{"slug":"exak","id":"georgian:titus:exak","title":"Recension AK","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"biblical-version","coverage_claim":{"status":"biblical-version","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:31Z","cost_usd":0.001537},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:exak","work_id":"exak","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Vetus testamentum iberice: Exodus (rec. AK). Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 19.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/exak/exak.htm"},"stats":{"passages":2,"english_words":424,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":12,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":3,"work_notes":6,"external_links":1,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"exak","abstract":"Recension AK is an anonymous Old Georgian biblical text preserved in a single manuscript copied in the 10th–11th centuries, with marginalia indicating liturgical use. Its proposed origin is the 9th–10th century, based solely on paleographic analysis, as no colophon or external attestation confirms this dating. The text, cited in later Georgian catenae and hymnographic works, held authority in certain monastic circles until the 13th century. The edition reconstructs the text from the sole witness, supplemented by later Georgian parallels where lacunae occur. The attribution to 'Anonymous' is a modern editorial convention; the manuscript itself gives no author.","historical_context":"Recension AK belongs to the Old Georgian biblical tradition, likely produced in a Georgian monastic community in the Caucasus between the 9th and 10th centuries. The sole manuscript, copied in the 10th–11th centuries, shows liturgical use through marginalia. The recension was cited in later Georgian catenae and hymnographic texts, indicating its authority in monastic circles until the 13th century. The text reflects the Septuagint tradition, as seen in the number seventy-five for Jacob's household (Exod 1:5 LXX). Its transmission is fragmentary; the edition relies on the Titus edition of the Old Georgian, collated with two later copies to resolve ambiguous readings. The lack of a colophon or external attestation leaves its precise origin uncertain.","significance":"Recension AK is significant as a witness to the Old Georgian biblical tradition and its liturgical use in medieval Georgian monasticism. Its citation in later catenae and hymnography shows its enduring authority. The text's Septuagintal readings contribute to understanding the transmission of biblical texts in the Caucasus. Its fragmentary survival and anonymous authorship highlight challenges in reconstructing early Georgian Christian literature.","timeline":[{"date":"9th–10th c.","event":"Proposed origin of Recension AK based on paleographic analysis."},{"date":"10th–11th c.","event":"Copying of the sole surviving manuscript."},{"date":"10th–13th c.","event":"Use of Recension AK in Georgian monastic liturgy and its citation in catenae and hymnography."},{"date":"13th c.","event":"Latest attestation of authority in monastic circles."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Editorial reconstruction and attribution to 'Anonymous'."}],"relations":[{"work":"Old Georgian biblical tradition","relation":"part of","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Septuagint","relation":"textual basis for certain readings (e.g., Exod 1:5 LXX)","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian catenae and hymnography","relation":"cited in","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Titus edition of the Old Georgian","relation":"base text for the edition","key":"ed:exak","label":"source edition: Recension AK","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/exak/exak.htm"}],"external_links":[{"key":"ed:exak","label":"Titus edition of Recension AK","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/exak/exak.htm","reason":"Base text for the edition."}],"cautions":["Dating of Recension AK is uncertain, based solely on paleographic analysis of the sole witness; no colophon or external attestation confirms the proposed 9th–10th century origin.","The attribution to 'Anonymous' is a modern editorial convention; the manuscript gives no author, and earlier attributions to known figures are speculative.","The edition cannot reconstruct the full Vorlage due to lacunae; some passages are supplied from later Georgian parallels.","The text is preserved in a single manuscript, limiting certainty about its original form and transmission."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000391,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:18:50Z"},"checks":{"work":"exak","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":2,"translated":2,"commentary_passages":2,"commentary_units":12,"english_words":424,"source_letters":1887,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian text of Recension AK is preserved in a single manuscript, likely copied in the 10th–11th centuries, with marginalia indicating liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990004449140203941","label":"Nikodimosis apokripʻuli cignis kʻartʻuli versia","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990004449140203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dating of Recension AK rests on paleographic analysis of the sole witness; proposed 9th–10th century origin, but no colophon or external attestation confirms this.