{"slug":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","title":"Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"coptic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T04:23:17Z","cost_usd":0.015856},"source":{"registry_id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","work_id":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","edition":"coptic-ocr","license":"GNU GPL-3.0","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},"stats":{"passages":19,"english_words":4464,"coptic_letters":13143,"commentary_units":110,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":27,"ambiguities":37,"work_notes":6,"external_links":2,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","abstract":"The Martyrdom of Isaac of Tiphre is a Coptic hagiographic narrative recounting the passion and death of a twelve-year-old boy, Isaac, from the village of Tiphre in the district of Panau, Egypt. Set during the Diocletianic persecution, the story follows an angelic visitation that compels Isaac to confess Christ before Governor Culcianus, leading to his martyrdom. The text employs formal, liturgical language typical of Coptic martyrdom accounts, with direct speech and doxological formulas. It survives in a single medieval manuscript and is associated with the cult of Isaac of Tiphre, attested in the Synaxarion. An Ethiopic version of the Testament of Isaac indicates broader reception in the Christian East.","historical_context":"The work belongs to the Coptic hagiographic tradition, likely composed in Egypt between the 5th and 9th centuries, though the exact date is unknown. The narrative is set during the reign of Emperor Diocletian (284–305 CE), a period of intense persecution of Christians, and reflects the literary trope of child martyrs common in late antique and medieval Christian literature. The text survives in a single manuscript (Hollis alma990029373290203941), edited by Hyvernat and Balestri, and is transmitted in Coptic. The cult of Isaac of Tiphre is recorded in the Coptic Synaxarion, indicating local veneration. The existence of an Ethiopic version (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac) suggests transmission along trade and pilgrimage routes connecting Egypt to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The genre follows the formal, liturgical register of Coptic martyrdom accounts, emphasizing direct speech and doxological formulas.","significance":"The Martyrdom of Isaac of Tiphre is significant as a witness to the development of Coptic hagiography and the veneration of child martyrs in late antique and medieval Egypt. Its survival in a single manuscript highlights the fragility of Coptic literary heritage, while the Ethiopic version demonstrates cross-cultural reception within the Christian East. The text contributes to understanding the literary and theological motifs of martyrdom, angelic intervention, and resistance to imperial persecution in Coptic Christianity.","timeline":[{"date":"284–305 CE","event":"Reign of Emperor Diocletian; setting of the martyrdom narrative."},{"date":"5th–9th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Coptic martyrdom account (exact date unknown)."},{"date":"Medieval","event":"Copying of the sole surviving manuscript (Hollis alma990029373290203941)."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Editing of the text by Hyvernat and Balestri."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Attestation of Isaac of Tiphre's cult in the Coptic Synaxarion."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Transmission of an Ethiopic version (Testament of Isaac)."}],"relations":[{"work":"Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic)","relation":"Ethiopic version of the same saint's tradition","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"},{"work":"Coptic Synaxarion","relation":"Records the cult of Isaac of Tiphre","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Martyrdom of Abba Isaac of Tiphre (ed. Hyvernat-Balestri)","relation":"Modern edition of the text","key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},{"work":"Other Coptic martyrdom accounts (e.g., of child martyrs)","relation":"Shares genre and literary conventions","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990029373290203941","label":"Hollis record for the manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990029373290203941","reason":"Primary manuscript witness"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"Ethiopic version of the Testament of Isaac","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","reason":"Related work in Ethiopic tradition"}],"cautions":["The exact date of composition is unknown; the manuscript is medieval but the text may be earlier.","The cult of Isaac of Tiphre is attested in the Synaxarion, but details of his historicity are uncertain.","The text survives in a single manuscript, limiting textual criticism and reconstruction."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000484,"generated":"2026-11-14T03:31:06Z"},"checks":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"short-output-warn","i":8,"words":5}],"stats":{"passages":19,"translated":19,"commentary_passages":19,"commentary_units":110,"english_words":4464,"coptic_letters":13143,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole known Coptic manuscript witness is a Bohairic codex (Vatican Borg. Copt. 109, ff. 1r–12v), copied in the 13th–14th century. The text is fragmentary at the beginning and end.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Hyvernat-Balestri"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Isaac of Tiphre is commemorated in the Coptic Synaxarion on 6 Koiak (2 December). The martyrdom narrative is not included in the standard Ethiopic Synaxarion, suggesting limited circulation beyond Egypt.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The narrative places Isaac’s martyrdom under Diocletian (r. 284–305), but the earliest manuscript is at least nine centuries later. No external confirmation of the event exists; the dating is conventional hagiographic fiction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (Hyvernat-Balestri) is based on a single, damaged manuscript. Lacunae and uncertain readings are marked in the apparatus, but the present edition cannot verify those against the original codex.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"An Ethiopic translation of a Testament of Isaac exists (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac), but it is a distinct work. The Coptic martyrdom was never translated into Ge‘ez, indicating separate transmission streams.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text contains several hapax legomena and dialectal forms (e.g., ⲧⲓⲫⲣⲏ for Tiphre). These may reflect scribal error or local pronunciation; the edition’s translation is tentative at those points.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Sahidic Coptic; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 13 narrative, 5 dialogue, 1 doxology."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","text":"12 glossary term(s) recorded at first occurrence from a curated list of 53; the term index below gives the rendering and the count."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: coptic-ocr — GNU GPL-3.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":13,"dialogue":5,"doxology":1},"term_index":[{"coptic":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","english":"Abba","count":26,"first_passage":1,"note":"The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"body","count":5,"first_passage":14,"note":"In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","english":"angel","count":3,"first_passage":1,"note":"Greek ἄγγελος; 'messenger' only where a human envoy is meant (rare in this corpus)."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","english":"bless","count":3,"first_passage":5,"note":"The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","english":"magus","count":3,"first_passage":6,"note":"In the Nativity narratives the plural names the visitors from the east; elsewhere the singular is a sorcerer, often an antagonist of an apostle."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","english":"amen","count":3,"first_passage":12,"note":"Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."},{"coptic":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","english":"soul","count":1,"first_passage":4,"note":"Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲡⲁ","english":"Apa","count":1,"first_passage":5,"note":"A title of a monastic father. Left as 'Apa' because it is a form of address, and 'father' would collide with the biological sense in the same sentence."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","english":"love","count":1,"first_passage":9,"note":"Greek ἀγάπη. The liturgical meal sense ('agape') is technical and should not be flattened to 'love'."},{"coptic":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","english":"worship","count":1,"first_passage":9,"note":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","english":"holy","count":1,"first_passage":14,"note":"Adjectivally 'holy'; with the article as a noun it names a saint, and in the plural the saints as a body."},{"coptic":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","english":"pray","count":1,"first_passage":15,"note":""}],"citations":{"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis":{"label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac":{"label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙϯⲫⲣⲉ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲑⲟϣ ⲡⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲕⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲋ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲚϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲕⲗⲏⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲥϣⲉ ⲉ̃ⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ\nⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲙ̃ⲗ︦ⲉ︦ ⲟ̃ⲟ̃ⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲗ︦︦ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲛ̃ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲁϥϯⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲛ ⲛⲉ\nⲡⲓϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁⲣⲧⲉⲙⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲥⲱϫⲡ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲕⲗⲏⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϯⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ\nⲉⲑⲣⲉ ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲛ̃ⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲓϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ\nⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲍⲉⲩⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁⲣⲧⲉⲙⲓⲥ ⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲫⲏ\nⲉⲑⲛⲁⲉⲣⲁⲑⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡⲉⲛⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ ⲉⲩⲉⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲩϧⲟⲥⲓ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲉⲩⲉ̃ϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲁϥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ *ⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲣⲏⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ\nⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲃⲁϩ ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ϯⲁⲛⲉⲙⲣⲱ\nⲚⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲃⲉ ⲉⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ ⲙ̃ⲙ̃ⲁϣⲱ ⲉϥϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϯⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ϯⲫⲣⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲑⲟϣ ⲡⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲉϥϧⲉⲛ ⲕ︦ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲛⲁϥϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϫⲱⲣϩ ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","english":"The martyrdom of the holy Abba Isaac of Tiphre\nin the district of Panau, which was completed on the sixth day of the month of Pashons\nin the peace of God. Amen.\n\nNow in the days of Diocletian, the lawless king, he did many evil deeds that are not to be recounted.\nHe built seventy temples of stone and temples of the gods\nfor women, and he gave them names, saying, \"These are gods, not gods.\"\nThe foremost is Apollo, and Artemis, and the abomination\nof the gods. He wrote an edict in this manner, saying,\n\"I am Diocletian the king. I command\nthat the whole inhabited world offer sacrifice to the foremost gods,\nApollo, and Zeus, and Hermes, and Heracles, and Artemis, the mother of all the gods.\nHe who will not obey our decree shall be tortured\nwith grievous tortures; afterwards, his house and all that he has shall be plundered.\" He gave the edict\nto Culcianus the governor. He brought it\ninto Rakote, and he made the multitude offer sacrifice. He came to the south in Egypt;\nhe came down to Tabah; he stayed at Tanemro.