaritan sect, not to be confused with the Jewish Essenes. Epiphanius describes them as indifferent to the calendar disputes of other Samaritan groups, celebrating with whichever party they encounter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Δοσίθεοι","severity":"info","text":"The Dosithei are a Samaritan sect named after a founder Dositheus. Epiphanius notes their distinctive belief in resurrection, which was foreign to other Samaritans, and their strict ascetic practices including vegetarianism, fasting, and celibacy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the Samaritan sects (four) to the Jewish sects (seven), beginning with the Scribes (Grammateis). The enumeration continues the catalog of heresies typical of Epiphanius's work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of the Gorotheni and Sebouaei is uncertain; their names may be corrupt or derived from obscure sources.","The relationship between the Samaritan Esseni and the Jewish Essenes is unclear; Epiphanius may be conflating or distinguishing them."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"αὐτοῖς πρεσβυτέρων, τῇ περιττοτέρᾳ ἐθελοθρῃσκείᾳ ἔθη φυλάττοντες ἃ οὐ διὰ τοῦ νόμου μεμαθήκασιν, ἀλλ' ἑαυτοῖς ἐτύπωσαν, σεβάσματα δικαιώματος τῆς νομοθεσίας. ιε. Φαρισαῖοι, ἑρμηνευόμενοι ἀφωρισμένοι, οἱ τὸ ἀκρότατον βιοῦντες καὶ δῆθεν τῶν ἄλλων δοκιμώτεροι· παρ' οἷς καὶ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασις ὡς καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Γραμματεῦσι καὶ ἡ περὶ ἀγγέλων καὶ πνεύματος ἁγίου, ὅτι ἔστι, συγκατάθεσις, πολιτεία τε διάφορος, ἐγκράτεια ἕως χρόνου καὶ παρθενία, νηστεία δὲ δὶς τοῦ σαββάτου, ξεστῶν καθαρισμοὶ καὶ πινάκων καὶ ποτηρίων, ὡς καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Γραμματεῦσι, ἀποδεκατώσεις καὶ ἀπαρχαὶ καὶ ἐνδελεχὴς εὐχὴ καὶ σχήματα ἐθελοθρῃσκευτικὰ τῆς ἐνδυμενίας διά τοι τῆς ἀμπεχόνης καὶ τῶν δαλματικῶν ἤγουν κολοβιώνων καὶ τοῦ πλατυσμοῦ τῶν φυλακτηρίων τουτέστι σημάτων τῆς πορφύρας καὶ κρασπέδων καὶ ῥοΐσκων ἐπὶ τὰ πτερύγια τῆς ἀμπεχόνης, ἅτινα ταῦτα ἐτύγχανε σημεῖα τῆς παρ' αὐτοῖς ἕως καιροῦ ἐγκρατείας· οἳ καὶ παρεισέφερον γένεσιν καὶ εἱμαρμένην. ιςϛ. Σαδδουκαῖοι, ἑρμηνευόμενοι δικαιότατοι, οἳ ἐκ γένους μὲν ἦσαν Σαμαρειτῶν ὁμοῦ δὲ καὶ ἱερέως Σαδδοὺκ ὀνόματι, νεκρῶν μὲν ἀνάστασιν ἀρνούμενοι καὶ μὴ παραδεχόμενοι ἄγγελον μήτε πνεῦμα, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ πάντα ὄντες Ἰουδαῖοι. ιζ. Ἡμεροβαπτισταί· οὗτοι μὲν κατὰ πάντα Ἰουδαῖοι ἦσαν, ἔφασκον δὲ μηδένα ζωῆς τυγχάνειν αἰωνίου, εἰ μή τι ἂν καθ' ἑκάστην βαπτίζοιτο. ιη. Ὀσσηνοί, οἳ δὴ ἰταμώτατοι ἑρμηνεύονται. ἦσαν δὲ οὗτοι τὰ πάντα κατὰ νόμον τελοῦντες, ἐχρῶντο δὲ καὶ γραφαῖς ἑτέραις μετὰ τὸν νόμον, τοὺς δὲ πλείους τῶν μετέπειτα προφητῶν ἀπεβάλλοντο.","english":"they have elders, and by their excessive self-willed religion they keep customs which they have not learned through the law, but have established for themselves, as observances of the ordinance of the legislation. 15. Pharisees, interpreted as \"separated,\" those who live the most extreme life and are supposedly more approved than others; among them there is also resurrection of the dead, as also among the Scribes, and agreement concerning angels and the Holy Spirit, that it exists, and a different way of life, continence up to a time and virginity, fasting twice on the Sabbath, purifications of measures and plates and cups, as also among the Scribes, tithes and first-fruits and continuous prayer and self-willed religious forms of clothing, through the garment and the dalmatics, that is, short-sleeved tunics, and the breadth of the phylacteries, that is, signs of purple and fringes and pomegranates on the edges of the garment, which things were signs of their continence up to a time; they also introduced generation and fate. 16. Sadducees, interpreted as \"most just,\" who were from the race of the Samaritans and also of a priest named Sadduc, denying resurrection of the dead and not accepting an angel or spirit, but in all other respects being Jews. 17. Hemerobaptists; these were Jews in all respects, but they asserted that no one attains eternal life unless he is baptized each day. 18. Ossenes, who are interpreted as \"most audacious.\" These performed everything according to the law, but they also used other scriptures besides the law, and they rejected most of the later prophets.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Φαρισαῖοι, ἑρμηνευόμενοι ἀφωρισμένοι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius glosses 'Pharisees' as 'separated' (ἀφωρισμένοι), a standard etymology in patristic literature, though modern scholarship derives the name from Hebrew pārūš, 'separated'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Σαδδουκαῖοι, ἑρμηνευόμενοι δικαιότατοι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius interprets 'Sadducees' as 'most just' (δικαιότατοι), linking them to a priest named Sadduc. This folk etymology differs from the likely derivation from Zadok, the high priest of David's time.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὀσσηνοί, οἳ δὴ ἰταμώτατοι ἑρμηνεύονται","severity":"info","text":"The Ossenes (Ὀσσηνοί) are glossed as 'most audacious' (ἰταμώτατοι). This group is obscure; Epiphanius elsewhere identifies them with the Essenes, but here he distinguishes them by their rejection of most later prophets.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ιε. Φαρισαῖοι … ιςϛ. Σαδδουκαῖοι … ιζ. Ἡμεροβαπτισταί … ιη. Ὀσσηνοί","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists four Jewish sects in sequence (Pharisees, Sadducees, Hemerobaptists, Ossenes), each introduced with a numeral and an etymology, following the catalog format typical of heresiological works.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἡμεροβαπτισταί","severity":"info","text":"The Hemerobaptists ('daily baptists') are a little-known Jewish sect. Epiphanius's description—that they required daily baptism for eternal life—is one of the few patristic accounts, though its accuracy is debated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαδδουκαῖοι … ἐκ γένους μὲν ἦσαν Σαμαρειτῶν","severity":"caution","text":"Epiphanius claims the Sadducees were of Samaritan descent, a claim not supported by other sources (e.g., Josephus, who links them to the priestly aristocracy). This may reflect a confusion or polemical conflation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the Ossenes and the Essenes is unclear; Epiphanius may be conflating or distinguishing them.","The etymology of 'Ossenes' as 'most audacious' is not attested elsewhere and may be a polemical invention."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ιθ. Νασαραῖοι, ἑρμηνευόμενοι ἀφηνιασταί, οἳ πᾶσαν σαρκοφαγίαν ἀπαγορεύουσιν, ἐμψύχων οὐδ' ὅλως μεταλαμβάνουσιν, ἄχρι δὲ Μωυσέως καὶ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναυῆ τοῖς ἐν τῇ πεντατεύχῳ ἁγίοις ὀνόμασι πατριαρχῶν κεχρημένοι τε καὶ πιστεύοντες, φημὶ δὲ Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Ἰακὼβ καὶ τῶν ἀνωτάτω καὶ αὐτοῦ Μωυσέως καὶ Ἀαρὼνκαὶ Ἰησοῦ. τὰς δὲ τῆς πεντατεύχου γραφὰς οὐκ εἶναι Μωυσέως δογματίζουσιν, ἄλλας δὲ παρ' αὐτὰς ἔχειν διαβεβαιοῦνται.\n\nκ. Ἡρῳδιανοί, οἳ Ἰουδαῖοι μὲν ἦσαν κατὰ πάντα, Ἡρῴδην δὲ Χριστὸν προσεδόκων καὶ τούτῳ τὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἀπεδίδοσαν γέρας καὶ ὄνομα. Οὗτος ὁ πρῶτος τόμος, περιέχων κατὰ πασῶν τῶν εἴκοσι τούτων αἱρέσεων· ἐν αὐτῷ δὲ καὶ ἡ περὶ τῆς Χριστοῦ ἐνδημίας ὑπόθεσις καὶ ἡ τῆς ἀληθείας ὁμολογία. Τάδε ἔνεστι καὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ δευτέρῳ τόμῳ τοῦ πρώτου βιβλίου, ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν αἱρέσεις δεκατρεῖς οὕτως· κα. Σιμωνιανοί, οἱ ἀπὸ Σίμωνος τοῦ μάγου τοῦ ἐπὶ Πέτρου τοῦ ἀποστόλου, κώμης Γιτθῶν τῆς Σαμαρείας. οὗτος ἀπὸ Σαμαρειτῶν ὡρμᾶτο, Χριστοῦ δὲ ὑπέδυ ὄνομα μόνον. ἐδίδαξε δὲ αἰσχροποιίαν, τὴν μίξιν μολυσμοῦ γυναικῶν ἀδιάφορον· σωμάτων δὲ ἀποβάλλεται τὴν ἀνάστασιν καὶ τὸν κόσμον μὴ εἶναι θεοῦ φάσκει. εἰκόνα δὲ ἑαυτοῦ ὡς Διὸς καὶ τῆς σὺν αὐτῷ πόρνης, ὀνόματι Ἑλένης, Ἀθηνᾶς τύπον * τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ μαθηταῖς παρεδίδου εἰς προσκύνησιν. ἔλεγεν δὲ ἑαυτὸν Σαμαρείταις μὲν τὸν πατέρα, Ἰουδαίοις δὲ τὸν Χριστόν.","english":"19. Nasaraeans, interpreted as \"refractory ones,\" who forbid all meat-eating, partake of nothing animate at all, and up to the time of Moses and Joshua son of Nun they use and believe in the holy names of the patriarchs in the Pentateuch, I mean Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the most high, and Moses himself, and Aaron, and Joshua. But they dogmatize that the writings of the Pentateuch are not by Moses, and they affirm that they have other writings besides these.\n\n20. Herodians, who were Jews in every respect, but expected Herod to be the Christ and attributed to him the honor and name of Christ. This is the first volume, containing all these twenty heresies; in it also is the subject of the sojourn of Christ and the confession of the truth. The following are also contained in this second volume of the first book, in which there are thirteen heresies as follows: 21. Simonians, those from Simon the magician, who lived in the time of the apostle Peter, from the village of Gitta in Samaria. This man originated from the Samaritans, but only assumed the name of Christ. He taught obscene practices, indifferent mixing in the defilement of women; he rejects the resurrection of bodies and asserts that the world is not of God. And he handed over to his disciples for worship an image of himself as Zeus and of the harlot with him, named Helen, in the form of Athena. He called himself among Samaritans the Father, and among Jews the Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Νασαραῖοι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius distinguishes the Nasaraeans (Νασαραῖοι) from the Nazoreans (Ναζωραῖοι), a Christian-Jewish group. The term is here interpreted as 'refractory ones' (ἀφηνιασταί), emphasizing their rejection of meat.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Nasaraeans' rejection of the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch and their use of alternative writings align with later Samaritan or Jewish sectarian traditions, though Epiphanius treats them as a Jewish heresy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Herodians are a Jewish group known from the New Testament (Mark 3:6, Matthew 22:16) and Josephus. Epiphanius uniquely claims they expected Herod to be the Messiah, a detail not found in earlier sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the end of the first volume (20 heresies) and the beginning of the second volume (13 heresies) of the first book. The Simonians (21st heresy) open the second volume.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Simon Magus, founder of the Simonians, is a key figure in early Christian heresiology (Acts 8:9-24). Epiphanius adds details: his self-identification as Zeus and his companion Helen as Athena, reflecting later polemical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text at the end of §20 is corrupt: 'τύπον *' likely indicates a lacuna. The English draft omits the asterisk, obscuring the textual problem. The sense is that Simon handed over images for worship.