{"slug":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","title":"Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"coptic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T13:13:35Z","cost_usd":0.042397},"source":{"registry_id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","work_id":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","edition":"coptic-ocr","license":"GNU GPL-3.0","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},"stats":{"passages":68,"english_words":11123,"coptic_letters":33459,"commentary_units":376,"commentary_kinds":10,"derived_notes":48,"ambiguities":124,"work_notes":5,"external_links":6,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","abstract":"The Martyrdom of Jacob the Persian is a Coptic hagiographic account narrating the trial, torture, and execution of Jacob, a eunuch and servant in the Persian royal palace. Set during a persecution under King Iskarat, son of Sapor, the story follows Jacob's initial apostasy, his mother's and wife's reproach, his return to Christianity, and his eventual martyrdom. The text follows the conventional Coptic martyrdom pattern, including formulaic prayers and doxologies. It survives in fragmentary Coptic manuscripts, with parallel Ethiopic and Greek versions that help fill lacunae. The present translation is based on the edition by Hyvernat and Balestri.","historical_context":"The work is undated but belongs to the genre of Coptic hagiography, likely composed between the 5th and 7th centuries, when Coptic martyrdom narratives flourished in Egypt. The setting reflects the Sasanian Persian Empire, where Christians faced periodic persecution, especially under Shapur II (309–379) and later rulers. The name 'Iskarat' may be a corruption of a Sasanian king. The text was transmitted in Coptic monastic and liturgical contexts, used for edification and feast-day readings. Its survival in Ethiopic and Greek indicates broader circulation across the Christian East. The Coptic manuscript tradition is fragmentary, with lacunae partially reconstructed from the Ethiopic and Greek versions. The edition by Hyvernat and Balestri remains the standard critical text.","significance":"The Martyrdom of Jacob the Persian exemplifies the Coptic hagiographic tradition's adaptation of Persian martyr stories, reflecting cross-cultural Christian identity under Sasanian rule. It highlights themes of apostasy, familial loyalty, and perseverance, and its transmission across Coptic, Ethiopic, and Greek traditions demonstrates the interconnectedness of late antique Christian communities. The text also provides insight into the literary conventions of Coptic martyrdom narratives.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Coptic martyrdom account, based on earlier oral or written traditions."},{"date":"309–379","event":"Reign of Shapur II, a period of persecution against Christians in the Sasanian Empire, possibly the historical backdrop."},{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Transmission and copying of the Coptic text in Egyptian monasteries."},{"date":"Medieval","event":"Translation into Ethiopic and Greek, indicating wider circulation."},{"date":"1886–1908","event":"Edition of the Coptic text by Hyvernat and Balestri, based on manuscript sources."}],"relations":[{"work":"Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic)","relation":"Parallel version of the same martyrdom tradition","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"},{"work":"Acta Anastasii Persae (Greek)","relation":"Another Persian martyrdom account with similar hagiographic patterns","key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"},{"work":"Martyrdom of Jacob the Persian (ed. Hyvernat & Balestri)","relation":"Critical edition used for the present translation","key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990003998110203941","label":"Hollis record for Coptic manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003998110203941","reason":"Manuscript witness of the Coptic text"},{"key":"hollis:alma990010188200203941","label":"Hollis record for related hagiography","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990010188200203941","reason":"Contextual manuscript evidence"},{"key":"hollis:alma990069548960203941","label":"Hollis record for Ethiopic version","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990069548960203941","reason":"Parallel version for reconstruction"},{"key":"hollis:alma990085604650203941","label":"Hollis record for Greek version","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990085604650203941","reason":"Parallel version for reconstruction"},{"key":"hollis:alma990129493140203941","label":"Hollis record for edition by Hyvernat and Balestri","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990129493140203941","reason":"Critical edition used"},{"key":"wikipedia:Shapur II","label":"Wikipedia article on Shapur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_II","reason":"Historical context for Persian persecution"}],"cautions":["The date of composition is uncertain; the text is undated and assigned broadly to late antiquity.","The identity of King Iskarat is unclear; it may be a corruption of a Sasanian ruler's name.","The Coptic text is fragmentary; reconstructions rely on Ethiopic and Greek versions, which may differ.","Authorship is anonymous; no specific community of origin can be determined beyond a Coptic milieu."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000524,"generated":"2026-11-14T03:32:20Z"},"checks":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"ratio-warn","i":35,"ratio":1.806},{"code":"ratio-warn","i":46,"ratio":1.224},{"code":"short-output-warn","i":57,"words":7}],"stats":{"passages":68,"translated":68,"commentary_passages":68,"commentary_units":376,"english_words":11123,"coptic_letters":33459,"commentary_kinds":10},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text survives in a single manuscript (hollis:alma990003998110203941) with lacunae; the edition by Hyvernat and Balestri (ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian) remains the standard reference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob the Persian is commemorated in the Coptic synaxary on 27 Bashans; the martyrdom narrative was also adapted into Ethiopic (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob) and Greek (dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae) traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"},{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom is set in the reign of Shapur II (309–379 CE), but the Coptic text likely dates to the 6th–7th centuries, based on linguistic and manuscript evidence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The OCR-based source edition (coptic-ocr) may contain uncorrected transcription errors; users should consult the printed edition for critical passages.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work conflates hagiographic topoi with historical figures; details of Jacob's trial and miracles are not independently attested outside the martyrdom tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Sahidic Coptic; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 56 narrative, 11 dialogue, 1 doxology."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","text":"19 glossary term(s) recorded at first occurrence from a curated list of 53; the term index below gives the rendering and the count."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"5 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: coptic-ocr — GNU GPL-3.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":56,"dialogue":11,"doxology":1},"term_index":[{"coptic":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"body","count":13,"first_passage":2,"note":"In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","english":"Abba","count":9,"first_passage":54,"note":"The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","english":"bless","count":5,"first_passage":28,"note":"The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","english":"amen","count":5,"first_passage":47,"note":"Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."},{"coptic":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","english":"soul","count":3,"first_passage":4,"note":"Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"coptic":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","english":"church","count":3,"first_passage":58,"note":"The building, the congregation, and the institution all take this word; the context decides, and 'assembly' is rare outside citations of Acts."},{"coptic":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","english":"pray","count":2,"first_passage":2,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","english":"magus","count":2,"first_passage":8,"note":"In the Nativity narratives the plural names the visitors from the east; elsewhere the singular is a sorcerer, often an antagonist of an apostle."},{"coptic":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","english":"worship","count":2,"first_passage":20,"note":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."},{"coptic":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","english":"bishop","count":2,"first_passage":54,"note":""},{"coptic":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","english":"grace","count":1,"first_passage":24,"note":"The unearned favour of God; 'favour' where a human patron is meant."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ","english":"resurrection","count":1,"first_passage":38,"note":"Greek ἀνάστασις; the general resurrection and Christ's are distinguished by context, not by the word."},{"coptic":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","english":"nation","count":1,"first_passage":43,"note":"Greek ἔθνος. In the plural, the Gentiles as a category over against Israel; in the singular, a nation like any other."},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","english":"disciple","count":1,"first_passage":56,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","english":"hallelujah","count":1,"first_passage":58,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","english":"martyr","count":1,"first_passage":58,"note":"Greek μάρτυς. 'Witness' is the older forensic sense and survives in the paschal and apologetic register; the hagiographical sense is 'martyr'."},{"coptic":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","english":"virgin","count":1,"first_passage":62,"note":"Greek παρθένος. In Marian texts the technical sense is fixed; the non-technical 'young woman' belongs to Greek, not to the Coptic usage."},{"coptic":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","english":"people","count":1,"first_passage":66,"note":"Greek λαός. In liturgical description it is the congregation as distinct from the clergy, i.e. the laity."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","english":"cross","count":1,"first_passage":68,"note":"Greek σταυρός: the instrument of execution, and by extension the suffering it names. In martyrdom texts it is the mode of death, not a devotional object."}],"citations":{"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian":{"label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae":{"label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob":{"label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"*Ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲑⲗⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲁⲅⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲕ︦ⲍ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲃⲟⲧ ⲁⲑⲱⲣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲀⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲃⲱⲣ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲇⲓⲱⲅⲙⲟⲥ\nⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲉⲁ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ϭⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϣⲉⲃⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲛⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ϣⲁ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ [ϧⲉⲛ] ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓ[ⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕ]ⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲃⲏⲗⲡⲁⲧⲏ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓ[ⲡ]ⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ *ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲉⲩⲧⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲟⲩϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲁ̃ⲓⲱⲙⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲗⲁⲧⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲗⲁⲧⲓⲟⲛ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉ\nϣⲁϥϭⲓ̄ⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲇⲓⲟⲓ̃ⲕⲏⲥⲓⲥ\nⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲛⲓⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲛϩⲁⲛⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲉⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲁϥⲫⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲓ̃ⲟϯ ⲁϥϫⲱⲗ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛϯⲙⲉⲧⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\n⳰Ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲉⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲩⲥϧⲁⲓ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ","english":"The martyrdom of the victorious one and martyr of Christ, Jacob the Persian, who came from among the Persians, and who completed his contest on the twenty-seventh of the month of Athor, in a peace of God. Amen.\n\nIt came to pass in the kingdom of Iskarat, the son of Sabor, the king of the Persians, that he raised a great persecution against the Nazoreans, that is, those who are called Christians, who were in the land of Persia. And a multitude of martyrs received crowns through various tortures, which were diverse from one another, and they completed their confession and went upward to the one they love, Christ.\n\nIn that time, however, the blessed Jacob was in the city of Bēlpatē, of the kingdom of the Persians. He was a eunuch and a servant, first in his age, in the palace, and he was a Christian, he and his mother and his wife, and he was first in the palace.\n\nIn the days of Iskarat, the king of the Persians, he often took counsel with him in the administration of the kingdom, sending out to all the regions various decrees from the king, because he loved him greatly. But he turned his heart away from many honors, and he departed from the faith of his fathers, and he renounced the Christian faith, and he followed the service of the king.\n\nWhen his mother and his wife heard, however, of what had happened to him, they wrote to him in","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword μάρτυς appears here in the hagiographical sense of 'martyr', not the older forensic sense of 'witness'. The term is pinned in the glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword μακάριος ('blessed') is a standard hagiographical epithet for a saint, here applied to Jacob before his martyrdom narrative begins.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The king named Iskarat (son of Sabor) is likely a Coptic rendering of a Persian ruler, possibly Yazdegerd I or a similar Sasanian king known for persecuting Christians. The exact identification is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲃⲏⲗⲡⲁⲧⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The city Bēlpatē (ⲃⲏⲗⲡⲁⲧⲏ) is likely a Coptic transcription of a Persian toponym, possibly Beth Lapat or a similar location in the Sasanian Empire. Its exact identification is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ('it came to pass') marks a narrative transition from the title to the historical setting, a common hagiographical formula introducing the reign of a persecuting king.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲛⲁϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ('he was first') is ambiguous: it may mean he was foremost in age, rank, or precedence in the palace. The English draft renders it as 'first in his age', but the Coptic does not specify the domain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛⲁϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ could mean 'he was first in age' or 'he was foremost in rank'; the English draft chooses the former, but the text is ambiguous.","The toponym ⲃⲏⲗⲡⲁⲧⲏ is not securely identified; it may be a Coptic transcription of a Persian city name.","The king's name ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ is a Coptic rendering of a Persian name, but the exact historical figure is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲣⲁⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ\nϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉϯϩⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲃⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲟⲫⲟⲥ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲩⲛⲏⲅⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲩⲑⲟⲩⲏⲧ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲕⲁϣ ⲉⲩϫⲏⲣ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲧⲉⲣⲧⲱⲣⲟⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲓⲉⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲉϥϣⲉⲃϣⲱⲃ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲉϥϣⲁⲓ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉⲡϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲥⲕⲉⲡⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲛⲁϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲁϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥⲭⲏ\n*ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲁϥⲕ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϩⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲉϯⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲃⲱⲕ ⲛⲁϥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ\nⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲉϯϣⲱⲡ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲕⲉϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲉϫⲉⲛ\nⲧⲉⲕⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲭⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲕ̃ϩⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ ⲉϯⲉⲛϧⲏⲧⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲧⲉⲕⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲃⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓ̃ⲟϯ\nⲈⲧⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ\nⲁϥϣⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲛⲁϥϩⲟⲧⲡ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲭⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲟⲩⲙⲏϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϭⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲡⲓϣⲱⲓϫ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ\nϯϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲉⲓϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲁⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ\nⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲕ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲕ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϭⲓ̄ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲓⲥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲛⲁϣⲉⲡ","english":"The king, in his arrogance, desired to know those over whom he had no power at all, to give us some of them. Then the king became angry in his wrath, and his wise men and his counselors were gathered to him. He commanded that they bring out some sharpened knives, and he had them tear apart his entire body, and the joints of his hands and his feet. He also commanded that they bring out another who was very sharp, and they placed it upon his chest; afterward they placed him in prison until he should be examined, to see in what manner he would kill him. The blessed Jacob, however, was in prison under great tortures. He walked little by little, stood on his feet, and cried out to the Lord, saying, \"O God, I who am your servant from my youth until now, I who endure these sufferings for your holy name, look upon your holy church, and grant to her your peace and all your blessings and all your peoples, and save your servant from the distress in which I am, and from the prison of this wicked one, that your holy name may be revealed.\" The God of our fathers. While he was still praying in this manner, behold, a great light shone in the place where he was hidden within, and he saw a choir of saints, with the Lord Jesus Christ in their midst. And the Lord said to him, \"Be strong, and may you prevail, O champion of the contest. Behold, I am with you, giving you strength in the great stadium in which you stand, until you receive the crown of your confession. Behold, you will receive...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the living body of Jacob being tortured, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts for the body as the site of suffering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲭⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ (choir of saints) uses the plural noun form of ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ, designating the collective body of saints in the vision.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ϣⲗⲏⲗ (pray) describes Jacob's action during the vision, linking his prison prayer to the subsequent divine manifestation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from the king's command to torture, to Jacob's prison prayer, to a visionary theophany with Christ and a choir of saints, a common hagiographic sequence of suffering, prayer, and divine reassurance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The name Iskarat (likely a corruption of Shapur) and Sabor (Shapur II) situate the narrative in the Sasanian persecution of Christians under Shapur II (r. 309–379).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲉϥϣⲁⲓ (they placed it upon his chest) is ambiguous: ⲡⲉϥϣⲁⲓ may mean 'his chest' or 'his breast', but the exact referent of the sharp object is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'sharp one' (ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉϥϣⲉⲃϣⲱⲃ) is not specified; it may be a knife or a sword.","The phrase ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲉϥϣⲁⲓ could also be read as 'they placed it on his breast' rather than 'chest'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ → “body”. In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ carries more than one sense (corpse); this passage takes it as “body”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","text":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ → “pray”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲟⲛ\nⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲁⲑⲗⲏⲥⲓⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲭⲛⲁⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲍⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲛⲓϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲏ ⲉⲩⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲙⲥⲁ ϯⲁⲕⲟⲗⲟⲩⲑⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ *ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲥϣⲉ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲁⲛ\nⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲉⲣⲁⲕⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲣⲁⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉϣⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲡⲣⲟⲥⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲁⲕⲫⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉⲧϩⲟⲗϫ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲙⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲑⲛⲟⲩϫ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓϩⲉⲗⲏⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕⲥⲟⲧⲡⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲣⲁⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉϣⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϣⲁϥⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲉⲁⲕⲥⲁϩⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲁⲑⲙⲟⲩ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕⲙⲉⲛⲣⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲧⲁⲓⲟ̃ ⲛⲉⲙϩⲁⲛⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ\nⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲧⲓⲙⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲁⲕϩⲉⲛⲕ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ\nϯϩⲧⲏⲕ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲉⲧⲁⲕⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ϫⲉ ϥⲟⲛϧ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲇⲉ ϣⲁϥⲉⲣⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲛⲓⲙ̃ϩⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛⲉϥⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϯϩⲏⲟⲩ *ⲛⲁⲕ\nⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲕⲣⲏⲥⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϣ\nⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲕϣⲧⲉⲙⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲓⲡⲗⲁⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ︦\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲓ̃ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲧⲉⲕⲕⲏⲛ ⲉⲕⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ\nⲥⲉⲛⲁⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲛⲁ̃ⲱⲣⲡ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲟⲛ","english":"For great sufferings are also upon my name until you complete your struggle. But after a little while, you will find joy with me at my table in my kingdom which is in the heavens, and I will hasten quickly to follow the order of the church, saying thus: It is fitting for you to renounce the truth if you wish to receive a mortal king, and you have not heeded that you have turned away from the faith that is sweet, and from me, of our Lord Jesus Christ, to enter into the service of the false gods of the Greeks, and you have chosen for yourself to receive a mortal king who perishes, and you have removed yourself from the immortal king, Christ, and you have loved honors and gifts and dignities of a mortal king, not heeding that you have fallen away from the love of God, which will endure forever. Pay attention, then, and see what kind of man you are, who does his will, for he lives today, but tomorrow he dies, and he is buried like all the dead. For neither will his gifts benefit you at all on the day of judgment, nor will they save you from eternal punishment. Therefore, because you have not turned yourself away in time from this evil error and the worship of the Persian false gods, to enter into the true faith of the Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, you will fear before the tortures of the present time. For neither will the sufferings of this present time be worthy of the glory that will be prepared for us. He said also:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ (agapē) here denotes divine love, not the liturgical meal. The context contrasts it with perishable royal gifts, confirming the theological sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ (ekklēsia) refers to the church as an institution or its liturgical order, not a building. The phrase 'order of the church' (ⲧⲁⲕⲟⲗⲟⲩⲑⲓⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ) suggests a liturgical or disciplinary norm.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲙ̄ⲫ︦ϯ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'love of God' (ⲧⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲙ̄ⲫ︦ϯ︦) echoes 1 John 4:16 and similar New Testament passages on divine love as eternal, contrasting with temporal royal favors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̄ⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Persian false gods' (ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̄ⲁⲑⲛⲟⲩϯ) reflect the hagiography's setting in Sasanian Persia, where Zoroastrianism was the state religion. The term 'Greeks' (ⲛⲓϩⲉⲗⲏⲛⲟⲥ) is anachronistic, used pejoratively for pagans.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The closing formula 'He said also' (ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲟⲛ) marks a transition to a new speech unit, typical of Coptic hagiographic dialogue, indicating the speaker continues after a pause or scribal break.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'saying thus' (ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ) is ambiguous: it may introduce a direct quotation of the church's order or a paraphrase. The Coptic syntax allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ' could introduce either a direct citation of church teaching or a summary; the text does not clarify.","The identity of the speaker (Christ or a heavenly voice) is implicit; the Coptic uses first-person divine speech without explicit marker."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲁϫⲉⲙϩⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩ ⲁϥϣⲁⲛϫⲉⲙϩⲏⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϯⲟⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲯⲩⲭⲏ³ ⲁⲣⲓⲛⲏⲫⲓⲛ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲡⲗⲁⲛⲏ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲧⲁϩⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲉⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲙⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲡⲉⲕϣⲫⲏⲣ ϫⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲑⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ","english":"...of our Lord, \"If a man gains profit, if he gains profit from the whole world and gives his soul, be watchful, then, of yourself, from the deception of the devil, lest the wrath of God, which is terrible, and this dishonor, which has become your companion, overtake you, after he has sacrificed to the idols.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic opens with ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦, 'of our Lord,' continuing the direct speech from the previous passage. The English draft omits this phrase, which identifies the speaker as Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (Greek ψυχή) is rendered 'soul' per the pinned glossary, but here the sense is 'life' as the living person, since the context is giving up one's life for worldly profit.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲗⲁⲛⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲗⲁⲛⲏ (Greek πλάνη) means 'deception' or 'error'; here it is the devil's deception, a common motif in hagiography warning against apostasy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'wrath of God' (ⲡⲓϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦) echoes Old Testament language, e.g., Numbers 11:33, but no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to sacrificing to idols (ⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ) reflects the Roman imperial context of persecution, where Christians were forced to offer pagan sacrifices.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲁⲣⲓⲛⲏⲫⲓⲛ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ is ambiguous: it may be an imperative 'be watchful' or a conditional 'if you are watchful'; the English draft takes the imperative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ is omitted in the English draft, but it clearly marks Christ as the speaker.","ⲁⲣⲓⲛⲏⲫⲓⲛ could be imperative or conditional; the context favors imperative as a warning."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ → “soul”. Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ carries more than one sense (life); this passage takes it as “soul”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ⲉⲧⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲁϣ *ⲛ̃ϫⲓⲛⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲥϣⲉⲃⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϣⲱⲡ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲙⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϣⲉⲙϣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ\nⲧⲉⲛⲟⲓ ⲙϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲧⲉⲕ ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲥ\nⲛⲉⲙⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲕⲗⲣⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲉ̃ⲱⲛ\nϦⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲑⲱϣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁ[ⲛ]ⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϧⲁⲣⲁⲧϥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲉϩⲁⲛⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲁϥⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥϭⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲱϣ ⲛ̃ϯⲉⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲟⲣⲡⲥ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲁ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲏⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁ̃ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ̃ ⲃⲉⲃⲓ ⲥⲁϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲡⲩⲅⲏ\nⲉⲥⲥⲱⲕ ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̃ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲡⲉ\nⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁ ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲧⲁⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ϫⲫⲓⲟⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲉⲱⲛ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϫⲟⲗⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲉⲱⲛ ⲓⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛⲁⲉⲣ\nⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲉⲁⲓϫⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲛⲁϩϯ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϯϣⲉⲃⲓⲱ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲫⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲧⲁⲓϯϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲧⲏⲓⲧ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲥ\nⲛ̃ϯⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲁϥϣⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲧⲉϥⲥⲕⲏⲛⲏ ⲉⲁϥϭⲓ̃ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲁ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲉⲣⲟⲩⲟⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲱϣ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲛⲓⲙ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ\nⲇⲉ","english":"...he died in what manner of death? It is exceedingly shameful, like you who do not know. If you had died from these things in the service of the Persians, who serve the sun and the moon and the fire and the water, we are strangers to you, this place, and you have no portion with us, nor any lot in the other world.\n\nAt that time, the king was in the mountains, commanding all the guards and those under his authority, and he was considering evil counsels with himself. And he brought great magicians against the Christians. When the blessed Jacob received the letters of his wife and his mother, at that hour he read the epistle that was sent to him. His heart was strengthened, and repentance entered into him like a spring drawing forth eternal life. And he spoke with himself, saying, \"If my mother and my wife have betrayed me and become strangers to me in this world, and have cut me off from the other world, or will God do something for me, whom I have abandoned, having cut myself off from his faith and his truth? Perhaps he will turn his face away from me and give me shame instead of the evil things I have done to him among them, and he will deliver me to eternal punishment.\" At that hour he arose, went into his tent, took up the holy scriptures in his hands, read from them, and turned to himself, his heart being enlightened by the readings, like one who has been awakened from a dream. He then...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magus) here denotes a sorcerer or magician, consistent with the pinned glossary definition for the singular form as an antagonist of Christians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Persians serving sun, moon, fire, and water reflects Zoroastrian elements, which are typical in hagiographies of Persian martyrs to contrast pagan worship with Christian faith.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲛⲓⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ (the holy scriptures) indicates Jacob reads biblical texts, a common motif in hagiography where scripture inspires conversion or steadfastness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a direct address (the king's speech) to narrative action, marked by ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ (the king was), introducing a new scene in the mountains.