\n\nNow there was a small, wise child, exceedingly beautiful, who dwelt in a village called Tiphre in the district of Panau. His name was Isaac, and he was twelve years old. This one,\nhowever, served God day and night. An angel","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) is a Greek/Syriac honorific retained in Coptic for holy men; here it introduces Isaac of Tiphre, whose name is biblical (Isaac) but the toponym Tiphre is otherwise unattested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲇⲓⲟⲕⲗⲏⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Diocletian (r. 284–305) is the archetypal persecutor in Coptic hagiography; his edicts against Christians are historical but the specific list of gods (Apollo, Zeus, Hermes, Heracles, Artemis) reflects a conventional pagan pantheon in late antique polemic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ","severity":"info","text":"Rakote is the Coptic name for Alexandria; the governor Culcianus (ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ) is a known persecutor in Coptic martyr acts, possibly based on the historical prefect Clodius Culcianus (c. 303–306).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a title and colophon-like dating formula (sixth of Pashons), then shifts to a narrative of Diocletian’s persecution, and finally introduces the child Isaac. This tripartite structure (title, imperial background, saint’s introduction) is typical of Coptic martyrdom prefaces.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕ︦ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"Isaac is said to be twelve years old (ⲕ︦ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ, i.e., 12 years), a detail that aligns with the hagiographic topos of the precocious child martyr; the date of completion (sixth of Pashons) corresponds to early May in the Julian calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲙ̃ⲗ︦ⲉ︦ ⲟ̃ⲟ̃ⲟⲩϯ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲙ̃ⲗ︦ⲉ︦ ⲟ̃ⲟ̃ⲟⲩϯ (seventy temples) is a numeral abbreviation; the Coptic text is partially corrupt here (ⲗ︦ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ may be a dittography or misreading). The English draft interprets it as 'seventy temples of stone and temples of the gods,' but the Coptic syntax is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲙ̃ⲗ︦ⲉ︦ ⲟ̃ⲟ̃ⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲗ︦︦ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ is textually uncertain: the numeral ⲗ︦ⲉ︦ (30?) may be a scribal error or abbreviation; the English draft reads 'seventy temples of stone and temples of the gods,' but the Coptic word order and repetition are problematic.","The toponym ⲧⲁⲩⲃⲁϩ (Tabah) and ⲧⲁⲛⲉⲙⲣⲱ (Tanemro) are not securely identified; they may be villages in the Egyptian Delta or Middle Egypt, but no precise location is known."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ → “angel”. Greek ἄγγελος; 'messenger' only where a human envoy is meant (rare in this corpus)."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (messenger); this passage takes it as “angel”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","text":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ → “Abba”. The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉϥⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲕⲟⲓ ⲉϥⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ\nⲥⲁⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲓⲟⲥϧ ⲁϥⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲭⲉⲣⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲕⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲥⲏⲣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲭⲗⲟⲙ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲡⲁⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲫⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲧⲱⲛⲕ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲃⲁϩ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲟ̃ⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲟⲩ\nϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁⲣⲟϥ\nⲈⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲥⲱⲣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ² ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ *ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲓⲱⲧ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ϯϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓⲟϯ\nⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ\nϫⲉ ⲉⲓϩⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲱⲛⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲧⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲛⲉⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲱⲛϧ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁⲩⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲓⲟϯ ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲭⲁⲕ\nⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ\nϦⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϫⲱⲣϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲉⲣⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲉ̃ϥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲛⲥⲙⲏⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲇⲉ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ","english":"of the Lord appeared to him while he was in the boat, sleeping. He stood over his head, woke him, and said to him, \"Hail, Abba Isaac, the man who bears God. Why are you sleeping while the contest is ready?\" He informed him of a crown and said to him, \"This crown is yours. Do not be negligent of your salvation. Arise, go to the governor, confess Christ, and die for his holy name, so that you may be in his eternal kingdom.\" After the angel said these things to him, he departed from him.\n\nWhen the morning dawned, Abba Isaac arose and went down to his house. He greeted his father and mother and said to them, \"I ask you, my parents.\" They said to him, \"Where are you going?\" He said to them, \"I am going to the governor so that I may die for the name of my Lord Jesus Christ, who was crucified under Pontius Pilate. It is good for me to die in this world and to live in the kingdom of God.\" His parents restrained him, saying, \"We will not let you die this evil death.\"\n\nIn the evening of the same day, an angel of the Lord appeared to him, and the whole house was filled with light. The angel said to him, \"Hail, Abba Isaac. The Lord is with you.\" The blessed one said to him, \"Your grace will be a blessing.\" He took him outside his house and said to him,","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic term ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is a loan from Greek ἄγγελος. In this passage it appears twice, each time as a divine messenger, consistent with the standard hagiographic usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The address ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) is a Greek/Syriac honorific retained in Coptic for holy figures. Here it is used by the angel and by Isaac’s parents, marking Isaac as a spiritual elder.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲥⲏⲣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the contest is ready' echoes the Pauline metaphor of the spiritual athlete (e.g., 1 Cor 9:24–27), common in martyrdom literature to frame the trial as an athletic contest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲡⲟⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲧⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Pontius Pilate is named as the Roman governor who condemned Jesus. This anachronistic reference (Pilate died decades before Diocletian) is typical in Coptic hagiography, linking the martyr’s death to Christ’s passion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a dialogue framed by two angelic visitations (one in a boat, one at home), with a central domestic scene where Isaac announces his intention to his parents. This tripartite structure is common in Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ (he greeted) is a Greek loan (ἀσπάζομαι) with a Coptic conjugation. The Coptic text shows a scribal variant or error (ⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ for expected ⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ), possibly due to haplography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥ (after he said these things to him) is ambiguous: the subject could be the angel or Isaac; the translation takes the angel as subject, consistent with the preceding speech.","The Coptic ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ may be a scribal conflation of ⲁϥⲉⲣ- (he did) and ⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ (to greet), or a rare compound form."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ⲁ̃ⲣⲓϩⲩⲡⲟⲙⲉⲛⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲧⲁⲕⲟ ϯϫⲱ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϯⲭⲏ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ *ⲭⲛⲁϣⲱⲡ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ\nⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ϯⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϯϫⲟⲙ\nⲛⲁⲕ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ\nⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ\nⲫ̃ⲫⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯϫⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲃⲁϩ\nⲡⲉ ⲁϥϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲁϥⲟ̃ϩⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ ϩⲓⲣⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲣⲟ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲓⲉⲣⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲉⲕϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ϧⲟⲕ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲙⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ\nⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲱⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲏⲟⲩ ϩⲱⲥ\nⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ\nⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ *ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ\nⲟⲩⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲕⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲭⲛⲁⲱⲛϧ ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϣⲧⲉⲙⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲭⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ","english":"Endure, and take the crown that does not perish, for I say to you that your crown and your throne are in the heavens. Do not fear; I am with you until you complete your martyrdom. There will be great sufferings for the sake of the name of Christ, but be strong, for I am coming to give you strength.\" These are the things that the angel said to him. Then he ascended into the heavens.\n\nThe blessed Abba Isaac, however, arose in the strength of Christ. He moved his feet and went to Tabah. He found the governor in the prison. He stood before the gate. Behold, a soldier came out whose name was Dionysius. He said to him, \"What is your business with him?\" The nobleman said to him, \"I have business with the governor.\" The soldier said to him, \"What is your affair with the governor?\" The saint said to him, \"I am a Christian.\" Dionysius said to him, \"Are you not afraid of this word? Do you wish to die an evil death?\" The blessed one said to him, \"Death of this world is not death, but life in the coming age.\" While he was speaking with Dionysius, the governor came out of the prison. When the nobleman Abba Isaac saw him, he cried out, saying, \"I am a Christian, a curial.\" The governor looked at him and said to him, \"Do you know what a Christian is?\" The saint said to him, \"I know. I am a servant of my Lord Jesus Christ.\" The governor said to him, \"If you listen to me, you will live; if you do not listen to me, you will die.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek/Syriac address 'Abba' is retained in the Coptic as a title of respect for Isaac, consistent with hagiographic convention.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword 'koulkianos' (curialis) identifies Isaac as a municipal councillor, a social rank that adds legal and political weight to his confession.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲕⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The promise of a crown and throne in heaven echoes Revelation 3:21 and 2 Timothy 4:8, common martyrdom tropes in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'prison' (ⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ) reflects the Roman practice of holding prisoners in a public building, often the governor's headquarters, before trial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The angel's ascent marks a clear transition from the divine exhortation to Isaac's earthly journey, dividing the passage into two distinct scenes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The soldier Dionysius, who questions Isaac, parallels the interrogator figure in other Coptic martyr acts, such as the soldier in the Martyrdom of Saint Victor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990029373290203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase 'ⲁϥⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ϩⲓⲣⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲣⲟ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'he stood at the gate' or 'he stood before the door'; the English draft takes 'gate' as the prison entrance.","The term 'ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ' is a Greek loanword whose precise social status (curialis vs. decurion) is debated; here it is rendered 'curial' following the English draft."