{"slug":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","title":"Martyrdom George","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"coptic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"DeepInfra","generated":"2026-11-14T13:08:27Z","cost_usd":0.033231},"source":{"registry_id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","work_id":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","edition":"coptic-ocr","license":"GNU GPL-3.0","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"},"stats":{"passages":45,"english_words":10023,"coptic_letters":30897,"commentary_units":251,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":26,"ambiguities":88,"work_notes":4,"external_links":2,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","abstract":"This Coptic hagiography recounts the martyrdom of Saint George, a popular figure in Christian tradition. The text opens with a trinitarian invocation and identifies the work as the martyrdom of Saint George the strong martyr, completed on the 23rd of Pharmouthi. The narrative is set during a great winter persecution, with cities in turmoil and confessors compelled to worship idols. King Dadianos, ruling a fourth of the earth, issues decrees declaring that only Jesus Christ should be worshipped. The king commands all rulers to gather, and multitudes assemble. Dadianos sits on the tribunal and orders instruments of torture brought forth, including iron claws, hooks, saws, and bronze wheels. The text emphasizes George's steadfast faith and miraculous endurance, typical of Coptic hagiography.","historical_context":"The Martyrdom of George survives in Coptic manuscripts, likely from the White Monastery scriptorium in Upper Egypt, reflecting monastic transmission of martyrdom accounts. The date of composition is unknown, but the cult of Saint George was widespread in the Eastern Mediterranean by the 5th–6th centuries, and Coptic versions likely developed in the early medieval period (perhaps 6th–8th centuries). The text belongs to the genre of Coptic hagiography, which blends historical tradition with edifying narrative, often using a liturgical register with repetitive formulae. The work was transmitted in a monastic context, where such accounts were read for spiritual edification. The edition by Hyvernat and Balestri provides a critical Coptic text with Latin translation, making the martyrdom accessible to modern scholars. The OCR-based edition may contain transcription errors, so consultation of the original manuscript or critical apparatus is advised.","significance":"This text is significant as a witness to the Coptic veneration of Saint George, a major saint in Eastern Christianity. It illustrates the hagiographic genre's role in reinforcing Christian identity under persecution, using repetitive formulae and miraculous elements to inspire faith. The work also reflects the transmission of martyrdom accounts in Upper Egyptian monastic scriptoria, contributing to our understanding of Coptic literary culture and the spread of George's cult.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Earliest historical traditions of Saint George's martyrdom emerge in the Eastern Mediterranean."},{"date":"6th–8th c.","event":"Coptic version of the Martyrdom of George likely composed, transmitted in monastic scriptoria."},{"date":"9th–12th c.","event":"Manuscripts of the Coptic Martyrdom of George copied at the White Monastery scriptorium."},{"date":"1886","event":"Hyvernat and Balestri publish critical edition of the Coptic text with Latin translation."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"OCR-based edition produced, making text digitally accessible but with potential transcription errors."}],"relations":[{"work":"Martyrdom of George (Greek recension)","relation":"Related as a Coptic adaptation of a broader hagiographic tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Coptic Martyrdom of Saint Theodore","relation":"Similar genre and monastic transmission","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"White Monastery manuscripts","relation":"Likely provenance of the Coptic text","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"Hyvernat and Balestri edition","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt","reason":"Critical edition of the Coptic text with Latin translation"},{"key":"wikipedia:Saint George","label":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George","reason":"Overview of the saint's cult and hagiographic traditions"}],"cautions":["The date of composition is unknown; the text likely dates to the early medieval period (6th–8th centuries) but cannot be precisely determined.","The OCR-based edition may contain transcription errors; users should consult the original manuscript or critical apparatus for precise readings.","The attribution to a specific scriptorium (White Monastery) is probable but not definitively proven."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000435,"generated":"2026-11-14T03:32:13Z"},"checks":{"work":"hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":45,"translated":45,"commentary_passages":45,"commentary_units":251,"english_words":10023,"coptic_letters":30897,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text survives in a single Bohairic manuscript, likely from the 13th–14th century, with lacunae affecting the opening and closing sections.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The martyrdom is set in the Diocletianic persecution (early 4th century), but the narrative includes anachronistic details, such as later imperial titles, suggesting a composition date no earlier than the 6th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This version was not included in the standard Synaxarion for the feast of St. George (23 Baramhat), indicating limited liturgical use in the Coptic Church.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The OCR-based edition contains unresolved errors in proper names and numerals; the editor notes that some readings remain conjectural due to manuscript damage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Sahidic Coptic; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 32 narrative, 13 dialogue."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","text":"8 glossary term(s) recorded at first occurrence from a curated list of 53; the term index below gives the rendering and the count."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: coptic-ocr — GNU GPL-3.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":32,"dialogue":13},"term_index":[{"coptic":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"body","count":8,"first_passage":5,"note":"In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","english":"angel","count":5,"first_passage":8,"note":"Greek ἄγγελος; 'messenger' only where a human envoy is meant (rare in this corpus)."},{"coptic":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","english":"virgin","count":3,"first_passage":5,"note":"Greek παρθένος. In Marian texts the technical sense is fixed; the non-technical 'young woman' belongs to Greek, not to the Coptic usage."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","english":"amen","count":1,"first_passage":1,"note":"Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","english":"magus","count":1,"first_passage":8,"note":"In the Nativity narratives the plural names the visitors from the east; elsewhere the singular is a sorcerer, often an antagonist of an apostle."},{"coptic":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","english":"prophet","count":1,"first_passage":24,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","english":"people","count":1,"first_passage":24,"note":"Greek λαός. In liturgical description it is the congregation as distinct from the clergy, i.e. the laity."},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","english":"martyr","count":1,"first_passage":29,"note":"Greek μάρτυς. 'Witness' is the older forensic sense and survives in the paschal and apologetic register; the hagiographical sense is 'martyr'."}],"citations":{"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george":{"label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"*Ⲥⲩⲛ ⲑⲉⲟⲩ\nϮⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲕ︦ⲅ︦\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫϯ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ\nⲚϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ *ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲓⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϯⲱⲅⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ\nϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲥⲉⲙ\nⲉϥⲛⲁϣⲧ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲙⲁ ⲛⲁⲩⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ ⲡⲉ\nⲉⲩϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϩⲓϣⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲁⲍⲓⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲣϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ\n*ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁϥϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲉⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲇ︦ ⲛ̃ⲗⲁⲕϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉⲣϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ\nⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲟⲅⲙⲁ ϫⲉ\nϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲱϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲚⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲓⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲏ ⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲥⲙⲏ ⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲙⲁϣϫ ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ *ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲙⲁⲥϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲥⲓⲧⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁⲥⲧⲁⲣⲧⲏ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲍⲉⲩⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲍⲁⲃⲉⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲱⲣⲛⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲥⲕⲁⲙⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲥⲱϫⲡ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲩϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ *ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲓⲥϧⲁⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁ̃ⲙⲱⲓⲛⲓ\nϩⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ","english":"In the name of God.\nThe martyrdom of the holy George, the strong martyr,\nof our Lord Jesus Christ, who completed his struggle on the twenty-third\nof the month Pharmouthi, in the peace of God. Amen.\nNow at that time, in the season of winter and the great persecution that arose against\nthe church, there was a great commotion.\nIt was severe. The cities, each place, were in turmoil,\npersecuting the confessors of the truth under the hands of the demons of the idols. They were compelling\neveryone to worship the idols.\nThen King Dadianos, he who had received the authority and ruled the fourth\npart of the earth, took the lead. King Dadianos first\nsat upon the tribunal and wrote decrees that\nthey should be read throughout all the world.\nThese are the things written in them: \"Since a report has come to our hearing that he whom\nMary bore, he alone is the one worshipped, and Apollo and Poseidon and Hermes and Artemis\nand Zeus and Azabel and Ornas and Scamandron and the rest of the gods are not worshipped,\nbut Jesus Christ alone, he whom the Jews killed, he is the one served. Therefore I write\nto all the cities, throughout the region, and all the rulers\nwho are in my dominion: Come\nto me, hasten, that you may know the counsel of my authority.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ, a loan from Greek μάρτυς, carries the hagiographical sense 'martyr' here, as in the title 'strong martyr' (ⲡⲓϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ). The older forensic sense 'witness' is not operative in this context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ (from Greek ἐκκλησία) here denotes the church as an institution or congregation, as it is the object of persecution: 'the great persecution that arose against the church'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ (Mary) refers to the Theotokos, as the phrase 'he whom Mary bore' identifies Jesus Christ. This is consistent with Marian references in Coptic homilies and hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"King Dadianos (ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ) is a figure in Coptic hagiography, often identified with the Roman emperor Diocletian, who initiated the Great Persecution. The name is a Coptic adaptation, and the 'fourth part of the earth' reflects the tetrarchic division.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a doxological formula ('In the name of God') and a dating formula (23 Pharmouthi), typical of Coptic martyrdom narratives. It then shifts to a historical setting ('Now at that time') introducing the persecution and the king's decree.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'under the hands of the demons of the idols' (ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ) is ambiguous: it may mean the persecutors act as agents of demonic forces, or that the idols themselves are demonic. The reading 'demons' is taken from the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ (demons) is ambiguous: it may refer to the idols as demons or to demonic agents. The reading 'demons of the idols' follows the English draft.","The list of gods includes names like ⲉ̃ⲍⲁⲃⲉⲗ and ⲱⲣⲛⲁⲥ, which are not standard Greco-Roman deities; their identification is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","text":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ → “amen”. Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲩⲟϣ\nϩⲱⲥⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϣⲧⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ϣⲟ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̃ϣⲁⲓ\n*ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥⲑⲃⲁⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲓⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲁⲩⲭⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ\nϩⲁⲛϭⲗⲟϫ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲙⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲃⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲣϫⲕⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲧⲏⲕⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟⲭⲟⲥ\nⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲉⲣⲙⲉⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩϣⲉ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛϫⲓϫ *ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nϩⲁⲛⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲁϫⲗⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲉ̃ϣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϥⲟϫϣⲁⲗ\nⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϩ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ\nⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁϣⲟⲩⲣ ⲉⲩⲙⲟⲥⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲥⲱϫ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥⲉⲑⲃⲁⲓⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϣⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲛⲁϣ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛϫⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nⲉⲩⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲃ︦ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϣⲧⲉⲙⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ *ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nϯⲛⲁϣⲓⲃϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲟⲛϩⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲟϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϧⲟⲥⲓ ϯⲛⲁϧⲟⲙϧⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲩⲣⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲩϩⲏⲧ ϯⲛⲁⲕⲱⲣϫ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲁ̃ⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ϯⲛⲁϫⲱⲣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲱⲟⲩϩⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲉⲩⲫⲟⲣⲓ\nϯⲛⲁⲉⲣⲕⲓⲛⲇⲣⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲁⲃⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲛⲥⲏⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ\nϯⲛⲁⲥⲱⲗⲡ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲥⲱⲙⲁ\n*Ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲟϯ\nⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲉ̃ⲉⲣⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲉⲣⲕⲩⲛⲇⲓⲛⲉⲩⲓⲛ ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲥⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ ϣⲉⲣⲧⲟⲗⲙⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ\nⲚⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩϧⲉⲗϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ","english":"Then there gathered together from the whole inhabited world kings and great multitudes, and they were unable to find a place to contain them because of their multitude. And King Dadianos sat upon the tribunal, and he commanded them to bring to him all the instruments of torture. They placed them all before him, which were these: iron claws, and hooks, and saws, and bronze wheels, and wheels with sharpened swords attached, and iron instruments, and a tree that was a wheel, and bronze hands, and swords of flint, and sharpened knives, and bronze saws that cut the bones, and chains bound with the fire of the instruments of the terrible tortures. And the king cried out, saying, “If I find any who are of two hearts, saying that they will not worship the gods, I will fill the furnaces of my fathers, and I will torture them with high tortures. I will burn them in the pyre of fire. I will cut off their heads. I will scatter their assembly with sharpened swords. I will burn them. I will break their leg bones. I will strip the skin from their body.” When the multitudes heard these things, they feared greatly before the tortures, so that those who wished to become martyrs, seeing the multitudes of tortures, would waver until six years had passed, and no one dared to say, “I am a Christian.” But there was a young man whose name was George, the sun of...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The name Dadianos is a Coptic rendering of the Roman emperor Diocletian, a standard persecutor figure in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The bēma (tribunal) is the official judgment seat of a Roman magistrate, here symbolizing imperial authority and the setting for trial and torture.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The opening verb 'they gathered' marks a narrative shift from the general persecution to the specific assembly of kings and crowds before Dadianos, typical of hagiographic trial scenes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword basanos (torture) appears repeatedly, emphasizing the systematic and escalating violence central to the martyrdom narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"George is introduced as a young man, a 'sun' (ⲣⲏ), a solar metaphor common in Coptic hagiography to signal his spiritual radiance and Christ-like role.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲓⲛⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'until six years had passed' (ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲅ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲥⲓⲛⲓ) is textually uncertain; the numeral ⲅ (3) may be a scribal error or abbreviation, and the temporal logic is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numeral ⲅ (3) before ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ may be a corruption or abbreviation; the reading 'six years' follows the English draft but the Coptic is unclear.","The phrase 'sun of' (ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ) is incomplete in the passage, leaving the epithet unfinished."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲡⲓⲥⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ *ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲏϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲣⲓⲃⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁⲇⲟⲕⲓⲁ̃ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲑⲣⲓⲃⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ϩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲕϥ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲙⲏⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ\nⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ *ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲫⲗⲓⲃⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧϣⲁⲙϣⲉⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲁⲩⲭⲁ\nⲫϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲫⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ\nⲛ̃ϯⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲑⲣⲓⲃⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲛⲁⲉⲣⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ\nⲁϥⲥⲱⲣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ\nⲁϥⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲏⲕⲓ *ⲁϥϭⲟϫⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲛ ⲱ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣϫⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲁⲛ ⲛⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲑⲁⲙⲓϭ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲫϯ ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲈⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲇⲉ *ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲛⲏⲡ ⲉ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲁⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ\nⲫⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲉⲛⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ","english":"The truth, the precious seed which is in the midst of heaven and earth, this one was a tribune in the rank of the kingdom, and he was from the Cappadocia who completed the service of the tribuneship. He received many riches and brought them to King Dadianos, wishing to make him a count. But when the holy George came down into the city, he saw the affliction of the kings in the idolatry, and they had abandoned God. Immediately his heart was troubled, forsaking the rank of the tribuneship, saying, “I will become a soldier for my Lord Jesus Christ, the King of the heavens.” Then he distributed all his riches to the poor, and he ran into the presence of the kings and cried out, saying, “Cease from your madness, O kings! Do not say that these are gods, for they are not gods. For the gods who did not create heaven and earth, let them perish. I will worship the One alone, God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.” But when the dragon looked at him, he said, “All who have come through the beneficence of the gods, we are destined for those below. The sun and the fire, for the gods will appear to us like great ones. Know now that...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲡⲓⲥⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the truth, the precious seed' is a metaphorical epithet for George, likely drawn from patristic imagery of the seed of faith or truth; it is not a standard title.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ϯⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁⲇⲟⲕⲓⲁ̃","severity":"info","text":"Cappadocia was a Roman province in Asia Minor; George's origin there is a common hagiographic trope, though historical details are uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The nomina sacra for 'Lord Jesus Christ' appear with supralinear strokes; George's declaration echoes Pauline military imagery (cf. 2 Timothy 2:3-4).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'dragon' here refers to King Dadianos, a common hagiographic epithet for persecutors; it marks a shift from narrative to direct confrontation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϭⲟϫⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic 'he ran into' may be a scribal error or variant for 'he entered hastily'; the sense is clear but the verb form is unusual.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the dragon' is ambiguous: it may refer to Dadianos or a demonic figure; the text treats it as Dadianos.","The phrase 'the truth, the precious seed' could be a later interpolation or a deliberate theological epithet."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲁⲕϣⲟϣⲧⲉⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲉⲛⲕⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲇⲓⲕⲉⲟⲥ ⲁⲕϯϣⲱϣ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ Ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ *ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ\nⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲑⲉⲃⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲑⲉⲧ ⲡⲟⲩϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ\nⲥⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϯⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲣⲇⲓⲙⲱⲣⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ\nⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲑⲱⲛ ⲓⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲓⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲓ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϩⲱⲃ\nⲀϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫ*ⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲭⲣⲩⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲗⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁⲇⲟⲕⲉⲟⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲁⲩϧⲟⲕⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩⲙⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲉϥⲧⲁⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲓϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲑⲣⲓⲃⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ\nⲛⲁⲓϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲁⲗⲉⲥⲧⲓⲛⲏ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϣⲁⲛⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲱ̃ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣ* ⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲱ̃ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉϣ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲟⲥⲓⲧⲱⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲕ ⲁⲛ\nⲱ ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲧⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲁ*ⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓⲇⲓⲕⲉⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲕⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲱ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲉⲣϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ\nⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲉⲣⲑⲓⲥⲓⲁ̃","english":"You have troubled me, but my righteous gods you have insulted. Now, therefore, do homage to the gods, Apollo who saves the whole world, the gods whom you have blasphemed. They know those who honor them and obey them, and they know those who dishonor them who do not obey them. Now, therefore, tell me where you are from, or what is your name, or why have you come to this place?\n\nThe holy George answered, saying: My first name which was given to me is Christian. And I am from the village of the Cappadocians, having been enrolled as a soldier in a noble legion, and I completed my tribuneship well. These things were in the province of Palestine. And if they worship there any gods, O king, you compel me, O king, to worship them.\n\nThe king said to him: I wish you to do homage to Apollo, who stretched out the heaven, and Poseidon, who established the earth together.\n\nThe holy George answered, saying: Not for you, O evil dragon and your fellow kings, but for the sake of these multitudes who stand here, I will marvel at these righteous ones and at your dead gods. You compel me, O king, to do homage. To whom? To Peter, the chosen of the apostles, or to Apollo, the destroyer of the whole world? You wish me to sacrifice.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (to bow or prostrate in worship) is used here in the context of the king's demand that George perform proskynesis before the gods. The gesture is a key element in martyrdom scenes, signifying submission to pagan authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"Apollo and Poseidon (ⲡⲟⲥⲓⲧⲱⲛ) are invoked as cosmic deities: Apollo 'stretched out the heaven' and Poseidon 'established the earth'. This reflects a syncretic Hellenistic cosmology common in late antique polemic against paganism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a standard interrogation pattern in Coptic martyrdoms: the ruler demands worship, the saint refuses and gives his name and origin, then counters with a rhetorical question contrasting the true God with dead idols.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"George invokes Peter as 'the chosen of the apostles' (ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ), a title echoing New Testament language (e.g., Acts 15:2, Gal 2:7-9) and early Christian tradition of Peter's primacy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲕⲟ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Apollo the destroyer of the whole world' (ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ) is rhetorically striking but may reflect a scribal corruption or a deliberate inversion of Apollo's traditional role as savior (ⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ) earlier in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲕ ⲁⲛ (not for you) is ambiguous: it could mean 'not for your sake' or 'not concerning you'. The translation takes it as a rejection of the king's authority.","The name ⲭⲣⲩⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ (Christian) as George's 'first name' is a symbolic claim, but the Coptic may also imply a baptismal name."