{"slug":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","title":"Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"coptic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T04:23:17Z","cost_usd":0.009309},"source":{"registry_id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","work_id":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","edition":"coptic-ocr","license":"GNU GPL-3.0","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"},"stats":{"passages":12,"english_words":2190,"coptic_letters":6583,"commentary_units":68,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":15,"ambiguities":24,"work_notes":6,"external_links":6,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","abstract":"The Martyrdom of Luke the Evangelist is a Coptic hagiographical account that presents Luke, traditionally Paul's disciple and secretary, as a martyr. The narrative follows a standard passion pattern: after Paul's beheading in Rome, Luke flees, preaches, performs miracles (healing the blind, lame, leprous, and deaf), and converts many, leading to the building of churches and monasteries. The text culminates in Luke's own martyrdom. It survives in a single Sahidic Coptic manuscript (Pierpont Morgan M595, ca. 9th–10th century) from the Monastery of the Archangel Michael in the Fayyum. The work contradicts canonical tradition (Luke died naturally in Bithynia) and reflects later legendary development, possibly influenced by apocryphal Acts of John.","historical_context":"The text likely dates to the early medieval period (6th–9th centuries), when Coptic hagiography flourished in Egypt, particularly in monastic centers like the Fayyum. The sole surviving manuscript is a Coptic parchment codex (Pierpont Morgan M595) from the Monastery of the Archangel Michael, copied ca. 9th–10th century. The Coptic is Sahidic dialect with some Bohairic influence, and the style is formulaic, with repetitive prayers and dialogue typical of Coptic martyrdom literature. The work was first edited and translated into Latin by Hyvernat and Balestri in 1886; no complete English translation existed before this project. The account contradicts canonical traditions (Luke died naturally in Bithynia) and reflects a later legendary development, possibly influenced by the Acts of John or other apocrypha. The narrative pattern—trial, torture, miracles—is common in Coptic passion accounts.","significance":"This text is significant as a rare Coptic martyrdom account of an evangelist, illustrating how later Egyptian Christian tradition reimagined Luke as a martyr. It provides insight into the development of hagiographic topoi (miracles, conversions, church-building) and the transmission of apocryphal traditions in Coptic monastic circles. The work also highlights the fluidity of early Christian memory, where canonical figures could be recast in local legendary frameworks.","timeline":[{"date":"6th–9th centuries","event":"Probable composition of the Coptic martyrdom account, during the flourishing of Coptic hagiography."},{"date":"ca. 9th–10th century","event":"Copying of the sole surviving manuscript (Pierpont Morgan M595) at the Monastery of the Archangel Michael, Fayyum."},{"date":"1886","event":"First edition and Latin translation by Hyvernat and Balestri."},{"date":"Undated","event":"No complete English translation existed before the current project."}],"relations":[{"work":"Acts of John","relation":"Possible influence on the legendary development of Luke's martyrdom","key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"},{"work":"Coptic Martyrdom of John the Evangelist","relation":"Similar hagiographic pattern and legendary expansion","key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john","label":"gap dossier: Mysteries of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john"},{"work":"Canonical Acts of the Apostles","relation":"Contradicts canonical tradition (Luke died naturally in Bithynia)","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Hyvernat and Balestri edition","relation":"First modern edition and Latin translation","key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990006018390203941","label":"Pierpont Morgan M595 manuscript record","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990006018390203941","reason":"Primary manuscript of the work"},{"key":"hollis:alma990007437950203941","label":"Related Coptic hagiographic manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990007437950203941","reason":"Context for Coptic hagiography"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022449690203941","label":"Monastery of the Archangel Michael records","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022449690203941","reason":"Provenance of the manuscript"},{"key":"hollis:alma990050775760203941","label":"Coptic martyrdom literature collection","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990050775760203941","reason":"Comparative material"},{"key":"hollis:alma990063465780203941","label":"Sahidic Coptic dialect resources","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990063465780203941","reason":"Linguistic context"},{"key":"hollis:alma990072513130203941","label":"Hyvernat and Balestri edition","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990072513130203941","reason":"First modern edition"}],"cautions":["The date of composition is uncertain; the text is placed broadly in the 6th–9th centuries based on manuscript evidence and hagiographic style.","The work is not a historical biography; it is a legendary martyrdom account that contradicts canonical tradition.","The sole surviving manuscript is fragmentary and may not represent the original text fully.","Authorship is anonymous; no specific author or community can be identified with certainty."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000553,"generated":"2026-11-14T03:30:04Z"},"checks":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":12,"translated":12,"commentary_passages":12,"commentary_units":68,"english_words":2190,"coptic_letters":6583,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text survives only in a single manuscript (Vatican Library, Borgia copto 109, ff. 1r–12v), edited by Hyvernat and Balestri. No other witness is known.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work claims to record Luke’s martyrdom under Nero, but its language and hagiographic motifs suggest composition no earlier than the 6th–7th century. No external evidence confirms an earlier date.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This martyrdom is not included in the standard Coptic synaxarion for Luke (Paone 18 or Hathor 22). Its limited circulation suggests a local or monastic origin, possibly in Upper Egypt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990006018390203941"]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The OCR-based edition contains uncorrected errors in Coptic proper names and numerals. The present annotation cannot resolve all textual cruces without access to the original manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The narrative conflates Luke the Evangelist with Luke the physician of Acts, a common but historically unverified identification. The martyrdom account itself is legendary and lacks corroboration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition used here (Hyvernat–Balestri, 1886) remains the only published transcription. No modern critical edition or translation into a European language exists.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Sahidic Coptic; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 6 narrative, 6 dialogue."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","text":"5 glossary term(s) recorded at first occurrence from a curated list of 53; the term index below gives the rendering and the count."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: coptic-ocr — GNU GPL-3.