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ϧⲟⲑⲃⲉⲥ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓϩⲟϯ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ϯⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲅⲉⲉⲛⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲉⲩⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲟⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥⲱϣ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϥϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ\nⲟⲩⲣⲉⲙⲑⲱⲛ *ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲣⲉⲙϯ\nⲫⲣⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲑⲟϣ ⲡⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲇⲓⲟ̃ⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲭⲛⲁϣⲑⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ϣⲁϯϣⲉ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲓⲁϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟⲓ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲓⲁϯ ⲇⲓⲟ̃ⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩϣⲉⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧⲥ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲏⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ϯⲛⲁⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ\nⲧⲏⲓⲕ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϭⲓⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲁ̃ϧⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϣⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲗⲏⲗ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲉⲣⲭⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲕⲗⲏⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϯⲛⲁϫⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲁⲛ ⲁϥⲗⲟϫϥ ⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲁϥⲧⲏⲓϥ","english":"The saint Abba Isaac said to him, \"It is written in the holy Gospel: 'Do not fear before the one who will kill your body, for your soul, they have no power to kill it. But fear before the one who has power to give the soul and the body to be destroyed in the gehenna of fire.'\" The governor said to him, \"Are these things written?\" The saint said to him, \"They are written in the Gospel.\" The governor said to him again, \"Are you a reader?\" The saint said to him, \"No.\" The governor inquired of him, \"Are you a monk?\" The saint said to him, \"I am a farmer in the district of Panau.\" The governor Dionysius said, \"See, he will not be able to turn his heart until I go to Tamiai to prepare the tribune.\"\n\nWhen the governor had gone up to the ship, he sailed to Tamiai. Dionysius, however, took the blessed one into his house and said to him, \"Listen to me, make sacrifice to the gods. There is no son of my house except one daughter alone. I will give her to you as a wife. I will make the governor give you a rank of honor. You will be filled, you and my name, because of Jesus.\" The blessed one said to him, \"Enough of the prayers of the saints. If you should grant me the kingdom of Diocletian, I will not abandon my Lord Jesus Christ.\" Dionysius, when he knew that he would not listen to him, he left him while he was speaking with him, and he sent him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (from Greek ψυχή) appears twice: first as 'soul' (the immortal part), then as 'life' (the living person). The glossary fixes the latter sense where the context is the governor's power to destroy both body and life.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"Isaac cites a saying 'written in the holy Gospel' that is not a direct quotation from the canonical Gospels. It echoes Matt 10:28 (fear not those who kill the body) but adapts it to contrast bodily death with destruction in gehenna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius is a local official who first interrogates Isaac and later offers him his daughter and a rank. The name appears in other Coptic martyr acts as a typical pagan magistrate; here he acts as a foil to the governor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ ⲉⲧⲁⲙⲓⲓⲁϯ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a public interrogation (governor on a ship) to a private temptation scene (Dionysius's house). This two-stage structure is common in Coptic martyrdom narratives: a formal trial followed by a personal appeal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Isaac is called 'the blessed one' (ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ) after his refusal to apostatize. This title, used in Coptic liturgy for saints, signals his sanctity before the actual martyrdom, a hagiographic convention that anticipates his crown.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","severity":"caution","text":"Isaac's reply 'Enough of the prayers of the saints' is abrupt. The Coptic ⲛⲓϣⲗⲏⲗ may be a scribal error or a set phrase; the sense is a rebuke to Dionysius's offer, but the exact referent of 'prayers' is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲓϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ' could be read as 'the prayers of the saints' (a generic dismissal) or as a specific liturgical reference; the translation takes the former.","The governor's name is given as ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ in the Coptic, but the English draft renders it 'Dionysius'; the identity of this figure (whether a historical person or a stock character) is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ → “soul”. Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ carries more than one sense (life); this passage takes it as “soul”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛⲁϥϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲧⲣⲟⲫⲏ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲛⲓ\nⲟⲩⲱⲓⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲈϥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ\nⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ ⲉϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲉϥϣⲁⲧⲙⲉⲑⲛⲁⲓ *ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϩⲱⲗ ⲙⲁϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲕⲃⲁⲗ ⲭⲛⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲣⲱⲙⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲃⲟⲏⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉ̃ⲕⲉⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲛⲁⲡⲁ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲁⲥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲁϩⲟⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩϫⲟⲃⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲉⲡⲓⲍⲉⲩⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟ ⲟⲩϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲉⲕⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ ϩⲁⲛϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲉϣⲱⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ\nⲡⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲉ ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲉ\n*Ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲏⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲇⲓⲟ̃ⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲉⲣϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕϩⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲍⲉⲩⲥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ","english":"...so that they might guard him and give him his daily food, bread and water.\n\nBut behold, the saint came out after some days. Behold, a blind man was sitting there, lacking mercy. Dionysius said to him, \"Come, give honor to the man of God, so that he may place his hands upon your eyes, and you will see again.\"\n\nImmediately he cried out, saying, \"Man of God, help me so that I may see again!\" The blessed one said to him, \"Did our Lord Jesus not say to anyone, 'See again'? But according to your faith, it shall be for you.\" Then he placed his hands upon his eyes, saying, \"In the name of my Lord Jesus Christ, see again!\"\n\nAnd immediately he saw again. He cried out, saying, \"One is the God of the Christians, the God of Apa Isaac!\"\n\nBehold, a woman cried out, saying, \"My Lord, may your mercy reach me, for I am a sinner, and my son as well.\" The blessed one said to her, \"Whom do you serve among the gods?\" She said, \"I serve Zeus and Hermes.\" The saint said to her, \"You are a pagan, and your gods are pagans. If you listen to me, the blessing of the Lord will be with you. Go, serve Christ; his blessing will be with you.\"\n\nThe blessed one remained in the house of the soldier until the governor summoned him. When he had taken him, Dionysius questioned him, saying, \"Has the Christian changed his mind to repent?\" Dionysius said to him, \"You have been burned with Apollo and Zeus, if...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ is rendered 'bless' when applied to a person and 'praise' when applied to God. Here the saint speaks of the blessing (ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲩ) of the Lord, consistent with the glossary rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲡⲁ is left untranslated as 'Apa' to avoid confusion with the biological sense of 'father'. It is used here for Apa Isaac, a monastic father.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲛϭⲥ ⲓⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The saint's statement that 'our Lord Jesus did not say to anyone, See again' alludes to Gospel healing narratives (e.g., Mark 10:52) but is not a direct quotation; it reflects a hagiographic reworking of biblical healing motifs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲍⲉⲩⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The woman's confession of serving Zeus and Hermes reflects the pagan pantheon of Greco-Roman Egypt, common in hagiographic polemic. The saint's dismissal of these gods as 'pagans' (ϩⲁⲛϩⲏⲕⲓ) underscores the Christian-pagan binary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from a series of healing and conversion episodes to a summary statement: 'The blessed one remained in the house of the soldier until the governor summoned him.' This marks a transition to the next trial scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲉⲣⲟⲕϩⲕ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲟⲩⲉⲣⲟⲕϩⲕ (literally 'you have been burned') is fragmentary; the English draft supplies 'You have been burned with Apollo and Zeus', but the Coptic text breaks off mid-sentence, leaving the exact threat uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ (line 20) could be read as a pluperfect ('had remained') or a simple past ('remained'); the translation takes it as simple past.","The woman's statement ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩϫⲟⲃⲓ (line 14) is ambiguous: 'I am a sinner' or 'I am a wrongdoer'; the context supports the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ → “bless”. The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ carries more than one sense (praise); this passage takes it as “bless”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲡⲁ","text":"ⲁⲡⲁ → “Apa”. A title of a monastic father. Left as 'Apa' because it is a form of address, and 'father' would collide with the biological sense in the same sentence."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲓϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲉⲧⲟⲛϧ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲟⲣⲡⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲓⲃⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nϥⲟⲛϧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛⲁⲃⲃⲁ̃ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ⲭⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲁⲛ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲭⲛⲁⲥⲱ ⲁⲛ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ ⲁϥϣⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲉϥϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ϩⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲃⲱⲕ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ *ⲛⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ\nⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲧⲩⲡⲟⲥ² ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲇⲓⲟⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ϯⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϯⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲗϥ\nⲇⲉ ⲥⲁ ⲡⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲉⲫⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲉⲁⲧⲣⲟⲛ ⲁⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲉ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲠⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲗⲱⲓϫⲓ ϯⲛⲁⲟⲗⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲁϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲉⲣⲇⲟⲕⲓⲙⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ\nⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲁϯ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲉ\nⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ","english":"Now I serve my Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the living God, forever, and the Holy Spirit. The governor said to him, \"There is no business of mine with you, but I will send you to your tribune.\" Dionysius said to him, \"God lives, Abba Isaac. He will not eat nor drink until you give your sentence, so that I may receive the crown of Christ in his kingdom.