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the Nasaraeans and the Nazoreans is ambiguous; Epiphanius treats them as distinct, but later scholars often conflate them.","The lacuna after 'τύπον' in §20 leaves the exact phrasing of the image description uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"κβ. Μενανδριανοί, οἱ ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ Σίμωνος διὰ Μενάνδρου τινὸς ἐναρξάμενοι, διαφερόμενοι δὲ πρὸς τοὺς Σιμωνιανοὺς κατά τι· ὃς ἀπὸ ἀγγέλων ἔλεγε τὸν κόσμον γεγενῆσθαι.\n\nκγ. Σατορνιλιανοί, οἱ κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν τὴν τῶν Σιμωνιανῶν κρατύναντες αἰσχρολογίαν, ἕτερα δὲ παρὰ τοὺς Σιμωνιανοὺς εἰς ἔκ πληξιν περισσοτέραν κηρύσσοντες, ἀπὸ δὲ Σατορνίλου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐσχηκότες, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς κατὰ Μένανδρον ὑπὸ ἀγγέλων τὸν κόσμον γεγενῆσθαι ἔφασκεν, μόνων δὲ ἑπτά, παρὰ τὴν τοῦ ἄνω\n\nπατρὸς γνώμην.\n\nκδ. Βασιλειδιανοί, τῆς αὐτῆς αἰσχρουργίας τελεσταί, ἀπὸ Βασιλείδου τοῦ ἅμα Σατορνίλῳ τοῖς Σιμωνιανοῖς καὶ Μενανδριανοῖς μεμαθητευμένου, τὰ ὅμοια μὲν φρονοῦντος, κατά τι δὲ διαφερομένου. λέγει δὲ τριακοσίους ἑξήκοντα πέντε οὐρανοὺς εἶναι καὶ τούτοις ὀνόματα ἀγγελικὰ ἐκτίθησιν. διὸ καὶ τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τοσούτων ἡμερῶν εἶναι, καὶ τὸ Ἀβρασὰξ ὄνομα τῆς αὐτῆς ψήφου εἶναι καὶ εἶναι τξε. καὶ εἶναι τοῦτο τὸ ἅγιον ὄνομά φησιν.\n\nκε. Νικολαῗται, ἀπὸ Νικολάου τοῦ ἐπὶ ταῖς χήραις ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων ταχθέντος, ὃς διὰ ζῆλον τῆς ἰδίας γαμετῆς τὴν αἰσχρουργίαν ἅμα τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτελεῖν τοὺς αὐτοῦ μαθητὰς ἐδίδαξεν, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Καυλακαῦ καὶ Προυνίκου καὶ ἄλλων βαρβαρικῶν ὀνομάτων εἰσηγησάμενος.","english":"22. Menandrians, who began from this Simon through a certain Menander, differing from the Simonians in some respects. He said the world was made by angels.\n\n23. Saturnilians, who in Syria strengthened the foul speech of the Simonians, but proclaimed other things more astonishing than the Simonians, having their origin from Saturnilus, who himself, like Menander, asserted that the world was made by angels, but only seven, contrary to the will of the Father above.\n\n24. Basilidians, celebrants of the same foul practice, from Basilides, who together with Saturnilus was a disciple of the Simonians and Menandrians, holding similar views but differing in some respects. He says there are three hundred sixty-five heavens and sets forth angelic names for them. Hence the year has that many days, and the name Abrasax has the same number, being 365. And he says this is the holy name.\n\n25. Nicolaitans, from Nicholas, who was appointed over the widows by the apostles, who, out of jealousy for his own wife, taught his disciples to perform foul practices along with the others, and introduced the terms Caulacau and Prunicus and other barbaric names.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μενανδριανοί","severity":"info","text":"Menandrians, a Gnostic group named after Menander, a disciple of Simon Magus. Epiphanius distinguishes them from Simonians by their angelic cosmogony.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σατορνιλιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Saturnilians, followers of Saturnilus (Saturninus), active in Syria. They taught that seven angels created the world against the Father's will, a variant of Menander's view.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀβρασὰξ","severity":"info","text":"Abrasax, a Gnostic name whose Greek letters sum to 365, equated with the number of heavens and days in the year. Basilides considered it the holy name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Καυλακαῦ","severity":"info","text":"Caulacau, a Gnostic term possibly derived from Hebrew or Aramaic, used in Nicolaitan and other systems. Epiphanius lists it among barbaric names without explanation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Προύνικος","severity":"info","text":"Prunicus, a Gnostic figure often identified with Sophia or a lower emanation. The term appears in Valentinian and other texts; Epiphanius treats it as a barbaric name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"κβ. κγ. κδ. κε.","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues Epiphanius's sequential catalogue of heresies (22–25), each entry naming a group, its founder, and distinctive doctrines, with cross-references to prior sects.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text does not specify whether the Nicolaitan 'Nicholas' is the deacon of Acts 6 or a different figure; Epiphanius conflates them.","The term 'αἰσχρουργία' (foul practice) is vague, likely referring to ritual libertinism, but Epiphanius does not define it here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"κςϛ. Γνωστικοί, τὰς αὐτὰς αἱρέσεις διαδεξάμενοι, πλέον δὲ αὐτῶν πάντων τὴν αἰσχρότητα ἐμμανῶς ἐργαζόμενοι, ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ δὲ Στρατιωτικοὶ καλούμενοι καὶ Φιβιωνῖται, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀνωτερικοῖς μέρεσι Σεκουνδιανοί, ἐν ἄλλοις μέρεσι Σωκρατῖται, παρὰ δὲ ἑτέροις Ζακχαῖοι· ἄλλοι δὲ Κοδδιανοὺς αὐτοὺς λέγουσιν, ἄλλοι δὲ Βορβορίτας αὐτοὺς καλοῦσιν. οὗτοι τὴν Βαρβηλὼ τὴν καὶ Βαρβηρὼ αὐχοῦσιν. κζ. Καρποκρατιανοί, ἀπὸ Καρποκράτους τινὸς τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ, ὃς ἐδίδασκε πᾶσαν αἰσχρουργίαν ἐκτελεῖν καὶ πᾶν ἐπιτήδευμα ἁμαρτίας. καὶ εἰ μή τις διὰ πάντων, φησί, παρέλθοι καὶ τὸ θέλημα πάντων δαιμόνων καὶ ἀγγέλων ἐκτελέσῃ, οὐ δύναται ὑπερβῆναι εἰς τὸν ἀνώτατον οὐρανὸν οὐδὲ τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐξουσίας παρελθεῖν. ἔλεγε δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ψυχὴν νοερὰν εἰληφέναι, εἰδότα δὲ τὰ ἄνω ἐνταῦθα καταγγέλλειν, καὶ ὡς εἴ τις πράξειεν ὅμοια τῷ Ἰησοῦ, κατ' αὐτὸν εἶναι. τὸν δὲ νόμον σὺν τῇ τῶν νεκρῶν ἀναστάσει ἀπαγορεύει, ὡς αἱ ἀπὸ Σίμωνος καὶ δεῦρο αἱρέσεις. τούτου γέγονεν ἡ ἐν Ῥώμῃ Μαρκελλίνα. εἰκόνας δὲ ποιήσας ἐν κρυφῇ Ἰησοῦ καὶ Παύλου καὶ Ὁμήρου καὶ Πυθαγόρου ταύταις ἐθυμία καὶ προσεκύνει.","english":"26. Gnostics, who succeeded to the same heresies, but practiced their foulness more frenetically than all of them; in Egypt they are called Stratiotici and Phibionites, in the upper regions Secundians, in other places Socratites, and by others Zacchaeans; some call them Codians, others Borborites. They boast of Barbelo, also called Barbhero. 27. Carpocratians, from a certain Carpocrates in Asia, who taught the performance of every obscenity and every sinful practice. And unless one passes through all things, he says, and fulfills the will of all demons and angels, he cannot ascend to the highest heaven nor pass by the principalities and powers. He said that Jesus received a noetic soul, and knowing the things above, proclaimed them here, and that if anyone did the same as Jesus, he was equal to him. He rejects the law together with the resurrection of the dead, as do the heresies from Simon onward. His follower was Marcellina in Rome. He made images in secret of Jesus, Paul, Homer, and Pythagoras, and burned incense to them and worshipped them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Βαρβηλὼ","severity":"info","text":"Barbelo is a gnostic figure, often a female emanation of the divine, central to Sethian and other gnostic systems. Epiphanius also gives the variant 'Barbhero'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Γνωστικοί","severity":"info","text":"The Gnostics listed here (Stratiotici, Phibionites, etc.) are associated with libertine practices, a common polemical trope in heresiology. The names likely reflect local or sectarian labels.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Καρποκρατιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Carpocratians were a gnostic Christian sect known for antinomianism and the veneration of images. Marcellina, mentioned here, was a prominent figure in Rome in the 2nd century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"εἰκόνας ... Ἰησοῦ καὶ Παύλου καὶ Ὁμήρου καὶ Πυθαγόρου","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of Homer and Pythagoras alongside Jesus and Paul reflects Carpocrates' syncretism, blending Christian, Greek, and philosophical figures in a gnostic framework.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"κςϛ. ... κζ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the numbered catalogue of heresies (26 and 27), each introduced with a name and founder, following the pattern of the Anacephalaeosis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Μαρκελλίνα","severity":"info","text":"Marcellina is known from other heresiologists (e.g., Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.25.6) as a Carpocratian teacher in Rome, confirming Epiphanius' report.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text lists multiple names for the Gnostics (Stratiotici, Phibionites, etc.) without clarifying whether these are distinct subgroups or alternative labels for the same group. The translation follows the Greek in treating them as synonymous.","The phrase 'τὴν Βαρβηλὼ τὴν καὶ Βαρβηρὼ' may reflect a textual variant or a deliberate corruption; the reading 'Barbhero' is taken as a variant form."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"κη. Κηρινθιανοί, οἱ καὶ Μηρινθιανοί. οὗτοι οἱ ἀπὸ Κηρίνθου καὶ Μηρίνθου Ἰουδαῖοί τινες περιτομὴν αὐχοῦντες, τὸν δὲ κόσμον ὑπὸ ἀγγέλων γεγενῆσθαι, Ἰησοῦν δὲ κατὰ προκοπὴν Χριστὸν καλεῖσθαι λέγοντες. κθ. Ναζωραῖοι, Χριστὸν ὁμολογοῦντες Ἰησοῦν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, πάντα δὲ κατὰ νόμον πολιτευόμενοι.\n\nλ. Ἐβιωναῖοι, παραπλήσιοι τῶν προειρημένων Κηρινθιανῶν καὶ Ναζωραίων, οἷς συνήφθη κατά τι ἡ τῶν Σαμψαίων τε καὶ Ἑλκεσαίων αἵρεσις, οἳ Χριστόν φασιν ἐκτίσθαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα, ἐνδημήσαντα δὲ τὸν Χριστὸν ἐν τῷ Ἀδὰμ πρῶτον καὶ κατὰ καιρὸν ἐκδυόμενον αὐτὸν τὸν Ἀδὰμ καὶ πάλιν ἐνδυόμενον· τοῦτο γάρ φασιν ἐπιτετελεκέναι αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἐνσάρκῳ αὐτοῦ παρουσίᾳ. Ἰουδαῖοι δὲ ὄντες εὐαγγελίοις κέχρηνται, σαρκοφαγίαν βδελύττονται, τὸ ὕδωρ δὲ ἀντὶ θεοῦ ἔχουσι, τὸν δὲ Χριστὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐν τῇ ἐνσάρκῳ παρουσίᾳ ἐνδεδύσθαι, ὡς ἔφην. συνεχῶς δὲ βαπτίζονται ἐν τοῖς ὕδασι θέρους τε καὶ χειμῶνος, εἰς ἁγνισμὸν δῆθεν ὥσπερ οἱ Σαμαρεῖται. λα. Οὐαλεντῖνοι, οἳ σαρκὸς μὲν ἀπαγορεύουσιν ἀνάστασιν, παλαιὰν δὲ ἀθετοῦσι διαθήκην καὶ προφήτας ἀναγινώσκοντες μὲν καὶ ὅσα εἰς ὁμοίωσιν δύναται τροπολογεῖσθαι τῆς αὐτῶν αἱρέσεως δεχόμενοι, ἑτέρας δέ τινας μυθολογίας παρεισφέροντες, τριάκοντα αἰώνων ὀνομασίας λέγοντες ἀρρενοθηλείων, ὁμοῦ τε ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν ὅλων γεγεννημένων, οὓς καὶ θεοὺς ἡγοῦνται καὶ αἰῶνας. τὸν δὲ Χριστὸν ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ σῶμα ἐνηνοχέναι καὶ ὡς διὰ σωλῆνος τὴν Μαρίαν διαπεπερακέναι.","english":"28. Cerinthians, also called Merinthians. These are from Cerinthus and Merinthus, some Jews priding themselves on circumcision, saying that the world was made by angels, and that Jesus was called Christ by advancement. 29. Nazoraeans, confessing Jesus Christ as son of God, but living entirely according to the law.