{"slug":"gha95","id":"georgian:titus:gha95","title":"Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:32Z","cost_usd":0.001452},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:gha95","work_id":"gha95","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Hagiographical texts from ms. A-95. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 1.12.2024. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"},"stats":{"passages":2,"english_words":350,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":11,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":2,"ambiguities":3,"work_notes":4,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"gha95","abstract":"This anonymous hagiographical text survives only in ms. A 95, a Georgian hagiographical miscellany dated palaeographically to the 10th–11th centuries. The composition date of the work itself is unknown. The narrative, marked as a martyrdom (წამებაჲ) for 23 July, recounts the defiance of a figure named Christina, who refuses to offer incense to idols under Emperor Hadrian. The text employs biblical anti-idolatry rhetoric and contains rare Georgian vocabulary, such as the hapax legomenon 'ტირრ' (wept). Its unique witness status and lack of critical edition leave many textual and historical questions unresolved.","historical_context":"The text is preserved in a single Georgian manuscript (A 95) from the 10th–11th centuries, likely produced in a Georgian monastic or ecclesiastical center, possibly in the Caucasus or at a Georgian monastery abroad (e.g., on Mount Sinai or in Palestine). The work belongs to the genre of hagiography, specifically a martyrdom account set during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117–138 CE), a common topos for early Christian persecution narratives. The Georgian translation reflects the influence of Greek hagiographical traditions, as seen in the use of the term 'სპაჲპეტ' (στρατηλάτης) for a military commander. The manuscript's limited circulation and lack of liturgical attestation suggest the text was not widely disseminated, possibly serving a local or monastic readership. The absence of a critical edition and translation hinders precise dating and source-critical analysis.","significance":"This text is significant as a rare witness to Georgian hagiographical translation and composition in the medieval period. Its unique survival in ms. A 95 provides insight into the transmission of Christian martyrdom narratives in the Georgian tradition, including the adaptation of Greek models and the use of biblical polemics. The hapax legomenon 'ტირრ' highlights lexical challenges in Old Georgian, while the work's obscurity underscores the fragmentary nature of the manuscript record for early Georgian literature.","timeline":[{"date":"117–138 CE","event":"Reign of Emperor Hadrian, the narrative setting of the martyrdom."},{"date":"10th–11th c.","event":"Palaeographic dating of ms. A 95, the sole surviving witness."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Composition date of the original hagiography; uncertain."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Translation into Georgian; no evidence for date."}],"relations":[{"work":"Other hagiographical texts in ms. A 95","relation":"Co-witness in the same manuscript miscellany","key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"},{"work":"Martyrdom of Christina (Greek tradition)","relation":"Possible source or parallel tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Biblical anti-idolatry passages (e.g., Psalm 115:5 LXX, Wisdom 13:1-2)","relation":"Echoed in the text's rhetoric","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian hagiographical corpus (e.g., Martyrdom of Shushanik)","relation":"Contemporary genre and language","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The composition date of the original hagiography is unknown; only the manuscript is dated palaeographically to the 10th–11th centuries.","The text is a unique witness; no collation with other copies is possible.","The edition lacks translation and critical apparatus, leaving textual cruces unresolved.","No evidence of liturgical use or later citation has been identified."