{"slug":"efrem","id":"georgian:titus:efrem","title":"Ephrem Minor's Colophons","author":"Epr.Mc.","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:55Z","cost_usd":0.013841},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:efrem","work_id":"efrem","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Eprem Mcire, Colophons. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 27.10.2012. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"},"stats":{"passages":32,"english_words":4514,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":175,"commentary_kinds":10,"derived_notes":19,"ambiguities":57,"work_notes":6,"external_links":3,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"efrem","abstract":"Ephrem Minor's Colophons are first-person statements appended to his translations of Greek patristic works. Ephrem Minor, a Georgian monk and translator active in the 11th century (circa 1025–1075), composed these colophons to explain his translation methods and personal motivations. The colophons survive only in later Georgian manuscripts, with the earliest extant witness dating from the 12th–13th centuries. They were later cited by Georgian ecclesiastical writers as authoritative testimony to Ephrem's role in the Athonite Georgian monastic tradition. The present edition is based on a single manuscript family without a critical apparatus, and other recensions may differ. Attribution to Ephrem Minor is traditional, though some colophons may be later scribal additions.","historical_context":"Ephrem Minor flourished in the 11th century, a period of intense translation activity in the Georgian monastic communities on Mount Athos. The Georgian monastery of Iviron, founded in the late 10th century, was a center for translating Greek patristic and biblical texts into Georgian. Ephrem Minor was a key figure in this movement, known for his scholarly approach and his emphasis on accuracy and clarity. His colophons provide rare first-person insights into the translator's craft, including his methods, sources, and intentions. The colophons survive only in later manuscripts, copied from lost originals, indicating a continuous tradition of transmission within Georgian ecclesiastical circles. The earliest extant witness dates from the 12th–13th centuries, suggesting that the colophons were valued and preserved by later scribes. The colophons' chronology is inferred from manuscript contexts and historical references, as they provide no absolute dates themselves.","significance":"Ephrem Minor's Colophons are a unique window into the translation practices and intellectual culture of the Athonite Georgian monastic tradition. They document the methods and motivations of a key translator, offering insights into the transmission of Greek patristic literature into Georgian. The colophons also reflect the self-awareness and scholarly identity of Georgian monks in the 11th century, making them valuable for understanding cross-cultural exchange in medieval Christianity.","timeline":[{"date":"circa 1025–1075","event":"Ephrem Minor active as a monk and translator, likely on Mount Athos."},{"date":"11th century","event":"Composition of the colophons by Ephrem Minor, appended to his translations."},{"date":"12th–13th centuries","event":"Earliest extant manuscript witness of the colophons."},{"date":"Later medieval period","event":"Colophons cited by Georgian ecclesiastical writers as authoritative testimony."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Edition of the colophons based on a single manuscript family, without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Translations of Greek patristic works by Ephrem Minor","relation":"Colophons are appended to these translations","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Athonite Georgian monastic tradition","relation":"Ephrem Minor was a key figure in this tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian manuscript tradition","relation":"Colophons survive only in later Georgian manuscripts","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Ephrem Mtsire","label":"Ephrem Mtsire (Ephrem Minor) on Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_Mtsire","reason":"Provides background on the translator and his context."},{"key":"wikipedia:Iviron monastery","label":"Iviron monastery on Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Iviron","reason":"Key location for Ephrem Minor's activity."},{"key":"wikipedia:Georgian manuscripts","label":"Georgian manuscripts on Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Centre_of_Manuscripts","reason":"Context for the transmission of the colophons."}],"cautions":["The colophons provide no absolute dates; their chronology is inferred from manuscript contexts and historical references.","Attribution of all colophons to Ephrem Minor is traditional; some may be later scribal additions or conflations.","The present edition is based on a single manuscript family without a critical apparatus; other recensions may differ.","The earliest extant manuscript witness dates from the 12th–13th centuries, not from Ephrem's own time."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000437,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:55:36Z"},"checks":{"work":"efrem","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":32,"translated":32,"commentary_passages":32,"commentary_units":175,"english_words":4514,"source_letters":19493,"commentary_kinds":10},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The colophons are first-person statements by Ephrem Minor, a Georgian monk and translator active in the 11th century, appended to his translations of Greek patristic works.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The colophons survive only in later Georgian manuscripts, copied from lost originals; the earliest extant witness dates from the 12th–13th centuries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem Minor flourished circa 1025–1075; the colophons themselves provide no absolute dates, and their chronology is inferred from manuscript contexts and historical references.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These colophons were later cited by Georgian ecclesiastical writers as authoritative testimony to Ephrem’s translation methods and his role in the Athonite Georgian monastic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The present edition does not include a critical apparatus of variant readings; the text is based on a single manuscript family, and other recensions may differ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Attribution of all colophons to Ephrem Minor is traditional; some may be later scribal additions or conflations, though the core corpus is widely accepted as authentic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 32 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"19 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Eprem Mcire, Colophons. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 27.10.2012. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":32},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:efrem":{"label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ეფრემ მცირის კოლოფონები (ტექსტები) [Subdivision into paragraphs added J.G.]\n\nManuscript: Q_37 Line of ed.: 1 შესავალი ეფრემ მცირის ფსალმუნთა თარგმანებისა Manuscript page: 1r Line of ed.: 2 შეწევნითა უფლისა ჩუენისა იესუ (ქრისტე)სითა.\n\nLine of ed.: 3 უწყებაჲ მიზეზსა დ(ა ვითარებ)ასა, და თხრობაჲ წესსა და Line of ed.: 4 საჴმარებასა წინა-მდება(რის)სა ამის წიგნისასა Line of ed.: 5 რომელ არს \"თარგმანებაჲ ფსალმუნთაჲ\"\n\nLine of ed.: 6 დაღაცათუ კადნიერ არს ჴელ-[ყო]ფაჲ ესე, არამედ შესან[დ]ობელ Line of ed.: 7 [იყ]ავნ სწავლის-მოყუარე[თა] მიერ, რომელნი კეთილად Line of ed.: 8 მეცნიერ [არ]იან, ვითარმედ (მ)ახლობელნი ბა[გი]თა, ხოლო შორიელნი Line of ed.: 9 ჴმითა და [უფ]როჲსღა მსხემნი და წარ[მა]ვალნი ქარტითა Line of ed.: 10 და მელ[ნით]ა აუწყებენ ნათესავსა [მომ]ავალსა გულის-ზრახვა[თა] Line of ed.: 11 გულისა თჳსისათა, რომელთა [თან]ა შერაცხილ Line of ed.: 12 იყავნ ჩუენდა[მო] (შ)ენდობით ბრძანებული [ესე] აღმწერელობაჲ, Line of ed.: 13 რაჲთა მე[ქმნ]ეს ჩუენ აღწ(ერაჲ სიტ)ყუათა [აღ]საარებ(ად) Line of ed.: 14 გულის-სიტყუათა.","english":"Colophons of Ephrem Minor (Texts) [Subdivision into paragraphs added J.G.]\n\nManuscript: Q_37 Line of ed.: 1 Introduction to Ephrem Minor's Translations of the Psalms Manuscript page: 1r Line of ed.: 2 By the help of our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nLine of ed.: 3 Knowledge of the cause and circumstance, and narration of the order and Line of ed.: 4 usefulness of the preface of this book, Line of ed.: 5 which is \"Translation of the Psalms.\"\n\nLine of ed.: 6 Although this undertaking is bold, yet it would be acceptable Line of ed.: 7 to lovers of learning, who are well Line of ed.: 8 versed, that those near in place, but far Line of ed.: 9 in voice, and especially those who are later and subsequent in paper Line of ed.: 10 and ink, will announce to the future generation the intentions Line of ed.: 11 of their heart, with which is counted Line of ed.: 12 for us this commanded writing, Line of ed.: 13 so that they may make for us a description of words for the sake of Line of ed.: 14 the thoughts of the heart.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"შესავალი","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Introduction to Ephrem Minor's Translations of the Psalms' marks the start of a prefatory section, distinct from the colophons proper.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"უწყებაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'knowledge' (უწყებაჲ) here introduces the purpose of the preface, aligning with Ephrem's scholarly method of explaining cause and circumstance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ქარტითა და მელნითა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'by paper and ink' reflects the material culture of manuscript production, emphasizing the role of writing in transmitting intentions across generations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"სწავლის-მოყუარე","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem addresses 'lovers of learning', indicating his intended audience among monastic or scholarly circles engaged in biblical translation and commentary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴელ-[ყო]ფაჲ","severity":"caution","text":"The text has a lacuna: 'ჴელ-[ყო]ფაჲ' is reconstructed; the original likely read 'ჴელყოფაჲ' (undertaking), but the manuscript damage leaves uncertainty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'აღმწერელობაჲ' could mean 'writing' or 'description'; the translation opts for 'writing' based on context.","The reference to 'those near in place, but far in voice' is ambiguous—possibly distinguishing contemporaries from future readers."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"[ხოლო აღს]არებაჲ გულის-სიტყუათაჲ Line of ed.: 15 [მიტე]ვება ცთომილებათა [...] ესრეთ ზოგებით წარმოვიტყოდით Line of ed.: 16 უწყებასა [შინა მიზეზი]სასა სა(ჴმარების)ა[თვის წმიდისა] Line of ed.: 17 ამის წიგნისა[ჲსა და] გან[...]ებდ(ი)თ სიტყ(უ)[ა]თა [....] Line of ed.: 18 ხ[... სიტყუა]თა [...] (შ)[ე](ვ)ამკობდ(ეთ) [.....]იკო[... Line of ed.: 19 ყ](ნ)ოჲს[აჲ]თა [... გან]აცხადოს (სიტყუამან წინა)-[მდებარე]მან, Line of ed.: 20 რომელი იწყებ(ის) ესრეთ: [ გიორგის] უკუე დიდსა მას [სახელ-მო]დ(გ)ამსა Line of ed.: 21 მუშაკო[ბისასა] დ[ა მოუ]წყინებელად [მოქმედს]ა Line of ed.: 22 ქრისტეს ვენაჴისა[სა დიდი ღუა]წლი (და შრო)მა [თავს-ედვა] Line of ed.: 23 განა(ხ)ლებისა[თჳს და უცთომელად თარგმანებისა წიგნისა მის Line of ed.: 24 ფსალმუნთაჲსა] და არა ხოლო ერთგზის, არამედ ორგზისცა Line of ed.: 25 ეთარგმნა იგი ბერძულის(ა)გან. და სხუათავე ნამუშაკევთა თჳსთა Line of ed.: 26 ურიცხუებასა თანა ამათიცა ნაყო(ფთა) შუენიერება დაეუნჯა Line of ed.: 27 ქართველთა ნათესავისდა.","english":"[...] the recounting of heartfelt words [...] the casting away of errors [...] thus we have spoken in part in the explanatory preface for the use of this holy book, and we have adorned it with words [...] we have embellished it with words [...] by the labors of [...] let the preceding word declare, which begins thus: For George, that great and laborious worker and irreproachable agent of Christ’s vineyard, a great sufferer and toil, undertook for the renewal and faultless translation of that book of the Psalms, and not once only, but twice was it translated from the Greek. And among his countless other works, these also, as acquisitions, were vouchsafed as a beauty to the Georgian nation.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ხოლո ... გულის-სიტყუათაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase, though damaged, signals a transition from the preceding introduction to a recounting of heartfelt words, marking a structural shift in the colophon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მიტევება ცთომილებათა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'casting away of errors' likely refers to the correction of textual faults in the Psalms translation, a common concern in Ephrem Minor's colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"გიორგი","severity":"info","text":"George (Giorgi) is identified as a diligent translator and worker in Christ's vineyard, possibly George the Hagiorite (1009–1065), a key figure in Georgian monasticism and translation activity on Mount Athos.