\n\n30. Ebionaeans, similar to the aforementioned Cerinthians and Nazoraeans, with whom was joined in some way the heresy of the Sampsaeans and Elkesaeans, who say that Christ was created in heaven, and also the Holy Spirit, and that Christ, having sojourned first in Adam, at the appropriate time divested himself of that Adam and again invested himself; for they say that he accomplished this in his incarnate presence. Being Jews, they use Gospels, abhor eating flesh, hold water as a god, and that Christ, as I said, was clothed in a man in his incarnate presence. They baptize themselves continually in waters both summer and winter, supposedly for purification, like the Samaritans. 31. Valentinians, who deny the resurrection of the flesh, and reject the Old Testament, and while reading the prophets, they accept only what can be allegorized into conformity with their own heresy, and they introduce certain other mythologies, speaking of names of thirty aeons, both male and female, all together generated from the father of all, whom they consider both gods and aeons. And they say that Christ brought a body from heaven and passed through Mary as through a pipe.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Κηρινθιανοί, οἱ καὶ Μηρινθιανοί","severity":"info","text":"The double name likely reflects a pun or variant tradition; Merinthus may be a mocking invention.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαμψαίων τε καὶ Ἑλκεσαίων","severity":"info","text":"The Sampsaeans and Elkesaeans are Jewish-Christian groups associated with the Elkesaite movement, known for frequent baptism and a docetic Christology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"τὸ ὕδωρ δὲ ἀντὶ θεοῦ ἔχουσι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius claims the Ebionaeans treat water as a god, likely a polemical distortion of their emphasis on baptismal purification.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"τριάκοντα αἰώνων","severity":"info","text":"The thirty aeons are a distinctive feature of Valentinian cosmology, representing a pleroma of divine emanations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ὡς διὰ σωλῆνος τὴν Μαρίαν διαπεπερακέναι","severity":"caution","text":"The 'pipe' metaphor for Christ's passage through Mary is a polemical caricature; Valentinian sources describe a docetic birth, not a mechanical conduit.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"κη. κθ. λ. λα.","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues Epiphanius' sequential numbering of heresies, here covering numbers 28–31.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between Cerinthians and Merinthians is unclear; Merinthus may be a fictional figure.","The exact connection between Ebionaeans and the Sampsaean/Elkesaite heresy is left vague by Epiphanius."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"λβ. Σεκουνδιανοί, οἷς συνάπτονται Ἐπιφάνης καὶ Ἰσίδωρος, ταῖς αὐταῖς κεχρημένοι καὶ οὗτοι συζυγίαις, τὰ ὅμοια Οὐαλεντίνῳ πεφρονηκότες, ἕτερα δὲ παρ' αὐτὸν ποσῶς διηγούμενοι. προστιθέασι δὲ τὴν αἰσχρουργίαν διδάσκοντες· ἀπαγορεύουσι δὲ καὶ οὗτοι τὴν σάρκα.\n\nλγ. Πτολεμαῖοι, μαθηταὶ ὄντες καὶ αὐτοὶ Οὐαλεντίνου, οἷς συνάπτεται ἡ Φλώρα. τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ περὶ τῶν συζυγιῶν καὶ αὐτοὶ λέγουσι καθάπερ Οὐαλεντῖνος καὶ Σεκουνδιανοί· κατά τι δὲ καὶ οὗτοι διαφέρονται. Αὕτη καὶ ἡ τοῦ δευτέρου τόμου τοῦ πρώτου βιβλίου τῶν δεκατριῶν αἱρέσεων ἀνακεφαλαίωσις. Τάδε ἔνεστι καὶ ἐν τῷ τρίτῳ τόμῳ τοῦ πρώτου βιβλίου, ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν αἱρέσεις δεκατρεῖς·\n\nλδ. Μαρκώσιοι. Μάρκος τις γεγένηται Κολορβάσου συμφοιτητής, δύο ἀρχὰς καὶ αὐτὸς παρεισάγων. ἀθετεῖ δὲ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν, φαντασίας δέ τινας δι' ἐκπομάτων ἐξ ἐπαοιδῆς εἰς κυάνεον χρῶμα καὶ πορφύρεον † μεταβαλὼν μυσταγωγεῖ τὰς ἀπατωμένας γυναῖκας. καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ τῶν εἰκοσιτεσσάρων στοιχείων βούλεται τὰ πάντα † ἡγεῖσθαι ὁμοίως Οὐαλεντίνῳ.","english":"32. Secundians, with whom are associated Epiphanes and Isidore, employing the same conjugations and holding opinions similar to Valentinus, but relating some things differently from him. They also add the teaching of obscene practices; and they too forbid the flesh.\n\n33. Ptolemaeans, being themselves also disciples of Valentinus, with whom Flora is associated. They too say the same things about the conjugations as Valentinus and the Secundians; but in some respects they also differ. This is the recapitulation of the second volume of the first book of the thirteen heresies. The following are also contained in the third volume of the first book, in which there are thirteen heresies:\n\n34. Marcosians. A certain Marcus was a fellow student of Colorbasus, himself also introducing two principles. He denies the resurrection of the dead, and through incantations over cups he initiates deceived women into certain phantasies, changing the color to blue and purple. And he too, like Valentinus, wishes the twenty-four elements to govern everything.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Σεκουνδιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Secundians, followers of Secundus, a Valentinian teacher. Epiphanes and Isidore are associated with them; Epiphanes is likely the Gnostic teacher, not the bishop of Salamis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"συζυγίαις","severity":"info","text":"Conjugations (συζυγίαις) refers to the Valentinian system of paired aeons or syzygies, a technical term in Gnostic cosmology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Μαρκώσιοι","severity":"info","text":"Marcosians, followers of Marcus, a Valentinian teacher known for liturgical magic involving cups and color changes, as described by Irenaeus (Adv. haer. 1.13-15).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀνακεφαλαίωσις","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the recapitulation (ἀνακεφαλαίωσις) of the second volume of the first book, covering thirteen heresies, and introduces the third volume with another thirteen.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"† μεταβαλὼν","severity":"caution","text":"The text has a crux at † μεταβαλὼν, likely a scribal error or corruption; the sense is that Marcus changes the color of the cup's contents through incantation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"† ἡγεῖσθαι","severity":"caution","text":"Another crux at † ἡγεῖσθαι; the intended verb may be ἡγεῖσθαι (to lead) or a form of ἡγέομαι, but the meaning is that Marcus wants the twenty-four elements to govern everything.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Epiphanes (32) is ambiguous: possibly the Gnostic teacher Epiphanes, son of Carpocrates, or another figure. The text does not specify.","The cruces at † μεταβαλὼν and † ἡγεῖσθαι leave the precise syntax uncertain; the translation follows the likely sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"λε. Κολορβάσιοι. Καὶ οὗτος ὁ Κολόρβασος ὡσαύτως τὰ αὐτὰ διηγούμενος, κατά τι δὲ διαφερόμενος πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας αἱρέσεις, φημὶ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς περὶ Μάρκον καὶ Οὐαλεντῖνον, τὰς προβολὰς καὶ ὀγδοάδας ἑτέρως ἐδίδαξεν. λςϛ. Ἡρακλεωνῖται καὶ αὐτοὶ τῇ τῶν ὀγδοάδων φέρονται μυθολογίᾳ, ἑτέρως δὲ παρὰ τὸν Μάρκον καὶ Πτολεμαῖον καὶ Οὐαλεντῖνον καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους. ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τῇ τελευτῇ τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῖς τελευτῶντας ὁμοίως τῷ Μάρκῳ λυτροῦνται δι' ἐλαίου, ὀποβαλσάμου καὶ ὕδατος, ἐπικλήσεις τινὰς Ἑβραϊκαῖς λέξεσιν ἐπιλέγοντες ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ τοῦ δῆθεν λυτρουμένου.\n\nλζ. Ὀφῖται, οἱ τὸν ὄφιν δοξάζοντες καὶ τοῦτον Χριστὸν ἡγούμενοι, ἔχοντες δὲ φύσει ὄφιν τὸ ἑρπετὸν τοῦτο ἐν κίστῃ τινί. λη. Καϊανοὶ ὡσαύτως ἅμα τοῖς πρότερον τὸν νόμον καὶ τὸν λαλήσαντα ἐν νόμῳ ἀθετοῦντες σαρκός τε ἀνάστασιν ἀρνούμενοι τὸν Κάϊν δοξάζουσι, λέγοντες αὐτὸν τῆς ἰσχυροτέρας εἶναι δυνάμεως. ἅμα δὲ καὶ τὸν Ἰούδαν ἐκθειάζουσιν, ὁμοῦ τε καὶ τοὺς περὶ Κορὲ καὶ Δαθὰν καὶ Ἀβειρών, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς Σοδομίτας. λθ. Σηθιανοί. οὗτοι πάλιν τὸν Σὴθ δοξάζουσι, φάσκοντες αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐκ τῆς ἄνω Μητρός, μεταμεληθείσης ἐφ' ᾧ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Κάϊν προεβάλετο, εἶτα συνελθούσης μετὰ τὸ τὸν Κάϊν ἀποβληθῆναι καὶ τὸν Ἄβελ ἀποκτανθῆναι τῷ ἄνω Πατρὶ καὶ καθαρὸν σπέρμα τὸν Σὴθ ποιησάσης· ἐξ οὗπερ λοιπὸν κατήχθη τὸ πᾶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος. καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀρχὰς καὶ ἐξουσίας καὶ ὅσα οἱ ἄλλοι δογματίζουσιν ἐδογμάτισαν. μ. Ἀρχοντικοί. οὗτοι πάλιν εἰς πολλοὺς ἄρχοντας τὸ πᾶν ἀναφέρουσι καὶ τὰ γενόμενα ἐκ τούτων γεγενῆσθαι λέγουσιν·","english":"35. Colorbasians. This Colorbasus likewise relates the same things, but differs in some respects from the other heresies—I mean from those around Marcus and Valentinus—and taught the emanations and ogdoads differently. 36. Heracleonites. They too are occupied with the mythology of the ogdoads, but differently from Marcus, Ptolemy, Valentinus, and the others. Moreover, at the time of death they redeem those who are dying among them, similarly to Marcus, with oil, balsam, and water, reciting certain invocations in Hebrew words over the head of the one supposedly being redeemed.\n\n37. Ophites, who glorify the serpent and consider it to be Christ, and who keep this reptile, a serpent by nature, in a chest. 38. Cainites. They too, along with those before them, reject the law and the one who spoke in the law, deny the resurrection of the flesh, and glorify Cain, saying that he belongs to the stronger power. They also deify Judas, as well as those around Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, and also the Sodomites. 39. Sethians. These again glorify Seth, claiming that he is from the Mother above, who repented of having projected those around Cain, and then, after Cain was cast out and Abel was killed, consorted with the Father above and produced Seth as pure seed, from which the whole race of humans was subsequently descended. They too dogmatized about principles, powers, and all that the others dogmatize. 40. Archontics. These again refer everything to many archons and say that what has come into being has come into being from them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Κολορβάσιοι","severity":"info","text":"Colorbasians, a Valentinian group named after Colorbasus, who taught a variant of the emanations and ogdoads.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἡρακλεωνῖται","severity":"info","text":"Heracleonites, followers of Heracleon, a Valentinian teacher; they practiced a redemption ritual with oil, balsam, and water, invoking Hebrew words.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὀφῖται","severity":"info","text":"Ophites, from Greek ὄφις 'serpent', venerated a serpent as Christ and kept a live snake in a chest, a practice attested in other heresiological sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Καϊανοί","severity":"info","text":"Cainites, a group that glorified Cain, Judas, and biblical rebels (Korah, Dathan, Abiram, Sodomites), rejecting the law and bodily resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σηθιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Sethians, who exalted Seth as pure seed from the Mother above after the rejection of Cain and Abel, and taught principles and powers like other groups.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρχοντικοί","severity":"info","text":"Archontics, from Greek ἄρχων 'ruler', attributed all existence to multiple archons, a characteristic of Gnostic cosmologies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text is clear; no significant ambiguities in this passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ἁλίσκονται δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ αἰσχρότητί τινι. σαρκὸς δὲ ἀνάστασιν ἀθετοῦσιν καὶ παλαιὰν διαθήκην διαβάλλουσιν. κέχρηνται δὲ καὶ παλαιᾷ καὶ νέᾳ διαθήκῃ, ἑκάστην λέξιν εἰς τὸν ἑαυτῶν νοῦν μεθοδεύοντες. μα. Κερδωνιανοί, οἱ ἀπὸ Κέρδωνος τοῦ ἀπὸ Ἡρακλέωνος διαδεξαμένου τὴν μετοχὴν τῆς πλάνης, προσθέντος δὲ τῇ ἀπάτῃ· ὃς ἀπὸ τῆς Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην μεταναστὰς τὸ κήρυγμα αὐτοῦ ἐξέθετο ἐν χρόνοις Ὑγίνου ἐπισκόπου. δύο δὲ ἀρχὰς κηρύττει οὗτος ἐναν τίας ἀλλήλαις, μὴ εἶναι δὲ τὸν Χριστὸν γεννητόν· ὁμοίως τε νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν ἀθετεῖ καὶ τὴν παλαιὰν διαθήκην.\n\nμβ. Μαρκιωνισταί. Μαρκίων ὁ ἀπὸ Πόντου ὁρμώμενος ἐπισκόπου μὲν ἦν υἱός,\n\nφθείρας δὲ παρθένον ἀπέδρα διὰ τὸ ἐξεῶσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἰδίου πατρὸς ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας, ἀνελθών τε εἰς Ῥώμην καὶ αἰτήσας μετάνοιαν τοὺς κατ' ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ * καὶ μὴ τυχών, ἐπαρθεὶς κατὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐδογμάτισε, τρεῖς ἀρχὰς εἰσηγησάμενος, ἀγαθόν τε καὶ δίκαιον καὶ φαῦλον, εἶναί τε τὴν καινὴν διαθήκην ἀλλοτρίαν τῆς παλαιᾶς καὶ τοῦ ἐν αὐτῇ λαλήσαντος. ἀνάστασιν σαρκὸς ἀθετεῖ, βάπτισμα δίδωσιν οὐ μόνον ἕν, ἀλλὰ καὶ δύο καὶ τρία μετὰ τὸ παραπεσεῖν· ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν τεθνεώτων κατηχουμένων ἄλλοι παρ' αὐτοῖς βαπτίζονται. ἀδεῶς δὲ καὶ γυναιξὶν ἐπιτρέπει δῆθεν λουτρὸν διδόναι. μγ. Λουκιανισταί. Λουκιανός τις ἀρχαῖος, οὐχ ὁ νῦν ἐν χρόνοις Κωνσταντίνου γενόμενος, πάντα κατὰ Μαρκίωνα ἐδογμάτισεν, ἕτερα δὲ παρὰ τὸν Μαρκίωνα καὶ αὐτὸς δῆθεν περισσοτέρως δογματίζει.","english":"They are also convicted of some indecency. They deny the resurrection of the flesh and slander the Old Testament. They also use both the Old and New Testaments, adapting each expression to their own understanding. 41. Cerdonians, who derive from Cerdo, who succeeded Heracleon in the participation of the error, and added to the deception; he migrated from Syria to Rome and set forth his teaching in the time of Hyginus the bishop. He proclaims two principles opposed to each other, and that Christ was not born; likewise he denies the resurrection of the dead and the Old Testament.\n\n42. Marcionists. Marcion, who came from Pontus, was the son of a bishop; having corrupted a virgin, he fled because he was expelled by his own father from the church. Going up to Rome and asking for repentance from those in that time, and not obtaining it, he became puffed up against the faith and dogmatized, introducing three principles: the good, the just, and the evil; and that the New Testament is foreign to the Old and to the one who spoke in it. He denies the resurrection of the flesh; he gives baptism not only once, but also twice and three times after a fall; and for the dead catechumens, others among them are baptized. He also fearlessly permits women to give the bath, as it were. 43. Lucianists. A certain Lucian, an ancient, not the one who lived in the time of Constantine, dogmatized everything according to Marcion, but also dogmatizes other things beyond Marcion, supposedly more extensively.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ἁλίσκονται δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ αἰσχρότητί τινι","severity":"info","text":"The Greek states that the Heracleonites are 'also convicted of some indecency,' a charge not elaborated in the preceding passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Κερδωνιανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Cerdonians are named after Cerdo, who is said to have succeeded Heracleon; this genealogy links them to earlier Valentinian traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὑγίνου ἐπισκόπου","severity":"info","text":"Hyginus was bishop of Rome c. 136–140 CE; the reference anchors Cerdo's activity in the mid-2nd century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"μα. ... μβ. ... μγ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage enumerates three heresies in sequence: Cerdonians (41), Marcionists (42), and Lucianists (43), each with a brief doctrinal profile.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Λουκιανισταί","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius distinguishes this Lucian from the later Arian Lucian of Antioch (fl. early 4th century), showing awareness of chronological confusion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"φθείρας δὲ παρθένον ἀπέδρα","severity":"caution","text":"The charge that Marcion corrupted a virgin and fled is a hostile biographical topos; its historicity is uncertain and likely reflects anti-heretical polemic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text at the end of the Marcion entry has a lacuna marked by asterisks; the phrase 'τοὺς κατ' ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ' is incomplete, and the English draft supplies 'from those in that time' as a conjecture."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"μδ. Ἀπελληϊανοί. καὶ οὗτος ὁ Ἀπελλῆς τὰ ὅμοια Μαρκίωνι καὶ Λουκιανῷ κακίζει τὴν πᾶσαν ποίησιν καὶ τὸν πεποιηκότα. οὐχ ὁμοίως δὲ τούτοις τρεῖς ἀρχὰς εἰσηγήσατο, ἀλλὰ μίαν μὲν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἕνα θεόν, ὄντα ἀνώτατον καὶ ἀκατονόμαστον, αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν ἕνα πεποιηκέναι ἄλλον. καὶ οὗτος ὁ γεγονώς, πονηρὸς εὑρεθείς, ἐποίησεν ἐν τῇ αὑτοῦ φαυλότητι τὸν κόσμον.\n\nμε. Σευηριανοί. Σευῆρος πάλιν τις τῷ Ἀπελλῇ συνεπόμενος τὸν μὲν οἶνον ἀποβάλλεται καὶ τὴν ἄμπελον, ἔκ τε τοῦ δρακοντοειδοῦς Σατανᾶ καὶ γῆς μυθολογῶν πεφυκέναι, συνελθόντων ἀλλήλοις. τήν τε γυναῖκα παραιτεῖται, φάσκων ἀριστερᾶς δυνάμεως αὐτὴν ὑπάρχειν. ὀνομασίας τέ τινας ἀρχόντων καὶ βίβλους τινὰς ἀποκρύφους παρεισάγει. τὰ ὅμοια δὲ ταῖς ἄλλαις τὴν σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν ἀθετεῖ καὶ παλαιὰν διαθήκην.\n\nμςϛ. Τατιανοί. οὗτος συνήκμασεν Ἰουστίνῳ τῷ μάρτυρι τῷ ἁγίῳ, τῷ καὶ φιλοσόφῳ. μετὰ δὲ τὴν τοῦ μάρτυρος καὶ φιλοσόφου Ἰουστίνου τελευτὴν προσεφθάρη τοῖς τοῦ Μαρκίωνος δόγμασιν μαθητευθεὶς τῷ αὐτῷ, τά τε ἴσα αὐτῷ ἐδογμάτισεν καὶ ἕτερα προσθεὶς παρ' ἐκεῖνον. ἐλέγετο δὲ ἀπὸ Μεσοποταμίας ὁρμᾶσθαι. Ταῦτα τὰ κεφάλαια τοῦ πρώτου βιβλίου τῶν τριῶν τόμων τοῦ κατὰ τεσσαράκοντα ἓξ αἱρέσεων. Τάδε ἔνεστι καὶ ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τόμῳ τούτῳ τοῦ δευτέρου βιβλίου, τετάρτῳ δὲ ὄντι κατὰ τὴν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς τῶν τόμων τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ ἀκο λουθίαν, ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν αἱρέσεις ιη· μζ. Ἐγκρατῖται, οἱ ἀπόσπασμα τυγχάνοντες Τατιανοῦ, τὸν γάμον ἀποβάλλοντες, τοῦ Σατανᾶ φάσκοντες τοῦτον εἶναι, πᾶσαν δὲ ἀπαγορεύοντες ἐμψυχοφαγίαν. μη.","english":"44. Apelleiani. This Apelles likewise reviles the entire creation and the creator, as Marcion and Lucian do. But unlike them, he did not introduce three principles; rather, he posited one principle and one God, who is supreme and unnameable, and that this one created another. And this one who came into being, having been found wicked, made the world in his own baseness.\n\n45. Severiani. A certain Severus, following Apelles, rejects wine and the vine, fabling that they grew from the serpentine Satan and the earth having intercourse with each other. He also rejects woman, claiming she belongs to a left-hand power. He introduces certain names of rulers and some apocryphal books. Like the others, he denies the resurrection of the flesh and the Old Testament.\n\n46. Tatiani. This man flourished with Justin the martyr and philosopher. But after the death of the martyr and philosopher Justin, he was corrupted by the doctrines of Marcion, having become his disciple, and he taught the same things as Marcion, adding others besides. He was said to have come from Mesopotamia. These are the chapters of the first book of the three volumes against forty-six heresies. The following are also in this first volume of the second book, which is the fourth in the sequence of volumes from the beginning, in which there are eighteen heresies: 47. Encratites, who are a splinter from Tatian, rejecting marriage, claiming it is of Satan, and forbidding all consumption of animate flesh. 48.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"μδ. Ἀπελληϊανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Apelleiani are named after Apelles, who, unlike Marcion and Lucian, posited a single supreme and unnameable God who created a second, wicked deity responsible for the world.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σευηριανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Severiani, followers of Severus, rejected wine and women, associating the vine with Satan and the earth, and introduced apocryphal books and ruler names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Τατιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Tatian flourished with Justin Martyr but after Justin's death adopted Marcion's doctrines, adding his own innovations; he was said to be from Mesopotamia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ταῦτα τὰ κεφάλαια τοῦ πρώτου βιβλίου","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the end of the first book of the three-volume work against forty-six heresies and introduces the second book, which contains eighteen heresies beginning with the Encratites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἐγκρατῖται","severity":"info","text":"The Encratites, a splinter from Tatian, rejected marriage as satanic and forbade all consumption of animate flesh, reflecting extreme asceticism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"μςϛ","severity":"caution","text":"The numeral 'μςϛ' (46) is a scribal variant for 46; the text transitions from heresy 46 to 47 without clear demarcation, possibly indicating a lacuna or editorial join.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numeral 'μςϛ' is ambiguous: it could be a scribal error for 46 or a variant form; the transition to heresy 47 is abrupt, possibly due to manuscript damage.","The phrase 'τὰ ἴσα αὐτῷ ἐδογμάτισεν' could mean Tatian taught the same as Marcion or the same as his own earlier views; the context favors the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Κατὰ Φρύγας, οἱ καὶ Μοντανισταὶ καὶ Τασκοδρουγῖται, οἵτινες παλαιὰν καὶ νέαν διαθήκην δέχονται, ἑτέρους δὲ προφήτας παρεισφέρουσι μετὰ τοὺς προφήτας, Μοντανόν τινα αὐχοῦντες καὶ Πρίσκιλλαν.\n\nμθ. Πεπουζιανοί, οἱ καὶ Κυϊντιλλιανοί, οἷς συνάπτονται Ἀρτοτυρῖται, ἐκ τούτων μέν εἰσι τῶν κατὰ Φρύγας, ἕτερα δὲ παρ' ἐκείνους δογματίζουσι, Πέπουζάν τινα πόλιν ἔρημον ἀνὰ μέσον Γαλατίας καὶ Καππαδοκίας καὶ Φρυγίας ἐκθειάζοντες καὶ δὴ ταύτην Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἡγούμενοι ἔστιν δὲ καὶ ἄλλη Πέπουζα, γυναιξί τε ἀποδιδόντες τὸ ἄρχειν τε καὶ ἱερατεύειν. μυοῦνται δέ τινα παῖδα κατακεντῶντες νέον. καὶ δὴ τῇ Κυϊντίλλῃ ἢ καὶ Πρισκίλλῃ Χριστὸν ἐκεῖσε ἐν Πεπούζῃ ἀποκεκαλύφθαι ἐν ἰδέᾳ θηλείας μυθολογοῦσι. κέχρηνται δὲ ὡσαύτως παλαιᾷ καὶ καινῇ διαθήκῃ κατὰ τὸν νοῦν τὸν ἴδιον μεταποιούμενοι.