{"slug":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","title":"Martyrdom Polycarp","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"coptic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T04:23:17Z","cost_usd":0.01425},"source":{"registry_id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","work_id":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","edition":"coptic-ocr","license":"GNU GPL-3.0","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},"stats":{"passages":20,"english_words":3033,"coptic_letters":9875,"commentary_units":106,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":16,"ambiguities":35,"work_notes":4,"external_links":1,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","abstract":"The Martyrdom of Polycarp is a hagiographic account of the death of Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, in the mid-2nd century. The Coptic version, translated from Greek, survives in a single manuscript from the White Monastery (Dayr Anbā Shinūdah) and dates to the 5th–7th centuries. It follows the conventions of early Christian martyr acts, emphasizing Polycarp's steadfast faith, his discipleship under the apostles, and his miraculous preservation from fire. The text is written in Sahidic Coptic with a formal, liturgical register, intended for public reading in monastic settings. The standard edition by Hyvernat and Balestri (late 19th century) remains the reference, though the manuscript has lacunae, especially in the opening and closing sections.","historical_context":"The original Greek account of Polycarp's martyrdom was composed shortly after his death (c. 155–167 CE) in Smyrna (modern Izmir, Turkey), making it one of the earliest Christian martyr acts. The Coptic translation likely emerged between the 5th and 7th centuries in Egypt, where the cult of martyrs flourished in monastic communities, particularly in the White Monastery federation under Shenoute. The text was adapted for Coptic-speaking audiences, incorporating local scribal features and liturgical language. It survives in a single, partially damaged manuscript from the White Monastery library, reflecting the transmission of hagiographic literature from Greek to Coptic. The Coptic version follows the Greek narrative closely but includes unique readings where the manuscript is legible. The edition by Hyvernat and Balestri (1885) remains the standard, though it relies on this sole witness.","significance":"The Coptic Martyrdom of Polycarp is a key witness to the reception of early Christian martyr narratives in Egyptian monasticism. It demonstrates how Greek hagiography was translated and adapted for Coptic liturgical use, preserving the memory of a major 2nd-century bishop. The text's survival from the White Monastery highlights the role of such works in shaping monastic identity and piety. It also provides evidence for the textual transmission of martyr acts across linguistic and cultural boundaries.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 155–167 CE","event":"Martyrdom of Polycarp in Smyrna; Greek account composed soon after."},{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Coptic translation of the Martyrdom of Polycarp produced in Egypt."},{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Manuscript copied and preserved at the White Monastery (Dayr Anbā Shinūdah)."},{"date":"Late 19th c.","event":"Hyvernat and Balestri edit and publish the Coptic text."}],"relations":[{"work":"Greek Martyrdom of Polycarp","relation":"source text for the Coptic version","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Martyrdom of Polycarp (Latin version)","relation":"related translation tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Life of Shenoute","relation":"contemporary Coptic hagiography from the same monastic milieu","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"Hyvernat & Balestri edition of the Coptic Martyrdom of Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt","reason":"Standard edition of the Coptic text"}],"cautions":["The Coptic version's date is uncertain; it is placed in the 5th–7th centuries based on manuscript and linguistic evidence.","The single surviving manuscript has lacunae, especially in the opening and closing sections, requiring reconstruction from the Greek original.","The edition by Hyvernat and Balestri relies on a damaged witness; some readings may be conjectural."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000439,"generated":"2026-11-14T03:30:47Z"},"checks":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":20,"translated":20,"commentary_passages":20,"commentary_units":106,"english_words":3033,"coptic_letters":9875,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text is preserved in a single manuscript (Pierpont Morgan M595) from the Monastery of the Archangel Michael in the Fayyum, dated to the 9th–10th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Hyvernat-Balestri"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Coptic version was used liturgically in the Egyptian church for the feast of Polycarp (26 Bashons), but it never entered the canonical Greek or Latin hagiographic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Hyvernat-Balestri"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic translation likely dates to the 6th–7th century, but the original Greek Martyrdom of Polycarp (c. 156–160 CE) is earlier; the Coptic text shows significant expansion and liturgical adaptation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Hyvernat-Balestri"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (Hyvernat-Balestri) is based on a single manuscript with lacunae; some passages are reconstructed from parallel Greek and Syriac versions, not from the Coptic alone.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Hyvernat-Balestri"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Sahidic Coptic; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 18 narrative, 2 dialogue."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","text":"10 glossary term(s) recorded at first occurrence from a curated list of 53; the term index below gives the rendering and the count."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: Luke 1:28."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: coptic-ocr — GNU GPL-3.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":18,"dialogue":2},"term_index":[{"coptic":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","english":"pray","count":6,"first_passage":4,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"body","count":5,"first_passage":14,"note":"In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"coptic":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","english":"bishop","count":4,"first_passage":1,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","english":"Abba","count":3,"first_passage":1,"note":"The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."},{"coptic":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","english":"church","count":1,"first_passage":1,"note":"The building, the congregation, and the institution all take this word; the context decides, and 'assembly' is rare outside citations of Acts."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","english":"amen","count":1,"first_passage":1,"note":"Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."},{"coptic":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","english":"soul","count":1,"first_passage":2,"note":"Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","english":"bless","count":1,"first_passage":16,"note":"The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","english":"apostle","count":1,"first_passage":17,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","english":"disciple","count":1,"first_passage":18,"note":""}],"citations":{"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp":{"label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"*ⲫⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲫⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲕⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲕ︦ⲑ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ\nϮⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲙⲩⲣⲛⲁ ⲉⲥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲕⲁⲑⲟⲗⲓⲕⲏ ⲛ̃ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲓⲗⲟⲙⲏⲗⲁ\nⲪⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲫⲓⲱⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲩⲉⲁ̃ϣⲁⲓ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲙⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧϩⲉⲙⲥⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲁ̃ⲥⲓⲁ̃\nⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏ*ⲥⲓⲁ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲙⲩⲣⲛⲁ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ϩⲱⲛ ⲟⲛ\nⲉⲧⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲙⲉⲧⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲁϥⲱⲥⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ\nⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥϭⲓⲥⲃⲱ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲡϧⲁⲉ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲃⲓⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲱⲅⲙⲟⲥ ϩⲉⲣⲓ ϩⲱⲥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲕ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲃ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲱϥ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ\nϧⲁϫⲱϥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲉϥⲟϣ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲩⲡⲟⲙⲟⲛⲏ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲓⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲁ\nⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲕⲱϯ\nⲉⲧⲉⲣⲑⲉⲱ̃ⲣⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲟⲡ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲩϩⲱⲕⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲝ ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉⲩⲣⲟⲛ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲟⲩⲙⲁϧⲧ ⲉⲧⲥⲁϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϭⲱⲣⲡ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nϩⲁⲛⲥⲟⲡ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲫⲱⲣϣ ϧⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲟ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲓⲥⲕⲟⲥ","english":"The martyrdom of the holy bishop and martyr of Christ, Abba Polycarp, the disciple of the apostles, which was completed on the twentieth of the month of Mechir in a peace of God, amen.\n\nThe church of God which is in Smyrna writes to the holy catholic church which is in Philomelium.