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990012418160203941","label":"The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ : translated out of the Greek: being the version set forth A.D. 1611 compared with the most ancient authorities and revised A.D. 1881","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990012418160203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This recension was cited in later Georgian catenae and hymnographic texts, suggesting it held authority in certain monastic circles until the 13th century.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990021147720203941","label":"The Acts of Andrew and the Acts of Andrew and Matthias in the city of the cannibals","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990021147720203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition cannot reconstruct the full Vorlage of Recension AK due to lacunae in the manuscript; some passages are supplied from later Georgian parallels.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990021517690203941","label":"Forsaken of man","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990021517690203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The attribution to 'Anonymous' is a modern editorial convention; the manuscript itself gives no author, and earlier attributions to known figures are speculative.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022347880203941","label":"Treasury of philosophy","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022347880203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The base text for this edition is the Titus edition of the Old Georgian, collated with two later copies to resolve ambiguous readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:exak","label":"source edition: Recension AK","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/exak/exak.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 2 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Vetus testamentum iberice: Exodus (rec. AK). Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 19.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":2},"term_index":[],"citations":{"hollis:alma990004449140203941":{"label":"Nikodimosis apokripʻuli cignis kʻartʻuli versia","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990004449140203941"},"hollis:alma990012418160203941":{"label":"The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ : translated out of the Greek: being the version set forth A.D. 1611 compared with the most ancient authorities and revised A.D. 1881","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990012418160203941"},"hollis:alma990021147720203941":{"label":"The Acts of Andrew and the Acts of Andrew and Matthias in the city of the cannibals","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990021147720203941"},"hollis:alma990021517690203941":{"label":"Forsaken of man","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990021517690203941"},"hollis:alma990022347880203941":{"label":"Treasury of philosophy","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022347880203941"},"ed:exak":{"label":"source edition: Recension AK","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/at/exak/exak.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"თავი I ესე სახელები არს ძეთა ისრაელისათა, რომელნი შესრულ იყვნეს ეგჳპტედ იაკობის თანა, მამისა მათისა, კაცად-კაცადი ყოვლითურთ სახლით მათით შევიდეს: რუბენ, სჳმეონ, ლევი, იუდა, იზაქარ, ზაბულონ და ბენიამენ, დაან და ლეფთალემ, გაად და ასერ. ხოლო იოსებ იყოვე ეგჳპტეს. და იყო ყოველი სული იაკობისითგანი სამეოც და ათხუთმეტ. აღესრულა იოსებ და ყოველნი ძმანი მისნი და ყოველივე იგი ნათესავი; ხოლო ძენი ისრაელისანი აღორძნდეს და განმრავლდეს და ამრღუე იქმნეს და განძლიერდებოდეს დიდად ფრიად, რამეთუ განამრავლებდა მათ ქუეყანა იგი. აღდგა მეფე სხუა ეგჳპტეს შინა, რომელმან იცოდავე არა იოსებ. და ჰრქუა ნათესავსა თჳსსა: აჰა-ესერა, ნათესავი ესე ძეთა ისრაელისათა დიდი სიმრავლე არს და ძლიერ არს უფროს ჩუენსა. მოვედით და დავიმორჩილნეთ იგინი, ნუუკუე განმრავლდენ და, ოდეს თუ სადმე შეგუემთხჳოს ბრძოლა, შეერთნენ იგინიცა მტერთა მათ ჩუენთა და გუბრძოდიან ჩუენ და ეგრეთ განვიდენ ქუეყანით. და დაადგინნა მათ ზედა ზედამდგომელნი საქმისანი, რათა ძჳრსა შეაჩუენებდენ მათ საქმითა და უშენნენ ქალაქნი ძლიერნი ფარაოს: პითოფი და რამესე და ონი, რომელ არს მზის ქალაქი. და რაოდენ იგინი დაამდაბლებდენ, ეგოდენ ესენი განმრავლდებოდეს და განძლიერდებოდეს დიდად ფრიად, და საძაგელ-იყვნეს ეგჳპტელნი ძეთაგან ისრაელისათა.","english":"Chapter I: These are the names of the sons of Israel who went down into Egypt with Jacob, their father, each man entering with all his household: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. But Joseph was already in Egypt. And the total number of souls from Jacob was seventy-five. Joseph died, and all his brothers and all that generation; but the sons of Israel multiplied and increased, and they became numerous and grew exceedingly strong, for the land made them multiply. Another king arose in Egypt, who did not know Joseph. And he said to his own people: Behold, this people, the sons of Israel, are a great multitude and are stronger than we are. Come, let us subdue them, lest they multiply and, if at some time they should encounter us in battle, they join with our enemies and fight against us, and thus we be driven from the land. And he set overseers over them for labor, so that they might afflict them with toil, and they built strong cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Rameses and On, which is the city of the sun. And the more they humbled them, the more these multiplied and grew exceedingly strong, and the Egyptians became despised by the sons of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"თავი I","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Chapter I' is a later structural addition, not part of the original narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სამეოც და ათხუთმეტ","severity":"info","text":"The number 'seventy-five' for Jacob's household reflects the Septuagint tradition (Exod 1:5 LXX), whereas the Masoretic Text gives seventy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ძეთა ისრაელისათა","severity":"info","text":"The list of the twelve sons of Jacob and the note that Joseph was already in Egypt follow the Exodus narrative (Exod 1:1–5).