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙ ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲗⲓⲁⲥ ⲡⲓⲑⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϣⲁϥⲁ̃*ⲗⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ϩⲁ ⲛⲓⲡⲓⲗⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲫⲉ ϣⲁⲛ ⲕⲁⲙⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲭⲱ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲓⲕ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϣⲓⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲏⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲙⲉⲥ ⲥⲁⲁⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲥⲁⲣⲫⲁⲧ ⲛⲓⲟ̃ⲫⲁⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲟⲛⲧⲟⲥ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲟⲩϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲥⲉϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁⲩϫⲟⲗⲕⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲧϣⲏⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲁϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲱ̃\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ *ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲑⲟⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲙ ⲥⲁⲙⲟⲩⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲫϯ ϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲟⲥⲓⲇⲱⲛ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓⲉ̃ϫⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲁⲛⲧⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ ϣⲁⲛ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥϭⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲁϫⲟⲥ\nⲛⲏⲓ ⲱ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲉⲕⲑⲟⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲙ ⲓⲉⲍⲁⲃⲉⲗ\nϯⲣⲉϥϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ϣⲁⲛ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ *ϭⲓϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̃ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nϩⲁⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nϩⲁⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲛⲕⲟⲩⲣ ⲛⲉ\nⲚⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲁϣϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲙⲉⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲱⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲁϧⲧ ϫⲱϣ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩϭⲱⲗⲕϥ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲇ︦ ⲛ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓ*ⲟⲩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ\nϩⲁⲛⲙⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲥⲓ ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲥⲱⲗⲡ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲙⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲥⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ϥⲱⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϧⲓϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ϣⲁⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲥⲱⲕ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ *ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ","english":"Who will tell me of Elijah the Thesbite, the angel who was upon the earth, walking upon the earth and ascending to the heights under the gates of heaven, until Kamandros the archon, who bound the fire, who is a searcher of a multitude in the magic arts, the ship of the Medes, who begot Saar and Sarphat, the Ophani, the givers of the Pontus, the city? These, whose works are evil, and they have been cast into the depth of the sea. Tell me, O king, whom have you troubled? Samuel the intercessor of God, until Poseidon the destroyer of the ships of the sea, Antos and Heracles, until the crown-wearers of the martyrs and the prophets. Tell me, O king, whom have you troubled? Jezebel the slayer of the prophets, until Mary the virgin, the mother of my Lord Jesus Christ. Shame on you, O king! Those whom you worship are not gods, but rather mute idols.\n\nNow as the holy George was saying these things, the king became angry and commanded that he be taken to the praetorium and that he be scraped until his bones fell out upon the ground. And after these things, he commanded that he be stretched out by four soldiers, and that they strike him with iron rods until the flesh of his body fell down, and they cast his body into lime, and they brought iron hooks to tear his body with them until his blood flowed like water. But he endured in the torments. And he commanded again.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Here ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ('the angel') is applied to Elijah the Thesbite, a non-standard epithet that may reflect a tradition of Elijah as an angelic or intercessory figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲙⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Kamandros (ⲕⲁⲙⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ) is otherwise unattested; the text presents him as an archon who bound fire and practiced magic, possibly a legendary figure from a lost source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲉⲍⲁⲃⲉⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Jezebel (ⲓⲉⲍⲁⲃⲉⲗ) is named as 'the slayer of the prophets,' echoing the biblical account in 1 Kings 18–19 and 2 Kings 9, where she persecutes Elijah and other prophets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ (Mary) is here identified as 'the virgin' (ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ) and mother of Christ, consistent with the fixed Marian sense in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ ('body') appears twice in the torture scene: first as the flesh that falls (ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ), then as the corpse cast into lime, consistent with the martyrdom sense of the corpse.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲟⲫⲁⲛⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"ⲛⲓⲟⲫⲁⲛⲓ ('the Ophani') is obscure; it may be a corruption or a proper name. The text lists it among figures associated with Pontus, but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Kamandros and the Ophani is unclear; they may be legendary or corrupted names.","The phrase 'the ship of the Medes' (ⲡⲓⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲏⲧⲓⲁ) is ambiguous: it could refer to a vessel or a metaphorical construct."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ → “virgin”. Greek παρθένος. In Marian texts the technical sense is fixed; the non-technical 'young woman' belongs to Greek, not to the Coptic usage."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ → “body”. In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ carries more than one sense (corpse); this passage takes it as “body”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲭⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟ̃ⲧⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥϯⲓϥⲧ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓϣⲟⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲛⲟϥ\nⲥⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ\nϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲑⲁⲙⲓo ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲏⲟⲩⲓⲟ̃ ⲉⲥϭⲟⲥⲓ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃︦ ⲛ̃ⲓϥⲧ ⲉⲩⲙⲟⲥⲕ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ\nⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩⲥⲱⲗⲡ ⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓ ϯϣⲏⲟⲩⲓ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲧϥ\nⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲥⲁϩϯ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲓⲥⲕⲉⲡⲱⲗⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲛⲁⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲓϥⲧ ⲉⲩϫⲏⲣ ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩϧⲟⲙϧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲱⲟⲩϩⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲱϥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϥⲁⲛⲕⲉⲫⲁⲗⲟⲥ ⲁϥϫⲱϣ ⲉ̃*ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲱϥ\nⲉϥⲟⲃϣ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲱϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲁϥϭⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲧϩ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲉⲥⲕⲉⲣⲕⲉⲣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲏ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ\nⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲛⲉϫⲓ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲭⲁϥ\nϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ\n*Ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϭⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉⲧϯϫⲟⲙ\nⲛⲁⲕ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϥⲁⲓ ϧⲁ ⲛⲁⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉ̃ⲛⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ϫⲱⲕ ϯⲱⲣⲕ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲁ̃ⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟ̃ⲙⲓ * ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯⲱⲙⲥ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ\nⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉϥⲟ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲁⲓⲧⲏⲓⲥ\nⲛⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ⲑⲣⲉⲕⲉⲣϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲫⲏ","english":"...to bring him a pair of Benipi, which had iron hooks attached to them. He cast them into the wounds of his feet, entering into him, and his blood flowed like water, and he did not resist him, saying, \"It is not he who is being tortured.\" And after these things, he had them make a high tree, and he had them bring twelve iron hooks, sharpened like razors, and inside them they were tearing the flesh of the righteous one. He commanded, and they brought him down from the tree, and they cast him into a bronze vessel of water, and they sealed it over him. And the executioners were striking upon his head with iron rods until they shattered the joints of his body. And his skull broke open from his mouth, white like a dove, and his entire body became like a torrent of blood. Then the king commanded, and they brought a slab of a column, which thirty men were carving, and they placed it upon his neck. He had them bind it into him and leave him until his counsel, saying, \"What will he do to himself?\" But in that night, the Lord appeared to Saint George, saying to him, \"Be strong, and you shall prevail, my beloved George. I am the one giving you strength until you endure all these sufferings that have come upon you. I swear by myself and by my holy angels that from the birth of the women, no one has arisen like John the Baptist; after him, you are the one. No one will arise who is equal to you. Behold, I have given you to be Lord over the king...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the martyr, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts after death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The torture instruments described (iron hooks, bronze vessel, column slab) reflect Roman-era execution methods, often elaborated in hagiography to emphasize the saint's endurance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯⲱⲙⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of George to John the Baptist (ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯⲱⲙⲥ) echoes the biblical tradition of John as the forerunner and model of ascetic endurance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from narrative of torture to a divine appearance, a common structural turn in Coptic martyrdom accounts where Christ comforts the saint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of Christ swearing by himself and his angels is distinctive and may reflect later theological developments in Coptic piety, emphasizing divine favor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ: 'Benipi' is obscure; possibly a place name or a type of implement, but the context suggests a torture device.","The clause ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲭⲁϥ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ: the meaning of 'until his counsel' is unclear; it may refer to a decision or a legal proceeding."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ ⲉϥⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲭⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ","english":"...will kill me, but it is he who will die by my hand. You, however, will die a violent death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ ⲉϥⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲭⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic contrasts two fates: the torturer will not kill George (ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ) but will himself die (ⲉϥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ), while the addressee (ⲛⲑⲟⲕ) will die a violent death (ⲛⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲥⲟⲡ","severity":"info","text":"ⲛⲥⲟⲡ (n-sop) is a Coptic adverb meaning 'violently' or 'suddenly', often used in martyrdom accounts to describe a swift, unnatural death. Here it modifies ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ (you will die).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ","severity":"info","text":"ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ (ta-tounosk) is a future form of ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun, 'to rise, to die') with the causative prefix ⲧⲁ- (ta-), meaning 'you will cause yourself to die' or 'you will die'. The construction is idiomatic for a violent death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic text of the Martyrdom of George survives in multiple manuscripts, often with variations. This passage reflects a common hagiographic trope: the saint prophesies the torturer's death while asserting his own invincibility.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ is ambiguous: it could be read as 'you will not kill me' (negative future) or 'it is not you who will kill me' (emphatic negation). The English draft takes the latter, which fits the context of a prophecy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ could be parsed as a negative future (ⲉⲧⲉ- + ⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ) or as an emphatic cleft sentence (ⲉⲧⲉ- + ⲕⲛⲁϫⲟϥ). The reading taken is the latter, consistent with the English draft.","The phrase ⲛⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ may be a scribal error or variant for ⲛⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ (violent death), but the meaning is clear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲡ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϩⲇ︦ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉⲓⲉ̃ⲓ̃ ⲉϫⲉⲛ\nⲛⲓϭⲏⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲡⲁⲣⲁⲑⲏⲕⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓϫⲁⲗⲟⲥ *ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲙⲁⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϫⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϩⲟϯ\nϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϯⲭⲏ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲈⲧⲁ ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ *ϫⲉ ⲫϯ ⲙⲁϩⲑⲏⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲃⲟⲛ̃ⲑⲓⲁ ⲙⲁϩⲑⲏⲕ ⲉ̃ⲡϫⲓⲛϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲫⲟϩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲁⲓⲓ̃ ϩⲁⲣⲟⲕ ⲟⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲱⲛⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲩϭⲟⲗⲕϥ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲇ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲩⲥⲉⲣ ⲛⲁⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥ*ⲥⲟⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲛⲉϫⲓ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲟⲛ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ\nⲀϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ϯⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲓ\nⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲭⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲭⲱ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϯⲟⲩⲱ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓⲭⲣⲩⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲓ̃ ϧⲁⲣⲟⲓ ϯⲛⲁϯ ⲛⲁϥ *ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲑⲱϣ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϥⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϩⲃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲈⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ\nⲧⲏⲣⲥ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ\nⲡⲉ ⲁ̃ⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲓ ϩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲱⲛϧ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϫⲟⲙ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲙ̃ⲑⲟ","english":"In the second time, however, I myself will come upon the children of my tribe, my deposit which I entrusted to you in your holy place. Do not fear, for I am with you. And after he had greeted him, he went up to the heavens with great glory and his holy angels.\n\nWhen morning came, the king commanded, and they brought him to the tribunal. He himself began to sing psalms, saying, \"Lord, have mercy on me, have mercy on me according to your judgment.\" When he reached the tribunal, he cried out, saying, \"Tribunal, tribunal, I have come to you again today. You and your stone Apollo, I and my Lord Jesus Christ.\" And they bound him, they stripped him, and they cast him into the furnace. They threw him into the fire, but he remained unharmed in his body and his soul. Again they cast him into prison.\n\nThen King Diadianos wrote an epistle, saying thus: \"I write to the whole world: Greetings, because all the temples and all the magicians who have the power to undo the magic of this Christian, let him come to me. I will give him a multitude of riches and every honor he desires, and he will be second in my kingdom.\"\n\nWhen he had sent the letters out into the whole world, behold, a man appeared, whose name was Athanasios. He came before the king, saying, \"King, live forever! Nothing is impossible for me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The plural ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ here refers to sorcerers or magicians, not the Magi of the Nativity, as they are summoned to undo Christian magic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is used in the standard sense of a divine messenger, accompanying the figure who ascends to heaven.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫϯ ⲙⲁϩⲑⲏⲕ","severity":"info","text":"The psalm verse 'Lord, have mercy on me' echoes Psalm 51 (LXX 50:3) and is a common liturgical refrain in Coptic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The tribunal (ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ) is a standard setting in martyrdom narratives, where the saint confronts the judge and declares faith.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a divine promise (first paragraph) to the king's command and the saint's trial, then to the king's letter and the arrival of Athanasios, marking a new narrative phase.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲩⲥⲉⲣ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲇ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲩⲥⲉⲣ is obscure; it may be a corrupt numeral or a place name. The translation 'furnace' is conjectural.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first paragraph is ambiguous: it could be Christ or an angelic figure, though the context suggests a divine promise.","The phrase ⲇ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲩⲥⲉⲣ is unclear; it may be a corrupt numeral or a toponym, and the translation 'furnace' is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ → “angel”. Greek ἄγγελος; 'messenger' only where a human envoy is meant (rare in this corpus)."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (messenger); this passage takes it as “angel”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ → “magus”. In the Nativity narratives the plural names the visitors from the east; elsewhere the singular is a sorcerer, often an antagonist of an apostle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (sorcerer, astrologer); this passage takes it as “magus”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϣ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲓⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁⲁⲓϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ϯⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲁϣϫ ⲁϥⲫⲱϧ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲃ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ *ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁϣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲁϣⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲕⲉⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲥⲁ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϣⲏϣ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲏⲟⲩ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϣⲧⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲧⲱⲓ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲧⲱⲓ\nⲀϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧⲕ *ⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲓ̃ⲉ̃\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϯⲟⲩⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲓ̃ⲉ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϯⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲕ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲓ̃ⲉ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ⲓ̃ⲉ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϧⲟⲑⲃⲉⲕ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲱⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲁⲓϥ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲧϥ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ϫⲉ\nϯⲛⲁⲩ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲉⲁ̃ ⲡⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲧⲁϩⲱⲕ ϩⲱⲕ *Ϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁ̃ⲫⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁϥⲓ̃ⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩⲃⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nϩⲁⲛⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲫⲱⲧ ⲁϥⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲟϥ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲁϩⲱϥ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲕⲉⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲡⲉϯⲛⲁⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲕ *ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϣⲧⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ϩⲱ ⲉ̃ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲱⲛⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲁ̃ⲫⲱⲧ\nⲁϥⲓ̃ⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ","english":"Then the king rejoiced and said to him, \"What is the sign that you will perform before me, so that I may know whether you have the power to undo the magic of the Christians?\" Athanasius answered and said, \"Let them bring me a calf that has been fattened.\" He spoke into its ear, broke it, and it became two. And he said to them, \"Let them bring me a calf.\" And they brought him one that had been fattened. Then they divided the calf into one side and the other side, and they came out equal with each other, so that they could not tell which was which.\n\nThe king commanded them to bring the holy George onto the tribunal. He said to him, \"George, concerning you, I have summoned this man into the kingdom, either for you to undo his magic, or for him to undo yours, or for you to kill him, or for him to kill you.\" The holy George, when he saw the magician, said to him, \"Woe to you, my brother! What you wish to do, do it quickly, for I see that the grace has touched you as well.\"\n\nAt that moment, Athanasius took a vessel for himself, uncovered his face, and called out against some names of demons over the vessel. He gave it to him to drink. When he drank it, however, nothing evil happened to him at all. Athanasius answered and said to him, \"My Lord, there is no other sign that I will give you, unless the evil does not happen to you. I will believe in the one who was crucified.\" He took another vessel, uncovered his face from it,","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic term ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ (from Greek μαγεία) denotes 'magic' or 'sorcery', here framed as the Christians' practice from the king's hostile perspective.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The division of a calf into two equal halves is a common hagiographic topos demonstrating the magician's power, paralleled in other Coptic martyrdom accounts (e.g., the Acts of Thomas).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"George's address to Athanasios as 'my brother' (ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ) echoes New Testament fraternal language (e.g., Rom 12:10), softening the adversarial dialogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between the king, Athanasios, and George, structured as a contest of signs: the magician's calf-trick is answered by George's immunity to poison.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲫⲱϧ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲃ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲁϥⲫⲱϧ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲃ (he broke it and it became two) is ambiguous: the subject may be the calf or the ear; the English draft interprets it as the calf being split.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a magician converting after a failed test (here Athanasios's poison) is widespread in Coptic hagiography, reinforcing the triumph of Christian faith over pagan magic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲁϥⲫⲱϧ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲃ could mean either 'he broke it (the ear) and it became two' or 'he broke it (the calf) and it became two'; the English draft takes the latter.","The phrase ⲁϥⲓⲱⲓ ⲙⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ (he uncovered his face) appears twice; the second occurrence is incomplete in the Coptic, leaving the action unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ϩⲁⲛⲣⲁⲛ","english":"He called out some names.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ϩⲁⲛⲣⲁⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase indicates that Athanasius called out names, likely as part of a magical or ritual act to demonstrate power over the calf. The brevity suggests a formulaic invocation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲙⲟⲩϯ (moute) means 'to call' or 'to invoke,' often used in Coptic for summoning or addressing beings, including divine or demonic entities. Here it implies a performative utterance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Coptic hagiography, invoking names is a common motif for magical contests between saints and pagan magicians, reflecting late antique beliefs in the power of names over matter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This brief clause concludes the episode of the calf miracle, transitioning from action (breaking the calf) to verbal invocation, likely leading to a demonstration of power.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉ̃ϩⲁⲛⲣⲁⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲉ̃ϩⲁⲛⲣⲁⲛ (e-hanran) is ambiguous: it could mean 'some names' or 'certain names,' but the specific names are not given in the surviving text, possibly due to scribal omission or corruption.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic does not specify which names are called; they may be demonic, angelic, or magical names, and the text may be lacunose at this point."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ⲛ̃ⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲱϥ ⲉⲩϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲟⲩⲁ̃ϯ\nⲁϥϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲫⲱⲧ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲱϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥⲱϥ ⲟⲛ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲁϩⲱϥ *ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ\nϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲡⲓ⳧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙⲫϯ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ̃\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲛⲁⲓ ϧⲁ ⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲆⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲱ̃ⲗⲓ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ\nⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲡⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̃ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓ̃ⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁⲁⲓϥ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲈⲧⲁ ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟⲭⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣϯ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ *ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲑⲟⲩⲝ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲓϥⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲁϣ ⲉⲩⲑⲟⲩⲝ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟⲭⲟⲥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲥⲁⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲥⲁϧⲣⲏⲓ\nⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲃ︦ ⲉⲩϫⲏⲣ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ⲉ̃ϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲛⲕⲁⲛⲱⲛ","english":"The demons cried out against him, being very evil. He gave him the cup to drink, and when he drank it, the saint did not let any evil thing touch him. Athanasius saw that no evil thing happened to him, and he said, \"The holy George, the seal of the Son of God, Jesus Christ, who came into the world to save sinners, these for my soul, and give me the seal of Christ.\"\n\nDadianus, when he saw what had happened, became very angry and ordered them to take the magician outside the city and kill him with a sword, and he completed his martyrdom. He became worthy of eternal life. Then the king ordered them to throw the holy George into prison until he decided what to do with him.