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000418,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:16:54Z"},"checks":{"work":"gha95","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":2,"translated":2,"commentary_passages":2,"commentary_units":11,"english_words":350,"source_letters":1465,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives only in ms. A 95, a Georgian hagiographical miscellany. Its unique witness status means no collation with other copies is possible.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript is undated; palaeographic estimates place it between the 10th and 11th centuries. The composition date of the anonymous hagiography itself is unknown.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No evidence of liturgical use or later citation has been identified. The work appears to have had limited circulation, confined to the single manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition provides no translation or commentary; the Old Georgian text is presented without critical apparatus, leaving textual cruces unresolved.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 2 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"2 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Hagiographical texts from ms. A-95. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 1.12.2024. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":2},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:gha95":{"label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"[Page of ms. A95: 716b] თთუესა ივლისა კ̂გ წამებაჲ წმიდისა ქრისტინაჲსი\n\nადრიანე მეფისა ზე იყო ვინმე ქალი ქალწული, სახელი ერქუა მას ქრისტინა. წმიდა იყო იგი და ღირს ქალაქსა მას შინა [ტჳროსს] და ეგულებოდა მას [Page of ms. A95: 717a] ქალწულებით დადგრომაჲ. და იყო მამაჲ მისი სპაჲპეტ და სახელი ერქუა ურბანოზ და იყო იგი წარმართ და მტერ ქრისტეანეთა; და დედაჲ მისი იყო ნათესავი შარავანდედთაჲ. და ესუა ამათ ქრისტინა. და იყო ქრისტინა ნაქმევითა ფრიად კეთილ. და უქმნა მამამან მისმან გოდოლი მაღალი და შეაყენა მას შინა, რაჲთამცა თაყუანის-სცემდა კერპთა. და მრავალნი ითხოვდეს მას ცოლად, ხოლო მამამან მისმან თქჳს: \"არა ვაურვებდე ასულსა ჩემსა, რამეთუ ფრიად უყუარან მას კერპნი\". ხოლო წმიდამან ქრისტინა, ღმრთისა ჩინებულმან, შთაისხის საკუმეველი ჴელსა და დადგის სარკუმელსა ზედა და იხედავნ აღმოსავალით კერძო და ხედავნ ცასა და ვარსკულავთა და განიზრახავნ გულსა თჳსსა. სულთ-ითქუამნ [Page of ms. A95: 717b] და ტირნ ფრიად და არა შეწირა საკუმეველი შჳდ დღჱ კერპთა მიმართ. და ჰრქუეს მას მზარდულთა: \"დედოფალო. დღეს შჳდი დღჱ არს. ვინაჲთგან არა მიუღებიეს კერპთა სამსახურებელი, ნუუკუე განგჳრისხნენ ჩუენ და წარვწყმდეთ!\" მაშინ მიუგო წმიდამან ქრისტინა: \"რაჲსა მეტყჳთ მე. შეგინებულნო. კერპთა მათთჳს უსულოთა. ბრმათა და ყრუთა.","english":"On the twenty-third of July, the martyrdom of Saint Christina.\n\nIn the reign of Emperor Hadrian, there was a certain maiden named Christina. She was holy and honored in the city of Tyre, and she desired to remain in virginity. Her father was a military commander named Urbanus, and he was a pagan and an enemy of Christians; her mother was of noble lineage. They had this Christina. And Christina was exceedingly beautiful in form. Her father built a high tower and confined her in it, so that she might worship the idols. Many sought her in marriage, but her father said: \"I will not give my daughter away, for she greatly loves the idols.\" But Saint Christina, chosen by God, took incense in her hand, placed it on the censer, and looked toward the east, observing the sky and the stars, and pondered in her heart. She sighed deeply and wept greatly, and for seven days she did not offer incense to the idols. Her attendants said to her: \"Lady, it is now seven days. Since you have not performed service to the idols, will they not be angry with us and destroy us?\" Then Saint Christina answered: \"Why do you speak to me, you wretches, about those soulless, blind, and deaf idols?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"თთუესა ივლისა კ̂გ წამებაჲ წმიდისა ქრისტინაჲსი","severity":"info","text":"The heading marks the start of the narrative, giving the date (23 July) and identifying the text as a martyrdom (წამებაჲ).","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ადრიანე მეფისა","severity":"info","text":"The reign of Emperor Hadrian (117–138 CE) is a common setting for early Christian martyrdom accounts, though the historicity of this specific narrative is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სპაჲპეტ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'სპაჲპეტ' translates the Greek 'στρατηλάτης' (military commander), indicating a high-ranking officer; here it describes Christina's father Urbanus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"შთაისხის საკუმეველი ჴელსა","severity":"info","text":"Christina takes incense in her hand but does not offer it to the idols, a deliberate act of refusal that sets up her defiance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"უსულოთა. ბრმათა და ყრუთა","severity":"info","text":"Christina's description of idols as 'soulless, blind, and deaf' echoes biblical polemics against idolatry, e.g., Psalm 115:5 (LXX) and Wisdom of Solomon 13:1-2.