{"slug":"gelat","id":"georgian:titus:gelat","title":"Gelati Bible","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"none","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T23:46:08Z","cost_usd":0.002845},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:gelat","work_id":"gelat","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Vetus testamentum iberice, redactio Gelatica. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 19.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"},"stats":{"passages":9,"english_words":165,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":36,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":9,"ambiguities":11,"work_notes":5,"external_links":5,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"gelat","abstract":"The Gelati Bible is a 12th-century Georgian manuscript produced at the Gelati Monastery during the reign of King David IV of Georgia (1089–1125). It is a key witness to the Georgian biblical tradition, with some books showing influence from the Old Georgian version. The manuscript was used in Georgian liturgical practice and later served as a source for printed Georgian Bibles, influencing subsequent manuscript traditions in the Caucasus. The edition is based on a single TITUS transcription, which may contain scribal errors or lacunae, and lacks a critical apparatus or full paleographic description. The text reflects the Old Georgian translation from the Greek Septuagint, with Latin headings indicating Western influence.","historical_context":"The Gelati Bible was produced in the early 12th century at the Gelati Monastery in Georgia, a major cultural and religious center during the reign of King David IV (1089–1125). This period, known as the Georgian Golden Age, saw a flourishing of literature, art, and monasticism. The manuscript is a witness to the Georgian biblical tradition, which originated from translations of the Greek Septuagint, likely made in the early Christian centuries. The Gelati Bible's text shows influence from the Old Georgian version, with some books preserving archaic readings. The colophon provides a terminus ante quem of the early 12th century. The manuscript was used in Georgian liturgical practice and later served as a source for printed Georgian Bibles, influencing subsequent manuscript traditions in the Caucasus. Its Latin headings reflect contact with Western liturgical practices, possibly through Crusader or Byzantine intermediaries.","significance":"The Gelati Bible is a crucial witness to the Georgian biblical tradition, preserving the Old Georgian translation from the Greek Septuagint. Its production at the Gelati Monastery during the Georgian Golden Age highlights the cultural and religious flourishing of the period. The manuscript's influence on later printed Georgian Bibles and its reflection of Western liturgical contacts make it important for understanding medieval Georgian Christianity and its connections with the broader Christian world.","timeline":[{"date":"early 12th c.","event":"Production of the Gelati Bible at Gelati Monastery, Georgia, during the reign of King David IV."},{"date":"1089–1125","event":"Reign of King David IV of Georgia, a period of cultural and religious flourishing."},{"date":"12th c.","event":"Use of the Gelati Bible in Georgian liturgical practice."},{"date":"later centuries","event":"The Gelati Bible serves as a source for printed Georgian Bibles and influences subsequent manuscript traditions in the Caucasus."},{"date":"modern era","event":"The manuscript is transcribed and made available via the TITUS project."}],"relations":[{"work":"Old Georgian Bible","relation":"The Gelati Bible is a witness to the Old Georgian translation tradition from the Greek Septuagint.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Gelati Monastery","relation":"The manuscript was produced at and associated with the Gelati Monastery.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"King David IV of Georgia","relation":"The manuscript dates to the reign of King David IV, a patron of culture and religion.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian liturgical tradition","relation":"The Gelati Bible was used in Georgian liturgical practice.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Printed Georgian Bibles","relation":"The manuscript later served as a source for printed Georgian Bibles.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Gelati Monastery","label":"Gelati Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery","reason":"Provides context on the monastery where the manuscript was produced."},{"key":"wikipedia:David IV of Georgia","label":"David IV of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_IV","reason":"Historical context for the reign during which the manuscript was produced."},{"key":"wikipedia:Georgian language","label":"Georgian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language","reason":"Background on the language of the manuscript."},{"key":"wikipedia:Septuagint","label":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint","reason":"The Greek source of the Old Georgian translation."},{"key":"wikipedia:Georgian Orthodox Church","label":"Georgian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church","reason":"Religious context for the manuscript's use."