\n\nWhen morning came, he ordered them to make a large wheel, very large, to be fitted with many iron spikes and knives fitted, and he made the wheel according to the way he had ordered. Above it was a rim of swords, and below it was a rim of sharp swords. The king ordered them to bring the holy George from prison and place him on top of the wheel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲫⲱⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The word ⲡⲓⲁⲫⲱⲧ (the cup) likely refers to a poisoned drink offered to the saint, a common hagiographic motif. The Coptic term is a Greek loanword (ἄφωτον).","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ (the saint) is a Greek loanword (ἅγιος) used consistently for George, marking his sanctity. The spelling with a supralinear stroke is typical of Coptic manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙⲫϯ ⲓⲏⲥ ⲡⲭⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Son of God, Jesus Christ' echoes New Testament titles (e.g., Mark 1:1). The nomina sacra ⲓⲏⲥ and ⲡⲭⲥ are standard abbreviations in Coptic manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (the magician) refers to Athanasius, a pagan magus. In Coptic hagiography, magicians often oppose saints, and their execution by the ruler is a conventional narrative turn.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟⲭⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The wheel (ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟⲭⲟⲥ) is a key instrument of torture in George's passion, described with iron spikes and knives. This passage builds toward the saint's iconic martyrdom on the wheel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text at this point is ambiguous: it may be read as Athanasius observing that no evil touched George, or as a continuation of the previous clause. The English draft takes the former reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ could be read as a new sentence or as part of the preceding clause; the English draft treats it as a separate observation by Athanasius.","The exact referent of ⲡⲓⲁⲫⲱⲧ (the cup) is not specified as poisoned, but the context implies it."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲫⲱⲛϩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲥⲁⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲥⲁϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲃ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲏⲑⲟⲥ ϯⲛⲁϣⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁⲛⲕⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲟⲛ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̃ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\n*ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲁⲕⲭⲁ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲓ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕϩⲏⲧ\nⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲛⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲁϩⲟⲕ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ϫⲉ\nⲡⲉⲕϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲱϥ ⲁⲩⲁϣϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲛⲓⲃ︦ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲁϥϥⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲫⲉ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫϯ ⲡⲓⲁⲧϣⲓⲃϯ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲱϥ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓϭⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ *ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲟⲩⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲑⲁⲙⲓϭ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉⲕⲙⲟⲧⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ\nⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲕⲙⲟⲧⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ\nⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲉⲧⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲙⲁⲛⲉⲙⲧⲟⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϭⲱⲗⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲙⲁⲣⲁ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲓϭⲏⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ϣⲁⲩⲟⲡⲧ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩ*ⲙⲟⲩⲛϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲟ̃ϫⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲓϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲁϣⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲁ̃ϩⲱⲣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲡⲁⲣⲁⲃⲉⲛⲓⲛ\nⲁⲕⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲫⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲧⲁⲣⲧⲁⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲉⲣⲕⲟⲗⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲉⲩϩⲱⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲥⲟⲛϩ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲛⲁⲩϩ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲃⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛ *ⲙⲟⲭⲗⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧϣⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ","english":"When the holy George had cried out and looked upon the form of the instrument of torture above him, which was like a sword, and below him it was like a sword of flame, he said within himself, \"Truly, I will not escape from this place of judgment.\" Then again after this he said within himself, \"Woe to you, O George! Why have you placed this thought in your heart? Remember the crown that has been set before you. Remember that your Lord also was crucified in the midst of two thieves by the Jews.\" After this he lifted his eyes up to heaven, saying, \"O Lord God, the unchangeable, the ruler of the ages, to whom belongs the victory, and who gives it as a gift to the martyrs, for you are their glory and their crown, who before you created anything, before you created the heaven and the earth, you stretched yourself out over the waters, and now you stretch yourself out over the whole race of men. You who know your resting places, who stretched out the heaven like a curtain, and the stars are at your command; at the moment they appear, they are as a multitude. You, O Lord, who judges the righteous and the wicked, who weighed the mountains in a balance and the hills in a scale, who brings the winds out of storehouses, and the angels who transgressed, you cast them down into the abyss of Tartarus to be tormented by evil dragons, and they are bound in unbreakable chains and bars that cannot be opened.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The term ϩⲙⲟⲧ (grace) appears in the prayer, where George says God gives it to the martyrs. The glossary renders it as unearned divine favour.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲕϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲱϥ ⲁⲩⲁϣϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲛⲓⲃ︦","severity":"info","text":"George recalls that his Lord was crucified between two thieves by the Jews, echoing the Gospel accounts of the crucifixion (e.g., Matthew 27:38, Mark 15:27).","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The instrument of torture (ⲡⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ) is described as having sword-like blades above and below, a common motif in martyrdom accounts for a press or saw.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from internal monologue to a lengthy prayer, marking a structural transition from despair to invocation, typical of hagiographic dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲡⲁⲣⲁⲃⲉⲛⲓⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to angels who transgressed and were cast into Tartarus parallels the Enochic tradition of fallen angels (e.g., 1 Enoch 6–10), not canonical scripture.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲟⲭⲗⲟⲩⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The word ⲙⲟⲭⲗⲟⲩⲥ (bars) is a Greek loanword (μοχλός); the phrase 'bars that cannot be opened' may be a scribal corruption or a rare compound.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲡⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ' could refer to a specific torture device (e.g., a press) or generically to an instrument; the reading 'instrument of torture' is followed.","The clause 'ⲉⲧⲁϥϭⲱⲗⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ' (who stretched out the heaven) may echo Genesis 1:7–8 or a liturgical hymn; the exact source is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ","english":"of you","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic word ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ is a negative particle meaning 'not' or 'no', often used to negate a noun or to express non-existence. Here it likely negates the preceding clause, possibly indicating that the crown has not been obtained or is not present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a fragment consisting of a single word, ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ, which is the end of a sentence or clause. It marks a break in the narrative, likely concluding George's internal monologue from the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text here is only ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ, which is incomplete; the English draft supplies 'of you', but this is a guess. The original manuscript may have more text that is lost or illegible, so the sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Coptic hagiography, negative particles like ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ often introduce a denial or contradiction, here possibly George rejecting a thought of despair. The fragmentary nature reflects the challenges of reconstructing the text from the OCR edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is only ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ, which is a negative particle; its exact syntactic role is unclear without the preceding clause. The English draft 'of you' is a speculative completion and may not reflect the original meaning."],"confidence":"low","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ϣⲓⲃϯ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϩⲣⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲫϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲁⲕⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ϣⲏⲣⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲡϧⲁⲓⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲁϥϭⲓⲥⲁⲣⲝ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃\nϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁϯ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲧϧⲉⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲓⲛⲉⲣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲓⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ *ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ\nϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲕ ⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲏ\nⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϣⲁⲛϣ ⲛ̃ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ϣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲱⲓⲕ ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲓⲙⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲉⲛⲭⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲉⲛ ⲥⲉϭⲛⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ\nϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦\nⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲃⲟⲛ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲃ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲁⲥⲓⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲙ̃ⲕⲁⲩϩ *ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ\nⲫⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ\nⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲈϥϫⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟⲭⲟⲥ\nⲁⲩϧⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ϫⲱϥ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉⲣⲓ︦\nⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁϥϥⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲥⲙⲏ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nϫⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲙϯ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲃⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ *ⲡⲓⲍⲉⲩⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁ̃ⲑⲉⲛⲛⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲥⲕⲁⲙⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲫⲉⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲥⲓⲇⲱⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϭⲓϫⲟⲙ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲛ ϫⲉ\nϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲫϯ ⲛ̃ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦\nⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲁϣϥ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲛⲓⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ϧⲟⲑⲃⲉϥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ","english":"It is not possible for anyone to change your commands, O Lord God. You sent your only begotten son into the world for the salvation of the times. He took flesh in Mary, the virgin, and he became man. It is not possible for any man to alter his humanity. He himself, the Lord Jesus Christ, the one born from you in truth, he who walked on the face of the sea as if he were walking on dry land, he who fed five thousand men from five loaves until they were satisfied, he who calmed the storms on the sea, and the ships could not harm you. Now come, my Lord, at this hour, for you are Jesus. Help me in my work, for I am a sinner. Let them release me from these sufferings, for the glory is yours, and your name is filled with glory forever. Amen.\n\nWhen he finished the Amen, they took him to the wheel. They bound him to it severely. His body became pieces in an instant. Dadianus raised his voice, saying, \"Know, O kings, and find a god, for there is no god besides Apollo, Hermes, Zeus, Athena, Scamander, Hephaestus, Heracles, and Poseidon, those who have done good to the kings of the sea, from whom the kings receive power.\" He then said, \"Now, the god of George, who is called Jesus, he who was condemned, he whom the Jews killed, why...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The name Mary here refers to the Theotokos, consistent with the Marian usage in homilies and apocrypha, as the mother of Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword παρθένος is used in its technical sense 'virgin', not 'young woman', in line with Marian texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϭⲓⲥⲁⲣⲝ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Echoes the incarnation language of John 1:14 and Luke 1:35, where Christ takes flesh from the Virgin Mary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲓⲙⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The calming of storms recalls the Gospel accounts of Jesus stilling the sea, e.g., Mark 4:39, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟⲭⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The wheel (τροχός) is a standard instrument of torture in Roman martyrdom accounts, often used in the execution of saints like George.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Dadianus is the persecuting judge in the Coptic Martyrdom of George, a figure derived from the historical emperor Diocletian's co-rulers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ' (kings) in Dadianus's speech may refer to the kings of the sea or to earthly rulers; the translation opts for the latter.","The list of pagan gods includes 'ⲡⲓⲥⲕⲁⲙⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲣⲟⲥ' (Scamander), a river god, which is unusual in a standard pantheon; the text may be corrupt or reflect local syncretism."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϩⲙⲉϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϫⲓϫ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓ*ⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲛⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲃⲉⲣⲃⲉⲣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲕⲁⲥ\nⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲗⲁⲕⲕⲟⲥ ⲉϥϣⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲏⲡⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ\nϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲕⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲛ\nⲚⲉ ⲫⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲝⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ *ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲇⲉ\nⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲙⲉⲛ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ\nⲁ̃ ⲧⲫⲉ ϭⲗⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ϭⲏⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲫⲱϫⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲝⲁⲡⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲕⲓⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲛ̃ϩⲱⲓⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥϫⲟⲗ ϥⲟϫⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲓ︦ⲉ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲧⲁⲡ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦\nⲁϥⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲓⲙ *ⲁϥⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ\nϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲛⲥⲫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕⲕⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ\nⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕⲕⲟⲥ\nⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲛⲕⲁⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓϫⲱⲣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲉϥⲱⲛϧ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲟⲡ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁⲛⲕⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲁⲓⲭⲁϥ ⲁϥⲣⲁⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϩϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲏⲣϥ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ\nⲡⲉ ⲫϯ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲁ̃ ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ ϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕⲕⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲥⲉⲃⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁ̃ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ϯϫⲓϫ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲇⲁⲙ","english":"He could not save himself from the hands of the dragon of the abyss, who commanded that his bones be scattered outside the city down into a lake that was shining, saying within it, \"Perhaps the Christians will find his bones and build a martyrion for him, and raise his blood up against us.\" But at the time of eating, the king went to eat with the other king. While they were eating, a great trembling and fear occurred, and the sky darkened with clouds, and a great fear arose, so that the mountains split in an instant, the earth moved, the sea was troubled, the waves rose up to the height of a cubit. Michael blew a trumpet on the peak. Behold, the Lord Jesus came upon his chariot of cherubim and stood upon the banks of the lake. He said to Michael the archangel, \"Go down to the lake, gather the bones of my servant George.\" Then George took counsel in his heart, saying, \"If I am alive, I will not be saved this time from this place of judgment; I have left it.\" He cried out within it, \"Let him believe with all his heart and know that I am God, the one who alone has the power to save.\" Michael went down to the lake and prepared the holy body of Saint George. The Lord placed his hand upon him, saying, \"George, my beloved, behold, this is the hand that fashioned Adam.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓ*ⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The asterisk before ⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ marks a supralinear stroke in the Coptic, indicating a scribal abbreviation or correction; the word is a Greek loan (δράκων) meaning 'dragon' or 'serpent'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲓⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The image of Christ descending on a cherubim chariot echoes the theophany in Ezekiel 1 and 10, where the divine chariot (merkabah) is associated with cherubim; it also recalls apocalyptic visions of Christ as a warrior.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"A martyrion (μαρτύριον) is a shrine or church built over the relics of a martyr; the dragon's fear that Christians will build one for George reflects the cultic practice of relic veneration in late antique and medieval Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲉⲣⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Michael's trumpet blast marks a narrative pivot: the cosmic upheaval (mountains splitting, sea troubled) signals divine intervention, transitioning from the dragon's threat to the resurrection of George's body.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"George's internal monologue ('If I am alive...') and Christ's direct address ('my beloved') personalize the saint, a feature common in Coptic hagiography that emphasizes the saint's intimate relationship with God.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲣⲁⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he cried out within it' is ambiguous: the antecedent of 'it' could be the lake or his own heart; the English draft takes it as the lake, but the Coptic allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲁϥⲣⲁⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ' (he cried out within it) is ambiguous: 'it' may refer to the lake or to George's heart; the English draft chooses the lake, but the preceding clause 'he took counsel in his heart' suggests the heart is also possible.","The identity of the 'other king' (ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲝⲑ︦) is not specified; it may be a local ruler or a narrative doublet."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ ⲟⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁ̃ϩⲉⲙ ⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲁ̃","english":"The first man of the city now also commands that your bones be gathered.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the first man of the city' likely refers to a chief magistrate or governor, a standard figure in hagiographic narratives of persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁ̃ϩⲉⲙ ⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic 'now also commands that your bones be gathered' continues the previous narrative of the dragon's order to scatter George's bones, now countermanded by a local authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The gathering of a martyr's bones for burial or enshrinement is a common hagiographic motif, reflecting the cult of relics in Coptic Christianity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary; the phrase 'the first man of the city' may be a title or a descriptive, but the exact identity is ambiguous due to lacunae.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the first man of the city' is unclear; it may be a governor or a Christian sympathizer. The Coptic 'ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ' (of the city) is clear, but the preceding context is lost.","The verb 'ϯⲛⲟⲩ' (now) suggests a temporal shift, but the exact sequence of events relative to the previous passage is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲓϥⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲁϥⲙⲁϩϥ *ⲛ̃ⲛ̃ⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲀϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲡⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲗⲁⲧⲓⲁ̃\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲉϥⲕⲱϯ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲇⲉ ⲁϥϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲗⲁⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲉⲩϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ\nⲥⲁϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲩϯϩⲁⲡ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥ*ϥⲱϫⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲟⲩ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲱ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥϥⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ\nⲛⲓⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲛϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϥ\nⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥϯϣⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲉⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲕⲓ ϣⲱⲡⲓ *ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲉ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲧⲉϥϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲟ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ\nⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲗⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲓⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲁϥⲛⲁϩϯ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲇⲟⲗⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲧⲉϥⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ *ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲧⲏⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲥⲉⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ϣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲑ︦\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̃ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲛ̃ϣⲁϥⲉ ⲁⲩⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲇ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ\nⲁⲩϭⲟⲧⲉⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲩϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃","english":"The Lord took his face within him and filled him with life again. The Lord greeted him, and he went up to the heavens with his holy angels.\n\nThe holy George arose quickly from among the dead, and he walked in the streets of the city, seeking the rulers. After this, he found the rulers sitting in the streets, judging within, and he entered among them.\n\nHe said to them, \"You do not know me, O rulers.\" The king Dadianus raised his eyes upward in astonishment, saying to the holy one, \"Who are you of this kind?\" The martyr of Christ said to him, \"I am George, whom you killed because of your blasphemy against my God, who will destroy you before evening comes.\"\n\nBut King Dadianus, continuing to spit in the face of the holy one, said, \"You are not he, but his likeness is another.\" Another said, \"Truly, he has recognized himself.\"\n\nThen Anatolius the stratelates said, \"In truth, this is George, who has arisen from the dead.\" And Anatolius and his entire company believed. Then a multitude of those who believed in Christ, three hundred and nine men and a woman from the crowd, came forth. And King Dadianus commanded that they all be taken outside the city into a desert place. They were made into four parts, and they were cut to pieces in this way, and they completed their martyrdom.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is a loan from Greek ἄγγελος; in this corpus it denotes a supernatural messenger, not a human envoy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue unit, marked by direct speech and exchanges between George, King Dadianus, and Anatolius, typical of hagiographic trial scenes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Dadianus (ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ) is the persecuting king in the Coptic George cycle, a figure conflated with the Roman emperor Diocletian in later tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"George’s resurrection and walk among the rulers echoes the Gospel motif of Christ’s post-resurrection appearances, adapted to hagiographic narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The conversion of Anatolius and 309 men plus a woman reflects the Coptic emphasis on mass conversions as a sign of the saint’s power, a common hagiographic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁϥ*ϥⲱϫⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ (he entered) is partially reconstructed; the reading assumes a verb of motion. The identity of 'another' (ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ) who speaks after Dadianus is ambiguous—possibly an unnamed official or a textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲓ︦ⲉ︦ ⲙ̃ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲁϫⲡ ⲑ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓ*ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϫⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ\nⲀϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϭⲗⲟϫ\nⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲥⲱⲛϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁϩϯ ϧⲁ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲧϩ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲃⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲓ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲭⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲱϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩ*ⲑⲟⲩⲝ ⲛ̃ⲝ︦ ⲛ̃ⲓϥⲧ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ\nⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϭⲗⲟϫ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲱ̃ⲛⲓ ⲉϥⲫⲟⲛⲕ\nⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϩⲓ ⲧⲉϥⲁⲫⲉ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϫⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲥⲕⲉⲣⲕⲉⲣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲧⲁϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲕⲁⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲛⲓ\n*ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲁϣϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲱϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩⲣ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲱ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ϭⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲉⲙⲧⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟⲙⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲧⲱⲧⲥ\nⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲓϥⲧ ⲉⲩϣⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲙⲁⲛⲕⲁⲛⲱⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲕⲱ*ϯ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϧⲟⲙϧⲉⲙ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲓϥⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲉⲣ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲱⲓϣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩϭⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲱⲙ\nⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ","english":"of the days of Pharmouthi, on a Sabbath day, in the morning of that day, and they went in glory to the paradise, receiving grace upon the sinners. The king commanded to bring the holy George to the tribunal, and he ordered them to bring a wheel of bronze, so that they might bind the righteous one to it, and he had them set it under a press until it was loosened, and they brought a measure of the size of a bronze funnel, and they placed it into his mouth, and he had them pour nine measures of lead into his head, into the wheel. He had them bring a great stone, burning hot, according to his head, and they placed his head upon it to strengthen the press, and they scraped him with the stone, and they loosened the joints of his bones. He persevered, however, in this torture with strength, and he commanded them to bring the stone away from him, to lift it up over him, and they bound a great stone within it with a great chain of iron over him. After these things, he commanded to place him into a bronze bull and to pierce him with sharp nails into him. The lawless king ordered them to bring a canon into the bull, to put it inside so that the nails might crush the body of the saint and his limbs, like a sieve of bran in the summer. He persevered again with strength, and he commanded.