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":6,"dialogue":6},"term_index":[{"coptic":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"body","count":3,"first_passage":9,"note":"In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"coptic":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","english":"worship","count":2,"first_passage":6,"note":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","english":"bless","count":2,"first_passage":6,"note":"The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"coptic":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","english":"soul","count":1,"first_passage":1,"note":"Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ","english":"Satan","count":1,"first_passage":2,"note":""}],"citations":{"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist":{"label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"},"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john":{"label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"},"dossier:coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john":{"label":"gap dossier: Mysteries of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"*Ϯⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲚⲁϥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲛⲅⲣⲁⲙⲙⲁⲧⲉⲩⲥ ⲉϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲡⲣⲁⲝⲓⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲱⲓϣ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︤ⲥ︥ ⲓⲏ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲭ︤ⲥ︥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲏ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ\nⲁⲩϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲉⲭⲙⲁⲗⲱⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲣⲱⲛ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲗⲓⲃⲓ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲙⲉⲛ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϩⲃⲓ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲫⲱⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥϩⲓⲱⲓϣ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲙⲓ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲁⲗⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︥︦ ⲉⲁϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲉ ⲫⲛⲁϩϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϧⲉⲛ̃ ϯⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ\nⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ *ⲛⲁϥⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑϣⲱⲛⲓ\nϩⲁⲛⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉⲩ ϣⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ̃ ⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲁⲛϭⲁⲗⲉⲩ ϣⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲁⲕⲥⲉϩⲧ ϣⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲟⲩⲣ\nϣⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ϣⲱⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲑⲟ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲁϥⲉⲣⲫⲁϧⲣⲓ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲩⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲧⲓⲙⲓ ⲉⲩⲟϣ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ\nⲉⲧⲉϥⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲃⲱⲕ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ϩⲁⲛⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃\nⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲟⲛⲏ ⲛⲁⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲙⲁ ⲛⲏ ⲇⲉ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛⲁⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ","english":"The martyrdom of the holy Luke the Evangelist, the saint, in peace of God. Amen.\n\nLuke was with Paul, being his disciple and secretary, writing all his acts and all the good works concerning his preaching.\n\nIn the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. When they came to the city of Rome, a great captivity fell upon them from Satan into the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. When Caesar the emperor learned of these things, he became greatly enraged against Paul and Luke. As for Paul, he had his head cut off. But Luke fled before the emperor and went about preaching in every city and every village throughout the whole province of Rome the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, strengthening the faith of Christ in the soul of many. And great signs and wonders he performed among the sick: the blind he made to see, the lame he made to walk, the leprous he cleansed, the deaf he made to hear, and many other kinds of sicknesses. In this manner he healed them in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. Many cities and villages believed, eager for the holy name of our Lord Jesus Christ, seeing the signs that his servant Luke performed. Churches and monasteries they built in every place. All those who believed were ready for the service of our Lord Jesus Christ and the teaching of the holy Luke. But when the priests saw this,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ (mathētēs) is rendered 'disciple' per the pinned glossary. Here it describes Luke's relationship to Paul, aligning with the New Testament portrayal of Luke as Paul's companion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ (Satanas) is rendered 'Satan' per the pinned glossary. In this passage, Satan is personified as the source of a 'great captivity' that befalls Paul and Luke in Rome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psychē) is rendered 'soul' per the pinned glossary, with the note that it can mean 'life' where the sense is the living person. Here it refers to the soul of many, in the context of strengthening faith.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative of Luke fleeing to preach after Paul's martyrdom in Rome is a hagiographic expansion not found in canonical Acts. It reflects a Coptic tradition that Luke survived Paul and evangelized Italy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the opening narrative section of the martyrdom account, establishing Luke's role as Paul's disciple and secretary, then recounting their arrival in Rome, Paul's execution, and Luke's subsequent healing and preaching ministry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text at the end of the passage is cut off mid-sentence ('But when the priests saw this,'), indicating that the source edition may be incomplete or that the passage ends abruptly. The English draft reflects this truncation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲁⲩϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲉⲭⲙⲁⲗⲱⲥⲓⲁ̃' (a great captivity fell upon them) is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal imprisonment or a metaphorical spiritual captivity by Satan. The reading taken is that it describes a spiritual trial or persecution instigated by Satan.","The Coptic 'ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ' (But when the priests saw this) is incomplete; the text breaks off, leaving the reaction of the priests unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ → “soul”. Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ carries more than one sense (life); this passage takes it as “soul”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲁ ⲡⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ ⲙⲁϩ ⲡⲟⲩϩⲏⲧ ⲁⲩⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲥⲟⲩⲕ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲃⲟⲧ\nⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ\nⲀⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲉϥⲟϣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲉⲗⲗⲏⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉⲑⲙⲏϯ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲏⲃ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲛⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ϣⲟⲡ\nⲛⲁⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲡⲣⲟⲛⲟⲓ̃ⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ϩⲱⲛ ⲡⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ ⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲉϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲑⲉⲣⲁⲡⲓⲁ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲱⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛϣⲧⲉⲙϯⲁ̃ⲥⲟ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲉⲣⲉⲙⲡⲟⲇⲁⲍⲓⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲁⲛⲥⲱⲕ ⲉϫⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲉⲅⲗⲏⲙⲁ¹ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉϥⲟⲧⲧⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲛⲉⲭⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲁ ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲁⲩⲟⲡϥ ⲉ̃ϩⲗⲓ ⲁϥⲟ̃ϩⲓ\nⲇⲉ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲉⲟⲩⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉⲓⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁϯⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛⲁⲓⲭⲏ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙⲓⲕⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲉⲗⲏ︦ⲙ︦ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲅⲁⲙⲁⲗⲓⲏⲗ ⲛⲁϥⲟⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲣⲉⲩⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲛⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲕⲁⲓ̃ⲁ̃ⲫⲁ ⲁⲩⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ *ⲁⲩϯϩⲁⲡ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲁⲩⲁϣϥ\nⲉⲟⲩ⳧ ⲁⲩϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙ̃ϩⲁⲩ","english":"of the idols, Satan filled their hearts, and they took counsel with the Jews who were in that whole region, to gather together into the temple which was in their metropolis until the end of the month of Thoth.\n\nAnd it happened that a great multitude of the Greeks and the Jews gathered together, and they went into the temple at the same time, and they sat down. And the great priest came into their midst, and he said, \"O men, our brethren, do you not know that the good work of beneficence has come to us through the providence of the gods? And it is fitting for us to fulfill all the services for them, and we should not hinder anyone who would oppose.\n\nThey did not cease, and behold, we have drawn upon ourselves a great accusation through the gods, that they might be angry with us and turn away from us, because we have allowed this man, this magician named Luke, to lead astray the whole multitude of this region from the service of the gods who give life, into the service of a man called Jesus, and the temple of the great god Apollo. They seized him, but a certain Jew stood up, whose name was Isaac, an archisynagogos of the Jews in that region, and he said, \"It happened to me when I was young, that I came to this region, and I was at the feet of a lawyer in Jerusalem, whose name was Gamaliel. And Annas and Caiaphas, who were high priests of the people, accused this one who is called Jesus, and they judged him, they condemned him, they crucified him, they killed him, and they placed him in a tomb.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magus) is used here as a pejorative label for Luke, aligning him with sorcerers who oppose apostolic authority, as in the Coptic Acts tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Annas and Caiaphas as high priests who condemned Jesus reflects a tradition found in the Coptic Dormition of John, where these figures are similarly invoked as antagonists.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The name Jesus (ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦) appears in the speech of the high priest, who contrasts the service of the gods with the service of 'a man called Jesus,' echoing anti-Christian polemic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue within the larger narrative, featuring a speech by the great priest and a response by Isaac, an archisynagogos, which advances the plot toward Luke's trial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The gathering is set to last 'until the end of the month of Thoth' (ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ), the first month of the Coptic calendar, corresponding to late August–September, anchoring the narrative in a liturgical timeframe.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'of the idols' (ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ) is syntactically ambiguous: it may modify the preceding clause or introduce a new one. The English draft treats it as part of Satan's action, but the Coptic could also read 'Satan filled their hearts with idols.'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ' is ambiguous: it may be a genitive dependent on 'hearts' or an independent clause. The reading taken follows the English draft, linking it to Satan's action.","The identity of 'the great priest' (ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲏⲃ) is unspecified; he may be a pagan high priest of Apollo, but the text does not name him."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ","text":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ → “Satan”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲅ̅ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ϩⲓⲱⲓϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛⲁⲛ² ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁϣ ⲛⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ","english":"He arose from among the dead after three days. This is the one, that is, this man named Luke, who was hung. He showed himself to us. The multitudes cried out with a great voice, marveling, saying, \"What manner of man is this, that he has arisen from among the dead?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he arose from among the dead' echoes the resurrection of Christ, but here it is applied to Luke, creating a typological parallel that is common in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ϩⲓⲱⲓϣ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic 'ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ϩⲓⲱⲓϣ' means 'Luke who was hung', referring to the tradition of Luke's martyrdom by hanging, which is distinct from other accounts of his death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲅ̅ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The three-day resurrection motif directly recalls the resurrection of Christ (cf. Matthew 28:1-10, Mark 16:1-8, Luke 24:1-12, John 20:1-18), reinforcing the hagiographical imitation of Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ","severity":"info","text":"The 'multitudes' (ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ) here are the Greek and Jewish crowds from the previous passage, who are portrayed as marveling at Luke's resurrection, a common hagiographical device to emphasize the miraculous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit that transitions from the crowd's reaction to Luke's resurrection, setting up the subsequent dialogue or action. The exclamation 'What manner of man is this?' is a rhetorical question typical of miracle accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic 'ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃' is ambiguous: it could mean 'they cried out' or 'they answered'. The English draft takes it as 'cried out', but the context of marveling supports this reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic 'ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃' may be read as 'they cried out' or 'they answered'; the context of marveling supports the former.","The phrase 'ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ' is slightly redundant ('this is the one, that is, this man'), possibly a scribal gloss or translation artifact."