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ტირნ","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian verb 'ტირნ' (wept) is a hapax legomenon in this manuscript; its exact form and meaning are uncertain, though context suggests weeping.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The city name 'Tyre' is supplied in brackets in the manuscript, possibly a later gloss; the original text may have had a different location.","The phrase 'sighed deeply' (სულთ-ითქუამნ) is ambiguous: it could mean 'sighed' or 'breathed out' in a spiritual sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"უტყუთა და უგუნურთა? რამეთუ აჰა ესერა ჩემი შჳდი დღჱ არს. ვინაჲთგან შევსწირავ შესაწირავსა. ჭეშმარიტსა საკუმეველსა, ღმრთისა მიმართ ზეცათაჲსა, რომელმან შექმნა ცანი და ქუეყანაჲ\". ხოლო მზარდულნი იგი შესცჳვეს ფერჴთა მისთა და ჰრქუეს: \"დედოფალო ჩუენო! რამეთუ ნიშანი შარავანდედთაჲ გაქუს, წეს არს შენდა შარავანდედებაჲცა, რამეთუ საცთური არს ესე ღმრთისა უცხოჲსა მსახურებაჲ, რომელი ჩუენ არა ვიხილეთ, და თუ აგრძნის მამამამ შენმან. წარგუწყმიდნეს ჩუენ, [Page of ms. A95: 718a] რამეთუ გურქუას. ვითარმედ \"თქუენ ასწავეთ ესე მას!, მაშინ მიუგო წმიდამან ყრმამან ქრისტინა: \"რაჲსა ესე შეცთომილ ხართ ეშმაკთაგან და კერპთაგან საძაგელთა? არამედ თქუენცა მოვედით და თაყუანის-ეცით ზეცისა მეუფესა და ღმერთსა!\" და ამას იტყოდა ოდენ.","english":"You are deaf and foolish? For behold, this is my seventh day, since I have offered the true sacrifice, the genuine incense, to the God of heaven, who created the heavens and the earth.” Then the elders fell at her feet and said: “Our queen! For you bear the sign of the diadem, and it is fitting for you also to wear the crown, but this worship of a strange god is a delusion, which we have not seen, and if your father learns of it, he will destroy us, [Page of ms. A95: 718a] for he will say, ‘You taught her this!’” Then the holy child Christina answered: “Why are you thus deceived by demons and abominable idols? But come, you also, and worship the King of heaven and God!” And this she said only.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"უტყუთა და უგუნურთა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian opens with a rhetorical question, 'Are you deaf and foolish?', addressed to the elders, continuing Christina's rebuke from the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"შჳდი დღჱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'seventh day' likely refers to a ritual period of offering or preparation, possibly echoing Christian practice of a week-long dedication before sacrifice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"შარავანდედთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The 'sign of the diadem' (შარავანდედთაჲ) alludes to Christina's noble status, as her father is a military commander; the elders urge her to accept a crown, symbolizing pagan authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Page of ms. A95: 718a","severity":"info","text":"The page break in the manuscript occurs mid-sentence, after the elders' warning about her father, indicating a natural pause in the narrative before Christina's reply.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ქრისტინა","severity":"info","text":"The figure of Christina, a virgin martyr under Hadrian, is known in Eastern hagiography; this Georgian version from ms. A 95 reflects the translation and adaptation of Greek passion narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gha95","label":"source edition: Other translated hagiographical texts from ms. A 95","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/ghadd/gha95/gha95.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact nature of the 'seventh day' ritual is unclear; it may be a specific Christian or local practice. The elders' reference to 'a strange god' could be a generic pagan dismissal, not a specific deity."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}