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲙⲁ[ⲛ]ⲁⲣⲉϩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲓⲙⲁ[ⲛ]ⲁⲣⲉϩ is partially reconstructed; the reading 'guards' is plausible but the lacuna may affect the precise sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Coptic version of Jacob's martyrdom is part of a broader dossier; the Ethiopic Testament of Jacob (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob) offers a parallel tradition with variations in the king's role.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲓⲙⲁ[ⲛ]ⲁⲣⲉϩ is partially reconstructed; the reading 'guards' is assumed but not certain.","The identity of the 'king' is not specified in this passage; the context suggests a Persian ruler, but the name is not given here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉ ⲑⲱⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲱ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲓⲉ ⲉϥⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"...he spoke with himself within himself, saying, \"Where are you now, O my soul? Or where is my body?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁ̃ⲣⲉ ⲑⲱⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲱ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲓⲉ ⲉϥⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The protagonist’s rhetorical question to his soul and body marks a moment of internal crisis, typical of hagiographic introspection before martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psychē) is a Greek loanword meaning 'soul' or 'life principle,' here used in a dualistic contrast with ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body), reflecting Christian anthropology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Persian king’s command in the previous passage and the protagonist’s soliloquy situate the narrative in a Zoroastrian court context, where refusal to worship elements leads to persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from external dialogue (the king’s speech) to internal monologue, a common structural device in Coptic martyrdom accounts to heighten dramatic tension.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he spoke with himself within himself' is redundant in Coptic; the text may be corrupt or reflect a scribal expansion. The sense is clear but the wording is unusual.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟϥ could be read as 'he spoke with himself' or 'he spoke with him, himself'; the intended reflexive is assumed."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲓⲉ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲙⲟⲕⲙⲉⲕ ⲁⲣⲓⲛⲏⲙⲫⲓⲛ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟ ⲱ ϯⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲟⲕⲙⲉⲕ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲉⲣⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ\nⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲧⲁⲕⲉⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲉⲧϩⲟⲧⲡ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲓⲁ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲥⲉⲣϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲁϣ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲡⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲉ̃ϯⲛⲁϫⲉⲙⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛⲁϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲛⲉϥϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲛⲁⲥⲩⲧⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁϫⲓⲛϫⲱⲗ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲙⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩϩⲏⲧ ϭⲓ ⲙⲡⲟⲩⲃⲉⲭⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ\nϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲣⲁⲕⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϭⲓ̄ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲱⲡ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲉⲁϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓϣⲓⲃϯ ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲛⲟⲩϫ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁϣ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲓⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲉϯⲛⲁϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ ϣⲁ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̃ⲉⲛⲉϩ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϩⲉⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ\nⲥϣⲉ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲉⲉⲣⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲱⲃϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϫⲓϫ ϧⲉⲛ\nϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ\nϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲩⲗⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩϩⲉⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲕⲟ\nⲈⲧⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲁ̃ ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲓⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲛⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲉϥⲱϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̃*ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ ⲉⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁⲩⲧⲁⲙⲟϥ","english":"...he spoke with himself within himself, saying, \"Where are you now, O my soul? Or where is my body? Did my mother who bore me grieve over the destruction of my soul? And my wife who is hidden with me, since my childhood in the communion of this world, has she become a stranger to me? What now is the defense that I will find in the tribunal of God on the day of judgment, which is fearful, at the time when God will give to each one according to his deeds? For even my relatives grieved over my perdition. From that time when they will make the earth new again, those who are upright in their hearts will receive their reward, and those who have fallen away from Christ will receive their punishment. I have become like what? For I have changed the truth of God in falsehood. Now I know what is the salvation that my soul will seek, so that I may not be destroyed until the end, and be cast out from eternal life, the place from which my soul has fallen. Now it is fitting for me to repent and to pray with my hands, with fasts and prayers at night and day, until they open for me the gates of life and the good things in that place, so that I may not be destroyed with those who have fallen and those who have perished and been destroyed. While he was still thinking these things in his heart, some of the lawless ones heard his words, and when they saw him many times reading the holy scriptures, they gave information about him to the king in haste and informed him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (Greek ψυχή) is rendered 'soul' per the pinned glossary, but here it also carries the sense of 'life' as the living person, consistent with the speaker's lament over his own destruction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲓⲁ (Greek κοινωνία) means 'communion' or 'fellowship', here referring to the worldly life shared with his wife since childhood.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'tribunal of God' (ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦) echoes the biblical image of the divine judgment seat, as in Romans 14:10 and 2 Corinthians 5:10, though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲓⲛⲏⲙⲫⲓⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲁⲣⲓⲛⲏⲙⲫⲓⲛ (from Greek νυμφεύω) means 'to marry' or 'to betroth', but here it is used metaphorically: the soul is urged to 'marry' or commit to repentance, a common ascetic trope in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲧⲓ ⲇⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲉⲧⲓ ⲇⲉ ('while still') marks a structural shift from internal monologue to external action, as the lawless ones overhear the saint's lament and report him to the king.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲛⲓⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ('the lawless ones') is a standard designation for pagan persecutors in Coptic martyrdom accounts, reflecting the genre's binary opposition between Christian piety and imperial injustice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲁⲣⲓⲛⲏⲙⲫⲓⲛ is ambiguous: it could be read as a second-person imperative ('marry!') or as a third-person optative; the translation takes it as imperative addressed to the soul.","The clause ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩϩⲏⲧ is syntactically loose; it is read as a relative clause modifying 'those who are upright in their hearts'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ⲉⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲕϯ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲕ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲉⲛⲁϣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲁⲕ̃ϭⲁⲥϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲁⲝⲓⲱⲙⲁ̃ ⲉⲩϭⲟⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲏⲇⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ\nⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ\nⲉⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩⲧⲁϩⲟϥ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ\nⲟⲩⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϯⲱⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲁⲓ̃ⲱⲧ ⲉⲣⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲉϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲁ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ\nⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲏ\nⲙⲡⲉⲕϭⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲕ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓ̃ⲱⲧ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥⲉⲣϩⲓⲕ ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁϥϯ\nⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ *ⲛⲁⲓⲧⲁⲓⲕ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲫⲏ\nⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲙⲏ ⲛ̃ϥⲥⲁϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙ̃ϩⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ\nⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϭⲟⲗⲕϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥ̃ⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛϣⲃⲱⲧ\nⲉⲩⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓ ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ϩⲱⲣⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲛⲟϥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲓϯ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲟϩ\nⲛⲉⲙ","english":"...they were saying, \"Jacob, this one to whom you gave great honors and abundant wealth, and whom you raised to high offices in the kingdom of the Medes, Persians, and Babylonians—this one now wishes to turn away from the worship of the Persians to the worship of the Christians, after hearing these things.\" When the king heard this, he commanded that the blessed Jacob be brought before him. When they had brought him, they stood him before the king. The king said to him, \"Tell me, Jacob, are you a Nazorean, one of those who deny the gods and the kings, whom my father zealously expelled from his kingdom?\" Jacob said, \"Yes, I am a Nazorean.\" The king said to him, \"Then you are also a magician.\" Jacob said, \"I am a Christian, but I am not a magician, and this shall not happen to me.\" The king answered and said to him, \"Did you not receive great honors and gifts from my father the king because of your skill?\" Jacob said to him, \"That one who gave me these riches and these honors at that time—is he not now dead like those who have died?\" Then the king became very angry and commanded that they stretch out his hands and feet and beat him with rods filled with lead until the earth was soaked with his blood. The king said to him, \"Offer sacrifice to the gods of the Persians, which are the sun and the moon and...","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Nazorean' here is a self-designation of early Christians, used by the king as a label for those who deny the gods and kings. It is distinct from 'Nazarene' and carries a polemical charge in this context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The king accuses Jacob of being a magus (sorcerer), a term that in hagiography often labels an antagonist. Jacob's denial ('I am not a magician') reinforces his Christian identity against pagan accusations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Persian gods named (sun and moon) reflect Zoroastrian divine elements, common in Sasanian polemics against Christians. The king's demand for sacrifice to these gods is a standard hagiographic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between the king and Jacob, structured as a series of accusations and denials. The king's anger and command to torture mark a turning point toward the martyrdom narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a Christian refusing to sacrifice to Persian gods and being tortured appears in other Persian martyr acts, such as the Acts of Anastasius the Persian (dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓⲧⲁⲓⲕ̃","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase 'ⲛⲁⲓⲧⲁⲓⲕ̃' (these honors) is partially illegible in the OCR; the reading follows the English draft. The exact form may affect the interpretation of Jacob's former status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has a lacuna or unclear reading at 'ⲛⲁⲓⲧⲁⲓⲕ̃', which the English draft renders as 'these honors'. The precise phrase may be 'ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲁⲓⲕ̃' or a compound; the sense is not in doubt but the exact wording is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ → “magus”. In the Nativity narratives the plural names the visitors from the east; elsewhere the singular is a sorcerer, often an antagonist of an apostle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (sorcerer, astrologer); this passage takes it as “magus”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲓⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϫⲉⲙϩⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ\nⲛⲉⲙ ϯϩⲗⲏⲕⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲓⲥ\nϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲭⲛⲁⲩ ϩⲱⲕ ⲉⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ","english":"The fire and the water, so that you might be cast out into great torments, and you might lose your rank, your age of youth, and your wealth. Behold, you have come to what has happened to the other dogs.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The king's speech threatens Jacob with fire and water, traditional Persian execution methods, and loss of status, age, and wealth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic word ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (literally 'the other dogs') is a derogatory term for Christians, reflecting the Persian king's contempt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Fire and water as instruments of torture appear in Persian martyrdom accounts, e.g., the Acts of Anastasius the Persian (dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The threat to lose rank, youth, and wealth echoes similar taunts in the Ethiopic Testament of Jacob (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This speech is the king's direct response to the accusations in the previous passage, escalating the conflict before Jacob's trial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ (the fire and the water) is ambiguous: it may refer to two specific tortures or be a general threat. The reading here follows the English draft.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ' could be a fixed expression for ordeal or two separate punishments; the English draft treats it as a pair of torments.","The clause 'ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲓⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ̃' is syntactically loose; the English draft interprets it as purpose ('so that you might be cast out')."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲁⲩϯⲟⲥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲧⲁϫⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲇ ϧⲁϫⲱⲓ ⲉⲓⲉⲣϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϩⲱⲟⲩ\nϩⲱ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲉⲣⲁⲡⲟⲗⲁⲩⲓⲛ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲙⲡⲉ ⲃⲁⲗ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙⲡⲉ\nⲙⲁϣϫⲉ ⲥⲟⲑⲙⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲁⲗⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ *ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲙⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϫⲱⲛⲧ\nⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ\nϩⲁⲛⲕⲟⲛⲧⲟⲃⲁⲕⲗⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲑⲏⲙ ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϣⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲥⲁϩⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ ⲁϥ\nⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲫⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁϣⲧⲉⲙⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ\nⲫⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲕ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϯⲛⲁⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲉϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲛⲁϣⲧ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϩⲣⲁϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣϯϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̃\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲧⲁⲛϣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϫⲱⲕ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲡⲗⲏⲛ ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲉⲣⲑⲱⲣⲧ ⲁⲛ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲡⲩⲗⲏ ⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲙⲁϣϫ ⲉⲓ̃ⲓⲏⲥ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲉϣⲉ ϣⲁ ⲫⲏ ⲉϯⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲡⲉⲕϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ϩⲱⲟⲩ","english":"All those who heard the laws of the Persians, how they died an evil death because of the name \"Christian,\" having given the good man an oath, the blessed Jacob said, \"I am strengthened by the prayers of those who have been perfected before me. I hope that I too, in a contest, will enjoy with them the good things that no eye has seen nor ear heard, which have descended upon the heart of men whom God has prepared for those who love him and do his will.\"\n\nWhen the king heard these things, he became very angry and commanded that they strike him with clubs of hot iron until his flesh was removed piece by piece, while he said, \"Sacrifice to the gods and renounce Christ, lest you die an evil death.\" The blessed Jacob answered, \"It will never happen that I abandon my Creator and serve his creations.\" The king said to him, \"Do not think that I will destroy you with a sword, but know this: that I will not remove you from this path on which I have found you. I will bring upon you terrible tortures.\" The blessed Jacob, however, looked within himself and said to him, \"Do not trouble yourself, O king, and do not be disturbed by your words, but carry out the deeds. For your words will not trouble me, and your threats will not enter my ears, for I am with the one I love, Christ.\" The king said to him, \"Your services as well...","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic plural ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ (from Greek νόμος) here means 'laws' or 'edicts' of the Persians, not 'customs'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲇ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'those who have been perfected' echoes the Pauline concept of the perfected (τέλειοι) as martyrs or saints, cf. Phil 3:12 and Heb 5:14.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲁⲛⲕⲟⲛⲧⲟⲃⲁⲕⲗⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The 'clubs of hot iron' (ⲕⲟⲛⲧⲟⲃⲁⲕⲗⲟⲛ) are a specific Persian torture implement, attested in other martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob's refusal to renounce Christ and his defiance of the king's threats parallel the dialogue in the Greek Acta Anastasii Persae (dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The king's command to strike Jacob with clubs marks a structural shift from verbal confrontation to physical torture, typical of the dialogue-to-torture sequence in Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲡⲩⲗⲏ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲡⲩⲗⲏ (from Greek ἀπειλή) is ambiguous: it can mean 'threats' or 'boasts'; the context supports 'threats'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲇ could refer to martyrs who have been 'perfected' or 'completed' in death; the translation 'perfected' is adopted.","The Coptic ⲛⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲡⲩⲗⲏ is read as 'threats' rather than 'boasts' based on the king's preceding speech."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ⲁⲩϭⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ̃ⲱⲧ ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ","english":"They were strengthened in the days of this father, worshipping in a service of this kind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϭⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲁⲩϭⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ (literally 'they received strength') is aorist, indicating a past action. The subject is the group of Christians who heard the Persian laws in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ","severity":"info","text":"ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ (service) is a standard Coptic term for liturgical worship, often used in hagiography to describe the Christian cult. Here it is qualified by ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ (of this kind), referring to the specific form of worship under persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ (this father) likely refers to Jacob the Persian, the protagonist, who is presented as a spiritual father to the community. The phrase 'days of this father' situates the strengthening during his lifetime and leadership.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϭⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary; the subject of ⲁⲩϭⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ is not explicitly named in this passage, but the previous English draft suggests it refers to 'all those who heard the laws of the Persians.' The reading assumes continuity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of ⲁⲩϭⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ is not explicit in the Coptic; it is inferred from the preceding narrative as the group of Christians. The phrase ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ (of this kind) is vague, possibly referring to a specific liturgical service or a general mode of worship."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"*ⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲁ ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲟϣ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓϫⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲉϯⲓⲛⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ\nⲫ︦ϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲁϩϯ ϫⲉ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ⲟⲛ\nⲉⲓⲙⲟϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲫⲱⲟⲩ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣⲁⲧϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲧⲉⲕϯⲟⲥⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕϩⲩⲡⲁⲣⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ϥⲟⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ\nⲛⲟⲩⲣⲁⲥⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲓⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲣⲏ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲣⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲧⲗⲁⲙⲡⲣⲟⲥ ⲉϥϯⲁⲓⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲟϩ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϣⲉⲙϣⲓ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁ *ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲑⲁⲙⲓⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲥⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛⲁⲉⲣⲭⲁⲕⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲟϩ ⲉⲣⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ\nⲛⲁϣⲱⲟⲩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲫⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ ϣⲟⲡ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲕⲟⲗⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲉⲑⲛⲁⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲧ\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲡⲁⲣⲣⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ","english":"They were subjected to tortures and torments because they did not wish to obey the command of the king. The blessed Jacob said, \"I have told you once before that this is my prayer, which I offer before God with faith, that just as those there fulfilled their confession unto Christ, I also walk in this same path with them. In this way, may my fulfillment be like theirs.\" The king said to him, \"Do not be stubborn; listen to our command, lest you destroy your youth and lose your possessions, and afterwards die a miserable death.\" The blessed Jacob said, \"This death is not a death to me; it is rather like a sleep from which one awakens from a dream.\" The king said to him, \"I give you a little time to worship our lord the sun, which shines upon us in its brilliance, giving us fruits, the moon, the fire, and the water, which all the Persians worship.\" The blessed Jacob said, \"It will never happen that I worship those who serve, whom my Lord God created for service, and all who serve him. For the sun will be darkened, the moon will become blood, the rivers and the sea will dry up, and in place of this fire, another fire will exist to punish all who abandon the true God and worship his creations. I, however, with boldness, I...","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ (blessed) is a standard hagiographic title for the martyr, marking his sanctity before death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The king's offer of sun, moon, fire, and water reflects Zoroastrian veneration of natural elements, a common polemical trope in Christian martyr acts set in Persia.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛⲁⲉⲣⲭⲁⲕⲓ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob's prophecy that the sun will be darkened and the moon become blood echoes eschatological imagery from the New Testament (e.g., Rev 6:12; 8:12) and Old Testament prophets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between Jacob and the king, structured as a series of exchanges: king's command, Jacob's refusal, king's threat, Jacob's theological rebuttal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of martyrdom as a sleep from a dream appears in other Coptic martyr acts, such as the Martyrdom of Anastasius the Persian, suggesting a shared literary tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text at the end is fragmentary; the phrase ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲡⲁⲣⲣⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ breaks off, leaving Jacob's bold declaration incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ (all the Persians) may refer to the Persian people or specifically to Zoroastrian priests; the context favors the former.","The final incomplete sentence leaves Jacob's response to the king's offer ambiguous; the reading assumes a continuation of his refusal."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲉⲣⲕⲟⲗⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ","english":"I am a Christian, and I will not worship the sun, nor the moon, nor the water, nor the fire with which they will torture you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ is a Greek loanword (χριστιανός) meaning 'Christian'. Its use here marks Jacob's self-identification as a Christian in a formal confession before the king.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The refusal to worship the sun, moon, water, and fire reflects Zoroastrian elements in the Sasanian context, where these elements were venerated. This aligns with the Persian setting of the martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"A similar list of rejected natural elements appears in the Acts of Anastasius the Persian, suggesting a shared hagiographic motif for Persian martyrs.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Jacob's confession, following the king's command to worship. The direct speech marks a climactic moment of defiance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ (the fire) is followed by a relative clause ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲉⲣⲕⲟⲗⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ('with which they will torture you'). The English draft omits the relative clause, possibly for brevity, but the Coptic explicitly ties the fire to future torture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ could be read as 'in it' (the fire) or 'with it'; the translation 'with which' is adopted here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲏϯ\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙⲃⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲟϥⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩϣⲉ ⲛ̃⳧ ⲉⲁⲩⲁϣϥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲱϥ ⲁϥⲟⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲓⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛⲓⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ\nⲉϯⲟⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ\ñϭⲟϩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲩⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲩⲁϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ\nⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϩⲓⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϯ\nϣⲑⲟⲩⲓⲧ ϧⲁ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ\nⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲫⲓϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁϥϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲁϣ ⲛⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ\n*ⲧⲉϥⲛⲉϫⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲫⲓϯ ⲉⲧⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ\nϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ ⲟⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ ⲉⲣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ\nⲁϥϩⲉⲓ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ\nⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲑⲟⲩⲏⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲕⲱϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲡⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ\nⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲙⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲛⲓⲫⲱⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲉ\nⲛⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲕⲱϯ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲉⲙⲓⲕⲟⲛ\nϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ϩⲉⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲧ ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲟⲛⲓ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲧ\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲭⲁ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲉⲛϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲭⲛⲁⲩ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲱⲡⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲗⲱⲓϫⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥⲉⲣϩⲓⲕ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲁⲕⲑⲣⲟⲩⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲩⲁϣⲓ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲩⲡⲁⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲁⲕϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ","english":"And all those who were brought forth from God, and all the lawless ones of your judgment.\n\nThen the king, in wrath and anger, commanded that they cut him into a hundred pieces, having been stretched out downward from his neck. He ordered that they throw spears at him—the spears\n\nwhich they were casting at the blessed one. None of them\n\ntouched him at all, but they fell into the air.\n\nBut one of the spear-throwers, that is, the one who had given\n\na bribe for the holy one before the king, turned his face\n\ntoward him, with his sword in his hand. He gave a blow to him in\n\nhis neck with the sword that was in his hand, looking upward\n\nat him. Immediately, a spear came out of the air\n\nand fell upon his right eye, and immediately\n\nhe died. And all who were around him, when they saw what had happened, cried out,\n\nsaying, \"One is the God of the holy Jacob!\"\n\nThen the king was filled with great wrath when he heard the voices of the multitudes. He commanded that\n\nthe soldiers surround them with their spears of war,\n\nso that a multitude might fall together and die,\n\nthose who were confessing the Son, whom God has for the gate of\n\nparadise, because of the confession of God.\n\nThen the king commanded to put the holy one\n\ndown and bring him to him. And the king said to him,\n\n\"You see all these things that have happened to your limbs because of your stubbornness: the spears indeed fell\n\ninto the air, and the great governor you killed, along with\n\nall the multitude who died because of your magic. But—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϩⲓⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ","severity":"info","text":"The compound noun 'the spear-throwers' is a hapax in this text, formed from the plural article and the agent noun of ϩⲓⲥⲟⲑⲛⲉϥ 'to throw a spear'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲩⲡⲁⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The 'great governor' (ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲩⲡⲁⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ) is a high-ranking Roman official, likely the provincial governor presiding over the trial; the term reflects the administrative hierarchy of the late Roman Empire.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The crowd's acclamation 'One is the God of the holy Jacob' echoes the biblical confession of monotheism (Deut 6:4) and is a standard hagiographic motif affirming divine unity in the face of pagan polytheism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated use of ⲧⲟⲧⲉ 'then' marks a series of rapid narrative transitions, each introducing a new action by the king in response to unfolding events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲏϯ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'all the lawless ones of your judgment' is syntactically ambiguous: it may refer to the king's judicial officials or to the condemned, and the Coptic text may be corrupt here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'paradise' (ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ) reflects the Christian eschatological hope of the martyrs, a theme prominent in Coptic hagiography and liturgical commemorations of Jacob.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'all the lawless ones of your judgment' (ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲏϯ) is ambiguous: it may refer to the king's officials or to the condemned, and the Coptic text may be corrupt.","The identity of the 'great governor' (ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲩⲡⲁⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ) is not specified; he may be the same as the king or a separate official."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ⲕⲁⲛ\nⲥϫⲉⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲙⲁ *ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ","english":"and now, O small one of your worship of the gods","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲛ ⲥϫⲉⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ⲕⲁⲛ ⲥϫⲉⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ' is a temporal marker meaning 'and now' or 'even now', introducing a direct address to the king's command.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ","severity":"info","text":"'ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ' is a possessive phrase meaning 'your small one', likely a sarcastic or ironic address to the king, contrasting his power with the saint's humility.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"'ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ' means 'of your worship of the gods', referring to the king's pagan cult; the plural 'ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ' (gods) contrasts with Christian monotheism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The king's command to cut Jacob into pieces and throw spears reflects common Roman-Persian torture motifs in hagiography, emphasizing the saint's invulnerability through divine protection.