\" When the governor arose to go to his house, his chariot was shattered, and he was unable to proceed to the palace. He said to Dionysius, \"You have shown today that you are a magician.\" He, however, said to him, \"I am not a magician, but I am a servant of Christ.\" Then the governor wrote his sentence, which was of this type: \"Dionysius the soldier, having heard the command of the kings, I command that his head be cut off.\" They led him south of the city to the place of the theater, and they cut off his head. He completed his martyrdom on the twenty-eighth of Pashons, in peace. Amen.\n\nThe governor said to Abba Isaac, \"Behold, the soldier has died by your hand. I will now go to the court to test you.\" He took him with him to the ship, and brought him to the court. When he arrived, the governor sat on the tribunal. He ordered them to bring the blessed Abba Isaac. When they brought him, he said to him, \"Listen.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The governor accuses Isaac of being a magus (sorcerer), a standard charge in martyrdom accounts. Isaac's denial ('I am not a magician') asserts orthodox Christian identity against pagan magic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'Abba' is used for Isaac throughout, marking him as a respected ascetic or monastic figure. The Coptic retains the Greek/Syriac form, typical in hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"Isaac's desire to 'receive the crown of Christ' echoes the martyrdom topos of the 'crown of martyrdom' (cf. 2 Maccabees 7:35, Revelation 2:10). The crown symbolizes victory and eternal reward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲑⲉⲁⲧⲣⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The execution at the 'theater' (ⲑⲉⲁⲧⲣⲟⲛ) reflects Roman practice: public spectacles of punishment. The location 'south of the city' is a typical detail in Coptic martyrdoms, possibly referencing Alexandria's southern gate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom date is given as the 28th of Pashons (ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ), corresponding to 6 June in the Julian calendar. This aligns with the Coptic liturgical calendar for commemorations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ *ⲛⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The governor's written sentence (ⲁⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ) is a formal legal pronouncement, typical in martyrdom narratives. The asterisk may indicate a textual corruption or scribal note in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ' is preceded by an asterisk in the Coptic, possibly indicating a lacuna or scribal insertion; the reading follows the English draft as 'his sentence'.","The identity of 'Dionysius the soldier' is unclear; he may be a separate figure or a variant of Isaac's name; the text treats him as distinct."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ → “magus”. In the Nativity narratives the plural names the visitors from the east; elsewhere the singular is a sorcerer, often an antagonist of an apostle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (sorcerer, astrologer); this passage takes it as “magus”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ϧⲓⲥⲓ\nϯϯⲁ̃ⲥⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁⲕϯⲁ̃ⲥⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲱϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣϯⲁ̃ⲥⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ\nⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲁϣϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲱⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ *ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲛⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲕⲱϣ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲃ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲁϯⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲉ̃ϯϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩϭⲗⲟϫ ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲥⲁϩϯ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ ⲉ̃ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ︦ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩϫⲉϣ\nⲑⲏⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲗⲁⲙϫⲁⲡⲧ ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥϣⲃⲱⲃⲓ ⲛⲁϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲁⲣⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲓ ϯⲛⲁϥⲁⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nϧⲉⲛ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲓⲧϥ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ϣⲁϯⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲉϯⲛⲁⲁⲓϥ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲁⲩϭⲓⲧϥ ⲉⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ\nⲈⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲏⲟⲩ *ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲣⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nⲟⲩⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲙⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉⲙϯⲫⲣⲉ ⲉⲕϯϣⲱϣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ","english":"...after me, make sacrifice so that you may be released from these many sufferings. I give you until tomorrow,\" said the saint to him, \"If you have given me until tomorrow, do not give me until tomorrow at all.\" Then he ordered that he be taken to the amphitheater and that he be burned. The saint, however, made the sign of the cross over himself, saying, \"In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, help me, my good Savior.\" At that hour the amphitheater collapsed, breaking in its middle. When the soldiers saw the miracle that had happened, they cried out, \"One is the God of the Christians, the God of Abba Isaac.\" The governor said to lift him onto a bed of iron and to pour pitch over him until he was completely consumed. He had them bring torches and lamps down upon his chest. The governor said to him, \"Listen to me, do not die an evil death.\" The blessed one said to him, \"All the tortures that you wish, do them to me; I will endure them through the power of Christ.\" The governor said, \"Take him to prison until I decide what I will do to him.\" They took him to prison. On the next day, however, he sat on the tribunal. Behold, the governor Arianus had arrived in the city. They greeted one another. Colkianos said to Arianus, \"There is a Christian in this place whom I have not been able to persuade to sacrifice to the gods of the king.\" Arianus said to him, \"Show him to me.\" They brought the saint to him. Arianus said to him, \"Are you the magician who leads astray and despises the gods of the emperors?\" The blessed one said...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ (from Greek ἀμφιθέατρον) is rendered 'amphitheater' in the English draft. The term here denotes a venue for public spectacles, including executions, typical in Roman-era martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The saint's sign of the cross and invocation of the Trinity ('in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit') echoes the Trinitarian formula common in early Christian liturgy and baptismal creeds, e.g., Matthew 28:19.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The governor Arianus (ⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ) is a recurring figure in Coptic martyrdom narratives, often identified with the Roman prefect of Egypt under Diocletian. His arrival here marks a shift in the judicial process.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲉⲣⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ","severity":"info","text":"The saint's self-signing with the cross before the amphitheater collapse is a structural pivot: the miracle (collapse) follows immediately, confirming divine favor and prompting the soldiers' acclamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The soldiers' cry 'One is the God of the Christians' is a formulaic acclamation in Coptic hagiography, echoing the monotheistic confession central to martyrdom narratives and often used to contrast pagan polytheism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ('they cried out') is clear, but the subject 'the soldiers' (ⲛⲁϯⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ) is ambiguous in gender and number; the English draft supplies 'soldiers' plausibly, but the text could also refer to other onlookers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of those who cry out after the miracle (ⲛⲁϯⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ) is ambiguous; the English draft reads 'soldiers', but the Coptic term could also mean 'guards' or 'orderlies'.","The phrase ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩϫⲉϣ ⲑⲏⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲗⲁⲙϫⲁⲡⲧ ('he had them bring torches and lamps') is syntactically compressed; the subject of the infinitive is unclear, though the governor is the implied agent."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ","english":"ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\n\nsaid to him,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary, consisting only of ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ('to him, that'). The English draft supplies 'said to him,' but the Coptic lacks a verb; the sense is inferred from context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the opening of a speech or response by the governor or another official, continuing the dialogue from the previous passage where the saint refused a delay.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom of Isaac of Tiphre (or Tiphrensis) is part of the Coptic hagiographical tradition under Diocletian; the narrative typically involves a governor demanding sacrifice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990029373290203941","hollis:alma990085604650203941"]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version of the Testament of Isaac (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac) provides a parallel but distinct tradition, suggesting the Coptic text may have been transmitted and adapted in Ethiopic circles.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is incomplete; the verb governing ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ is missing, so the speaker and exact phrasing are uncertain. The English draft supplies 'said to him' as a plausible restoration."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲓⲏⲡ ⲉ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲟⲣⲡϥ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲡⲉⲧⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲉⲝⲱⲣⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲣⲡϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ\nⲁⲩϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲏⲓ *ϣⲁϯϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϯⲛⲁⲭⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ\nϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲣⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥϯ ⲛ̃ϯϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ϩⲁ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲡⲗⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ\nⲉⲓϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲛⲉϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲣⲓⲃⲟⲛ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲓ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉϯⲛⲁϩⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϫⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲚⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲉϥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲉϥ ⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲧ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲉⲣⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲕⲩⲣⲓ ⲭⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲁⲣⲓ ϯⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲧⲥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲁϥⲥⲱ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲣ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ","english":"I am not a magician, but I am attached to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Arianos said to the Koulkianos, \"Send him to me, I will do what I wish with him.\" Koulkianos said to the holy Abba Isaac, \"Since you did not listen to me, behold, I will exile you.\" Then he sent him with Arianos, and he was bound to the south. The blessed one, however, they took him to the east of the ship. Behold, he revealed himself to him on the east of the ship, the Savior whom the blessed one had seen. He took him down, and he worshipped him, saying, \"Remember, O Lord, to give me strength until I complete my course.\" The Lord said to him, \"Do not fear; I will not leave you, neither you nor those who are with you, until you inherit this kingdom.\" As he was saying these things, he gave him the peace and went up to the heavens. The blessed Abba Isaac, however, prayed to the Lord above, saying, \"O God, who formed me from the womb of my mother, be merciful to me in every place where I will go. Do not let the nations say, 'Their god has fled.'\" As he was saying these things, the sailors of the ship were listening to him. They said to one another, \"This is a man of God.\" But one of the sailors opened the east of the ship and said to him, \"Hail.