\n\nThe grace and the peace and the love of God the Father, and of our Lord Jesus Christ, may they increase for you, and we write to you, our brethren, to inform you concerning those who became martyrs, and the blessed Polycarp, he who was a disciple of the apostles, who walked with many who saw the Lord, he who was appointed bishop in Asia over the church in Smyrna. We also, for our part, saw him in our youth, for he was advanced in years and very aged, teaching at all times those who received instruction from them, from the apostles. But at the end, he completed his life in a martyrdom full of glory and shining, and he caused the persecution to cease, as if he had quenched it by his martyrdom. For many became martyrs before him, who manifested great endurance in the tortures for Christ. But those who stood by did not turn away from beholding them, marveling; at some times they were burning their flesh even to their nerves, and their entrails and their limbs were exposed; at other times they were scattered for them by wild beasts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ, from Greek μάρτυς, carries both the older forensic sense 'witness' and the hagiographical sense 'martyr'. Here the context of persecution and death confirms the latter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ is rendered 'bishop' in the glossary, reflecting Polycarp's ecclesiastical office in Smyrna. The Coptic text uses it both as a title and in the narrative of his appointment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The address ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) is a Greek/Syriac honorific retained in Coptic for revered figures. Its use here underscores Polycarp's authority and sanctity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The opening identifies the letter as from the church in Smyrna to the church in Philomelium, a common epistolary framework in early Christian martyrdom accounts. This mirrors the structure of the Greek Martyrdom of Polycarp.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a title and date formula, then shifts to an epistolary address. This dual structure—hagiographic heading followed by letter—is typical of Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text contains a lacuna or scribal break at ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏ*ⲥⲓⲁ, where an asterisk may indicate a damaged or uncertain reading. The translation follows the standard restoration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲱⲅⲙⲟⲥ ϩⲉⲣⲓ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'he caused the persecution to cease' or 'he made the persecution stop'. The translation adopts the former.","The Coptic 'ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ' could be read as 'those who appeared' or 'those who were revealed'; the context of martyrdom supports the sense of manifestation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","text":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ → “bishop”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","text":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ → “church”. The building, the congregation, and the institution all take this word; the context decides, and 'assembly' is rare outside citations of Acts."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","text":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ → “amen”. Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","text":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ → “Abba”. The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲉⲩϫⲏⲣ *ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲓ̃ⲇⲟⲥ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲕⲟⲗⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲉⲡϧⲁⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩϭ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲣⲙⲁⲛⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲁⲧⲁⲫⲣⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲁϥϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉⲫⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲑⲉⲧ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥϯⲗⲱⲓϫⲓ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲉϥϩⲩⲗⲏⲕⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲣⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲛⲁϥϯϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϣⲉⲛϩⲏⲧ\nϧⲁⲣⲟⲕ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nⲁϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧϥ ⲁϥⲥⲱⲕ ⲉϫⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲛⲥ ⲉϥϯϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϥϣⲟⲡϣⲉⲃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲙϥ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲡⲁⲓⲃⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϭⲓⲛϫⲟⲛⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ\nⲈⲧⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁⲣⲉⲧⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ *ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ϫⲉ\nⲁ̃ⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ︦ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ\nⲛⲓⲥⲙⲏ ⲉⲧⲟϣ ⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲕⲟⲓⲛ ⲉⲟⲩⲫⲣⲓⲝ ⲡⲉ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲫⲣⲩⲅⲓⲁ̃\nⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϯ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲓⲕⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲅⲣⲓⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ\nⲧⲉϥⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉⲣϫⲱⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲉⲡϧⲁⲉ̃ ⲁϥϫⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲛⲁⲛ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ϯⲉⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲛⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲓⲕⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","english":"The children were being tortured by the governors, the children of the tormentors. But finally they were thrown to the wild beasts to be eaten. However, the noble Germanicus, who despised the weakness of the body, gave himself over to death by the grace of God. For the proconsul wished to change his mind and was persuading him because of his youth, for he was a young man. But he did not give in, but rather gave himself over with courage; he drew the fierce beasts upon himself, enraging them, and he provoked them to devour him, so that he might be delivered from this violent and lawless life. And when the crowd marveled at the strength of the martyr, the God-loving one, and the virtue of the whole race of Christians, they cried out with one voice, \"Away with the atheists!\" that is, the Christians, and they said, \"Let them search for Polycarp!\" And a great disturbance arose because of the shouts. Then one named Quintus, a Phrygian by race, who was a newcomer from Phrygia, gave himself over to the tribunal. And when he saw the wild beasts and the wildness in the arena, his soul became weak, and he was afraid at the end; he renounced his salvation. But this one was not like that; he was revealed to us through the epistle which we first mentioned, that he gave himself over to the tribunal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (Greek ψυχή) is rendered 'soul' per the pinned glossary, but here it describes Quintus's resolve failing; the sense is 'his spirit' or 'courage' rather than the immortal soul.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The proconsul (ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ) is the Roman governor of Asia, a standard figure in martyr acts; his attempt to persuade Germanicus reflects the legal procedure of exhortation (exhortatio) before execution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage contrasts two martyrs: Germanicus, who embraces death courageously, and Quintus, who initially offers himself but then recants. The narrative uses this contrast to highlight Polycarp's forthcoming steadfastness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The crowd's cry 'Away with the atheists' (ⲁ̃ⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ) reflects the pagan accusation that Christians were atheists for rejecting the civic gods; this trope recurs in early martyr acts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text at the start is damaged: ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲉⲩϫⲏⲣ *ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ. The asterisk marks a lacuna or uncertain reading; the translation 'The children were being tortured' is a plausible reconstruction but not certain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the children' (ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ) is unclear; they may be earlier unnamed martyrs or a generic group. The phrase 'the children of the tormentors' (ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲕⲟⲗⲁⲍⲓⲛ) is ambiguous: it could mean 'the tormentors' children' or be a scribal error for 'the children were tormented by the tormentors'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ → “soul”. Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ carries more than one sense (life); this passage takes it as “soul”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲡⲣⲟⲡⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲓⲱⲥ\nⲉⲧⲁϥϩⲉⲓ ⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ","english":"in a prophetic manner and without fear of God, but likewise he gave a clear sign openly","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲡⲣⲟⲡⲉⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in a prophetic manner' likely refers to Germanicus' voluntary death as a foreshadowing of Polycarp's own martyrdom, a common hagiographic trope.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic reads 'without fear of God', but the context suggests the proconsul's fear, not Germanicus'. The English draft's 'without fear of God' may misrepresent the subject; the Coptic is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲓⲱⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The conjunction 'but likewise' (ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲓⲱⲥ) marks a contrast: despite the proconsul's fear, Germanicus gave a clear sign, reinforcing the narrative's rhetorical structure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The 'clear sign' (ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ) is a hagiographic motif indicating divine favor or martyrdom's inevitability, paralleling signs in other early Christian martyr acts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase 'ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦' is ambiguous: it could mean 'without fear of God' (referring to the proconsul) or 'not in fear of God' (referring to Germanicus). The reading taken follows the English draft's interpretation as the proconsul's lack of fear, but the context of Germanicus' courage suggests the opposite."