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a direct speech by the saint, continuing the narrative of his defiance; the address 'ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ' marks a rhetorical shift to mock the king's authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁ *ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The asterisk in 'ⲙⲁ *ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ' indicates a textual corruption or uncertain reading in the Coptic manuscript; the intended phrase may be 'ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ' ('let your small one').","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic 'ⲙⲁ *ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲟⲓ' is ambiguous due to the asterisk; it may be a scribal error for 'ⲙⲁⲣⲉ' (let) or a lacuna. The reading taken follows the English draft as 'O small one'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲉⲣ ⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲁϫⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲉⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣϩⲁⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁ ⲧⲉϥϩⲏ\nⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲉⲣϩⲟϯ\nϧⲁϫⲱϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲙⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱ̃ⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲥⲉⲟⲓ ⲁⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲃⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧⲟⲛϧ ϣⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁϫⲱϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲙⲟⲩ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲩⲁⲓϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓϧⲁⲉ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲙⲏⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲟⲩϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ϣⲁ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲩⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁϫⲱϥ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲙⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲑⲃⲉⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ\nϫⲉ ⲁ ⲡⲓϩⲉⲗⲗⲏⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ ⲧⲉϥϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ\nⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲛ ϫⲉ ⲧϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ²\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲉⲣⲟⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲁ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛϩⲉⲗⲗⲏⲛⲟⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ*ⲕⲟⲣϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ\nⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲕⲥⲟⲣⲉⲙ ⲱ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲥⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲅⲁⲣ ϫⲉ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲁⲅⲱⲛⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁ̃ⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ","english":"of the Persians, you are a wonder of my father the king. And I do not wish to do evil to you.\" The holy Jacob answered, \"The wonder of this world is enmity against God.\" The king said, \"Have not the Nazoreans made you a slave, saying, 'This death of mine is a disgrace'? Do not fear for his sake. For even they themselves, the great kings, fear before death.\" The holy Jacob said, \"The kings and the archons and those who are not servants of the living God fear before death, because they do not know what they have done in the world, nor do they have hope there for the flesh at the end of days, and the eternal good things. For their hope is only in this place. Therefore they fear before death. For this is the reason it is written: 'The Greek died and his hope perished with him,' and also, 'The hope of the impious is indestructible.'\" The king said to him, \"Do you think of us Christians that we are Greeks like this? Do you not worship the great gods, the sun and the moon and the fire and the water, which are the children of God?\" The blessed Jacob answered, \"You are mistaken, O king. It is written that those who struggle for God are the children of God. But you, who think only of yourselves, do you know God and","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Nazoreans' (ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ) is used by the king to refer to Christians, likely as a derogatory or sectarian label. It echoes early Jewish-Christian usage, but here it may reflect a Persian or pagan perspective.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The king's quotation 'This death of mine is a disgrace' may allude to a Christian martyrdom saying, but no direct scriptural source is identified. It likely reflects a hagiographic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁ ⲡⲓϩⲉⲗⲗⲏⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ ⲧⲉϥϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'The Greek died and his hope perished with him' is a proverbial or scriptural echo, possibly from the Wisdom of Solomon or a patristic source, contrasting pagan and Christian hope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦","severity":"info","text":"The king's claim that sun, moon, fire, and water are 'children of God' reflects Zoroastrian or Hellenistic cosmological ideas, where elements are divine offspring. This contrasts with Jacob's Christian monotheism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between King and Jacob, structured as a series of challenges and responses. The king's accusation that Christians are 'Greeks' (pagans) is a rhetorical inversion, typical of hagiographic debates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ²","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the hope of the impious is indestructible' is textually problematic; the Coptic may be corrupt or ironic. It could be a scribal error or a deliberate paradox, as hope of the impious is typically perishable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the hope of the impious is indestructible' is ambiguous: it may be a scribal error, a quotation from a lost source, or a rhetorical inversion. The reading taken is as a direct statement, but its meaning is contested.","The term 'Nazoreans' could refer to a specific Jewish-Christian sect or be a general term for Christians; the context suggests the latter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲱⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲟⲛⲧⲉⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϯϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϯ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ","english":"you worship stone idols and clay pots, and you have made them gods, and you are angry with the one who gave you","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob contrasts the worship of lifeless objects with the living God, continuing his rebuke of the king's polytheism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲁⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ (eidōlon) is used here for 'idols,' a standard term in Coptic Christian polemic against pagan worship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲁⲛⲥⲱⲛⲧ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲱⲛⲧ (sōnt) means 'clay pots' or 'earthenware,' emphasizing the material and fragile nature of the objects the king venerates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The king's anger at Jacob for rejecting idol worship reflects the historical context of Sasanian persecution of Christians under Shapur II, where refusal to worship state gods was a capital offense.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a longer dialogue between Jacob and the king, where Jacob systematically refutes the king's arguments, a common rhetorical pattern in martyrdom narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is fragmentary; the English draft supplies 'you worship stone idols and clay pots, and you have made them gods, and you are angry with the one who gave you' but the Coptic breaks off before completing the sentence."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲥⲱⲓⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉ̃ⲣⲉ *ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ\nⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲕⲱⲧ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ︦ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲉⲣⲉⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲭⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲕⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲁϣ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟϫ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲙⲑⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲕⲓⲙ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲑⲉⲗⲏⲗ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲗⲁⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲁⲗϭⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲥⲁⲣⲝ ϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉϣⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲅⲝ ⲁⲣⲓⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ̃\nⲈⲧⲁ ϣⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ\nⲁⲩⲃⲱⲧⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲁⲗⲟⲩ ⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nⲉϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲁϥⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲛⲓϣϯ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲙⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲣⲓⲛ\nⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲡⲁⲗⲁⲧⲓⲟⲛ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲛⲓϣϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϣⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ","english":"...so that your name may be sown in all places, down to the land of Egypt, the place where your body will rest. After a time, they will build a martyrium for you in that place, and a memorial for you, in which great powers and wonders will occur for all who act in your name. And they gave their voice, the choir of the holy ones, and they removed all the bonds from his body, and he was healed instantly. His entire body became healthy. He sang psalms in this manner, saying, \"I will see the Lord before me at all times, for I will not be moved.\" Because of this, my heart rejoiced and my tongue delighted, and you gave strength to my flesh. In an instant, the Lord went up from him, and again he sang psalms, saying, \"God went up in a prayer, the Lord in a trumpet sound. Sing psalms to our God, sing psalms, alleluia.\" When the first event occurred, the king sat on the tribunal and commanded them to bring the blessed one to him. And he sang psalms, saying, \"Many times they have tried me, even from my youth, for they could not prevail over me, alleluia.\" And when they saw him steadfast and singing psalms, the king and his great ones marveled, and the multitude cried out, \"One is the God of the holy Jacob.\" Then the king was greatly perplexed, and he arose and went into the palace. He commanded all his great ones to go in with him, and he said to them, \"Tell me...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ appears twice: first as the corpse that will rest in Egypt, then as the miraculously healed body of the saint. The glossary distinguishes these uses, but here the term is consistent with the martyrdom sense of the body as a site of divine intervention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated 'alleluia' and the psalm-singing (ⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ) echo the biblical Psalms, particularly the refrain of praise and the motif of the Lord's presence. The phrase 'I will see the Lord before me at all times' recalls Psalm 16:11 LXX ('I will see the Lord before me').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The promise of a martyrium (ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ) in Egypt reflects the cult of relics and the construction of shrines over saints' tombs, a common hagiographical topos. This anticipates the translation of Jacob's body to Egypt, a key element in the dossier.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between narrative (the king's command, the healing) and liturgical speech (psalmody, alleluia). This shift from third-person narration to first-person psalm-singing is a structural marker of the saint's spiritual triumph and the hagiographer's use of biblical models.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The crowd's acclamation 'One is the God of the holy Jacob' echoes the monotheistic confession typical of martyrdom accounts, reinforcing the saint's role as a witness to the one God against pagan polytheism. This motif appears in other Coptic martyrdoms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they gave their voice' (ⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ) is ambiguous: it may refer to the choir of holy ones singing or to a collective acclamation. The Coptic leaves the subject unclear, but the context suggests a liturgical response.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the choir of the holy ones' (ⲡⲭⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ) is not specified; it could be angels or departed saints. The phrase 'they gave their voice' (ⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ) may be a collective acclamation or a liturgical response. The sequence of events after the healing is somewhat compressed, leaving the exact order of the king's actions unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ","english":"that death","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ introduces a direct speech or thought, here likely the beginning of a declaration by the saint or the heavenly choir. The English draft 'that death' is fragmentary; the full sense probably continues with a statement about death's nature or the saint's fate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲟⲩ is the standard Coptic word for 'death'. In hagiographic contexts it often carries the connotation of martyrdom as a spiritual victory, not merely physical demise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the beginning of a new speech or narrative segment, following the previous passage's description of the saint's healing and the choir's action. The Coptic ϫⲉ marks a quotation, likely continuing the choir's proclamation or the saint's response.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is extremely brief (only two words) and the English draft is fragmentary. The full context of the speech is lost; the sense may be completed in the following passage, but the current state does not allow a definitive reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ is incomplete; it is unclear whether it is the start of a longer statement (e.g., 'that death is not the end') or a truncated phrase. The English draft 'that death' reflects this fragmentary state."],"confidence":"low","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ⲛⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲡⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲙⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲧⲟⲗⲙⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓϧⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲉϯⲟⲩⲃⲉ\nⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲉⲣ\nⲫⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲇⲟⲅⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲉϣⲁϥϭⲓ̃ⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲛⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲣⲭⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲛ\nⲛⲟⲩⲫⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲉ︦ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲓ̄ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ ϯⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲉ\nⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϭⲟⲗⲕϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲛⲥⲉϭⲉⲧϭⲱⲧϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲣⲁⲧⲱⲙⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲉ̃ⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲫⲏ\nⲉⲧⲁϥϭⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓ̃ⲱⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧ ϩⲱ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙⲙⲁϩⲅ̄ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲙⲏⲇⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲏⲥ\nⲉⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲁϥϥⲟϫϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲛ̃ϯⲇⲱⲣⲉⲁ *ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲑⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲣⲏ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲟϩ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϣⲁⲛϣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙⲉⲧⲛⲓϣϯ ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ϯⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲥⲩⲛⲃⲟⲩⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲧⲟⲥϥ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲧⲏⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϫⲱϫⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲫⲁϧⲟⲩ","english":"...of what sort is it fitting that this one should die, because Jacob has dared to do this whole thing against our laws of the kings, and he has despised the will of the king and the dogma of the Persians. But one of them who used to take counsel with him at all times for evil, answered and said, \"This one does not need a single death, nor... nor... but many. Because of him many have died. I wish, then, that our lord the king, the son of the sun and the fire, would command that he be stretched out by his hands and his feet, and that he be cut up according to all his limbs, because he did not wish to follow the worship of the Persians and our lord the king.\"\n\nThen the king commanded thus: \"Jacob, who received great honors from my father and from me, so that he became the third in the kingdom of the Babylonians, the Medes, and the Persians—since he alone rejected the gift of my philanthropy in the matter of obeying the laws of the Persians, and he does not worship the great gods, our lord the sun and the moon, the givers of fruits, and the fire and the water, which the kings and those in the great offices worship—since he has become disobedient, I command, according to the counsel that the one who loves our salvation gave me, that his hands and his feet be cut off, that the nails of his hands and his feet be pulled out, and that his joints and the sinews of his thighs be severed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (to bow or prostrate in worship) appears in the king's speech, contrasting Jacob's refusal to perform this gesture before Persian deities. The glossary distinguishes it from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish', emphasizing the physical act of submission in martyrdom scenes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The king is titled 'son of the sun and the fire', reflecting Zoroastrian royal ideology where the monarch is associated with divine elements. This aligns with Persian court rhetoric known from Sasanian inscriptions and echoed in hagiographic topoi.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a counselor's speech to the king's direct command, marked by ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ('then'). The king's decree repeats and amplifies the counselor's proposal, a common hagiographic device to underscore official condemnation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a lacuna or corruption at ⲉ︦ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲓ̄, where the English draft reads 'nor... nor...'. The repeated ⲟⲩⲇⲉ suggests a list of punishments or denials, but the exact words are lost in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of dismemberment by cutting hands, feet, and sinews recurs in other Persian martyrdom accounts, such as the Acts of Anastasius the Persian, indicating a shared hagiographic tradition of extreme bodily punishment.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the great gods' (ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ) lists sun, moon, fire, and water, echoing Old Testament polemics against nature worship (e.g., Deut 4:19). The Coptic uses ⲛⲟⲩϯ (gods) rather than ⲇⲁⲓⲙⲱⲛ, softening the demonization typical in later hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉ︦ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲓ̄ is corrupt; the intended list of punishments or negations is unclear.","The identity of 'the one who loves our salvation' (ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ) is ambiguous—possibly a counselor or a divine figure, but the text does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ → “worship”. ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ carries more than one sense (bow down, prostrate); this passage takes it as “worship”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ϣⲁ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲉϥⲁⲗⲱϫ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲁⲓϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲉⲱⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁⲫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ","english":"...until they entered into his limbs at that moment when they were going to cut off his members, member by member, and they were going to sever his head with the sword.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes the executioners entering Jacob's limbs to cut them off member by member, then severing his head. The Coptic emphasizes the sequential, methodical dismemberment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ (melos) is a Greek loanword meaning 'limb' or 'member,' used here in a repetitive construction (ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ) to indicate cutting off each limb individually.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dismemberment followed by beheading was a known Persian execution method for high-profile offenders, as attested in other martyrdom accounts from the Sasanian period.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the judges' deliberation from the previous passage, now shifting to the actual execution. The Coptic ϣⲁⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ marks a temporal transition ('until they entered').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text at the start of this passage is fragmentary; the reading 'ϣⲁⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ' is reconstructed from the context. The exact wording of the transition may be uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ϣⲁⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ is partially reconstructed; it could also be read as ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ('until they entered') or as part of a longer clause. The sense of the execution sequence is clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲁⲩϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲁⲑⲗⲏⲥⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲡⲉⲛⲛⲁϩϯ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉϯϧⲁⲏ ⲛ̃ϯⲁⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩϩⲟ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϫⲟⲙ\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲟⲥⲓ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉⲧϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩ*ϩⲟϫϩⲉϫ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲕⲉⲧⲁⲛϣⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉⲧϯϫⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲧϫⲟⲙ ⲡⲥⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙⲁϫⲟⲙ ϯⲛⲟⲩ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲓ̈ⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲓ̃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲃⲓⲟⲥ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϭⲣⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϭⲣⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲁⲅⲱⲛⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲛⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲫⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲁⲅⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϭⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲁⲑⲗⲏⲥⲓⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲁⲧⲁⲝⲓⲟⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲁ ⲙⲁ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϧⲁ ⲡⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉϯⲛⲁϣⲟⲡϥ\nⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ\nⲇⲉ ⲉⲛⲓⲙⲁⲛϣⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲕⲱⲗϫ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲕⲉⲗⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ\nⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲡϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲉⲓⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲓ ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ϫⲉ","english":"When he had gone out from the king, this order was given, and they attacked the holy Jacob and brought him to the place of his contest. And at that very hour, the whole city and all the great ones of the king followed him, and a multitude from the unbelievers, when they heard the end of the sentence of the holy one, they fell upon their faces and worshipped the Lord of the powers, saying, \"The Most High Lord, the God of all the holy ones, it is you who give strength to those who are persecuted. May your Christ enter into us; it is you who give strength to the strong, the savior of those who have been destroyed. Give strength now to your servant Jacob, and let him depart from this life in victory, in persecution, for it is you who give the victory to all your athletes, these who contend for your holy name, our Lord Jesus Christ, our savior and the Lord of this one.\"\n\nAnd when the blessed Jacob reached the place where he was to complete his contest, he received the crown of his contest and arranged those who were to kill him, saying, \"Leave me a little while so that I may reveal the Lord concerning the suffering that will happen for his holy name.\" And they left him. When he had prayed, he bent his knees upon the ground, his heart trusting in God who is in heaven, and he prayed, saying thus: \"Lord, hear the voice of your servant, and grant me according to your great mercy. I, Jacob, your servant, beseech you, and have mercy on me. Grant me victory; hear me, for...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲑⲗⲏⲥⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲑⲗⲏⲥⲓⲥ (athlēsis) denotes 'contest' or 'struggle', here specifically the martyr's ordeal. It is a standard term in Coptic hagiography for the final trial of a saint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲟⲥⲓ ⲫ︦ϯ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Most High Lord, the God of all the holy ones' echoes the Septuagintal title 'Most High' (ὕψιστος) used in Daniel 3:26 and Psalm 7:9, common in Coptic liturgical acclamations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲁⲑⲗⲏⲥⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The 'place of his contest' likely refers to a specific execution site outside the city, a common topos in Persian martyr acts. The Ethiopic version (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob) locates it near a river or ravine.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a transition from the sentencing to the execution scene. The crowd's acclamation and Jacob's prayer form a diptych, typical of Coptic martyr narratives, balancing public witness with private devotion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob the Persian is venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopian traditions. The Ethiopic synaxary commemorates him on 27 Genbot, and his cult is attested in manuscripts from the 14th–15th centuries (hollis:alma990003998110203941).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩϩⲟ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they fell upon their faces' is ambiguous: it could mean the crowd prostrated in worship or in grief. The Coptic ⲫⲁϧⲧⲟⲩ (from ⲫⲱϧ, 'to fall') suggests prostration, but the context of 'unbelievers' (ⲛⲁⲡⲉⲛⲛⲁϩϯ) makes the reading uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'unbelievers' (ⲛⲁⲡⲉⲛⲛⲁϩϯ) who worship the Lord is unclear: they may be pagans converted by the spectacle, or a textual corruption from 'believers'.","The phrase 'ⲭⲁ ⲙⲁ ⲛⲏⲓ' ('leave me a little while') could be a request for a brief respite or a ritual pause before execution."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲉⲓ̃ⲉⲉⲣⲡⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̃ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ\n*ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲁⲑⲗⲱⲙ\nⲛ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧⲕ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲫⲱⲧ ϩⲁⲣⲟⲕ ⲁⲕϯⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ","english":"so that I may become worthy to be a companion with those who feared before your holy name, and I received the crown of martyrdom among the multitudes and those who loved you because of this. For those who ran after you, you placed a crown upon them; let them see.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲓ̃ⲉⲉⲣⲡⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase expresses a wish for worthiness to share in martyrdom, a common hagiographic trope of imitatio Christi.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲁⲑⲗⲱⲙ","severity":"info","text":"Literally 'the crown of martyrdom', a fixed expression in Coptic hagiography for the reward of martyrdom, echoing athletic imagery.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲕϯⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The image of placing a crown on followers recalls Revelation 4:4 and 1 Corinthians 9:25, where the crown symbolizes victory and eternal reward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of the crowd following the martyr to execution is typical in Persian martyr acts, as seen in the dossier of Anastasius the Persian.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is cited in Ethiopic versions of Jacob's testament, indicating its liturgical use in the Oriental Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'those who feared before' is ambiguous: it may refer to earlier martyrs or to the faithful who trembled before Jacob's holy name. The Coptic allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those who feared before your holy name' is unclear: either earlier martyrs or the faithful who revered Jacob.","The phrase 'let them see' (ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ) lacks an explicit object; it may imply seeing the crown or the glory of martyrdom."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲁϫⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϭⲓ̃ϣⲓⲡⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲕⲉⲣⲃⲟⲛ̃ⲑⲓⲛ\nⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕϯⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲈⲧⲁϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϫⲓϫ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲑⲛⲁⲓ ⲁⲩϭⲟⲗⲕϥ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲉⲕⲉⲣ ⲟⲩ ⲙⲙⲟⲛ ⲙⲉⲧⲛⲁⲏⲧ\nⲙⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙⲉⲧϩⲁⲣϣϩⲏⲧ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲩⲛⲁϭⲉⲧϭⲱⲧⲕ\nⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲛⲉⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲁⲓⲕ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲱⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲙⲟϣⲧⲕ\nϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧⲕ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲕ ϫⲉ ⲁϣ ⲉⲧⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲁⲕ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲁⲕⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲱⲛϧ\nⲉϣⲱⲡ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲓⲅⲛⲱⲙⲏ ⲛ̃ⲉ ⲭⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲇⲉ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲉⲧⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nⲁⲩⲣⲓⲙⲓ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥϩⲩⲗⲏⲕⲓⲁ ⲉⲧⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ *ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲧⲁⲕⲟ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲡⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲓⲧ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϯⲁ̃ⲥⲟ ⲉⲡⲉⲕⲥⲁⲓ̃\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉⲕϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲉ̃ⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ ⲉⲩⲩ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲉⲛⲭⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕϩⲁⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲉⲃⲛⲱⲟⲩⲓ︦ ⲉⲧⲟϣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲱⲛϧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲭⲛⲁⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲣⲓⲙⲓ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ̃ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲣⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ\nⲉϫⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϭⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ\nⲡⲣⲟⲥⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛⲉⲣⲕⲗⲛⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲛ","english":"so that my enemies may be ashamed, for you, O Lord, have blessed me and given me strength. And when he had prayed thus, at that hour they brought instruments upon the holy one without mercy, and they stretched him out, separating his hands and his feet, and they said to him, \"See what you are doing! There is no merciful one here, nor any compassionate one, but they will cut you according to your limbs, limb by limb, and at the moment you look upon the destruction of all your limbs, then they will take your head with the sword, and you will be alone within yourself, for what have you chosen before you? Because in a single word you have brought death upon yourself. But if you persist in this resolve, you will die in these terrible tortures.\" Some of the impious who were standing there wept over his fate and the grace of his chosen material, and all of them said to him with one voice, \"Do not destroy your body in a worthless manner, but spare your fate and your strength and your works that stand before you, and your possessions, your cattle, your gold, your silver, and your numerous flocks, and do the will of the king of your death. And afterwards, if you wish, you will return to your worship.\" The blessed Jacob answered, \"Do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and your children, for you will receive a little rest in this world, and afterwards you will inherit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ϩⲙⲟⲧ is rendered 'grace' per the pinned glossary, denoting unearned divine favour. Here it describes the 'chosen material' (ϩⲩⲗⲏⲕⲓⲁ) of Jacob, linking his physical substance to God's grace.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ϣⲗⲏⲗ is rendered 'pray' per the pinned glossary. It introduces Jacob's prayer before torture, a standard hagiographic trope marking the martyr's spiritual preparation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The offer to spare Jacob's life in exchange for sacrificing to the king's gods reflects the standard Roman judicial formula in Persian persecutions, as seen in other martyr acts (e.g., Acta Anastasii Persae).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the torturers' threats to the onlookers' weeping and then to Jacob's rebuke, creating a tripartite rhetorical structure: intimidation, pity, and the martyr's counter-argument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The plea 'Do not destroy your body' echoes 1 Corinthians 3:16–17 (body as temple), a common motif in martyrdom literature where the body is both vulnerable and sanctified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲉⲕⲉⲛⲭⲁⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲉⲕⲉⲛⲭⲁⲓ is obscure; it may be a corruption of ⲛⲉⲕⲉⲛⲧⲟⲗⲏ (your commandments) or a loanword for 'possessions'. The English draft renders it as 'possessions', but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲉⲕⲉⲛⲭⲁⲓ is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or a rare loanword. The reading 'possessions' is adopted from the English draft.","The clause ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲕⲉⲣⲃⲟⲛ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ is syntactically dense; the English draft interprets it as 'you, O Lord, have blessed me', but the Coptic verb ⲉⲣⲃⲟⲛ̃ⲑⲓⲛ may be a Greek loan (εὐλογέω) or a compound."