\n\nν. Τεσσαρεσκαιδεκατῖται, οἱ μίαν ἡμέραν τοῦ ἔτους τὸ Πάσχα ἐκτελοῦντες, ἐν ὁποίᾳ δἂν ἡμέρᾳ ἐμπέσῃ ἡ τῆς σελήνης τεσσαρεσκαι δεκάτη, ἤτοι ἐν σαββάτῳ ἤτοι ἐν κυριακῇ, ἐκείνην τε νηστεύοντες καὶ ἅμα ἀγρυπνοῦντες.","english":"Against the Phrygians, also called Montanists and Tascodrugitae, who accept the Old and New Testaments but introduce other prophets after the prophets, boasting of a certain Montanus and Priscilla.\n\n49. Pepuzians, also called Quintillians, with whom are joined the Artotyritae. These are from the Phrygians, but they teach other things besides those. They deify a certain deserted city, Pepuza, between Galatia, Cappadocia, and Phrygia, and indeed consider this city to be Jerusalem. There is also another Pepuza. They grant women the right to rule and to serve as priests. They initiate a certain child by piercing him with a needle. And they mythologize that Christ was revealed to Quintilla or also to Priscilla there in Pepuza in the form of a woman. They likewise use the Old and New Testaments, altering them according to their own understanding.\n\n50. Tessareskaidecatitae, who celebrate Passover on one day of the year, on whatever day the fourteenth of the moon falls, whether on the Sabbath or on the Lord's Day, fasting and keeping vigil on that day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Τασκοδρουγῖται","severity":"info","text":"Tascodrugitae is a derisive name for Montanists, possibly meaning 'peg-noses' or 'tent-dwellers' from Phrygian roots.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Πέπουζα","severity":"info","text":"Pepuza was a Phrygian village considered by Montanists as the New Jerusalem; its exact location is unknown but it was a prophetic center.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ἀρτοτυρῖται","severity":"info","text":"Artotyritae, 'bread-and-cheese' heretics, are named for their use of bread and cheese in Eucharist; Epiphanius associates them with Quintillians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"μθ. Πεπουζιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Section 49 lists Pepuzians as a distinct group from Phrygians, with unique practices like female leadership and child initiation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Τεσσαρεσκαιδεκατῖται","severity":"info","text":"Quartodecimans, who celebrated Easter on Nisan 14 regardless of weekday, were condemned as heretical by the 4th-century church for non-conformity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"μυοῦνται δέ τινα παῖδα κατακεντῶντες νέον","severity":"caution","text":"The claim of child initiation by piercing may be a hostile distortion; no corroborating evidence exists outside heresiological sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text does not clarify whether 'another Pepuza' refers to a second city or a different location of the same name; the translation assumes a second city.","The phrase 'in the form of a woman' (ἐν ἰδέᾳ θηλείας) could mean Christ appeared as a woman or in female guise; Epiphanius likely intends the latter for polemic."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"να. Ἄλογοι, ὑφ' ἡμῶν κληθέντες, οἱ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον Ἰωάννου καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτῷ ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ πατρὸς ἀεὶ θεὸν Λόγον παρεκβάλλοντες, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον αὐτὸ δὴ τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην μὴ δεχόμενοι μήτε τὴν αὐτοῦ Ἀποκάλυψιν. νβ. Ἀδαμιανοί, παρὰ δέ τισιν Ἀδαμίζοντες καλούμενοι, χλεύης ἢ ἀληθείας μᾶλλον τὸ δόγμα ἔχοντες. γυμνοὶ γὰρ ὡς ἐκ μητρὸς ἄνδρες τε καὶ γυναῖκες ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ συνάγονται, καὶ οὕτως τὰς ἀναγνώσεις καὶ εὐχὰς καὶ πᾶν ὁτιοῦν ἐπιτελοῦσι, δῆθεν μονάζοντές τε καὶ ἐγκρατευόμενοι ὄντες καὶ γάμον μὴ δεχόμενοι, τὴν αὐτῶν ἐκκλησίαν παράδεισον ἡγούμενοι.\n\nνγ. Σαμψαῖοι, οἱ καὶ Ἐλκεσαῖοι, ἔτι δεῦρο τὴν Ἀραβίαν κατοικοῦντες, καθύπερθεν τῆς νεκρᾶς θαλάσσης κειμένην χώραν· οἵτινες ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἠλξαῒ τινὸς ψευδοπροφήτου ἠπατημένοι, οὗ ἔτι δεῦρο ἐκ τοῦ γένους ὑπῆρχον Μαρθοῦς καὶ Μαρθάνα, γυναῖκες δύο προσκυνούμεναι ὑπὸ τῆς αἱρέσεως ὡς θεαί, παραπλησίως τοῖς Ἐβιωναίοις τὰ πάντα ἔχουσιν.\n\nνδ. Θεοδοτιανοί, οἱ ἀπὸ Θεοδότου τοῦ σκυτέως τοῦ ἀπὸ Βυζαντίου. οὗτος ἐν παιδείᾳ Ἑλληνικῇ γέγονεν ἄκρος, ἅμα δὲ ἄλλοις ὢν ἐν ἡμέραις τοῦ τότε διωγμοῦ μόνος ἐκπεσὼν καὶ ἐκείνων μαρτυρησάντων διὰ τὸ ὀνειδίζεσθαι ἐπινοήσας ψιλὸν ἄνθρωπον λέγειν τὸν Χριστόν, ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ ἔγκλημα γένηται θεὸν ἀρνησάμενος, οὕτως ἐδίδαξεν. νε. Μελχισεδεκιανοί, οἱ τὸν Μελχισεδὲκ γεραίροντες, τινὰ δύναμιν αὐτὸν φάσκοντες καὶ μὴ ἄνθρωπον ψιλὸν καὶ εἰς τὸ τούτου ὄνομα πάντα ἀνάγειν τε καὶ λέγειν τετολμηκότες. νςϛ. Βαρδησιανισταί.","english":"51. Alogoi, so called by us, who reject the Gospel of John and the Word in it, who is from the beginning always God from the Father, and who do not accept that very Gospel according to John nor his Apocalypse. 52. Adamians, also called Adamites by some, whose doctrine is more a matter of mockery than truth. For men and women gather together naked as from their mother, and in this way they perform readings, prayers, and everything else, claiming to be monastics and encratites, not accepting marriage, and considering their church a paradise.\n\n53. Sampsaeans, also called Elkesaites, who still inhabit Arabia, a region lying above the Dead Sea; who were deceived by a certain false prophet Elxai, from whose family there still exist Marthus and Marthana, two women worshipped by the heresy as goddesses, and who in all respects resemble the Ebionites.\n\n54. Theodotians, from Theodotus the shoemaker from Byzantium. He was highly educated in Greek learning, but when he was with others during the persecution of that time, he alone fell away, and while those others were martyred, he devised, in order to avoid reproach, the teaching that Christ was a mere man, so that he would not be accused of denying God. 55. Melchizedekians, who honor Melchizedek, claiming he is some power and not a mere man, and who have dared to refer and attribute everything to his name. 56. Bardesianists.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἄλογοι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius coins the term 'Alogoi' (Ἄλογοι) to mean 'those without the Word' (logos), playing on the double sense of 'Word' as both the Logos of John's Gospel and rational discourse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀδαμιανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Adamians (Ἀδαμιανοί) are described as practicing nudity in worship, claiming to return to the prelapsarian state of Adam. Epiphanius dismisses their doctrine as 'more a matter of mockery than truth'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Σαμψαῖοι","severity":"info","text":"The Sampsaeans (Σαμψαῖοι), also called Elkesaites, are linked to the false prophet Elxai and two women, Marthus and Marthana, worshipped as goddesses. Epiphanius notes their resemblance to the Ebionites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Θεοδοτιανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Theodotians (Θεοδοτιανοί) derive from Theodotus the shoemaker from Byzantium, who, to avoid persecution, taught that Christ was a mere man (ψιλὸν ἄνθρωπον). Epiphanius highlights his Greek education and apostasy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Μελχισεδεκιανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Melchizedekians (Μελχισεδεκιανοί) venerate Melchizedek as a divine power, not a mere man, and attribute everything to his name. This reflects a tendency to elevate Old Testament figures.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νςϛ. Βαρδησιανισταί","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Bardesianists (Βαρδησιανισταί) is a bare name without description, suggesting either a lacuna in the manuscript or Epiphanius's intention to treat them elsewhere.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Bardesianists (νςϛ) lacks any description, which may indicate a textual lacuna or that Epiphanius intended to expand it elsewhere. The Greek text breaks off abruptly after the name."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Βαρδησιάνης οὗτος ἐκ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας ὡρμᾶτο, τὰ πρῶτα μὲν τῆς ἀληθινῆς πίστεως ὑπάρχων καὶ ἐν σοφίᾳ διαπρέπων, ἐκκλίνας δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας παραπλησίως Οὐαλεντίνῳ ἐδογμάτισε, χωρὶς ἐνίων ὀλίγων περὶ ὧν διαφέρεται πρὸς Οὐαλεντῖνον.\n\nνζ. Νοητιανοί. Νόητος οὗτος ἀπὸ Σμύρνης ὑπῆρχε τῆς Ἀσίας. ἐπάρματι δὲ ἐνεχθεὶς σὺν ἄλλοις τισὶν υἱοπάτορα τὸν Χριστὸν ἐδίδαξε, τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι λέγων πατέρα καὶ υἱὸν καὶ ἅγιον πνεῦμα. ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἔλεγεν εἶναι Μωυσέα καὶ τὸν αὐτοῦ ἀδελφὸν ἔλεγεν εἶναι τὸν Ἀαρών.\n\nνη. Οὐαλήσιοι. οὗτοι, καθὼς ὑπειλήφαμεν, οἱ τὴν Βάκαθον κατοικοῦντες, μητροκωμίαν Ἀραβίας τῆς Φιλαδελφίας, οἱ τοὺς παρατυγχάνοντας καὶ ἐπιξενουμένους παρ' αὐτοῖς εὐνουχίζοντες· οἱ πλείους δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν εὐνοῦχοι ὑπάρχουσιν ἀποτετμημένοι. τινὰ δὲ ἕτερα διδάσκουσιν αἱρέσεως ἔμπλεα, ἀφανίζοντες τὰ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν καί τινας ἑτέρας αἰσχρουργίας παρεισφέροντες. νθ. Καθαροί, οἱ ἅμα Ναυάτῳ συναφθέντες τῷ Ῥωμαίῳ καὶ τοὺς διγάμους παντελῶς ἀποβαλλόμενοι καὶ μετάνοιαν μὴ δεχόμενοι. ξ. Ἀγγελικοί. οὗτοι παντελῶς ἐξέλιπον· αὐχοῦντες δὲ ἦσαν ἀγγελικὴν ἔχειν τάξιν ἢ διὰ τὸ ἀγγέλους † προσκεκλῆσθαι.","english":"Bardesanes, this man came from Mesopotamia, at first being of the true faith and excelling in wisdom, but having deviated from the truth similarly to Valentinus, he taught doctrine, except for a few points concerning which he differs from Valentinus.\n\n57. Noetians. Noetus, this man was from Smyrna in Asia. Carried away by pride, together with certain others, he taught that Christ is the Father-son, saying that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are the same. And he said that he himself was Moses, and he said that his own brother was Aaron.\n\n58. Valesians. These, as we have understood, inhabit Bacatha, a village of Arabia of Philadelphia, who castrate those who happen to be with them and are strangers among them; and most of them are themselves eunuchs, having been mutilated. And they teach certain other things full of heresy, abolishing the things of the law and the prophets, and introducing certain other shameful practices. 59. Cathari, those who joined together with Novatus the Roman, completely rejecting those who have married twice and not accepting repentance. 60. Angelics. These have completely died out; they boasted that they had an angelic order or because they were called angels.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Βαρδησιάνης","severity":"info","text":"Bardesanes (154–222 CE) was a Syriac Christian theologian and poet from Edessa in Mesopotamia, later deemed a heretic for his Gnosticizing and astrological teachings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Νοητιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Noetus of Smyrna (fl. ca. 200 CE) taught a form of monarchianism, identifying Father and Son as the same person (patripassianism), which Epiphanius here labels 'Father-son' teaching.