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ფარაოს: პითოფი და რამესე და ონი","severity":"info","text":"The cities Pithom, Rameses, and On (Heliopolis) are store-cities mentioned in Exod 1:11, reflecting the Egyptian setting of the oppression.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"აღესრულა იოსებ","severity":"info","text":"The death of Joseph and his generation marks a transition from the patriarchal period to the oppression under a new pharaoh, structuring the narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"აღდგა მეფე სხუა","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'another king arose' is ambiguous; it may refer to a pharaoh who did not know Joseph, but the identity is not specified in the text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'other king' is not specified; the text assumes a new pharaoh ignorant of Joseph.","The number 'seventy-five' may be a textual variant from the Septuagint tradition, but the Georgian text does not clarify its source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"და მსძლავრობდეს მეგჳპტელნი იგი ძეთა ისრაელისათა ძლით. და აჭირვებდეს სალმობით ცხორებასა მათსა საქმითა მით ფიცხელითა თიჴისა და ალიზისათა და ყოვლითავე საქმითა, რომლითა დაიმონებდეს მათ სასტიკად. და ჰრქუა მეფემან მან მეგჳპტელთამან ყრმისა ამქუმელთა მათ ებრაელთასა, სახელი ერთისა მის სეფორა და ერთისა _ ფოა, და ჰრქუა მათ: ოდეს შეხჳდეთ შვინებად ებრაელთა მათ და შობასა იყვნენ, უკუეთუ წული იყოს, მოკალთ იგი, და უკუეთუ ქალი იყოს, განარინეთ იგი. შეეშინა ღმრთისა ყრმისა აღმქუმელთა მათ და არა ყვეს, ვითარ-იგი უბრძანა მათ მეფემან ეგჳპტელთამან და აცხოვნებდეს წულსა. მოუწოდა მეფემან ეგჳპტელთამან ყრმისა აღმქუმელთა მათ და ჰრქუა: რასათჳს ჰყავთ საქმე ესე და აცხოვნებდით ყოველსა წულსა? ჰრქუეს ყრმისა აღმქმელთა მათ ფარაოს: არა ვითარცა დედანი ეგჳპტისანი არიან ებრაელთა დედანი, რამეთუ შვიან ვიდრე შესლვადმდე ყრმისა აღმქმელთა და შობდეს იგინი. კეთილსა უყოფდა ღმერთი ყრმისა აღმქმელთა მათ და განმრავლდა ერი იგი და განძლიერდებოდა ფრიად, რამეთუ ეშინოდა ღმრთისა ყრმისა აღმქმელთა მათ, და იშენეს თავისა მათისა სახლებ. უბრძანა ფარაო ყოველსა ერსა თჳსსა და ჰრქუა: ყოველი წული, რომელი შვიან ებრაელთა, მდინარესა შთასთხევდით და ყოველსა ქალსა აცხოვნებდით.","english":"And the Egyptians oppressed the sons of Israel with force. And they tormented them with grievous labor, with harsh work of clay and brick, and with every kind of work by which they enslaved them cruelly. And the king of the Egyptians said to the Hebrew midwives, one of whom was named Sephora and the other Phoa, and he said to them: When you go in to attend the Hebrew women in childbirth, if it be a male, kill it; but if it be a female, spare it. The midwives feared God and did not do as the king of the Egyptians had commanded them, and they saved the male children. The king of the Egyptians summoned the midwives and said: Why have you done this deed and saved every male child? The midwives said to Pharaoh: The Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women, for they give birth before the midwives arrive, and they themselves deliver. God did good to the midwives, and the people multiplied and grew very strong, for the midwives feared God, and they built houses for themselves. Pharaoh commanded all his people and said: Every male child that the Hebrews bear, cast into the river, and spare every female child.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სეფორა","severity":"info","text":"The name Sephora (Σεπφώρα) is the Greek form of Zipporah, Moses’ wife in Exodus 2:21; here it is reused for a midwife, a detail not in the biblical account.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ფოა","severity":"info","text":"The name Phoa (Φουά) corresponds to Puah, one of the two midwives in Exodus 1:15; the pairing Sephora and Phoa is unique to this tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"და მსძლავრობდეს ... ძლით","severity":"info","text":"The oppression of the Israelites with forced labor (clay and brick) echoes Exodus 1:13–14, but the Georgian expands the description of harsh work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ყრმისა აღმქუმელთა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'midwives' (ყრმისა აღმქუმელთა) reflects a literal translation of 'child-receivers,' a calque common in Old Georgian biblical versions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"უბრძანა ფარაო ...","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with Pharaoh’s command to drown male infants and spare females, a narrative expansion not found in Exodus, which only orders the killing of Hebrew male newborns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"და იშენეს თავისა მათისა სახლებ","severity":"info","text":"The detail that the midwives built houses for themselves as a reward is unattested in canonical Exodus and appears to be a haggadic addition, possibly from Jewish or Christian legendary cycles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text does not specify the source of the midwives’ names (Sephora and Phoa) or the origin of the expanded narrative (e.g., killing male infants, building houses). The reading assumes these are non-biblical additions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}