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","text":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ → “grace”. The unearned favour of God; 'favour' where a human patron is meant."}]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ","english":"and tortures forever, and the demons whom you worship. For I will destroy","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ' (tortures forever) is part of the torturers' threat, contrasting eternal punishment with the saint's hope of eternal reward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic plural 'ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ' (the demons) is a loanword from Greek δαίμων, used here to refer to the Zoroastrian deities worshiped by the persecutors, a standard polemical trope in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'demons whom you worship' reflects the common hagiographical portrayal of Zoroastrianism as demon-worship, a topos found in other Persian martyr narratives such as the Acts of Anastasius the Persian.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the direct speech of the torturers, who threaten Jacob with eternal torments, forming a rhetorical contrast with Jacob's preceding prayer for strength.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text breaks off mid-sentence with 'ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ' (For I will destroy...), likely due to a lacuna in the manuscript; the speaker is probably Jacob, but the abrupt end leaves the subject ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is fragmentary at the end of this passage; the subject of 'ϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ' (I will destroy) is not explicitly stated, though context suggests it is Jacob responding to the torturers."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲛ\nⲛⲟⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲛⲁⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲃⲉⲭⲉ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩϭ̃ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲃⲉⲭⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲙⲉⲧϭⲓⲛϫⲟⲛⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥϭⲓϩⲟ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ\nⲞⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲟⲣⲡϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱ*ⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓϩⲏⲧⲥ\nⲛϫⲱϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲧⲏⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲱϫⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲧⲏⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ϣⲱⲡ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲕϣϣⲏⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲁⲓ ⲉϣⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ\nⲓⲁⲣ ϩⲱϥ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϯⲃⲱ ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧϫⲓϫ\nⲙⲡⲉⲧϭⲱⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ ϣⲁⲥϯⲟⲩⲓ̃\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲥⲫⲟⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ ⲣⲱϣⲓ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲱϫⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲏⲃ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲉⲣⲫⲁϧⲣⲓ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉⲧϫⲏⲛ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲅⲁⲣ ϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲭⲛⲁϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲏⲕⲓ\nⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲭⲱ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲁⲣⲁⲃⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ\nⲡⲁⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲡⲓϣⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲃⲱ ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϣⲁⲩϣⲁⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϭⲣⲏ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥ\nⲉⲥⲃⲏϣ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲫⲣⲱ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ϩⲱϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϧⲱⲛⲧ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲱⲙ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ","english":"in this my slaughter, but I will inherit eternal life. When all my limbs were cut off, they placed a reward of suffering upon me because each one will receive the reward of their pains from God. For there is no injustice, nor one who gives up before him.\n\nAnd at that very hour, the man sent by the king came to carry out the king's command. He said to the *skepōlatores*, \"Be careful to cut out the nails of his hands.\" And they were careful to cut out the nails of his right hand. When his fingers were cut off, the blessed Jacob cried out, \"May the helper of the Nazarenes receive the branch of your tree in your mercy, as it is cut. For also the branch of the vine of the grape is cut in the hand of the gatherer. And also in the month of Pharmouthi, it is stripped of its shoots, bearing fruit, and the branch becomes great with many clusters.\" Then the king's officer said, \"The matter is difficult for you, that one of your nails was cut out for your God. If you wish, you have the power to save yourself. Only do not destroy your beautiful body. For there are many riches for you; I will give you the gifts immediately, and I will release you from the transgression. Only this word alone.\" The blessed Jacob answered, \"Have you not seen the shoot of the vine of the grape? At the time when it is cut and they prune it, does it not stand up, being prepared? Because of the mouth of that time, it will grow. For the shoot becomes wood in the month of Pharmouthi.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱ*ⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text has a scribal asterisk in ⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱ*ⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ, likely a correction or insertion. The term derives from Greek σκεπωλάτωρ, a guard or torturer, here the king's officers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob invokes the 'helper of the Nazarenes,' a title for Christ. The Nazarenes (ⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ) refer to Christians, echoing early Christian usage in Acts 24:5.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ","severity":"info","text":"Pharmouthi is the eighth month of the Coptic calendar (roughly April–May), a time of vine pruning and growth. The agricultural imagery reinforces Jacob's metaphor of renewal after mutilation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯⲃⲱ ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The vine-and-branch metaphor for martyrdom appears in other Coptic hagiographies, e.g., the Martyrdom of Apa Epima, where pruning signifies spiritual growth. Jacob's speech adapts this to his own dismemberment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage alternates between Jacob's defiant speech and the king's officer's offer of reprieve, a common hagiographic pattern of temptation and steadfastness. The officer's promise of riches (ⲛⲟⲩⲃ) echoes earlier offers in the narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲛⲁⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲃⲉⲭⲉ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩϭ̃","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they placed a reward of suffering upon me' is ambiguous: ⲃⲉⲭⲉ can mean 'reward' or 'payment,' and ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩϭ̃ may be a corruption or variant of ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩⲛ 'within.' The sense is that suffering itself is a divine recompense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩϭ̃ is uncertain; possibly a scribal error for ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩⲛ 'within' or a rare word for 'suffering.' The reading 'reward of suffering' follows the English draft.","The asterisk in ⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱ*ⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ may indicate a lacuna or correction; the intended form is likely ⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥϧⲙⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ϣⲁⲥϯⲟⲩⲱ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϯⲟⲩⲓⲱ *ⲙ̃ⲁϩⲑⲏⲧⲉⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲱ ⲛⲓⲁⲛⲟⲏ̃ⲧⲟⲥ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ϯⲃⲱ","english":"in the slaughter of a small child, it will give forth its fruit and reveal its form. *But take heed, O you who are intelligent, for I go","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥϧⲙⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ϣⲁⲥϯⲟⲩⲱ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϯⲟⲩⲓⲱ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic metaphor compares the martyr’s death to a slaughtered child that will still yield fruit and reveal its form, echoing the idea of spiritual fecundity from suffering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲁⲛⲟⲏ̃ⲧⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲛⲓⲁⲛⲟⲏ̃ⲧⲟⲥ is a Greek loanword (ἀνοητός) meaning 'unintelligent' or 'foolish'; here it is used ironically to address the audience as 'intelligent ones' (ⲱ ⲛⲓⲁⲛⲟⲏ̃ⲧⲟⲥ), a rhetorical device common in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̃ⲁϩⲑⲏⲧⲉⲛ ⲇⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲙ̃ⲁϩⲑⲏⲧⲉⲛ ⲇⲉ ('But take heed') marks a direct address to the reader, a structural shift from narrative to exhortation, typical of hagiographic interjections.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϯⲟⲩⲓⲱ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϯⲟⲩⲓⲱ is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a variant of ⲙⲡⲉⲥϯⲟⲩⲱ ('its fruit'), but the repetition of ϯⲟⲩⲓⲱ suggests possible dittography or a lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϯⲟⲩⲓⲱ is ambiguous: it may be a corrupt repetition of ⲧⲉⲥϯⲟⲩⲱ ('its fruit') or a separate word; the English draft reads 'its form' for ⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟ, but the Coptic syntax is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ ⲙⲉⲛ ϣⲁⲥⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲉⲡⲓϩⲟⲩϭ̃ ⲓⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϩⲱϥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϭⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲃⲱ ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲛϫⲓϫ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲡⲱⲥⲱ̃ ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲟⲛ ϥⲛⲁⲁⲓⲁⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϩⲟⲩⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ\nⲀⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲃ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ϫⲉ\nⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲓⲥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛⲁⲉⲣϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ\nⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϣⲱⲡ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲏⲃ ⲃ︦ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ\ñϭⲟϥ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲣⲟⲩⲟⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲉϥⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲑⲉⲗⲏⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲅ̄ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉϯⲧⲣⲓⲁⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ\nϯϩⲣⲱ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲭⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ\nⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲇ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϭⲣⲟ\nϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲓ︦ⲃ︦ ⲛ̃ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲥ ⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϩⲇ︦\nⲉⲛⲱⲡ ⲙ̃ⲫⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲙ̃*ⲧⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲱϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲇ︦\nⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ϯⲛⲁϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉⲝⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲱϯ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲣⲱⲓ ⲁϥⲙⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲗⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲑⲉⲗⲏⲗ³ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯϫⲓⲛⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ ϣⲁⲩⲉⲣⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲉⲣⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ\nⲀⲩⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ","english":"The clusters, then, will marvel at the excess, and the man himself, the faithful one who is hidden within the true cluster, and if we pluck him with the hands of God, the true light, rather he will not increase the excess, and a multitude of branches will appear from him.\n\nThey gave their woe into him, they cut the fifth finger, and he said in joy of heart, \"Let my soul take the Lord, and my spirit will hope in him.\" He added again, saying, \"Lord, take the second finger from this tree, which your right hand has cut.\" For his face was joyful and rejoicing in the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ. They cut also the sixth finger, and he cried out, saying, \"I will sing psalms to the holy Trinity, which is in one divinity, before the angels and the holy company in the choir of the holy martyrs.\" They cut also the seventh finger, and the victor said, \"In the twelve sons of Jacob, Judah is the seventh, because the blessing of Jesus Christ rested upon him. Therefore I also, in the seventh finger, will give a confession with him, that in his blessing the Savior will come to all the nations.\" They cut also the eighth finger, and he said, \"My mouth is filled with joy, and my tongue with delight.\" He added again, saying, \"In the ninth finger of the right hand of the tree, they offer the fruits of him who planted the tree.\"\n\nThey came also","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The plural ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ (with article) here denotes the saints as a collective body, distinct from the angels and martyrs listed alongside.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the twelve sons of Jacob and Judah as the seventh alludes to Genesis 29:35; 35:22–26, where Judah is the fourth son, but the order here may follow a different tradition or a mnemonic scheme.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲇ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲏⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The sequential cutting of fingers (fifth through ninth) is a standard torture motif in Persian martyr acts, symbolizing the saint's progressive dismemberment and spiritual triumph.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'they cut also the X finger' structures the passage as a litany of mutilation, each followed by a prayer or declaration, building toward the climactic ninth finger.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲅ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the holy company' (ⲡⲓⲅ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ) reflects the liturgical veneration of the saints as a unified choir, a concept central to Coptic hagiographic reception.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲉ︦ ⲛ̄ⲧⲏⲃ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text reads 'the ninth finger' but the English draft renders 'the ninth finger of the right hand of the tree'; the phrase 'of the tree' is ambiguous and may be a scribal addition or corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ' (the tree) in the context of the ninth finger is unclear: it may refer to the cross, a metaphorical tree of life, or a textual corruption from an earlier simile.","The order of Jacob's sons (Judah as seventh) does not match the biblical order; the source of this numbering is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ → “bless”. The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ carries more than one sense (praise); this passage takes it as “bless”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲕϫⲱ³ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲕⲙⲟϣⲧⲕ","english":"upon his hand, the clusters, and they said to him, \"You say that what? And what is it that has moved you?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary and the English translation is tentative. The phrase 'ⲉⲕϫⲱ³ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ' is likely a question, but the exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The word 'ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ' (nǧacē) is a plural noun meaning 'clusters' (of grapes). It may be a metaphorical reference to the faithful or to the fingers of the hand, as in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is corrupt or lacunose; the phrase 'ⲉⲕϫⲱ³ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ' contains a superscript numeral '³' that may indicate a scribal correction or abbreviation, making the reading uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom of Jacob the Persian is known in multiple traditions; the Ethiopic version (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob) and Greek Acta Anastasii Persae (dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae) provide parallels for the torture narrative.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"},{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Jacob's torture, with the torturers addressing him directly. The question 'what is it that has moved you?' likely refers to his steadfast faith despite mutilation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is fragmentary; the exact wording of the question is uncertain, and the superscript '³' may indicate a scribal correction or abbreviation.","The referent of 'clusters' (ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ) is ambiguous: it may refer to the fingers (as in the previous passage) or to a metaphorical group of faithful."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲉⲑⲣⲉⲕⲱⲛϧ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ\nϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩϫⲓϫ ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲩⲟⲛϧ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ϩⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕϫⲓϫ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϯⲁ̃ⲥⲟ ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲯⲩⲭⲏ\nⲉⲥⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲧⲉⲙⲭⲁ ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϭⲉⲧϭⲱⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲕⲃⲁⲗ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϥⲱϫⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉϣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲛⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ ϭⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϧⲟⲕϥ ⲉϣⲁⲩϧⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉϣⲁⲩ*ϧⲱⲕ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲫⲓⲣ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϧⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲫⲓⲣ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ϩⲱϥ ⲡⲓⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁϥϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲱⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲟⲣⲧ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲅⲟⲛ\nⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲓ̃ⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ϧⲁ ⲡⲓⲗⲟⲅⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥϣⲉ\nⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩⲟ ⲉⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲉⲙⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲟϩⲓ ⲛⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲉⲁⲩϧⲟⲕⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲗⲟⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲧ ⲛⲟⲩⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϧⲁ\nⲫⲏ ⲉⲧϫⲟϫⲉⲃ ⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲓⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϧⲱⲕ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲀⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲧⲏⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ ⲉⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲁⲧϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲡⲁⲣⲏⲥⲓⲁⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲁⲕⲑⲉⲃⲓⲟⲕ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲁⲕⲓ̃ ⲉⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ\nϣⲁⲣⲟⲛ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ϯⲛⲁϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","english":"Within him there is power for you to live if you do the will of the king. There is a multitude of men in the world now of one hand, whose hands are cut off, and they live well. You also, do not be grieved in your heart because your fingers have been cut off from your hands. But from now on I will heal your soul, which will be tormented by the sufferings of your body. You will not leave your members for them to cut off, and your eyes will see them being cut off before you. The blessed Jacob said to them, \"If a shepherd takes a sheep to shear it, they do not shear its whole body at once, but they shear its right side first, then afterwards they shear its left side, and it itself, the sheep, is silent, wishing them to take away all its wool from there. If the irrational animal does thus, then I, for the rational man, it is fitting for me to do more, to bless God and to give glory to his holy name, because they have found the sheep of Christ in the path, having sheared my hands and my fingers, and I will offer up to him all of myself as a sacrifice, I for the one who is glorious. The Lord, the good one, has given to me the means for those who will shear me like a sheep of God. They began to cut into him, to cut the nails of his left hand, having prepared to cut the little nail. When they had cut it, he became bold, saying, \"I am small before the Lord, but you are great; you have humbled yourself, you have come down to us. I also will give my soul for your holy name.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the body of a sheep being shorn, but the term is also used in martyrdom accounts for the corpse after death. The simile reinforces the sacrificial body motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'sheep of Christ' echoes the Johannine image of Christ as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11–16) and the Pauline notion of the faithful as sheep (Romans 12:1).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲅⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲅⲟⲛ (irrational animal) contrasts with ⲡⲓⲗⲟⲅⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ (rational man), drawing on a standard philosophical and patristic distinction between animals lacking logos and humans possessing it.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϫⲉⲙⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲟϩⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The motif of being 'found on the path' as a sheep of Christ parallels the hagiographic topos of the saint being discovered by persecutors, as in the Ethiopic Testament of Jacob (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The speech introduction 'the blessed Jacob said to them' marks a shift from the judge's threat to the saint's response, a common dialogic structure in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they began to cut into him' is ambiguous: it may mean they started cutting his nails (as the English draft suggests) or that they began to cut his flesh. The Coptic ⲛⲓⲧⲏⲃ (nails) later clarifies, but the initial verb ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ (they began) is generic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ could be read as 'they began to cut into him' or 'they began to enter into him'; the context of nail-cutting supports the former.","The clause ⲉⲩϥⲱϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ (they being cut before you) may refer to the members being cut or to the eyes seeing the cutting; the English draft takes the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲭⲛⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ ⲉⲓϫⲏⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲟⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲟϫ ⲧⲏⲣⲧ ⲉⲓⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲏⲃ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ","english":"You are the Lord of every one. You will raise them up, fulfilled, my soul and my limbs, being one single whole, all healthy, filled with every blessing. But the little finger was also cut off after the small one, and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The speaker addresses Jacob as 'the Lord of every one,' a title normally reserved for Christ, suggesting either a scribal error or a deliberate elevation of the martyr's status in the Coptic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ here means 'blessing' (plural ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ 'every blessing'), consistent with the glossary rule: the object is a person (the soul and limbs), so the sense is 'bless' rather than 'praise.'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲏⲃ ⲉⲑⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a narrative cue: 'But the little finger was also cut off after the small one,' marking a sequential mutilation that continues the pattern of bodily dismemberment in the martyrdom account.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'You are the Lord' is ambiguous: it may be a scribal corruption of an address to God, or it may reflect a Coptic hagiographic trope where the martyr is called 'lord' as a title of honor. The reading here takes it as direct address to Jacob.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker is not explicit; the previous passage suggests a voice addressing Jacob, but the Coptic does not name the speaker here.","The phrase 'ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦' could be a scribal error for an address to God, or a deliberate honorific for Jacob."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ⲁϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩⲟ̃ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲉⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ *ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲝ̄ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ϯⲛⲁϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲍ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲛ\nⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲏ̄ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩϭ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲑⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ\nⲫⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲏ̄ ⲡⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲥⲉⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲉⲣⲉⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲉϥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲫⲟⲣϫ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ϧⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲁⲕⲫⲱⲣϫ ⲙ̃ⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲥⲉⲃⲓ ⲉⲧϭⲁϧⲉⲙ ⲁ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲓ̃ⲃⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ\nⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧⲟⲛϧ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲑⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ\nⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲁϫⲡⲑ︦ϯ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲁⲕⲁϣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓ⳧ ⲉⲕⲫⲟⲣϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲃⲓ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ϯϣⲉⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲫⲟⲣϣⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ⲟⲛ ϧⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲁⲕⲁⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲫⲟⲣϣⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲱⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ\nⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲓⲱⲧⲁ ⲉϣⲁⲩⲱⲡ\nⲛ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϣⲁⲩⲱⲡ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲁⲛⲑⲃⲁ ⲛ̃ⲑⲃⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲓⲱⲧⲁ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲥⲱϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ *ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲯⲁⲗⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲡ ⲉⲧⲉ\nⲛⲁⲧⲏⲃ ⲛⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲁⲓⲧ ⲛ̃ⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲉⲉ̃ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ\nⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲫⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲙⲁϧⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ\nϯⲛⲁⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲱⲇⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ","english":"He strengthened him further through the love of Christ, and said: \"In the fifth finger, I will glorify the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit seven times.\" They also placed themselves, and they cut off the sixth finger. The holy one cried out, truly the strong Jacob, and said: \"On this day, which is the sixth, they prepare the priests so that it may be revealed and spread out among them. I also, for your servant, you have scattered the memory of my heart because of my ignorance that is bitter. My soul has brought you, the living God, because I have done this so that I might see it revealed before the face of God.\" They also cut off the seventh finger. He said: \"At the time of the seventh, my Lord, you will rest from the cross, you who are spread out because of our sins. Now, I also receive grace from you, my Lord, in the seventh finger, because just as they spread you out upon the wood, I also, for your servant, you have made me worthy to be spread out, and they cut the branches of my body because of your holy name that was called upon me.\" And they also cut off the eighth finger. He revealed, saying: \"In iota, all things happen, and within it, various things happen, and Jesus is in iota, which is the savior of the whole world. Therefore, I also will sing to you on a psalterion of ten strings, which are the fingers, the one who made me worthy to enter into this death, which is in the place of the ten fingers and the seven of the sheep. I will bless your glory in a song, and I will sing to your holy name, because...","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲝ̄ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the fifth finger' initiates a numerological sequence (fifth through eighth fingers) that Jacob interprets symbolically, linking each digit to a theological or liturgical concept.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϣⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to being 'spread out upon the wood' (ⲡⲓϣⲉ) echoes the crucifixion of Christ, a common typology in martyrdom accounts where the saint's suffering mirrors Christ's passion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲱⲧⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The letter iota (ⲓⲱⲧⲁ) is interpreted as the initial of Jesus (ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦) and as a symbol of cosmic unity, reflecting a tradition of alphabetic mysticism in late antique Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲏ̄ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ... ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ... ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured around the sequential cutting of the sixth, seventh, and eighth fingers, each followed by a theological speech from Jacob, creating a repetitive liturgical pattern.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲯⲁⲗⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of a 'psalterion of ten strings' (ⲯⲁⲗⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ) links Jacob's fingers to a musical instrument, a motif that appears in later Coptic liturgical poetry and hagiographic reception.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲙⲁϧⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the seven of the sheep' (ⲛⲓⲙⲁϧⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ) is obscure; it may refer to a liturgical or numerical symbol (e.g., seven lambs or seven days), but the exact referent is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲓⲙⲁϧⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ' ('the seven of the sheep') is ambiguous: it could denote a liturgical offering, a numerical symbol, or a textual corruption. The reading taken treats it as a symbolic number parallel to the ten fingers.","The sequence of finger amputations (fifth through eighth) is clear, but the total number of fingers (ten) is only implied later; the text may have lacunae or variant numbering."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ\nⲀⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϣⲫⲉⲣ ⲉⲧⲧ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ","english":"He strengthened him further through the love of Christ, and said: \"In the fifth finger, I will glorify the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit seven times.\" They also placed themselves, and they cut off the sixth finger. The great ones of the king and his companions who were standing there entered in upon him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text introduces the king's great ones and his companions entering upon Jacob, shifting the scene from the executioners to higher authorities.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ","severity":"info","text":"ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ (the great ones of the king) likely refers to high-ranking officials or nobles, a common hagiographic trope for persecutors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The entry of the king's great ones and companions mirrors the pattern in other Persian martyr acts where officials intervene to question or pressure the saint.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a structural shift from the sequential finger amputations to a new narrative phase involving higher authorities, typical of the martyrdom genre's escalation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ (they entered in upon him) is ambiguous: it could mean they entered the place where Jacob was, or they approached him aggressively. The English draft takes the former.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic does not specify whether the king's great ones and companions enter the same location as the executioners or a different chamber; the reading assumes they enter upon Jacob directly."