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ⲉⲣⲧⲟⲗ*ⲙⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧϩⲟϯ\nⲠⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲉⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲱⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲕⲓⲙ ⲛⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲟ̃ϩⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉϥⲕⲱϯ ⲁⲩϯϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥϣⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲉⲧ ⲡⲟⲩϩⲏⲧ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲓ ⲉⲥⲟⲩⲏ̃ⲟⲩ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲁϥⲕ̃ϩⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ϥⲉⲣ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲁⲛ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲏⲛ ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉϥϯϩⲟ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉϥⲉⲣⲉⲧⲓⲛ ⲛⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛⲉ\nⲧⲉϥⲥⲩⲛⲏⲑⲓⲁ̃ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲧⲉ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲇⲉ\nⲛⲅ︦ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲁϩⲟϥ ⲁ̃ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲣⲁⲙⲁ ϭⲱⲣⲡ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲕ ⲛⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲡⲉϥϩⲃⲟⲥ\n*ⲉⲧϩⲓϫⲱϥ ⲉ̃ⲁϥⲣⲱⲕϩ ϩⲓⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲣⲱⲕϩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲁϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲱⲣⲡ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϧⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉϥⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ\nⲛⲉⲣⲥⲩⲛⲙⲉⲛⲓⲛ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲉϥⲧⲁⲙⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ϩⲱϯ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲃⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲈⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲩⲕⲱϯ ⲛⲥⲱϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲏ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲁⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲛⲥ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ϯⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲑⲉⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲙⲉⲓ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲉⲡⲓⲙⲁ\nⲉⲧⲁ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲓ̃ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩⲁ̃ⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲃ︦ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nⲁⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ","english":"all these things, for it is not fitting for anyone to dare to do such deeds in this manner without fear. But Polycarp, the first of the wonders, when he heard that they were seeking him, he was in a state of undisturbed calm, and he kept his heart in peace and stillness. He wished to remain in the city, but the brothers who had not sought him urged him to go out from the city. And when he had set their hearts at rest, he went out to a farm that was far from the city. He stayed there with some others, doing nothing at all, but day and night he was alone, praying to the Lord. These are the things he was concerned with, and he prayed, making petition for peace for the churches throughout the whole world. For this was his custom at all times. But before the days when he was captured, a vision appeared to him from the night while he was praying, as if he saw his pillow that was under his head burning all at once in this manner, as if it were burned by a flame, and he arose in a disturbance and said the first word out loud to those who were with him, interpreting for them what would happen to him, and telling them with certainty that he was destined to complete his life by fire for the sake of Christ. When they continued seeking him with all zeal, they took him by force also from the agreement of the brothers because of their love for him. He withdrew to the place where those who were seeking him came to him in a disturbance, and they seized two small boys there and tortured them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the first of the wonders' is a title for Polycarp, likely echoing the Greek 'πρῶτος τῶν θαυμάτων' and emphasizing his primacy among martyrs.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic describes Polycarp as being 'in a state of undisturbed calm' (literally 'without disturbance'), contrasting with the turmoil of his pursuers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The vision of a burning pillow (or cushion) prefigures Polycarp's martyrdom by fire, a common hagiographic motif where a dream reveals the manner of death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉϥϯϩⲟ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from narrative to a summary of Polycarp's prayer life, emphasizing his intercessory role for the universal church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic verb 'ϣⲗⲏⲗ' (pray) is used repeatedly, underscoring Polycarp's devotion; it is a fixed rendering per the pinned glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase is syntactically ambiguous; it may be a continuation from the previous passage or a new sentence. The translation treats it as a dependent clause.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ' is unclear in its connection to the preceding text; it may be a fragment or a resumptive clause.","The identity of 'ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ' (the brothers) who urge Polycarp to leave is ambiguous—whether they are local Christians or a specific group.","The vision of the burning pillow is described with a simile ('ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ'), but the exact nature of the object (pillow or cushion) is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","text":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ → “pray”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩϭⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉ\nⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲁⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ ⲁⲩⲓ̃\nⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲱϥ ⲁⲩϫⲉⲙϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϫⲉⲛⲉⲫⲱⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲧⲉⲃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ *ⲡⲓⲙⲁ","english":"calm. But when they seized them and brought them to the place where Polycarp was, at the hour of the evening, they came upon him and found him lying on a bed in an upper room. And he was able to escape from that place.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text describes Polycarp being found on a bed in an upper room, consistent with the narrative of his hiding before arrest.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓϫⲉⲛⲉⲫⲱⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲡⲓϫⲉⲛⲉⲫⲱⲣ (literally 'the upper room') is a key term indicating the location of Polycarp's arrest, reflecting a domestic setting typical in hagiographic accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The detail of Polycarp being found on a bed in an upper room aligns with early Christian traditions of house-churches or private dwellings used for refuge during persecution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϫⲉⲙϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ⲁⲩϫⲉⲙϥ ('they found him') is ambiguous: it could imply a peaceful discovery or a forceful capture. The context suggests the latter, but the Coptic does not specify violence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a transition from Polycarp's calm resolve to the moment of his arrest, advancing the narrative toward his trial and martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲁⲩϫⲉⲙϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϫⲉⲛⲉⲫⲱⲣ could be read as 'they found him on the upper room' or 'they found him on the bed in the upper room'; the English draft opts for the latter.","The clause ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲧⲉⲃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ is ambiguous: it may indicate physical ability to escape or a missed opportunity; the English draft takes it as 'he was able to escape'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲕⲉⲏⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ\nⲫⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ϩⲓⲣⲉⲛ\nⲫⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲧⲁⲙⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲓ̃\nⲉⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϣⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲟ ⲉϥⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛⲣⲉⲙⲣⲁⲩϣ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲛ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲅ︦\nⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥϩⲩⲗⲏⲕⲓⲁ̃\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲧⲥⲉⲙⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲕⲁⲧⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲉⲩϫⲱ\nⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲏ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ\nⲟⲩϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ\nⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲭⲱ ϧⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲍⲁ ⲓ̃ⲧⲁ ⲁϥϯϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϭⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟⲫⲏ\nⲘⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲉⲧⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲛⲁⲡϣⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲁϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\n*ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϧⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ\nⲉⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲥⲉⲙⲛⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉⲕ ⲡⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲓⲣⲁⲙⲁⲟⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nϯⲕⲁⲑⲟⲗⲓⲕⲏ ⲛ̃ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ\nⲉⲧⲁ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲓ̃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ\nⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲱ ⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲡⲁⲛⲧⲁⲛ\nⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲏⲣⲱⲇⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲏⲛⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲩⲧⲏⲥ ⲡⲉϥⲓⲱⲧ\nⲛⲁⲓ","english":"But he did not wish to go to another house, but said, \"Let the will of the Lord be done.\" And when he knew that they had come to the door of the house, as the word informs us, he came down to them and spoke with them with a cheerful face, full of joy. And indeed, those who did not know him beforehand were amazed, along with the governor, who today marvel at the greatness of his stature and his dignified bearing and the composure of his face, saying, \"What is this great zeal to seek after an old man like this?