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Οὐαλήσιοι","severity":"info","text":"The Valesians (or Valesii) were a small ascetic sect in Arabia known for self-castration, condemned by Epiphanius for mutilation and rejection of the Law and Prophets.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Καθαροί","severity":"info","text":"The Cathari (Novatianists) followed Novatus of Rome (mid-3rd c.), rejecting readmission of the lapsed and second marriages; Epiphanius groups them among heresies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀγγελικοί","severity":"caution","text":"The Angelics are said to have 'completely died out'; the text has a crux at † προσκεκλῆσθαι, possibly a corruption for 'called' or 'summoned', making their exact self-designation uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"νζ. Νοητιανοί. ... νθ. Καθαροί. ξ. Ἀγγελικοί.","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the catalogue form of the Anacephalaeosis, numbering heresies 57–60, each with a brief doctrinal or behavioral description.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text of the Angelics entry has a textual crux († προσκεκλῆσθαι) that may mean 'called' or 'summoned', leaving the basis of their name unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ξα. Ἀποστολικοί, οἱ καὶ Ἀποτακτικοί, καὶ αὐτοὶ περὶ τὴν Πισιδίαν οἰκοῦντες, μόνον Ἀποτακτικοὺς δεχόμενοι, καθ' ἑαυτοὺς δὲ εὐχόμενοι. παραπλησιάζουσι δὲ τοῖς Ἐγκρατίταις, ἄλλα δὲ παρ' αὐτοὺς φρονοῦσιν. ξβ. Σαβελλιανοί, οἱ τὰ ὅμοια Νοητιανῶν δοξάζοντες, παρὰ τὸ μὴ τὸν πατέρα πεπονθέναι λέγειν.\n\nξγ. Ὠριγενιανοί, τινὸς Ὠριγένους. αἰσχροποιοὶ δὲ οὗτοί εἰσιν, ἀρρητοποιοῦντες καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα φθορᾷ παραδιδόντες. ξδ. Ὠριγενιανοὶ ἄλλοι, Ὠριγένους τοῦ καὶ Ἀδαμαντίου τοῦ συντάκτου, οἱ τὴν τῶν νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν ἀποβαλλόμενοι, Χριστὸν δὲ κτίσμα καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα\n\nεἰσηγούμενοι, παράδεισόν τε καὶ οὐρανοὺς καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ἀλληγοροῦντες, Χριστοῦ δὲ τὴν βασιλείαν παυθήσεσθαι ληροῦντες. Αὗται πάλιν αἱ τοῦ δευτέρου βιβλίου, πρώτου δὲ τόμου αἱρέσεις ιη.\n\nΤάδε ἔνεστι καὶ ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ τόμῳ τοῦ αὐτοῦ δευτέρου βιβλίου, πέμπτῳ δὲ ὄντι κατὰ τὸν προειρημένον ἀριθμόν, ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν αἱρέσεις πέντε οὕτως· ξε. Παυλιανισταὶ ἀπὸ Παύλου τοῦ Σαμοσατέως ἐπισκόπου γενομένου Ἀντιοχείας τῆς μεγάλης. οὗτος ἀνύπαρκτον τὸν Χριστὸν ὀλίγου δεῖν διαβεβαιοῦται, λόγον προφορικὸν αὐτὸν σχηματίσας, ἀπὸ δὲ Μαρίας καὶ δεῦρο εἶναι, προκαταγγελτικῶς τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν ταῖς θείαις γραφαῖς εἰρημένα ἔχοντα, μὴ προόντα δέ, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ Μαρίας καὶ δεῦρο διὰ τῆς ἐνσάρκου παρουσίας γεγονότα. ξςϛ. Μανιχαῖοι, οἱ καὶ Ἀκουανῖται, οἱ τοῦ Μάνη μαθηταὶ τοῦ Πέρσου, Χριστὸν σχήματι λέγοντες, ἥλιον δὲ σέβοντες καὶ σελήνην, ἄστροις τε καὶ δυνάμεσι καὶ δαίμοσιν εὐχόμενοι, ἀρχὰς δύο εἰσάγοντες, πονηράν τε καὶ ἀγαθήν, ἀεὶ οὔσας·","english":"Apostolici, also called Apotactici, who also dwell in the region of Pisidia, receiving only Apotactici, and praying by themselves. They are similar to the Encratites, but hold other opinions besides theirs. Sabellians, who hold the same doctrines as the Noetians, except that they do not say that the Father suffered.\n\nOrigenians, of a certain Origen. These are men who commit shameful acts, doing unspeakable things and delivering their own bodies to corruption. Other Origenians, of Origen also called Adamantius the writer, who reject the resurrection of the dead, and introduce Christ as a creature and the Holy Spirit, and allegorize paradise and the heavens and all other things, and babble that the kingdom of Christ will cease. These again are the heresies of the second book, but of the first volume, eighteen.\n\nThe following are also contained in the second volume of the same second book, which is the fifth according to the aforementioned number, in which there are five heresies as follows: Paulianists, from Paul of Samosata, who became bishop of great Antioch. This man affirms that Christ is almost non-existent, having formed him as a word of utterance, and that he exists from Mary onward, the things said about him in the divine scriptures having been said prophetically, but that he did not pre-exist, but came into being from Mary onward through his incarnate presence. Manichaeans, also called Aquanitae, the disciples of Manes the Persian, who speak of Christ as a figure, and worship the sun and the moon, and pray to stars and powers and demons, introducing two principles, one evil and one good, which always exist.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ἀποστολικοί, οἱ καὶ Ἀποτακτικοί","severity":"info","text":"The double name Apostolici/Apotactici reflects a group known for renouncing property; Epiphanius distinguishes them from Encratites despite similarities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Σαβελλιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Sabellians are linked to Noetians; both are modalist monarchians. Epiphanius notes the Sabellian exception that the Father did not suffer, a point of distinction from Noetian teaching.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ὠριγενιανοί, τινὸς Ὠριγένους","severity":"caution","text":"The first Origenians are attributed to an otherwise unknown Origen, distinct from the famous theologian Origen Adamantius. The description of shameful acts may reflect hostile polemic rather than historical practice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ὠριγενιανοὶ ἄλλοι, Ὠριγένους τοῦ καὶ Ἀδαμαντίου","severity":"info","text":"The second group of Origenians is explicitly linked to Origen Adamantius, the third-century Alexandrian theologian. Epiphanius attributes to them rejection of bodily resurrection, subordinationist Christology, and allegorical interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Αὗται πάλιν αἱ τοῦ δευτέρου βιβλίου, πρώτου δὲ τόμου αἱρέσεις ιη","severity":"info","text":"This note marks the end of the second book (first volume) with 18 heresies, and transitions to the second volume of the same second book, containing five more heresies (Paulianists and Manichaeans).","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Παυλιανισταὶ ἀπὸ Παύλου τοῦ Σαμοσατέως","severity":"info","text":"Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch in the third century, was condemned for adoptionist Christology. Epiphanius summarizes his view that Christ was a mere logos prophorikos (uttered word) with no pre-existence before Mary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the first Origen (τινὸς Ὠριγένους) is uncertain; Epiphanius may be conflating multiple figures or relying on a lost source.","The term Ἀκουανῖται for Manichaeans is obscure; it may derive from a place name or a corruption of a sectarian label."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Χριστὸν δὲ δοκήσει πεφηνέναι καὶ δοκήσει πεπονθέναι· παλαιὰν διαθήκην βλασφημοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ λαλήσαντα θεόν, κόσμον δὲ οὐ τὸν πάντα, ἀλλὰ μέρος ἐκ θεοῦ γεγενῆσθαι ὁριζόμενοι.\n\nξζ. Ἱερακῖται, οἱ ἀπὸ Ἱέρακος τοῦ Λεοντοπολίτου τῆς Αἰγύπτου, ἐξηγητοῦ τινος, σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν ἀθετοῦντες, χρώμενοι δὲ παλαιᾷ καὶ νέᾳ διαθήκῃ, καὶ ἀπαγορεύοντες γάμον παντελῶς, μονάζοντας δὲ καὶ παρθένους δεχόμενοι καὶ ἐγκρατευομένους καὶ χήρους. τὰ δὲ μηδέπω ἐν ἡλικίᾳ γεγονότα παιδία βασιλείας μὴ μετέχειν διὰ τὸ μὴ ἠθληκέναι.\n\nξη. Μελιτιανοί, οἱ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, σχίσμα ὄντες ἀλλ' οὐχ αἵρεσις. μὴ συνευξάμενοι τοῖς ἐν τῷ διωγμῷ παραπεπτωκόσι, νῦν δὲ Ἀρειανοῖς συναφθέντες. ξθ. Ἀρειανοί, οἱ καὶ Ἀρειομανῖται, οἱ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ κτίσμα λέγοντες καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον κτίσμα κτίσματος, σάρκα μόνον τὸν σωτῆρα ἀπὸ Μαρίας εἰληφέναι διαβεβαιούμενοι καὶ οὐχὶ ψυχήν. ἦν δὲ οὗτος ὁ Ἄρειος πρεσβύτερος Ἀλεξάνδρου ἐπισκόπου Ἀλεξανδρείας. Αὕτη καὶ ἡ τοῦ δευτέρου βιβλίου τοῦ δευτέρου τόμου, πέμπτου δὲ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς τῆς ἀκολουθίας ὄντος ἀνακεφαλαίωσις αἱρέσεων πέντε. Τάδε ἔνεστι καὶ ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τόμῳ τοῦ τρίτου βιβλίου, ἕκτου δὲ ὄντος τόμου καθ' ὃν ἀριθμὸν προείπομεν, ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν αἱρέσεις ἑπτὰ σὺν τοῖς σχίσμασιν οὕτως· ο. Αὐδιανῶν ἀφηνιασμὸς καὶ σχίσμα, οὐ μέντοι αἵρεσις. οὗτοι μὲν διαγωγὴν καὶ βίον εὖ τεταγμένον κέκτηνται, εἰσὶ δὲ κατὰ πάντα τὴν πίστιν ἔχοντες ὡς ἡ καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία, μοναστήρια δὲ οἱ πλείους κατοικοῦσι. κέχρηνται δὲ καὶ ἀποκρύφοις πολλοῖς κατακόρως.","english":"They say that Christ appeared and suffered only in appearance. They blaspheme the Old Testament and the God who spoke in it, and they define the world not as the whole, but as a part that came into being from God.\n\n67. Hieracitae, those from Hierax of Leontopolis in Egypt, a certain exegete, who deny the resurrection of the flesh, but use both the Old and New Testaments, and forbid marriage entirely, receiving only monastics, virgins, the encratite, and widows. They hold that children who have not yet reached maturity do not partake of the kingdom because they have not contended.\n\n68. Melitiani, those in Egypt, being a schism but not a heresy. They did not pray together with those who lapsed in the persecution, but now they have joined with the Arians. 69. Ariani, also called Ariomanitae, who say the Son of God is a creature and the Holy Spirit a creature of a creature, affirming that the Savior took only flesh from Mary and not a soul. This Arius was a presbyter under Alexander, bishop of Alexandria. This is the recapitulation of the heresies of the second book of the second volume, which is the fifth from the beginning of the sequence, containing five heresies. The following are also contained in the first volume of the third book, which is the sixth volume according to the number we previously stated, in which there are seven heresies together with schisms, as follows: 70. Audiani, a revolt and schism, but not a heresy. These have a well-ordered conduct and life, and in all respects they hold the faith as the catholic church, and most of them inhabit monasteries. They also make abundant use of many apocryphal books.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἱερακῖται","severity":"info","text":"Hieracitae, followers of Hierax of Leontopolis, an exegete. Epiphanius lists them as a distinct group denying bodily resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μελιτιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Melitiani, a schism in Egypt that refused to pray with those who lapsed during persecution and later aligned with Arians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρειανοί","severity":"info","text":"Ariani, also called Ariomanitae, who held that the Son and the Holy Spirit are creatures, and that Christ took only flesh from Mary, not a soul.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Αὐδιανῶν","severity":"info","text":"Audiani, a schism but not a heresy, with well-ordered conduct and faith aligned with the catholic church, using many apocryphal books.