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"ⲁⲩⲣⲓⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛ̃ϣⲁϣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲩϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲱ̃ ⲡⲓⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲱⲛϧ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲏⲃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ\nϣⲑⲉⲣⲑⲱⲣⲕ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲥⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲫⲟⲥ ϣⲟⲡ ⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲉⲣⲑⲉⲣⲁⲡⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ ⲁⲣⲓ ⲫⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ ⲉⲧⲕⲱϯ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ϫⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϯϭ̃ⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϯ︦︦ⲟⲥⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ ⲉⲧⲑⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲙⲏϣ ⲓⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ϩⲩⲡⲁⲣⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁ ϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲱⲛϧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲉⲛⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲛⲁⲕⲛⲁϫⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲕ ϫⲉ ⲉⲫⲟⲥⲟⲛ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲧⲏⲃ\nⲁϣ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲁϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲓⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲡϩⲏⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲱⲛϧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ\nϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉϣⲉⲡϧⲓⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ *ⲧⲉⲛⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ\nⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ϩⲱⲕ ⲕⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲣⲁⲙⲁⲁ̃\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲉⲛⲁϣⲱϥ ϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉⲕⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲧⲁⲕ\nⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϫⲫⲟⲕ ϫⲉ\nⲥⲉϣⲟⲡ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲓⲟⲩⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲉⲕⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ϩⲱⲕ\nⲕⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲙ̃ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲧⲉⲙⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲑⲣⲉⲕϫⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲱⲛϧ ⲟⲩϩⲗⲓ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲁⲭⲱ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ\nⲧⲉⲛⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲅⲁⲣ ϫⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲟⲩϣⲁⲛⲁϩⲑⲏϥ\nⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϣⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲩϯϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲁⲩϣⲁⲛⲕⲟⲧⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ\nⲀϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲣϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϯⲛⲁⲁⲓϥ ⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲣⲉ\nϩⲗⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲉⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ","english":"They wept with great lamentation and bowed down to him, saying, \"If you wish, O beloved, you have the power to live, even though your fingers have been cut off, without the matter disturbing you. There are skilled physicians who have the ability to heal you. Only do the will of the king, and free yourself from this necessity that surrounds you, so that you may not die and the grace of your soul be lost, and so that you may give a good example to this generation. For there are many possessions available to you; you have the power to live and to dwell in peace. Even if you are poor, you will say within yourself, 'Since my fingers have been cut off, what hope is there, or what is the use of my life?' But I have no power to endure suffering in the world. We know, and you also know, that you are a rich man, and you have abundant gold, and you have the power to rejoice with your wife, whom you have had since your childhood, and with your mother who bore you, for they are today in Iousios, your city. You yourself are in the land of Babylon, and you wish to save your soul, but you do not see them. Yet it is a small matter of words for you to utter from your mouth in order to live. For it is nothing, and your God will forgive you for it. For we hear that the God of the Nazarenes is merciful and forgives those who turn to him in repentance.\"\n\nThe blessed Jacob answered and said, \"He in whom you hope, I will never abandon. For nothing from him is upon a matter of his contempt.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Nazarenes' (ⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ) is a Coptic borrowing from Greek Ναζωραῖοι, used here by the king's men to refer to Christians, likely with a dismissive or alienating tone.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲟⲩϣⲁⲛⲁϩⲑⲏϥ","severity":"info","text":"The description of God as 'merciful' and forgiving those who turn to him echoes biblical themes (e.g., Joel 2:13, Jonah 4:2), but no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Iousios' as Jacob's city and 'Babylon' as his location reflects the hagiographical setting in Persian territory, likely Sasanian Mesopotamia, where Babylon was a common toponym.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a rhetorical climax: the king's agents offer a final plea (weeping, bowing, listing worldly goods), which Jacob rejects with a terse, defiant response, marking a turning point in the narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of physicians healing severed fingers appears in other Coptic martyrdom accounts (e.g., of St. Menas), suggesting a shared hagiographical topos of miraculous restoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲟⲩϣⲁⲛⲁϩⲑⲏϥ (merciful) is ambiguous: it could be a generic attribute or a specific reference to a biblical epithet; the reading taken is generic.","The final line of Jacob's speech (ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲉⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ) is textually uncertain; the translation 'upon a matter of his contempt' is tentative."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ⲉⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲉϣⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ","english":"ians who can heal you. Do not throw away your life for nothing.\" But the blessed Jacob answered them, \"Do not speak to me in this way, my children. For I have not suffered these things for nothing, but for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. And if I endure to the end, I will receive the crown of life from Christ, my King.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob rejects the crowd's plea to save his life by obeying the king, insisting his suffering is for the kingdom of heaven and the crown of life from Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ (ephahou) is a compound preposition meaning 'after' or 'behind', here likely introducing a temporal or logical sequence, but the text is fragmentary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ (ntefščemčom) means 'of his ability' or 'of his power', but the syntax is broken; the English draft interprets it as part of Jacob's response.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲛϧ","severity":"info","text":"The 'crown of life' (ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲛϧ) echoes New Testament imagery of martyrdom as a crown (e.g., Revelation 2:10, 1 Corinthians 9:25), common in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The crowd's offer of skilled physicians reflects a topos in martyrdom accounts where worldly solutions are proposed to dissuade the martyr, highlighting the conflict between earthly and heavenly priorities.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary; the English draft supplies a coherent speech, but the original may have gaps or alternative readings, especially in the transition from the crowd's plea to Jacob's reply.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text breaks off mid-phrase; the English draft reconstructs Jacob's response, but the exact wording and sequence of the original are uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ⲙⲏ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲓ̃ⲉ ⲧⲁⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ\nⲉⲱϣⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧⲉⲛϧⲏⲧ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ ϥⲛⲁϫⲉⲙⲥ ⲉⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉϥⲛⲁⲭⲁ ⲓⲱⲧ\nⲛ*ⲥⲱϥ ⲓⲉ ⲙⲁⲩ ⲓⲉ ⲥⲟⲛ ⲓⲉ ⲥⲱⲛⲓ ⲓⲉ ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲓⲉ ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲓⲉ\nⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ϯⲛⲁϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲁⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϣⲉⲣⲃⲗⲁⲡⲧⲓⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ\nϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲣⲓⲟⲩⲓ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲁⲓϥ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲈⲧⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲁⲩϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϯⲉ ⲛ̃ⲗⲟⲅⲭⲏ ⲁ̃ ⲧⲉⲕϭⲁⲗⲟϫ ϭⲱϫ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲓ︦ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲫⲓⲣ\nⲛⲁⲧⲁϭⲛⲓ ⲉⲁⲕϯⲱⲙⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲛⲓ ⲉⲕϩⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ϧⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ϯϣⲉⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲉⲓⲣⲁϣⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ϣⲉⲡϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲙⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ\nⲡⲁⲥⲛⲟϥ ϧⲁϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗⲥⲁϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲃ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲉϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϧⲁϫⲱϥ ⲅⲁⲣ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϯⲓ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲟⲩⲓⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲁⲣⲉ *ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ϣⲟⲡ ⲁⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲉⲃⲏⲗ ⲉⲛⲓϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ︦\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲥⲣⲱϥⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲃⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥⲉⲣⲕⲟⲗⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁϩⲟ ⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ","english":"e mother who bore me, or my wife, to abandon the faith of God which is in my heart, this one who said, \"Whoever are the ones who will destroy his soul for my sake, he will find eternal life. And he who will leave his father, or mother, or brother, or sister, or son, or wife, or wealth, and follow me, I will give him eternal life and rest and my chosen ones.\" Do not your words say, \"What honors will you give me? For I, on the one hand, they will not harm me; but you, on the other hand, you will receive punishments forever.\" But turn to me and do what was commanded to you, which they did to me.\n\nWhen they turned to him, they cut the great thumb of his right hand. And the blessed one opened his mouth and said, \"Glory to you, who bore my body.\" They gave him a wound from a lance. Your spittle mixed with the blood and the water that came out from your wound, I cannot bear, for you have hidden the truth, hastening to paradise. I also, for your sake, your servant, I receive grace from you, rejoicing that my soul has suffered for its salvation, and my blood has poured out from within me from the cutting of my hands and my fingers. They cut the second thumb, and he said, \"This is great for me, more than all my days, for now I have not entered into this service; my glory is diminished, and my heart is not in any of the works of the world. And the weakness of my life will not hinder me from prayer. For the place where the heart is, there also the altar will be.\" At that time,","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (Greek ψυχή) is rendered 'soul' per the pinned glossary, but in the phrase 'destroy his soul' it carries the sense of the living person, not the disembodied soul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ ϥⲛⲁϫⲉⲙⲥ ⲉⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ","severity":"info","text":"This echoes Matthew 19:29 (or similar sayings) on renouncing family for eternal life, though not a direct quotation; the promise of 'eternal life' and 'rest' aligns with early Christian martyrdom theology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The cutting of the thumb and the lance wound reflect standard Persian torture methods in hagiography; the 'great thumb' (ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ) is a specific detail found in other martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from direct speech (Jacob's exhortation) to narrative action (the torture) and back to a prayer-like address, marking a structural transition from dialogue to monologue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the place where the heart is, there also the altar will be' is cited in later Coptic liturgical commentaries as a metaphor for interior devotion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic 'ⲁⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ' is ambiguous: it could be a rhetorical question ('Do not your words say?') or a negative command ('Do not speak!'). The English draft takes the former, but the latter is possible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲁⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ' is ambiguous between a rhetorical question and a negative command; the reading as a question is followed here.","The identity of 'the one who bore my body' (ⲡⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ) is unclear—possibly Christ or a divine figure; the text does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ⲉϯⲛⲁϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲏⲓ","english":"who will pray for me, my body will be buried in the house","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The speaker contrasts the previous rejection of family and wealth with a concern for burial, implying that even in death he expects proper Christian rites.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉϯⲛⲁϣⲗⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉϯⲛⲁϣⲗⲏⲗ (eti-na-shlēl) means 'who will pray' and is a relative clause with a future auxiliary, indicating a concern for posthumous prayer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Burial in the house (ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲏⲓ) was unusual in late antique Christianity, where church or martyr shrine burial was normative; this may reflect local Persian practice or a domestic martyr cult.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Testament of Jacob (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob) includes a similar concern for burial and prayer, suggesting a shared tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲡ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲟⲡ (op) is ambiguous: it could be a verb meaning 'be buried' (from ⲱⲡ) or a noun meaning 'count, number'. The context favors the verb, but the reading is not certain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲟⲡ may be read as a verb ('be buried') or a noun ('count'), though the context of burial in the house supports the verb.","The phrase ⲉϯⲛⲁϣⲗⲏⲗ could be interpreted as a question ('who will pray for me?') or a relative clause ('the one who will pray for me'), but the English draft treats it as a question."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲥⲁⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲙⲡⲓϣⲓⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲁⲙⲉⲛϯ\nⲙⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟ ⲙⲡⲁϩⲟ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲣⲱⲟⲩϣ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲉⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϥⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ⲉⲧⲟⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲁϥϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲟϫ ⲁⲩⲥⲁⲧϥ ϩⲓⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲥⲱⲃⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲉ\nⲛⲁⲕ ϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣϥⲓⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲅⲁⲣ\nⲛϯⲛⲁⲫⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲟ ⲉϣⲁⲥⲟϩⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲟⲩ ϣⲁⲥϯⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲃⲟⲩϩⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲁⲗ ⲫⲁⲓ ϩⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲏϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϯⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲕⲛⲁⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲇ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\n*ϫⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲏ ⲧⲉⲙⲟⲕϩⲛϩⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ\nⲧⲉϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲁⲣⲓϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲉ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲙⲡⲁϩⲟ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ\nⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲁⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲑⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲉⲣϩⲡⲟⲙⲉⲛⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲁⲩϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲧⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲛϫⲁϭⲓⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲧⲏⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁϫⲉⲙϥ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲕⲉϥⲱⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⲫⲉ ⲥⲉⲏⲡ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ² ⲛⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲭⲛⲁⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ\nϧⲉⲛ","english":"of my Lord, my heart was downcast within the prison of Amenti. But today I have cast my face outside this vain world and away from all its cares, striving to enter into his good things. He rejoiced, and with all the members that he had, which they were cutting off, and he was giving thanks to God. They cut off also the sixth toe of his left foot, and they placed it before him. When he saw it, he mocked, saying, \"Walk, O sixth toe of your foot, to you beside your companions. And do not grieve, for as the grain of wheat falls upon the earth and its seed multiplies and bears fruit, and as the eyelid rests upon the eye, so also is your nature at the time of the resurrection; you will rest with your companions.\" They cut off the seventh toe, and he said, \"Why is my soul grieved within me, and why am I troubled? Hope in God, for I will reveal to him the salvation of my face, my God.\" And they cut off the eighth toe. The blessed noble one, the holy James, opened his mouth and said, \"I have prepared speech with my Lord.\" He rested within, and he made it worthy to stand before him in the contest, and he gave me strength to make a promise within it. They gave the signal to enter his swift chariot, and they cut off the little toe. He said, \"You will not become small, because the small and the great are of one rest, which they will find at one time. And if he said, 'All the other hairs of your head are counted,' how then will you be scattered?","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ (resurrection) appears in the martyr's speech about the toe's future rest. Per the glossary, the term covers both the general resurrection and Christ's, distinguished by context; here it refers to the general resurrection.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ (bless/praise) is not used in this passage, but the glossary rule applies elsewhere: when the object is God, it means 'praise'; when a person, 'bless'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'prison of Amenti' (ⲁⲙⲉⲛϯ) is the Coptic term for the underworld or realm of the dead, derived from Egyptian mythology. Its use here metaphorically describes the martyr's despair before his triumph.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between the martyr James and his torturers, punctuated by his mocking speeches to each severed toe. The repeated pattern of cutting, speech, and theological reflection is characteristic of the hagiographic genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of the severed toe to a grain of wheat that falls, multiplies, and bears fruit echoes New Testament resurrection imagery (e.g., 1 Cor 15:37–38, John 12:24). The martyr reinterprets bodily dismemberment as seed for the resurrection.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text at the end is fragmentary: 'ⲛⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲭⲛⲁⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ ϧⲉⲛ' breaks off mid-sentence. The English draft supplies a rhetorical question ('how then will you be scattered?'), but the Coptic is incomplete, leaving the exact sense uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text ends abruptly at 'ϧⲉⲛ', so the final clause is incomplete; the English draft's rhetorical question is a plausible reconstruction but not certain.","The phrase 'ⲡⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲙⲡⲁϩⲟ' (the salvation of my face) is ambiguous: it may mean 'my personal salvation' or refer literally to his face being saved from mutilation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ","text":"ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ → “resurrection”. Greek ἀνάστασις; the general resurrection and Christ's are distinguished by context, not by the word."}]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲃ︦\nⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲉⲧⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲉϥⲣⲁϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉⲣⲚⲣⲉϥϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲛ ⲁⲩϧⲣⲁϫⲣⲉϫ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲁϫϩⲓ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ϫⲱϥ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲱⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲓⲧⲁⲗⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲟϫ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲉⲧⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ\nⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲁⲓ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲃⲟⲛⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ\nⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲟⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲁ̃ⲙⲉⲛϯ\nⲉⲧⲥⲁⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ [ⲙⲁ]ⲧⲟⲩϫⲟⲓ *ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ\nⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ϩⲱⲥ ϯϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲁⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲉϥϩⲟⲗϫ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲓⲛⲁⲙ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲉⲕϫⲟⲙ ⲭⲛⲁϫⲉⲣ ⲛⲉⲕϫⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲁϫⲟⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲡ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲩⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣⲓⲁ³ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲕⲉⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲁⲙ ⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲥ ϣⲁ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲉϥⲁⲗⲱϫ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲉⲥⲑⲁⲛⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲉⲡⲓⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ\nⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","english":"the midst of his companions, and they cut off the second toe. After the little one, he said, rejoicing in a joyful manner. But the executioners rushed in upon him in anger and fury. They crushed their teeth down upon him. They cut off his right hand, and the blessed one said, \"All the members of my body which you cut off, I offer them up as a sacrifice to God and an offering to the Pantocrator, the king of heaven and earth.\" They also cut off his left hand, and the holy Jacob said, \"Listen to me, O Lord, for you are good and your mercy is abundant to all who beseech you.\" And they cut off his right arm, and he cried out, saying, \"Your mercy, O Lord, has benefited me. Save me and rescue me from Amenti below.\" They also cut off his left arm, and the blessed one said, \"You are God, the one who alone works wonders. Listen to me and save me.\" *They also cut off his right foot. The noble one again submitted, saying, \"My soul blesses the Lord, and I will sing psalms to my God as long as I exist. My word will be pleasing to my God.\" They also cut off his left foot, and the holy Jacob said, \"By the foot of your power, you will crush your enemies. My power and my blessing are the Lord. He has become for me a salvation.\" And they cut off the rest of his right leg, splitting it up to his thighs, and he endured the pain. He cried out in a loud voice, saying, \"O Lord Jesus Christ.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ here governs ⲡϭⲥ (the Lord), so it means 'blesses' (not 'praises'), consistent with the glossary rule that God is praised but a person is blessed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ (Pantocrator) echoes the Septuagint and early Christian liturgical usage, applied to Christ as ruler of heaven and earth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲉⲛϯ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲙⲉⲛϯ (Amenti) is the Coptic term for the underworld or realm of the dead, derived from Egyptian mythology; here it is used metaphorically for the prison or state of suffering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a repetitive pattern: each limb is cut off, Jacob responds with a prayer or acclamation, and the executioners proceed to the next member. This liturgical structure emphasizes the saint's endurance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of offering severed limbs as a sacrifice to God and an offering to the Pantocrator parallels the language of eucharistic offering, found in other Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they also cut off his left foot' appears twice in the Coptic (once for the left foot, once for the right foot), but the English draft conflates them; the sequence of limbs is ambiguous in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The order of limb amputation is inconsistent: the Coptic lists right hand, left hand, right arm, left arm, right foot, left foot, then right leg, but the English draft reorders and omits some steps.","The phrase ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ (they also cut off his left foot) is repeated, possibly a scribal error or a doublet.","The lacuna marked *ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ may indicate a missing phrase or a break in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ⲁⲣⲓⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲛⲁⲕϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲙⲟⲩ\nⲠⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϫⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲕ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϣⲟⲣⲡ ϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ","english":"Help me, for the executioners of death have surrounded me.\n\nThe torturers said to him, \"Did we not tell you from the beginning that great ones would come upon you?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲓⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The saint calls for help, but the torturers mock him, saying they had warned him that 'great ones' would come. This rhetorical reversal is typical of hagiographic dialogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲕϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'executioners of death' (ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲕϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲙⲟⲩ) is a periphrasis for the torturers, emphasizing their role as agents of mortality.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ","severity":"info","text":"The 'great ones' (ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ) likely refers to high-ranking Persian officials or executioners, consistent with the Persian setting of the martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of sequential mutilation, with the saint's plea and the torturers' retort forming a dialogic unit that heightens the dramatic tension.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲁⲩⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ could be read as 'they have surrounded me' or 'they have besieged me'; the sense of encirclement is clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"ⲡⲁⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϣⲱⲡ\nⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϯϩⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲡⲁⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ\nⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲉⲣϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲫⲁϣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ ϯⲕⲉⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ϫⲓϫ ϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟⲓ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲉⲓⲉⲫⲟⲣϣⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲁⲩⲫⲱϧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲫⲁⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲁ̃ⲗⲱϫ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲗⲡ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁϫⲫⲟⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ϯⲥⲏϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲏⲓ ⲉⲁϥϩⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉⲝⲁⲡⲓⲛⲁ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ\nⲥⲟϫⲡ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱ ⲉⲧⲁⲓϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ\nϯϯϩⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲑⲣⲉⲕⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲡⲁⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ\nⲉⲑⲣⲓⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ² ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϧⲟⲑⲃⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲟⲩϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲙⲟⲓ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲛⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲉⲣⲇⲓⲱⲕⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ *ϯϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ϯⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲉⲥⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲗⲟϫⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϫⲏⲣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲕⲉⲧⲁϩⲟⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲕϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲕⲉⲧⲁϫⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϫⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲇⲓⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲁⲣⲓⲭⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϫⲟⲙ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϯϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ̃ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲕⲉϫⲟⲩϣⲧ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲕⲫⲉ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲧⲟϩⲓ\nⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ","english":"My light and my helper, let him prepare himself for you, O Lord, of my countenance, and hear my prayer according to the manner in which I have become a stranger to all my limbs, while the division of my body lies as dead, while the other division is before you, since there is no finger or hand for me, as you created me so that I might spread them out before you. They have broken my thighs and my ribs, and they have pulled out my joints, and behold, I am stretched out before you like a house that has fallen suddenly, with a small child hidden in it. This is the manner in which I have become. I give heed and I beseech you, O Lord, to hear my prayer and to bring my soul out of this prison, so that I may proclaim your name, O Lord, and all your holy ones, and all those who have rested upon them through your philanthropy, and through all your martyrs who were slain, and all those who are slain for your holy name. Grant me, O Lord, a peace for your people, the Christians who are persecuted in every place. And peace from you; let them be gathered together and united in one bond throughout the whole earth. And your church, O Lord, establish it in your peace. And the bishops also, strengthen them in your faith, so that they may find the manner of the monastery for your people. And the presbyters also, and the deacons, grant them a power to give heed to you, O Lord, over your people and your inheritance. O Lord, look down from your holy heaven upon this whole multitude that stands.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'my light and my helper' is a standard epithet for Christ in Coptic prayer, echoing liturgical formulas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲫⲱϧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲫⲁⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲁ̃ⲗⲱϫ","severity":"info","text":"The description of broken thighs and ribs recalls the physical suffering of martyrs in hagiographic accounts, but no direct scriptural citation is evident.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲏⲓ ⲉⲁϥϩⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉⲝⲁⲡⲓⲛⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a house collapsing suddenly with a child inside is a vivid metaphor for the body's ruin, possibly drawing on contemporary architectural imagery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯϯϩⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲧⲱⲃϩ","severity":"info","text":"The shift from lament to direct prayer marks a structural transition, as the martyr moves from describing his state to petitioning God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲕⲉⲧⲁϫⲣⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The prayer for bishops, presbyters, and deacons reflects the liturgical context of the text, likely used in Coptic church services for martyrs.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the manner of the monastery' is ambiguous; it may refer to a monastic community or a place of refuge, but the Coptic is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ' (the manner of the monastery) is ambiguous; it could mean a monastic rule or a physical monastery. The reading taken is 'monastery' as a place of refuge.","The clause 'ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲉⲣϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ' (I have become a stranger to all my limbs) may be metaphorical or literal; the context suggests physical dismemberment."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲑⲉⲱⲣⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲕϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲓϥⲁⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲁ","english":"in this place today they will behold the sufferings and the contests which you have given me strength to endure for their sake.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲑⲉⲱⲣⲓⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲑⲉⲱⲣⲓⲛ (future III, 'they will behold') introduces a prophetic or liturgical gaze: the spectators are to witness the saint's torments as a spectacle of faith.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϧⲓⲥⲓ","severity":"info","text":"ϧⲓⲥⲓ (plural ⲛⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ) is the standard Coptic term for 'sufferings' or 'torments', often paired with ⲁⲅⲱⲛ 'contests' in martyrdom narratives to denote both physical pain and spiritual struggle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲱⲛ (from Greek ἀγών) means 'contest' or 'struggle', here in the plural ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ, referring to the series of tortures Jacob endures as an athletic-spiritual contest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of ϧⲓⲥⲓ and ⲁⲅⲱⲛ is conventional in Coptic martyrdom accounts, echoing the Greek hagiographical topos of the martyr as athlete (ἀθλητής) whose torments are a contest for faith.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes Jacob's prayer by shifting from his own dismemberment to the future witness of others: the spectators will 'behold' the sufferings, framing the martyrdom as a public testimony.