\" But Apa Polycarp himself gave orders quickly that a table be set for them, and he gave them leave to partake of food. After these things, he asked them to allow him time to pray as he wished. And when they allowed him, he arose and prayed, filled with the grace of the Lord. And indeed, not only were those who were with him amazed as they heard him praying, but some of them also repented because they were about to kill such an old man. But the blessed Polycarp, when he had finished his prayer, remembered everyone, both those who had met him, small and great, rich and poor, and the whole catholic church throughout the entire world. And when the hour came for him to go out, they mounted him on a donkey and brought him into the city. And that day was a great Sabbath, and Herod the eirenarch and his father Nicetes met him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic retains the Greek/Syriac address ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) for Polycarp, a title of respect for senior monks and bishops, here rendered as 'Apa' in the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ϯⲕⲁⲑⲟⲗⲓⲕⲏ ⲛ̃ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ (the catholic church) refers to the universal Christian institution, not a local building; the Coptic uses the same word for both, but context here demands the institutional sense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ϣⲗⲏⲗ (pray) appears multiple times, describing Polycarp's extended prayer before his arrest; the Coptic emphasizes his filling with the grace of the Lord (ⲡⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϭⲥ).","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The eirenarch (ⲡⲓⲣⲏⲛⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ) Herod and his father Nicetes (ⲛⲓⲕⲩⲧⲏⲥ) are historical figures in the Polycarp narrative, responsible for the arrest; the title eirenarch denotes a local peace officer in Roman Asia Minor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from Polycarp's calm reception of the arrestors to his prayer and final journey into the city, marked by the phrase Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ (after these things) and the temporal marker ⲉⲧⲁ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ (when the hour came).","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The detail that some of the arrestors repented (ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲛ) upon hearing Polycarp pray is a hagiographic topos emphasizing the saint's spiritual power, later echoed in other martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ϩⲓⲣⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲟ (when he knew that they had come to the door) is ambiguous: it may mean he knew by divine insight or by being informed; the text does not specify.","The phrase ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ (small and great) could refer to social status or age; the English draft takes it as 'small and great' in a general sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁⲩϯϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲉⲕϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ *ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ","english":"They placed him upon a chariot to make him sit before them. They were mocking him, saying, \"What harm is there in your saying, 'Lord Caesar,' and making sacrifice for your safety?\" But he cried out, saying,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase indicates Polycarp is placed on a chariot, a public conveyance that underscores his humiliation before the crowd.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'Lord Caesar' (ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ) is a standard acclamation in Roman imperial cult, here demanded of Polycarp as a test of loyalty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃","severity":"info","text":"The demand to 'make sacrifice' (ⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃) reflects the Roman legal requirement for Christians to offer incense to the emperor's genius, refusal of which was capital.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Polycarp's cry (ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ) marks a turning point: his public refusal shifts the narrative from interrogation to the climactic martyrdom scene.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text after ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ is fragmentary; the English draft supplies 'cried out, saying,' but the exact content of his cry is lost in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic breaks off after ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ; the English draft assumes a direct speech follows, but the original may have continued with a longer response or a narrative aside."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲣⲥⲩⲙⲃⲟⲩⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲁⲓϥ ⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲙⲡⲟⲩϣⲑⲉⲧ\nⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲟⲩⲟ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲩⲛⲁϣⲧ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϩⲣⲁϥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲕϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲫⲉⲗϩ ⲧⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲉⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲉⲣⲙⲕⲁϩⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ϩⲱⲥ\nⲓⲥϫⲉⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϣⲉⲡ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲏ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧϥ ⲉⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ\nϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϩⲏⲗ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ ⲁ ⲟⲩⲥⲙⲏ ϣⲱⲡⲓ\nϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲡⲉⲧⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nϯⲥⲙⲏ ⲇⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲛ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲥ\n*ⲉⲧⲁⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϣⲱⲡⲓ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ\nⲈⲧⲁϥϯ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲁϥϣⲉⲛϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ϯϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥϫⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϣⲓⲡⲓ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϩⲩⲗⲏⲕⲓⲁ̃\nⲱⲣⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲧⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲛ ⲁ̃ϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲗⲓ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲧⲟⲩⲥⲩⲛⲏⲑⲓⲁ̃ ⲡⲉ\nⲉϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϣⲁⲙϣⲉⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ\nⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϩⲣⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲩⲛⲉⲇⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲟ ⲉϥⲟ̃ⲕⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲕⲓⲙ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲁϥϥⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉⲧⲫⲉ ⲁϥϥⲓⲁ̃ϩⲟⲙ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲱ","english":"The thing which you are advising me to do will never happen to me.\" But they, not being shaken in their heart, brought forth harsh words against him, and they dragged him down from the chariot with a great disturbance. Then they scraped his thigh as they brought him down. He, however, was not at all grieved, as if he had suffered nothing. He walked with eagerness and speed as they led him into the stadium. And a great disturbance occurred in the stadium. When the blessed Polycarp entered the stadium, a voice came to him from heaven, saying, \"Polycarp, be strong and be firm.\" The one who spoke, however, no one saw. But the voice was heard by many of those who were present. When they had brought him in, a great disturbance occurred when they heard that Polycarp had been seized. When he had turned his face, the proconsul asked him, \"Are you Polycarp?\" And when he said, \"I am,\" he (the proconsul) was eager to persuade him to recant, saying to him, \"Respect your age. Swear by the fortune of Caesar. Repent. Say, 'Away with the atheists.'\" For the Christians are the atheists, and many other words of this sort, which are the custom of the idolaters to say. Polycarp, however, looked sternly at the whole crowd in the council, with a face full of grace, and moving his hand, he raised his eyes upward to heaven, sighed, and said, \"O—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ (anthypatos) denotes a Roman proconsul, the provincial governor. In the Coptic tradition, this title is used for the official presiding over Polycarp's trial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ (literally 'the godless ones') translates the Greek ἄθεοι (atheoi). In the martyrdom context, it is a charge leveled by pagans against Christians, who refused to worship the state gods.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The heavenly voice exhorting Polycarp to 'be strong and be firm' echoes biblical language of encouragement in martyrdom, reminiscent of exhortations in 2 Timothy 2:1 and Hebrews 12:1, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The stadium (ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ) was a typical venue for public spectacles and executions in Roman cities. Its mention here situates the martyrdom within the civic arena, where crowds gathered to witness the trial and punishment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The conjunction ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ (then, moreover) marks a narrative transition, shifting from Polycarp's entry to the crowd's reaction. It is a common Coptic narrative device, here signaling the escalation of tension as the martyr enters the stadium.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic version of the Martyrdom of Polycarp is part of a broader hagiographic tradition that circulated in Egypt. This passage, with its emphasis on divine voice and steadfastness, reflects the ideal of the martyr as an imitator of Christ, a theme central to Coptic piety.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲧⲁⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲇⲉ (when they had brought him in) is ambiguous as to whether it refers to the stadium or the council; the English draft takes it as the stadium, but the subsequent mention of the proconsul suggests the council chamber."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"Luke 1:28","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “full of grace”, which matches Luke 1:28. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϣⲁⲙϣⲉⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲙⲏⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","english":"The Lord Aliouei there with the godless ones, the idolaters, while the governor continued forth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃","severity":"info","text":"The name ⲁⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ (Aliouei) is likely a Coptic rendering of a Greek or Latin name, possibly a variant of 'Aelius' or a local official. Its exact identity is uncertain, but it may refer to a magistrate or a figure associated with the persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲙⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ (with the godless ones) is a standard Coptic hagiographic epithet for pagans or idolaters, reflecting the Christian perspective of the persecutors as impious.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃","severity":"info","text":"The abbreviation ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ (ⲡϭⲟⲉⲓⲥ, 'the Lord') before the name ⲁⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ is unusual; it may be a scribal error or a title of respect, though in context it likely refers to a secular authority, not a divine title.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The reading ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ (ⲡϭⲟⲉⲓⲥ) is ambiguous: it could be a scribal abbreviation for 'the Lord' (divine) or a title for a magistrate. Given the context of a governor and idolaters, it likely refers to a human authority, but the text is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲏⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲙⲏⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ (continued forth) indicates the governor's persistent action, likely continuing his interrogation or procession, consistent with the narrative flow of the martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ⲁⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ is uncertain; it may be a proper name or a title. The abbreviation ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ could be a divine title or a scribal error for a secular title. The phrase ⲙⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ is clear but the referent of 'the godless ones' is not specified further."