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀνακεφαλαίωσις","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the recapitulation of the second book of the second volume, containing five heresies, and introduces the third book with seven heresies and schisms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀρειανοί","severity":"info","text":"Arius was a presbyter under Bishop Alexander of Alexandria. The Arian controversy centered on the subordination of the Son to the Father, a major fourth-century theological dispute.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text does not specify the exact nature of the 'shameful acts' attributed to the Origenians in the previous passage; the translation assumes a moral condemnation.","The term 'Ariomanitae' is a polemical epithet; its precise origin and usage are not clarified in the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"οὐ συνεύχονται δὲ ἡμῖν, ψέγοντες τοὺς παρ' ἡμῖν ἐπισκόπους, πλουσίους αὐτοὺς ἀποκαλοῦντες καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλως. ποιοῦσι δὲ καὶ τὸ Πάσχα ἰδιαζόντως, ὅτε οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ποιοῦσιν. ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ ἰδιωτικόν τι καὶ φιλόνεικον ξηρότατα τὸ κατ' εἰκόνα ἑρμηνεύοντες.\n\nοα. Φωτεινιανοί. οὗτος ὁ Φωτεινὸς ἀπὸ Σιρμίου ὑπάρχων ἔτι καὶ δεῦρο περιενόστει, ὃς τὰ αὐτὰ Παύλῳ τῷ Σαμοσατεῖ ἐφρόνησε. κατά τι δὲ πρὸς ἐκεῖνον διαφέρονται, καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀπὸ Μαρίας καὶ δεῦρο τὸν Χριστὸν διαβεβαιοῦνται. οβ. Μαρκελλιανοὶ οἱ ἀπὸ Μαρκέλλου τοῦ ἀπὸ Ἀγκύρας τῆς Γαλατίας. οὗτος ἐν ἀρχῇ παραπλησίως Σαβελλίῳ φρονήσας διεφημίσθη. εἰς ἀπολογίας δὲ πολλάκις ἐλθὼν καὶ ἐγγράφως ἀπολογησάμενος παρὰ πολλῶν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐμμένειν κατηγορήθη. ἴσως δὲ μεταγνοὺς τάχα ἑαυτὸν διωρθώσατο ἢ οἱ αὐτοῦ μαθηταί. ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ γὰρ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν\n\nαὐτοῦ μαθητῶν ὀρθόδοξοί τινες μέσως ὑπεραπελογοῦντο. ογ. Ἡμιάρειοι, οἱ Χριστὸν μὲν κτίσμα ὁμολογοῦντες, εἰρωνείᾳ δὲ κτίσμα αὐτὸν φάσκοντες οὐχ ὡς ἓν τῶν κτισμάτων· ἀλλά, φασίν, υἱὸν αὐτὸν λέγομεν, διὰ δὲ τὸ μὴ πάθος προσάψαι τῷ πατρὶ διὰ τοῦ γεγεννηκέναι κτιστὸν αὐτὸν λέγομεν. ὡσαύτως καὶ περὶ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου κτίσμα παντελῶς ὁρίζονται, παρεκβάλλοντες υἱοῦ τὸ ὁμοούσιον, ὁμοιοούσιον δὲ θέλουσι λέγειν. ἄλλοι δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ ὁμοιοούσιον παρεξέβαλον.","english":"They do not pray with us, finding fault with our bishops, calling them rich and other things in various ways. They also celebrate Pascha in a peculiar manner, at the same time as the Jews. They also have something private and contentious, interpreting the phrase \"according to the image\" in a very dry manner.\n\n71. Photinians. This Photinus, being from Sirmium, was still wandering about even then, and he held the same opinions as Paul of Samosata. In some respects they differ from him, and they themselves affirm that Christ is from Mary and onward. 72. Marcellians, those from Marcellus of Ancyra in Galatia. This man, having at first thought similarly to Sabellius, was widely spoken of. Having often come to defenses and having defended himself in writing, he was accused by many of persisting in the same views. Perhaps, however, having changed his mind, he corrected himself, or his disciples did. For some orthodox persons have argued in a middle way on behalf of him and his disciples. 73. Semi-Arians, who confess Christ to be a creature, but with irony they say he is a creature not as one of the creatures; but, they say, we call him Son, and because we do not attribute suffering to the Father through his having begotten, we call him created. Likewise, concerning the Holy Spirit, they define it entirely as a creature, rejecting the consubstantiality of the Son, and they wish to say \"homoiousios.\" Others among them have also rejected the \"homoiousios.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Φωτεινιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Photinus of Sirmium (4th cent.) taught a form of adoptionist Christology, denying the pre-existence of the Logos as a distinct hypostasis. Epiphanius links him to Paul of Samosata, a standard heresiological association.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ὁμοιοούσιον","severity":"info","text":"The term 'homoiousios' ('of similar substance') was used by some Semi-Arians as a compromise between the Nicene 'homoousios' and Arian subordinationism. Epiphanius notes that some Semi-Arians later rejected even this term.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Μαρκελλιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Marcellus of Ancyra (c. 280–374) was a vocal opponent of Arianism whose theology was accused of Sabellian modalism. Epiphanius reports that some orthodox defended him, reflecting the controversy over his orthodoxy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οα. Φωτεινιανοί. οὗτος ὁ Φωτεινὸς","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a standard heresiological catalogue format: a numbered entry (71, 72, 73) introduces a group by name, then gives the founder's origin and doctrinal summary. This structure is consistent throughout the Anacephalaeosis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἡμιάρειοι","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'Semi-Arians' is a later polemical label, not a self-designation. Epiphanius' description conflates several groups (e.g., Homoiousians, Heteroousians) and may oversimplify their positions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"τὸ κατ' εἰκόνα ἑρμηνεύοντες","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'according to the image' likely refers to Genesis 1:26-27 (creation of humanity in God's image). Epiphanius criticizes a group (probably the Hieracitae from the previous passage) for a dry, literalist interpretation of this passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the group described in the first paragraph (before §71) is unclear from the Greek; the Coptic context suggests it continues the Hieracitae, but the Greek text does not name them explicitly.","The phrase 'ἰδιωτικόν τι καὶ φιλόνεικον' ('something private and contentious') is vague; it may refer to a specific exegetical or liturgical practice not further specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"οδ. Πνευματομάχοι. οὗτοι περὶ μὲν Χριστοῦ καλῶς ἔχουσι, τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον βλασφημοῦσι, κτιστὸν αὐτὸ ὁριζόμενοι καὶ οὐκ ὂν ἐκ τῆς θεότητος, μᾶλλον δὲ καταχρηστικῶς δι' ἐνέργειαν κεκτίσθαι, ἁγιαστικὴν αὐτὸ δύναμιν φάσκοντες εἶναι μόνον.\n\nοε. Ἀεριανοί. οὗτος ὁ Ἀέριος ἀπὸ Πόντου ὡρμᾶτο. ἔτι δὲ δεῦρο περίεστι πειρασμὸς τῷ βίῳ. πρεσβύτερος οὗτος ἦν τοῦ ἐπισκόπου Εὐσταθίου τοῦ ἐν Ἀρειανοῖς διαβληθέντος. καὶ ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς Ἀέριος οὐ κατεστάθη ἐπίσκοπος, πολλὰ κατὰ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἐδογμάτισε, τῇ μὲν πίστει ὢν Ἀρειανὸς τελειότατος, περιττότερον δὲ δογματίζει. μὴ δεῖν φησι προσφέρειν ὑπὲρ τῶν προκεκοιμημένων, νηστεύειν δὲ τετράδα καὶ προσάββατον καὶ τεσσαρακοστὴν καὶ Πάσχα κωλύει· ἀποταξίαν κηρύσσει, σαρκοφαγίαις δὲ παντοίαις κέχρηται καὶ τρυφαῖς ἀδεῶς. εἰ δέ τις τῶν αὐτοῦ βούλοιτο νηστεύειν, μὴ ἐν ἡμέραις τεταγμέναις, φησίν, ἀλλ' ὅτε βούλεται· οὐ γὰρ εἶ ὑπὸ νόμον. φάσκει δὲ μηδὲν εἶναι διαφορώτερον ἐπίσκοπον πρεσβυτέρου. οςϛ. Ἀετιανοὶ οἱ ἀπὸ Ἀετίου τοῦ Κίλικος, διακόνου γενομένου ὑπὸ Γεωργίου τοῦ τῶν Ἀρειανῶν ἐπισκόπου τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, οἱ καὶ Ἀνομοιοι καλούμενοι, παρά τισι δὲ Εὐνομιανοί, δι' Εὐνόμιόν τινα μαθητὴν τοῦ Ἀετίου γενόμενον καὶ ἔτι περιόντα. σὺν αὐτοῖς δὲ ἦν καὶ Εὐδόξιος ἀρειανίζων, ἀλλὰ δῆθεν διὰ τὸν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Κωνστάντιον φόβον ἀφώρισεν ἑαυτὸν καὶ μόνος Ἀέτιος ἐξωρίσθη. ἔμεινε δὲ Εὐδόξιος ἀρειανίζων, οὐ μέντοι γε κατὰ τὸν Ἀέτιον οὗτοι οἷ Ἀνόμοιοι.","english":"The Pneumatomachi. These hold a correct view concerning Christ, but they blaspheme the Holy Spirit, defining it as created and not being from the Godhead, rather they say it was created in a catachrestic sense for the sake of activity, claiming it is only a sanctifying power.\n\nThe Aerians. This Aerius was from Pontus. And still to this day a trial persists in the world. He was a presbyter of the bishop Eustathius, who was slandered among the Arians. And since Aerius himself was not appointed bishop, he dogmatized many things against the church, being a most perfect Arian in faith, but he dogmatizes more excessively. He says one ought not to offer for the departed, and he forbids fasting on Wednesday and Friday and during Lent and Pascha; he proclaims renunciation, and he indulges in all kinds of meat-eating and luxuries without restraint. And if one of his followers wishes to fast, he says, not on appointed days, but whenever one wishes; for you are not under the law. He also asserts that a bishop is in no way more distinguished than a presbyter.\n\nThe Aetians, those from Aetius the Cilician, who became a deacon under George, the bishop of the Arians of Alexandria, who are also called Anomoeans, and by some Eunomians, after a certain Eunomius who became a disciple of Aetius and is still alive. With them was also Eudoxius, who was Arianizing, but ostensibly out of fear of the emperor Constantius he separated himself, and Aetius alone was exiled. Eudoxius remained Arianizing, but these Anomoeans are not according to Aetius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Πνευματομάχοι","severity":"info","text":"The term Pneumatomachi (\"Spirit-fighters\") designates a 4th-century group that denied the full divinity of the Holy Spirit. Epiphanius here summarizes their position as defining the Spirit as created and merely a sanctifying power.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀέριος","severity":"info","text":"Aerius of Pontus, a 4th-century presbyter, is known from Epiphanius and other heresiologists for his radical views on fasting, prayer for the dead, and clerical hierarchy. His association with Eustathius of Sebaste places him in the Homoiousian or Arian milieu.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀετιανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Aetians, also called Anomoeans or Eunomians, were radical Arians who held that the Son was unlike (anomoios) the Father. Aetius of Cilicia and his disciple Eunomius were key figures; Epiphanius notes Eudoxius's tactical self-distancing under Constantius.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"οδ. ... οε. ... οςϛ.","severity":"info","text":"The passage numbers three heresies in sequence: Pneumatomachi (74), Aerians (75), and Aetians (76). This numbering is part of Epiphanius's systematic catalogue, each entry following a formulaic pattern of origin, doctrine, and practice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Πνευματομάχοι","severity":"info","text":"The Pneumatomachi were condemned at the First Council of Constantinople (381), which affirmed the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Epiphanius's account reflects the pre-condemnation polemical context, emphasizing their subordinationist view.