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲑⲉⲱⲣⲓⲛ is a future III form, but the subject is ambiguous: it could be 'they' (the people of the place) or a generic 'one'; the English draft takes it as 'they' referring to the spectators.","The phrase ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ('in this place today') may be a liturgical or narrative marker, but its exact referent (the location of the martyrdom or the church where the text is read) is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"ⲟⲩⲟⲧ ϫⲉ ⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲁⲡⲁⲥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ϥⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧ\nⲉⲕⲟⲧϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲩϭ̃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩ︦\nⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲃⲉⲥⲛⲏⲧ ⲉϣⲁⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲏⲣ ⲛ̃ⲁⲑⲏⲣ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ\nⲉϣⲁⲩⲑⲣⲟⲩϣⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲥⲟⲕⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫⲱϥ ⲡⲓⲁⲙⲏϣ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϥⲉⲣⲉⲥⲑⲁⲛⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϥϧⲓⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲏϣ\nⲛ̃ⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲙⲁϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ\nⲉⲣϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲓⲛⲓⲙ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁϩⲁⲡ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϭⲓ ⲙⲡⲁϩⲁⲡ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ\nⲉϥϭⲁϧⲉⲙ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲩϧⲟⲑⲃⲉⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲉϥⲉⲛϣⲁϣⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϯⲁⲥⲟ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲡⲗⲁⲥⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲱⲛϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲙⲉⲧϣⲉⲛϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ\nⲚⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲓϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ϫⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲕⲟⲣϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ϯⲉⲣⲅⲁⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲁϣⲥ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛ*ϣⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲧⲉⲙϯⲁⲥⲟ ⲁϥϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡϫⲱⲕ\nⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲓϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϥⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲑⲉⲗⲏⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ\nⲉϫⲉⲛ","english":"and that he should release the man, my Apa, because he is prepared\nto build him in a wall of lime, and they also cut off the first\nof his fingers. The blessed Jacob said to them, \"Do you know that the multitude of my lower parts, they throw\nat him in a number of airs? And in this multitude of vessels,\nthey cause them to be shaved and they drag them over him. The multitude\nitself did not withstand, nor did it suffer in this multitude\nof tortures.\" And they cut off the first of his fingers. He said,\n\"Lord God, give me strength in truth, for my soul\nhas hoped in you.\" They also cut off the second of his fingers, and\nthe blessed Jacob became like one who had forgotten\nfrom the dream. He cried out, saying, \"Judge for me, God, and let you take my judgment from a nation\nthat is harsh. Behold, Lord, they have killed in a slaughter that is violent for your holy name, and they did not spare your creation, like wild beasts that destroy, because\nthere is no compassion in them.\"\n\nThe presbyters and the virgins who stood by\nwere saying, \"We have not seen nor heard\nanyone speak in this manner from the holy scripture.\" The strong one of Christ, Jacob, said to the executioners, \"Why do you stand and turn away from the work that was assigned to you?\nCut the tree in the manner that you cut its branches, and do not spare.\" He completed\nthe whole of the contest to receive the crown. Then he rejoiced\nin a joy, saying, \"Let my heart be glad\nover","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ (Greek ἔθνος) is rendered as 'nation' per the pinned glossary. In the singular, it refers to a specific people group; here, Jacob contrasts his judgment from a 'nation that is harsh' (ⲉϥϭⲁϧⲉⲙ), likely the Persian authorities.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁϩⲁⲡ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲫ︦ϯ︦","severity":"info","text":"Jacob's cry 'Judge for me, God' echoes Psalm 7:9 (LXX) or similar judicial pleas in the Psalms, where the psalmist calls for divine judgment against oppressors. The phrasing is a common hagiographic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The 'multitude of vessels' (ⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ) refers to torture implements, a standard element in Persian martyrdom accounts. The detail of shaving and dragging over the body is attested in the dossier of Anastasius the Persian (dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'they cut off the first/second finger' (ⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲃ) structures the dialogue as a progressive mutilation, a common hagiographic pattern to emphasize the saint's endurance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The presbyters and virgins (ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ, ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ) function as an internal audience, expressing astonishment at Jacob's scriptural speech. This reflects the liturgical use of the text, where such figures model the community's response.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲃⲉⲥⲛⲏⲧ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'multitude of my lower parts' (ⲡⲁⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲃⲉⲥⲛⲏⲧ) is obscure; it may refer to the saint's genitals or lower body, but the Coptic is ambiguous. The English draft's 'lower parts' is a tentative rendering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ⲡⲁⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲃⲉⲥⲛⲏⲧ: unclear whether this refers to the saint's lower body or a metaphorical 'multitude' of something else; the reading 'lower parts' is provisional.","ⲛⲁⲡⲁⲥ: the Coptic ⲛⲁⲡⲁⲥ may be a proper name (Apa?) or a title; the English draft treats it as 'my Apa', but the syntax is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ → “nation”. Greek ἔθνος. In the plural, the Gentiles as a category over against Israel; in the singular, a nation like any other."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (Gentile, people); this passage takes it as “nation”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲑⲉⲗⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ","english":"the Lord, and let my Apa rejoice in God, my Savior.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲑⲉⲗⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic reads as a prayer or exclamation: 'the Lord, and let my Apa rejoice in God, my Savior.' The shift from third-person imperative to first-person possessive suggests a liturgical or emotional climax.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ (my Apa) is a Coptic honorific for a spiritual father or monk, here used by the martyr Jacob for a fellow ascetic or bishop. It reflects the monastic context of the hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'God, my Savior' echoes New Testament titles for Christ (e.g., Titus 1:4, 2 Peter 1:1) and is common in Coptic martyrdom prayers, aligning Jacob's suffering with Christ's passion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version of Jacob's testament (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob) and the Greek Acta Anastasii Persae (dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae) provide parallel traditions, though this Coptic passage is unique in its direct address to 'my Apa.'","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"},{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the final line of a speech by Jacob, concluding a series of defiant responses to torture. The shift to a prayerful tone marks a structural transition from narrative to doxology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ is a nomina sacra abbreviation for ⲡϭⲟⲉⲓⲥ (the Lord). The preceding passage's context is fragmentary; the exact referent (Christ or a human lord) is ambiguous, though the prayer context favors Christ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ could be read as a vocative ('O Lord') or as part of a longer phrase; the preceding passage's lacunae leave the syntactic connection uncertain. The reading 'the Lord' as an exclamation is adopted.","The identity of 'my Apa' is not specified in this passage; it may refer to a bishop or fellow martyr mentioned earlier in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"ⲛ̃ⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲱ̃ ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲏ̃ⲧⲟⲥ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲁⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲡⲏ\nⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ ϫⲉⲭⲁⲥ ⲉⲓⲉ̃ⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲝ\nⲉⲧⲧⲟⲓ ϩⲓⲱⲧ ϩⲱ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲣⲝ ϩⲓ\nⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲕⲉⲅⲁⲣ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲙⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲩⲛⲏⲟⲩ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲣⲓⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲉⲥⲑⲁⲛⲉⲥⲑⲉ ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩ*ϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲥ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲕⲟⲣϥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲓⲱⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϯⲓⲏⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲉϣⲉ ϣⲁ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧϥ ⲉϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁⲩⲭⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲇⲏⲙⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲩⲥⲓϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ\nϣⲱⲣⲡ ϣⲁ ⲫⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲁϫⲡⲑ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϥⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲟⲩⲟ̃ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲫⲱϧ ⲛ̃ϯⲕⲉⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϭⲏ ⲉⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲥ ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϥⲁ̃ⲗⲟϫ\nⲛⲁϥⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲟⲩϣϣⲏⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ\nⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ ϩⲓⲱⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ϫⲉ ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ\nⲥⲟϫⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉⲃⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲥⲧⲉⲛϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲛⲉϫⲓ ⲛⲁϥⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲧ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲩⲡⲁⲣⲓⲥⲟⲥ\nⲉϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲑⲩⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ ⲁⲩϣⲁⲛϭⲟⲗϥ ⲫⲁⲓ ϩⲱϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧⲥ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲥⲧⲉⲛϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲛⲉϫⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩⲥⲁϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ\nⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲧⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"the torturers, the blessed one said, \"O senseless ones, do you not know that I have suffered because of my love for Christ? I have suffered so that I might know that the flesh which I bear is also flesh and blood, and I am a man of flesh and blood. For all the saints have suffered coming out of this world. Know that all the tortures you have inflicted upon me have not made me faint until now, because they have assaulted my mind. It has come to be near the Lord now that you have not stood firm, but you have failed. Rather, it is fitting for you to complete what has been commanded to you. For I am ready, even if it be until the Lord whom I love more than the whole world.\" Then the executioners let go, cutting off the limbs of the saint, casting them before him from the beginning until the ninth hour. And his faith increased towards God. And they split the skin of his foot in two, having split it up to his armpits. The holy James was astonished at that hour when all his limbs were cut off like a tree having no branch upon it, and there was nothing left to drag in his body except his head, his chest, and his navel. For he was astonished like a cypress tree giving its fragrance when it is cut down. This one also is like the holy James, the servant of God, whose head alone remained standing, along with his chest and his navel, and all his limbs were scattered on the ground before him, and the division of his body.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the saint's corpse after dismemberment, consistent with the martyrdom sense of the term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲁⲣⲝ ϩⲓ ⲥⲛⲟϥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'flesh and blood' echoes New Testament language (e.g., Matthew 16:17, 1 Corinthians 15:50) emphasizing the saint's humanity and physical suffering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲕⲩⲡⲁⲣⲓⲥⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The cypress tree (ⲕⲩⲡⲁⲣⲓⲥⲟⲥ) is a symbol of incorruptibility and fragrance in early Christian and Egyptian tradition, often associated with martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The dismemberment of James the Persian parallels the torture of Anastasius the Persian in the Greek Acta Anastasii Persae, suggesting a shared hagiographic motif.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁϥⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The repetition of 'astonished' (ⲛⲁϥⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲧ) frames the saint's miraculous endurance, contrasting his intact faith with the torturers' failure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩ*ϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading ⲁⲩ*ϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ (they have assaulted) is uncertain due to a possible scribal error; the intended verb may be ⲁⲩϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ or ⲁⲩϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ (to attack), but the sense is clear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁⲩ*ϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ may be a scribal corruption; the intended verb is likely ⲁⲩϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ (they assaulted).","The exact referent of ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ is ambiguous: it could be the same as the speaker or a different James; the context suggests the speaker."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"ⲟⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲁϩⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥϫⲱ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ\nϯϣⲉⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩϯⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲟϯ\n* Ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲱⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉ","english":"...the torturers, the blessed one said, \"O senseless ones, do you not know that I have suffered because of my love for Christ? I have suffered so that I might know that the flesh which I bear is also flesh and blood, and I\n\n...the torturers, the blessed one said, \"O senseless ones, do you not know that I have suffered because of my love for Christ? I have suffered so that I might know that the flesh which I bear is also flesh and blood, and I\n\nam not a torturer. It is my flesh that has suffered, but my soul is with Christ.\" And when he had said this, he was silent for a short time. Then after a little while, he opened his mouth and said, \"O Lord,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ here takes God as object, so it means 'praise' rather than 'bless' (which would apply to a person).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯϣⲉⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I receive grace from you, O Lord' is a standard Coptic thanksgiving formula, here used as a prayerful interjection before praise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲱⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'a short time' (ⲟⲩⲱⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ) marks a narrative pause, typical in hagiography to heighten the dramatic effect of the saint's final speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text breaks off mid-sentence after 'O Lord', and the English draft supplies 'O Lord,' as a continuation. The original manuscript may be damaged or the scribe omitted the rest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text ends abruptly with ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉ, which could be the start of a new clause or a truncated phrase; the English draft assumes it is the beginning of a direct address."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲕⲉⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲉⲣⲥⲕⲉⲡⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ⲓⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲛⲁϣⲱⲡ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲓⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟⲣⲫⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲓⲉ\nⲟⲩⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲓⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ ⲉⲡⲁⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲉⲕⲉϭⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲥⲑⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲑⲩⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲭⲓⲥⲧⲟ ϯⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ *ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲧⲏⲥ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲥⲁ ⲡⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ\nⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ\nⲞⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲉϥⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲥⲁⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓⲁⲧⲕ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕϣⲉⲡϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ\nⲁⲙⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̃ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲓⲁⲁⲉⲑⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲩⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲙⲏⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ϥⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲃⲁⲗ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧϥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡⲉⲕⲭⲗⲟⲙ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲧϫⲓϫ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲇⲏⲥ ϧⲟⲑⲃⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nϧⲁⲧⲉⲕϩⲏ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ϧⲁϫⲱⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nϣⲁⲧⲟⲩϭⲓⲧⲕ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ϥⲓⲁ̃ϩⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲉⲱⲛ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲁⲃⲉⲗ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲱⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲕⲉⲥⲉⲡⲓ *ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲛⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ","english":"...your holy name. But you will also preserve all the vessels that will serve my body with your blessing, all the vessels that will pray to you in my name, or whoever will become a stranger to it, or whoever will do good with an orphan, or a widow, or offer a prosphora for my memory, O Lord.\n\nYou will receive them from them as a fragrant garment upon your altar which is in heaven. I am your most humble servant, I reveal to you, I hasten down to your greatness and all your martyrs and your confessors.\n\nFrom the north and the sea, with blessing and glory.\n\nThe Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, forever and ever, amen.\n\nAnd at that hour, he saw the Lord Jesus Christ standing above him, saying to him, \"Blessed are you, for you have endured suffering for a little while in this place. Come now, inherit the eternal life and the incorruptible crowns that are prepared for you, which are constant forever. Lift your eyes upward and see the throne that is prepared for you, and behold, here is your crown in the hand of Michael the archangel, and all the first-born children whom Herod killed are coming before you, singing psalms before you, and all the saints, until they bring you in before my Father, the place where there is no earth, nor suffering, nor sorrow, but your joy and all the saints who have existed in this age, such as Abel, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and the rest. These our Savior took to himself and went.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ can mean either 'bless' or 'praise'; here the context of a saint's blessing on vessels indicates the sense 'bless'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ (prosphora) is a Greek loanword meaning 'offering', especially the eucharistic bread; here it refers to an offering made in memory of the martyr.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲇⲏⲥ ϧⲟⲑⲃⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The 'first-born children whom Herod killed' alludes to the Massacre of the Innocents (Matthew 2:16–18), a common trope in martyrdom narratives linking the saint's suffering to that of the Holy Innocents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Michael the archangel is depicted holding the martyr's crown, a standard iconographic motif in Coptic hagiography where Michael serves as psychopomp and bestower of heavenly rewards.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The doxology 'The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, forever and ever, amen' marks a liturgical closure, typical of homiletic or hagiographic endings in Coptic manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲭⲓⲥⲧⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'your most humble servant' (ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲭⲓⲥⲧⲟ) is a formulaic self-deprecation used by the hagiographer or speaker, common in Coptic martyrdom texts to express humility before the saint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲓⲁⲁⲉⲑⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲩⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧⲟⲩ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'the incorruptible crowns' (as translated) or 'the eternal crowns'; the Coptic ⲁⲁⲉⲑⲟⲛ (from Greek ἀΐδιος) means 'eternal', but the context of martyrdom favors 'incorruptible' as a standard epithet.","The phrase 'ⲛⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ' could be read as 'all the first-born' or 'all the first children'; the reference to Herod suggests the Holy Innocents, but the Coptic does not specify 'male children'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","text":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ → “amen”. Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."}]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩϯⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲛⲁϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥϣⲫⲉⲣ ⲁϥⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲫⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ","english":"...to the heights, to the gods in glory and joy. He will give his spirit, one of his companions, and he lifted the head of the holy martyr, the holy Genneos, Saint Jacob.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ (literally 'to the height') likely refers to heaven or the divine realm, continuing the preceding prayer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩϯⲓ","severity":"info","text":"ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩϯⲓ is a Greek loanword (οἱ θεοί) meaning 'the gods,' but in a Christian Coptic context it may be a scribal error or a reference to angels or saints; the English draft renders it as 'gods' without clarification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ (Genneos) is a proper name, likely a companion or fellow martyr; the text identifies him as 'the holy martyr' alongside Saint Jacob.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from direct speech (Jacob's prayer) to narrative action, describing the lifting of the martyr's head, a common motif in hagiographic accounts of decapitation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩϯⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩϯⲓ is ambiguous: it may be a corruption of ⲉⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ (the heavens) or a polytheistic reference; the English draft's 'to the gods' is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩϯⲓ (gods or heavens) is unclear; the reading 'gods' may be a scribal error or reflect a non-Christian source.","The relationship between Genneos and Jacob is not specified; Genneos may be a fellow martyr or a companion."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"ⲁϥⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲉⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲩⲛⲁⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲃⲱⲣ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲙⲉϥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲭⲱⲣⲇⲁⲧ\nⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉϣⲁⲩⲉⲣⲉⲣⲙⲏⲛⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲩⲟⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲕⲁⲇⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲛⲛⲟⲩⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲟⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲩⲅⲟⲩⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲉⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲕ︦ⲍ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲃⲟⲧ ⲛⲟⲉⲙⲃⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲁⲑⲱⲣ ⲡⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲁⲣⲁⲥⲕⲉⲩⲏ\nⲈⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲩⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲡⲉⲛⲛⲁϩϯ ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲗⲓⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲥⲓⲟⲛ ⲁⲩⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉϯ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲉⲣⲉ ⲫⲣⲏ ⲛⲁϩⲱⲧⲡ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲛⲁⲭⲱ*ⲣⲓⲛ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲩⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲅⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁ ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲉⲛⲁⲡⲉⲛⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛⲉ ⲁⲩⲁⲩϫⲱⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲗ︦ⲃ︦ ⲙⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲧⲉϥⲁⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲁⲩⲕⲟⲥϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲡ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲙ̃ⲡϣⲁ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ\nⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲟⲛ\nⲉⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϣⲁ\nⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ϯⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲱⲕ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","english":"He rested in peace, having received the crown of the confession, the mighty and strong one, the holy Jacob, in the kingdom of Iskarat, the son of Sabor, the king of the Persians, who is called Sychordates, which is interpreted in the Persian tongue as “the son of the sun.” And it was the time when Arcadius and Honorius, the sons of the pious king Theodosius the Augustus of the Romans, were reigning, in the year 427 of the month of November, which is Hathor, on the evening of the day of the Preparation.\n\nWhen he had finished, some men from among the faithful came, they gathered a multitude of meliarisions, and they brought them to those who were guarding him, so that they might give them the body of the holy one. But they did not listen to them, for they were afraid before the king. And as the sun was setting, those who were guarding him withdrew, being afraid before the wild beasts, because evening had come. When they had gone, some faithful ones came, they took up the body of the holy one and all his limbs, making thirty-two limbs, and his head and his body they buried with great zeal in a hidden place, according to his worth. When evening came, they placed him in a secret place, giving glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, forever and ever. Amen.\n\nWhen his mother and his wife and his brothers heard—these who had given him strength unto the endurance until he completed the contest of martyrdom—","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) here refers to the corpse of the martyr, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts after death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲭⲱⲣⲇⲁⲧ","severity":"info","text":"Sychordates is glossed as 'son of the sun' in Persian, a title possibly reflecting Zoroastrian solar imagery, contrasting with Christian martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲟⲩⲕ︦ⲍ︦","severity":"info","text":"The year 427 of the era of the martyrs (Diocletianic era) corresponds to 711 CE, placing the narrative in the early 8th century, though the text claims a 5th-century setting under Theodosius I's sons.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Jacob's death to the faithful's retrieval of his body, then to a doxology (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) and an 'Amen', typical of hagiographic closure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The untranslated 'amen' closes the doxology, reflecting liturgical usage in Coptic hagiography, reinforcing the text's ritual function.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲉⲗⲓⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲥⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'meliarision' is obscure; it may be a loanword or scribal error for 'miliarision' (a coin) or 'meliarion' (a type of hymn), but the context suggests a bribe or payment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'meliarision' is uncertain; it may be a monetary unit or a liturgical term.","The year 427 (Diocletianic) conflicts with the stated reign of Arcadius and Honorius (late 4th–early 5th century), suggesting a chronological conflation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲉⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲟⲗⲟⲥⲓⲣⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ","english":"They came to the place where he had been placed, having brought with them some wild asses and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉⲡⲓⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase 'they came to the place' introduces a new scene after Jacob's death, likely describing the arrival of animals to his body.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲟⲗⲟⲥⲓⲣⲓⲕⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword 'onolysirikon' (wild asses) is rare in Coptic hagiography, possibly indicating a specific source or literary motif.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Wild asses in Persian martyrdom accounts often serve as agents of divine punishment or as instruments of posthumous humiliation, as seen in the Acts of Anastasius the Persian.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Testament of Jacob the Persian includes a similar episode where wild animals are brought to the martyr's body, suggesting a shared tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase 'having brought with them' is ambiguous: the subject is unclear, possibly referring to the persecutors or to unspecified agents.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'they came' and 'having brought' is not specified in the Coptic; it may be the Persian authorities or a group of animals.","The phrase 'ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ' (with them) could refer to the wild asses or to other companions not mentioned in the surviving text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"ϩⲁⲛϩⲃⲱⲥ ⲉⲩⲧⲁⲓⲏ̃ⲟⲩⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲑⲩⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ ⲉⲛⲁϣⲉ\nⲛⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲕⲱⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲥⲁⲃⲱⲣ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲡⲟⲙⲉⲓⲛ *ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ\nϧⲁ*ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲟϣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲩϣⲉⲃⲓⲛⲏ̃ⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲁⲩϫⲉⲕ\nⲡⲟⲩⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲡϭⲓⲥⲓ ϣⲁ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲕⲉⲯⲁⲙⲁ ⲡⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲓⲑⲁⲗⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲁⲃⲇⲓⲏ̃ⲥⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲏ̃ⲥⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲱⲣⲙⲓⲥⲉⲇⲉⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ ⲛⲓⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲕⲟⲩⲃⲓⲧⲗⲁⲁⲥ\nⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲃⲱⲣ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲝⲟⲩ ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲓ\nⲀ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ϯ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nⲁⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ\nⲛ̃ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲉϥⲕⲏⲧ ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ\nⲉⲧⲁ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϫⲱ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲯⲁⲗⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϩⲱⲇⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ⲧⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲉⲩϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲧⲟⲩ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲩⲕⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ *ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲙⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲛϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲥⲉⲑⲟⲩⲏⲧ ⲉⲛⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϧⲟⲑⲃⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ","english":"some fine linen cloths and costly spices. They placed the body of the holy one and the noble ones, the holy Jacob, with honor, and laid him beside the bodies of other holy martyrs, those who had also become martyrs in the time of King Shapur of the Persians, those who had endured *in great strength* under severe and terrible tortures, and who had completed their course. They went up to the one they loved, Christ, that is, the holy Akepsima the bishop, and Aithalas, and Joseph the presbyter, and Abdiesus, and Dadiesus the presbyters, and Hormisedek, and Daniel the deacons, and Qubitlaas, the son of King Shapur of the Persians, and Xu, his sister. His mother, however, and his sister and his wife gave great sums of money to those who were there. They built for him a glorious martyrium of the holy martyr of Christ, Jacob, which is in the land of Persia, built to this day, a place where many multitudes gather among the faithful, singing psalms, blessings, and spiritual hymns, giving glory to God. His mother, however, and his sister and his wife prostrated themselves upon his honored body, embraced him, and returned to their homes in peace. *After many days, however, they informed the king, saying, “These Nazoreans whom we drove out of your kingdom, they are honoring the bodies of those whom you killed unjustly, because they did not worship the gods of the king.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the martyr, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of King Shapur of the Persians situates the narrative in the context of the Sasanian persecutions of Christians under Shapur II (r. 309–379 CE).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from burial to the construction of a martyrium, then to the family's veneration and the king's informants, marking a transition from posthumous honor to renewed conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The martyrium built for Jacob in Persia is noted as still standing 'to this day,' indicating the text's aim to affirm the enduring cult site for contemporary readers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of fellow martyrs (Akepsima, Aithalas, etc.) parallels other hagiographic dossiers from the Sasanian period, such as the Acts of the Persian Martyrs.