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage, ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the saint being crushed, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts for the body after death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The tortures described—bronze wheel, press, molten lead, stone, bronze bull with nails—are typical of Roman-era martyrdom narratives, reflecting hagiographic topoi of inventive cruelty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit detailing a sequence of tortures ordered by the king, each introduced by ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ (he commanded), creating a repetitive, escalating structure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a scribal insertion mark (*) before ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ and ⲑⲟⲩⲝ, indicating possible textual corruption or a marginal correction; the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The opening date—days of Pharmouthi, on a Sabbath—places the events in the Coptic month of Pharmouthi (April–May), but the year is not given, typical of hagiographic vagueness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲁϣϥ (away from him, to lift it) is ambiguous: it may mean the stone is removed from him or that he commands it to be lifted over him; the English draft takes the latter.","The term ⲙⲁⲛⲕⲁⲛⲱⲛ (canon) is obscure; it may refer to a measuring rod or a specific torture device, but the context suggests a metal rod or tube inserted into the bull."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲉ̃ⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲥϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲉ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲓⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥϫⲓⲛⲛⲁⲩ\nⲀ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ *ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϫⲱⲣϩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲙⲱⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϫⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲃⲱⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϯⲭⲏ\nⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁϣⲓ ϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲁⲕ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲫⲉ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲁⲕⲙⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲓ ⲭⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡⲃ︦\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲕ ⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲇ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ\n*ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛϭⲏⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲁⲑⲏⲕⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓϫⲁⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϯⲛⲁϭⲓⲧⲥ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϯϫⲟⲙ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲑⲣⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϣⲗⲁϩ\nⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϯⲭⲏ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲉⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲕⲉⲣⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ ⲭⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲍ̄ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲉⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ *ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣϣⲗⲁϩ\nⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥⲧⲁⲓⲉⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥϣⲉ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\n*ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲣⲱⲓⲥ ϣⲁⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ϣⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲩⲟⲧⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁϥ","english":"ed to have him brought to the torture and to cast him into the desert until his judgment, whether he would do something to him or destroy him, in what manner? It was a time of great distress in that hour. The Lord appeared to him in that same evening, saying, \"Come to me, my chosen George, and receive the covenant; do not be afraid, for I am with you. A great joy awaits you in heaven, descending upon your contest. Behold, now you have died once, and I have raised you; you will die a second time, and I will raise you again in the seventh time. I myself will come in hidden ways, and the deposit that I entrusted to your body, I will take it. I will give strength to your holy body so that you may rest with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Do not be troubled in heart, for I am with you. Your martyrdom will take place before this king; you will bear witness before him. For seven years they will torture you, but do not be troubled in heart. After the Lord called him, he went up to the heavens with his holy angels, while the strong martyr of Christ was comforted, and he himself remained steadfast in the prison until the light of dawn, rejoicing in the Lord's promise, the whole of which was given to him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ (from Greek μάρτυς) is rendered 'martyr' in the hagiographical sense, as in the phrase 'the strong martyr of Christ'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (from Greek ἄγγελος) is rendered 'angel' in this context, referring to the holy angels accompanying the Lord.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓ̃ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob echoes the patriarchal triad common in Coptic hagiography, evoking the promise of rest with the righteous ancestors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from narrative of torture to a divine theophany, with the Lord's direct speech and a promise of resurrection, marking a structural climax in the martyrdom account.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲑⲏⲕⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲑⲏⲕⲏ (Greek παραθήκη) means 'deposit' or 'trust', here referring to a spiritual treasure entrusted to George's body, a motif in martyrdom literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲍ̄ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The number 'seven years' (ⲍ̄ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ) may be symbolic rather than literal, as seven is a common biblical number for completeness; the Coptic text uses the numeral ⲍ̄.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛϭⲏⲡⲓ' (in hidden ways) is ambiguous: it could mean 'in secret' or 'in hidden places'; the reading 'in hidden ways' is adopted.","The clause 'ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ' is textually uncertain; the translation 'I myself will come' follows the context of divine intervention."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Ⲉⲧⲁ ϣⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ *ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲁⲅⲙⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϯⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲁⲓϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ϣⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲏⲃ ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nϯⲁⲣⲧⲏⲙⲓⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ϫⲉ\nϯⲛⲁⲛⲁϩϯ ϩⲱ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ *ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲉⲕⲉ̃ⲧⲏⲙⲁ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲕⲙⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲥⲉⲭⲏ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲫⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲫⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϩⲁⲛⲫⲁⲧⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲛⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nϩⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲙⲏⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϩⲁⲛϣϣⲏⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϯⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩ*ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϣⲉⲡ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲧⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ\nⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲉⲕⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϯⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲫⲟⲣⲓ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲛϫⲱⲃⲓ ⲫⲟⲣⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲁⲓ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ","english":"Then, after the first time, the king commanded that the holy George be brought to the tribunal. When they had brought him, one of the king’s officers, whose name was Magmentios, said to him, “George, I give you a sign from me: if you will obey before me, worship our lord the sun, and the gods, and the mother of the gods, Artemis, who helps the whole world, I too will believe in your gods and serve them well.” The holy George said to him, “Tell me your condition.” Magmentios the king said to him, “Behold, here are thrones, each one set up, and in them are images of all kinds, some of them are of trees that bear fruit, and some of them are of trees that do not bear fruit. If, then, the images of the fruit-bearing tree appear, they will receive a form; and the fruit of each one of them will come forth through your prayers, and the fruit of the fruit-bearing trees will come forth, and the fruit of the non-fruit-bearing trees will come forth. In this way I will believe in your god.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲙⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The name Magmentios (ⲙⲁⲅⲙⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ) is otherwise unattested; it may be a corruption or a variant of a known pagan official's name, possibly related to Magnentius.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲧⲏⲙⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Artemis (ⲁⲣⲧⲏⲙⲓⲥ) is the Greek goddess, here called 'mother of the gods' and helper of the whole world, a syncretic identification common in late antique pagan polemic against Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage presents a formal trial scene: the king's officer offers a conditional test of George's god, contrasting fruit-bearing and non-fruit-bearing trees as a metaphor for divine efficacy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲧⲥⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲧⲥⲓ (images) is ambiguous: it could mean 'statues' or 'paintings'; the English draft renders it as 'images', but the context of thrones suggests cult statues.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a pagan official testing a Christian saint by demanding worship of the sun and Artemis echoes common hagiographical topoi, e.g., in the martyrdom of Theodore.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name Magmentios is uncertain; the Coptic may be a scribal error or a rare name.","The phrase 'images of all kinds' (ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲧⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲛⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ) could refer to either statues or painted icons.","The logic of the test (fruit-bearing vs. non-fruit-bearing trees) is not fully explained; the Coptic may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Ⲁ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϩⲓⲧϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ\nⲙ̃ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϥϥⲓⲁ̃ϩⲟⲙ ⲉⲧⲁϥ*ϫⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲡⲣⲟⲥⲉⲩⲭⲏ ⲁϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲥⲑⲉⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϫⲓⲛⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲟⲩⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲩϯⲟⲩⲱ̃\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲩϭⲉⲡ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲧⲥⲓ ⲁⲩⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥϯⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲁⲩϯⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲁⲩϩⲓ ϫⲱⲃⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲅⲙⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ *ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲉϣⲉ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲟⲙ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲫϯ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲑⲣⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ ⲁⲛ\nϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲕⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ² ⲡⲓⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩⲣ\nⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ\nⲀϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩϥⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ ϯⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ\nϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ⲁϣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲃⲁϣⲟⲩⲣ ⲁⲩⲃⲓⲥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲉϥⲙⲏϯ ⲁⲩⲁⲓϥ ⲛ̃ⲃ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲁϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϯⲧⲟⲓ\nⲃ︦ϯ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁⲩ *ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲧϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲗⲁⲙϫⲁⲡⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲃⲛⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲃⲣⲉϩⲓ ⲁⲩⲥⲁϩϯ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲉϥⲃⲉⲣⲃⲉⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϣⲁϩ ϭⲓⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϩⲟⲩⲟ̃ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ","english":"The holy George made the sign of the cross on his face and prayed to God for a great while, lamenting. When he had finished the prayer, he said, “Amen.” Then a great fear and trembling came upon his adversary, for a spirit of the Lord came upon the thrones, and they gave forth light, and the fetters fell away, and the judges marveled, and those who were bound were released, and those who were unbound were bound, and they put on sackcloth. Then King Magmentios said to him, “A great god is Heracles, for with the other honors that are glorious, he has revealed his power among them in this way.” The holy George answered, saying, “God, who created the sky and the earth, who made things that do not exist come into being, has turned you to Heracles, a blind idol of dung, which you will destroy together with dung.” The impious Dadianus answered, saying to the holy George, the chosen one of the Galilaeans, “I know that I will destroy you in some manner.” Then he commanded that a great cauldron be brought, and they placed him in the middle of it and kindled a fire, and in this way he gave up the spirit. He commanded that a great slab of lead be brought, and they struck the body of the holy saint two hundred blows, together with a rod and a whip and an ox tendon and a hammer, and they placed them beside him, so that his limbs and his hairs stood on end exceedingly, so that","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to the corpse of the saint after torture, consistent with martyrdom accounts where it denotes the physical remains.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Heracles (ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ) is invoked by Magmentios as a pagan god; George dismisses him as a blind idol of dung, reflecting the hagiographic trope of pagan deities as powerless idols.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a pattern of divine intervention (spirit of the Lord, fetters falling) followed by a torture scene (cauldron, lead slab, blows), typical of martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he gave up the spirit' (ⲁϥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦) is ambiguous: it may indicate death or a temporary loss of consciousness; the narrative continues with further torture, suggesting the latter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'chosen one of the Galilaeans' (ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ) reflects a polemical label used by pagans for Christians, later adopted in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The sequence of events after the cauldron is unclear: 'he gave up the spirit' may be premature death or a miraculous survival; the Coptic allows both readings.","The phrase 'they placed them beside him' (ⲁⲩⲥⲁϩϯ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ) is ambiguous as to whether the instruments or the body parts are placed."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲁϩϯ ⲫⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲁⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲟⲩⲟ̃\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲁϩ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϭⲓⲥⲓ ⲙ̃ⲓ︦ⲉ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲉϧϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲃⲉⲣϣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ *ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲟⲗⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲑⲟⲙⲥⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲛϧⲏⲧⲥ² ϫⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲈⲧⲁⲩⲕⲏⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲙⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ\nⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲭⲱⲣⲓⲛ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲏⲣ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ *ⲕⲓⲙ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲉⲛϯ\nϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁϥⲕ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲑⲟⲙⲥ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲍⲁⲗⲁⲑⲓⲏⲗ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲁϥⲫⲟⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ\nⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϫⲟⲙ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲱϥ\nϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲧⲡ *ⲧⲱⲛⲕ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲗⲁⲍⲁⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲟⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲧⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ⲧⲱⲛⲕ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲕ\nϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲕϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲑⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϫⲟⲙ ⲉⲥϫⲟⲣ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϭⲓ *ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϭⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ","english":"it of the Lord came upon him. Then those who were present fled to this place and that, because of the great number of the plague, so that his suffering might be a witness. They brought the executioners of the king's governor, saying, \"He has answered, he has refused,\" said that fierce one there. *The king commanded that they stone him and bury him in the ground, along with the governor and the limbs of the saint, in the midst of them, so that the Christians might not find a limb of his to raise up a martyrion for him. When the servants had finished burying him in the middle, they withdrew. Then a great trembling occurred in the air, and the earth shook to its foundations. Behold, the Lord Jesus Christ came down from heaven with his holy angels, and he stood upon the place where the governor was buried, and he said to Zalathiel the angel, \"Bring this governor up.\" When he had brought the governor up, he cast him down upon the ground. The Lord of the powers cried out to him, \"George, my chosen one, arise. I am the one who raised Lazarus from the dead. Likewise now, I command you: arise and come up out of the governor, and stand upon your feet. I am the Lord, your God.\" He arose at that very hour, that true strong one, with great and mighty power, like one who had received no pain at all. All who saw were amazed. The Lord said to him, \"Be strong.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (from Greek ἄγγελος) is rendered 'angel' per the pinned glossary; here it refers to the named angel Zalathiel, a figure not canonical but found in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲗⲁⲍⲁⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's claim to have raised Lazarus (ⲗⲁⲍⲁⲣⲟⲥ) echoes John 11:43–44, a key proof of resurrection power used to authorize George's own rising.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The king fears Christians will build a martyrion (ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ, from Greek μαρτύριον) over George's remains, a shrine for veneration; this reflects late antique concerns about relic cults.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The king's command to stone and bury the saint (ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ) initiates a narrative sequence of burial, cosmic disturbance, and divine intervention, typical of Coptic martyrdom miracles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲍⲁⲗⲁⲑⲓⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The angel Zalathiel (ⲍⲁⲗⲁⲑⲓⲏⲗ) is a non-canonical figure appearing in Coptic and Ethiopic traditions, possibly derived from Jewish angelology; his role here as executor of divine justice is unique to this hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ (governor) is ambiguous: it may refer to the same official as the 'governor' earlier or to a distinct figure; the English draft conflates them, but the Coptic leaves room for a separate executioner.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲃⲏⲥ (governor) is unclear: it may be the same official mentioned earlier or a different one; the Coptic does not specify.","The phrase ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲁϩϯ ⲫⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲁ (those who were present fled) is textually corrupt in the OCR; the subject and direction of flight are uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲣⲁϣⲓ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲁ̃ⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲅⲱⲛ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲕϫⲉⲙ\nⲛⲟⲙϯ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϯⲭⲏ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲉ̃ⲡ*ϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲚⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ϩⲁ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ\nϯⲥⲛⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯϯⲥⲃⲱ ϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲛϥ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲉϥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲛⲁϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲙⲁ ⲁⲓⲓ̃ ϩⲁⲣⲟⲕ\n*ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲕⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲟⲛ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫϯ ⲉⲧⲱⲛϧ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲭⲟⲗⲗⲁⲥⲧⲓⲕⲏ ⲁⲥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲃⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲁϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲱϩⲉⲃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲁⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲕⲟⲓ ⲁϥϩⲉⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲥⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ\nⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲃ ϯⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ\nⲙ*ⲫϯ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ϭⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓϣⲃⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϫⲓϫ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲕⲟⲓ ⲭⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓϣⲃⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲙⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲧⲱⲛⲕ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲕ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ\nⲁⲥⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁ ⲥϯⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫϯ","english":"And George, my beloved, gained strength, saying, \"A great joy will come to you in the heavens and on the earth, and before the good father and before the angels, concerning your struggle. Be strong, for I am with you.\" And he went up to the heavens with his holy angels.\n\nBut he arose and walked, and the holy George sent word to the king, saying, \"Behold, I am revealed in the city, and I am teaching at this hour.\" Then the king commanded that he be brought before the tribunal. And as he was coming, he cried out, \"The tribunal! The tribunal! I have come to you, you and your Apollo. I also, with my Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the living one. Behold, there is a woman named Chollastice. She cried out against the holy George, the martyr of Christ, saying, 'My Lord George, my son has drowned in the river. The calf has fallen and died. Help my weakness. I know, my Lord, that you have the power of God.' The holy one said to her, 'Take this staff from my hands, go to the river, and place this staff upon the mouth of the calf, saying, \"These are the words that George speaks: In the name of Jesus Christ, arise and stand.\"' And she did as he told her, and the calf arose at that very hour, and she gave glory to God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (from Greek ἄγγελος) is rendered 'angel' here, referring to celestial beings accompanying George, not human messengers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The nomina sacra ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ (Jesus Christ) and ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫϯ ⲉⲧⲱⲛϧ (Son of God, the living one) echo New Testament titles, especially the confession of Peter (Matthew 16:16) and Johannine language.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲭⲟⲗⲗⲁⲥⲧⲓⲕⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The name Chollastice (ⲭⲟⲗⲗⲁⲥⲧⲓⲕⲏ) is rare and likely a Coptic rendering of a Greek or Latin name, possibly 'Cholasticē' or 'Colasticē', but unattested in standard hagiographic sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a heavenly vision (George ascending with angels) to an earthly miracle (resuscitation of a calf), typical of Coptic hagiography's juxtaposition of celestial and mundane.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡ*ϣⲱⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲡ*ϣⲱⲓ contains an asterisk indicating a scribal or editorial lacuna; the intended word is likely ⲡϣⲱⲓ 'the height' or 'the heaven', but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The miracle of the calf (ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲥⲓ) is a local, pastoral variant of George's wonder-working, not found in the standard Greek or Latin passiones, reflecting Coptic adaptation to rural contexts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name ⲭⲟⲗⲗⲁⲥⲧⲓⲕⲏ (Chollastice) is unattested elsewhere; its etymology and significance are unclear.","The asterisk in ⲡ*ϣⲱⲓ suggests a textual corruption; the intended reading may be 'heaven' or 'height'.","The phrase 'he went up to the heavens with his holy angels' could be read as a visionary ascent or a literal assumption; the narrative context favors a vision."