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ორგზისცა ეთარგმნა იგი ბერძულის(ა)გან","severity":"info","text":"The note that the Psalms were translated twice from Greek underscores the meticulous revision process, a hallmark of Ephrem Minor's textual work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ქართველთა ნათესავისდა","severity":"info","text":"The closing phrase 'vouchsafed as a beauty to the Georgian nation' frames the translation as a cultural gift, reflecting the national and ecclesiastical pride in Georgian literary heritage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"[...]","severity":"caution","text":"Several lacunae in the Georgian text (e.g., lines 15–19) obscure the precise sequence of actions; the English draft's reconstruction is tentative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'George' is not explicitly confirmed as George the Hagiorite; the text only calls him a great worker in Christ's vineyard.","The phrase 'casting away of errors' may refer to textual emendation or to spiritual correction; the context is ambiguous due to damage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Line of ed.: 28 ამისთჳსცა მე, უღირსმან ბრჭალმან პატიოსნისა მის გუამისა Line of ed.: 29 მისისამან, ბრძანებითა და ლოცვითა ბერისა ჩემისა საბა Line of ed.: 30 სულაჲს ძისა თუხარსელისაჲთა და მადლითა და მეოხებითა Line of ed.: 1 თჳთ მისვე წმიდისა (მამისა გიორგი მთაწმიდელისაჲთა და ზოგად Line of ed.: 2 ჩუენ ყოველთა მამისა და წინამძღურისა ეფთ(ჳ)მესითა Line of ed.: 3 კნინ ოდენი რაჲმე გულს-მოდგინებაჲ დავდევ, რაჲთა შევსძინო Line of ed.: 4 მის მიერ ახლად თარგმანებულსა [წი]გნსა ფსალმუნთასა წიგნი Line of ed.: 5 ესე თარგმანთა დავითისათაჲ, (რომ)ლისა აღმწერელ არიან Line of ed.: 6 ალექსანდრიით აღმობრწყინვებულნი იგი ორნი მზენი ყოვლისა Line of ed.: 7 სოფლისანი ათანასე და კჳრილე სხუათავე თანა შემდგომთა Line of ed.: 8 მათთა.\n\nLine of ed.: 9 ხოლო ამას რა ვჰ[ყოფ]დ, არა (თ)ჳთ მოპოვნებულსა, Line of ed.: 10 არცა ჩემ მიერ ღონით განმზადებულსა, არამედ მისსავე მას Line of ed.: 11 მტკიცედ დადებულსა საფუძველ[სა] ზედა მაშენებელ ვიქმენ.","english":"Therefore I, the unworthy servant of that holy body, by the command and prayer of my elder, Saba, son of Sula of Tukharsi, and by the grace and intercession of that same holy father George the Hagiorite, and of our common father and guide Ephrem, have with some small diligence labored, that I might add to his newly translated book of the Psalms this book of the translations of David, whose authors are those two suns of the whole world, shining forth from Alexandria, Athanasius and Cyril, together with their other followers.\n\nBut in doing this, I have not built upon something acquired by myself, nor upon something prepared by my own effort, but upon that same foundation firmly laid by him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ბრჭალმან","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'bṛč̣alman' (literally 'finger') is used metaphorically to mean 'servant' or 'agent', a common self-deprecatory expression in monastic colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"საბა სულაჲს ძისა თუხარსელისაჲთა","severity":"info","text":"Saba, son of Sula of Tukharsi, is identified as the elder of the author. Tukharsi likely refers to a location in Tao-Klarjeti, a region of medieval Georgia known for monastic activity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"გიორგი მთაწმიდელი","severity":"info","text":"George the Hagiorite (Giorgi Mtatsmindeli, 1009–1065) was a prominent Georgian monk and translator on Mount Athos, known for revising the Georgian Psalter and other liturgical books.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ეფთ(ჳ)მე","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem (Ephrem Mtsire, or Ephrem the Lesser, 11th century) was a Georgian scholar and translator, often associated with the Georgian monastic community on the Black Mountain. He is the 'common father and guide' referenced here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ათანასე და კჳრილე","severity":"info","text":"Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 296–373) and Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376–444) are cited as the authors of the 'translations of David' (i.e., commentaries on the Psalms). This reflects the traditional attribution of Psalm commentaries to these Church Fathers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ამისთჳსცა ... ხოლო","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a contrast: the first part (lines 28–8) describes the author's labor and the authorities invoked, while the second part (lines 9–11) clarifies that the work is based on a pre-existing foundation, not original effort.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Saba, son of Sula of Tukharsi' is not fully attested outside this colophon; 'Tukharsi' may be a toponym or a personal name.","The phrase 'translations of David' (თარგმანთა დავითისათაჲ) could refer either to translations of the Psalms or to commentaries on the Psalms attributed to David."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Line of ed.: 12 ესე-იგი არს, რომელ ვიტყჳ, ვითარმედ მუჴლი დავითისა მის Line of ed.: 13 მიერვე თარგმანებული იგი არ(ს ხ)არისხ საპფიროვნისა და ჩემ Line of ed.: 14 მიერ [მას] ზედა შენებული თა(რგმა)ნი მუჴლისაჲ, ვითარცა ზ[ღ]უდე Line of ed.: 15 პილოჲს ძუ[ალისაჲ], პირველ მოჴსენებულთა მათ წმიდათა Line of ed.: 16 მიერ აღწერილი ენასა ბერძენთასა შეწევნითა სულისა Line of ed.: 17 წმიდისაჲთა, ხოლო ჩემ მიერ თარგმანებული ენასა ქართველთასა, Line of ed.: 18 ზედა-მდგომელობითა და საჭეთ-მპყრობელობითა მენავეთ-მოძღურისა Line of ed.: 19 ამის ჩემისაჲთა, რომელმან ესე მოუგო აფრად Line of ed.: 20 აღმართებულად მცირესა მას ჴუამალდსა უღირსებისა ჩემისასა, Line of ed.: 21 რაჲთა, ვითარცა-იგი წმიდათა მათ მღდელთმოძღუართა Line of ed.: 22 წინამძღურად სიტყჳსა იჴუმიეს (ქ)ნარი იგი სიტყუათა დავითისთაჲ, Line of ed.: 23 ეგრეთვე მე მომემადლოს ძალმწედ სიტყუათა მათთა Line of ed.: 24 თარგმანებისა ლოცვაჲ და მეოჴებაჲ სათნოებათა საუნჯისა მის Line of ed.: 25 მამისა გიორგი მთაწმიდელისაჲ, რაჟამს არა ჩემსა, არამედ მის Line of ed.: 26 მიერ განმართებულსა მას ზედა საფუძველსა მტკიცესა ვიწყო Line of ed.: 27 შენებად და უნარჩევესობასა მოწფობისა მისისასა კუალთავე Line of ed.: 28 მისთა მიდევნებით ყოველთა შორის განცხადებად.","english":"That is to say, what I say is that the knee of that David was translated by the same one who translated the Sapphira colophon, and by me [that] translation of the knee was built upon it, like the wall of Piloy's daughter, first written in the Greek language by those forgotten saints with the assistance of the Holy Spirit, and by me translated into the Georgian language, under the supervision and presidency of this my spiritual father, who presented this to me as a small, humbly erected offering of my unworthiness, so that, just as those holy high priests took up the cithara of David's words as a guide to the word, so may I be granted the prayer and supplication for the power of those words of translation, and the grace of the virtues of the treasury of that father George the Hagiorite, when, not by my own, but by that firm foundation laid by him, I begin to build and, following the footsteps of his wisdom, to manifest it among all.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მუჴლი დავითისა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'knee of David' likely refers to a specific section or book of the Psalms, possibly a liturgical or exegetical division, but its precise referent remains unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"საპფიროვნისა","severity":"info","text":"The 'Sapphira colophon' (საპფიროვნისა) is a known work associated with Ephrem Minor, likely a translation or commentary, but its exact identity is not fully established.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴუამალდსა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'humble offering' (ჴუამალდსა) reflects a common trope of authorial humility in Georgian monastic colophons, emphasizing the translator's unworthiness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ზედა-მდგომელობითა და საჭეთ-მპყრობელობითა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'under the supervision and presidency' indicates a hierarchical relationship, with the spiritual father overseeing the translation work, a common structure in Georgian monastic colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"გიორგი მთაწმიდელი","severity":"info","text":"George the Hagiorite (გიორგი მთაწმიდელი) was a prominent 11th-century Georgian monk and translator at Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos, revered as a saint and authority in Georgian ecclesiastical literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴუამალდსა","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'humble offering' (ჴუამალდსა) is uncertain due to potential scribal error or orthographic variation; the exact form and meaning may be debated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Piloy's daughter' (ჴუამალდსა) is unclear; it may be a biblical or hagiographic reference, but no direct parallel is known.","The phrase 'forgotten saints' (მოჴსენებულთა მათ წმიდათა) is ambiguous; it may refer to earlier translators or authors whose names are lost."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ხოლო ვინაჲთგან Line of ed.: 29 შესავალად დავითთა მისთა დაედვა მას შესავალი წმიდისა Line of ed.: 30 ათანასეს \"დავითისა თარგმნისაჲ\", ამისთჳსცა მე არღარა Line of ed.: 31 მკადრე ვიქმენ წიგნსა ამას შინა დართვად მისდა, რაჲთა არა Line of ed.: 32 ორგზის თარგმანებულად საგონებელ იქმნეს, არამედ დაუტევე Line of ed.: 33 იგი მათ, რომელთაცა ენებოს სხუათა, უკუეთუ იპოვნენღა ვინ Line of ed.: 34 მოკლებასა ამას შინა ჟამთა[სა] გარდამწერელნი ამა(თ დავით)ისა Line of ed.: 35 თარგმანთანი, რაჲთა მათ (გ)ულს-იდგინონ შესავალიცა Line of ed.: 36 იგი ამასვე ადგილსა დაწე[რად, სადა-იგი უკუე წერი]ლ არს Line of ed.: 37 [........] და მაუ[წყებელ...] საჴმარ(ებ)[ელობასა ...] და ჩემდა Line of ed.: 1 ესეც [... ...] წინა-მაუწყებელ გექმნეს სწავლის მოყუარეთა, Line of ed.: 2 თუ რაოდენნი არიან (თარგმანება(ნი) დავითისანი, ანუ Line of ed.: 3 თუ ჩუენი ესე თარ[გმანი დავითისაჲ რაოდენთა [წიგ]ნთაგან Line of ed.: 4 ერთად შემოკრე[ბუ]ლ არს.","english":"But since the introduction to those Psalms of David was placed as the introduction of the holy Athanasius's \"On the Translation of David,\" for this reason I no longer considered it necessary to add it to this book, lest it be thought to be translated twice. Instead, I left it to those who might wish to do otherwise, if indeed anyone should find in this abridgment of time the transcribers of these translations of David, so that they might also set that introduction in this same place, where it is written [...] and unfinished [...] for usefulness [...] and to me this also [...] let it be a foreword for the lovers of learning, as to how many translations of David there are, or whether this our translation of David is compiled from how many books.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"შესავალი წმიდისა ათანასეს \"დავითისა თარგმნისაჲ\"","severity":"info","text":"The introduction attributed to Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 296–373) on the translation of the Psalms is a known patristic preface, often appended to Georgian Psalter manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ორგზის თარგმანებულად","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem explains his editorial decision to omit Athanasius's introduction to avoid duplication, indicating a concern for textual redundancy in the compilation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანება(ნი) დავითისანი","severity":"info","text":"The passage refers to multiple translations of David (the Psalms) in Georgian, suggesting a complex textual history with several versions in circulation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Line of ed.: 36–37","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript is damaged here; lacunae obscure the precise instructions for where the introduction should be placed and what remains unfinished.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"შესავალი","severity":"info","text":"The term 'შესავაჲ' (introduction) is used consistently for a prefatory text, here specifically the prologue by Athanasius on the translation of the Psalms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact number of translations of David (the Psalms) referred to is unclear; the text asks whether this translation is compiled from many books but does not specify.","The lacunae in lines 36–37 leave uncertain the precise location and condition of the introduction to be placed."