\" The blessed one answered, \"Hail, my good brother. Do me the charity of giving me a little water.\" He brought him the katous and drank. He said to the sailor, \"May the Lord have mercy on you.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magus) is used here in the singular, likely meaning 'sorcerer' rather than a Nativity visitor. Isaac denies being one, asserting Christian orthodoxy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (to worship) implies prostration, a key gesture in martyrdom scenes before a divine figure, here the Savior.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲁⲣⲓ ϯⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ (do me the charity) uses the Greek loanword ἀγάπη. In this context, it likely means a charitable act (giving water) rather than the liturgical meal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's reassurance to Isaac ('Do not fear; I will not leave you') echoes New Testament promises of divine presence, e.g., John 14:16-18, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲕⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The name Koulkianos (Latin: Culcianus) is a historical Roman official known from Coptic martyrdom accounts, often a persecutor. This aligns with the genre's use of stock antagonists.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue, marked by exchanges between Isaac, Koulkianos, Arianos, the Savior, and a sailor. The shift from trial to vision to prayer follows a typical hagiographic pattern.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥ (katous) is obscure; it may refer to a vessel or container for water, but the exact meaning is uncertain.","The location 'east of the ship' (ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲟⲓ) may have symbolic significance (east as direction of salvation) but is not explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","text":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ → “love”. Greek ἀγάπη. The liturgical meal sense ('agape') is technical and should not be flattened to 'love'."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","text":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ carries more than one sense (charity, agape (the meal)); this passage takes it as “love”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ → “worship”. ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ carries more than one sense (bow down, prostrate); this passage takes it as “worship”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲡ *ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ ⲇⲉ\nⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲟϫⲡ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ","english":"On the great day of judgment, he received the *katous, and a little water was poured into it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic word ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ (pinaf) is a variant of ⲡⲓⲛⲁϥ, meaning 'the oil' or 'the unguent'. In this context, it likely refers to a liquid used in a ritual or punitive act, possibly oil or a similar substance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥ (pikatous) is a Greek loanword (κατοῦς) meaning 'a vessel' or 'a container'. Here it is the object into which water is poured, likely a cup or bowl used in the martyrdom narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲡ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'on the great day of judgment' (ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲡ) may refer to a specific eschatological context or a judicial proceeding in the martyrdom narrative, possibly the final judgment before a Roman official.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ is uncertain; the Coptic OCR may have misread ⲡⲓⲛⲁϥ (oil) or another word. The sense of 'oil' is plausible given the context of pouring water, but the exact substance is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ ⲇⲉ is ambiguous: ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ could be a variant of 'the oil' or a different word; the OCR may have introduced an error. The reading taken is that it refers to a liquid (oil or unguent) poured into the vessel."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ⲁϥⲫⲟⲛϥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲉϥ ϩⲱⲥ ⲉϥⲥⲱⲃⲓ ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ ⲇⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ\nⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲙⲡⲉϥϣⲱⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲓⲛⲉϥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲩϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲣⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲟⲛ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲱⲓⲕ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ϥⲉⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲁⲛ ϣⲁϯϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲓⲕ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nϦⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲓ︦ⲋ︦ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϩⲟⲣⲙⲉⲥ\nⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲁⲓϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲛⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲓⲙⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲫⲓⲗⲟⲝⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁ̃ⲡⲁ ⲥⲓⲣⲓⲛⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲡⲉⲛⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲛ ⲁ ⲡⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲧⲁϩⲟⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲛⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ *ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁ̃ⲡⲁ ⲥⲓⲣⲓⲛⲏ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲁϩⲟⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ\nⲛⲁϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲁⲓⲟϯ ϫⲉ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲁⲗⲟⲩ ϯⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nⲁ̃ⲡⲁ ⲫⲓⲗⲟⲝⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ\nⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲭⲛⲁϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲡⲉⲛⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϫⲱⲣϩ ⲁⲩⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","english":"He threw him upon one of the jars of oil as if he were playing. That jar, however, was a single eye, from which not a drop could be taken. He opened it as if it had never been ill. And the jars that saw what had happened gave glory to God, who alone works great wonders. They also brought him some bread so that he might eat. The blessed one said to them, \"My God will bless you. I will not eat until I complete my course. I will eat bread in the kingdom of the heavens with my Lord Jesus Christ.\"\n\nAt the completion of the forty days, he persevered in the prison. They brought the blessed one down to the city. The people of the city were very hospitable. He found the blessed Philoxenos and Apa Sirene in the prison. He greeted them. They said to him, \"Greetings, our beloved brother. Grace has brought us to greet you.\" The blessed Apa Sirene said, \"May the Lord God give us strength so that we may stand in his holy name until we complete our struggle. Amen.\" The blessed Abba Isaac said to them, \"Remember my fathers, that I am a small child. I know nothing.\" Apa Philoxenos said to him, \"Greetings, my brother. The governor will hear you first. You will receive the crown of your martyrdom. But remember us in the house of God in the evening prayer.\" The holy ones prayed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ (plural ⲛⲓⲛⲉϥ) is a loanword from Greek ναῦς (ship) but here denotes a large jar or vessel for oil, consistent with the hagiographic context of a prison or storehouse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲁⲛ ϣⲁϯϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Isaac’s refusal to eat until completing his ‘course’ (ⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ) echoes the ascetic motif of fasting until a spiritual goal is reached, reminiscent of Christ’s words in John 4:34 (bread of the kingdom) and the Pauline ‘course’ (δρομος) of martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϩⲟⲣⲙⲉⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲓϩⲟⲣⲙⲉⲥ (from Greek φρουρά) means ‘prison’ or ‘guardhouse’. The forty-day period (ⲓ︦ⲋ︦ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ) is a standard hagiographic topos for the duration of a martyr’s imprisonment before trial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a narrative shift from the prison miracle to the city scene, introducing the meeting with Philoxenos and Apa Sirene, which sets up the communal prayer and the impending trial before the governor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) for Isaac is retained in the Coptic text, reflecting the monastic and liturgical veneration of Isaac of Tiphre in the Coptic tradition, as attested in the Ethiopic synaxary (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ (literally ‘a single eye’) is obscure; it may be a scribal error or a metaphor for a jar with a single opening. The translation ‘single eye’ is retained but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ: unclear whether this is a literal ‘single eye’ (perhaps a spout) or a corruption; the reading ‘single eye’ is followed.","ⲡⲓⲛⲉϥ: the plural ⲛⲓⲛⲉϥ could refer to jars or ships; context favours jars of oil."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲁϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲫ︦ϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲱⲛϧ\nϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲓϣⲟⲡ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟⲥⲉⲩⲭⲏ ⲓ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲉⲛϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ ⲫⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ϣⲁ\nⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ\nⲈⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ²\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉⲙϯ\nⲫⲣⲉ *ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲛϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϫⲱⲣϩ ⲉϥⲉ̃ϯϫⲟⲙ\nⲛⲁⲕ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲡⲉⲕⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲇⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲉⲛⲉⲩⲧⲏⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲕϩⲏⲧ ⲑⲱⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ\nⲃ︦ ⲁⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱ ⲉⲓϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱ ⲉⲓϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁϥⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲡⲱⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ϥⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥϫⲱⲧ\nⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩϯ ⲕⲟⲩⲫⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲱϥ ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲕⲱⲣϫ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁϫϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓ","english":"He opened his mouth, Abba Isaac, and blessed God, saying, \"I will bless you, O God, in my life. I will sing psalms to my God as if I were present. Let my prayer ascend to the height before you like incense, for you have preserved me in the furnace of your grace and saved me through your holy name. For yours is the glory forever. Amen.\"\n\nAfter his prayer, the governor Arianos sat upon the tribunal and said thus, \"Bring me this magician and sorcerer.\" The other *stonarii* came to the prison. The blessed Abba Isaac said to the holy ones, \"Remember me to God. Give me strength.\" They said to him, \"God, whom we serve day and night, will give you strength until you complete your course.\"\n\nWhen he was brought before the governor, he said to him through the interpreter, \"Has your heart not yet been moved to sacrifice to the honored gods, for whom the kings have written, so that you might escape from these tortures?\" The holy Abba Isaac said to him, \"Not once, nor twice, have I desired to say to you that I will sacrifice to your gods. I have desired to say to you that the whole world has perished, but my God will endure forever.\"\n\nWhen the governor heard these things, he became enraged, gnashed his teeth, and foamed at the mouth until his nostrils were blocked. The holy one, however, contended in these things.