{"slug":"eubma","id":"georgian:titus:eubma","title":"Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:31Z","cost_usd":0.001524},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:eubma","work_id":"eubma","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Martyrium Eubuli et Malcamonis. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 22.9.2017. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"},"stats":{"passages":2,"english_words":309,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":11,"commentary_kinds":5,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":2,"work_notes":6,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"eubma","abstract":"The Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis is an anonymous Old Georgian hagiographic text that recounts the passion of six martyrs—Theodore, Julian, Eubulus, Malcamo, Mocimus, and Salama—during the Diocletianic persecution (c. 303–311). Preserved solely in a single manuscript from the Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos, the work lacks a known Greek or Syriac Vorlage. The narrative is set in Petra (Roman Arabia) and follows a standard composite passion structure. The text survives only in Georgian, with linguistic features dating it no earlier than the 10th century. The saints appear in later Georgian synaxaria, indicating liturgical use, but the Semitic names of Malcamo and Salama hint at a possible Syriac or Palestinian source tradition, though this remains unverified.","historical_context":"The text commemorates six martyrs traditionally linked to the Diocletianic persecution (303–311 CE), the last and most severe state-sponsored persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. The narrative is set in Petra, a city in the Roman province of Arabia (modern Jordan), and features a local magistrate named Maximus enforcing imperial edicts. The sole witness is an Old Georgian manuscript from the Iviron Monastery (Mount Athos), copied no earlier than the 10th century based on linguistic evidence. The Georgian Church later incorporated these saints into its liturgical calendar, as seen in the 11th-century Mikael-Modrekili collection. The absence of a Greek or Syriac Vorlage and the Semitic names of two martyrs (Malcamo, Salama) suggest a possible eastern origin, but the transmission history remains obscure. The text was likely translated or composed within a Georgian monastic milieu, possibly on Mount Athos or in Palestine, where Georgian scribes were active.","significance":"The Martyrium is significant as a rare witness to the reception of eastern martyr traditions in the Georgian Church, preserved only in Old Georgian. Its composite structure and Semitic names hint at lost Syriac or Palestinian sources, offering a window into cross-cultural hagiographic exchange. The text also illustrates how Georgian hagiography adapted late antique persecution narratives for liturgical use, as evidenced by its inclusion in later synaxaria.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 303–311","event":"Diocletianic persecution; traditional date of the martyrdoms in Petra."},{"date":"10th c. or later","event":"Earliest possible date of the Old Georgian manuscript based on linguistic evidence."},{"date":"11th c.","event":"Saints appear in the Mikael-Modrekili collection, indicating liturgical use in the Georgian Church."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Manuscript housed at Iviron Monastery, Mount Athos, a center of Georgian monasticism."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Edition published without critical apparatus, based on a single manuscript."}],"relations":[{"work":"Mikael-Modrekili collection","relation":"Later synaxarion that includes these six saints, showing liturgical continuity.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Martyrium of the Holy Martyrs (Georgian hagiography)","relation":"Shares standard opening formula and composite passion structure.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Diocletianic persecution accounts","relation":"Belongs to the genre of passion narratives set during the Great Persecution.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Coptic tradition of Petra martyrs","relation":"Possible parallel tradition linking these saints to the same region.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of the martyrdoms (c. 303–311) is traditional and not independently verified; the Georgian text is no earlier than the 10th century.","No Greek or Syriac Vorlage is known; the Semitic names suggest a possible eastern source, but this remains unverified.","The edition lacks a critical apparatus and stemmatic analysis, relying on a single manuscript without collation of variants.","The authorship is anonymous, and the exact community of composition is uncertain, though likely Georgian monastic."