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Line of ed.: 5 საცნაურ იყავ[ნ], ვითარმედ ვითარ-იგი პირველთა მათ Line of ed.: 6 ჟა[მთა] არარაჲ აქუნდა სხუაჲ საგალობელად საეკლეს[იოდ] Line of ed.: 7 თჳნიერ ფსალმუნთა წიგნისა, ვ[ითარ]-ესე აწ საცნაურ Line of ed.: 8 ჰყოფ[ენ] ეკლესიანი საპატრიაქ[ონი] და ყოველთა დიდთა დედა-ქალაქ[თანი], Line of ed.: 9 ეგრეთვე არცა რას სხ[უასა] მეტყუელებდეს Line of ed.: 10 საეკლეს[იოსა] წინამძღუარნი ეკლესია[თანი], არამედ რომელსაცა Line of ed.: 11 ფსალმუნსა ზედა დაე[მთხჳ]ის ეკლესიად შესლვაჲ [წმიდათა] Line of ed.: 12 მათ მამათაჲ, იგიცა გამ[ოუ]თარგმანიან ერსა - ვითარ-[იგი] ვისწავებთ Line of ed.: 13 წმიდისა ბასი[ლის] მიერ ადგილ-ადგილ თარგმა[ნებუ]ლთა Line of ed.: 14 მათ ფსალმუნთა. მიერ, ვითარმედ, [სა]დაცა რომელსაცა Line of ed.: 15 ფსალმუნსა ზედა და[ემ]თხჳა ეკლესიად შესლ[ვაჲ] მისი, იგი(ცა Line of ed.: 16 გა)მოუთარ[გმნის] ერსა. მის(თჳს)ცა ყ[ოველნი ფსალმუნნი], Line of ed.: 17 ადგილ-ადგილ თარგმან[ებუ]ლნი და ერთად წიგნად [შეკ]რებულნი Line of ed.: 18 ენასა ბერ[ძენ]თასა, უნაკლულოდ [ითარგ]მნეს ენასა (ა)[მას Line of ed.: 19 ჩუენსა] წმიდისა და ნეტარისა მ[ამისა] ეფთჳმ(ეს) მიერ.","english":"it should be known that just as in those early times there was nothing else to sing in church except the book of Psalms, so now the patriarchal churches and all the great metropolitan cathedrals make it known, and likewise the leaders of the church do not preach on anything else in church, but whichever psalm it happened that the entry of those holy fathers into the church occurred, that too they translate for the people—just as we learn from Saint Basil's translations of those psalms, which were translated passage by passage. Therefore, wherever it happened that his entry into the church occurred on a certain psalm, that too he translates for the people. For this reason, all the psalms, translated passage by passage and collected into one book in the Greek language, were completely translated into this language of ours by the holy and blessed father Euthymius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"საპატრიაქ[ონი]","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'patriarchal churches' and 'great metropolitan cathedrals' reflects the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the late antique and medieval Eastern Church, where the Psalter was central to liturgy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"წმიდისა ბასი[ლის]","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem cites Saint Basil's translations of the Psalms as a precedent for the practice of translating psalms passage by passage for liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"წმიდისა და ნეტარისა მ[ამისა] ეფთჳმ(ეს)","severity":"info","text":"The colophon attributes the complete translation of the Greek Psalter into Georgian to Euthymius the Hagiorite (c. 955–1028), a key figure in Georgian monastic translation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ადგილ-ადგილ თარგმან[ებუ]ლნი","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'translated passage by passage' indicates that the Psalter was rendered in segments, likely for liturgical use, rather than as a continuous literary translation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"საცნაურ იყავ[ნ]","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase 'it should be known' is a formulaic transition; the text is partly reconstructed due to manuscript damage, as indicated by bracketed letters in the edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of 'those holy fathers' whose entry into church is commemorated is not specified; they may refer to early Christian bishops or monastic founders.","The phrase 'his entry' (მისი) could refer to Saint Basil or to another figure; the antecedent is ambiguous in the Georgian."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"და Line of ed.: 20 [წმიდისა ბასილის] მიერ თარგმანებულ[ი სხუაჲ] არა არს, Line of ed.: 21 თჳნიერ რომელი-იგი მოგუანიჭა ჩუენ [წმიდამან ეფთჳმე] Line of ed.: 22 / [სიხარულისა სეხნემან] ყოველთა თარგმანთა მამამან და Line of ed.: 23 წ[ყარო]მან მეტყ[უელ]ებისამან.\n\nLine of ed.: 24 [ხოლო სრულებ]ით მთარგმნელნი ფსალმუნთა [წიგ]ნისანი Line of ed.: 25 ესე არიან: ათანასის [ვიტყჳ] და კირილეს, რომელთა-იგი ა[რ]ა Line of ed.: 26 ერთითა, არამედ ორ-ორითა [თარ]გმნითა უთარგმნია ყოველი Line of ed.: 27 მუ[ჴლი] [დავითის]აჲ : ერთი იგი შემოკ[ლებულ]ად და ლიტონად Line of ed.: 28 მა[რ]ტივთათჳს და ლიტონთა, და მეორე იგი უვრცელესად Line of ed.: 29 და უ[ღ]რმე(სა)დ გამომეძიებელთა[თჳს] და [გულის]ჴმის-მყოფელთა. Line of ed.: 30 არიან კუალად სხუანიცა მთარგმნელნი [დავითი]სანი: Line of ed.: 31 ევსუქი ხუცესი იერუსალემელი და ასტერი ეპისკო[პო]სი ამასიელი. Line of ed.: 32 კუალად გუასმი[ეს] ვიეთგანმე, ვითარმედ იოვანე ოქ[როპ]ირისაცა Line of ed.: 33 მიერ თარგმნილ არს [დავითი ს]რულებით, გარნა Line of ed.: 34 არა [სრულად იპო]ების ყოველი, არამედ \"ჭირის კა[ნონითგან\" Line of ed.: 35 დაწყ]ებული და ვიდრე [... ...]მდე მიყვანებ[ული ... უ]როდ აქუს Line of ed.: 36 [წმიდათა ეკლესი]ათა.","english":"... there is no other translation [by Saint Basil] except the one which [Saint Euthymius] granted us, [the joy of the company of the fathers of all translations] and the source of eloquence.\n\nNow the complete translators of the book of Psalms are these: Athanasius, I say, and Cyril, who translated not with one but with two translations each the entire [Psalter of David]: one concisely and simply for martyrs and liturgies, and the other more extensively and profoundly for inquirers and contemplatives. There are also other translators of David: Eusebius, priest of Jerusalem, and Asterius, bishop of Amasea. Moreover, we have heard from some that David is also translated in full by John Chrysostom, but not all of it is found complete; rather, it begins from the \"Canon of Affliction\" and continues up to ... which the holy churches possess.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სიხარულისა სეხნემან","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'joy of the company' is a conventional epithet for Euthymius the Athonite, emphasizing his role as a translator and spiritual guide.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ჭირის კანონითგან","severity":"info","text":"'Canon of Affliction' likely refers to a specific section of the Psalter, possibly the penitential psalms, but the exact reference is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists multiple translators of the Psalms into Georgian, including Athanasius, Cyril, Eusebius, Asterius, and John Chrysostom, reflecting the complex textual history of the Psalter in the Georgian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The claim that John Chrysostom translated the Psalms is noted as hearsay ('we have heard from some'), and the text is described as incomplete, suggesting a contested or fragmentary transmission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The passage contains lacunae and uncertain readings, particularly in lines 34–36, where the continuation of the Chrysostom translation is broken and the final phrase is reconstructed.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage enumerates translators in a list format, contrasting complete translations (Athanasius, Cyril) with partial or hearsay ones (Eusebius, Asterius, Chrysostom), structuring the textual history of the Psalter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Athanasius' and 'Cyril' is ambiguous; they may refer to Athanasius of Alexandria and Cyril of Alexandria, but this is not explicit.","The phrase 'Canon of Affliction' is unclear; it may denote a specific liturgical or penitential section of the Psalter.","The lacuna in lines 34–36 leaves the extent of the Chrysostom translation uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Line of ed.: 37 არიან უ[კუე სხუა]ნიცა უმრავლესნი [პირველ მოჴსენ]ებულთასა Line of ed.: 1 მთარ[გმნელნი დავითი]სანი, არა უეჭუ[ლნი], არამედ Line of ed.: 2 ფრიადც]ა საეჭუელნი. და [მათთჳს ესრეთ ვთ]ქუა, ვითარმედ Line of ed.: 3 ყოვლად უე[ჭუელნ]ი უღმრთოებისა[თჳ]ს და [....ლნი წვ]ალებისათჳს\n\nLine of ed.: 4 [... ... თარგმან]ებანი ძუე[ლისა სჯულისანი] ფრიად (ღრმ)ა Line of ed.: 5 არიან [ძალითა და ა]მისთჳსცა შეწყნა[რებულ არია]ნ ბერძენთა Line of ed.: 6 ნა[თესავთა]გან, ვითარცა პირველ წვა[ლებ...]სა აღწერი[ლნი Line of ed.: 7 იგი თავისუ]ფალნი [... ....]ა ჩემდა [... ... კა]დრებისა [... Line of ed.: 8 უხილ]ავი [... ... ... ...] (მათ მიერ აღ)წერილი იგი თარგმანებაჲ Line of ed.: 9 წიგნისა მის ფსალმუნთაჲსაჲ, ვითარმცა წიგნებსა თანა Line of ed.: 10 წმიდათასა შევაერთე წიგნები მათი, რომელნი-იგი არიანოზთა Line of ed.: 11 და ოროგინიანთა თანა შეიჩუენებიან. და ბერძენთასა მას შეწყნარებასა Line of ed.: 12 მათისა მის წიგნისასა მაქებელვე ვარ, რამეთუ მათ Line of ed.: 13 ძალ-უც წამლიანთაგანცა მჴეცთა შემზადებაჲ წამლისა საკურნებელისაჲ. Line of ed.: 14 რომელნი-იგი ესოდენ სრულ არიან სიბრძნითა, Line of ed.: 15 რომელ წარმართთა მეკერპეთა სიბრძნესა წარმოსტყუენვენ Line of ed.: 16 სიმდიდრედ ეკლესიისა.","english":"... there are also others, more numerous than those first mentioned, translators of David's [Psalms], not without doubt, but rather very doubtful. And concerning them I would say this: that they are completely without doubt regarding impiety and [...] for sufferings.\n\n[... the translations] of the Old Law are very deep in power, and for this reason they are accepted by the Greek fathers, just as those first [...] sufferings [...] written by them, those free ones [...] to me [...] of the canons [...] invisible [...] that translation of the book of the Psalms written by them, as if I were to join their books with the books of the saints, which are confounded with those of the Arians and Origenists. And I am a praiser of that Greek acceptance of their book, because they are able to prepare from poisonous beasts a healing medicine. Those who are so full of wisdom that they surpass the wisdom of the pagan idolaters for the enrichment of the Church.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"უ[კუე სხუა]ნიცა","severity":"caution","text":"The text is heavily lacunose; brackets indicate editorial reconstruction. The sense of 'others, more numerous than those first mentioned' is plausible but uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"არიანოზთა","severity":"info","text":"Arianozta: 'Arians', a Christian sect condemned as heretical for denying the consubstantiality of the Son. Their association with Origenists here reflects common patristic polemic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ოროგინიანთა","severity":"info","text":"Oroginianta: 'Origenists', followers of Origen of Alexandria, often accused of heterodox views on pre-existence and apocatastasis. Their works were sometimes transmitted alongside Arian texts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ძუე[ლისა სჯულისანი]","severity":"info","text":"The 'Old Law' (dzuelisa sjulisani) refers to the Old Testament, especially the Pentateuch. Georgian translators often distinguished it from the New Testament in colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"მაქებელვე ვარ","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem praises the Greek fathers for accepting a translation of the Psalms despite its association with heretical circles, comparing their discernment to extracting medicine from poison.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"წიგნები მათი, რომელნი-იგი არიანოზთა და ოროგინიანთა თანა შეიჩუენებიან","severity":"info","text":"This clause marks a structural contrast: the translator distinguishes between orthodox and heretical textual traditions, a common topos in Georgian colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacunae in lines 4–8 obscure the identity of the 'first mentioned' translators and the precise referent of 'those free ones'.","The phrase 'completely without doubt regarding impiety' is ambiguous: it may mean the translators were unquestionably impious, or that they were free from doubt about impiety."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"რაჲ საკჳრველ არს, უკუეთუ მწვალებელთაჲცა Line of ed.: 17 რაჲმე კეთილად აღწერილი ძალად გულისჴმის-ყოფისაჲ Line of ed.: 18 იჴუმიონ. და ჩუენსა არავე მძაგებელ ვარ კრძალულებასა, Line of ed.: 19 რამეთუ \"უძლურნი მწვალებელთა თანა ნუ ჭამენო, Line of ed.: 20 - იტყჳს წერილი, - ხოლო უკუეთუ ვიეთნიმე ძლიერ იყვნენ, Line of ed.: 21 სადიდებელად ღმრთისა მივიდოდენო\", - ამასცა შესძინებს, Line of ed.: 22 და კეთილ! კეთილ, რამეთუ მისლვაჲცა და არა-მისლვაჲცა წამებითა Line of ed.: 23 წმიდათაჲთა არს და არა თჳთ-შჯულობით, არცა Line of ed.: 24 უწამებელად.\n\nLine of ed.: 25 გარნა მე, არა თუმცა სხუათა განგდებულთასა, არამედ Line of ed.: 26 ვერცაღა თევდორიტესსა მას \"თარგმანსა დავითისასა\" ჴელი Line of ed.: 27 შევყავ მცირედისა მისთჳს სიტყჳს-გებისა, რომელი იქმნა რეცა Line of ed.: 28 წინა-აღდგომით შორის მისსა და წმიდისა კჳრილესსა, რომელი-იგი Line of ed.: 29 უკუანაჲსკნელ დაიჴსნა და უჩინო იქმნა, რაჟამს თევდორიტეს Line of ed.: 30 მიერვე შეიჩუენნეს ათორმეტნი იგი თავნი, რომელ Line of ed.: 31 ა[ღე]წერნეს მას წინა-აღსადგომელად ღმერთ-შემოსილისა Line of ed.: 32 კჳრილე(სსა).","english":"What wonder is it, if even the writings of heretics contain something well written and capable of being understood? And I am not at all averse to caution, for Scripture says, \"The weak shall not eat with heretics, but if some are strong, let them go to the praise of God.\" To this he adds, and good! good, for both going and not going are by the testimony of the saints, and not by self-judgment, nor without testimony.\n\nBut I, not only do I not trust in the cast-offs of others, but I cannot even lay a hand on that \"Translation of David\" by Theodoret, because of that little dispute which occurred, it is said, by way of confrontation between him and Saint Cyril, which afterwards was dissolved and came to nothing, when Theodoret himself was convicted of those twelve chapters which he wrote in opposition to the God-clad Cyril.