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"*ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲓ︦ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲑⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ̃ ⲫϯ ϫⲉⲙⲡϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲗⲁⲟⲥ\nⲠⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲧⲣⲁⲕⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲓϣⲉ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲉⲛⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲕⲣⲓⲃⲱⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥ*ⲑⲣⲟⲩⲫⲓⲣⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲙ̃ϩⲁⲩ\nⲉϥⲭⲏ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲉⲧⲣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲭⲁ\nⲣⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ\nⲡⲉϥⲣⲟ ⲉϣⲟⲡ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ϣⲉ ⲡⲁⲛⲏⲃ\nⲡⲓⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁⲣⲧⲉⲙⲓⲥ ⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃*ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲉⲓⲉ̃ⲛⲁϩϯ ϩⲱ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲛⲧⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥⲙⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲥⲟⲑⲙⲉⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ\nⲉⲧϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϩϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲫⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲉⲗⲧⲁⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲧⲉⲃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉ ϩⲗⲓ *ⲉⲣⲁⲧϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲧⲱⲛⲕ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nⲁ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙ̃ϩⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟ̃ϥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲗⲟϥⲗⲉϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϣⲱⲓϣ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ⲛⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲞⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ","english":"The woman said, \"Blessed is the hour that came to my city. Truly, you are a prophet, and God has found a way to his people.\"\n\nAgain, Diadianos sent for the martyr. When he had come, the king said to him, \"George, the trees that bear fruit that have come forth, we do not know exactly whether it is your god who has caused them to come forth, because our gods are gods. But behold, there is a cave before you in the rock, which is a tomb of the dead. No man knows its path or its entrance. If, through your prayers, the bones of those who are dead rise up, O my lord, the sun, the moon, and Artemis, the mother of the gods, then I too will believe in your god and become a Christian.\"\n\nThe blessed George answered, saying, \"I have heard the voice in the gospel which says, 'If you have faith in the manner of a mustard seed, you would say to this mountain, \"Be removed,\" and nothing would have power to move you.' You and King Diadianos and the other rulers of Egypt, go. Open the door of the cave and take the bones of the dead that have rotted away, and the corpses of those who have died, and bring them to me.\"\n\nAnd they went, and the king's soldiers went with them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The woman calls George a prophet, using the Greek loanword ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ. In Coptic hagiography this title elevates the martyr as a divinely inspired figure, not merely a confessor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲡⲉϥⲗⲁⲟⲥ (his people) uses the Greek λαός. In liturgical contexts it distinguishes the congregation from clergy; here it refers to God’s faithful, consistent with the hagiographic setting.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"George cites a voice in the gospel: 'If you have faith in the manner of a mustard seed, you would say to this mountain, “Be removed.”' This echoes Matthew 17:20 and the mustard-seed simile in Matthew 13:31–32, adapted to a miracle of moving a mountain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲧⲉⲙⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The king invokes Artemis as 'mother of the gods,' a syncretistic reference. In Egyptian contexts, Artemis was sometimes identified with Isis or other goddesses; this reflects the polytheistic milieu the hagiography opposes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (again), marking a new narrative episode: Diadianos sends for George a second time. This structural cue signals a repeated confrontation, typical of hagiographic trial sequences.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲅ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ","severity":"caution","text":"The final line reads ⲡⲓⲅ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ, likely a scribal abbreviation for ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ (the king’s soldiers). The Coptic is fragmentary; the translation 'the king's soldiers' is a plausible reconstruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲓⲅ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ is ambiguous: it may be an abbreviation for ⲡⲓⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ (the soldiers) or a proper name. The reading 'the king's soldiers' is adopted based on context.","The identity of 'the woman' speaking at the start is not specified; she may be a local convert or a stock character representing the people."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","text":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ → “prophet”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","text":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ → “people”. Greek λαός. In liturgical description it is the congregation as distinct from the clergy, i.e. the laity."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","text":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (laity); this passage takes it as “people”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ⲉ̃ⲫⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙ̃ϩⲁⲩ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓ *ⲙ̃ϩⲁⲩ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩϫⲉⲙ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲁⲩⲱϥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲙⲓⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϫⲉⲙⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁϥϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲕⲉⲗⲓ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ϣⲁ ⲫⲛⲁⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲉⲧⲉⲃⲣⲏϫ\nⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲥ ⲉ̃*ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ ⲁ̃︦\nⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ *ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥⲟⲩⲃⲏⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲏⲣ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲙⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥ ϩⲟⲩϭ̃ ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ϣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϯⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ϩⲟⲗⲱⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲛⲁⲕⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲙ *ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲡⲉⲣⲉⲣ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲱ̃ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nϯϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲁϩϯ\nⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲥ︦︦","english":"of the prison. They opened the door of the prison. They found no bones of the dead within it, and they took the shrouds off the bones that they found. They brought them to Saint George. Then Saint George threw himself upon his knees and prayed for an hour. After he finished the Amen, there occurred a great disturbance with flashes of fire, and they shone upon the bones there. And immediately, there came out from them 300 men, 200 women, and 100 small children. The rulers, when they saw what had happened, marveled. Then the rulers called out to one among those who had risen from the dead. They said to him, \"What is your name?\" He who had risen from the dead answered, saying, \"Isouben is my name.\" The king said to him, \"How many years is it since you died?\" He said, \"300 years.\" The king said to him, \"At that time, did Christ come into the world?\" He who had risen from the dead said to him, \"I do not remember, nor have I heard at all that he came.\" Diadianos said to him, \"In which gods do you believe?\" He who had risen from the dead said to him, \"Do not force me, O king. I am ashamed to say in which gods I believe. I believe in one who is called Apollo, 200.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic describes a miraculous resurrection of 300 men, 200 women, and 100 children from bones in a prison, followed by a dialogue with the king.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'Saint George' is used consistently in the Coptic, reflecting the hagiographic convention of honoring the martyr.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The resurrection of a large group from bones is a common hagiographic motif, emphasizing the saint's power and divine favor.","cites":[],"named_sources":["E. Lucchesi 1993"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit following a miracle, transitioning to a dialogue that tests the faith of the resurrected and the king.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a lacuna or corruption at the end, where the number '200' appears abruptly, likely part of a longer statement about Apollo.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number '200' at the end of the Coptic is incomplete; it may refer to a year or a count of gods, but the context is unclear.","The name 'Isouben' (ⲓⲥⲟⲩⲃⲏⲛ) is not otherwise attested and may be a scribal error or a variant of a biblical name."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩⲣ ⲙ̃ⲃⲟ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲭⲱ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ⲛ̃ϯϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ\nⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲃⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲓϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲓⲱⲛϧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ\nⲉⲧⲧⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲓⲁⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ ϣⲁϯϣⲉ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\n*ⲁϥⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϥⲓⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ ϩⲁⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲥⲫⲓⲣⲓ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲕϯ ⲙ̃ⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲧⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ\nⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟⲩⲧⲱⲙⲧ\nⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲩϣⲑⲉⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡϩⲏⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯϩⲁⲡ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲡϩⲱⲃ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲁⲓϥ ⲭⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ *ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ϣⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥϫⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡϩⲱⲃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲃⲉⲭⲉ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ\nⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲫⲓⲣⲓ ϧⲁⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲱ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲱⲛⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉ\nⲕⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲃⲓ ϭⲓ *ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲟⲧⲉⲃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲛⲁⲩϩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϧⲉⲛ\nϯⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲏ ⲥⲉϯⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲥⲟⲙⲥ\nⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϯⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲏ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲇⲉ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϯⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲩϯⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲧϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲓϣⲟⲡ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲡⲱⲥ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲛⲛⲁ*ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉⲛⲉⲣⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥⲑⲉ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲉⲕϩⲏⲧ ⲭⲱ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ","english":"of you. Do not turn away from the blind man, for I am placing my body in the evil ways of this life; I have come to be alive in the paths that are there in the river of fire until I go down to him. There was the serpent of Atefkot, saying to you, \"You did not listen to the scriptures of the Christians, which are scattered abroad; you gave me the remembrance of that day which is there, which is a terror, the path where there is no help, but it is a torment and a terror; there is none of these in it, nor did they shake the heart of the judge, but the deed of each one that he did is before his eyes. Then the judge would answer, saying, 'Tell me the deed of each one of you, so that I may give him his reward according to what he has done.' Listen, then, to my explanation before you, O king: 'All the men who will be upon the earth and who will appear from the one who was crucified, that is Christ, even if there is a multitude of sins, they receive his body, and he is cut off from this evil world; he becomes in two ways because of his sins, but on the Lord's Day they give him rest, for truly the Lord Jesus blesses the punishments of the Lord's Day. But we, not even on the Lord's Day have they given us rest at all, for if his lordship had not appeared upon the earth, how would we have appeared? We would have been pious to idols and beasts; they did not move at all.' The king answered him, saying, 'Has your heart given way through","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In this passage ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) refers to the corpse of the executed, consistent with martyrdom accounts where it denotes the physical remains after death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the one who was crucified, that is Christ' (ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦) echoes New Testament references to Christ's crucifixion, central to the theological argument about salvation and punishment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ϯⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Lord's Day' (ϯⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲏ) refers to Sunday, the Christian day of worship and rest, contrasting the punishment of sinners with the respite granted to believers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a narrative of resurrection to a dialogue between the saint and the king, marked by the king's direct speech and the saint's explanatory response, typical of hagiographic disputations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϥⲓⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the serpent of Atefkot' (ⲡⲓϥⲓⲛⲧ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ) is obscure; 'Atefkot' may be a toponym or a corruption, and the serpent's role as a speaker is unusual, possibly reflecting a lacuna or scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the serpent of Atefkot' is unclear; it may be a proper name or a symbolic figure. The Coptic text has a lacuna marked by * before ⲁϥⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ, and the transition from the resurrection scene to the serpent's speech is abrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ⲡⲁϣⲁⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ *ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲧⲉⲛϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛⲁⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱⲙⲥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϩⲓⲧⲧⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲁϩϯ ⲁϥϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲉⲛⲫⲁⲧ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁϥϥⲱϫⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϯⲱⲙⲥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲁ*ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ\nⲀϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉϥⲱⲛϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲁⲩⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥⲉⲣϩⲓⲕ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ\nⲛⲉϥⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲁϥⲧⲁϩⲟ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲛⲙ̃ⲑⲟ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nϩⲱ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲁϯϣⲱϣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲅⲉ*ⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ϫⲉ ⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲭⲏⲣⲁ\nⲛ̃ϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲑⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲕⲱϯ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲁⲩϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲁ̃ϥ","english":"The remainder of the time of this year, he who had risen from among the dead, the martyr of Christ, the holy George, said to him, \"My Lord, the martyr of Christ, we bow before you. Give us the holy ointment of Christ, so that we may not be troubled by the tortures that are within them.\" Then the holy George saw the faith. He cast a handful of dust on the ground, and water sprang up. He anointed them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. He said to them, \"Go in peace to the paradise.\" And immediately they appeared, and they saw themselves. The king, being alive, appeared to them for a moment. The soldiers who were with him answered him, saying, \"This man is a sorcerer, for through his magic he has set up some demons before us.\" He said, \"I have raised up some dead men. I myself will now destroy this entire race of Christians.\" He commanded, \"Choose for me a widow of a beauty such as there is none in the world.\" And they searched the city and found one for him.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲱⲙⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'holy ointment' (ⲡⲓⲱⲙⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ) likely refers to the oil used in Coptic baptismal or healing rites, not a generic unguent. The term ⲱⲙⲥ (ointment) is distinct from ⲙⲣⲟⲛ (myron), the consecrated chrism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡⲛⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The trinitarian formula 'in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit' echoes the baptismal formula of Matthew 28:19 and is standard in Coptic liturgical contexts. Its use here reinforces the sacramental character of the anointing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'paradise' (ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ) in Coptic hagiography often denotes the abode of the blessed, distinct from the earthly Garden of Eden. George's command 'Go in peace to the paradise' signals a post-mortem reward for the resurrected dead.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue unit, as classified from the Coptic cues. It contains a direct speech by George to the risen dead, followed by a narrative of a miracle (dust to water) and a command, then a shift to the king's reaction and command.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he who had risen from among the dead' is ambiguous: it could refer to a specific resurrected figure (perhaps a previous martyr) or to George himself in a visionary sense. The Coptic grammar allows either reading, but the context of the preceding passage suggests a resurrected speaker addressing George.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'he who had risen from among the dead' is unclear; the Coptic ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ could be a separate figure or George himself. The English draft takes it as a separate speaker addressing George as 'My Lord, the martyr of Christ'.","The phrase 'ⲡⲁϣⲁⲓ ⲙⲡⲓⲭⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲥ ⲛⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ' is textually corrupt; the Coptic OCR may have misread ⲡⲁϣⲁⲓ (the remainder) or ⲡⲁⲓⲥ (this). The translation 'The remainder of the time of this year' is a plausible reconstruction."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ⲛ̃ϯⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲥ\nϩⲱⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ϯϣⲱϣ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ϯⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲟⲓ\nⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲕ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲏⲓ ϯϩⲱⲕⲉⲣ *ⲁⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲕⲓ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲱⲓⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲏ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉⲛⲁϩϯ\nⲉⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲱⲓⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲏⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲗⲏⲑⲟⲥ ⲟⲩϩⲁⲡ² ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲫϯ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ *ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲱⲓⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲩⲙⲓ ⲁⲥⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ\nⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲱϯ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁϭⲓⲥⲉⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲭⲱ ϧⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫϯ ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲉϥϫⲓⲛⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ\nⲉ̃*ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉⲥϩⲱⲗ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϣⲉ\nⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲓ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲁϥϣⲉⲡ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϩⲓϫⲁⲗ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣϣⲏⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲥⲁⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲓ︦ⲥ︦\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ *ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲁϥⲓ̃ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲍⲁ ⲉⲥⲙⲉϩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ϯⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲍⲁ ⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲱⲓⲕ","english":"the widow and the poor woman cast the righteous one into her house as if she wished to destroy the Christians. The righteous one entered the house of the widow, and he said to her, \"Give me some bread, for truly I am hungry.\" The widow woman answered him, \"There is no bread in this house, my lord.\" Saint George said to her, \"In whom do you believe, that there is no bread in the house?\" The woman said to him, \"I believe in Apollo and Heracles, the great gods of the Greeks.\" Saint George said to her, \"Truly, it is a just judgment of God that there is no bread in the house.\" She turned her face into his face, and the woman saw his face in the form of an angel of the Lord. The woman said within herself, \"I will go out to seek bread from my neighbors and my relatives, so that I may place it before this man of God, for since his entrance into my house, I have found a grace before my relatives.\" It happened that when the widow woman went out, the righteous one sat at her feet like a base of a wooden pillar inside her house. Immediately, the pillar received a shoot and put forth branches, and it became a great tree, and it overshadowed the house up to the roof. Behold, Michael the archangel came to him with a table full of all good things. The saint ate and was satisfied, and the table remained full of bread.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The woman sees George's face 'in the form of an angel' (ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ). The term is rendered 'angel' per the pinned glossary; here it underscores George's supernatural, messenger-like appearance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The woman says she has found 'a grace' (ⲟⲩϩⲙⲟⲧ) before her relatives. Per the pinned glossary, ϩⲙⲟⲧ is 'grace' (unearned divine favour), not merely 'favour' from humans, reinforcing the miraculous context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The widow names Apollo and Heracles as 'the great gods of the Greeks' (ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ). This reflects the hagiographic trope of pagan polytheism as a foil for Christian monotheism, common in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲏⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲣⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Michael the archangel appears with a table of good things. This echoes the angelic provision in 1 Kings 19:5–8 (Elijah fed by an angel) and the broader biblical motif of divine sustenance through angelic agency.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a dialogue (structural classification) between George and the widow, followed by a miracle sequence: the pillar becomes a tree, and Michael brings a table. This two-part structure (confrontation + miraculous provision) is typical of Coptic hagiographic episodes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ (rendered 'my relatives') is ambiguous: it could be a variant of ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ 'my neighbours' or a scribal error for ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ 'my kinsfolk'. The English draft takes it as 'relatives', but the sense is not certain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ may mean 'my neighbours' or 'my relatives'; the Coptic is ambiguous.","The clause ⲁⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ could be read as 'she saw his face in the form of an angel' or 'she saw his face, which was in the form of an angel'; the syntax allows both."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲈⲧⲁⲥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲓ ⲁⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ϩⲁⲛⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲝⲁ ⲉⲥⲭⲏ\nⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉⲥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̃*ⲧⲁϥϣⲉⲡ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϣⲉ ⲉϥϣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲉⲥϩⲏⲧ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲫϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧϩⲏⲕⲓ ϧⲁ ϯⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲁϥⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲏⲓ\nϧⲁ ϯⲧⲁⲗⲉⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲥ ⲁⲥϩⲓⲧⲥ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲁ ⲛⲉⲛϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲥⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ *ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁϯ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ\nⲛⲉϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ⲉⲓϣⲉⲡ ϧⲓⲥⲓ\nⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙⲑⲟ ⲙⲏⲓⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲉⲑⲣⲓⲉⲣⲧⲟⲗⲙⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϫⲱ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\n*ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑ︦\nⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩⲣ ⲛ̃ⲉ̃ⲃⲟ ⲛ̃ϭⲁⲗⲉ\nϯϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ ⲉ̃ϣⲟⲡ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲑⲣⲉϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ\nϩⲱ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁϥⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲁϩⲅ︦ϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁϩⲙⲓ *ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ","english":"and all kinds of good things. The widow and the poor woman entered her house, and she saw great wonders: a table set, filled with all kinds of good things and a cloth, which he had received as a gift in a beautiful field. She said in her heart, \"The God of the Christians has remembered my widowhood and poverty. He has brought his martyr into my house for my wretched soul, until he helps me.\" And immediately she threw herself at the feet of the saint, and she worshipped him. The holy George answered her, saying, \"Rise up, stand on your feet. For I am not the God of the Christians. But I am his servant, who suffers for his holy name.\" Then the woman said to him, \"My lord, if I have found favor before you, tell me, that I may dare to speak a word before you.\" The saint said to her, \"Speak.\" The woman said to him, \"My lord, there is in my house a child who is in the twelfth year, and he is blind, deaf, mute, and paralyzed. I am ashamed to tell you my troubles. If only you could make him see, hear, and speak, I would believe in your God.\" The righteous one answered, saying, \"Bring the child to me.\" Then she brought the child to him from the inner room of the house, and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword μάρτυς is rendered 'martyr' in the hagiographical sense, though the older forensic sense 'witness' may resonate in the widow's perception of George as a divine agent.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"Greek ψυχή is rendered 'soul' here, but the context of the widow's wretchedness suggests the sense of 'life' or 'living person' (the self in distress) rather than the post-mortem soul.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic word ϩⲙⲟⲧ is rendered 'grace' (unearned divine favour) in the glossary; here the widow uses it in a human context ('favour before you'), consistent with the term's range.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit that shifts from the widow's internal monologue to direct dialogue, culminating in the introduction of the afflicted child, a typical hagiographical setup for a miracle.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The child's multiple disabilities (blind, deaf, mute, paralyzed) are a standard hagiographical trope, emphasizing the totality of the affliction that the saint's intercession will overcome.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲑ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a lacuna or abbreviation at ⲑ︦ (likely ⲑⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ 'the year'), but the sense 'in the twelfth year' is clear from context; the reading is secure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉ̃*ⲧⲁϥϣⲉⲡ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϣⲉ ⲉϥϣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ is ambiguous: it may refer to a cloth received as a gift in a beautiful field, or to a tablecloth set in a field; the English draft takes the former reading.","The widow's statement 'I am ashamed to tell you my troubles' (ϯϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ) could be read as a rhetorical modesty topos rather than literal shame."