}],"cautions":["The exact date of the Gelati Bible is uncertain; it is dated to the early 12th century based on the colophon and association with King David IV.","The edition is based on a single TITUS transcription, which may contain scribal errors or lacunae.","Variants from other Gelati witnesses are not systematically collated in this edition.","The manuscript's Latin headings suggest Western influence, but the extent and nature of this contact are not fully documented."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000496,"generated":"2026-11-14T23:46:08Z"},"checks":{"work":"gelat","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":9,"translated":9,"commentary_passages":9,"commentary_units":36,"english_words":165,"source_letters":592,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Gelati Bible is a 12th-century Georgian manuscript, likely produced at the Gelati Monastery. Its text represents a key witness to the Georgian biblical tradition, with some books showing influence from the Old Georgian version.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dating to the reign of King David IV of Georgia (1089–1125), the manuscript is associated with the cultural flourishing at Gelati. The colophon provides a terminus ante quem of the early 12th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Gelati Bible was used in Georgian liturgical practice and later served as a source for printed Georgian Bibles. Its text influenced subsequent manuscript traditions in the Caucasus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition is based on a single manuscript (TITUS transcription), which may contain scribal errors or lacunae. Variants from other Gelati witnesses are not systematically collated here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition does not include a critical apparatus or full paleographic description. Readers seeking detailed codicological or textual-critical analysis should consult the primary manuscript or specialized studies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 9 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"9 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Vetus testamentum iberice, redactio Gelatica. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 19.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":9},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:gelat":{"label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"[Book: Lev.]","english":"[Book: Lev.]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Lev.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a book-level heading, marking the start of Leviticus in the Gelati Bible. This structural cue separates the book from preceding material.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Lev.","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Lev.' is a Latin abbreviation for Leviticus, reflecting the Western influence on the Gelati manuscript tradition. The Old Georgian text typically uses 'ლევიტაკონი'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Lev.","severity":"info","text":"The Gelati Bible, produced at the Gelati Monastery in Georgia, is a key witness to the Georgian biblical tradition, with Latin headings indicating contact with Western liturgical practices.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The heading provides no content beyond the book title; the exact form of the Old Georgian text for the book's incipit is not given here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"[წიგნი ლევიტელთაჲ]","english":"[Book of Leviticus]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"წიგნი ლევიტელთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The heading marks the beginning of the book of Leviticus in the Gelati Bible. The Old Georgian title translates 'Book of the Levites'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Gelati Bible is a 12th-century Georgian manuscript, associated with the Gelati Monastery. Its text reflects the Old Georgian translation tradition from the Greek Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":[],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"[Chapter: 1] თავი I","english":"Chapter 1","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"თავი I","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'თავი I' (Chapter 1) marks the beginning of the book of Leviticus in the Gelati Bible, following the standard chapter division introduced in medieval Georgian manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"Gelati Bible","severity":"info","text":"The Gelati Bible is a 12th-century Georgian manuscript produced at the Gelati Monastery, reflecting the Athonite recension of the Georgian Old Testament. Its chapter divisions follow the Byzantine tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 1","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft renders 'თავი I' as 'Chapter 1', but the Georgian text provides no further content for this passage. The chapter likely begins with Leviticus 1:1, but the manuscript's exact verse boundaries require verification against the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage contains only the chapter heading; the actual text of Leviticus chapter 1 is not included in this excerpt, so the precise starting point and content remain unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"[Verse: 3] უკუეთუ ყოვლად დასაწუველი იყოს ძღუენი მისი ზროხათაგან, ზუარაკი უბიწოჲ მოიბას იგი, კართა თანა კარვისა საწამებლისათა მოიყვანოს იგი მითუალულად წინაშე უფლისა.","english":"If the feast of his remembrance from the thoughts is to be entirely concluded, he shall bring the immaculate lamb, and