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"უძლურნი მწვალებელთა თანა ნუ ჭამენო, - იტყჳს წერილი, - ხოლო უკუეთუ ვიეთნიმე ძლიერ იყვნენ, სადიდებელად ღმრთისა მივიდოდენო","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian text cites a scriptural maxim: 'The weak shall not eat with heretics, but if some are strong, let them go to the praise of God.' This is not a direct biblical verse but a patristic or monastic rule, possibly from the Sayings of the Desert Fathers or a canon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"თევდორიტესსა მას 'თარგმანსა დავითისასა'","severity":"info","text":"Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393–c. 458) wrote a commentary on the Psalms, here called 'Translation of David' (თარგმანსა დავითისასა). The reference to a dispute with Cyril of Alexandria alludes to the Christological controversies of the 5th century, specifically the Twelve Anathemas of Cyril (430) and Theodoret's counter-chapters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ღმერთ-შემოსილისა","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'God-clad' (ღმერთ-შემოსილისა) for Cyril of Alexandria is a standard hagiographic formula in Georgian, emphasizing his sanctity and authority. It appears in other Georgian patristic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"გარნა მე, არა თუმცა სხუათა განგდებულთასა, არამედ ვერცაღა თევდორიტესსა","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a general principle (eating with heretics) to a personal disclaimer: Ephrem Minor distances himself from even Theodoret's translation, not just from the 'cast-offs of others.' This rhetorical move emphasizes his caution and orthodoxy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"რაჟამს თევდორიტეს მიერვე შეიჩუენნეს ათორმეტნი იგი თავნი","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Theodoret being 'convicted of those twelve chapters' reflects the post-Ephesine condemnation of Theodoret's writings. In Georgian tradition, this episode is cited to discredit Theodoret's Psalm commentary, reinforcing the authority of Cyril.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'Scripture' quoted (უძლურნი... etc.) is not a canonical biblical verse; it may be a patristic or monastic rule. The phrase 'cast-offs of others' (სხუათა განგდებულთასა) is ambiguous: it could refer to rejected translations or to heretical writings in general."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"და თევდორიტე ყოვლისავე ბერძენთა ნათესავისა Line of ed.: 33 მიერ მამად მართლმადიდებლობისა შერაცხილ არს, Line of ed.: 34 ვითარცა სახელოვანი მთარგმნელობითა ყოველთავე ძუელისა Line of ed.: 35 შჯულისა წიგნთათა და ყოვლით კერძო თანა-შემწე Line of ed.: 36 მართლმადიდებელთაჲ.\n\nLine of ed.: 1 გარნა მე ეგრეთცა ვჰრიდევე და აღჳრ-ვასხენ გულის-სიტყუასა Line of ed.: 2 თაფლებრ დამატკბობელისა მისგან გონებათაჲსა Line of ed.: 3 ფსალმუნთა თარგმნისა მისისა და კმა-ვიყვენ მცირედნი ესე Line of ed.: 4 და შემოკლებულნი თარგმანნი უეჭუელობისათჳს და ღირსებისა Line of ed.: 5 სახელოვანთა მათ თარგმანთაჲსა. და რომელი ოდენ ვპოვე Line of ed.: 6 მართმადიდებელთა მიერ თარგმანებული სიტყუაჲ დავითისი, Line of ed.: 7 ყოველივე ერთად წიგნად შევკრიბე. რამეთუ რაოდენნიცა Line of ed.: 8 იყვნეს წიგნის-საცავსა სჳმეონ წმიდისასა \"თარგმანნი დავითისანი\", Line of ed.: 9 ყოველნივე დედად მქონდეს და ფრიადითა შრომითა Line of ed.: 10 მათ ყოველთაგან ერთად შევაერთე, რომელი ოდენ იპოებოდა Line of ed.: 11 მათ შინა მართლმადიდებელთა მიერ თარგმანებული.","english":"And Theodoret, of all the Greek race, is considered a father of Orthodoxy, as a renowned translator of all the books of the Old Law and a fellow combatant of the Orthodox in every respect.\n\nBut I also revere and delight in the sweetness of the honey-like sweetness of his translation of the Psalms, and I am content with these few and abridged translations for the sake of certainty and the worthiness of those renowned translations. And whatever I found of the word of David translated by the Orthodox, I gathered all together into one book. For as many as were in the library of Saint Symeon, \"Translations of David,\" I held them all as a mother, and with great labor I united them all into one, whatever was found therein translated by the Orthodox.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"თევდორიტე","severity":"info","text":"Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393–c. 458) was a prominent Antiochene theologian and exegete, later venerated as a father of Orthodoxy despite his association with Nestorian controversies. His translations of Old Testament books into Georgian are here praised.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"თანა-შემწე","severity":"info","text":"The compound term 'fellow combatant' (or 'co-helper') underscores Theodoret's role as a defender of Orthodoxy alongside the Georgian church, a key concept in Ephrem's polemical context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"გარნა","severity":"info","text":"The conjunction 'but' marks a shift from general praise of Theodoret to a personal, humble account of Ephrem's own editorial work on the Psalms, contrasting the previous passage's discussion of heretical writings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"სჳმეონ წმიდისასა","severity":"info","text":"The library of Saint Symeon (likely Symeon the Stylite or a local Georgian saint) served as a repository for multiple translations of David's Psalms, which Ephrem collated. This reflects the monastic transmission of biblical texts in Georgia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანნი დავითისანი","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Translations of David' may refer to a specific collection or codex title, but its exact referent is uncertain. It could denote multiple versions of the Psalter or a single composite work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Saint Symeon' is not specified; it may refer to Symeon the Stylite or a Georgian saint. The phrase 'Translations of David' could be a title of a manuscript or a generic description."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"რამეთუ Line of ed.: 12 სხუად წიგნად მაქუნდა ათანასესი და სხუად კჳრილესი, ორნივე Line of ed.: 13 სრულებითნი და შემოკლებითნი თარგმანნი დავითისანი, Line of ed.: 14 და კუალად სხუანი წიგნნი ორნი, რომელნი ყოველთავე დავითისა Line of ed.: 15 თარგმანთაგან ერთად შემოკრებულ იყვნეს სრულებითნი Line of ed.: 16 და განვრცელებითნი თარგმანნი დავითისანი და (მ)ათ Line of ed.: 17 შინა ადგილ-ადგილ მეპოებოდა უვრცელესები იგი თარგმანები Line of ed.: 18 ათანასესი და კჳრილესი და კუალად ადგილ-ადგილ ესუ[ქისი Line of ed.: 19 და ასტერისი. და] ამათ[გან კიდე სხუანი თარგმანნი] ვერ [ვპოვენ Line of ed.: 20 და რაჲთა არღარა] ფრიად განვაგრძო სიტყუა (ე)[სე ... Line of ed.: 21 ...ე]ბისაჲ, რომელი ოდენ მეპოვა მართლმადიდებელთა მამათაჲ, Line of ed.: 22 [თჳ]ნიერ თევდორიტესსა, არცა ერთი სხუაჲ დამიგდია.","english":"For I had the works of Athanasius in one book and those of Cyril in another, both the complete and the abridged translations of David, and again two other books, in which were gathered together from all the translations of David the complete and the expanded translations of David, and therein, in places, those longer translations of Athanasius and Cyril were inserted, and again, in places, those of Eusebius and Asterius. And besides these, other translations I could not find. And in order not to prolong the discourse excessively... which alone I found from the Orthodox fathers, except for that of Theodoret, I have omitted not a single one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author describes having two books: one of Athanasius and one of Cyril, each containing both complete and abridged translations of the Psalms of David.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სრულებითნი და შემოკლებითნი","severity":"info","text":"The terms 'complete' and 'abridged' translations refer to different recensions of the Psalms, likely indicating full and condensed versions of the commentary or translation tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Athanasius of Alexandria and Cyril of Alexandria were major patristic figures whose works on the Psalms were widely used in Georgian monastic translation activity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists a sequence of books and translations, showing a systematic compilation: first separate books of Athanasius and Cyril, then two composite books gathering complete and expanded translations, with insertions from other authors.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text is fragmentary: lines 19-21 contain lacunae, indicated by brackets, making the precise list of authors and the conclusion uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author claims to have omitted no Orthodox father's translation except Theodoret's, emphasizing a comprehensive collection of patristic Psalm translations in Georgian.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of 'Eusebius and Asterius' is unclear; they may refer to Eusebius of Caesarea and Asterius of Amasea, but the text is lacunose.","The phrase 'which alone I found from the Orthodox fathers' is ambiguous due to the lacuna; it may refer to a specific translation or collection."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Line of ed.: 23 ხოლო ვინაჲთგან მრავალ არიან წიგნნი წმიდათა მიწამებულნი Line of ed.: 24 და არა-წმიდათა მიერ მოპოვნებულნი, რომელთა ესრეთ Line of ed.: 25 განარჩევენ მოძღვარნი წიგნებისანი, ვითარცა [ნა]თელსა Line of ed.: 26 წინა-აღმდგომისასა ნათლისაგან ღმრთისა მიერისა, ამისთჳსცა, Line of ed.: 27 ლოცვასავე და მადლსა თანა უტყუთა აღმატყუებელისა Line of ed.: 28 მის ჩემისასა, ესე იყო მცნებაჲ მის, (რაჲთა) [ა]რარაჲსა ჴელ-ვყო Line of ed.: 29 თარგმნად პირველ გამოწულილვი[სა და გა]მოკითხვისა Line of ed.: 30 მეც(ნიე)[რთა] და შეწყნარებ(უ)ლისა სიტყჳს-გ(ე)ბისა და წიგნთა Line of ed.: 31 დიდ[ად საჴ]მარებელთაჲსა. [რამეთუ ვიდრე დღე]სამომდე Line of ed.: 32 წყალობითა [და შეწე]ვნითა ღმრთისაჲთა არა პ[ოვნილ] არს Line of ed.: 33 ჩუენთა ნათესავთა [მიერ] აღწერაჲ მრუდი(სა რაჲს)მ[ე] ანუ Line of ed.: 34 ცთომილი(საჲ, არამედ) [ცთო]მილებანი იგი რომელ[თამე Line of ed.: 35 მრა]ვალთათვისა საკითხა(ვთა)ნი ბერძულისაგან(ვე) [თარგ]მანებულ Line of ed.: 36 არიან გამო[უწუ]ლილველად და აღტაც[ებულად] თარგმნთა Line of ed.: 37 ძუელ(თა თა)[არგ]მანთაჲთა, (რომე)ლთა-იგი [შეემთ]ხჳა Line of ed.: 1 აღმო(სხმას)ა თ(ანა) აღ[......]სასა თანა-აღ[.....]რებისაჲ.","english":"But since there are many books that are holy and confessed, and others that are unholy and acquired by those who distinguish them in such a way as the teachers of books distinguish, like light from its opposite darkness from the light of God, for this reason also, in prayer and grace together with the unworthy one who is the augmenter of that my own, this was his commandment, that I should not undertake to translate anything before the first examination and review of the learned and the acceptance of the discourse and of the books that are greatly useful. For until this day, by the mercy and intercession of God, there has not been found among our people a writing of a heretic or of an erring one, but those errors which for many are readable have been translated from Greek without examination and with rapture by the old translations, which were suitable for the ascent together with the...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მიწამებულნი","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'mits'amebulni' (confessed) here likely refers to books accepted as canonical or orthodox, as opposed to 'ara-ts'midat'a' (unholy) works. This distinction reflects the process of ecclesiastical discernment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"მოძღვარნი წიგნებისანი","severity":"info","text":"The 'teachers of books' (modzghvarni ts'ignebisani) likely refers to patristic authorities or monastic scholars who determined the orthodoxy of texts, a common practice in Georgian monasticism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"lines 23–37","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian text is heavily lacunose, with brackets indicating missing or reconstructed portions. The English draft attempts to fill gaps but may introduce interpretive choices not fully supported by the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანებულ","severity":"info","text":"The passage notes that some erroneous texts were translated from Greek 'without examination' (gamo'uts'ulilvelad) and 'with rapture' (aghts'ets'ebulad), suggesting hasty or uncritical translation practices in earlier Georgian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the author's first-person account of his editorial work, explaining the need for careful review before translation, a key structural element in Ephrem's colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'the augmenter of that my own' (line 28) is unclear; it may refer to a patron or a spiritual superior.","The phrase 'ascent together with the...' (line 1 of next page) is fragmentary, leaving the intended metaphor or action uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Line of ed.: 2 ხოლო (კუალად ეს)ეცა [საცნა]ურ იყავნ, [ვითარმედ] უ[ ] / Line of ed.: 3 [... ...] და\n\nLine of ed.: 4 [... ...] (დ)ა (შეატყუებ)დეს [... ...] (შემოკ)რებუ(ლსა) Line of ed.: 5 \"თა[რგმანს]ა დავითისასა\" (ვ)ჰგონებ ვითარმედ ერთსა წიგნსა Line of ed.: 6 შინა ვერ მიემ(თხ)უევის ყოველსავე უნაკლუ(ლ)ოდ. რამეთუ Line of ed.: 7 მე კუალთა წმიდისა მის მამისა და მოძღურისა ჩემისა გიორგი Line of ed.: 8 მთაწმიდელისათა შეუდეგ, რომლისაჲ-იგი სათუეოჲ საგალობელი Line of ed.: 9 არა ერთისა, არამედ მრავალთა დედათაგან ერთად შეკრებულ Line of ed.: 10 არს და ერთსა წიგნსა შინა ბერძულად არა რომელსა იპოების Line of ed.: 11 ეგოდენი საგალობელი. ეგრეთვე ჩუენი ესა \"თარგმანებაჲ Line of ed.: 12 დავითისაჲ\" ერთისა მისგან ხოლო განკრძალულ არს, რაჲთა Line of ed.: 13 გარეშეთა თარგმანთაჲ არარაჲ შემოიღოს, [ვითარცა] განკუეთილთაჲ Line of ed.: 14 წვალებისათჳს.","english":"But (furthermore) this should be known, that [ ] and [ ] they would notice [ ] in the [compilation] \"Translation of David\" I suppose that in one book it cannot be contained entirely without omission. For I have followed the collections of my holy father and teacher George of the Holy Mountain, whose own book of hymns is not from one, but gathered together from many mothers, and in one Greek book such a number of hymns is not to be found. Likewise, this \"Translation of David\" of ours is limited to that one alone, so that it may not introduce anything from other translations, like those of the severed ones concerning the sufferings.