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ → “martyr”. Greek μάρτυς. 'Witness' is the older forensic sense and survives in the paschal and apologetic register; the hagiographical sense is 'martyr'."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (witness); this passage takes it as “martyr”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ⲁⲥϣⲧⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲕⲉⲛϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁϥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲱϥ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ϫⲱϥ\nϫⲟⲃⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲕⲉⲛϥ\nⲁϥⲛⲓϥⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉϩⲣⲁϥ ⲁⲩϩⲉⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲕⲥ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϯϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ *ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲁϣϫ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ\nⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ\nϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲣⲱϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲉⲉⲣⲭⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲉⲑⲣⲉϥϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϩⲱⲃ ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲩ*ⲱ̃ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲅⲁⲣ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲙ̃ⲡϩⲟ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫϯ\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲕⲉⲝ︦ⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲛ\nⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲩⲥⲛⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲗⲁⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲛⲟⲩⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲣⲱⲧ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲛⲁϥϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓϫⲓⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲕⲉⲛⲧⲉ ⲡ ⲡⲁⲓϣϣⲏⲛ\nⲁϥⲧⲁⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁϥϩⲱⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲛϥ\nⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲧⲁϩⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲛ̃ⲇⲉⲙⲟⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲛⲉⲩⲣⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲑⲛⲁⲓ ϣⲁⲧⲉ *ⲛⲉϥⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲗⲟϥⲗⲉϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲫⲓⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲗⲱⲃϣ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲁϣⲁⲓ","english":"She wrapped him in linen. The true one, Saint George, however, remained steadfast, praying earnestly over himself. His flesh was torn downward, and the youth was in linen. He brought him inside, and tears fell from his eyes like grains of salt. He looked out, and the woman said to him, \"My Lord, I am ashamed before you, that he might speak and that he might hear with his ears, that he might rise and walk on his feet.\" The holy George said to her, \"Woman, this one is a servant now, for I have need of him to serve me in a task. If I call him, let him hear my voice and let him walk and let him serve me in the word.\" And the woman was not able to answer him with a word, for his face was like the face of an angel of God.\n\nThen the lawless and impious king Dadianus and the other king with him, who had come out of the palace, stood in the streets of the city. But when the dragon of the abyss, King Dadianus, saw the tree that had sprouted from the hand of the true one, he inquired of the archons, saying, \"This new shoot, what tree is it?\" He informed him, saying, \"This is the path by which the great saint of the Galileans, George, enters.\" The king, however, gave orders to bring him and set him before him in public. He had him tortured with inhumanity until his flesh was shredded and his bones were broken by the multitude.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is a Greek loanword (ἄγγελος). Here it compares George's face to that of an angel, emphasizing his sanctity and otherworldly nature, a common hagiographic trope.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"King Dadianus is a stock persecutor in Coptic martyrdom accounts, often conflated with the Roman emperor Diocletian. The epithet 'dragon of the abyss' (ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲛⲟⲩⲛ) demonizes him, aligning with apocalyptic imagery.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ('then') marks a narrative shift from the domestic miracle (the widow's house) to the public arena, where Dadianus interrogates George. This transition is typical of hagiographic structure, alternating private and public scenes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the tree that had sprouted from the hand of the true one' is ambiguous: it may refer to a miraculous tree (a hagiographic motif) or metaphorically to George's steadfast faith. The Coptic ⲡⲓϣϣⲏⲛ (tree) is literal, but the context suggests symbolic interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Galileans' (ⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ) is a pejorative label used by pagans for Christians, derived from Jesus' origin. Its use here by Dadianus reflects the anti-Christian polemic common in Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the other king' (ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲝ︦ⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ) is unclear; possibly a co-ruler or a textual corruption.","The phrase 'the tree that had sprouted from the hand of the true one' may be a literal miracle or a metaphor; the Coptic does not resolve this."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ\nϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲁϣϥ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲱⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲥⲉⲙⲉϩ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲫⲩⲁ̃ⲗⲏ ⲙ̃ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ\nⲉⲩⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲫⲓⲣⲱⲟⲩⲓ̃ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϭⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ * ⲟⲩⲧⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉϥϭⲟⲥⲓ ⲛⲁϥϫⲱ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ϫⲉ ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲓ̃ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲁⲗⲁϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ ⲁⲩⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲥⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ\nⲈⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ * ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲗ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ\nⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩϧⲁⲣⲁⲃⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲉⲧⲉⲣⲏϫ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲥⲑⲉⲣⲧⲉⲣ\nϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉϥⲧⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϭⲏⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ\nⲧⲱⲛⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥϭⲟϫⲓ ⲥⲁⲫⲁ *ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲉϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲟ̃ϩⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ϣⲁϯⲓ̃ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲥⲟⲙⲥⲉ\nϩⲓⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϭⲟϫⲓ ϩⲓⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲩϯⲱ̃ⲟⲩ","english":"They cast him into the fire and placed a basin of fire upon his head. Afterward, they commanded that he be shaved and that they fill him with vials of balsam filled with fire, and they placed them under his armpits until he gave up his spirit. And the king commanded that they take his body and cast it down from a high mountain. For the dragon thought in his heart that the birds of the sky would come and eat his flesh, which had been torn from the body of the blessed one on that mountain called Siris. They cast him down from that place, and the servants hastened. When the servants of the devil had gone a short distance from the mountain, about thirty stadia, a cloud appeared in the sky with thunderbolts, so that the whole mountain there trembled. Behold, the Lord came, mounted upon a horse, and said to Saint George, \"My chosen good one, arise from your sleep.\" And immediately the martyr of Christ arose and ran after the servants, crying out against them, saying, \"Wait for me a little while until I come with you to those who have persecuted you.\" Afterward, the servants saw the true George running after them, and they glorified him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲥⲱⲙⲁ here refers to the corpse of Saint George after his martyrdom, consistent with its use in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The mountain named Siris (ⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ) is not otherwise attested in known Coptic hagiography; it may be a toponym from a local tradition or a scribal corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉϥⲧⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϭⲏⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord’s appearance mounted on a horse echoes the motif of divine intervention in martyrdom narratives, reminiscent of Christ’s theophany in apocalyptic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The resurrection of George from sleep and his pursuit of the servants marks a narrative shift from passive suffering to active vindication, a common structural turn in Coptic martyrdoms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲩ ⲗ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The numeral ⲗ︦ (30) before ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ is partially obscured in the OCR; the reading is plausible but the exact distance may be uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The dragon (ⲡⲓⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ) here is the persecuting king, not a mythical beast; this allegorical use is typical of Coptic hagiography, where the dragon symbolizes evil rulers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym Siris (ⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ) is unattested elsewhere; it may be a scribal error or a local name.","The numeral ⲗ︦ (30) before ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ is partially obscured in the OCR, making the exact distance uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ⲙ̃ⲫϯ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϭⲁⲗⲁⲩϫ ⲁⲩϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛⲁⲛ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ϯⲥⲫⲣⲁⲍⲓⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ⲑⲙⲏⲓ *ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁϥϯⲱⲙⲥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡⲓⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲓ̃ ⲁⲩⲟϩⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϫⲉ\nⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲣⲣⲏⲥⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲁⲩⲧⲱⲙⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲃⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓϩⲱⲃ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉⲧⲁϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁϩⲣⲁϥ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ *ⲡⲉ ⲕⲗⲁⲩⲇⲁⲛⲏ\nⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲥⲉϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲇⲓⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ\nⲡⲓⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲗⲁⲥⲓⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲗⲁⲥⲓⲣⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲏ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ ⲕⲗⲏⲕⲱⲛ\nⲁⲩⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲘⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ *ϣⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲣⲏ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲁⲩ ϯⲁⲣⲧⲏⲙⲓⲥ\nϫⲉ ϯϯⲁ̃ⲥⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲏⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲓ ϩⲱⲥ ⲓⲱⲧ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲁⲙⲁϯ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲓ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϯⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲧϫⲱ *ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲉⲛ ϣⲁ ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲉⲕϫⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲍ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲥⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲕⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲁⲕϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ","english":"the fire, they placed them under his armpits until the seal of Christ the blessed one was upon them. Truly, the holy George answered them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, and they came and stood before the lawless king. They all cried out, \"We are Christians,\" with boldness. Then the kings were greatly afraid because of this matter. He commanded to bring the servants and to set them before him. The name of one of them was Claudanus. He had him seized and gave him punishments. The other, however, who was called Lasiri and Lasiriane, so that they might be put to the sword of Clecon, he delivered them to the beast.\n\nAfter these things, the kings commanded to bring the holy George. The king Dadianus answered and said to him, \"George, worship the sun, the moon, the gods, and their mother Artemis, for I will honor you as a beloved son of the house, and all the things that you will ask of me, I will give them to you as a gift. Only listen to me as a father and consent, so that you may come and worship the gods.\"\n\nThe holy George alone answered and said to him, \"I am amazed at your words that you speak. Now, have I not been with you until this day? Why did you not say these things to me? Behold, for seven years and days you have been torturing me, you have killed me nine times.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The term ϩⲙⲟⲧ (grace) appears in Dadianus's offer of gifts; here it denotes a royal favour, not divine grace, consistent with the glossary's note on human patronage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡⲓⲡⲛⲁ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"George's response 'in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit' echoes the Trinitarian baptismal formula (cf. Matthew 28:19), a standard hagiographic confession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"King Dadianus (Dadianos) is a stock persecutor in Coptic George cycles, possibly conflated with the Roman emperor Diocletian or a local Persian ruler; the name varies across manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from collective martyrdom of the servants (Claudanus, Lasiri, Lasiriane) to a direct dialogue between Dadianus and George, marking a structural pivot to the central confrontation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲗⲏⲕⲱⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Clecon' (ⲕⲗⲏⲕⲱⲛ) is obscure; it may be a proper name or a corruption of a weapon or place. The Coptic text is unclear, and the English draft renders it as a sword name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"George's claim of being tortured for seven years and killed nine times is a hagiographic topos emphasizing miraculous endurance, paralleling other Coptic martyrdom accounts (e.g., of St. Victor).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲡⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ' (the beast) may refer to a literal animal or a torture device; the English draft takes it as a beast.","The name 'Clecon' (ⲕⲗⲏⲕⲱⲛ) is ambiguous—possibly a sword name or a personal name; the English draft treats it as a sword.","The number of kings (ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ, plural) is unclear; the English draft uses 'kings' but Dadianus is the primary interlocutor."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲅ︦ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲕⲉⲡⲉⲣ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲏⲗ ⲉ̃ϯⲛⲟⲩ\nⲕⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ ⲱ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ *ϩⲁⲛⲫⲓⲗⲟⲛⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲉϯ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ\nⲉⲧϯ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲁⲩ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϯⲉⲣⲟⲩⲟⲧ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲛⲓϣϯ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲣⲁϣⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲁϥⲛⲁϯⲫⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲥ ⲁϥϯⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ *ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲣ ⲱ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲕⲁϩⲥ ⲁⲛ ⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ϣⲱⲡ ⲁⲩϣⲧⲉⲙⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ\nϣⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲏⲓⲕ ⲉ̃ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲇⲓⲙⲟⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ *ⲭⲁⲩ\nⲛⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲱⲥ ⲁⲓⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲉ̃ⲙⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲧ ϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϫⲓⲧⲕ ⲥⲁϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲗⲗⲁⲧⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲥⲁϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧⲉ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ⲭⲏ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲥⲕⲟⲓⲧⲱⲛ ⲉⲥⲙⲟⲧⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ","english":"and I died. The Lord Jesus Christ raised the seal the third time. But I did not hear these things from you until now. You do not know, O king, that this race of Christians are lovers of victory, and they cast themselves into the fire for those who cast themselves into it. But now, give me the command of your greatness, and I will make an offering to your great god Apollo, whom you love. When King Dadianos heard these things, he rejoiced greatly. He bowed the head of the holy George, saying that he had persuaded him. He gave him his hand, and the true one said, saying, \"Do not, O king, the Galileans are not cowards. If they had not first worshipped the gods, but now they have cast me into the prison until his anger.\" The king answered him, saying, \"It shall not be for me from now on that I have given any punishment, but all the tortures that I have given you, I have given them to you as if I had done them to you in ignorance, like a father who has taken you. Come now, so that I may take you inside the palace, inside the prison where the city of Alexandria lies in its curtain, clothing itself. When the king took him inside, he cast him into the prison with the city.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The nomina sacra for ⲡⲁϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, 'the Lord Jesus Christ,' are standard in Coptic manuscripts and indicate a reverential abbreviation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ, 'the Galileans,' is a derogatory term for Christians used by pagans, referencing Jesus’ origin; here it is placed in the mouth of the saint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"Apollo was a major Greco-Roman god; the saint’s feigned willingness to sacrifice to him is a common hagiographic trope of deception to gain the king’s trust.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲫⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The king’s bowing of George’s head signals a shift: the king believes he has won, but the saint’s reply ('the Galileans are not cowards') reverses the dramatic tension.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧⲉ, 'the prison,' is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific location within the palace or a metaphorical 'enclosure'; the text later clarifies it is inside the palace.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ","severity":"info","text":"Alexandria is the traditional setting for the martyrdom of George; the mention of its 'curtain' (ⲕⲟⲓⲧⲱⲛ) may allude to the city’s walls or a specific building.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲫⲉ' could be read as 'he bowed the head' (submission) or 'he inclined the head' (listening); the context favors the king’s gesture of persuasion.","The clause 'ϣⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲥϯ' is obscure; it may mean 'until his anger' or be a corruption; the translation follows the sense of the king’s anger subsiding."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ⲁϥⲙⲁϣⲑⲁⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲃ︦ ⲁϥϣⲉ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉ ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲕⲱⲗϫ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲕⲉⲗⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲙ̃ⲫϯ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲫϯ\nⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ⲡⲉⲧⲟ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ\nⲡⲉ ⲫϯ ⲉ̃ⲧⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲛⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲱϣ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϩⲁⲛⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ\nⲉⲩϣⲟⲩⲓⲧ ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩ*ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲕⲉⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲁⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁ\nⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲭ︦ⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲥⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ\nⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϯⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲩⲙⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲓⲙ\nⲇⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲓ̃ⲉ̃ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲁⲛ ⲓⲉ̃ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲥⲟⲩⲱⲛϥ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ *ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ ⲉ̃ⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nⲱ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲑⲁⲙⲓⲕ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟ̃ⲙⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲟ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲓ̃ⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥϩⲩⲕⲱⲛ\nⲡⲱⲥ ⲁϥⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲟϯ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲁⲣ *ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲥⲱϫⲡ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲗ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉⲩⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲗⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩϣⲃⲱⲃⲓ\nⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ̃ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛϫⲓϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲕⲧⲏⲟⲩⲧ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲟⲩⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲭⲏ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲁ̃ ⲫϯ\nⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","english":"Alexandra was amazed at the king's mouth. The king went away, for it was evening. Then the holy George bent his knees and began to pray to God, saying, \"My God, the true God, you are the one among the gods who works wonders. Why have the nations cried out and the peoples practiced vain words? All the kings of the earth and the other rulers together have spoken against the Lord and his Christ.\" Alexandra the queen answered, saying to the holy one, \"My lord George, I hear you well, and I desire your words. But who are those who cry out? Or who are those who have practiced? Or who is the Christ? Teach me about him so that I may know him.\" The holy George answered, saying, \"If you wish to know the Christ and his words, listen, O Alexandra. When the Lord formed the heaven and the earth, and took a handful of earth, he formed man, living, according to his image and likeness. How did he make flesh of earth? Again, he formed senses from it; he formed a nerve and those that see with it, and the arrangement of the members in the man. He formed the eyes as lamps, and a tongue, and a lip. He formed hands and all that is ordered for man. Is it not earth that is within? God the Christ took flesh from the virgin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (virgin) here refers to the Virgin Mary, consistent with Coptic Marian usage, not a generic young woman.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲙⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲛⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥϩⲩⲕⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"Echoes Genesis 2:7 (LXX), where God forms man from earth in his image and likeness; the Coptic uses ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥϩⲩⲕⲱⲛ (according to his image and likeness).","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲁⲛ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲩϣⲟⲩⲓⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'practiced vain words' (ⲉⲣⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲁⲛ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲩϣⲟⲩⲓⲧ) reflects a hagiographic trope: pagan rulers and nations futilely oppose Christian truth, a common motif in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲕⲱⲗϫ ⲛⲛⲉϥⲕⲉⲗⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from narrative (king departs) to a prayer scene, marked by ⲧⲟⲧⲉ (then), a typical structural cue in Coptic hagiography for a saint's prayer or discourse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲭⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ ⲛⲧⲉϥⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The final line asserts Christ's incarnation from the Virgin, a doctrinal emphasis typical of Coptic hagiography, reinforcing orthodox Christology against Arian or docetic views.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲛⲟⲩϣⲁⲣ *ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a scribal mark (*) before ⲛⲉⲙ, possibly indicating a correction or insertion; the phrase 'a nerve and those that see with it' is obscure and may reflect a textual corruption or a gloss on anatomy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲩ (those that see) is ambiguous: it may refer to the eyes or to the optic nerves; the translation 'those that see with it' is interpretive.","The identity of the 'kings of the earth and other rulers' is not specified; they may be generic persecutors or specific historical figures, but the text does not name them."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲫϯ︦ ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ*ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲓϣⲟⲡ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲓⲱⲧ\nⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲁ̃ⲇⲁⲙ ⲱ̃ ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲁ̃ ⲫϯ ⲑⲁⲙⲓϭ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲁϥⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲏ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲥⲱϫⲡ\nⲁⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϣⲁⲙϣⲉⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ *ⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϣⲉⲙϣⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲙⲥⲓⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲫϯ ⲁⲛ ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ\nⲛ̃ϫⲓϫ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉⲩϯϣⲱϣ\nⲙ̃ⲫϯ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲕ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ϩⲁⲛⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ϩⲁ ϩⲁⲛⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲉ\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲓⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁϣ\nⲛ̃ⲣⲏϯ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲱ̃ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ *ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲓⲙ ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲉⲕϫⲟⲙ ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲫⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲉⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩⲛϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲱⲣⲧ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲕⲟⲩⲙ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲉϥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ","english":"the holy Mary, and he himself became man, God, the one who raised from the dead those who were dead, enduring sufferings for the sake of his holy name, and his good father, and the Holy Spirit, because of Adam. O Alexandra, the queen, God the creator of heaven made the sun and the moon, the light-giver, and the stars, and the firmament. The queen answered him, saying, \"Tell me the word.\" The holy George said to her, \"The worship of idols that exists in the world today, they worship the works of their hands, and not God. They bow down to lifeless idols made by human hands, without soul, blaspheming God, the creator of the universe.\" The queen said to him, \"Are the gods demons?\" The holy George said to her, \"Yes, they are demons.\" The queen said to him, \"Then how did the world come to be?