he shall bring it together with the doors of the tabernacle of testimony before the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ძღუენი","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian noun ძღუენი (dzɣueni) corresponds to 'feast' or 'banquet' in the sense of a commemorative meal, here likely a ritual remembrance. The term is not a direct calque of a Coptic or Greek original but reflects local liturgical vocabulary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ზუარაკი უბიწოჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ზუარაკი უბიწოჲ (zuaraki ubic̣oy) means 'immaculate lamb', a standard rendering of the sacrificial lamb in Old Georgian biblical translations. The adjective 'immaculate' (ubitsoy) is a calque of Greek amōmos or Latin immaculatus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"კართა თანა კარვისა საწამებლისათა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'doors of the tabernacle of testimony' echoes Exodus 40 (LXX) and the tabernacle terminology in the Pentateuch. The Georgian 'karka karvīsa sac̣ameblīsa' is a fixed rendering of 'doors of the tent of testimony' (Exod 40:2, 40:6).","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This verse is part of a legal or ritual instruction, likely from the Priestly Code (P) in Exodus or Leviticus. The conditional clause 'If... is to be entirely concluded' introduces a protasis, with the apodosis describing the sacrificial procedure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"მითუალულად","severity":"info","text":"The adverb მითუალულად (mitualulad) means 'together' or 'jointly', indicating a simultaneous offering. This reflects the ritual unity of the lamb and the tabernacle doors, a detail not always preserved in other versions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text does not specify whether the 'feast of his remembrance' refers to a specific festival (e.g., Passover) or a general commemorative rite. The reading taken is a generic ritual instruction."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"[Verse: 4] და დასდვას ჴელი თავსა ზედა მისსა, ნაყოფისასა, მითუალულად მისსა ლხინების-ყოფად მისთჳს.","english":"And he shall place his hand upon its head, upon the fruit-bearing one, solely for the purpose of making rejoicing for it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ნაყოფისასა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'naq'op'isasa' (fruit-bearing one) likely renders a Coptic or Greek term for a young, fertile animal, possibly a ewe or goat, used in sacrifice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მითუალულად","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian 'mitualulad' (solely) emphasizes the exclusive purpose of the action, a nuance that may reflect a Coptic adverbial phrase or a Greek μόνον.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ლხინების-ყოფად","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'lk'inibis-q'opad' (making rejoicing) suggests a ritual celebration, possibly a feast or thanksgiving, associated with the sacrifice of the lamb.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This verse continues the narrative of a sacrificial ritual, with the hand-laying gesture marking a specific liturgical action before the offering.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ნაყოფისასა","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'naq'op'isasa' is ambiguous: it could mean 'fruit-bearing' in a literal sense (a pregnant animal) or metaphorically (a productive, young animal). The English draft opts for the latter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'fruit-bearing one' (whether a pregnant animal or a young, fertile one) is not fully resolved by the Georgian text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"[Verse: 5] და დაკლან ზუარაკი წინაშე უფლისა და მოიღონ ძეთა აარონისთა მღდელთა სისხლი და მოღუარონ სისხლი საკურთხეველსა ზედა გარემო კართა თანა კარვისა საწამებლისათა.","english":"And they shall slaughter the ram before the Lord, and the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall take the blood and pour the blood upon the altar around the doors of the tabernacle of testimony.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"დაკლან ზუარაკი","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'daklan' (they shall slaughter) and 'zuaraki' (ram) indicate a sacrificial ritual, likely a guilt or sin offering, as specified in Leviticus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ზუარაკი","severity":"info","text":"Georgian 'zuaraki' corresponds to Hebrew 'ayil' (ram), used in sacrificial contexts. The term is distinct from 'barani' (lamb) and reflects the Gelati Bible's lexical precision.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"საკურთხეველსა ზედა გარემო კართა თანა კარვისა საწამებლისათა","severity":"info","text":"This verse echoes Leviticus 1:11 and 4:6-7, where blood is poured around the altar of the tabernacle. The phrase 'tabernacle of testimony' (karvasa sacamueblisata) is a standard Georgian rendering of 'mishkan ha'edut'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ძეთა აარონისთა მღდელთა","severity":"info","text":"The 'sons of Aaron' (dzeta Aaronista mghdeltha) refers to the Aaronic priesthood, a hereditary caste in ancient Israel. In the Gelati Bible, this phrase consistently identifies the priestly lineage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"და ... და","severity":"info","text":"The verse uses a paratactic structure with repeated 'da' (and), typical of biblical narrative in Old Georgian, mirroring the Hebrew vav-consecutive.