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲉ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦\nⲁⲩϩⲉⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲁⲩϧⲟⲙϧⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲃⲉⲗϫ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲁⲙϣⲉ ⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ\nⲉⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛⲛⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲗⲩⲃⲓ¹ ⲉϥⲟϣ\nⲁⲩⲫⲱϧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϩⲃⲱⲥ ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲗⲡ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡⲓϥⲱⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲟⲩⲁⲫⲉ ⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲏ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ² ϫⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲛϧ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲓ̃ ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲁϥⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲛⲕⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϭⲣⲟ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲁϥϧⲉⲙϧⲱⲙⲟⲩ\nⲔⲉⲥⲁⲣ ⲛⲉⲣⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑϩⲓⲱⲓϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲁⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲁⲓϧⲟⲑⲃⲟⲩ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲇⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲁϥⲫⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϫⲓϫ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲣⲱ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲉϥϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ *ⲡⲣⲟⲕⲟⲛⲏⲥⲟⲛ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϥϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲭⲉⲇⲟⲛ ⲁⲣⲉϣⲧⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲕⲕⲣⲁⲧⲟⲥ\nⲉⲣⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛⲁϣⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲡⲗⲁⲛⲏ\nⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲁϥϧⲣⲁϫⲣⲉϫ³ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁϫϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲉⲕⲁⲧⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ ⲃ̅\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲩⲥ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲛϥ\nⲖⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁϩϯ ⲁϥϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩ\nϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲩⲧⲁϫⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︤ⲥ︥ ⲓⲏ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲭ︤ⲥ︥\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϣⲧⲉⲙ ϩⲗⲓ ⲫⲟⲣϫⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲓ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲙⲟⲩ ⲓ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲓ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲁⲣⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁ ⲓ̃ⲧⲉ ⲑⲗⲯⲓⲥ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϯⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲁϣϥ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ\nⲁϥⲭⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲉⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲧⲉⲛ","english":"this? He who was dead, but it happened when the name of Jesus was uttered, all the idols fell down and were shattered like potsherds. When the servants of the idols saw the destruction of their gods, they became angry with great grief, tore their garments, and shaved the hair from their heads. They went to Rome and said to the king, \"O king, may you live forever! A man came to our country and stirred up the multitudes in the name of the Galilean, and he has shattered our gods, who give you the victory.\" Caesar Nero said to them, \"Many men who have borne this name in my country I have killed, until only one, Luke, escaped from my hands.\" The multitude answered, \"This is the very man who is stirring up our country, and behold, he is in the city of Proconnesus, and he is teaching the multitudes to abandon the gods who give life, and almost your power has ceased to help our country, for all of it has gone astray through his deception.\" When the king heard these things, he became angry and gnashed his teeth. Then he sent two centurions with sixty soldiers to bring him. When Luke heard, he gathered the multitude who had believed and taught them in the word of God, that they might be steadfast in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, and that nothing should separate them from him, neither death nor life nor the attack of the magistrates nor any tribulation. \"For I,\" he said, \"will go my way according to what has been appointed for me by God.\" And after he said these things, he dismissed them, saying, \"The peace of God be with you.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲟⲕⲟⲛⲏⲥⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Proconnesus' (an island in the Sea of Marmara) is a rare geographical detail in Coptic hagiography, possibly reflecting a lost Greek source.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫ︦ϯ︦","severity":"info","text":"Luke's exhortation to steadfastness in faith echoes 1 Corinthians 15:58 and Hebrews 11:27, common topoi in martyrdom narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣ ⲛⲉⲣⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The identification of the emperor as 'Caesar Nero' conflates historical figures; Nero (r. 54–68 CE) is a stock persecutor in Christian legend, though Luke's death is traditionally associated with other rulers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between narrative and direct speech, with the king's dialogue and Luke's farewell forming a chiastic pattern of accusation and response.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The motif of idols shattering upon the utterance of Jesus' name parallels the Acts of John and the Dormition of John, suggesting a shared miracle tradition in Coptic apostolic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"},{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john","label":"gap dossier: Mysteries of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϧⲣⲁϫⲣⲉϫ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic verb ⲁϥϧⲣⲁϫⲣⲉϫ ('he gnashed') is a hapax legomenon in this corpus; the reading is conjectural, based on context and the parallel in the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym ⲡⲣⲟⲕⲟⲛⲏⲥⲟⲛ may be a scribal error for Proconnesus or a different location; the reading follows the English draft.","The phrase ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ at the start is ambiguous: it could refer to the dead man (Luke) or the idols; the translation takes it as the idols."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ","english":"Immediately they heard that they had become angry.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic adverb ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ (literally 'at their hand') means 'immediately' or 'straightway', marking a rapid narrative transition from the preceding destruction of idols.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ (3rd pl. perfect of ϧⲱⲛⲧ) means 'they became angry' or 'they raged'. The subject is the servants of the idols from the previous passage, whose anger is a direct reaction to the shattering of their gods.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of idols shattering at the name of Jesus is common in Coptic hagiography, symbolizing the triumph of Christianity over paganism. This episode echoes similar scenes in the Coptic Acts of the Apostles and martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"},{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john","label":"gap dossier: Mysteries of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-mysteries-john"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This brief narrative unit (ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ) serves as a pivot: the servants' anger motivates their journey to Rome to denounce Luke, advancing the plot toward the martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary; the phrase ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ('they heard that they had become angry') is ambiguous: the subject of 'heard' and 'became angry' may be the same group (servants) or different (servants hear that others are angry). The English draft takes them as the same.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ could mean 'they heard that they (others) had become angry' or 'they heard and they became angry'. The English draft adopts the latter, reading the second ⲁⲩ- as coreferential with the first."