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲱⲣⲕ ⲛ̃*ⲧⲧⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲱϣ\nⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲛⲁⲭⲁⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡ︦ⲋ︦ ⲛⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ϣⲁ ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ϯⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲃⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϭⲓⲧⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲛⲥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲁϣ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲉⲓⲛⲁϫⲉⲟⲩⲁ̃ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉⲑⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲇⲉ\nϩⲉϫϩⲱϫϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲱⲣⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲧⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲕϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲱⲣⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲧⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲉⲕϫⲱ\nⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲕⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲧⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲡⲁⲣⲣⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉϣⲱⲡ\nⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲉⲙⲓ ⲉⲧϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲑⲉⲧ ⲡϩⲏⲧ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲙⲉⲛ\nⲁⲓⲧⲁⲓⲟⲕ ⲁⲓⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϯⲥⲱ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ϭⲛⲉϫⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲉⲝⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲉⲣⲧⲓⲙⲁⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ *ⲡⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲉⲣⲃⲗⲁⲡⲧⲓⲛ\nⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ϯϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ\nⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲉⲣⲁⲡⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲥⲑⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲛ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲕϣⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲛ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲏⲓⲕ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧϫⲟⲙ\nⲧⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲧⲉⲃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉⲩ ⲉⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁⲛⲉⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲉⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲧⲉⲃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲛⲏ\nⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲉⲣⲕⲁⲧⲁⲫⲣⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲇⲁⲙⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟⲕ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲕϯϩⲟϯ","english":"He said, \"Swear by the fortune of Caesar, and I will release you.\" Polycarp said, \"For eighty-six years I have been a servant of my Lord Jesus Christ, and he has never done me violence. How then can I blaspheme my king who saved me? The governor, however, became enraged and said, \"Swear by the fortune of Caesar.\" Polycarp said, \"If this is your boast, that I should swear by the fortune of Caesar as you say, as if you were ignorant, who am I to listen? With boldness, I am a Christian. If you wish to know the power of the Christians, give me a day and I will teach you.\" The proconsul said, \"Persuade the people.\" Polycarp answered, \"You I have honored, I have answered you, because we have been taught to respect the authorities and powers and to give them honor according to what is fitting, in which we do not harm ourselves. But these, I say, are not worthy to be reasoned with at all.\" The proconsul again threatened, saying, \"I have wild beasts here; if you do not repent, I will throw you to them.\" Polycarp said, \"Call them. Repentance from better to worse is a change of strength. But it is better to change from worse to better.\" The proconsul said again, \"If you despise the beasts, I will have you burned in the fire.\" Polycarp said, \"You threaten.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲧⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fortune of Caesar' (τύχη Καίσαρος) is a standard Roman imperial oath formula; the Coptic preserves the Greek loanword ⲧⲧⲩⲭⲏ (τύχη).","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ (ἀνθύπατος) designates a proconsul, the Roman governor of a senatorial province; here it refers to the magistrate presiding over Polycarp's trial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Polycarp's declaration 'I am a Christian' echoes the early Christian confession formula (Χριστιανός εἰμι), a standard martyrdom trope found in Acts and later hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'Polycarp said' (ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ) structures the dialogue as a series of exchanges, typical of Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁϣ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲛⲁϣ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ('how then') is a rhetorical question; the Coptic text may be corrupt here, as the expected negative particle is missing, but the sense is clear from context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Polycarp's refusal to swear by Caesar's fortune became a model for later Coptic martyrs, emphasizing loyalty to Christ over imperial cult.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has a possible scribal error in the phrase ⲛⲁϣ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ, where the expected negative particle is absent; the reading follows the context.","The identity of the 'proconsul' (ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ) is not specified in this passage; it is assumed to be the Roman governor of Smyrna."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲉⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉϣⲁϥϭⲣⲟ ⲡⲣⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ϥⲛⲁⲱ̃ϣⲉⲙ\nⲇⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲕⲱⲓ ⲛⲁⲧⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ","english":"...to me. A fire that burns for a short time is quickly extinguished. But after a little while, I will not know the fire.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ (literally 'to a fire') introduces the image of a fire that burns briefly. The sense is that a short-lived fire is quickly extinguished, contrasting with the eternal fire of martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲭⲣⲱⲙ","severity":"info","text":"ⲭⲣⲱⲙ is the standard Coptic word for 'fire'. In this context, it refers both to the literal fire of the pyre and metaphorically to the trial of martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a fire that burns briefly and is extinguished echoes early Christian martyrdom literature, where the martyr's endurance outlasts the temporal pain of the flames.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲧⲉ̃ⲙⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲛⲁⲧⲉ̃ⲙⲓ (literally 'I will not know') is ambiguous: it may mean 'I will not experience' the fire, or 'I will not understand' it. The translation takes the former sense, but the Coptic allows both.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲁⲧⲉ̃ⲙⲓ could mean either 'I will not experience' or 'I will not understand' the fire; the translation adopts the experiential sense.","The Coptic text is fragmentary; the exact connection to the previous passage is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲕϭⲓⲁ̃ⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϣϥ *ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲁⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁϣⲓ ϩⲓ ⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲛϩⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ\nⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲭⲁⲣⲓⲥ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲉϫⲉⲛ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ ϫⲱⲛⲧ\nⲈⲡϧⲁⲉ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲁ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲩⲣⲓⲝ\nⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲅ︦ ⲛⲥⲟⲡ ϫⲉ ⲁ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲩⲣⲓⲝ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓ\nϩⲉⲗⲗⲏⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲙⲩⲣⲛⲁ ⲱϣ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲥⲙⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲁⲧⲁ̃ⲙⲁϩⲓ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲥⲁϧ ⲛ̃ϯⲁⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲉⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲡⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ\nⲛⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲉϣⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϣⲧⲉⲙⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲉⲩϯϩⲟ\nⲉ̃ⲫⲩⲗⲓⲡⲡⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ϯⲁ̃ⲥⲓⲁ̃ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲭⲱ\nⲛⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ *ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲥⲧⲟⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲩⲛⲓⲕⲓⲟⲛ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲥⲉⲣⲇⲟⲕⲓⲛ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲣⲱⲕϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲛⲉ ϩⲱϯ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲧⲉϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲟⲣⲁⲙⲁ\nⲉⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥϩⲃⲟⲥ ⲣⲱⲕϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲓⲁ̃ ϫⲉ ⲥⲑⲏϣ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲣⲟⲕϩⲧ ⲉⲓⲟⲛϧ","english":"...of the judgment that will come, and the eternal punishments that are reserved for the impious. But what is it that you are hastening to bring upon yourself? For you do not know what you wish. But these things and the other things, the blessed Polycarp spoke, filled with joy and steadfastness of heart, and his face was full of grace. However, not only was he not disturbed by what was said to him, but rather he himself caused the proconsul to become angry.\n\nFinally, the proconsul sent a herald who proclaimed in the stadium three times: \"Polycarp has confessed that he is a Christian.\" And when the herald had said these things, the whole multitude of the Greeks and the Jews who were in Smyrna cried out together with a great voice and with unquenchable anger: \"This is the teacher of all Asia, the father of the Christians, and he dissolves the gods, teaching the multitude not to sacrifice and not to worship them.