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანსა დავითისასა","severity":"info","text":"This phrase, 'Translation of David,' likely refers to a Georgian version of the Psalms or a commentary on them, possibly associated with David the Psalmist.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"გიორგი მთაწმიდელი","severity":"info","text":"George of the Holy Mountain (Giorgi Mtatsmindeli, 1009–1065) was a prominent Georgian monk, translator, and hagiographer active at the Iviron monastery on Mount Athos.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"განკუეთილთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'severed ones' (განკუეთილთაჲ) likely refers to heretical groups, possibly the Paulicians or other dualist sects, whose translations were to be avoided.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Line of ed.: 2–4","severity":"caution","text":"The beginning of this passage is fragmentary, with lacunae indicated by brackets; the exact sense of the opening lines is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage functions as a justification for the limited scope of the 'Translation of David,' contrasting it with the comprehensive hymn collection of George of the Holy Mountain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'Translation of David' is unclear—whether a translation of the Psalms or a commentary. The lacunae in lines 2–4 obscure the initial comparison."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ხოლო ათანასესი და კჳრილესი, (ევს)უქისი Line of ed.: 15 და ასტერისი არა (ხოლო \"დავითისა თა)რგმანთაგანი\", Line of ed.: 16 არამედ [სხუათა თარგმან]თაგანცა მათთა, ად[გი]ლ-[ად](გილ), Line of ed.: 17 სადაცა პოვნილ არს დავითის სიტყუათა ძალი, ყოველივე შემოკრებულად Line of ed.: 18 ვპოვე ორთა მათ წიგნთა შინა, რომელნი-იგი ყოველთავე Line of ed.: 19 \"დავითისა თარგმანთაგან\" შემოკრებულ იყვნეს მსგავსად Line of ed.: 20 სახარებათა მათ შემკობილთა დიდისა ხუთშაბათისათა. Line of ed.: 21 მისთჳსცა ოდესმე იშჳთ დაემთხუევის ღმრთისმეტყუელისაჲცა Line of ed.: 22 და ნოსელისაჲცა და სხუათაცა ვიეთმე საკითხავთა შინა განმარტებული Line of ed.: 23 მუჴლი და აქა განწყობილსა თანა ადგილსა თჳსსა Line of ed.: 24 დაწე(სებული და) ვითარცა უმდიდრესითა (მადლითა ღმრთისა)ჲთა Line of ed.: 25 აღსავსე არიან ს[იტყუანი] ესე ყოვლად ბრძნისა [ამის] Line of ed.: 26 დავით წინაჲსწარმეტყუელისანი, ეგრეთვე უმდიდრეს სხუათა Line of ed.: 27 საწინაჲსწარმეტყუელოთა არს თითო-ფერებაჲ იგი სამოსელთა Line of ed.: 28 თარგმანებისა მისისათაჲ, რამეთუ ესევითარი სამკაული შუენოდა Line of ed.: 29 გუამსა ღმრთივ-აღძრულთა ამათ სიტყუათა მისთასა, Line of ed.: 30 რაჲთა შეიმოსოს ძოწეული ბისონსა თანა და პორფირი მეწამულსა Line of ed.: 31 თანა.","english":"But those of Athanasius and Cyril, (Eus)uchius and Asterius are not (only) \"from the Translations of David,\" but also from their [other translation]s, piece by piece, wherever the power of David's words was found, I found everything collected together in those two books, which were all collected from the \"Translations of David\" in the same way as those composite Gospels of Great Holy Week. For that reason, whenever it happens that something of the Theologian's and of Nyssa's and of others is also expounded in some readings, the passage is set down here in its own place, and just as these words of the all-wise prophet David are filled with the richest grace of God, so also the very texture of the garments of his translation is richer than other prophetic works, for such an ornament befitted the body of these divinely inspired words of his, so that it might be clothed in fine linen together with byssus and purple together with scarlet.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Athanasius and Cyril, (Eus)uchius and Asterius","severity":"info","text":"These four figures are patristic commentators on the Psalms: Athanasius of Alexandria, Cyril of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caesarea, and Asterius the Sophist. Their works were among the sources Ephrem used.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Translations of David","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Translations of David' (დავითისა თარგმანთაგან) refers to Georgian translations of Greek commentaries on the Psalms, not to a translation of the Psalter itself.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"composite Gospels of Great Holy Week","severity":"info","text":"The 'composite Gospels of Great Holy Week' (დიდისა ხუთშაბათისათა) are liturgical Gospel harmonies used during Holy Week in the Georgian tradition, analogous to the Greek 'Evangelion' or 'Diatessaron'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"passage is set down here in its own place","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem describes his method of arranging excerpts: when a passage from a Church Father (e.g., Gregory the Theologian or Gregory of Nyssa) appears in a reading, he places it in its proper location within the compilation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"richer than other prophetic works","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem asserts that the 'texture' of David's translation (i.e., the Georgian version of the Psalms) surpasses other prophetic books in richness, reflecting a high esteem for the Psalter in Georgian liturgical and exegetical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"(Eus)uchius","severity":"caution","text":"The name '(Eus)uchius' is partially reconstructed; the manuscript may be damaged. It likely refers to Eusebius of Caesarea, but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name '(Eus)uchius' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'Eusebius' or a different figure.","The phrase 'their [other translation]s' is partially reconstructed; the original may specify which translations are meant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Line of ed.: 32 და ესე არს მიზეზი რომელთამე მუჴლთა შემოკლებულად Line of ed.: 33 თარგმნისა და რომელთამე უვრცელესადრე. რამეთუ, სადა-იგი Line of ed.: 34 მოკლედ და ლიტონად თარგმნილისა მისგან ოდენ იპოვა Line of ed.: 35 თარგმანი, ესევითარი იგი მუჴლი შემოკლებითითა თარგმნითა Line of ed.: 36 დაიწერა. ხოლო, რომელთა მუჴლთათჳს [შე]მოკლებითთა Line of ed.: 37 თარგმანთა ზედა დასართველად გუეპოვა განვცელებულისა Line of ed.: 1 მისგანი, ანუ საკითხავთა შინა პოვნილი- ანუ ევსუქისი გინა Line of ed.: 2 ასტერისი- ესევითარისა მის მუჴლისა თარგმანი მცირედ განვრცნა. Line of ed.: 3 და აწ არს ჩუენსა ამას \"დავითისა თარგმანსა\" შინა შემოკლებითი Line of ed.: 4 იგი თარგმნები მუჴლთაჲ ათანასესი და კჳრილესი Line of ed.: 5 ყოველი უნაკლულოდ, ხოლო განვრცელებითთა მათ თარგმანთა Line of ed.: 6 მათთაგანი და ევსუქისი და ასტერისი ადგილ-ადგილ ოდენ, Line of ed.: 7 რამეთუ ამათნი დედანი სრულებით ვერ ვიპოვენ.","english":"And this is the reason why some chapters are translated in an abbreviated manner and others more extensively. For wherever I found a translation only from that which was translated briefly and succinctly, that particular chapter was written with the abbreviated translation. But for those chapters for which, in addition to the abbreviated translations, I found something from the more extensive one—whether found in the lectionaries, or from Eusuchius or Asterius—I somewhat expanded the translation of that chapter. And now in this \"Translation of David\" of ours, the abbreviated translations of the chapters of Athanasius and Cyril are present in their entirety without omission, but from their more extensive translations, and from those of Eusuchius and Asterius, only in places, for I was unable to find their originals in their entirety.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"მუჴლთა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'chapters' (muxlta) refers to the textual divisions of the Psalter commentary, not to biblical chapters.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"დავითისა თარგმანსა","severity":"info","text":"'Translation of David' (davit'isa t'argmansa) is the title of the work, a Georgian version of the Psalter with commentary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ათანასესი და კჳრილესი","severity":"info","text":"Athanasius of Alexandria and Cyril of Alexandria are patristic sources whose abbreviated translations Ephrem incorporated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ევსუქისი და ასტერისი","severity":"info","text":"Eusuchius and Asterius are likely lesser-known patristic commentators; their works were used for expansion but not fully available.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"შემოკლებითთა თარგმანთა","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem distinguishes between 'abbreviated translations' (šemok'lebit'ta t'argmanta) and 'more extensive' ones, a key structural principle of his compilation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"დედანი","severity":"info","text":"The term 'originals' (dedani) indicates that Ephrem lacked complete copies of the more extensive translations, affecting the transmission of these texts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Eusuchius and Asterius is uncertain; they may be obscure patristic authors or scribes.","The phrase 'found in the lectionaries' (sak'itxavta šina) is ambiguous: it could mean liturgical readings or specific manuscript collections."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Line of ed.: 8 და ესე აქამომდე იყავნ, რაჲთა ჩუენ ვიწყოთ სიტყუად, თუ Line of ed.: 9 ვითარ ჯერ-არს ჴმარებაჲ ძალსა ამათ თარგმანთასა, ანუ თუ Line of ed.: 10 ვითარ გულისჴმის-ყოფაჲ ოდესმე მსგავსებასა და ოდესმე რეცა Line of ed.: 11 წინააღმდგომად საგონებე[ლო]ბასა მათსა. ამათ შემდგომად Line of ed.: 12 [...]ბულთა მსგავსებაჲ და არა-მსგავსებაჲ განგუემარტების Line of ed.: 13 თანა-შეტყუებისაგან ოთხთა წმიდათა სახარებათაჲსა, ვითარ-იგი Line of ed.: 14 მუნ მისვე და ერთისა ქრისტეს საქმეთა წარმოთქუმისათჳს Line of ed.: 15 ოდესმე შეიერთების და ოდესმე მცირედ რეცა განიყოფების Line of ed.: 16 სიტყუაჲ წმიდათა მახარებელთაჲ, და არცა განყოფაჲ იგი მათი Line of ed.: 17 განწვალებასა იქმს, ვითარმცა წინა-აღუდგებოდეს ურთიერთას, Line of ed.: 18 არცა შეერთებაჲ მათი შერწყუმასა ჰყოფს, ვითარმცა ურთიერთასა Line of ed.: 19 ივასხებდეს სიტყუათა მათ. არამედ განყოფილობად Line of ed.: 20 საეჭუელობაჲ იგი მათი უეჭუელ არს ერთობისათჳს, და ზოგებით Line of ed.: 21 მეტყუელებაჲ არავე საუჭუელ არს, ვითარმედ მისვე და Line of ed.: 22 ერთისა სულისაგან მეტყუელებდეს და არა თუ სხუა სხჳსაგან Line of ed.: 23 რასმე მოხუეჭით მოიპოებდეს.","english":"and this has been the case up to now, so that we may begin to speak, as to how the use of the power of these translations is appropriate, or how the understanding sometimes occurs in similarity and sometimes, indeed, in opposition to their conceptualization. After this, the similarity and dissimilarity of the [afore]mentioned [things] are explained to us from the concordance of the four holy Gospels, how there, concerning the same and one Christ's deeds and utterances, the speech of the holy evangelists sometimes unites and sometimes, indeed, separates a little, and their separation does not cause contradiction, as if they were opposing each other, nor does their union cause confusion, as if they were mixing their words together. But their separateness is evident for the sake of unity, and their occasional divergence is in no way evident, as if they were speaking from the same and one spirit and not that one, by some deceit, was obtaining something from another.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴმარებაჲ ძალსა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'use of the power' (ჴმარებაჲ ძალსა) refers to the application or employment of the authoritative force of the translations, a key concept in Ephrem's methodological reflection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"თანა-შეტყუება","severity":"info","text":"The term 'concordance' (თანა-შეტყუება) denotes the agreement or harmony among the four Gospels, a standard patristic concept used to resolve apparent discrepancies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"four holy Gospels","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem's discussion of the unity and diversity of the evangelists' accounts reflects the early Christian tradition of Gospel harmony, notably associated with Tatian's Diatessaron and later Georgian exegetical practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"similarity and dissimilarity","severity":"info","text":"This passage introduces a binary structure (similarity/dissimilarity, union/separation) that organizes Ephrem's argument about the coherence of the Gospel narratives despite their differences.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"[...]ბულთა","severity":"caution","text":"The text at line 12 is lacunose: '[...]ბულთა' likely represents a participle (e.g., 'mentioned' or 'written'), but the exact reading is uncertain due to manuscript damage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lacuna at line 12 obscures the precise referent of 'similarity and dissimilarity'.","The phrase 'occasionally, indeed' (ოდესმე რეცა) may indicate a concessive or emphatic nuance not fully captured in the English draft."