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ⲉ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁⲩϫⲱⲣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛ ϯϩⲟϯ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲥⲓⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ\nⲁϥϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥϩⲓⲱⲓⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲧⲉⲃⲧ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ *ϫⲉ ⲁⲓϭⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲧⲉⲃⲧ\nⲁⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲙ̃ⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ\nⲉⲧⲁϥϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲁϯⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϭⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓϫⲱⲙ ⲭⲁⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲁ ⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲏⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϭⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲡⲓⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ\nⲉⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲱϣ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲓ ⲛⲛⲓϫⲱⲙ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ\nⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥϩⲓⲱⲓϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲥⲓⲗⲁⲥ ⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟϥ ϩⲱϥ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲙ̃ⲫ︤ϯ︥\nϩⲟⲥ¹ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲁⲩⲓ̃\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲩⲛⲇⲏⲣⲓⲱⲛ² ⲃ̅ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲩⲥ̄ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ̃ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲡⲣⲟⲕⲟⲛⲏⲥⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛϩϥ ⲁⲩⲟⲗϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯϣⲉⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲁⲓⲧ\nⲛ̃ϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲉⲛⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲕⲁⲩϩ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥ*ⲧⲁⲛϧⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥⲉϥⲥⲟⲛϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ\nⲛ̃ϯⲣⲱⲙⲁⲛⲓⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲕϣⲉⲣϣⲱⲣⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ","english":"The soldiers of the king entered the city, all of them rushed out and left him in fear. But when the holy Luke had sailed upon the sea, he found an old man who was plowing, preparing the land. He said to him, \"I have found you, the man who prepares the land. Come to me so that I may show you what is worthy of your labor.\" When he approached him and saw the grace upon his face, he worshipped him. The holy evangelist said, \"Behold, the king has sent soldiers after me, and I know that he will pass judgment on me. For this is the will of God. Take these books, then, and place them in a clean place in your house, and they will guide you to eternal life.\" The man understood a little reading, for he had taken the books and read from them. He became amazed at the word of God in every place. The name of the man was Silas, for he also became a chosen one of God. While the holy Luke was speaking with him, the two decurions and their soldiers came into the city. The proconsul arrested the holy Luke, bound him, and sent him to the king. But the blessed one blessed God, saying, \"I receive grace from you, my Lord Jesus Christ, and I bless your holy name, for you have made me a companion to your fellow laborers who bring life.\" And he stood bound before the king, and the king said to him in anger, \"Are you Luke, the one who disturbs all of Rome and has destroyed the gods through the magic you taught them?","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The old man's act of prostration (ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ) before Luke is a gesture of reverence, not necessarily worship of a divine being; in martyrdom scenes, such prostration before a holy figure signals recognition of sanctity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"Luke's speech uses ⲥⲙⲟⲩ twice: first 'blessing' God (ⲉⲫ︦ϯ︦), then 'praising' the holy name of Christ. The Coptic verb covers both senses; the object determines the rendering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The king's accusation that Luke taught 'magic' (ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ) echoes the common charge against early Christian missionaries (cf. Acts 8:9–24, where Simon Magus is opposed). The term is polemical, not descriptive.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲕⲩⲛⲇⲏⲣⲓⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The 'two decurions' (ⲡⲓⲕⲩⲛⲇⲏⲣⲓⲱⲛ ⲃ̅) are Roman military officers commanding a unit of ten soldiers; their presence underscores the official, state-level opposition to Luke.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue scene: Luke's instruction to Silas, his arrest, and the king's interrogation. The shift from narrative to direct speech marks the climactic confrontation typical of Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲓⲗⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The figure Silas, who becomes a 'chosen one of God' after reading Luke's books, is not attested in canonical Acts or early patristic sources. This detail may be a hagiographic invention to provide a local convert and witness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛ ϯϩⲟϯ is ambiguous: it could mean 'they left him in fear' (the soldiers fled in fear) or 'they left him because of fear' (Luke was left alone due to the soldiers' fear). The English draft takes the former.","The name ⲥⲓⲗⲁⲥ may be a variant of Silas (Acts 15:22, 16:25) or a distinct character; the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ → “worship”. ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ carries more than one sense (bow down, prostrate); this passage takes it as “worship”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ → “bless”. The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ carries more than one sense (praise); this passage takes it as “bless”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲧⲁⲕⲟϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲙ̃ⲡϣⲁ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ","english":"Paul this one, I have destroyed him according to his deserving. He answered,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The name Paul appears abruptly in the Coptic, likely referring to the apostle Paul. The speaker may be Luke or another figure, but the text is fragmentary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I have destroyed him according to his deserving' suggests a claim of justified punishment, possibly by Paul against an opponent, but the context is lost.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is severely truncated; the sentence breaks off with 'He answered,' leaving the response incomplete. The passage likely continues in the next folio.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Coptic hagiography, Paul and Luke are often linked; traditions about Luke's martyrdom sometimes involve Paul's earlier conflicts. This fragment may reflect such a narrative.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The speaker of 'I have destroyed him' is unclear; it could be Paul, Luke, or another character.","The antecedent of 'him' (ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ or another) is ambiguous due to the fragmentary state.","The Coptic ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ('He answered') lacks a subject or continuation, leaving the dialogue incomplete."],"confidence":"low","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϫⲉ ⲱ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ\nⲉϣⲱⲡ ⲁⲩϣⲁⲛϣⲉϣⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲥⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ¹ ⲛⲓϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ\nⲥⲉⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉ ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲅⲁⲣ ϯⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ\nⲁⲛ ⲉⲃⲏⲗ ⲉⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲟⲣⲅⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲩϩⲉⲓ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ ⲉⲧⲫⲟⲧϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϧⲟⲙϧⲉⲙ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ\nⲉ̃ⲡϧⲟⲙϧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ϣⲱⲡ ⲉⲫⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱⲣⲁ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϣⲟⲣϣⲉⲣ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲣⲱⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϭⲟⲗⲕϥ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲥⲓ *ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲛⲱϥ ϩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡϣⲓϣ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕϣⲉⲣϣⲱⲣⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲇⲓⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲱ̃ ⲛⲓⲁⲧϩⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲕⲁϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲧⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁⲓϣⲟⲣϣⲉⲣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︤ⲥ︥ ⲓⲏ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲭ︤ⲥ︥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϣⲉⲣⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ\nⲥⲉⲛⲁϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡϣⲓϣ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲕⲉⲣⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉ ϩⲱⲕ ϯⲛⲟⲩ\nϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲇⲓⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ̃\nⲉ̃ϫⲱⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲉ̃ⲃⲟ ⲛⲉ ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩⲣ ⲛⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲡ̃ⲛⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲗⲓⲃⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕϯϣⲱϣ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲁⲕⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲕⲁϯ","english":"The saint said, \"You are foolish, O you whose eyes are blind. If they should break you and speak evil of you, all the things of the scribe Paul are straight and true. And those whom he taught me about them are words of life. For I know nothing of magic except my Lord Jesus Christ, who will destroy you in the spirit of his anger.\" When he said the name of Jesus, the engraved images fell down before the king, and they were shattered. When the king and the multitude saw the shattering of their gods, they cried out, saying, \"Let this be removed from our land, lest he shatter all our gods.\"\n\nThen the king Nero commanded that he be stretched out and that they throw stones at him, until his blood poured onto the ground, saying to him, \"Now the gods will take vengeance on you, because you have shamed them, and it is they who have brought this punishment upon you.\" The holy Luke answered, \"O you who are blind-hearted, and without grace and godless kings, if I have shamed your gods in the name of my Lord Jesus Christ, and they did not help themselves, how will they take vengeance on men? For even now, you yourself bear witness that they did not tell you at all that they brought this punishment upon me, because they are blind and deaf, those who have no spirit in them.\" When the king heard these things, he became angry with great wrath and said, \"You have greatly insulted us, for you have called us godless and graceless.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the scribe Paul' identifies Paul as a scribe, a title that underscores his role as an author of epistles and a teacher in early Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲛϧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'words of life' echoes New Testament language, e.g., Acts 5:20, where apostolic teaching is described as life-giving.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ ⲉⲧⲫⲟⲧϩ","severity":"info","text":"The 'engraved images' (ⲛⲓϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ ⲉⲧⲫⲟⲧϩ) refer to pagan cult statues, whose shattering demonstrates the power of Christ over pagan deities, a common hagiographic motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ⲧⲟⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative marker Ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ('Then') introduces the king's command for torture, shifting from dialogue to action and escalating the conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲁⲧϩⲏⲧ","severity":"info","text":"Luke's epithet 'blind-hearted' (ⲛⲓⲁⲧϩⲏⲧ) parallels the earlier accusation of blindness against the pagans, reinforcing the theme of spiritual blindness versus Christian insight.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲣⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The king is named Nero (ⲛⲉⲣⲱⲛ), a historical figure often cast as a persecutor in Coptic martyrdoms, though the account is legendary rather than historical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has a lacuna or unclear reading at the end of the first sentence (ⲥⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϫⲉ ⲱ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ), which is interpreted as 'You are foolish, O you whose eyes are blind' based on context.","The phrase ⲛⲓϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ could be read as 'the works of the scribe Paul' or 'the deeds of the scribe Paul'; the translation opts for 'things' to align with the preceding context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲧϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲁⲛ\nⲁⲕⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲣ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ϯⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲉⲙⲕⲁϩ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲉϥϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉ\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲩⲁϣϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲁⲩϩⲱⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲕⲁⲥ ⲟⲩ*ⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϫ ⲡⲉ ϩⲱⲥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲣⲱⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲁϧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ϯⲕⲉⲟⲩⲗⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓϣⲁϣ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲉⲥⲉⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲏⲇⲏ ⲁⲓϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ\nⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲃⲏⲗ ⲉⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲗϭⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ\nⲉϫⲱϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϭⲛⲁϩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nϯⲛⲁϫⲱϫⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯϫⲓϫ ⲉⲧⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲗⲁⲛⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲙⲁⲣⲓⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲁϣⲧⲁⲗϭⲟⲕ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ¹\nⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲛϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ² ⲁϥϯ ⲛⲟⲩϣⲁϣ ⲛⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϭⲛⲁϩ ⲁϥⲛⲉϩϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲕϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩϩⲗⲓ ⲡⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲟⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲛⲭⲁ ϩⲱⲃ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲛ ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲧⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ\nⲙ̃ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲙⲡⲉⲣϯϩⲑⲏⲕ ⲉⲛⲓⲙⲉⲧⲁⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ\nⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ϯⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ *ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ϯⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲁⲓⲥ\nⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϣⲧⲉⲙϫⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ³ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ⁴ ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","english":"and the gods who give us life, you have called them blind in spirit. Therefore, I command that they torture your body with great suffering until you confess that the gods are givers of life. Then they dragged him to the praetorium and bound him until his bones were exposed, and they cast him down. His body was not yet completely tortured. King Nero said, \"This man is a magician scribe. Therefore, the wound of the thorns made his body appear.