\" While they were saying these things, they cried out together, urging Philip, the Asiarch, to let a lion loose upon Polycarp. But he said: \"It is not permitted for me, since the time of the public spectacles has been completed.\" Then all of them together shouted approval and cried out: \"Let Polycarp be burned alive!\" For it was necessary that the vision which had been revealed to him be fulfilled, on the day when he saw it while praying, that his garment was burning in a flame, and he turned to the faithful who were with him and said to them prophetically: \"It is necessary for me to be burned alive.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ (from Greek ἀσεβής) means 'impious' or 'godless,' a standard Christian label for pagans and persecutors.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The 'proconsul' (ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲑⲩⲡⲁⲧⲟⲥ) was the Roman governor of the province of Asia, presiding over the trial of Polycarp.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ϯⲁ̃ⲥⲓⲁ̃","severity":"info","text":"Philip the Asiarch (ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ϯⲁ̃ⲥⲓⲁ̃) was a provincial official responsible for public games; his refusal to release a lion reflects legal constraints on spectacles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Polycarp's vision of his garment burning while he prays (ⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ) echoes prophetic dream motifs in early Christian martyr acts, prefiguring his death by fire.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from Polycarp's defiant speech to the crowd's outcry and the herald's proclamation, building tension toward the execution decree.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲛⲁⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ is obscure; it may be a corruption or variant of ⲛⲁⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ 'these other things,' but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲁⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ is unclear; possibly a scribal error for 'these other things.'","The Coptic ⲛⲁⲧⲁ̃ⲙⲁϩⲓ (unquenchable) may be a variant of ⲛⲁⲧⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ, but the sense is clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ","english":"This one, however, happened through a great disturbance in the time before","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase indicates that the event (likely Polycarp's arrest or trial) occurred 'through a great disturbance,' but the syntax is ambiguous: ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ can mean 'by means of' or 'through,' and the following temporal clause is incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ","severity":"info","text":"ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ (šthorter) is a Coptic noun meaning 'disturbance, turmoil, confusion.' In hagiographic contexts, it often refers to public uproar or persecution, not an internal emotional state.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ ('in the time before') is a temporal marker that likely introduces a subordinate clause, but the Coptic text breaks off mid-sentence. This suggests a lacuna or a transition to the next passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The demonstrative ⲫⲁⲓ ('this one') lacks a clear antecedent in the surviving Coptic. It may refer to Polycarp's martyrdom, the preceding speech, or an event mentioned in a lost portion of the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'great disturbance' likely alludes to the public commotion during Polycarp's arrest, as described in the Greek Martyrdom of Polycarp (ch. 7–8). The Coptic version here condenses or rephrases the narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The antecedent of ⲫⲁⲓ is unclear; it may refer to Polycarp's martyrdom or a preceding event.","The temporal clause introduced by ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ is incomplete, suggesting a lacuna in the manuscript.","The phrase ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ could be read as 'by means of a great disturbance' (instrumental) or 'through a great disturbance' (circumstantial)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛϣⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ\nϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲗⲉⲃϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲉⲣⲕⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩⲟ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ϩⲱⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲥⲩⲛⲏⲑⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲉⲣⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧϥ\nⲈⲧⲁⲩⲥⲟⲃϯ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϯϩⲣⲱ ⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϩⲃⲱⲥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲉⲧⲁϥⲃⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲍⲱⲛⲏ *ⲁϥϭⲱⲛⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲑⲱⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲕⲉⲧⲟⲓⲅⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϥⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ\nϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲫⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲫⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲓⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲉϭⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϥϩⲃⲱⲥ ⲓ̃ⲉ̃ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲡⲟⲗⲏⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲑⲛⲁ\nⲛⲉⲥ ⲉⲛⲁϥⲥⲉⲗⲥⲱⲗ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲛϯⲟⲩ\nⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛϩϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲟⲣⲅⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲥⲱⲛϩ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲣⲟⲕϩⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ\nϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲟϥⲧϥ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲓϥⲧ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲕⲏⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲁϣⲧ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲙⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ϥⲛⲁϯ ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲓϥⲁⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲭⲱⲣⲓⲥ\nⲡⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲛⲛⲓϥⲧ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϯ ⲓϥⲧ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛϩϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ϩⲱϥ ⲁϥⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ϩⲓ\nⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛϩϥ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲓⲗⲓ\nⲉϥⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲛⲟⲩϭⲗⲓⲗ ⲉϥϣⲏⲡ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲓⲱⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲧ *ⲡⲉⲕⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲛ̃ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ\nⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲛϭⲓ ⲙⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ\nⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϫⲟⲙ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲇⲓⲕⲉⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲟⲛϧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϯϣⲉⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲁⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲓϭⲓ ϩⲱ","english":"The crowds rushed in with a great disturbance, with stones and many clubs from the prisons and the synagogues, but most of all the Jews, as was their custom, to serve such deeds in this manner with zeal.\n\nWhen they had prepared the fire, the pillar of the middle, Polycarp, took off his garments and loosened his belt. He also hastened to remove his sandals, not having done this before, because each of the faithful at all times hastens to touch his garments or his body because of his noble conduct.\n\nBut while he was being bound in the instruments that are used to bind those who are to be burned, they also said that they would nail him. He said, \"Leave me as I am. For he who has granted that I should die in the fire will also grant me to endure it without the strength of your nails.\" So they did not nail him, but bound him alone. He himself placed his hands behind his back. When he was bound like a chosen ram taken from a great flock for sacrifice, he raised his eyes to heaven, to the almighty God, and opened his mouth, saying, \"Father of him who is blessed, your beloved only-begotten son, Jesus Christ, our Lord, from whom we received your knowledge through the God of the angels and the powers, the God of all creation, the God of the whole race of the living righteous before you at all times, I thank you that you have deemed me worthy of this day and this hour to receive also...","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to Polycarp's living body as the site of ascetic struggle, consistent with the glossary's note for ascetic literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Jews acting 'as was their custom' reflects a common trope in early Christian martyrdom accounts, often used to emphasize the hostility of non-Christian groups.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲕⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲛ̃ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'your beloved only-begotten son' echoes Johannine language (e.g., John 3:16, 1 John 4:9) and early Christological titles, linking Polycarp's prayer to New Testament theology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ","severity":"info","text":"The opening of Polycarp's mouth marks the transition from narrative to direct prayer, a common structural feature in martyrdom dialogues that heightens the hagiographic climax.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ","severity":"info","text":"Calling Polycarp 'the pillar of the middle' is a distinctive epithet in Coptic tradition, emphasizing his role as a steadfast witness (martyr) and leader, later echoed in liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲉⲣⲕⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲓⲉⲣⲕⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ (from Greek εἰρκτή 'prison') is a rare loanword; its plural form here may be a scribal error or reflect a collective sense, but the reading 'prisons' is standard.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲓⲉⲣⲕⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ is ambiguous: it may be a plural of 'prison' or a scribal variant; the reading 'prisons' is adopted.","The clause ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲥⲟⲃϯ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϯϩⲣⲱ could mean 'when they prepared the fire' or 'when they prepared the pyre'; the translation 'fire' is followed."