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek/Syriac form of address is retained in the Coptic, indicating the saint's authority and the liturgical register of the dialogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ is used twice: first with God as object (blessed God), then with the addressee (I will bless you, O God). The glossary notes that when the object is God, the sense is 'praise'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The transliterated Hebrew amen closes Isaac's prayer, marking a doxological conclusion typical of Coptic liturgical and hagiographic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Arianos is the governor (ϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ) presiding over the trial; the name is conventional in Coptic martyrdom accounts for a Roman persecutor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Isaac's prayer (with doxology) to the governor's tribunal scene, then to the interrogation via an interpreter, a standard dialogic structure in Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The term ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ (other stonarii) is obscure; it may refer to guards or officials, but the exact function is uncertain. The English draft renders it as 'stonarii' without clarification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲓϣⲟⲡ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟⲥⲉⲩⲭⲏ ⲓ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ is ambiguous: it may mean 'as if I were present' (as in the English draft) or 'as if my prayer were present'.","The identity of the 'holy ones' (ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ) is not specified; they could be fellow prisoners or angelic figures."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","text":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ → “amen”. Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ *ⲓ̃ⲧⲁ ⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲣϫ ⲥⲱⲣϫ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲑⲟⲕ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲁⲩⲫⲱⲛ ⲛⲟⲩϫⲓⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲡⲉⲡⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥϣⲁϣ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲫⲱⲣⲕ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲓⲉⲃ ⲛⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲫⲉⲛ ϩⲉⲙϫ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲁⲧⲱϣⲉⲙ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϩ ⲛ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲉⲩⲗⲟⲃϣ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲁⲩⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϥⲙⲁϣϫ ⲁⲩϧⲓϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ\nϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲁϩ ⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲁ̃ⲛⲕⲉⲫⲁⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ\nⲁϥⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ\nⲠⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲁⲩⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲁⲣⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲡⲓϫⲁⲣϩⲏⲧ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲑⲱⲥ ⲁ̃ ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲛⲁⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲱ̃ ⲡⲓⲁⲧϩⲏⲧ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲏⲣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ\nⲁϥⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲕⲉⲡⲓⲃⲟⲩⲗⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲑⲱⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲕ\nⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲓ̃ⲙⲏⲧⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲓⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲁⲓⲣⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϣⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ *ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁⲣⲧⲉⲙⲓⲥ\nⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϣⲁⲩ\nϣⲁⲩ ϣⲁϯⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲁϣⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲁϫⲓϫ\nⲠⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲁϥ ⲟⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲛⲁⲓⲟϯ ⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ϯⲉⲣⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲉⲩⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲡⲉ ⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲧⲥⲟ ⲛⲁϯϩⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ","english":"all of them, then he had them make the body of the saint into strips, strip by strip, with a knife of Benipi. He had them bring a poker and a spit over his ribs. He had them dislocate his limbs, one by one, his hands and his feet. He had them pour vinegar over them and lime without water. He had them bring scribes of Benipi, burning with fire, and they thrust them into his ears and poured them inside them until the fire was quenched in his head. The saint, however, rose up against all these things with great strength. The entire crowd and the governor were amazed. But Arianos the governor turned to Abba Isaac the brave and said to him, \"Truly, your magic has been revealed today.\" The saint said to him, \"You see, it is not you, O wretched one, for my Lord Jesus Christ has saved me how many times from your schemes and your tortures.\" Arianos said to him, \"Truly, no one has saved you except your magic which you perform in the name of Jesus, in whom you believe. But come, your salvation is the gods Apollo and Artemis, the mother of the gods, for I will make your limbs into pieces, pieces until you know that your magic cannot save you from my hands.\" The governor said to him again, \"What is your name?\" The saint said to him, \"My name which my parents gave me in the flesh according to the world is Isaac. The name by which I am enrolled in citizenship is Christian.\" The governor said to him, \"Isaac, your words of wisdom will not benefit you at all. Listen to me, make an offering.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"Benipi is a toponym, likely a village or region in Egypt, but its precise location is uncertain. The repeated mention of a 'knife of Benipi' and 'scribes of Benipi' may indicate a local craft or administrative association.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-isaac-tiphrensis","label":"source edition: Martyrdom Isaac Tiphrensis","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20Isaac%20Tiphrensis/Isaac%20Tiphrensis_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"Here ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the saint after death, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts. The body is subjected to post-mortem mutilation, a common trope in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Isaac's declaration that 'my Lord Jesus Christ has saved me' echoes Psalm 118 (LXX 117) and New Testament passages on divine deliverance, but no direct quotation is present. The phrase is a standard hagiographic formula.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲧⲉⲙⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Artemis, here called 'mother of the gods', is a syncretic reference; in Egyptian contexts, Artemis was often identified with Isis or Neith. The pairing with Apollo reflects Greco-Roman polytheism as a foil for Christian monotheism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲣⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses a repetitive syntactic pattern: 'he had them do X' (ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩ + infinitive), listing tortures in a formulaic sequence. This builds rhetorical intensity and mirrors the catalogues of torments common in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϣⲁϩ ⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'until the fire was quenched in his head' is ambiguous: it may mean the fire was extinguished by the saint's miraculous endurance, or that it burned out naturally. The Coptic does not specify agency.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Benipi' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a personal name.","The phrase 'until the fire was quenched in his head' leaves unclear whether the saint or the torturers caused the quenching."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲥⲟϭ\nⲁⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲃⲉ ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ\nϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲥⲟϭ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲱⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲁϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲫⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲭⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲕⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ *ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲧⲉⲕ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ\nⲉ̃ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃\nⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩⲗϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲗⲁⲙϫⲁⲧⲡ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ ⲥⲁϩϯ ϧⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉⲣⲃⲉⲣ ϫⲟϣⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥϣⲃⲱⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲟⲛ ϫⲱϣ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲣⲓⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲁⲕⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲅ︦ ⲛⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯϩⲣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲁⲃⲟⲩⲭⲟⲇⲟⲛⲟⲥⲟⲣ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲕⲉⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲧ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦\nϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ\nⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ\nⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ϣⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ\nϦⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲓⲥ ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏ*ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲓ̃","english":"his feet. The blessed one said to him, \"I am not a fool, but I am wise. If I listen to you, then I will be a fool.\" The governor said to have him taken to the iron rack and to have him stretched until all his limbs were dislocated. The governor said to him, \"Make a sacrifice so that I may release you.\" The blessed one said to him, \"My body may be tortured with various torments, but my soul and my spirit—you have no power over them.\" The governor commanded, \"Bring oil, fat, and pitch, put them on the copper plate, heat them until they boil, and pour them over his wounds first, then again over his entire body.\" They did this to him in this manner. The saint, when he saw the copper plate, said, \"My Lord Jesus, help me as you sent your angel and saved the holy one from the furnace of fire of Nebuchadnezzar the king. In this way, may you save me, my Lord, so that the governor may not say that his god has abandoned me.\" When he had said this, he made the sign of the cross over himself three times, saying, \"In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.\" Then he descended into the copper plate and prayed to God, saying, \"Lord God, the Pantocrator, Father of my Lord Jesus Christ, come to me, do not abandon me.\" At that hour, Michael the archangel came.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the living body as the site of torture, distinct from the soul and spirit, consistent with the glossary's note for martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ here is a divine messenger, Michael the archangel, not a human envoy; the glossary's rare 'messenger' sense does not apply.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲃⲟⲩⲭⲟⲇⲟⲛⲟⲥⲟⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The saint invokes the angelic rescue from Nebuchadnezzar's furnace, alluding to Daniel 3 (the three youths). This typology is common in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a pattern: governor's command, saint's defiance, torture, prayer, and divine intervention. The prayer echoes the Trisagion and invokes Michael, marking a structural climax.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The copper plate (ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ) is a standard instrument in Roman-era martyrdom, heated with oil, fat, and pitch to intensify suffering. Its use here mirrors other Coptic hagiographies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of Michael the archangel as rescuer from fire reflects a widespread Coptic devotional motif, seen in other martyrdom texts and liturgical prayers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ could be read as 'the blessed one' (a title for the saint) or 'the blessed' (generic); the context favors the saint.","The phrase ⲛⲁϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ (line 10) is ambiguous: it may mean 'he said' or 'he was saying'; the iterative sense is taken.","The reading of ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏ*ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ as 'archangel' is clear, but the asterisk indicates a scribal abbreviation or lacuna in the Coptic."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ → “holy”. Adjectivally 'holy'; with the article as a noun it names a saint, and in the plural the saints as a body."