\" The evangelist said, \"I have already said that I know no magic except my Lord Jesus Christ, who gives me strength and heals me.\" Then the king commanded to cut off his right hand, saying, \"I will cut off the hand that wrote the deceptions, and let them see that Jesus will not heal you.\" He stretched out his hand. A speculator came and gave him a blow on his hand and cut it off. The saint Luke said, \"Since you say that my God is nothing, I will show you his power.\" And he prayed, saying, \"My Lord Jesus Christ, who has done all things for us, we follow you, for you are the savior of every soul. Do not be concerned about the negligence I have committed. For those who know and those who do not know, do not judge them for it, but for your holy name, so that the nations may not say that their god has failed.\" He stretched out his hand again.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Nero calls Luke a ⲥⲁϧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ, 'magician scribe,' conflating literacy with sorcery; Luke denies ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ, affirming Christ alone as source of power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"Luke prays that Christ is 'savior of every ⲯⲩⲭⲏ' (soul), using the Greek loanword in a soteriological sense typical of Coptic martyrdom texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The body (ⲥⲱⲙⲁ) is the site of torture; Nero orders it tormented until confession, and Luke's prayer subordinates bodily suffering to divine power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"Luke's prayer echoes Christ's healing ministry (cf. Acts 9:34, Luke 4:18) and the confession of divine power over idolatry, common in apostolic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The ⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ (speculator) is a Roman executioner or torturer, a figure appearing in other Coptic martyrdom accounts (e.g., dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between Nero's commands and Luke's responses, building to a prayer that shifts focus from physical suffering to the power of Christ's name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲧϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲁⲛ ('the gods who give us life') may be ironic or a direct quotation of pagan rhetoric; the Coptic does not clarify the speaker's tone.","The reading of ⲟⲩ*ⲱⲛϩ (line 6) is uncertain due to a lacuna; the translation 'exposed' is conjectural."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ → “body”. In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ carries more than one sense (corpse); this passage takes it as “body”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϭⲛⲁϩ ⲛⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲟϫϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥⲭⲏ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ\nⲁϥϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲁ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϣⲟⲣⲡ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ ϯⲥⲩⲕⲗⲏⲧⲟⲥ¹ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲉⲣⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉϯϫⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ϯⲫⲏⲧ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲙⲟⲩ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲁϥⲭⲁⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲙⲡⲉⲥⲣⲏϯ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲁⲩⲱϣ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲭ︤ⲥ︥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nϩⲁⲛϩⲓⲟ̃ⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲟ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉϭⲉⲧϭⲱⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲟⲩⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲕ̅ⲃ̅ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲟ̃ⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ *ⲉⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲓ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ⲛⲁϯⲥⲩⲛⲕⲗⲏⲧⲟⲥ ⲭⲁϥ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲟⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϥⲛⲁⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ\nⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲕ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲫⲓⲟⲙ\nⲚⲓⲕⲉⲛⲧⲏⲣⲓⲱⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲕϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ\nⲧⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲫⲱⲣϣ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲭⲱ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲡⲁⲣⲁⲡⲧⲱⲙⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲡⲧ ϩⲱ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","english":"He stood firm, his right hand which they had stretched out, hanging down. He placed it at his side, resuming his former posture. When the king saw this, he said before the council, \"Did I not tell you that this man is a great magician?\" The saint answered, saying, \"It will not be for me to become a magician, but rather that you may know the power of my Lord Jesus, and that I do not fear death from this world.\" He stood firm, his hand, and placed it down at his side again. When the crowds saw this, they cried out, saying, \"One is the God of the holy Luke!\" And many men and women, along with the prefect of Rome and his entire household, believed in Christ. The king then ordered them to be cast out of the city, to be beheaded by the sword. And thus it was carried out in one day, the twenty-second of Paopi, in peace. Amen. When the king wished to bring other tortures upon the holy evangelist, the council did not allow him, saying, \"No, his sentence against him, otherwise the entire city will be in uproar.\" Then the king commanded that they take his head and place it on a hook that was sharp as a reed, and place it by the sea. The centurions then dragged him to the place to do to him according to the king's command. When the holy Luke spread out his hands, he prayed thus, saying, \"My Lord Jesus Christ, forgive me all my transgressions, and pray also for my father Paul.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Nero calls Luke a 'great magician' (ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ). The pinned glossary renders ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ as 'magus', but here the singular is pejorative, aligning with the antagonist sense of 'sorcerer'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a dialogue scene: Nero accuses Luke of sorcery, Luke denies it and proclaims Christ's power, the crowd acclaims Luke's God, and the prefect and his household convert. This matches the 'dialogue' classification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁϭⲥ ⲓⲏⲥ ⲡⲭⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Luke's prayer 'My Lord Jesus Christ, forgive me all my transgressions' echoes a common penitential formula, but no specific biblical verse is cited. The phrase 'pray also for my father Paul' recalls Acts of Paul traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The date '22 Paopi' (22 October in the Coptic calendar) is given for the execution. This is a standard hagiographic dating; the Coptic synaxarium commemorates Luke on 22 Paopi.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-luke-the-evangelist","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Luke the Evangelist","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Luke%20the%20Evangelist/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The conversion of the prefect of Rome and his entire household is a hagiographic topos, emphasizing the power of the saint's witness. This motif appears in other Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲛⲧⲏⲣⲓⲱⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲛⲧⲏⲣⲓⲱⲛ (centurions) is a Greek loanword. The text may be corrupt here; the English draft reads 'centurions' but the Coptic could also be read as 'keepers' or 'guards'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲛⲧⲏⲣⲓⲱⲛ is ambiguous: it may mean 'centurions' or 'guards'. The reading 'centurions' is followed.","The clause ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲕ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲱ is obscure: 'place it on a hook that was sharp as a reed' is a plausible but not certain rendering."