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The specific type of offering (e.g., guilt vs. sin) is not explicitly stated in the Georgian text, but the context of blood poured around the altar suggests a sin offering (Leviticus 4).","The phrase 'around the doors of the tabernacle' may reflect a variant tradition or translation choice; the Masoretic text specifies 'around the altar' without mentioning doors."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"[Verse: 6] და ტყავისა განმჴდელთა ყოვლად დასაწუველისათა ასოეულ-ყონ იგი ასოეულად.","english":"And the tanners of the hides of the wholly burnt offerings shall make it into a single piece.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ასოეულ-ყონ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'asoewl-qon' (make into a single piece) is a calque from Greek, reflecting the technical language of sacrificial preparation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The tanners of hides (Georgian: 't'q'awisa ganmqdelta') are a specific class of temple servants, indicating a developed sacrificial economy in the Jerusalem cult.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'wholly burnt offerings' (Georgian: 'dasac'uwelisa') is ambiguous: it may refer to the entire burnt offering or specifically to the hides of such offerings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'tanners' (whether a hereditary guild or a temporary assignment) is not specified.","The phrase 'make it into a single piece' could mean sewing the hides together or processing them into a unified material."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"[Verse: 7] და დადვან ძეთა აჰრონისათა მღდელთა ცეცხლი საკურთხეველსა ზედა და დააწყვნენ შეშანი ცეცხლსა ზედა.","english":"And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall place fire upon the altar and arrange the wood upon the fire.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"დადვან ძეთა აჰრონისათა მღდელთა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian phrase 'the sons of Aaron, the priests' identifies the officiants as Aaronid priests, a standard designation in Levitical ritual.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"საკურთხეველსა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'altar' (საკურთხეველსა) refers to the altar of burnt offering, central to sacrificial ritual in the Pentateuch.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Verse 7","severity":"info","text":"This verse corresponds to Leviticus 6:5-6 (MT) or 6:2-3 (LXX), describing the placement of fire and arrangement of wood on the altar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a narrative instruction within the sacrificial laws, following the previous verse on handling hides.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Gelati Bible","severity":"info","text":"The Gelati Bible is a 12th-century Georgian manuscript from the Gelati Monastery, reflecting the Athonite textual tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text does not specify the type of wood or the exact arrangement, leaving the ritual detail implicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"[Verse: 8] და დასხნენ ძეთა აჰრონისათა მღდელთა ორგანკუეთილებანი იგი და თავი და ცრემლი შეშათა ზედა ცეცხლისზედათა საკურთხეველ[სა ზედა].","english":"And the sons of Aaron, the priests, placed the two-rib sections and the head and the fat upon the wood on the fire upon the altar.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ორგანკუეთილებანი","severity":"info","text":"Georgian 'organkuetilebani' translates 'two-rib sections' (cf. Lev 3:4). The term is a compound of 'organ' (rib) and 'kuetil' (cut), reflecting the sacrificial division of the animal.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ცრემლი","severity":"info","text":"Georgian 'cremli' renders 'fat' (cf. Lev 3:3–4). In the Old Georgian version, this term consistently denotes the fatty portions of the sacrificial animal, a key element in the burning ritual.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Leviticus 3:3–5","severity":"info","text":"The verse closely follows Lev 3:3–5, which prescribes the placement of the head, fat, and entrails on the altar fire. The Georgian text condenses the Hebrew original, omitting the entrails.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Verse 8","severity":"info","text":"This verse concludes the sacrificial instructions begun in the previous passage. The sequence 'fire upon the altar' → 'wood upon the fire' → 'parts upon the wood' mirrors the Hebrew ritual order.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"საკურთხეველ[სა ზედა]","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript shows a lacuna: 'sakurtkhevel[sa zeda]' (upon the altar). The bracketed portion is supplied from context; the original may have been damaged or abbreviated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:gelat","label":"source edition: Gelati Bible","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/gelatat/gelat.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian 'organkuetilebani' could also be read as 'rib-pieces' rather than strictly 'two-rib sections'; the translation follows the sense of Lev 3:4.","The lacuna in 'sakurtkhevel[sa zeda]' leaves the exact prepositional phrase uncertain, though 'upon the altar' is the expected reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}