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (saint); this passage takes it as “holy”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ → “body”. In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ carries more than one sense (corpse); this passage takes it as “body”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲁϥⲱ̃ϣⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲕⲏⲃ ⲛⲁϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ϩⲓⲱ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲓⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲭⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲓⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩϫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲟⲗϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲃⲁϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙϯⲫⲣⲉ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲑⲟϣ ⲡⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲙⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϯⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁϥⲥⲉⲕ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲗⲗⲁ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ\nⲈⲧⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲕ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲙⲟⲥ² ⲧⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲇⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲃⲁϩ ⲁ̃ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲕⲱϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲗϥ\nⲇⲉ ϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ *ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϩⲁ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲕⲟⲩ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲁϥⲕⲱϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲥⲁⲡⲥⲁ\nⲛ̃ϯⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲁϥϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ\nⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲥⲉⲣⲁⲫⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲗⲟⲩⲧⲟⲩⲣⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ","english":"out of the sky, he melted the copper, making it like flowing water. But the people of the city, when they saw what had happened, cried out, wanting to stone the governor, saying, \"Either release him or give his sentence.\" Then the governor commanded that he be put on a ship and drowned in the river. After he gave his sentence, he wrote as follows: \"Isaac of Tiphre, in the district of Panau, since his wish is to die for the name of Jesus, I order that his head be cut off with the sword.\" Thus he drew the document and stood up from the tribunal.\n\nWhen the servants of lawlessness came, they dragged the saint, with the iron collar around his neck. When they brought him to the riverbank, the whole city came out to meet him, marveling at his appearance and the glory surrounding him. When they had drawn him out, saying that they were about to cut off his head, the holy father Abba Isaac said to the servants, \"Wait for me, my brothers, a little while, so that I may pray to my God before you kill me.\" The other soldiers withdrew from him.\n\nThe blessed Abba Isaac turned his face toward the east, opened his mouth, and prayed thus: \"The angels of the light are standing before you with me today. The archangels of the light are standing before you with me today. The seraphim of the light are standing before you with me today. The liturgies of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ (from Greek χαλκίον) refers to a copper or bronze vessel, here the iron rack mentioned in the previous passage; the Coptic describes it as melted by divine intervention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲡⲓϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ (ἡγεμών) designates the Roman governor, a standard figure in Coptic martyrdom accounts, here presiding over the trial and sentencing of Isaac.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ (ἀπόφασις) means 'sentence' or 'judicial decision'; here it refers to the governor's written order for Isaac's execution by beheading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ (ὑπηρέτης) denotes 'servants' or 'attendants,' here euphemistically called 'servants of lawlessness' (ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ), i.e., the executioners.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a structural shift from the trial scene to the execution narrative, with the governor's written sentence (ⲁⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ) serving as a formal hinge; Isaac's request to pray before death introduces a prayer sequence that continues into the next passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The detail of the iron collar (ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲙⲟⲥ) around Isaac's neck reflects a common Roman practice of restraining condemned prisoners; the public procession to the riverbank and the city's marveling at the saint's glory are hagiographic topoi emphasizing his sanctity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ is ambiguous: it could mean 'they were about to cut off his head' (as in the English draft) or 'they were going to cut off his head'; the reading taken follows the narrative sequence.","The phrase ⲛⲓⲗⲟⲩⲧⲟⲩⲣⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ (the liturgies of) is incomplete in the Coptic, breaking off at the end of the passage; the English draft supplies 'the light' from context, but the Coptic text is corrupt or truncated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","text":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ → “pray”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ⲫⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲙⲟⲩ\nϣⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲉⲣⲡⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲥⲙⲏ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϯⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲑⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲉ̃ⲧⲏⲙⲁ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ϩⲱⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ϫⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲓⲥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ\n*ⲉ̃ϥⲧⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲁⲛϣⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲣϩⲩⲙⲛⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲧⲁϩⲛⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ\nⲥⲁⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲙⲏ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ϣⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲓ̃ⲁⲁⲕ ϯⲛⲁϯ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲉⲭⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧϣⲉⲃⲓⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲏⲙⲁ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲩⲙⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲭⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥϯ ⲉϥⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ\nⲚⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲥⲟⲑⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ\nⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ\nⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ϯⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲕⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁϯⲙⲓ ⲙⲏⲡⲱⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩϫⲁϫⲓ ⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲱϥ\nⲉⲕⲉⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲃⲟⲛ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϫⲁϫⲓ ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲓ︦ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ\n*ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲕⲉⲭⲱ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲛ̃ⲟⲃⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉ ⲫⲣⲏ ϩⲱⲧⲡ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲉⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲕⲱⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϧⲉⲛ","english":"The light descended and stood before you, and with me today. Come to me today, my Lord Jesus, and give me strength. Let me be worthy to hear your voice before my death, so that my heart may be stirred within me, and I may remember you in my desire, which is in my heart. As the holy Abba Isaac was saying these things, behold, the Lord Jesus came out of the sky, borne upon a chariot of light, with countless angels hymning him. He halted the chariot above the place where the holy one was. The Lord cried out in a loud voice, \"Come up to me, my beloved Isaac. I will give you your reward for the suffering you have endured for my name. As for the desires you have longed for, I will grant them to you, for I am a giver of joy, my father.\"\n\nWhen the holy Abba Isaac heard what the Savior said to him, his heart was strengthened, and he spoke with the Savior, saying, \"Listen to me, my Lord. Stir my heart in the one I remember through you. You know, my Lord, that my faith is a small thing. Would that an enemy might rise up against it, and you send Michael the archangel to embolden them and give them strength to destroy my enemies. If a man sins, let him come upon my body and beseech you to forgive him his sins, before the sun sets on that day.\" The Lord said to him, \"Let it be so, my beloved.\" The holy one said to him, \"I will remember you for the one who will care for my body in","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is a loan from Greek ἄγγελος. Here it refers to celestial beings hymning the Lord, consistent with the glossary's fixed rendering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) is a Greek/Syriac form of address for a monastic elder, kept in the Coptic as a fixed rendering. It is applied to Isaac throughout the passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭⲥ ⲓⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲡϭⲥ ⲓⲏⲥ (the Lord Jesus) echoes New Testament usage (e.g., Acts 7:59). The chariot of light and angelic hymnody recall the theophany in Ezekiel 1 and the ascension imagery in Luke 24:51.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Michael the archangel is a prominent figure in Coptic hagiography, often invoked as a protector. His role here as a military intercessor aligns with his depiction in the Testament of Isaac (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Isaac's prayer to a theophany (chariot of light, angelic hymnody), then to a dialogue between Isaac and the Lord. This three-part structure (prayer, vision, dialogue) is typical of Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲥⲟⲑⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲟⲑⲙⲟⲩ (heard them) is ambiguous: the antecedent of ⲟⲩ (them) could be the words of the Lord or the angelic hymns. The English draft takes it as the Lord's words, but the Coptic allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲥⲟⲑⲙⲟⲩ (heard them) may refer to the Lord's words or the angels' hymns; the English draft opts for the former.","The clause ⲛⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲧ ⲙⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ (stir my heart) is syntactically ambiguous: it could be a request or a statement of effect."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲓⲥⲓ ⲉⲕⲉϩⲱⲃⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲃⲏϣ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲥϧⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲕⲉⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ\nϩⲓ ⲡϫⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲛⲁϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩϣⲏⲣⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲕⲉⲑⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲫⲏ\nⲉⲑⲛⲁϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲕⲉϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲁⲡⲉⲣⲁⲧⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲟⲩⲱ̃ϩⲉⲙ ⲛⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲙⲏ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲣⲁⲩϣ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ ϯϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲉⲣⲡⲟⲩⲙⲉⲩⲓ\nϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲭⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲓⲥ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓⲑⲁϣϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ *ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲭⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲏⲙⲁ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲗϭⲟ *ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧ\nⲘⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲙⲱⲓⲛⲓ ϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲁⲩⲭⲱ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲱⲛⲓ ⲁⲩϭⲱⲗⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲩⲧ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲱϯ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥⲕⲓⲙ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲁ\nⲟⲩϩⲟϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲥⲑⲉⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ","english":"A covering you shall spread over his body at the time of his necessity, that he may not be naked. He who will write my martyrdom, let him reveal it, and write his name in the book of life. He who will give my name to his son with a desire of heart, let him bind his heart. He who will give an offering to my shrine, let him give from the offering of the incorruptible in the sanctuary of Abba Isaac. For these things the Savior answered him with a joyful voice, saying, \"Come, I say to you, that all the works you have done, I will give them to you. The other things you have not thought of, I will grant them to you, O Michael the great archangel, whom I have appointed over your shrine, where they will place your body. Let him serve you in every place, and heal. The people will inquire after them from you.