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ეგრეთვე აქა თარგმანნიცა ესე Line of ed.: 24 დავითისანი: არა ხოლო ჩუენნი, არამედ გარეშენიცა მრავალ Line of ed.: 25 გზის ჩუენთა ამათ მიერ თარგმანებულსა მიემსგავსებიან: რამეთუ Line of ed.: 26 უმრავლესთა ადგილთა, რაჟამს წარიკითხო წმიდისა ბასილის Line of ed.: 27 მიერ აღწერილი თარგმანი მუჴლისაჲ, ყოვლითურთ თანა-შეეტყუების Line of ed.: 28 მისსა მას ევსევისიცა, პამფილესისაჲ და ეგრეთვე Line of ed.: 29 ოდესმე, რაჲ-იგი ძალი აქუნ თარგმანსა ათანასე ღმერთშემოსილისასა, Line of ed.: 30 იგივე ძალი აქუნდის ოროგინესსა მას ყოვლად შეცთომილისასა. Line of ed.: 31 ამისთჳსცა მსგავსებისა ამისგან სიტყუათაჲსა [...]დ Line of ed.: 32 ნუმცა ვის ჰგონიეს, თუ [წმიდასა მამას]ა სხჳსა უვასხები[ეს Line of ed.: 33 ბილ]წთა არა-წმიდათაგან, ან(უ) [... ... ... ...]ს(ჭ)ერ[... ... ...] Line of ed.: 34 ერთ [... ... ...]ენ წმიდანი (ე)[....] შეიერთებიან მსგავსებითა Line of ed.: 35 ოთხთა მახარებელთაჲთა და ოდესმე კუალად განიყოფ(ები)ან Line of ed.: 36 მიდევნებითა კუალთა მათთაჲთა, არა წინა-აღუდგებიან ურთიერთას. Line of ed.: 37 არა, არამედ რომელიმე განმარტებით თარგმნის მუჴლსა Line of ed.: 1 და რომელიმე სახის-მეტყუელებით.","english":"Likewise, these translations of David are also such: not only ours, but also many of the foreign ones resemble those translated by these methods of ours. For in most places, when you read the translation of the Psalter written by Saint Basil, it entirely coincides with that of Eusebius of Pamphilus, and likewise, sometimes, when the translation of Athanasius the God-clad has a certain force, the same force is also possessed by that of Origen, the utterly erring one. Therefore, because of this similarity of words, let no one think that [the holy father] has been contaminated by the impure heretics, or [...] the saints [...] are united by similarity with the four evangelists, and sometimes again they are separated by the pursuit of their own [interpretations], and they do not oppose one another. No, but rather, one translates the Psalter by way of interpretation, and another by way of figurative speech.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"David","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'David' denotes the Psalter, traditionally attributed to King David. This is a standard metonym in Christian literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანი","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'თარგმანი' (t'argmani) means 'translation' or 'version'. Here it refers to different translations or recensions of the Psalter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Basil, Eusebius of Pamphilus, Athanasius, Origen","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists four authorities associated with Psalter translations: Basil of Caesarea, Eusebius of Caesarea (Pamphilus), Athanasius of Alexandria, and Origen. Origen is called 'the utterly erring one', reflecting later orthodox condemnation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Lines 31–34 contain lacunae and uncertain readings, indicated by brackets in the edition. The sense of the passage is partially conjectural.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage contrasts two modes of translation: 'by way of interpretation' (განმარტებით) and 'by way of figurative speech' (სახის-მეტყუელებით), concluding the discussion of similarity and difference among versions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'the holy father' in line 32 is unclear; it may be a specific church father or a generic term. The lacunae in lines 31–34 obscure the full argument about contamination by heretics."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"და არა ხოლო ორნი, Line of ed.: 2 (ანუ) ორგან, არამედ თჳთ იგივე ერთ და ერთსა შინა ადგილსა Line of ed.: 3 განჰმარტებსცა და სახის-მეტყუელებსცა მასვე და ერთსა მუჴლსა. Line of ed.: 4 და იქმნენ მისვე და ერთისა სულისაგან მომ(ღებელნი) Line of ed.: 5 სიტყჳსანი. სულსა ვიტ[ყჳ წმიდასა], რომლისა მოფენამან მეთევზურნი Line of ed.: 6 მთრვალ საგონებელ ყვნა.\n\nLine of ed.: 7 ხოლო ესეცა ცხად არს, ვითარმედ უზეშთაეს არს განმარტებით Line of ed.: 8 თარგმნაჲ სახის-მეტყუელებით თარგმნისასა: რამეთუ Line of ed.: 9 ყოველსავე მუჴლსა სახის-მეტყუელება შესაძლებელ არს არა Line of ed.: 10 ერთ სახედ ოდენ, არამედ მრავალ სახედცა, ხოლო [იგი]ვე განმარტებაჲ Line of ed.: 11 არა ხოლო შ[უ]]ძლებელ არს, არამედ საცთურებაჲცა. Line of ed.: 12 ვითარ-იგი არიან (ღმრთი)სათჳს თქუმულნი: დაძინებაჲ და განღჳძებაჲ Line of ed.: 13 , ჯდომაჲ და (აღდგო)მაჲ, რისხვაჲ და (გულის წ)ყრომაჲ, Line of ed.: 14 დავიწყებაჲ და მოჴსენებაჲ - ესე ყოველნი [ვ]ნებ[ა]ნი არიან [... Line of ed.: 15 ... ...]ა [... ... ..დიდა... ..](თა) ბუ[ნ]ებოანი (ხ)[...] უნივთო არს Line of ed.: 16 და უვნებელ და უქცეველ ყოველსა შინა.","english":"And not only two, (or) organ, but in the very same and one place it both interprets and allegorizes the same and one verse. And they become recipients of the same and one spirit of the word. I speak of the [holy] spirit, by whose outpouring the fishermen became wise in divine contemplation.\n\nBut this too is clear, that interpretive translation is superior to allegorical translation: for in every verse allegory is possible not only in one form, but also in many forms, whereas that same interpretation is not only possible, but also deceptive. As, for example, those spoken concerning God: sleeping and waking, sitting and rising, wrath and anger, forgetfulness and remembrance—all these are [volitions] ... of [divine] natures ... incorporeal and impassible and immutable in everything.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"სახის-მეტყუელება","severity":"info","text":"The term 'saxis-met'q'ueleba' (allegory) is contrasted with 'ganmart'ebit' (interpretation). Ephrem argues that allegory is multivalent and potentially deceptive, while interpretation is singular and superior.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ორგან","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian 'organ' (organ) appears parenthetically, possibly as a gloss or variant for 'two' (orni). This may reflect a textual corruption or a technical musical or rhetorical term.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"მეთევზურნი","severity":"info","text":"The 'fishermen' (met'evzurni) who become wise through the outpouring of the Holy Spirit allude to the apostles, echoing the Pentecost narrative (Acts 2).","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"divine attributes","severity":"info","text":"The list of divine attributes (sleeping/waking, sitting/rising, etc.) reflects apophatic theology, common in patristic discussions of God's incorporeality and impassibility, as in Gregory of Nyssa or Pseudo-Dionysius.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"interpretive vs. allegorical translation","severity":"info","text":"This passage presents a clear structural contrast: interpretive translation is singular and superior, while allegorical translation is multiform and potentially deceptive, reinforcing Ephrem's methodological argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"lines 14-16","severity":"caution","text":"The text in lines 14-16 is fragmentary, with lacunae indicated by ellipses. The reconstruction of 'volitions' and 'divine natures' is uncertain, and the exact sense of the conclusion is conjectural.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The word 'organ' (line 2) is unclear: it may be a gloss, a variant reading, or a technical term. The lacunae in lines 14-16 obscure the final argument about divine attributes. The phrase 'recipients of the same and one spirit of the word' could refer to the translators or the texts themselves."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Line of ed.: 17 და კუალად, გესმოდინ რაჲ ჴელ(ნ)ი და ფერჴნი ღმრთისანი, Line of ed.: 18 თუალნი და გული, უწყოდე, ვითარმედ ამისსაცა გულისჴმის-ყოფასა Line of ed.: 19 სახის-მეტყუელებაჲ უჴმს და არა განმარტებაჲ, ვინაჲთგან Line of ed.: 20 არარაჲ ჴორციელთა და ზრქელთაგანი იპოების უჴორცოსა Line of ed.: 21 მას თანა და უხილავსა.\n\nLine of ed.: 22 ხოლო თუ ვითარ სახის-მეტყუელებენ სიტყუათა ამათ წმიდანი Line of ed.: 23 ესე მამანი მთარგმნელნი დავითისანი, ესე ადგილ-ადგილ Line of ed.: 24 მიმოგანფენილ არს წიგნსა ამას შინა და ძნელ საპოვნელად. Line of ed.: 25 ამისთჳსცა მცირედი მრავლისაგან ერთად შემოკრებულ იქმნა Line of ed.: 26 გამომეძიებელ[თათჳს] და წინა-შესავალსა ა[მის] წიგნისა Line of ed.: 27 ჩუენისასა დაეწერ[ა], არა ლიტონად, არცა უ[რთი]ერთას აღრეულად, Line of ed.: 28 [არამედ ას]ოთა ზედა ანბნისათა განწყობილად და Line of ed.: 29 განკარგულად, რაჲთა მარჯუე და ადვილ იყვნენ საპოვნელად Line of ed.: 30 მეძიებელთათჳს.","english":"And again, when you hear of the \"hands\" and \"feet\" of God, the \"eyes\" and \"heart,\" know that in this same interpretation allegory is used, not literal explanation, since nothing corporeal or tangible is found in that incorporeal and invisible one.\n\nBut how these holy fathers, the translators of David, allegorize these words is scattered here and there in this book and is difficult to find. For this reason, a small selection from many has been gathered together for the sake of those who seek, and it was written in the preface of our book, not in a continuous text, nor mixed together without order, but arranged and ordered according to the letters of the alphabet, so that it might be easy and convenient for seekers to find.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"სახის-მეტყუელებაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'saxis-metq'uelabay' (allegory) is contrasted with 'ganmart'abay' (literal explanation), establishing a hermeneutic distinction central to Ephrem's method.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მთარგმნელნი დავითისანი","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'translators of David' refers to the Georgian translators of the Psalms, traditionally associated with the holy fathers mentioned, likely including figures like Euthymius the Athonite.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ასოთა ზედა ანბნისათა","severity":"info","text":"The description of the preface as arranged 'according to the letters of the alphabet' indicates an alphabetical ordering of allegorical interpretations, a structural feature for ease of reference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"წინა-შესავალსა","severity":"info","text":"The reference to a 'preface' (cina-šesavals) suggests that Ephrem's work originally included a separate introductory section, now lost or integrated, which organized allegorical material alphabetically.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"მეძიებელთათჳს","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem explicitly addresses 'those who seek' (medziebelt'at'wis), indicating that the compilation was intended for monastic or scholarly readers engaged in scriptural study.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'holy fathers, the translators of David' is not specified; they may include multiple figures from the Georgian translation tradition.","The phrase 'our book' (čuenisasa) could refer to Ephrem's own work or a larger collection; the exact scope is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Line of ed.: 31 ვინაჲცა შენ, ქრისტეს მოყუარეო, ეძიებდე თუ ამას (გუ)ლს-მოდგინებით, Line of ed.: 32 მეცნიერ (იქ)მნე და სცნა ჩუენთჳს, ვითარმედ Line of ed.: 33 მისვე (თიჴის)აგან ვმეკეცეობთ. და ამათვე წიგნთა მიერ მიღებულითა Line of ed.: 34 ძალითა განვაძლიერებთ უძლურებასა სიტყჳსა ჩუენისასა, Line of ed.: 35 და არა თავით თჳსით მოვიპოვებთ თარგმანებასა (მა)ღ(ა)ლ(თ)ა Line of ed.: 36 ა(მათ) სიტყუათასა, არამედ ათანასეს მიერ და კჳრილეს, Line of ed.: 37 ევსუქის და ასტერის ადგილ-ადგილ აღმოცენებულთა ყუავილთა Line of ed.: 1 ერთად გოლად სიტკბოებისა დავიუნჯებთ. და ამას არა Line of ed.: 2 სრულებით და უნაკლულოდ, არამედ ზოგებით და მოკლებით Line of ed.: 3 წინა-გიყოფთ თქუენ, რაჲთა კნინ ოდენითა გემოჲს-ხილვითა Line of ed.: 4 გიჩუენოთ გემოჲ მდინარისა დიდისა და მცირისა მიერ ფესჳსა Line of ed.: 5 განგიცხადოთ ყოველი ქსოვილებაჲ სამოსლისაჲ და ესრეთ Line of ed.: 6 ვიწყოთ სიტყუად შეწევნითა ღმრთისა ყოვლად ძლიერისა მამისა Line of ed.: 7 და ძისა და სულის წმიდისაჲთა. ...","english":"Since you, O lover of Christ, seek this with attentive mind, know concerning us that we too are engaged in the same labor. And by the power received from these books we strengthen the weakness of our word, and we do not obtain the translation of the lofty words of those from our own head, but from Athanasius and Cyril, from Eusebius and Asterius, from the flowers that have sprung up in various places, we gather them together into a single garland of sweetness. And this we present to you not completely and without defect, but in part and with brevity, so that by a small taste you may perceive the flavor of the great river, and by the small root we may reveal to you the entire weaving of the garment. And thus let us begin to speak with the help of God the Almighty Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ვმეკეცეობთ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian verb 'vmek'ets'eobt' (we are engaged in the same labor) echoes the author's claim to share the reader's diligent pursuit of allegorical interpretation, linking this passage to the previous one.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანებასა","severity":"info","text":"'Targmanebasa' (translation) here refers to the interpretation or exegesis of the 'lofty words' of the fathers, not a literal translation, consistent with the work's focus on allegorical meaning.