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000502,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:16:15Z"},"checks":{"work":"eubma","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":2,"translated":2,"commentary_passages":2,"commentary_units":11,"english_words":309,"source_letters":1419,"commentary_kinds":5},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text commemorates six martyrs (Theodore, Julian, Eubulus, Malcamo, Mocimus, Salama) in a single passion narrative, typical of composite hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Preserved only in Old Georgian; no Greek or Syriac Vorlage is known. The sole witness is a single manuscript from the Iviron Monastery (Mt. Athos).","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The martyrdoms are traditionally dated to the Diocletianic persecution (c. 303–311), but the Georgian text cannot be earlier than the 10th century on linguistic grounds.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The six saints appear in later Georgian synaxaria (e.g., the 11th-century *Mikael-Modrekili* collection), indicating liturgical use in the Georgian Church.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of variant readings; it reproduces a single manuscript without stemmatic analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The names 'Malcamo' and 'Salama' are Semitic in origin, possibly indicating a Syriac or Palestinian source tradition, but this remains unverified.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 2 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Martyrium Eubuli et Malcamonis. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 22.9.2017. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":2},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:eubma":{"label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"<წამებაჲ წმიდათა მოწამეთაჲ თევდოროსი და ივლიანოსი, და> ევბულოსი და მალკამოსი, <და მოკიმოსი და სალამონესი>\n\nიყო დეოკლეტიანეს მეფობასა დევნაჲ აღდგა ქრისტჱანეთა ეკლესიასა ზედა: და მიავლინა ქალაქად ქალაქად ბრძანებაჲ. უნდა არა-წმიდასა მას შჯულსა დამორჩილებაჲ ქრისტჱანეთა ნათესავისაჲ: და ჯეკმა აიძულებდა ყოველთა რაჲთამცა ნაგებითა მით კერპთაჲთა პირ-იჴსნეს: და ეკლესიანი იგი ღმრთისანი დაყუდნებულ იყვნეს: და წარსთქრებოდა უფროჲს არა-წმიდათა მათ დღეს-სასწაულთა: ხოლო ყოველი ქუეყანაჲ მწუხარებად გარდაიქცა, რამეთუ განძლიერებოდა მწარედ ბრძანებაჲ იგი მის მეფისაჲ: ხოლო მრავალნი რომელნი იყვნეს პეტრას ქალაქსა შინა ქრისტჱანენი არა უნდა დამორჩილებაჲ მეფისა მის ბრძანებისაჲ: არა მცირედი გინებაჲ შეამთხჳნეს მის ადგილისა მთავართა მათ: ხოლო მაქსიმოს კარანი სავსე იყო უშჯულოებისა ზრახვითა. ვითარცა ესმა ქრისტჱანეთა იგი თავ-ჴედებაჲ, ბრძანა მეყსეულად წარმოდგინებაჲ მათი.","english":"The Martyrdom of the Holy Martyrs Theodore, Julian, Eubulus, Malcamo, Mocimus, and Salamanes\n\nIn the reign of Diocletian, a persecution arose against the Church of the Christians; and he sent an edict to every city. He desired the subjugation of the Christian people to that impious law; and the sword compelled all, so that by the construction of those idols they might be saved; and those churches of God were shut up; and the most impious of those days of miracles were being celebrated. But the whole land was turned to mourning, for the edict of that king was bitterly prevailing. And many who were Christians in the city of Petra did not wish to submit to the command of that king; they brought no small reproach upon the rulers of that place. But the court of Maximus was full of the counsel of lawlessness. When he heard of that confession of the Christians, he immediately ordered them to be brought before him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"წამებაჲ წმიდათა მოწამეთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula 'Martyrdom of the Holy Martyrs' is standard in Georgian hagiography, establishing the genre as a passion narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"დეოკლეტიანეს მეფობასა","severity":"info","text":"The reign of Diocletian (284–305 CE) is the historical setting for the Great Persecution, which began in 303 CE and targeted Christians across the Roman Empire.