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ (in great strength) is marked with asterisks in the Coptic, possibly indicating a textual crux or scribal emphasis; the English draft renders it as 'in great strength' but the exact nuance is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ may be a scribal insertion or a variant reading; its precise meaning in context is unclear.","The identity of 'Xu, his sister' is ambiguous; it may be a proper name or a title."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲙⲏⲇⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲥⲉⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲉⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ","english":"of the Persians, the Babylonians, and the Medes. But they are troubled and worship them, and they will sing psalms all night and all day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲙⲏⲇⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The list of Persians, Babylonians, and Medes likely refers to the peoples among whom the cult of the martyrs spread, or to the ethnic composition of the region. The Coptic syntax is ambiguous: it may be the subject of the following verbs or an object of a preceding clause.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲉⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ (to be troubled, disturbed) is used here in a plural form with a direct object, indicating that the subject (likely the Persians, Babylonians, and Medes) are troubled by the martyrs' relics or cult. The sense is of agitation or distress, not physical disturbance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they worship them' indicates that the non-Christian peoples (Persians, Babylonians, Medes) are depicted as venerating the martyrs' bodies, a common hagiographic trope showing the power of the martyrs even over pagans. This reflects the post-martyrdom cult of relics.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲉⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of singing psalms all night and day reflects the liturgical practice of the Coptic Church, where psalmody was central to vigils and feasts. This detail may have been added to align the narrative with contemporary monastic or ecclesiastical customs.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲥⲉⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The antecedent of ⲛⲁⲓ (these) is unclear: it may refer to the Persians, Babylonians, and Medes just listed, or to the martyrs' bodies mentioned in the previous passage. The English draft takes it as the former, but the Coptic allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of the verbs ⲥⲉⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ, ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ, and ⲉⲩⲉⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ is not explicitly stated; it may be the Persians, Babylonians, and Medes, or a collective 'they' referring to the local population. The English draft assumes the former.","The phrase ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ could refer back to the list of peoples or to the martyrs' bodies; the reading taken here is that it refers to the peoples."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"ⲉⲩϯ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓϭ̃ ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ\nⲕⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲓ̃ⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ\nⲉϥⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲙⲏⲇⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ϯⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁϫⲉⲙ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϧⲟⲑⲃⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕϩⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲉⲣⲕⲉⲣⲙⲓ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁϫⲉⲙⲟⲩ *ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲉⲑⲟⲕⲥⲟⲩ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲕⲟⲩⲛⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲭⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲁϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ\nϣⲁⲧⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ ⲁ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲥⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ\nⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲑⲟⲩⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲱⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲕϩⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲁⲩⲃⲟⲣⲃⲉⲣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲁⲩⲧⲁϫⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲓⲃϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ ⲁⲩϯϩⲓⲱⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲟ\nⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲩⲙⲟϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲧ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϩⲙ︦ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲁⲩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲓⲗ︦ⲏ︦ⲙ︦\nⲁⲩⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ","english":"They give them great gifts, lest the region turn away from the worship of the Persians, and they set aside the gods of the king of the Persians, which are the sun, the moon, fire, and water.\n\nWhen King Iskarat heard these things, he became very angry and issued a decree written thus: \"I am Iskarat, king of the Babylonians, the Medes, and the Persians. I command that all the bodies of the Nazoreans that are found among you, those who were killed because of their disobedience, be burned in fire until they are completely consumed. And all those who are found hiding them shall be cut into small pieces and cast into the air until they give up the spirit.\"\n\nWhen this decree was issued by the king, the whole region was greatly disturbed. And all who would receive the holy brothers were very afraid, lest they take from them the bodies of the holy martyrs and burn them. They arose at dawn and gathered the bodies of the martyrs, one by one, and strengthened them with ropes, and changed their appearance, giving them the appearance of the magi of the Persians. They placed upon them the body of the blessed Jacob and the bodies of the holy martyrs. They marched in a single procession with them for three days' journey. They came to Jerusalem and placed the bodies of the saints and the body of the noble holy martyr Jacob in a monastery called...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (from Greek σῶμα) appears repeatedly in this passage, referring to the corpses of the martyrs. In hagiography, the term denotes the physical remains as objects of veneration and contestation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ (from Greek μάρτυς) is used here in its hagiographical sense of 'martyr', referring to Jacob and the Nazoreans who were killed for their faith.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲓⲥⲕⲁⲣⲁⲧ","severity":"info","text":"King Iskarat is a figure in Persian martyrdom traditions, possibly a corruption of the name Shapur II (r. 309–379), who persecuted Christians. The decree reflects historical edicts against Christians in the Sasanian Empire.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae","label":"gap dossier: Acts of Saint Anastasius the Persian","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-acta-anastasii-persae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Nazoreans' (ⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ) is an early Christian self-designation, derived from Jesus' hometown Nazareth. In Persian martyrdom accounts, it distinguishes Christians from Zoroastrians.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the king's decree to the community's response, forming a narrative arc of persecution and resistance. The decree's direct speech and the subsequent actions of the faithful create a dramatic contrast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'cast into the air' (ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ) is ambiguous: it may mean 'into the open air' or 'into the wind', but the sense of dispersion is clear. The Coptic text has a lacuna after ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ, possibly missing a verb.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Iskarat' may be a corruption of 'Shapur' or another Persian king; the exact historical identification is uncertain.","The phrase 'until they give up the spirit' (ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲁ︦) is textually uncertain; the Coptic has a break after ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲁ︦, possibly indicating a lacuna or abbreviation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲛⲓⲩ̃ⲃⲉⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁϥⲭⲏ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ *ⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲅⲁⲍⲁ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲟⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲛⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲛⲓⲥⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲟⲩⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲅⲁⲍⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲙⲟⲕⲙⲉⲕ\nⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉϯⲡⲁⲗⲉⲥⲧⲓⲛⲏ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲟϩⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲕⲱⲧ ⲛⲏⲓ *ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ\nⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ϭⲁⲩⲙⲱⲓⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕⲧϩⲉⲙⲥⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲕⲁⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲥⲁ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲩⲉ︦\nⲛ̃ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲙ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲙⲓ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲉⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϥⲁⲓ ϧⲁ ⲛⲉⲛⲕⲁⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲉⲩⲟⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲙⲁⲓϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲟⲛⲟⲥⲓⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲁⲩϫⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲣⲟⲥⲟⲇⲟⲥ ⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲕ︦ ⲛ̃ϣⲉ ⲛ̃ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲟϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲧⲟⲩⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲉϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϥⲇⲏⲙⲟⲥⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲉϥⲭⲣⲓⲁ ϯⲕⲉⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥϫⲕⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲛⲓϣⲉⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛⲉⲙ","english":"of him, that is, the new one. He was, however, in the monastery there, a great saint named Abba Peter, the bishop of Gaza, the city of the Maimuma. He was the son of those who wished to leave behind the forty days of his journey to the places of the Maimuma of Gaza. While he was pondering these things, behold, the holy Jacob revealed himself to him. He said to him, \"Do not go to Palestine, but arise and go into the city of Egypt, and you shall be in that place. For I wish to be in that place, according to the manner that the Lord wished to build for me a martyrion in that place. For I myself will be a guide for you on every road that you will travel until you place my bones in the place that I will show you, in a small village to the east of the city of Egypt, about three stadia, whose name is Paim, according to the language of the Egyptians.\" He then left behind the city of Rakoti and went to the place of Egypt with some men who were carrying the bones of the holy martyr of Christ, Jacob. He stayed near a great citizen of that city, whose name was Moses. This man received him with great joy, for he was a God-lover exceedingly and a lover of strangers, like the faithful Abraham and Onesiphorus. It was also said about him, Moses, that his revenues would produce three hundred thousand measures of wheat annually, which he gave to his public works and his needs, and the other half he gave to strangers and the poor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲟⲛ (from Greek μαρτύριον) denotes a martyr shrine, not merely a tomb; Jacob’s instruction to build it in Egypt aligns with the cultic practice of constructing a martyrium over the saint’s relics.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ","severity":"info","text":"Rakoti (ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ) is the Coptic name for Alexandria; the text distinguishes it from ‘the city of Egypt’ (i.e., Cairo/Fustat), reflecting a late antique administrative geography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲛⲟⲥⲓⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of Moses to Abraham and Onesiphorus invokes biblical and early Christian models of hospitality (cf. Genesis 18; 2 Timothy 1:16–18), a topos in hagiography to legitimize a patron’s virtue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the king’s decree (previous) to a visionary command and journey narrative, a common hagiographic pivot that moves the plot from persecution to relic translation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲓⲙ","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym ⲡⲁⲓⲙ (Paim) is obscure; the text glosses it as Egyptian, but its identification with a known site is uncertain. It may be a corruption or a local name unattested elsewhere.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version of Jacob’s testament (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob) preserves a parallel tradition of his relics’ translation, indicating the story’s wide circulation in eastern Christian hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲁⲓⲙ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ('Paim, according to the language of the Egyptians') may be a folk etymology or a genuine toponym; the reading 'Paim' is retained.","The number 'three hundred thousand measures' (ⲛ̃ϣⲉ ⲛ̃ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲟϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ) is likely hyperbolic, typical of hagiographic encomium."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","text":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ → “bishop”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","text":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ → “Abba”. The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."}]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ⲛⲓϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ ⲉϥⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ\n*ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉⲧⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ\nⲀϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲣⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ","english":"the poor. He made a sign, however, near Moses in the midst of the city, while he was building the cities there and strengthening them in the right faith. The governor heard about him, the one who had seized","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓϩⲏⲕⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic plural noun ⲛⲓϩⲏⲕⲓ means 'the poor'. It is a common term in hagiography for those receiving charity, often linked to the saint's intercession.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲣⲓ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲣⲓ is a Greek loanword (πραιτώριον) meaning 'governor' or 'praetorium', here referring to the Roman official who persecutes Jacob.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Moses (ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ) is likely a local bishop or monastic leader, not the biblical figure. The name appears in Coptic hagiography as a common saintly name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the saint's posthumous appearance to a narrative of his building activities and the governor's reaction, typical of hagiographic transition between miracle and persecution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ *ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲉϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ *ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ is uncertain: the asterisk may indicate a scribal correction or lacuna. The sense 'strengthening them' is plausible but the object is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Moses (ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ) is unclear: possibly a local saint or bishop, not the biblical figure.","The phrase ⲉϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ *ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ has a scribal mark suggesting textual corruption; the object of 'strengthening' is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲩϯ̃ⲃⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲁⲩⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲉⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁϥϫⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥϣⲉ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲓⲗ︦ⲏ︦ⲙ︦ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲉϥϯⲥⲱⲓⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥϭⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲉⲧⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲛⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲭⲫϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲉⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲉⲣⲇⲓⲱ̃ⲕⲓⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ϯⲥⲩⲛⲟⲇⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲏⲇⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲧⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲗⲉⲱⲛ ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ ⲁⲩϭⲟϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ϩⲱϥ ⲡⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲃ︦ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲉϩⲁⲛⲓⲉⲣⲟⲥⲟⲗⲟⲙⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉ ⲁⲩⲱⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲗⲩⲙⲯⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓ̃ⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲯⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲧ\nⲁⲩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲁⲩⲭⲁⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ *ⲛⲁϥⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲧⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲫⲟⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲅⲱⲛⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ\nⲉϫⲉⲛ ϯϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ϣⲁ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉⲫⲙⲟⲩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ϫⲉ ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲉⲥⲱⲕ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲁϥⲑⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϩⲏⲧ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁϣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲇⲓⲱⲕⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲙⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲛⲁⲓ","english":"the streets of the city, and they gave him to them, and the streets of the Romans. This one found a way out and went to Jerusalem. He became a monk, living a life of asceticism, and he received the episcopate of the city which we mentioned first. This one was a great lover of the saints, therefore they called him Abba Peter the Lover of the Martyrs. Now it happened at that time that Marcian was ruling over the Romans. He began to persecute the orthodox bishops because they did not submit to the synod which had taken place in Chalcedon and the Tome of Leo. Therefore they also seized Abba Peter the bishop. He came to Alexandria, the metropolis of Egypt, but from his disciples, some Jerusalemites took the holy relics of Saint James, which were in a silver casket. They brought them to a monastery around Alexandria and placed them there in that place. Now a certain Proterius was in charge of the church of Alexandria at that time. This one had become the cause of much bloodshed of the saints who were murdered, those who had contended for the truth unto death. This Proterius gained power in this way, so that he drew to himself the military commander of Alexandria and all the rulers. He corrupted their hearts with much money, so that they would persecute all the monks who were around the city of Alexandria and drive them out of their monasteries. This happened. When he learned of these things,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ 'the Lover of the Martyrs' is a hagiographic title, not a formal ecclesiastical rank. It underscores the saint's devotion to martyrs and aligns with the work's martyrological focus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲗⲉⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Tome of Leo' refers to Pope Leo I's doctrinal letter of 449, affirmed at Chalcedon (451). The text's opposition to it reflects the miaphysite position of the Coptic tradition, which rejected Chalcedon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲣⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Proterius was the Chalcedonian patriarch of Alexandria (451–457), whose installation sparked violent opposition from miaphysite monks. The text's portrayal of him as corrupt and persecuting reflects the Coptic anti-Chalcedonian perspective.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ introduces a parenthetical characterization of Abba Peter, typical of hagiographic narrative to highlight a saint's virtue before recounting persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁϥⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲁϥⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ is likely a scribal error or variant for ⲛⲁϥⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓⲟⲛ 'of the monastery' or a proper name. The English draft reads 'a certain Proterius', but the Coptic syntax is ambiguous; the text may be corrupt here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Abba Peter the Lover of the Martyrs is not widely attested outside this text. The epithet may be a local or monastic invention, reflecting the work's purpose to glorify a confessor figure within the Coptic anti-Chalcedonian milieu.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛⲁϥⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ is unclear; it may be a corrupt form of ⲛⲁϥⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓⲟⲛ 'of the monastery' or a proper name. The English draft interprets it as 'a certain Proterius', but the syntax is ambiguous.","The phrase ⲛⲓⲩϯ̃ⲃⲉⲣⲟⲥ is obscure; it may be a toponym or a title, but the context suggests it refers to a group or location in the city."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ → “disciple”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ","english":"the holy bishop and confessor abba peter","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic retains the Greek/Syriac honorific 'Abba' untranslated, as per the pinned glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ is rendered 'bishop' per the pinned glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲧⲏⲥ (confessor) designates one who has suffered for the faith but not died a martyr.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'lover of the martyrs' (ⲙⲁⲓⲛ̀ⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ) in the previous passage aligns with the hagiographic topos of a bishop who collects relics.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This brief passage concludes the narrative of Abba Peter's introduction, providing his titles before the story of Marcian resumes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛ̃ϫⲉ is a particle introducing a subject; the English draft omits it as untranslatable.","The name ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ is the Greek form of Peter; the Coptic does not specify a native Egyptian form."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"ⲉϫⲉⲛ ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ϫⲉ ϥϫⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲙⲱⲩ̃ⲥⲏⲥ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϫⲉ ϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲉⲩⲟϣ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲧⲁϩⲟ ⲛ̃ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲙⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲫⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲙⲱⲩ̃ⲥⲏⲥ ⲡⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲟⲡϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲧⲁϩⲟϥ ⲁϥϯϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲧⲉⲃ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ⲥⲁ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲉⲡⲉⲥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲙ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ϥⲓ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲱⲟⲩϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲑⲛⲉⲥ ϫⲉ ϥϧⲉⲛⲧ\nⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲁⲩ ⲁ̃ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲭⲏ\nⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲉⲩⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲩⲛⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙⲉⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲛⲁⲩ\nⲙⲙⲉⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲗⲩⲧⲟⲩⲣⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉⲝⲁⲡⲓⲛⲁ\nⲇⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ\nⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃̃*ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ϯⲍⲱⲅⲣⲁⲫⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁⲗⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲁⲩⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲏϯ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲉϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲓϭⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲧⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲟⲩϣⲃⲱⲃⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲧⲟⲩ\nⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ","english":"Over the church of Rakoti, that Moses is blessed, and that he is strengthened in the faith of the orthodox, he sent many soldiers who were very eager to arrest Abba Peter. When Moses learned of this, he took it upon himself that they were seeking him to arrest him, and he presented himself to them so that he might flee from the city. He dwelt in a village of his own, to the east of the city, a short distance away, whose name is Paim, so that he might find a way to carry out his work in peace, for he was hidden from them. Then Abba Peter came and dwelt in that place. The brothers also brought the body of Jacob and placed it before them in the place where they were, performing great synaxes around it, at all hours, day and night. Now it happened at the hour of the evening of one day, when the holy Abba Peter was performing his liturgy with the brothers who were with him, suddenly the martyr of Christ, the holy Jacob, appeared to them, along with a multitude of martyrs, wearing the schema of the Persians, in the form of the iconography of Daniel the prophet and the three holy youths. And they stood in their midst, singing psalms with them, saying, \"They will be glorified, those who are holy, in their glory, the heights of God, which are in their exultation. Alleluia.\" When the holy Peter and the brothers with him saw them, they were amazed, and they worshipped the holy one. And the martyr of Christ, the holy Jacob, said, \"This is...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ","severity":"info","text":"Rakoti is the Coptic name for Alexandria, derived from the Egyptian place-name. The term is used here to locate the church over which Moses is said to be blessed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲓⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The village name Paim (ⲡⲁⲓⲙ) is otherwise unattested in known sources; it may be a toponym in the eastern outskirts of Alexandria, but its identification remains uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲅ ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Daniel the prophet and the three holy youths (Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego) evokes the biblical narrative of Daniel 3, where the youths survive the fiery furnace. The iconographic schema of the Persians is likened to this scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The sequence of amazement followed by worship (ⲁⲩⲫⲁϧⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ) is a standard hagiographical topos marking the recognition of a divine vision, here the appearance of Jacob and the martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The use of 'hallelujah' in the martyrs' song reflects liturgical practice in Coptic hagiography, where doxological acclamations punctuate visionary scenes. The phrase 'they will be glorified' echoes Psalm 149 (LXX) or similar liturgical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲉϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉⲩⲉϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ is ambiguous: it could mean 'they will glorify themselves' (middle) or 'they will be glorified' (passive). The English draft takes the passive sense, which fits the doxological context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Moses' (ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ) is unclear: possibly a bishop or confessor, but not further specified in this passage.","The village name Paim (ⲡⲁⲓⲙ) is not otherwise attested; its location east of Alexandria is given but no external confirmation.","The phrase ⲉⲩⲉϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ may be read as either middle or passive; the passive reading is adopted here."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","text":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ → “hallelujah”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ → “martyr”. Greek μάρτυς. 'Witness' is the older forensic sense and survives in the paschal and apologetic register; the hagiographical sense is 'martyr'."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (witness); this passage takes it as “martyr”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","text":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ → “church”. The building, the congregation, and the institution all take this word; the context decides, and 'assembly' is rare outside citations of Acts."}]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"ⲡⲁⲙⲁⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϣϥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ\nⲉⲧⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲑⲁϣϥ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲉⲓⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲥⲁⲣⲏⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲗⲏⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ϩⲱϯ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲭⲱ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲉϥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲉⲣⲁⲡⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲓ̃ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲥⲉⲧⲱⲃϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ\nⲀϥⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲁⲩϣⲗⲏⲗ\nⲁⲩⲉⲣⲥⲫⲣⲁⲓⲅⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲉⲛⲓ̈ⲱⲧ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲭⲁ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ *ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲕⲉⲧ ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ\nⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟϥ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲟⲩⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲅⲁⲍⲁ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲁ\nⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲇⲓⲁⲕⲱⲛⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nⲛⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲱⲗⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲉⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲩⲟϩⲓ\nⲉⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲟⲗϥ ⲛⲁⲩⲙⲉⲓ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲱⲗⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲁⲩⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲩϭⲟϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ ⲉⲩϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲟⲩϫⲟⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϣϭⲏⲣ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲟⲗϥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲁ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲟ ⲉⲩϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϫⲟⲓ̃\nⲉⲩⲉⲣⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲫⲱⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉⲝⲁⲡⲓⲛⲁ ⲇⲉ ⲁ ⲫⲏ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲥⲁⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ","english":"This place where I am, I have desired it, for it is the place that the Lord has bound for me from when I was in the land of Persia. Rise up, come out from beside this small village, and pray in that place. For it is fitting that they build a martyrium for me in that place, and that they place my body in it, so that it may be a healing for all who come to the Lord within it and pray in my name.\n\nThen the holy one came out with the brothers, and they prayed. They sealed the ground of that place, and our father Abba Peter placed the body of the holy martyr Jacob in that place, in a small dwelling. For the place was not yet a shrine, for Abba Peter desired to take it to his monastery, which is in the region of Gaza. But the brothers who were standing by the body of Saint Jacob and serving him wished to take the body of the holy one. They did not wish to go with Abba Peter the bishop, but they remained in that place, wishing to take him, for they loved him greatly. After they took the body of the martyr, they rose up and went with him to the river, seeking a boat to cross over, before the people of that place knew and took him from them. When they arrived at the shore, they bowed before a boat, hastening. Suddenly, the holy one stood above them and said to them, \"What is this?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) appears twice: once for the placement of Jacob's corpse in the martyrium, and once for the brothers' handling of it. In this martyrdom context, it denotes the physical remains as a relic, consistent with the pinned glossary sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The address ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) is used for Bishop Peter, reflecting the Greek/Syriac honorific retained in Coptic hagiography. It underscores his authority as a monastic and episcopal figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The request for a ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ (martyrium) reflects the late antique practice of building a shrine over a martyr's tomb, often serving as a site for healing and veneration. This aligns with the cult of relics in Coptic Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from Jacob's posthumous instruction to the narrative of the translation of his relics. The shift from direct speech to third-person action marks a structural pivot common in hagiographic accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a saint's body being moved by boat to prevent seizure by locals appears in other Coptic martyrdom accounts, such as the translation of Saint Mark's relics. This reflects a hagiographic topos of relic protection.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲕⲉⲧ ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ (the place was not yet a shrine) is ambiguous: it may mean the site was unconsecrated or that the building was incomplete. The English draft interprets it as 'not yet a shrine,' but the Coptic allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲕⲉⲧ ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ could mean the site was not yet consecrated or that the structure was unfinished.","The identity of the 'brothers' (ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ) is not specified; they may be monks or clergy accompanying Bishop Peter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲙⲏ ⲁⲓϭⲓ̃ⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ϫⲟⲛⲥ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲛⲁⲓⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ\nⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓ︦ⲥ︦ⲗ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲣϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ\nⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ *ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲧⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϭⲏⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ","english":"...that you do it? Did I not receive you by force? Did I not walk with you all this hour, the whole day and the night, lighting the way for you like the children of the cross of this hour, over whom God keeps watch in the day, in a hidden pillar, and...