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οδ. Πνευματομάχοι","severity":"caution","text":"The Greek text of the Pneumatomachi entry is brief and may be a summary; Epiphanius elsewhere (Panarion 74) provides a fuller treatment. The phrase \"καταχρηστικῶς δι' ἐνέργειαν κεκτίσθαι\" is ambiguous: it could mean the Spirit was created \"by abuse of language\" or \"for the sake of activity.\"","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase \"καταχρηστικῶς δι' ἐνέργειαν κεκτίσθαι\" in the Pneumatomachi entry is ambiguous: it may mean the Spirit was created 'in a catachrestic sense' (i.e., improperly called 'created') or 'for the sake of activity' (i.e., as a functional power). The English draft opts for the latter.","The identity of Eustathius 'slandered among the Arians' is uncertain; it may refer to Eustathius of Sebaste, a figure with shifting allegiances in the Arian controversy."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"οἱ καὶ Ἀετιανοί,παντάπασι Χριστὸν καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα ἀπαλλοτριοῦσι θεοῦ, κτιστὸν αὐτὸν διαβεβαιούμενοι, καὶ οὐδὲ ὁμοιότητά τινα ἔχειν λέγουσιν. ἐκ συλλογισμῶν γὰρ καὶ Ἀριστοτελικῶν καὶ γεωμετρικῶν τὸν θεὸν παριστᾶν βούλονται, καὶ Χριστὸν δῆθεν μὴ δύνασθαι εἶναι ἐκ θεοῦ διὰ τοιούτων τρόπων ὁρίζονται. οἱ δὲ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ Εὐνομιανοὶ καλούμενοι ἀναβαπτίζουσι πάντας τοὺς πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐρχομένους, οὐ μόνον δέ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἀπὸ Ἀρειανῶν ἐρχομένους· βαπτίζουσι δὲ κατὰ κεφαλῆς ἄνω τοὺς πόδας στρέφοντες τῶν βαπτιζομένων, ὡς πολὺς ᾄδεται λόγος. τὸ δὲ σφαλῆναί τινα ἐν πορνείᾳ ἢ ἑτέρᾳ ἁμαρτίᾳ οὐδὲν εἶναί φασιν. οὐδὲν γὰρ ζητεῖ ὁ θεὸς ἀλλὰ τὸ εἶναί τινα ἐν ταύτῃ μόνῃ τῇ αὐτῶν νομιζομένῃ πίστει. Αὗται δέ εἰσιν ὁμοίως καὶ αἱ τοῦ τρίτου βιβλίου τοῦ πρώτου τόμου, ἕκτου δὲ ὄντος κατὰ τὴν ἀκολουθίαν, αἱρέσεις ἑπτά. Τάδε ἔνεστι καὶ ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ τόμῳ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τρίτου βιβλίου, ἑβδόμῳ δὲ ὄντι καθ' ἣν εἴπομεν τῶν τόμων τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ διαίρεσιν, ὅς ἐστι τόμος ἕβδομος καὶ τέλος τῆς πραγματείας πάσης, ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν αἱρέσεις τέσσαρες· οζ. Διμοιρῖται, οἱ καὶ Ἀπολιναρῖται, οἱ μὴ τελείαν τὴν Χριστοῦ ἐνανθρώπησιν ὁμολογοῦντες· ὧν τινες ὁμοούσιον τὸ σῶμα τῇ θεότητί ποτε ἐτόλμησαν λέγειν, τινὲς δέ ποτε ψυχὴν αὐτὸν εἰληφέναι ἠρνοῦντο, τινὲς δὲ διὰ τοῦ ῥητοῦ τοῦ «ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο» ἐπερειδόμενοι ἠρνοῦντο ἀπὸ κτιστῆς σαρκὸς τουτέστι Μαρίας τὸ κατὰ σάρκα αὐτὸν εἰληφέναι. μόνον δὲ φιλονείκως ἔλεγον τὸν λόγον σάρκα γεγενῆσθαι, εἰς","english":"The Aetians as well completely alienate Christ and the Holy Spirit from God, insisting that He is created, and they say that He has no likeness whatsoever. For they wish to present God through syllogisms, both Aristotelian and geometric, and they define that Christ cannot be from God by such means. Those called Eunomians after him rebaptize all who come to them, and not only that, but also those coming from the Arians; and they baptize by turning the feet of the baptized upward over the head, as much is said. They say that a fall into fornication or another sin is nothing; for God seeks nothing but that one be in this alone, their supposed faith. These are likewise the heresies of the third book of the first volume, being the sixth in sequence, seven heresies. The following are also in the second volume of the same third book, being the seventh according to the division of the number of volumes we have mentioned, which is the seventh volume and the end of the entire treatise, in which there are four heresies: 77. The Dimoirites, also called Apollinarians, who do not confess the full incarnation of Christ; some of them at one time dared to say that the body is consubstantial with the divinity, others at one time denied that He took a soul, and others, relying on the saying \"the Word became flesh,\" denied that He took flesh from created flesh, that is, from Mary. But they contended only that the Word became flesh, into","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Διμοιρῖται","severity":"info","text":"The term Dimoirites (Διμοιρῖται) means 'those of two parts' and is an alternative name for the Apollinarians, referring to their teaching that Christ had only a divine nature and a body, lacking a human soul.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Word became flesh' is a direct quotation from John 1:14, used by the Apollinarians to argue that Christ's flesh was directly from the Logos, not from Mary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀετιανοί","severity":"info","text":"The Aetians, followers of Aetius of Antioch (d. ca. 367), were radical Arians who denied the likeness of the Son and Holy Spirit to the Father, using Aristotelian and geometric syllogisms to argue their case.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"τρίτου βιβλίου τοῦ πρώτου τόμου","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from the second to the third book of Epiphanius's work, noting that the heresies of the third book (seven in number) are followed by four more in the seventh volume, which concludes the entire treatise.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ἀναβαπτίζουσι","severity":"info","text":"The Eunomians' practice of rebaptizing converts, including those from the Arians, and their unusual baptismal posture (turning the feet upward) are noted as distinctive rituals, reflecting later polemical accounts of heterodox baptism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"οὐδὲν ζητεῖ ὁ θεὸς","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that God seeks nothing but adherence to the Eunomian faith is likely a polemical exaggeration; Epiphanius may be misrepresenting their soteriology to highlight moral indifference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Greek text is fragmentary at the end, breaking off mid-sentence after 'εἰς', leaving the Apollinarian argument incomplete.","The identity of the 'Dimoirites' as distinct from Apollinarians is unclear; Epiphanius treats them as synonymous but the term may have had a separate origin."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"John 1:14","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “the word became flesh”, which matches John 1:14. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ὕστερον δέ, τί διανοούμενοι οὐκ οἶδα εἰπεῖν, νοῦν αὐτόν φασι μὴ εἰληφέναι. οη. Ἀντιδικομαριαμῖται, οἱ τὴν ἁγίαν Μαρίαν τὴν ἀειπάρθενον μετὰ τὸ τὸν σωτῆρα γεγεννηκέναι τῷ Ἰωσὴφ συνῆφθαι λέγοντες. οθ. Κολλυριδιανοί, οἱ εἰς ὄνομα τῆς αὐτῆς Μαρίας ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τινὶ τοῦ ἔτους ἀποτεταγμένῃ κολλυρίδα τινὰ προσφέροντες, οἷς ἐπεθέμεθα ὄνομα τῇ πράξει αὐτῶν ἀκόλουθον, Κολλυριδιανοὺς αὐτοὺς ὀνομάσαντες. π. Μασσαλιανοί, οὕτως ὀνομαζόμενοι ἑρμηνευόμενοι συνάπτονται δὲ τούτοις καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ Ἑλλήνων ἐπιτετηδευμένων αἱρέσεων οὗτοι οἱ λεγόμενοι Εὐφημῖται καὶ Μαρτυριανοὶ καὶ Σατανιανοί.\n\nΑὕτη καὶ ἡ τοῦ ἑβδόμου τόμου ἀνακεφαλαίωσις καὶ τέλος τῶν τριῶν βιβλίων. ὁμοῦ δὲ αἱ πᾶσαι αἱρέσεις π. ἐν αὐτῷ δὲ τῷ τέλει τοῦ τρίτου βιβλίου, ἑβδόμου δὲ τόμου ἐν ὑστέρῳ ἡ πίστις τῆς καθολικῆς ἐκκλησίας καὶ ἀπολογία ὑπὲρ ἀληθείας καὶ κήρυγμα τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Χριστοῦ καὶ χαρακτὴρ τῆς καθολικῆς καὶ ἀποστολικῆς ἐκκλησίας τῆς ἀπ' αἰῶνος οὔσης, κατὰ δὲ διαδοχὴν χρόνων φανερώτατα ἐν τῇ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐνσάρκῳ παρουσίᾳ ἀποκαλυφθείσης.","english":"Later, however—what they intend I cannot say—they claim that he did not receive a mind. 78. The Antidicomarianites, who say that the holy Mary, the ever-virgin, after giving birth to the Savior, was joined to Joseph. 79. The Collyridians, who on a certain appointed day of the year offer a kind of cake in the name of that same Mary; we gave them a name corresponding to their practice, calling them Collyridians. 80. The Massalians, so named, which is interpreted as \"those who pray\"; and with these are joined also those from the heresies practiced among the Greeks, namely the so-called Euphemites, Martyrians, and Satanians.\n\nThis is the recapitulation of the seventh tome and the end of the three books. The total number of all heresies is eighty. In this same end of the third book, that is, of the seventh tome, there follows the faith of the catholic church and an apology for the truth, and the proclamation of the gospel of Christ, and the character of the catholic and apostolic church which has existed from eternity, but was most clearly revealed in the incarnate presence of Christ according to the succession of times.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ὕστερον δέ, τί διανοούμενοι οὐκ οἶδα εἰπεῖν, νοῦν αὐτόν φασι μὴ εἰληφέναι","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius expresses uncertainty about the reasoning of a group (likely the Massalians or a related sect) who claim that Christ did not receive a mind (νοῦς). This reflects his rhetorical strategy of distancing himself from their doctrine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ἀντιδικομαριαμῖται","severity":"info","text":"Antidicomarianites: a name coined by Epiphanius from ἀντί (against) and Μαρία (Mary), meaning 'opponents of Mary.' They denied Mary's perpetual virginity after Christ's birth.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Κολλυριδιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Collyridians: named from κολλυρίς (a small cake or bread offering). Epiphanius explicitly states he coined the term to match their practice of offering cakes to Mary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Μασσαλιανοί","severity":"info","text":"Massalians: from Syriac mṣallyānē, meaning 'those who pray.' Epiphanius provides the Greek interpretation (ἑρμηνευόμενοι) as 'those who pray,' linking them to Euphemites, Martyrians, and Satanians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Αὕτη καὶ ἡ τοῦ ἑβδόμου τόμου ἀνακεφαλαίωσις καὶ τέλος τῶν τριῶν βιβλίων","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks the formal conclusion of the seventh tome and the three books of the Anacephalaeosis. The total count of heresies is given as eighty (π.), and the following material is announced as the faith of the catholic church.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ἡ πίστις τῆς καθολικῆς ἐκκλησίας καὶ ἀπολογία ὑπὲρ ἀληθείας","severity":"info","text":"Epiphanius promises a statement of orthodox faith and apology for truth, which in the full Panarion follows the heresy catalogue. This reflects the genre's dual purpose: refutation and positive confession.","cites":[{"key":"ed:khazarzar-epiphanius-anacephalaeosis","label":"source edition: Anacephalaeosis","url":"http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Epiphanius_PG%2041-43/Anacephalaeosis.pdf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the group in the opening sentence (ὕστερον δέ...) is unclear; it may refer to the Massalians or a preceding heresy from the previous passage. The reading assumes continuity with the Massalians.","The phrase 'τῶν ἀπὸ Ἑλλήνων ἐπιτετηδευμένων αἱρέσεων' could mean heresies practiced by Greeks or derived from Greek philosophy; the translation 'among the Greeks' is adopted."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}