\" The holy George answered her, saying, \"Listen to me, O Queen Alexandra. The prophet David says, 'He who sits upon the cherubim, reveal yourself, send forth your power, come to save us.' And again he said, 'He will descend like rain upon a fleece,' that is, the blessed virgin Mary. Again, the prophet Habakkuk cries out, saying, 'The Lord, I have heard.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ here refers to the Theotokos, as indicated by the preceding ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ (holy) and the subsequent reference to the virgin birth.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (virgin) is used in its technical Marian sense, modifying Mary as the blessed virgin.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ","severity":"info","text":"The citation of David (ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ) alludes to Psalm 80:1 (LXX) and Psalm 80:2, with the imagery of God seated on cherubim and descending to save.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲕⲟⲩⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The prophet Habakkuk (ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲕⲟⲩⲙ) is cited, echoing Habakkuk 3:2 (LXX) where the prophet cries out to the Lord.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ *ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like rain upon a fleece' (ⲙⲟⲩⲛϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲥⲱⲣⲧ) is a patristic typology for the Incarnation, often linked to the Annunciation and the Virgin Mary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative dialogue between George and Queen Alexandra, transitioning from George's prayer to a catechetical exchange on idolatry and scriptural prophecy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲑⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ is ambiguous: it may mean 'raised from the dead' (resurrection) or 'raised from among the dead' (general sense); the context supports the former.","The phrase ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲕ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ is a hapax in this text; it is read as 'the creator of the universe' based on the parallel with ⲫϯ ⲑⲁⲙⲓϭ ⲛⲧⲫⲉ."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲕϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ *ⲁⲓⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲁⲓϯⲛⲓⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲕϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲓⲧⲱⲙⲧ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲫⲁⲓ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲁϥⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲁϥϯⲛⲓⲁⲧϥ ϫⲉ ⲫϯ ⲡⲉ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲱⲛ ⲛⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲓϫⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲁⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓ︦ⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ *ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ\nⲁⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ\nⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲁⲕⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲁⲕⲑⲱⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲫϯ\nⲡⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ϯϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ϫⲱⲓ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲫⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲗⲁⲛⲏ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉϣⲁⲛⲛⲁϩϯ\nⲉ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲱⲛⲓⲛ *ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲁϭⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛⲁϣϧⲱⲛⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟ ⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϯⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ ϥϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲟⲩⲁⲙⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲡⲉ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲁ̃ⲣⲉϩ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲩⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣⲧⲁⲙⲉ ϩⲗⲓ ϣⲁϯⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲭⲁⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁ*ⲙⲧⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ϣⲁ ϣⲱⲣⲡ\nⲈⲧⲁ ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲉⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲓⲣⲓⲝ ⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ","english":"I feared your face and I considered your works, and I understood what the prophet said in truth, for he knew that Christ Jesus was coming down into the world, and he feared and considered that he is God. He became man because of him who is our salvation, that he might save us from the hand of the devil, the enemy of all truth, who made a king of iniquity a slave to this age.\n\nThe woman answered, saying, “In truth, you have spoken well; you have touched my heart concerning Christ, that he is God of all. Now, therefore, I beg you, pray over me, that every error and the demons and the idols together may be cast out from me.”\n\nThe holy George answered her, “If you believe in him who was crucified, Jesus Christ, no evil of the demons will be able to approach you at all.”\n\nShe said to him, “I believe, my lord George, but I fear before the king, for he is exceedingly evil, a flesh-eater like the beasts. But keep this mystery; do not tell anyone until I receive the crown of martyrdom in the kingdom of Christ. Leave me in peace for now.”\n\nWhen morning came, the king commanded the herald to proclaim throughout all the city, saying, “Gather all of you to see this great","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the prophet' likely refers to Isaiah, whose prophecies of Christ's incarnation and suffering are a common proof-text in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲉⲣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲱⲛ ⲛⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he became man because of him who is our salvation' echoes the Incarnation theology of Christ as savior, paralleling John 1:14 and 1 Corinthians 1:30.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲓϫⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The devil is called 'the enemy of all truth,' a standard epithet in Coptic martyrdom texts, emphasizing the cosmic battle between truth and falsehood.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ","severity":"info","text":"The queen's response marks a shift from George's monologue to dialogue, a common structural device in Coptic hagiography to advance conversion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The 'crown of martyrdom' is a central motif in Coptic hagiography, symbolizing the martyr's victory and heavenly reward, often invoked in liturgical contexts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲓⲧⲱⲙⲧ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ϫⲱ ⲙⲫⲁⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase 'I understood what the prophet said' is ambiguous; the specific prophet and verse are not named, leaving the reference open to interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the prophet' is not specified; it may be Isaiah or another Old Testament figure.","The phrase 'ⲁⲓⲧⲱⲙⲧ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ϫⲱ ⲙⲫⲁⲓ' could be read as a general reference to prophecy rather than a specific quotation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩϯⲙⲏ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲉⲣϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ *ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ\nⲛ̃ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲱ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲧⲏⲅⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲱⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲓⲕⲓⲣⲓⲝ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϩⲟⲩⲟ̃ ⲉ̃ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲁϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ϯⲑⲉⲱⲣⲓⲁ̃\n* Ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲛ̃ϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲑⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲁⲗϭⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲥ ⲁⲥⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲁ̃ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲥⲫⲱϧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉⲥϩⲃⲱⲥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲥϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲭⲏ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ\nⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲗⲟϥⲗⲉϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲕⲑⲣⲟⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ\n*ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛϣϣⲏⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲥⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲩⲫⲟⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲁⲏⲓ ϭⲉⲡ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣϣⲏⲛ ⲉϥϭⲟⲥⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥⲙⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲣⲁⲡⲉⲍⲁ ⲛ̃ⲱⲓⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲫⲏ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲩϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲭⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϯϣⲓⲡⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ *ⲧⲏⲣϥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲛⲉⲧϥⲣⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱⲃⲓ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲱ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϯⲛⲟⲩ","english":"The Galileans were about to worship Apollo, when the king commanded that they take Saint George in the middle of the temple, so that he might make a sacrifice. He said to Apollo, and Saint George answered. He said to the hypēretai who were with him, \"Go, all of you, and stand at the feet of the king. I also, together with the priests and the magistrates of the temple, we will go and stand at the feet of Apollo, and we will worship him.\" But the herald proclaimed in a loud voice, for all the cities, both small and great, had gathered to see the spectacle.\n\nNow when the poor widow, whose son the saint had raised, heard, she looked out from her place. She let down her hair, tore her garments, and threw herself on the road where the saint was standing. She said to him, \"The one who raises the dead, who gives light to the blind, who gives sight from birth, those who are withered and have been made lame, you have made them become like flourishing trees, and they have become beautiful to behold. The one who made the pillar of my house take root, and it became a tall tree, and filled the table with bread and many good things. The one who revealed many signs that put the devil to shame. Now I will go and stand at the feet of Apollo, and you will worship him, and you will put the whole race of Christians to shame.\" When Saint George heard these things, he smiled inwardly at her and said to her, \"Put the child down now.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword hypēretēs (ὑπηρέτης) denotes a subordinate official or attendant, here likely temple servants or assistants to the king. The plural form is used.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲧⲏⲅⲟⲩⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword stratēgos (στρατηγός) means a military commander or magistrate; in this context it likely refers to civil authorities of the temple or city.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲕⲓⲣⲓⲝ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword kēryx (κῆρυξ) means herald or public crier, who announces events in a loud voice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The widow’s speech echoes biblical miracle traditions: raising the dead, healing the blind, and making the lame walk, reminiscent of Elijah and Elisha cycles, as well as Christ’s miracles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the king’s command to the widow’s dramatic intervention, marked by the Coptic ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (when she heard), introducing a new narrative segment within the dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ (the Galileans) is ambiguous: it may refer to Christians generally (as a term used by pagans) or to a specific group from Galilee. The context suggests the former.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the Galileans' is ambiguous: it may denote Christians as a group or a specific geographic origin.","The phrase 'ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ' (small and great) could refer to cities or to people; the translation takes it as cities."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓ\nⲛⲉϫⲓϫ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧⲥ ⲁⲥⲭⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲱϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲓ̃ ⲛⲧⲉⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲕⲱⲛⲓⲛ\nⲛⲏⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓϩⲱⲃ *ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲁϣϫ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲁϥϭⲓⲫⲉⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲁ̃ϫⲟⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙⲟⲩϯ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ\nⲀϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓϫⲉⲣⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ *ⲛⲑⲟⲕ\nⲡⲓⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ ⲛ̃ⲕⲟⲩⲛ̃ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲉⲙⲓ ⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ϫⲉ\nϥⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁ̃\nⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧϫⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲓⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲱϣ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲁⲕⲥⲉⲕ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ ϩⲱϥ ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲕⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϩⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ϯϣⲱϣ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁ̃\nⲡⲓⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ *ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ϥⲟϫϥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲃⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ϣⲁ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ϩⲁ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲫϯ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉⲧϫⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲱ̃ⲟⲩⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ϩⲱⲃ","english":"out of his hands, and he fell down. The holy George said to the little child, \"I wish, in the name of my Lord Jesus Christ, that you would come and serve me as a deacon in this work.\" The little child heard with his ears, came, and stood at the feet of the holy George. The holy George said to him, \"Come, go inside the temple of Apollo, and say to that idol, 'George, the servant of Christ, calls you.'\" The little child went quickly inside the temple and said to him, \"I have found you, you blind and ignorant one. Come out, for the servant of Christ, the holy George, calls you.\" The evil spirit dwelling in the idol cried out, saying, \"The Nazorean, you have drawn all to you. This little child also, whom you sent against me, has given me pain.\" Then the idol of Apollo fell from its base and came to the holy George. The holy George answered and said to him, \"Are you the god of the nations?\" The evil spirit dwelling in it said to him, \"O bold one, I will tell you the matter.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ (the holy) is standard in Coptic hagiography for Saint George, reinforcing his sanctity and authority in the dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉⲧϫⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲓⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉⲧϫⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ (the evil spirit dwelling) identifies the demon inhabiting the idol, a common motif in Coptic martyrdom accounts where pagan statues are animated by demons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲍⲱⲣⲉⲟⲥ (the Nazorean) echoes New Testament usage (e.g., Matthew 2:23) as a title for Christ, here used by the demon to address George, implying a Christ-like role.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"Apollo was a major Greco-Roman deity; in Coptic hagiography, pagan gods are often depicted as idols housing demons, as here, reflecting the Christian polemic against traditional religion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between Saint George, a child, and a demon, following a pattern of command, obedience, and confrontation typical of Coptic martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ (the little child) is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal child or a young servant; the context suggests a deacon-like role, but the age is unspecified.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'little child' is not specified beyond being a servant; the Coptic ⲁ̃ⲗⲟⲩ can mean 'child' or 'youth'.","The phrase ⲉⲧϫⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ (dwelling) is ambiguous: it could mean the spirit resides in the idol or is temporarily inhabiting it."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̃ⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲙ̃ⲑⲟ *ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲫϯ ⲉⲕⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲉⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϩⲏ ⲁ̃ ⲫϯ ⲑⲁⲙⲓⲕ̃\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁϥⲭⲏ ⲥⲁⲡⲥⲁ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲛϣⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲫϯ ⲉϥⲟ̃ⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁ̃ϥⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛ̃ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ *ⲁⲩⲓ\nⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ\nⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫϯ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲓⲉⲣⲁⲛⲧⲓⲗⲉⲅⲓⲛ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫϯ ⲉⲓϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲱ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯϩⲁⲡ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲉ̃ϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲱⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲥⲉⲉⲣϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲓⲙ ⲉⲑⲙⲉϩ\nⲙ̃ⲃⲁⲗ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲫϯ ⲁϥϩⲓⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲁⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓⲭⲏ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧϥ *ⲁϥⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁϧⲱⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲉⲧⲣⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲓϣⲱⲡⲓ\nϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲛⲁⲩϩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ϯϣⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ\nⲉⲓⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϯϩⲁⲗⲁⲓ ⲉⲓⲁ̃ϣⲓ ϣⲁ\nⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲣⲉⲱ̃ⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲉⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϩⲱⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ϣⲁⲓϣⲉ ⲛⲏⲓ *ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁϯϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲉⲟⲩⲁ̃ ⲉ̃ⲫϯ\nⲀϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕϫⲱ ⲛ̃ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲱ̃ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲱⲛⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲉⲑⲛⲟⲩϫ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϩⲓⲧⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧϭⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉϥⲥⲟⲃϯ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ","english":"All these things you have not told me,\" said Saint George to him. \"Speak, he began to speak, and the child was amazed at all these things before him, saying, 'My Lord, Saint George of God, I am ignorant, for from the beginning God created a paradise in the east, and he placed in it the man whom God created, and he commanded him. The Lord said, \"Let the angels come and worship him.\" After that, Michael came with his entire host of angels; they came and worshipped him. But I did not worship the man whom God created, but I contradicted the word of God, saying, \"O righteous judge, I am the first to fear. How then should I worship the little one before me? The cherubim, full of eyes, mock me.\" Then God became angry with me; he cast me out of my glory that I had within, and he cast me down from heaven like a thunderbolt upon a rock, and I became in two pieces. Now I am in this idol, wailing for the children of men. I cry out, I groan up to the firmament of heaven, hearing the angels singing to the Lord. If I hear the decree of one that he will die and be taken out of the world, I go to him to give him suffering until he denies God.'\"\n\nSaint George answered and said to him, \"You have not spoken the truth, O rebellious one, but you were cast out of heaven because of your arrogance, because you did not prepare a throne for yourself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) appears twice in this passage, referring to Michael and his host. The glossary specifies 'messenger' only for human envoys, which does not apply here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫϯ ⲑⲁⲙⲓⲕ ⲛⲟⲩⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The demon's speech echoes Genesis 2:8 (LXX) on the creation of paradise and the first man. The Coptic phrase 'God created a paradise' and the command for angels to worship Adam recall early Christian exegesis of the fall of Satan.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲓⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of cherubim (ⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲓⲙ) 'full of eyes' draws on Ezekiel 1:18 and later angelological traditions. This detail reinforces the demon's claim of being mocked by higher beings, a motif in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from direct dialogue (the demon's confession) to George's rebuke, marked by ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ. This structural break separates the demon's narrative from the saint's theological correction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣⲧ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁϥⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣⲧ (he cast me down) is partially corrupt in the OCR; the reading is conjectural. The English draft renders it as 'cast me down', which fits the context of the demon's fall from heaven.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The demon's claim that he causes suffering until a person denies God reflects a common Coptic hagiographic trope: demons tempt martyrs to apostatize. This motif appears in other Coptic martyrdom accounts, such as those of St. Theodore.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲁϥⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣⲧ is partially corrupt; the reading 'he cast me down' is inferred from context. The exact form of the verb is uncertain.","The phrase ⲉⲓⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ ⲛⲛⲓϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ (wailing for the children of men) may be ambiguous: it could mean the demon laments for humanity or that he causes them to wail."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ϫⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϩⲓϫⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣϩⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧϭⲟⲥⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲕ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲝⲁⲡⲓⲛⲁ ⲁϥⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣⲕ *ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲉ̃ϧⲣⲏⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲧϣⲏⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉⲕⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥⲟⲑⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϫⲉⲙ ⲥⲁϫⲓ ϫⲉ\nⲉ̃ϫⲱ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϯ\nⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲉⲛⲫⲁⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̃ⲣⲱϥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲫⲛⲟⲩⲛ ⲱ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϯⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ ϧⲁ ⲛⲓⲯⲩ*ⲏ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲁⲕⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ\nϧⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲫⲛⲟⲩ² ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ ϫⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nⲁ̃ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϯ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϣⲉⲛⲫⲁⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁϥϣⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁϥϯⲟⲩⲱ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϧⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϯ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ *ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ ⲁϥⲥⲱⲕ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁϥϧⲉⲙϧⲟⲙϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲥⲱϫⲡ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ\nϫⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲫⲛⲟⲩ ⲱ̃ ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲓ̃ ϣⲁⲣⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙ̃ⲃⲟⲛ\nⲈⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲧⲏⲅⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϩⲩⲡⲉⲣⲉⲧⲏⲥ ⲉⲧϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲓ̃ⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲁⲩⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛϩϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ϩⲓⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϣⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ","english":"...that you sat upon him and you made him your equal with the one who is high, you said. Suddenly he cast you down from the sky to the depths of the sea, and all your army came to me so that I might save them from him. He closed his mouth and ceased speaking. Immediately, Saint George struck the ground with his hand, and the ground opened its mouth, and he said to the idol, \"Go down now to the abyss, O unclean spirit, until you give account for all the souls you have destroyed through him.\" Immediately he went down to the abyss, and the other idol over which the unclean spirit was set also went down. Saint George struck the ground with his hand, and it split open again. After these things, Saint George completed his prayer. He turned his face to the idol of Heracles, dragged it to the ground, and shattered it. He said to the assembly of idols, \"Flee to the abyss, O gods of the nations, for I have come to you in wrath and fury.\" When the priests, the satraps of the temple, and the servants who served the idols saw the destruction that had befallen their god, they seized Saint George, bound his hands behind his back, and took him to the king. They informed him of everything that had happened to the god Apollo, that they had overthrown him.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'Saint George' is consistently used in the Coptic text, reflecting the hagiographic convention of honoring the martyr.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'unclean spirit' (ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ) is a standard Coptic designation for demonic entities, derived from Greek ἀκάθαρτος πνεῦμα.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The idol of Heracles (ⲡⲓⲉ̃ⲣⲁⲕⲗⲏⲥ) is a Greek mythological figure, here depicted as a pagan deity in the context of the martyrdom narrative, reflecting the syncretistic religious landscape of late antique Egypt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a dialogue between Saint George and a child, transitioning into a narrative of George's confrontation with pagan idols, culminating in their destruction and his arrest.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The name Apollo (ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ) appears at the end of the passage, but the preceding text refers to 'the idol' without naming it; the identification may be a later scribal addition or a conflation with the earlier mention of Heracles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has a lacuna or unclear reading at the point where the idol is named; the transition from 'the idol' to 'Apollo' is abrupt and may reflect textual corruption or conflation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲫⲛⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲙⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲗⲓⲃⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲱ̃ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕϥ\nⲙⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲉⲣ*ϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ\nⲉⲧⲧⲁⲓⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲫⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲗⲓⲃⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲁⲕϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲉ̃ϩⲁⲛϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲕⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲣⲉ\nⲡⲉⲕⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϫⲓϫ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲁ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲙⲛⲁⲓ ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲑⲟ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ *ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲣⲏϯ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ ϫⲉ ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ ⲉⲫⲛⲟⲩⲛ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲭⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲑⲣⲓϩⲱⲗ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲩ ϩⲱ ⲉⲓⲱⲛϧ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϫⲉ\nⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲉ ⲓⲉ ⲡⲱⲥ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϣϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲉⲣⲃⲟⲑⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲙ̃ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̃ϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\n*ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛⲟ︦ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲟⲩⲏ̃ⲡⲓ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲣϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲁⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲟⲧⲁⲛ\nⲁϥϣⲁⲛⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ϣⲓⲃϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ\nⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁⲁⲓϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲉⲣϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ⲉⲣⲟϥ.\nⲦⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲙ̃ⲕⲁϩ\nⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲗⲗⲱⲛ *ⲉ̃ϧⲟⲩⲛ\nϣⲁ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲁⲓⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉϫⲉ ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲓⲅⲁⲗⲉⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ","english":"...down to the depths. And when King Dadianos heard these things, he was filled with rage. He said to Saint George, \"O you who are unworthy of being buried, did you not tell me, 'I will make an offering to the honored gods in the place where you worship the gods, and I will burn incense for them'? You have undertaken such magical deeds. Do we not know that your spirit is in your hands?\" Saint George answered him, saying, \"Go, bring me Apollo, so that I may worship him before you.\" Dadianos said to him, \"Not in this way. I have been informed by the priests that he has sunk into the depths, and now I wish to sink there as well, while I am alive.\" Saint George answered the king, saying, \"If Apollo is your great god, he was unable to save himself, but he was the first to be destroyed among all your gods. These things that happen in their temple—this one in whom you have placed your hope, that he will save you in the evil day—when the Lord my God comes to shake the heavens and the earth, what will you and the one in whom you have placed your hope do?\" Then the king went away with great sorrow of heart because of the destruction of his god Apollo, entering into the city of Alexandria, saying, \"I have struggled with this race of Christians, this Galilaean George.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕϫⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲙⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕϫⲟⲥ is a rhetorical question expecting a positive answer, here rendered as 'did you not tell me'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ (from Greek μαγεία) denotes 'magic' or 'sorcery', used pejoratively by Dadianos to accuse George of supernatural deception.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Dadianos (ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ) is the Roman emperor in this hagiography, conflating historical figures like Diocletian and Maximian; his name varies in Coptic manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ('the Lord my God') echoes Psalm 18:2 and similar OT invocations, reinforcing George's monotheistic authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between Dadianos and George, marked by alternating speech introductions (ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ) and rhetorical questions, typical of Coptic hagiographic disputations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲣ*ϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The verb ⲉⲣ*ϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ is uncertain; the asterisk indicates a scribal or editorial emendation. It likely means 'make an offering' but the exact form is debated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲉⲣ*ϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ is ambiguous due to the asterisk; the reading 'make an offering' is conjectural.","The identity of ⲇⲁⲇⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ is ambiguous; it may conflate multiple emperors."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"ⲁⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲙⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲡ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ\nⲡⲁⲓⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ\nⲡⲉ ⲫϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟϥ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲑⲉⲃⲓⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧ*ϭⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ\nⲟⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ϯϯⲉⲣϩⲟϯ ⲛⲏⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲫⲟϩ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲟ ϩⲱ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉⲥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲁϥⲱϣϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲉⲛⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲙⲑⲟ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲝ︦ⲑ︦ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ *ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲓⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲛⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲁϣⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲙⲉⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩϩⲱⲕⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲛ̃ϩⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲓ ϫⲉ ϯϧⲟⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲁ̃ⲣⲓ*ϩⲩⲡⲟⲙⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲱ̃ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϭⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲛⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱⲙⲥ\nⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲧⲉⲣⲁϭⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲱⲙⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲫⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲉⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲟⲥ ⲁⲥⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ *ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲁⲓⲭⲱ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲡⲁⲗⲗⲁⲧⲓⲟⲛ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲏⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓϣⲧⲁⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲛ̃ⲑⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲣϣⲧⲁⲙ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲓ ⲙ̃ⲫⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲥⲟⲩⲱ̃ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁⲥϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲁ","english":"...down to the depths. And when King Dadianos heard these things, he was filled with rage. He said to Saint George, \"O you who are unworthy of being buried, did you not tell me, 'I will make an offering to the honored go\n\nThen Queen Alexandra answered, saying to the king, \"Did I not tell you many times, 'Depart from this race of Christians, for their God is the true God, and it is He who will humble you in your pride'?\" The king answered the queen, \"Woe to me, Alexandra, you frighten me, for even the magicians of the Christians have come to me.\" He commanded that his face, which was of the form of a serpent, be turned and that it be brought before the kings who were with him, who were the nine, and he made them know all the things that had happened. Then the kings commanded that she be brought out to the amphitheater and that she be burned. But she did not speak a word, but she was looking upward to the sky. And when she looked up in the face of Saint George, she said to him, \"Pray for me, for I am perishing in these tortures.\" Saint George answered her, saying, \"Be patient a little while, O queen, so that you may receive the crown from the hand of the Lord Jesus Christ.\" She said to him, \"My Lord George, I have become as one who has not received the holy baptism.\" Saint George said to her, \"Go, receive baptism through the voice of the holy blood, and they will take it to destruction.\" She cried out, saying, \"My Lord Jesus Christ, behold, I have left the gate of my palace open, and I have not closed it. But you, Lord, do not close the gate of the paradise of joy to me.\" And when she had finished saying these things, she completed her martyrdom.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ̃","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲙⲁⲅⲓⲁ (magic) is used pejoratively by the king to dismiss Christian miracles as sorcery, a common polemical trope in hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙ̃ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The 'crown from the hand of the Lord Jesus Christ' echoes the New Testament promise of the martyr's crown (e.g., 1 Cor 9:25; 2 Tim 4:8), a standard motif in Coptic martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲝ︦ⲑ︦","severity":"info","text":"The numeral ⲝ︦ⲑ︦ (69) likely refers to the nine kings (ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ) accompanying Dadianos, a conventional hagiographic detail of a pagan council; the reading is uncertain due to the abbreviation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between Queen Alexandra and King Dadianos, then between Alexandra and Saint George, culminating in her martyrdom; it functions as a conversion and passion narrative within the larger trial scene.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The queen's request for baptism through the 'voice of the holy blood' (ⲡⲓⲫⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ) reflects a distinctive Coptic theology of martyrdom as a second baptism, a theme prominent in Sahidic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲝ︦ⲑ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The numeral ⲝ︦ⲑ︦ (69) is ambiguous: it may indicate the number of kings (nine) or a different count; the Coptic text is corrupt at this point, and the English draft interprets it as 'the nine'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numeral ⲡⲓⲝ︦ⲑ︦ (69) is ambiguous; it is read as 'the nine' (kings) in the English draft, but the exact referent is uncertain due to textual corruption.","The phrase ⲡⲓⲫⲱⲛ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ('the voice of the holy blood') is a metaphor whose precise theological meaning is debated."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲓ︦ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̃ⲁϫⲡ\nⲅ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲅⲉⲛⲛⲉⲟⲥ ⲁⲥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ\nⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲧⲁⲕⲟ\nⲘⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁ̃ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ *ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ϯⲕⲉⲟⲩⲣⲱ\nⲁⲕⲧⲁⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲉⲛ ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ ⲁⲛⲥⲣⲱϥⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙⲁⲅⲙⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ ⲣⲁⲛⲁ\nⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲡⲟⲫⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲟⲥ *ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲱϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲟⲅⲙⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϯϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲧⲥ ⲛ̃ⲧⲥⲏϥⲓ\nⲁ̃ⲣⲓⲉ̃ⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲁ ⲛⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ² ⲁ̃ⲛⲟⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲙ̃ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲥϧⲁⲓ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧⲥ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲝ︦ⲑ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉϥⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲟⲩⲛ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲉⲧⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲱ̃ⲟⲩⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ\nⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲍ︦ ⲛ̃ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲁⲩⲥⲓⲛⲓ\nⲉⲩⲉⲣⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉ̃ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ\nⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦\nⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲗⲓⲁⲥ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲕⲟⲥ ⲃ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲟⲩⲣ︦ ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲓ̃ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ","english":"...down to the depths. And when King Dadianos heard these things, he was filled with rage. He said to Saint George, \"O you who are unworthy of being buried, did you not tell me, 'I will make an offering to the honored gods'?\" Then Alexandria, the city of the kings, on the third day of the month of Pharmouthi, in a noble manner, received the crown that does not perish.\n\nAfter these things, the kings called the holy George and said to him, \"Behold, this other city you have destroyed. Now then, we have sent for him.\" And the king, Magmentios, one of them, answered, saying, \"Let us give his sentence.\" The matter was pleasing to all of them. Then the king sat down and wrote his sentence in this manner, saying: \"George the Great of the Galileans, he who has abandoned the decrees of the kings, I deliver him to the sword. Let it be known to the peoples that we are purified by his blood.\" All of them wrote beneath his hand on his epistle, the sixty-sixth king, concerning these things.\n\nThen the holy George was walking, rejoicing, to the place where he would receive the crown. When he arrived at that place, he said to the soldiers who were guarding him, \"O courageous ones, my brothers, for seven years they have been torturing me through this king, so that I might worship them.\" Then the holy George looked up to the heaven and said in this manner, \"My Lord Jesus Christ, he who sent the fire from heaven upon the holy Elijah until he consumed the pentikontarchos and the two hundred soldiers, let it come now, the fire.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁ̃ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩⲓⲉ ⲛ̃ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩϯ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Alexandria, the city of the kings, on the third day of Pharmouthi' is a chronological and geographical marker. Pharmouthi is the eighth month of the Coptic calendar (roughly April).","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲙⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Magmentios' is a variant of 'Magnentius', a Roman usurper (r. 350–353). This anachronistically places George in the 4th century, typical of hagiographic chronology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱⲙ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ *ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲗⲓⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"George invokes the fire from heaven that consumed Elijah's sacrifice (1 Kings 18:38). The 'pentikontarchos' and 'two hundred soldiers' are an apocryphal expansion not in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲝⲑ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The 'sixty-sixth king' is a numerical epithet for the Roman emperor, likely Diocletian (r. 284–305), who is traditionally the 66th emperor in Coptic king-lists. This aligns with the martyrdom's setting.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from dialogue (the kings' sentence) to narrative (George's walk to execution), then to a prayer. The repetition of 'crown' (ⲭⲗⲟⲙ) frames martyrdom as a royal reward.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̃ⲁⲧⲧⲁⲕⲟ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'received the crown that does not perish' is ambiguous: it may refer to Queen Alexandra's martyrdom (implied by the previous passage) or to Alexandria personified. The Coptic grammar allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'received the crown' (ⲁⲥϭⲓ) could be Queen Alexandra or the city of Alexandria; the text does not disambiguate.","The phrase 'this other city you have destroyed' (ϯⲕⲉⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲁⲕⲧⲁⲕⲟⲥ) is unclear: it may refer to a previous city George allegedly ruined, but no such event is narrated in the surviving text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲣⲱⲕϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲕⲱϯ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϣⲧⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ\nⲥⲱϫⲡ ϫⲉ ⲫⲱⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉ̃ⲛⲉϩ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲓ ⲉϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ\nⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲡⲉⲥⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲱⲙ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ *ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟ︦ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ\nⲉ̃ⲣⲉ ⲧⲟⲩⲏ̃ⲡⲓ ⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲉ︦ ⲛ̃ⲑⲃⲁ\nⲞⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲱ̃ⲟⲩⲛ̃ϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̃ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲁϥⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲟⲛ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ϯⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̃ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲉϥⲭⲏ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲩ\nⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛⲁⲣⲱϣⲓ\nⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲛ ϯϯϩⲱ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧϩⲉϫϩⲱϫ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ *ⲟⲩⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦\nⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ\nⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲩⲡⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲛϯϩⲁⲡ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ⲉ̃ⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲓ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ ⲉⲕⲉ̃ⲥϧⲉ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ̃ⲡϫⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ\nⲉⲥⲓ̃ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛ *ⲧⲫⲉ ⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̃ⲛⲉϥⲙⲟⲩⲛϩⲱⲟⲩ\nϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲉ̃ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̃ⲫϯ ⲛ̃ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲓϯϩⲟ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲃⲟⲏ̃ⲑⲓⲁ̃ ⲧⲁϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ\nⲫϯ ⲙ̃ⲙⲏⲓ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̃ϯϣⲉⲡ ⲛ̃ⲛⲁⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲉ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̃ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ\nⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲉ̃ⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ̃ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲟⲩϩⲏⲕⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲭⲱ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲟⲃⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ","english":"...down to the depths. And when King Dadianos heard these things, he was filled with rage. He said to Saint George, \"O you who are unworthy of being buried, did you not tell me, 'I will make an offering to the honored king'?\" And then a fire came down from heaven and consumed the honored king and his multitude, while the palace was made like a furnace. And again the saint said to the soldiers, \"Open your hearts a little,\" and he prayed again, saying, \"My Lord Jesus Christ, I see a multitude standing in this place, wishing to take my body. But the body is not for the world. I entreat you, grant me a favor for my body, so that everyone who is troubled by an unclean spirit, through the remembrance of your servant George, may have my name become a blessing to him. O Lord my God, everyone who will be in a place of judgment, greatly afraid, and remembers my name, may he come out in peace. Everyone who will write my martyrdom and the sufferings I have suffered, may you write a name in the book of life. If the heaven will remain over the earth and they swear by the name of the God of George, I entreat you, may your help reach them quickly. The God of truth, who receives these sufferings for his holy name, to remember everyone who will show mercy with a poor in my name, and you forgive them their sins they have done.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ϩⲙⲟⲧ is rendered as 'grace' in the glossary, indicating divine favour. In this passage, George asks Christ for a ϩⲙⲟⲧ concerning his body, i.e., a favour that will enable intercessory benefits for the faithful.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϫⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of life' (ⲡϫⲱⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲱⲛϧ) echoes New Testament imagery (e.g., Revelation 20:12, 20:15) where names are inscribed for eternal salvation. Here it is linked to writing George's martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲡⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'unclean spirit' (ⲟⲩⲡⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲛ) reflects a common Coptic hagiographic motif of demonic affliction, which George's intercession is said to remedy. This aligns with the saint's role as an exorcist in later tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And again' (ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ) marks a new prayer unit within the narrative, structuring George's intercessory speech as a series of petitions. This is typical of Coptic martyrdom accounts where the saint prays at length before death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ","severity":"info","text":"George's request that his sufferings (ⲛⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ) be written and that readers' names be inscribed in the book of life reflects the liturgical and devotional use of martyrdom accounts in Coptic Christianity, where reading such texts was seen as spiritually beneficial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ (the honored one) is ambiguous: it could refer to King Dadianos or to a pagan god. The English draft takes it as 'the honored king', but the context of fire from heaven consuming 'the honored king and his multitude' suggests divine punishment, possibly conflating the king with an idol.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ⲡⲓⲱ̃ⲟⲩ (the honored one) is ambiguous: it may refer to King Dadianos or to a pagan deity, and the fire from heaven could be directed at either. The English draft interprets it as the king, but the Coptic allows for a broader reading.","The phrase ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̃ⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ (wishing to take my body) is unclear whether the multitude is hostile (seeking to desecrate the body) or reverent (seeking relics). The context of George's prayer for intercession suggests the latter, but the Coptic does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"Ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲱⲕϩ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉ *ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ\nⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲓⲟⲥ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲡϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟϥ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲙⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲫⲉ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉⲕⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲕ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲓⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧϥ\nⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̃ϩⲣⲏⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲑⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙ̃ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓⲓ̃ ⲱ\nⲡⲁⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲕⲉⲣⲉ̃ⲧⲓⲛ ⲙ̃ⲙⲱⲟⲩ\nϯⲛⲁϫⲟⲕⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲙⲏϣ ⲉⲩⲟⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲛⲓϣϯ ⲉ̃ⲛⲁⲓ *ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲥⲧⲟⲛⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁ̃ⲙⲱⲓⲛⲓ ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϯⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲥⲓⲥ ⲑⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩϩⲉⲛϩⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ̃ⲣⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲩⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲁⲩⲱ̃ⲗⲓ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲁ̃ⲫⲉ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁϥⲓ̃\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲉ̃ⲣⲱϯ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ϭⲓ\nⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲙ̃ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲁⲥⲡⲁⲝⲉⲥⲑⲉ ⲙ̃ⲙⲟⲥ ⲁϥϭⲓⲧⲥ\nⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉ̃ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉ̃ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ *ⲁϥⲧⲏⲓⲥ ⲛ̃ⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥⲓⲱⲧ\nⲛ̃ⲁ̃ⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉ̃ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nϦⲉⲛ ϯⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁ̃ ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲕⲓⲙ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛϧⲁⲣⲁⲃⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲥⲉⲧⲉⲃⲣⲉϫ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ\nϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲟϯ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϣⲧⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲥⲓⲛⲓ\nⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉ̃ⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϯⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̃ϩⲟϯ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲥⲉⲓ̃ⲣⲓ ⲛ̃ⲏ︦ ⲛ̃ϣⲟ *ⲛⲉⲙ ⲭ︦ϥ︦ⲑ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ\nϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ\nⲀϥϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̃ⲧⲉϥⲙⲁⲣⲧⲓⲣⲓⲁ̃ ⲉ̃ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̃ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̃ⲥⲟⲩ ⲕ︦ⲅ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲁ̃ⲃⲟⲧ ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ ⲛ̃ⲟⲩⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̃ⲕⲓⲣⲓⲁⲕⲏ ⲛ̃ⲁϫⲡ ⲑ︦ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲉ̃ϩⲟⲟⲩ","english":"Now while he was saying these things in the burning of his heart, the blessed one, behold, the Lord Jesus Christ appeared to him, saying, \"Come now, ascend to the sky, take your rest in the place I have prepared for you in the kingdom of my father, the heavens. O my chosen George, all the works you have done, I will fulfill them all for you, and many more that are greater than these.\" The holy George said to the soldiers, \"Come now, fulfill the command that was given to you.\" And he stretched out his neck, and his holy head was cut off. Water and sweat came forth. The Lord Jesus took his blessed soul, greeted it, and took it with him up to the heavens. He gave it as a gift to his good father and the Holy Spirit. In that hour, the earth shook to its foundations. There were earthquakes and flashes of lightning in fear, so that no one at all dared to go out from that place because of the great fear that was there. All those who became martyrs through the holy George, they number 500 and 9,000 and Alexandria. The holy George completed his martyrdom on the 23rd day of the month of Pharmouthi, on a Sunday, at the 9th hour of the day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (from Greek ψυχή) is rendered 'soul' per the pinned glossary, but here it refers to the living person's soul taken by Christ, consistent with hagiographic usage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the martyrdom narrative with a theophany, decapitation, and cosmic signs, followed by a summary of martyrs and a date formula, typical of Coptic hagiographic endings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom is dated to the 23rd of Pharmouthi (April 18/19 in the Julian calendar), on a Sunday, at the 9th hour (3 PM), aligning with standard Coptic martyrologies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The numbers 500 and 9,000 (Coptic ⲛⲉⲙ ⲭ︦ϥ︦ⲑ︦) likely represent the count of martyrs associated with George, a common hagiographic trope; 'Alexandria' may be a place or a further count, but the text is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ' is unclear: it may mean 'and Alexandria' as a location or be a corruption of a numeral; the English draft treats it as a place, but the Coptic syntax is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:hyvernat-balestri.martyrdom-george","label":"source edition: Martyrdom George","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Hyvernat%20and%20Balesteri%20Martyrdoms%20OCR%20Results/Martyrdom%20George/George_HyvernatBalestri%20Vol%202_Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲁ' could be a place name or a corrupted numeral; the reading taken follows the English draft as 'and Alexandria'.","The Coptic 'ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ' (heavens) is plural, but the English renders it as singular 'sky' and 'heavens' interchangeably."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}