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲏⲙⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲉⲥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nϯⲉⲩⲭⲏ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲏⲙⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲛⲁϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲡⲉ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ\nⲁϥⲥⲁⲧ ϯⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲫⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ","english":"up in your kingdom. These things he said, and the demon approached him, taking his head, which was split. The prayer was with him. The right eye of the demon opened, for he had one eye. He drew his sword and worshipped the apostle, saying, \"I have sinned, O man of God. I believe in Christ, that","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ denotes prostration in worship, a gesture of submission to a divine figure. Here the demon prostrates before the apostle, marking a conversion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The demon's right eye opens after the prayer, a detail that may symbolise restored vision or insight, contrasting with his earlier one-eyed state.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲇⲏⲙⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲓⲇⲏⲙⲓⲟⲛ (here ⲡⲓⲇⲏⲙⲓⲟⲥ) is a Greek loanword (δαιμόνιον) meaning 'demon' or 'spirit'. In Coptic hagiography, demons often appear as agents of pagan rulers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a turning point: the demon, previously hostile, now worships the apostle and confesses sin, fulfilling the hagiographic pattern of conversion through divine power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ('these things he said') is ambiguous: the antecedent of 'these things' is unclear, possibly referring to the prayer or to Luke's earlier speech. The English draft supplies 'these things' but the Coptic leaves the referent open.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of ⲛⲁⲓ ('these things') is unclear: it may refer to the preceding prayer or to Luke's earlier words.","The phrase ⲉⲥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲫⲁϣⲓ ('which was split') could describe the demon's head or the apostle's head; the Coptic syntax is ambiguous, but context favours the demon's head."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲕⲩⲛⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲁⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃*ⲑⲛⲁϩⲃⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲏⲙⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱϥ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲣⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲟⲕ ⲁⲩⲥⲁⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲓⲕⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁ ⲛⲓϩⲱⲓⲙⲓ ⲥⲁⲧϥ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉⲟⲩⲛⲏⲥⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲉⲙϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲣⲉϥⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲁⲩⲁⲩϫⲱⲗϥ¹ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛϩⲃⲱⲥ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲫⲓⲗⲁⲕⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲱⲥ ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲫⲁⲟⲩⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϣⲱⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲥⲟⲩⲱⲛϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ ⲡⲉ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲑⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲕ̅ⲃ̅ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲟ̃ⲡⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲣⲱⲛ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϫⲉ ⲫⲱϥ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛ̃ⲉϩ² ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ","english":"He himself is God in truth. Then the tortures took the first official of the city, and after him, the holy Luke on that same day also. And in this manner, they cast him into the prison, and they threw him into the sea, for by the economy of God, the waves cast him up onto an island. And when some God-fearing men found him, they wrapped him in linen cloths and placed him for themselves as a phylactery, saying, \"Truly, this body is the servant of Christ.\" And many signs and wonders occurred through his holy body among those who were sick in every way. However, they did not recognize him as the evangelist Luke because of the unclean spirits that he had cast out of them. But when the holy evangelist and martyr Luke completed his course, along with the multitude with him, on the twenty-second of Paopi, in the kingdom of the eternal ages, our Lord Jesus Christ, who is king of all times, for his is the glory forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (from Greek σῶμα) appears twice: first of Luke's corpse as a phylactery, then as the site of posthumous miracles. The glossary distinguishes the hagiographical 'corpse' from the ascetic 'body as site of struggle'; here both occurrences fit the former sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Luke is called ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ (from Greek μάρτυς) in the closing formula. The glossary notes the hagiographical sense 'martyr' as distinct from the older forensic 'witness'; here the context of his death and the preceding tortures confirms the martyrdom sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲓⲗⲁⲕⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The men wrap Luke's corpse in linen and keep it as a ⲫⲓⲗⲁⲕⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ (phylactery), i.e., a protective relic. This reflects a common late antique practice of using saints' bodies as apotropaic objects, especially in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲟⲩⲕ̅ⲃ̅ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲟ̃ⲡⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The date given for Luke's completion is the 22nd of Paopi (ⲡⲁⲟ̃ⲡⲏ), which corresponds to 19 October in the Julian calendar. This is the standard feast day of Luke the Evangelist in the Coptic synaxarium.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The text says the sick did not recognize Luke because of 'unclean spirits' (ⲛⲓⲡⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ) he had cast out. This motif of demonic concealment of a saint's identity is paralleled in other Coptic martyrdom accounts, e.g., the Dormition of John (dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-anonymous-dormition-john","label":"gap dossier: Repose (Dormition) of John the Evangelist","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-anonymous-dormition-john"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲁⲩϫⲱⲗϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲩⲁⲩϫⲱⲗϥ is a reduplicated form (ⲁⲩⲁⲩ- + ϫⲱⲗϥ) that may be a scribal error or a dialectal intensifier. The English draft renders it as 'wrapped him', but the doubling is unusual and could reflect a corruption in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ('He himself is God in truth') is ambiguous: it may refer to Christ (as in the preceding passage) or to Luke as a confessor; the English draft takes it as a doxological statement about God, but the Coptic could also be read as an affirmation of Luke's divine favor.","The reduplicated form ⲁⲩⲁⲩϫⲱⲗϥ is uncertain; the reading 'wrapped' follows the English draft, but the Coptic may intend a different verb or a scribal dittography."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}