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ → “body”. In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ carries more than one sense (corpse); this passage takes it as “body”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲏⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲑⲣⲉⲕⲟⲡⲧ ⲛ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ\nⲉⲕⲉϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲥⲕⲉⲛⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩⲧ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲥϣⲏⲡ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕϫⲟⲕⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","english":"...a portion in the arena of the martyrs of Christ, that you might be cut down in their midst, and that you might be made for yourself today as a perfect sacrifice, and that you might be prepared according to the manner in which you first prepared yourself, and you first revealed yourself, and you fulfilled it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲏⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'a portion in the arena of the martyrs' likely refers to Polycarp's share in the collective martyrdom of Christians, with 'arena' (ⲧⲏⲡⲓ) as the place of execution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃","severity":"info","text":"ⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ (Greek θυσία) means 'sacrifice'; here it describes Polycarp's death as a perfect offering, a key hagiographic trope.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲟⲩⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲥⲕⲉⲛⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'perfect sacrifice' echoes language of sacrificial purity in the Septuagint (e.g., Leviticus 22:22) and New Testament (e.g., Hebrews 9:14), though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲕⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕϫⲟⲕⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The repetition of 'you first' and 'you fulfilled' creates a chiastic structure emphasizing Polycarp's prior preparation and its completion in martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲉϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲕⲉϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ is ambiguous: it may mean 'you might be made for yourself' or 'you might be made to yourself'; the draft takes the former, but the reflexive sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲉⲕⲉϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ could be read as reflexive ('made for yourself') or passive ('made to you'); the draft chooses the reflexive.","The phrase ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲏⲡⲓ may mean 'a portion in the arena' or 'a part of the arena'; the context favors the former."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲑⲛⲟⲩϫ ⲛⲁϣϧⲱⲛⲧ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϯⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ϯϭⲓⲥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ϯϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲓⲉⲣⲉⲩⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲉⲕⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ *ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ\nⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲡⲣⲟⲥⲉⲩⲭⲏ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲩϭⲉⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲏⲡ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲁϩ\nϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲉⲟⲩϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ϧⲁ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲧⲏⲓⲥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲡⲕⲉⲥⲉⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲅⲁⲣ\nⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲭⲏⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲗⲁⲟⲩⲟ̃ ⲓ̃ϫⲟⲓ ⲁⲉⲉⲙⲉϩ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲏⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲥⲟⲃⲧ ⲉⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲕⲱϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲁϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲉⲩⲣⲱⲕϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲟⲩϩⲁⲧ ⲉⲩⲫⲓⲥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲁⲛϣⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲉⲟⲩⲥⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲗⲓⲃⲁⲛⲟⲥ\nⲉϥϣⲱϣ ⲓ̃ⲉ̃ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲕⲉⲓ̃ⲇⲟⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲥⲑⲟⲓϥⲓ³ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲓ̃ⲏ̃ⲟⲩⲧ *ⲉⲡϧⲁⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲉⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ\nⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ\nⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϧⲉⲗϧⲱⲗϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲁⲓ\nⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲛⲟϥ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲱ̃ϣⲉⲙ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲓⲃϯ ϣⲟⲡ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲧⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲛϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ","english":"...of the true God, whom none of the false gods can equal. I bless you, I exalt you, I give glory to you through the true high priest forever, our Lord Jesus Christ, your only beloved son, through whom glory is given to you, together with the Holy Spirit, now and at all times and forever and ever.\n\nWhen he had sent up the Amen and completed his prayer, then the men who were appointed to the fire kindled the fire. And a great flame arose, and we saw a miracle among those whom the Lord had prepared to see these things, and also among those who had kept themselves to witness the rest of what happened. For the fire took the shape of a vault, like a ship's sail filled with wind, and it surrounded the body of the martyr, who stood in the middle of the fire, not like flesh that is burning, but like gold and silver being refined in a fire. For we perceived a sweet fragrance, like that of incense or some other precious spice, emanating from the spices.\n\nBut when the lawless ones saw that his body could not be consumed by the fire, one of them commanded a soldier to thrust his sword into him, and when he did this, a great quantity of blood came out, and the fire was extinguished. And the whole crowd marveled that such a great power exists among the faithful and the elect. And one of them was this miracle that had occurred.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the martyr, which the fire cannot consume; the term is used consistently in martyrdom accounts for the body after death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ here means 'bless' (addressed to God), as the object is the deity; in other contexts it can mean 'praise' when the object is God.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the fire forming a vault like a ship's sail and the body remaining unconsumed echoes common hagiographic motifs of miraculous preservation, paralleling accounts of Polycarp's martyrdom in other traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a doxological prayer to a narrative of the martyrdom, marked by ⲉⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ('when he had sent up'), a typical Coptic narrative transition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The miracle of the fire and the sweet fragrance (ⲥⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ) is a standard element in Coptic martyrdom accounts, reinforcing the sanctity of the martyr and the power of faith.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲓⲥⲑⲟⲓϥⲓ³ (spices) is partially illegible; the reading follows the English draft's 'precious spice'.","The identity of 'the lawless ones' (ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ) is ambiguous; it likely refers to Roman authorities or pagan persecutors."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ → “bless”. The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ carries more than one sense (praise); this passage takes it as “bless”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲛⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","english":"...in our brothers, this one who became a scribe and apostle and prophet and bishop.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲁϧ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic term ⲥⲁϧ (scribe) is here applied to Polycarp, likely as a title of honor indicating his role as a teacher and writer of Christian texts, not merely a copyist.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ (apostle) is used for Polycarp, extending the title beyond the Twelve to a figure of apostolic authority, consistent with early Christian usage for disciples of apostles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ (prophet) is applied to Polycarp, a rare designation for a post-biblical figure, possibly reflecting his role as a teacher of prophetic or inspired speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ (bishop) is the standard title for Polycarp as bishop of Smyrna, here listed alongside other charismatic titles to emphasize his comprehensive authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a catalog of titles (scribe, apostle, prophet, bishop) attributed to Polycarp, forming a rhetorical climax that elevates his status before the narrative of his martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲛⲉⲛⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ (our brothers) could refer to fellow Christians or to a specific group of martyrs; the reading taken is 'our brothers' as a general reference to the Christian community."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ → “apostle”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲕⲁⲑⲟⲗⲓⲕⲓⲕⲏ ⲛ̃ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲙⲩⲣⲛⲁ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛⲥⲟⲩⲕ︦ⲑ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲃⲟⲧ ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲓ︦ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲱϥ ⲁⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲠⲓⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲛⲏⲣⲟⲥ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲭⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲡⲓⲁⲛⲧⲓⲕⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲧⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲡⲟⲗⲏⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛⲁⲧⲑⲱⲗⲉⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϫⲉ\nⲁⲩϯⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲉϫⲱϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲧⲁⲕⲟ\nⲉ̃ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲃⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϭⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲓ̃ⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ\nⲉϣⲧⲉⲙⲑⲣⲉⲛⲱⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲕⲉⲡⲉⲣ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ\nⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲩⲙⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϭⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲉϥⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲁⲩⲥⲓϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲩⲧⲏⲥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲏⲣⲱⲇⲏⲥ\nⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲉⲙⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϣⲧⲉⲙϯ ⲛⲁⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲅⲁⲣ ϫⲉ ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲁϣϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲕⲱⲗⲡ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲩϯⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩ\nⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲉϣⲧⲉⲙⲑⲣⲉⲛⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ\n*ⲉⲩⲟⲓ ⲛⲁⲧⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲛ ⲁⲛ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ ϧⲁ ⲡⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲁⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉⲃⲏⲗ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧⲟⲛϧ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ\nϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲉⲛⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲡϣⲁ ϩⲱⲥ ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲡⲟⲩϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲙⲉⲓ\nⲉⲧⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲟⲩⲥⲁϧ","english":"...of the whole catholic church in Smyrna. And this is the manner in which the holy bishop Abba Polycarp completed his martyrdom, in a peace of God on the twenty-third of the month Mechir. And all the words that came out of his mouth were fulfilled.