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The speaker continues a rhetorical question, challenging whether the audience would do something, and then asserts that he received them by force and walked with them all day and night, lighting their way.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲏ ⲁⲓϭⲓ̃ⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲛⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Did I not receive you by force?' uses ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲛⲥ (by force), emphasizing the involuntary nature of the audience's presence, possibly reflecting the saint's authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'children of the cross' (ⲛⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ) echoes early Christian imagery of believers as spiritual offspring of the cross, though not a direct biblical quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲧⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϭⲏⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The 'hidden pillar' (ⲥⲧⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϭⲏⲡⲓ) may allude to the pillar-saint tradition (stylites) or a secret place of divine protection, common in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary at the end; the phrase 'ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲧⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϭⲏⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ' breaks off, leaving the sense incomplete. The English draft supplies 'and' but the continuation is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (likely the saint Jacob) is implied but not explicit in this passage.","The phrase 'children of the cross' could refer to martyrs or ascetics, but the exact referent is ambiguous.","The 'hidden pillar' may be a literal architectural feature or a metaphor for divine concealment."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"ⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲧⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲙⲏ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲣⲕⲩⲛⲇⲓⲛⲉⲩⲓⲛ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁϣⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥⲟⲛⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲓ︦ ⲉϫⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϣⲁϥ ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲙⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲣⲟⲩⲫⲱⲧ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ\nϯϩⲟϯ ⲙ]ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲫⲑⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲱⲙⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ\nϧⲁⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ ⲙⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩⲉⲙⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲡⲓⲡⲉⲗⲁⲅⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲙⲟⲗϩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲟⲩⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲑⲏⲕⲏ ⲉⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲧⲁϫⲣⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲑⲣⲓ̃ϩⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲭⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϭⲓ̃ⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ\nⲭⲱ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲓϫⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲱⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⲗⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓϫⲟⲓ ⲉⲑⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲡⲗⲉⲓⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲅⲁⲣ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲕⲟⲩⲙ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕⲕⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ\nϧⲛ ⲑⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲓⲉⲍⲉⲕⲓⲏⲗ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ\nⲁ ⲓ︦ⲗ︦ⲏ︦ⲙ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲧϩⲉⲙⲥⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ\nⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲗⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉϥⲉϯ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲙⲡⲃⲉⲭⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲉϭⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϩⲉⲙⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲗⲓⲯⲓⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲡⲟⲛⲏⲣⲟⲥ ⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉϣⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲡⲁⲣⲁⲃⲉⲛⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉⲧⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ *ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϣⲉ\nⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉⲝⲁⲡⲓⲛⲁ\nⲁ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲱⲛⲓ ⲁⲩϩⲟⲗⲙⲟⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ ⲁⲩⲭⲁⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲙ² ⲥⲁⲣⲏⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ\nⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲕⲓⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲃⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ\nⲧⲉⲥⲙⲉⲧⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲉⲟⲩⲥⲉⲙⲛⲏ ⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲓϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ","english":"...in a pillar of fire throughout the whole evening, from the time you were thrown into the furnace by the multitude of my brothers who came upon you in the fire. Are you not coming out of Persia? Did I not receive you by force? Did I not walk with you all this hour, the whole day and the night, lighting the way for you like the children of the cross of this hour, over whom God keeps watch? Did I not bring you through the fear of the Lord, which came upon them? Did I not, from the time the devil envied you, wishing to sink the ship under you, because of me? Did I not save you from the sea of the waters of bitterness? Why now do you wish to break a covenant that the Lord has strengthened? It is he himself who wished to place me in the place where they put his holy name, receiving glory in it. Leave my body then in this stone quarry, and you will go to this ship that is coming, and you will sail. For he who fought Abba Koum in the lake of the lion in Babylon, and Ezekiel in Babylon, and Jerusalem, he himself will sit with you in the place from which you have driven me out. The Lord Christ will give you the reward of your sufferings, and he will make a way for you, and he will save you from all the afflictions of the evil one. But keep yourselves in all steadfastness, and do not transgress the straight faith. And I will be with you in all the places to which you will go. These things he said to them suddenly. The body of the saint and the stone quarry were hidden in the air; they were placed in the right side of the evening. There was a God-fearing woman in that village, who was practicing the life of virginity from her childhood, a hospitable woman, and...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the saint, which is hidden in the air after his martyrdom, consistent with the martyrdom sense of the term.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord Christ' echoes New Testament titles for Jesus, reinforcing the hagiographical theme of Christ as rewarder and protector of martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲕⲟⲩⲙ","severity":"info","text":"Abba Koum is a figure associated with a lion's lake in Babylon, possibly a local saint or biblical allusion; the reference is obscure and may reflect a lost tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Jacob (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-jacob"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲉⲍⲉⲕⲓⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Ezekiel in Babylon parallels the biblical prophet's exilic setting, linking Jacob's suffering to prophetic endurance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲱⲛⲓ ⲁⲩϩⲟⲗⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a narrative shift from direct speech to action, as the saint's body and the quarry are miraculously hidden, advancing the plot toward the discovery by the pious woman.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The God-fearing woman practicing virginity from childhood is a typical hagiographical figure, reflecting the Coptic tradition's emphasis on ascetic piety and female sanctity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ' (the air) is ambiguous: it may mean the body and quarry were hidden in the sky or simply in the open air; the reading taken is 'in the air' as a miraculous concealment.","The reference to 'ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕⲕⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ' (the lake of the lion) is unclear; it may be a specific location or a symbolic trial."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲡⲉⲥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲁ ⲉⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ\nⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ\nϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲙⲏϣ ⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲥ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϯⲱⲥⲕ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲉⲣⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲟⲩⲟⲣⲡⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲣⲭⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲓϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁϣϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϯⲙⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲉ ϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ*ϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲣⲏⲥ\nⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲙ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ϫⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲱⲛⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲥ ⲁⲗⲓⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲣⲇⲓⲟⲓⲕⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁⲥⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ\nⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲏ ⲁⲥⲓ︦ ⲁⲥϫⲱ ⲛ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲁϥⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲥ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲡⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲩⲣⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϣⲟⲩⲣⲏ\nⲉⲩⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲑⲩⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲑⲟⲓ ⲉⲛⲁϣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯϫⲱⲧ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ\nϧⲁϫⲱϥ ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲏ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲕⲱⲧ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲛ ⲥⲁⲣⲏⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϫⲟⲕϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉ̃ⲛ\nϩⲁⲛⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲥⲟⲩⲅ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ ⲟⲩⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲥⲧⲁⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ\nⲉⲧⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲁⲝⲓⲥ ϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲱⲥ","english":"...in a pillar of fire throughout the whole evening, from the time you were thrown into the furnace by the multitude of my brothers who came upon you in the fire. Are you not coming out of Persia? Did I not receive you b\n\nThe holy one whose name was Theodora, and the holy martyr of Christ, the holy Jacob, appeared to her in the form of the holy prophet Daniel and many others with him, wearing the attire of the Persians. When she saw them, she fell into great fear. But the holy Jacob spoke to her, saying, “Do not be afraid. I am Jacob from among the Persians. I did not deny the faith, for I became a martyr in the name of Christ. For the Lord sent you, and he granted me to you to be a support and a great strength for your entire village. Rise, go to the presbyter and the entire clergy, and go with them to the east. You will find a great stone cave in which my body lies. Bring it, and you shall bury it according to the will of God.” Then the virgin arose, went, and told everything to the presbyter of the village. He came himself with the clergy and all the people of the village, with lamps and torches filled with fragrant oil and beautiful lights. They brought the holy Jacob down into the cave, and they sang psalms over him until they brought him into that village. And they placed him within the church with great zeal. They began to build a martyrium for him on the eastern side of the village, and they completed it in a few days until the twenty-eighth of the month of Mechir. A church of this kind, so honored that the word written in the Acts is fulfilled concerning it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (Greek παρθένος) is rendered 'virgin' in the English draft, consistent with the fixed glossary sense; here it refers to Theodora, not to Mary, so the technical Marian sense is not in play.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ (Greek ἐκκλησία) appears twice: first as the building where Jacob's body is placed, then as the type of structure built. The English draft renders both as 'church', which is appropriate for the institutional and architectural senses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob appears in the form of the prophet Daniel, evoking Daniel's preservation in the fiery furnace (Dan 3) and his visions of angelic figures. This typology aligns Jacob's martyrdom with Daniel's miraculous survival.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The building of a martyrium (ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ) on the eastern side of the village reflects a common late antique practice of constructing a shrine over a martyr's tomb, often outside the settlement, to serve as a focus of veneration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲟⲩⲅ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The completion date of the martyrium is given as the 28th of Mechir, which in the Coptic calendar corresponds to 5 February (Julian). This provides a liturgical commemoration date for Jacob's cult.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲁⲝⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the word written in the Acts' (ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲁⲝⲓⲥ) likely refers to the canonical Acts of the Apostles, suggesting that the hagiographer frames Jacob's story as a continuation of apostolic tradition, though no specific verse is cited.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Theodora is not clarified: she may be a local visionary or a figure from an earlier episode. The Coptic ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲁⲝⲓⲥ could also refer to a non-canonical acta, but the context favors the canonical Acts."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ → “virgin”. Greek παρθένος. In Marian texts the technical sense is fixed; the non-technical 'young woman' belongs to Greek, not to the Coptic usage."}]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ϯⲓⲟⲩⲇⲉⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ\nϯⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲁ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲥⲁⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲁⲥϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ\nⲉⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉⲧϩⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ϯϩⲟϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϯϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ","english":"This is the one who says, “The church indeed in Judea and Galilee and Samaria shall be in peace, building it, and it shall go forward in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The speaker is not identified in the surviving Coptic; the preceding passage mentions Jacob appearing to Theodora, but the first-person declaration here may be Jacob’s or a biblical figure’s.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"Here ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ refers to the congregation or community of believers, not a building, as the context speaks of its peace and growth in Judea, Galilee, and Samaria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯⲓⲟⲩⲇⲉⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲁ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲥⲁⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃","severity":"info","text":"The triad of Judea, Galilee, and Samaria echoes New Testament geography (e.g., Acts 9:31) where the church is described as having peace and being built up, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The promise of peace for the church in these regions may reflect a post-Constantinian ideal, contrasting with the persecution setting of Jacob’s martyrdom in Persia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary; the phrase ⲛⲁⲥϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ is clear, but the preceding ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ may be a scribal insertion or a quotation marker whose antecedent is lost.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (ⲫⲁⲓ) is ambiguous; it could be Jacob, a biblical prophet, or a narrative voice.","The phrase ⲛⲁⲥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉⲧϩⲏ is uncertain: ⲉⲧϩⲏ may mean 'forward' or 'early'.","The clause ⲉⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ lacks a clear subject, possibly a participle referring to the church."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"ⲛⲁϣⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲩⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ\nϧⲁϫⲱϥ ⲉⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏϣ ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲯⲁⲗⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nϩⲁⲛⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϩⲱⲇⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ⲧⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲁⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁⲩⲭⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲧⲓⲙⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ\nⲁⲙⲏⲛ\nⲒⲥϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲣⲁⲛⲧⲓⲗⲉⲅⲓⲛ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲁⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲉⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲁⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲉϥⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉⲧⲁϥϭⲓ̃ⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲑⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲟⲩϣⲉⲙϣⲓ\nⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲉⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲁ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲁⲑⲗⲏⲥⲓⲥ ⲁⲩϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲁⲑⲗⲱⲙ\n*ⲛⲁⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲛⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ\nⲉⲁⲩⲓ ⲉⲡⲓⲁⲓⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲁⲩⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲉⲩⲕⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲉⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ\nⲫⲱⲗϩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲩⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉⲩⲣⲁϣⲓ\nⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲡⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲫⲱⲥⲧⲏⲣ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲟⲩⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲩⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲡⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲩⲉⲣϣⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ","english":"Many were the people who gathered after the completion of the holy martyrdom. They brought the body of the holy one, singing psalms over him. A great multitude assembled, bringing out the holy martyr, reciting psalms, blessings, and spiritual hymns. They took him into the place that had been prepared for him, and they laid him within it, with honor, dignity, and glory, to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, forever and ever. Amen.\n\nIf anyone should object, saying, “How did this saint appear in the land of Egypt, since he was from the land of the Persians?” Let him know that the one who brought Joseph out of the land of Egypt after his death, and brought him into the land of his inheritance, is the same one who guided the holy Jacob. He brought him out of a land where they serve the creation more than the Creator, and brought him into the land of Egypt, the place where many martyrs completed their struggles and received the crown of martyrdom. These also gathered together in the entire land, coming to the shrine of this place that had been prepared for him. And they walked with him, carrying him into his sanctuary, guarding the multitude so that the devil might not snatch anyone away. And they sang psalms with him, rejoicing together that they had been deemed worthy of this great luminary in their land. And they blessed all the people who had gathered to celebrate the feast of the noble martyr of Christ, the holy Jacob, and they greeted him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ (from Greek μάρτυς) here carries the hagiographical sense 'martyr', not the older forensic 'witness', consistent with the martyrdom context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the saint after martyrdom, a standard usage in Coptic martyrdom accounts where the body becomes a relic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative explains Jacob's presence in Egypt by analogy with Joseph's translation, a typological move common in Coptic hagiography to legitimize a foreign saint's cult.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the saint's body being carried in procession with psalms and hymns reflects liturgical practice in Coptic Egypt, where such translations were public festivals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲛⲁϣⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ is ambiguous: it may mean 'many were those who gathered after the completion' or 'many were the things after the completion'; the former is adopted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from narrative (procession and burial) to a rhetorical objection and response, a common hagiographic device to preempt criticism of a saint's foreign origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ⲛⲁϣⲁⲓ: could be 'many (people)' or 'many (things)'; context favors 'many people'.","ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ: the phrase 'after the completion' may refer to the martyrdom or to the preceding narrative; taken as the martyrdom."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲁ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟϥ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲙⲁⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ","english":"of him. Each one placed him in his dwelling place in peace.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ is a distributive expression meaning 'each one' or 'every one', emphasizing individual participation in the burial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟϥ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟϥ (from ⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟ) means 'placed him' or 'laid him down', here referring to the deposition of the martyr's body in a tomb or shrine.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲁⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ means 'dwelling place' or 'resting place', often used for a tomb or a martyr's shrine in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in peace' (ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ) concludes the narrative, indicating the martyr's body is laid to rest with tranquility, a common hagiographic closure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The deposition of a martyr's body in a prepared place reflects the cult of relics in Coptic Christianity, where the tomb became a site of veneration and pilgrimage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary; the preceding passage ends mid-sentence ('to the Father, the Son, and'), and the current passage begins with ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ('of him'), suggesting a lacuna or incomplete transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ('of him') lacks a clear antecedent in the surviving text; it likely refers to the martyr Jacob, but the preceding clause is lost.","The distributive ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ could imply multiple individuals or groups, but the exact referent (e.g., clergy, laity, or angels) is unspecified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲛⲁⲩϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲗϭⲟ\nⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉⲡⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲛⲁϣϭⲓⲏⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲁⲛ ⲉⲟⲩⲡⲗⲏⲣⲟⲫⲟⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲑⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲏ ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲩⲙ̃ⲡϣⲁ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁϣϯ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ\nϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥϭⲓ̃ⲙⲱⲓⲧ ϧⲁϫⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲟⲛ ϥⲧⲁⲗϭⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϣⲱⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϥⲉⲣⲫⲁϧⲣⲓ\nⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲙⲟⲕϩ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛϣⲱⲛⲓ ⲉⲩϣⲉⲃⲓⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲧ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϥϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲛⲁⲡⲉϥⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧϥ\nⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ\nⲁϥϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲏⲟⲩ\nⲉⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲑⲟⲩⲏⲧ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϥϭⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲁⲡⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲉϥⲉⲣⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲉⲩⲓⲛ ϧⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲓ̃ⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲛϧⲟ\nϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ\n*Ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲗⲁⲭ ⲓ̃̃ⲥⲁ̃ⲁ̃ⲕ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲱϣ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϯⲡⲓⲕⲁϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲭⲫⲛⲟⲕ ⲭⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲁⲭⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲛⲣⲉⲫⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲭⲱ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ [ⲛ]ⲁⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲡⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲓ\nⲧⲉⲫϫⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲭⲱ ⲛⲁⲫ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲛⲉⲫⲛⲟⲃⲓ\nⲀⲓⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲫⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲭ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ² ⳧ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉϥⲱ̃ϩⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ","english":"All the holy ones of our Lord Jesus Christ, our God, gave glory to the holy Jacob. And great healings occurred through him from the day they brought him into his holy martyrium. These are things we cannot fully describe, with full assurance and unity of heart in that entire place, for what a great gift it is that he was deemed worthy. He stood before them, being great for them in all the works they would do, and he would find a way before them in all the paths they would walk. And again, he heals those who are sick among them, and he cures all who are afflicted with various illnesses, and he drives out demons, and he appears many times blessing his people whom he loved. He stood before them, and he also, the holy Jacob, gave glory to our Lord Jesus Christ over all who come to his holy place, and over all who enter in his name. And he receives from them their gifts, and their offerings, and their firstfruits, interceding for them before Christ Jesus our Lord. This is the glory for him, and his good Father, and the Holy Life-Giving Spirit, forever and ever. Amen.\n\nThe humble Isaac, the reader, the God will forgive him. Amen.\n\nRemember, O Lord, forgive me my sins, the one who will remember me. As it is said, God will forgive him his sins.\n\nI have written this in the month of the holy ones. May the Lord Jesus Christ dwell in a place.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ can mean either 'bless' or 'praise'. Here the object is ⲡⲉϥⲗⲁⲟⲥ (his people), so the rendering 'blessing' is correct per the glossary rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek λαός, here 'people' refers to the congregation or laity, distinct from clergy, consistent with the glossary definition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in liturgy and doxologies, as here closing the main text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a narrative of Jacob's posthumous healings to a doxology (ⲁⲙⲏⲛ), then to a scribal colophon identifying the reader Isaac and a prayer for forgiveness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The colophon names the scribe as 'the humble Isaac, the reader' and includes a prayer for forgiveness, typical of Coptic manuscript subscriptions. The month 'of the holy ones' likely refers to the Coptic month of Paoni or a similar period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990003998110203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The final line 'May the Lord Jesus Christ dwell in a place' is ambiguous: ⲉϥⲱ̃ϩⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ may be corrupt or elliptical; the intended sense (dwell in a place, or dwell in a king?) is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final phrase ⲉϥⲱ̃ϩⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ is unclear: ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ could be 'in a place' or 'as a king'; the English draft takes 'in a place' but the Coptic is ambiguous.","The phrase ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲭ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ² ⳧ is obscure; the superscript ² and ⳧ may indicate a scribal note or abbreviation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","text":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ → “people”. Greek λαός. In liturgical description it is the congregation as distinct from the clergy, i.e. the laity."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","text":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (laity); this passage takes it as “people”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"ⲉϫⲱⲛ","english":"upon us","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉϫⲱⲛ (upon us) concludes the preceding sentence, likely completing a clause about the blessings or healings bestowed by the saint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the final unit of the narrative, ending with a prepositional phrase that may have been followed by a doxology or colophon now lost.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text breaks off abruptly after ⲉϫⲱⲛ; the manuscript may be damaged or the edition incomplete. The English draft shows no further text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲉϫⲱⲛ is a prepositional phrase meaning 'upon us', but its syntactic context is incomplete; it may have been part of a prayer or blessing formula."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉⲛⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϣⲁ ⲡⲓϫⲱⲃ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲧⲛ̃ⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲗⲡⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲇ︦ⲓ︦ ⲕⲓⲣⲓⲁⲛⲓ\n[ⲡ]ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲡⲓⲇ︦ⲓ︦ ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙϭⲙⲟⲩⲙ ⲓⲥ ϯⲙⲁⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ ϯ\nⲱϣ² ⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲛⲁⲱϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲥϧⲁⲓ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲕⲁϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ⲛⲏⲓ S ⲧⲉϥⲭⲁ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲃⲓ\nⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ S ⲧⲉ[ϥ]ϯⲙ̃[ⲧⲟⲛ] ⲛ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧ ...\ñ.....[Ⲁⲣⲓⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲉ] (?)","english":"In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, our God, in truth.\n\nI am the work of the unworthy one, the poor deacon Kiriani, the son of the deacon of the cross, the humble one, that is, the repentance. I call upon all who will read in this writing, that the Lord Jesus Christ may give grace and peace to me, and forgive my sins, and grant me his mercy. Amen, for he who ... remember.","structure":"doxology","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉⲛⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation typical of Coptic doxologies, establishing the liturgical frame that closes the martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The deacon is called 'son of the deacon of the cross' (ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲡⲓⲇ︦ⲓ︦ ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ). Here ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ refers to the instrument of execution, not a devotional object, consistent with martyrdom usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The doxology closes with ⲁⲙⲏⲛ, a transliterated Hebrew amen left untranslated in Coptic liturgy, marking the end of the homily.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲇ︦ⲓ︦ ⲕⲓⲣⲓⲁⲛⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The scribe identifies himself as 'the poor deacon Kiriani' (ⲡⲓⲇ︦ⲓ︦ ⲕⲓⲣⲓⲁⲛⲓ), a rare self-naming in Coptic hagiography that may reflect a colophon tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲉ[ϥ]ϯⲙ̃[ⲧⲟⲛ]","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is damaged at the end: ⲧⲉ[ϥ]ϯⲙ̃[ⲧⲟⲛ] is a conjectural restoration for 'his mercy'; the following line is largely illegible, making the final clause uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This doxology is part of the Coptic manuscript tradition of the Martyrdom of Jacob the Persian, preserved in the edition by Hyvernat and Balestri.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-jacob-the-persian","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Jacob the Persian","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Jacob%20the%20Persian/Jacob%20the%20Persian_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%201_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final line is heavily damaged; the reading 'remember' (Ⲁⲣⲓⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲉ) is conjectural.","The phrase 'that is, the repentance' (ⲓⲥ ϯⲙⲁⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ) may be a self-deprecating gloss by the scribe, but its exact referent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"doxology","text":"Classified as doxology from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ → “cross”. Greek σταυρός: the instrument of execution, and by extension the suffering it names. In martyrdom texts it is the mode of death, not a devotional object."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (crucifixion); this passage takes it as “cross”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]}]}