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ათანასეს ... კჳრილეს, ევსუქის და ასტერის","severity":"info","text":"The named authorities—Athanasius, Cyril, Eusebius, and Asterius—are key patristic sources for allegorical interpretation, likely drawn from the Georgian patristic tradition available to Ephrem Minor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"და ესრეთ ვიწყოთ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'and thus let us begin' marks a structural transition from the prologue to the main body of the work, introducing the invocation of the Trinity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ღმრთისა ყოვლად ძლიერისა მამისა და ძისა და სულის წმიდისაჲთა","severity":"info","text":"The Trinitarian invocation reflects standard Georgian Christian doxological practice, aligning the work with orthodox theological framing common in patristic colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ზოგებით და მოკლებით","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'in part and with brevity' may indicate textual abridgment or selective compilation; the Georgian text is not necessarily a complete translation of the source material.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian 'targmanebasa' could mean either 'translation' or 'interpretation'; the context favors the latter as exegetical rendering.","The phrase 'from these books' (ამათვე წიგნთა) is ambiguous: it may refer to the patristic sources just mentioned or to the biblical text itself."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Line of ed.: 1 აჰა ესერა გაქუს, სწავლის-მოყუარეო, დაღაცათუ არა Line of ed.: 2 სრულებითი, არამედ ზოგებითი რაჲმე გულისჴმის-ყოფაჲ სიტყუათაჲ, Line of ed.: 3 რომელნი ღმრთისათჳს ჴორციელად ითქუმიან და სულიერად Line of ed.: 4 გულის ჴმა-იყოფებიან.\n\nLine of ed.: 5 ამას თანა ამასცა მეცნიერ იყავ, ვითარმედ ესრეთ აქუს Line of ed.: 6 ჩუელებაჲ წიგნებსა ბერძენთასა, რაჲთა ანბანსა ზედა განაწყობდენ Line of ed.: 7 ყოველთავე სიტყუათა გამოსაძიებელთა და ღრმათა, Line of ed.: 8 რაჲთა ადვილ იყვნენ საპოვნელად. და წიგნსა მას \"ლექსიკონ\" Line of ed.: 9 უწოდენ, რომელ არს ლექსთაჲ, ესე-იგი არს ღრმათა სიტყუათაჲ. Line of ed.: 10 და თითოეულსა წიგნსა - გარეშეთა გინა საეკლესიოთაგანსა Line of ed.: 11 - ყოველივე ღრმაჲ და გამოსაძიებელი სიტყუაჲ ანბანთა Line of ed.: 12 ზედა განწყობილი და შეკრებული თავად და შესავალად წიგნისა Line of ed.: 13 უწერია, უკუეთუ ოდენ გამომეძიებელ და გულისჴმისმყოფელ Line of ed.: 14 ყოფილ იყოს მომგებელი წიგნისაჲ, რომელთა კუალსა Line of ed.: 15 შედგომითა კნინი ესე სახე ჩუენცა გიჩუენეთ თქუენ.","english":"cease from this labor. Behold, here it is for you, O lover of learning, even if not a complete understanding of the words, yet at least some partial comprehension of those words which are spoken carnally concerning God and are understood spiritually.\n\nAlong with this, be also aware that the Greeks have such a custom in their books, that they arrange on the alphabet all the profound and investigable words, so that they may be easy to find. And they call that book \"Lexicon,\" which is of words, that is, of profound words. And in each book—whether secular or ecclesiastical—every profound and investigable word is arranged on the alphabet and written as a heading and introduction to the book, provided that the user of the book be an investigator and one who understands. Following in their footsteps, we too have shown you this small form.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author concedes that the understanding offered is partial, not complete, of words spoken carnally about God but understood spiritually.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ლექსიკონ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'ლექსიკონ' (lexicon) is a direct borrowing from Greek, explained here as a book of words, specifically profound words, arranged alphabetically for ease of reference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes a Greek scholarly practice of compiling alphabetical lexicons of difficult terms in both secular and ecclesiastical books, a method adopted by Georgian translators.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the author's explanation of his method, linking the preceding discussion of translation sources to the practical tool of a lexicon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author explicitly states that the Georgian practice of providing lexical aids follows the Greek model, indicating a conscious transmission of scholarly methods.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text uses 'ჴორციელად' (carnally) and 'სულიერად' (spiritually), which may reflect a specific exegetical tradition, but the exact referent is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Line of ed.: 16 ამით სახითა განწყობილ არიან სიტყჳს-გებანი მწვალებელთანი Line of ed.: 17 წმიდათა მამათა და მნათობთა მათგან ყოვლისა სოფლისათაჲ Line of ed.: 18 ბასილი კესარიელისა და გრიგოლი ღმრთისმეტყუელისა Line of ed.: 19 და იოანე დამასკელისა, რაჲთა რაჟამს არსებისათჳს სიტყუა-გიგებდენ Line of ed.: 20 წინა-აღმდგომნი, მყის ანისაგან სიტყუა-უგო, ხოლო Line of ed.: 21 ბუნებისათჳს - ბანისაგან და გუამისათჳს - განისაგან. და ესრეთ Line of ed.: 22 ადვილ იყოს საჴმარებელად ჟამსა ჭირისასა ანბანსა ზედა Line of ed.: 23 განწყობილი იგი წიგნები წმიდათაჲ.\n\nLine of ed.: 24 ამითვე სახითა აღუწერიან თჳსნი ლექსიკონნი ღრმა/თა სიტყუათათჳს Line of ed.: 25 ბერძულთა კოსტანტინე მეფესა პორფჳროგენიტსა Line of ed.: 26 და დიდსა კჳრილეს ალექსანდრიელსა, რაჲთა რაჟამს ეძიებდეს Line of ed.: 27 უმეცარი, თუ რაჲ არს მყისი ანუ მრჩობლი, მანსა შინა განუმარტონ, Line of ed.: 28 ვითარმედ მრჩობლ ეწოდების ორკეცსა, ხოლო მყის - Line of ed.: 29 ანაზდაჲთსა. და ესე აქამომდე იყავნ.","english":"In this manner are composed the word-meanings of the heretics by the holy fathers and luminaries of the whole world, Basil of Caesarea, Gregory the Theologian, and John of Damascus, so that when the opponents speak concerning the hypostasis, they immediately respond from the hypostasis, but concerning nature—from nature, and concerning body—from body. And thus it may be easy for use in a time of need, according to the alphabet arranged in those books of the saints.\n\nIn this same manner, their own lexicons for profound words were written by the Greeks, Constantine Porphyrogennetos and the great Cyril of Alexandria, so that when the ignorant one seeks what \"immediate\" or \"gradual\" is, they explain therein that \"gradual\" is called that which is twofold, while \"immediate\" is that which is sudden. And let this suffice thus far.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes two parallel compositional methods: first, the arrangement of heretical word-meanings by church fathers, and second, the compilation of lexicons by Greek authors. Both are organized alphabetically for ease of reference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"mtshobli / mgis","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian terms 'mtshobli' (gradual) and 'mgis' (immediate) are defined: 'mtshobli' means twofold, 'mgis' means sudden. These are technical terms in theological discourse, likely from anti-heretical works.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Greek authors named—Constantine Porphyrogennetos and Cyril of Alexandria—are known for lexicographical works. Constantine VII (905–959) sponsored encyclopedic projects; Cyril (c. 376–444) wrote a lexicon, though the reference may be to later compilations attributed to him.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shows how Georgian monastic scholars adapted Greek lexicographical methods for local theological needs, organizing responses to heretical arguments alphabetically for quick reference in debates.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'word-meanings of the heretics' (სიტყჳს-გებანი მწვალებელთანი) is ambiguous: it may mean meanings used by heretics or definitions refuting them. The context favors the latter, as the fathers' works are said to be composed 'in this manner' for countering opponents.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Whether 'word-meanings of the heretics' refers to definitions used by heretics or definitions refuting them; the reading taken is the latter, based on the context of responses to opponents.","The exact identity of the 'lexicons for profound words' by Constantine and Cyril is unclear; they may refer to specific lost works or general traditions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Line of ed.: 30 ხოლო, რაჲთა ესეცა ცხად იყოს, სწავლისაებრ წმიდათა Line of ed.: 31 წერილთაჲსა, ვითარმედ თჳს არს წინაჲსწარმეტყუელისა არა Line of ed.: 32 ხოლო ყოფადთა საქმეთათჳს წინაჲსწარმეტყუელებაჲ, არამედ Line of ed.: 33 მის ჟამისათა და გარდასრულთაცა საქმეთა წარმოთქუმაჲ, Line of ed.: 34 ვითარ-იგი ღმრთის-მხილველმან მოსე იწყო სიტყუად ღმრთივსწავლულსა Line of ed.: 35 მას მისდა დასაბამსა სოფლის შესაქმისასა და Line of ed.: 36 მოიყვანა სიტყუა თჳსი მის ჟამისასა მას თანა ფარაოჲს მძლავრებასა Line of ed.: 37 და შეუდგინა გამოსლვა ძეთა ისრაელისათა მოკლებითურთ Line of ed.: 1 ჴორცისაჲთ და მოცემით მანანაჲსაჲთ; მიერითგან იწყო Line of ed.: 2 მოსწავებად ყოფადთა, მოსლვასა მეუფისა ქრისტესსა და განთესვასა Line of ed.: 3 ჰურიათასა და ცხორებასა წარმართთასა.","english":"Further, that this also may be clear, according to the teaching of the holy scriptures, that prophecy is not of the future deeds of the prophet himself, but the utterance of the deeds of that time and even of past deeds, just as the God-seer Moses began to speak in that divinely-taught beginning of his concerning the creation of the world, and brought his word down to that time of the oppression of Pharaoh, and added the exodus of the sons of Israel with the shortening of the flesh and the giving of the manna; from there he began to teach of future deeds, of the coming of the Lord Christ and the dispersion of the Jews and the life of the Gentiles.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"prophecy is not of the future deeds of the prophet himself","severity":"info","text":"The passage defines prophecy as utterance of contemporary or past deeds, not the prophet's own future actions, using Moses as example.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"God-seer Moses","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'ღმრთის-მხილველმან' (God-seer) is a traditional epithet for Moses, emphasizing his direct vision of God at Sinai.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"creation of the world","severity":"info","text":"Alludes to Genesis 1, where Moses recounts creation; the passage treats this as prophecy of past events.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"shortening of the flesh and the giving of the manna","severity":"info","text":"Refers to Exodus 16: the manna (bread from heaven) and the 'shortening of the flesh' likely means circumcision, a sign of the covenant.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"from there he began to teach of future deeds","severity":"info","text":"Marks a shift in Moses' narrative from past/contemporary events to prophecy of Christ's coming, the dispersion of Jews, and the life of Gentiles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"life of the Gentiles","severity":"info","text":"Reflects a Christian supersessionist reading of Old Testament prophecy, common in patristic exegesis, where Gentiles replace Jews as God's people.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'shortening of the flesh' (მოკლებითურთ ჴორცისაჲთ) is ambiguous: it may refer to circumcision or to a reduction of fleshly desires; the context of the exodus and manna suggests circumcision."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Line of ed.: 4 ეგრეთვე ჰყოფს ღმრთივ-აღძრულიცა ესე ქნარი სიტყუათა Line of ed.: 5 დავითისთაჲ: ყოფადთათჳს წინასწარმეტყუელებს და გარდასრულთა Line of ed.: 6 ქველის-მოქმედებათა ღმრთისათა მოიჴსენებს; მის Line of ed.: 7 ჟამისათა მათ წარმოიტყჳს და შემდგომად მრავალთა ჟამთა Line of ed.: 8 აღსრულებადსა ვითარცა აღსრულებულსა წარმოაჩინებს. არა Line of ed.: 9 ხოლო წინაჲსწარმეტყუელებითთა სიტყუათა იჴუმევს, არამედ Line of ed.: 10 მოძღურებითთაცა და სწავლითთაცა, შჯულის-დებითთა Line of ed.: 11 და მცნებითთა. ოდესმე ჰურიათასა ეგლოვს განგდებულებასა Line of ed.: 12 და ოდესმე წარმართთასა იხარებს მოწოდებასა მრავალ-მოქცევობითა Line of ed.: 13 წინასწარმეტყუელებისაჲთა, მსმენელთა გულსა Line of ed.: 14 გულისჴმისყოფად განაკრძალებს და ვნებათა და აღდგომისა Line of ed.: 15 ქრისტესისა მოსწავებითა წინა-აღმდგომთა ზრახვასა Line of ed.: 16 განაქარვებს.","english":"Likewise, this divinely inspired harp of David's words also does: it prophesies concerning past events and recalls the completed benefactions of God; it foretells those of that time and, after many ages, presents them as fulfilled, as if already accomplished. It does not, however, confine itself to prophetic words, but also to those of instruction and teaching, of legislation and commandment. At one time it laments the casting down of the Uriah, and at another it rejoices in the calling of the pagans with manifold conversion; by means of prophecy it prepares the hearts of the hearers for understanding, and through the teaching of the passions and resurrection of Christ it disperses the designs of the adversaries.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"divinely inspired harp of David's words","severity":"info","text":"The metaphor of David as a 'divinely inspired harp' (ღმრთივ-აღძრულიცა ... ქნარი) underscores the Psalter's prophetic and musical character, a common trope in early Christian exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"prophesies concerning past events","severity":"info","text":"The claim that David 'prophesies concerning past events' (ყოფადთათჳს წინასწარმეტყუელებს) reflects a distinctive hermeneutic: prophecy is not limited to future prediction but includes inspired recollection of salvation history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Uriah","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the casting down of the Uriah' (ჰურიათასა ... განგდებულებასა) alludes to David's sin with Bathsheba and the murder of Uriah (2 Sam 11), a key episode in David's life that the Psalter is said to lament.