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ჯეკმა","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian word 'ჯეკმა' (sword) here metonymically represents the coercive force of the imperial edict, a common trope in martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ხოლო","severity":"info","text":"The repeated conjunction 'ხოლო' (but/and) marks a series of narrative transitions: from the general persecution to the specific situation in Petra, then to the role of Maximus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"პეტრას ქალაქსა","severity":"info","text":"Petra, a city in the Roman province of Arabia (modern Jordan), is the setting for this martyrdom, consistent with the Coptic tradition linking these saints to that region.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"მაქსიმოს","severity":"info","text":"Maximus is likely the Roman governor or local magistrate in Petra, responsible for enforcing Diocletian's edict; his 'court full of lawlessness' is a standard hagiographic characterization.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text lists six martyrs, but the Coptic tradition sometimes varies the number and names; the reading here follows the Georgian manuscript as given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"რაჲთამცა ერგასის და მეორესა დღესა წინაშე დალიჭსა მისსა იპოვნეს: ხოლო დეოკლეტიანეს მეფესა ვითარ ესმა კარნისა მის სასტიკობაჲ: რომელ იგი ქრისტჱანეთა მიმართ გამოეჩინა უკეთურებაჲ, და ყოველი ვე ღმერთთა მიმართ პატივის ყოფაჲ, მიუძღუანა მას ბრძანებაჲ, რომელსა წერილ იყო ესრე \"დღისა და ღამისაჲ და ყოვლისა სოფლისაჲ თჳთ-მპყრობელი დეოკლეტიანოს მაქსიმოს კარანსა მიყუარსა ღმერთთასა გიკითხავ: მრავალი ჩუენდა მომართ მოწევნულ არს შენი წადიერებაჲ, ვითარ ეგე დიდითა გონებითა ღმერთთაჲ ეგე დაგიჯერებიეს განდიდებად მსახურებაჲ, და მათი იგი პატივი უშეურაცხილესად გამოგიჩინებია: და გადგინეთ შენ მთავრად ბოტრონითგან ვიდრე პალესტინედმდე და პეტრადმდე: და იყავნ ყოველი რომელი აცილოდეს ჩუენსა ამას ბრძანებასა შეურაცხ-ჰყოფდეს შენსა მაგას გულს-მოდგინებასა იგი ძჳრსა. მიუწდომელსა შევარდებოდინ დაურვასა, რომელმან არა შეწიროს მუნთქუევე გუნდრუკი ღმერთთა მიმართ:\"","english":"spread throughout the land, so that on the second day they were found before his tribunal. But when the emperor Diocletian heard of the harshness of his own heart, which had manifested itself in wickedness toward the Christians, and of all reverence toward the gods, he sent him a decree, in which was written thus: \"The day-and-night and all-world-ruler Diocletian Maximus to Caranus, the friend of the gods, inquires: Much has reached us of your zeal, how with great wisdom you have entrusted yourself to the service of glorifying the gods, and have shown their honor to be inviolable. And we have appointed you ruler from Botron to Palestine and to Petra. And let every one who deviates from this our command and dishonors that diligence of yours fall into an inescapable punishment, into a pit, who does not sacrifice a breathing juniper to the gods.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"დეოკლეტიანეს მეფესა","severity":"info","text":"Diocletian (r. 284–305) initiated the Great Persecution (303–311), which targeted Christian communities across the empire. The edict described here reflects the historical context of that persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"გუნდრუკი","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'gundruki' (juniper) is used here as a specific sacrificial offering. The English draft renders it as 'breathing juniper', likely a translation of a Coptic or Greek original.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"დღისა და ღამისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'day-and-night-and-all-world-ruler' is a formal imperial titulature, typical of Diocletianic edicts, emphasizing the emperor's universal authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ბოტრონითგან ვიდრე პალესტინედმდე და პეტრადმდე","severity":"info","text":"The geographical range 'from Botron to Palestine and to Petra' indicates the administrative jurisdiction of Caranus, likely a governor. Botron (modern Batrun, Lebanon) and Petra (in Jordan) are historical locations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"მიუწდომელსა შევარდებოდინ დაურვასა","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'fall into an inescapable punishment, into a pit' is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal pit (execution method) or a metaphorical abyss. The Georgian 'daurvasa' (pit) suggests a physical punishment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:eubma","label":"source edition: Martyrium Theodori, Iuliani, Eubuli, Malcamonis, Mocimi et Salamanis","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/gh/eubmalc/eubma.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Caranus' (the addressee) is uncertain; he may be a local governor or a fictional figure. The phrase 'breathing juniper' (gundruki) is unclear in its ritual significance."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}