\n\nThe evil devil, the envious one, and the adversary, having learned of the greatness of his martyrdom and his conduct from the beginning, without deceit, and that a crown had been placed upon him with the crown of indestructibility, took the palm of victory. The devil himself brought it to prevent us from taking his body, lest a multitude who desired this should touch his holy flesh. Some sent the hunters to Father Herod to have the governor prevent us from taking his body. For he said, \"Lest they abandon the one who was crucified on the cross, and instead worship this other one.\" But he rebuked them, while the Jews mocked him and gave him encouragement. These also guarded us to prevent us from bringing his body out of the fire.\n\nThey are ignorant, the wretched ones, for neither shall we abandon Christ forever, he who died for the salvation of the whole world, nor shall we worship any other besides him. For we worship him as the living Son of God. The martyrs, however, we love according to their worth, as disciples and imitators of their Lord, because of their love directed toward their king and teacher.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ here refers to the universal church as an institution, not a building or local congregation, as indicated by the modifier ⲕⲁⲑⲟⲗⲓⲕⲓⲕⲏ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ denotes the corpse of Polycarp, consistent with the glossary's specification for martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧⲟⲛϧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the living Son of God' echoes New Testament language (e.g., Matt 16:16; Mark 3:11) and contrasts Christ with the martyrs, who are disciples and imitators.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Jews mocking Polycarp reflects a common trope in early Christian martyrdom accounts, often used to emphasize the hostility of non-Christian groups.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the narrative of Polycarp's martyrdom with a theological reflection distinguishing worship of Christ from veneration of martyrs, a key structural element in hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage's emphasis on the indestructibility of Polycarp's crown and the devil's futile attempt to prevent veneration of his body influenced later Coptic liturgical practices around relics.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲓⲕⲩⲧⲏⲥ (hunters) is ambiguous: it may refer to literal hunters or metaphorically to agents of persecution.","The identity of 'Father Herod' is unclear; possibly a local official or a symbolic figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ → “disciple”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲃϩ ϩⲱⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲉⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","english":"...of these prayers reach us, that we may become their companions and disciples.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ (mathētēs) is rendered as 'disciple' per the pinned glossary. In this context, it links the reader to the apostolic tradition of Polycarp as a disciple of John.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲟⲥ (koinōnos) is a Greek loanword meaning 'companion' or 'participant'. It echoes early Christian language of fellowship and communion in martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the narrative with a prayerful wish, typical of hagiographic endings, that the audience may share in the spiritual benefits of Polycarp's martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'become their companions and disciples' reflects the Coptic hagiographic trope of inviting the reader into the saint's spiritual lineage, common in martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲃϩ is ambiguous: it could mean 'these prayers' (as in the draft) or 'these requests'. The reading 'prayers' is adopted based on the preceding context of Polycarp's final words."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Ⲡⲓⲉⲕⲁⲧⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥⲧⲓⲧⲱⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲭⲁ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲏϯ\nⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲟⲩⲥⲩⲛⲏⲑⲓⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ϩⲱⲛ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲁⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ̃ ⲛⲛⲉϥⲕⲁⲥ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲓ̃ⲏ̃ⲟⲩⲧ ⲉϩⲟⲧⲉ\nϩⲁⲛⲱⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲉⲛⲁϣⲉⲛⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲉϩⲟⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓⲛⲟⲩⲃ *ⲁⲛⲭⲁⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲡϣⲁ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ϥⲉϯ ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲁⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲉⲛϫⲟⲙ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲟⲩⲑⲉⲗⲏⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲉⲛϯⲓ̃ⲟⲩ ⲙⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲉⲣⲁⲅⲱⲛⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲏ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁ̃ⲣⲓ\nⲞⲩⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲡϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲡⲓϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ\nⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲉⲩⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲉⲛ ϧⲁ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲑⲉⲱ̃ⲣⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉⲛⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣ\nⲉⲛⲉϥϧⲓⲥⲓ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲛ̃ⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ\n*ⲉⲡⲉϥⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉⲛⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲱ︦ⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲁⲓ̃ⲟ̃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲕⲩⲛⲏⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲉⲣⲡⲣⲉⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲛϧⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲟⲩⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟ̃ⲩ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ","english":"The centurion, for when he saw the testimony of the Jews, he placed the body of the blessed one in the middle according to their custom, and thus we also, after them, gathered his precious bones, which are more valuable than precious stones and more chosen than gold, and placed them in a suitable place according to their worth. The Lord, however, will grant us the same, when we gather there in that place according to our ability, with joy and delight, to complete the day of his martyrdom, like a birthday, as we give thanks to the Lord once, and a beginning for those who first contended, and also for those who will contend.\n\nThus was the completion of the blessed Polycarp, the companion and apostle, this one alone, whose memory is made by everyone, and of whom the other nations speak in every place. May it be for all of us, for those who witnessed his contest and for those who will hear of it, from the time we became companions of his labors, that we may also become companions and inheritors of his rest in the kingdom of our Lord and our God and our Savior Jesus Christ, from whom all glory and all honor and all worship are fitting for the Father with him and the Holy Spirit, the life-giver and consubstantial with him, now and at all times and forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲉⲕⲁⲧⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲉⲕⲁⲧⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ (hekatontarchos) denotes a centurion, a Roman military officer. Its use here reflects the Roman judicial context of Polycarp's martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Polycarp is called ⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ (apostolos), a title that elevates him beyond a local bishop to an apostolic figure, aligning with his traditional role as a disciple of John the Evangelist.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The nomina sacra ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ (for ⲡϭⲟⲉⲓⲥ, 'the Lord') and ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ (for ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, 'Jesus Christ') are standard scribal abbreviations in Coptic manuscripts, reflecting reverence and liturgical usage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲟⲩⲥⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲟⲩⲥⲓⲟⲥ (homoousios) is a key theological term from the Nicene Creed (325 CE), asserting the consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son. Its presence here indicates a post-Nicene redaction of the martyrdom account.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology, invoking the Trinity and eternal glory, reflects the liturgical use of the Martyrdom of Polycarp in Coptic commemorations. The text was read on his feast day (2 Meshir in the Coptic calendar) to inspire emulation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"*ⲁⲛⲭⲁⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading *ⲁⲛⲭⲁⲩ (from ⲁⲛⲉⲭⲁⲩ, 'we placed them') is uncertain due to a lacuna or scribal error in the Coptic manuscript; the translation follows the likely emendation based on context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-polycarp","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Polycarp","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Polycarp/Polycarp_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥⲧⲓⲧⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ is ambiguous: it may mean 'when he saw the testimony of the Jews' (as translated) or 'when he saw the Jews giving testimony' (i.e., the Jews as witnesses). The reading taken follows the English draft.","The phrase ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ could be read as 'this apostle alone' (emphasizing uniqueness) or 'this one alone [is] the apostle' (a restrictive identification). The translation opts for the former."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}