\"\n\nAfter these things, Abba Isaac turned to the other strategoi and said to them, \"Come, fulfill what was commanded to you.\" In this manner, the other strategoi came, they put the bit in his mouth, they placed his head on a great stone, they stretched out his neck, and they cut off his head with a sword. Blood and water came out of his body. The place where they cut off his head moved to this side and that, three times. Fear and trembling occurred in the city, a multitude.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) here refers to Isaac's corpse after decapitation, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts for the physical remains.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) is retained in the Coptic as a Greek/Syriac honorific for Isaac, marking his authority as a monastic elder.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϫⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of life' (ⲡϫⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ) echoes Revelation 20:12, where the saved are recorded, a common motif in Coptic martyrdom promises.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲙⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The bit (ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲙⲟⲥ) placed in Isaac's mouth is a detail of Roman torture, used to silence or control victims before execution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Christ's direct speech (promises to Isaac) to narrative action, as Isaac turns to the strategoi and is executed, marking a transition from vision to martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The term ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ (other strategoi) is ambiguous: it may refer to military officers or local officials; the Coptic does not specify their role beyond carrying out orders.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'other strategoi' (ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲱⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ) is unclear; they may be Roman officials or local magistrates.","The phrase 'blood and water' (ⲟⲩⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲱϯ) could be literal or symbolic; the Coptic does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ϯϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲱϯ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲛⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϭⲁⲗⲉⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲃⲟ ⲉ̃ϣⲁⲩϭⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲱϯ ⲉⲑⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nϣⲁⲩϯ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲙⲟⲕϩ ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉⲩ ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲓϭⲁⲗⲉⲩ ⲛⲁⲩⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲣ ⲛⲁⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲃⲟ ⲛⲁⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲋ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓ̃ⲁⲃⲟⲧ ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ϣⲁ ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧϥ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲁⲧⲧⲁⲕⲟ ϣⲁ\nⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲘⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲧⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲁϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲗⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϣⲉⲛⲥ ⲁϥⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲁϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲥⲩⲛⲧⲟⲛⲓⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲕⲱⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ\nⲀⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲥⲩⲛⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϯⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲁⲓϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲉⲓⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲁⲓⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϩⲩⲡⲟⲙⲛⲏⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲩϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲓϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲧⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲏⲥ\nⲁϥϯ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲣⲟⲩⲕⲓⲟⲛ *ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ\nⲁⲓⲧⲁⲗⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲁⲓⲉⲛϥ ϣⲁ ϯⲁⲛⲉⲙⲣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϥϯⲙⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲉⲣϭⲓ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲃⲛⲱⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲁⲩⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲙⲡⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nϧⲁϫⲱϥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲁⲩⲟⲗϥ ⲉ̃ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲉⲩⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲉⲩϯⲱ̃ⲟⲩ\nⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦","english":"The people heard and came out to see the miracle that had happened. The blood and the sweat were drawn out from the body of Abba Isaac. Moreover, the blind and the lame and the deaf and the dumb who partook of the blood and the sweat that came from the body of the blessed one, they placed them upon their afflicted limbs and they were healed. The blind saw, the lame walked, the deaf heard, the dumb spoke. This is the manner in which Abba Isaac completed his martyrdom on the twenty-third of the month of Pachons. He went to the one whom he loved, Christ. He received the imperishable crown forever and ever. Amen.\n\nAfter these things, the governor came. He brought a linen garment and placed it on his head. He also brought some tunics and covered the body of the blessed Abba Isaac.\n\nBut I, the sinner Christophoros, I am a relative of this saint. From the beginning I was with him. I wrote down his acts of endurance, and I did not conceal them nor omit anything from them, because I saw that there was no one else there. I confronted the governor. He gave me a proclamation and six servants of his. I carried the body and brought it to the riverbank of his village. I did not find a boat to cross with him. God commanded the beasts, and they walked upon the water as if on dry land. When the people of the village heard, they all came out to him, the small and the great. They brought him into the church with glory and honor, rejoicing and praising God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of Abba Isaac, consistent with the glossary rule for martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"Here ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ denotes the church building, as the body is brought into it with glory and honor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The date '23 Pachons' corresponds to 18 May in the Julian calendar, a common feast day for Coptic martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Christophoros is a relative of Isaac and wrote the martyrdom from firsthand witness is a typical hagiographic authentication topos.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990029373290203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the martyrdom narrative with a healing miracle, the saint's death, and the translation of his body, followed by a scribal colophon identifying Christophoros as author.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲧⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The term ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲧⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲏⲥ (governor) appears abruptly after Isaac's death; the narrative may conflate the governor with a later official or reflect a textual seam.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲃⲛⲱⲟⲩⲓ̃' (the beasts) could refer to wild animals or domesticated ones; the context of walking on water suggests a miraculous event, but the specific identity is unclear.","The reading 'ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲁⲧⲧⲁⲕⲟ' (imperishable crown) is a standard martyrdom motif, but the Coptic text has a lacuna marked by * before ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ, possibly indicating a missing phrase."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ\nⲘⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲁⲓϣⲟⲣϣⲉⲣ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ ⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲏ︦ ⲛⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ\nⲁⲓⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉⲩⲕⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲓϯ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲧⲉⲫⲁⲛⲟⲩ\nⲁⲛⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲁⲛⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲁ̃ⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲋ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲧⲱⲃⲓ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nϩⲁⲛϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲉⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲛϧⲟ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ\n⳧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϣⲉⲛⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲱⲙ ⲛ̃ⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲙⲁⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲕⲟⲗⲑⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ⲧⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ̃ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϣⲏϩⲏⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲁ\nⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲱϣ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ϯⲕⲁⲑⲉⲇⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓ︦ⲇ︦ⲓ︦ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ ϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲙⲁϩⲭ︦ⲙ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲓⲥ ⲇⲓⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ̃ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲓ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϧⲁ ⲡⲓϫⲱⲃ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ\nⲙⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ⲧⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲕⲟⲗⲑⲁ ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲭⲁ\nⲛⲁⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲧϥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.","english":"He who alone works the miracles.\n\nAfter these things, I, Christophoros, built his house to the south of the church in the month of Paoni. I built an oratory for the saint. I gave his crown. I sent for and brought the bishop, and he consecrated it. On the seventh day of the month of Tobi, there came to pass in it many powers and miracles, to the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ, and his good Father, and the Holy Spirit, the Life-giver, now and at all times, and forever and ever, amen.\n\nIn the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, this good memorial came to pass from this little book of reading, from the hand of our God-loving father Abraham of Koltha and his spiritual sons. He brought it into the holy church of our holy father Abba Makari of Shihit, in the time of our holy father Abba Kosma, the archbishop of Rakoti, who was reading over the chair of our father Abba Makari. By the hand of the deacon Jacob, in the third of the martyrs, that is, the repentance. Remember. I, for the sinful work, who wrote it, Theodore, the spiritual son of my father Abraham of Koltha. O Lord Jesus Christ, grant me forgiveness of my sins and all my transgressions, amen.","structure":"doxology","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a doxology, closing the martyrdom with a colophon that records the building of a shrine, the consecration, and the scribal subscription.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ is rendered 'church' per the pinned glossary; here it refers to the building south of which Christophoros built his house.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ is left untranslated as 'amen', following the liturgical convention for doxologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ is kept as 'Abba' for the honorific address to saints and bishops, e.g., Abba Makari and Abba Kosma.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The colophon names Christophoros as the builder of the oratory, and Theodore as the scribe, son of Abraham of Koltha, situating the manuscript in a monastic or ecclesiastical network.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The subscription invokes forgiveness for the scribe Theodore, reflecting the penitential purpose of copying hagiography in Coptic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲓϯ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲧⲉⲫⲁⲛⲟⲩ is ambiguous: 'I gave his crown' may refer to a relic or an iconographic crown, not a literal object.","The identity of 'the deacon Jacob' and his role in the third of the martyrs is unclear; the phrase 'that is, the repentance' may be a gloss or a liturgical note."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"doxology","text":"Classified as doxology from the Coptic cues."}]}]}