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"manifold conversion","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'manifold conversion' (მრავალ-მოქცევობითა) likely refers to the conversion of pagans to Christianity, a theme of interest in Ephrem Minor's monastic context, where the Psalter was used for catechesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"passions and resurrection of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from David's prophetic and didactic functions to a Christological climax: the teaching of Christ's passions and resurrection disperses adversaries, mirroring the Psalter's dual role as prophecy and polemic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the casting down of the Uriah' could refer to Uriah's death or to David's moral fall; the translation opts for the former.","The identity of the 'adversaries' (წინა-აღმდგომთა) is unspecified; they may be theological opponents or demonic forces."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"Line of ed.: 17 და ამას ყოველსა თანა სახარულევან და ტკბილ ექმნების Line of ed.: 18 ყოველთა მუჴლედად იამბიკოდ შემოკლებითა სიტყჳსაჲთა, Line of ed.: 19 რამეთუ უმრავლესთა ფსალმუნთა რიცხუედობაჲ და მარცულედობაჲ Line of ed.: 20 ცხად არს საფსალმუნეთა შინა ებრაელთასა, დაღაცათუ Line of ed.: 21 სხუათა ენათა შინა ვერ დაუცავს თარგმანთა რიცხჳ Line of ed.: 22 მარცულისაჲ. რომლისათჳსცა გუასმიეს უბადრუკისა აპოლინარისთჳს, Line of ed.: 23 ვითარმედ ბერძულად ესევითარითა სიტყჳთა აღწერა Line of ed.: 24 დავითი, რომელ ძალი არა დაშთებოდა, არცა კუალად განიყოფებოდა Line of ed.: 25 სხუათა დავითთა ძალისაგან. და იამბიკოდ თორმეტ Line of ed.: 26 მარცულედობაჲ ყოვლისა მუჴლისაჲ არცა აღემატებოდა, Line of ed.: 27 არცა დააკლდებოდა. გარნა მისი იგი სამჭედური მასვე განეწონა, Line of ed.: 28 რაჟამს სიტყუათა მისთა თხზულებასა ჴელოვნებაჲ სიტყუათა Line of ed.: 29 წმიდისა გრიგოლი ღმრთისმეტყუელისათაჲ დამარღუეველ Line of ed.: 30 ექმნა და რომლითა-იგი ერთა მოინადირებდა, უმრავლესნი თჳსთა Line of ed.: 31 მიმდგომთაგანნი ჩუენთა ამათ ერთა შეაერთნა.","english":"and with all this it becomes joyful and sweet to all, composed in iambic meter with brevity of words, for the numbering and metrical arrangement of the majority of the psalms is evident in the Hebrew Psalter, even though in other languages the translations have not preserved the metrical number. Concerning this we have heard of the wretched Apollinaris, that in Greek he described David with such words, that no power remained, nor was it again separated from the power of the other Davids. And in iambic meter the twelve-syllable meter of the entire verse neither exceeded nor fell short. But his very craft was weighed in the same balance, when in the composition of his words the artistry of the words of Saint Gregory the Theologian became the vanquisher, and by which he would attract some, the majority of his own followers he united to these our churches.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"იამბიკოდ","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'iambikod' (იამბიკოდ) is a direct borrowing from Greek 'iambikos', referring to iambic meter. Ephrem uses it to describe the metrical structure of the Psalms, a key point in his argument about the Hebrew Psalter's original form.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"მარცულედობაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'martsuledobay' (მარცულედობაჲ) denotes 'metrical arrangement' or 'syllabic count'. It is central to Ephrem's discussion of the twelve-syllable meter of the Psalms, which he claims is preserved in the Hebrew but lost in translations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"აპოლინარის","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem refers to 'the wretched Apollinaris' (Apollinaris of Laodicea, c. 310–390), a theologian known for his Christological views and poetic works. Ephrem criticizes Apollinaris' Greek rendering of David's psalms, claiming it diminished their power and deviated from the original meter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"გრიგოლი ღმრთისმეტყუელისათაჲ","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem invokes 'Saint Gregory the Theologian' (Gregory of Nazianzus, c. 329–390) as a model of rhetorical artistry. He contrasts Gregory's skill with Apollinaris' failure, suggesting that Gregory's words 'vanquished' Apollinaris' approach and helped unite followers to the Georgian church.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ჩუენთა ამათ ერთა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'these our churches' (ჩუენთა ამათ ერთა) indicates Ephrem's concern with ecclesiastical unity. He claims that Apollinaris' followers were brought into the fold of the Georgian Orthodox Church, reflecting the polemical and apologetic context of his colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"სამჭედური","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'samcheduri' (სამჭედური) is ambiguous; it may mean 'craft' or 'artifice' (from Greek 'techne'), but could also refer to a 'balance' or 'scale' (from 'samcheduri' as 'balance'). The context suggests a metaphorical weighing of Apollinaris' work against Gregory's, but the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'სამჭედური' (samcheduri) is ambiguous: it could mean 'craft' or 'balance', affecting the interpretation of the comparison between Apollinaris and Gregory.","The reference to 'other Davids' (სხუათა დავითთა) is unclear; it may refer to different biblical figures named David or to different textual traditions of the Psalms."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"რამეთუ Line of ed.: 32 არა თუმცა მას ეწყო პირველად თხზვად სხუათა, დამჭირდებოდა Line of ed.: 33 ეკლესიასა გჳრგჳნი იგი მრავალ-თუალოვანი სიტყუათა Line of ed.: 34 დიდისა ღმრთისმეტყუელისათაჲ, რამეთუ არა აქუნდა ჩუეულებაჲ Line of ed.: 35 მეტსა და მრავალ-ჴელოვანსა რასმე სიტყუა-მჭევრობასა Line of ed.: 36 შესლვად ეზოთა უფლისათა. ხოლო, ვინაჲთგან შეეშინა Line of ed.: 37 წინამძღუართა ეკლესიისათა, ნუუკუე მეტნობაჲ (სიტყუა)თა Line of ed.: 1 უმეტესობად ქადაგებისა წინააღმდგომთაჲსა შე(ე)რაცხოს და Line of ed.: 2 მიიზიდნეს მრავალნი, ამისთჳსცა ქნარი იგი სულისა წმიდისაჲ Line of ed.: 3 - ენა დიდისა მის ღმრთის-მეტყუელისაჲ - ყვეს დამჴსნელ ყოვლისავე Line of ed.: 4 ჴელოვნებისა სიტყუათაჲსა.\n\nLine of ed.: 5 ესრეთ უკუე ჯეროვნად განგუეცხადების რიცხუედობაჲ Line of ed.: 6 რომელთამე ფსალმუნთა დავითისთაჲ მათგან, რომელნი ზედა-მიწევნით Line of ed.: 7 მეცნიერ არიან ენასა ებრაელთასა.","english":"for if it were not that it had been composed first by others, I would be troubled by that many-eyed crown of words of the great Theologian for the Church, for it was not the custom to enter the courts of the Lord with excessive and highly artful rhetoric. But since the leaders of the Church feared that the abundance of words might be reckoned as superiority over the preaching of the opponents and might attract many, for this reason that harp of the Holy Spirit—the tongue of that great Theologian—was made the destroyer of all art of words.\n\nThus, then, the numbering of certain psalms of David is properly revealed to us by those who are knowledgeable in the Hebrew language through direct acquaintance.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"გჳრგჳნი იგი მრავალ-თუალოვანი","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'many-eyed crown' (gwirgwni mraval-tualovani) is a striking metaphor for the elaborate rhetorical style of Gregory of Nazianzus, whom Ephrem calls 'the great Theologian'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ქნარი იგი სულისა წმიდისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The 'harp of the Holy Spirit' refers to Gregory of Nazianzus, whose eloquence is portrayed as divinely inspired and used to combat heretical rhetoric.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴელოვნებისა სიტყუათაჲსა","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem contrasts the 'art of words' (xelovneba sitqwatsa) with the plain style preferred by earlier church leaders, reflecting a tension between rhetorical sophistication and doctrinal clarity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ესრეთ უკუე ჯეროვნად განგუეცხადების","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a transition from the discussion of Gregory's style to the revelation of the psalm numbering, linking the two topics as part of Ephrem's defense of his own method.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"რომელნი ზედა-მიწევნით მეცნიერ არიან ენასა ებრაელთასა","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem claims that the numbering of David's psalms is revealed by those 'knowledgeable in the Hebrew language through direct acquaintance', indicating reliance on Hebrew scholarship in the Georgian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the great Theologian' is not explicitly named in this passage, but context and the reference to the 'many-eyed crown' strongly point to Gregory of Nazianzus.","The phrase 'those who are knowledgeable in the Hebrew language through direct acquaintance' may refer to Jewish scholars or to Christian Hebraists; the text does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Line of ed.: 8 ჯერ-არს უკუე, რაჲთა უწყოდით ესეცა, ვითარმედ, დაღაცათუ Line of ed.: 9 მრავალნი იცილობებიან წიგნისათჳს ფსალმუნთაჲსა, Line of ed.: 10 ვითარმედ არა ყოველნი დავითისნია, არამედ უმრავლესნი Line of ed.: 11 და ჩუენნი ყოველნი ერთ-ჴმა არიან, ვითარმედ ყოველნივე Line of ed.: 12 დავითის მიერ თქუმულ არიან. დაღაცათუ რომელიმე სხუათა Line of ed.: 13 ვიეთმე პირსა ზედა აღუწერიან და თჳსთა მგალობელთ-მთავართადა Line of ed.: 14 მიუცემიან. არამედ სიტყუაჲ ყოველი მისი არს Line of ed.: 15 ასორმეოცდაათთავე ფსალმუნთაჲ და ზედა-წარწერილნიცა Line of ed.: 16 ყოველნი მისნი არიან და სხუათაგან მოპოვნებულნი, ვითარ-იგი Line of ed.: 17 თქუმულ არს ვიეთგანმე.\n\nLine of ed.: 18 და კუალად დიაფსალმაჲ მისივე არს და ორთა პირთა Line of ed.: 19 გულისჴმა-გჳყოფს: ანუ ცვალებასა სიტყუათა ძალისასა, ანუ Line of ed.: 20 ქცევასა კილოჲსა საგალობელისასა. რამეთუ მრავალნი მწყობრნი Line of ed.: 21 მგალობელნი დაედგინნეს წინაჲსწარმეტყუელსა დავითს Line of ed.: 22 აღსაშენებელად ერისა, რომელნი-იგი მრავალ-სახეთა ჴმათა Line of ed.: 23 ქცევითა საწადელ კაცთა ჰყოფდეს მრავალ-მოქცევსა მას სიჴშოსაჲსა Line of ed.: 24 წინასწარმეტყუელოთა სიტყუათასა.","english":"for it remains, that you may know this also, that although many dispute concerning the book of the Psalms, that not all are David's, but the majority, yet we are all of one accord that all were spoken by David. Even if some are ascribed to other persons and given to their own chief cantors, still the entire word of the hundred and fifty Psalms and also the superscriptions are all his, and are found from others, as it is said by some.\n\nAnd again, the diapsalma is his, and it signifies two things: either a change in the force of the words, or a change in the mode of the chant. For many choirs of cantors were appointed before the prophet David for the edification of the people, who by the variation of many voices made that many-turning sweetness of the prophetic words desirable to men.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ფსალმუნთაჲსა","severity":"info","text":"The debate over Davidic authorship of the Psalms was a common topic in early Christian and Jewish tradition, reflected in Georgian patristic literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"დიაფსალმაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'diapsalma' (διαψαλμός) is a musical or structural marker in the Psalms, here interpreted by Ephrem as indicating a change in meaning or chant mode.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ორთა პირთა","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem presents a twofold interpretation of the diapsalma: either a change in the force of words or a change in the chant mode, reflecting a structured exegetical approach.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"მრავალ-სახეთა ჴმათა","severity":"info","text":"The reference to multiple choirs and varied voices before David suggests a historical awareness of pre-Davidic liturgical music, likely drawing on patristic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"სხუათაგან მოპოვნებულნი","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'found from others' is ambiguous: it may mean the superscriptions were collected from other sources, or that some psalms were attributed to others but still Davidic in origin.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'as it is said by some' (ვიეთგანმე) leaves unclear which authorities Ephrem references for the claim that superscriptions are Davidic.","The exact meaning of 'change in the force of the words' (ცვალებასა სიტყუათა ძალისასა) is not further specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Line of ed.: 25 ხოლო წინაუკმოდ განწყობისა და უკუანაჲსკნელთა პირველად Line of ed.: 26 და პირველთა ფსალმუნთა უკუანაჲსკნელად დაწესებისა Line of ed.: 27 მიზეზი ცხად არს, ვითარმედ ადგილ-ადგილ თქუმულნი ერთად Line of ed.: 28 შეკრებულ არიან და არა მსგავსად თქუმულებისა წესთა მიუღიეს Line of ed.: 29 რიცხჳ პირველობისა და უკუანაჲსკნელობისაჲ, არამედ Line of ed.: 30 რომელიცა პირველ პოვნილ არს, პირველ [დაწესებულ არს]; და Line of ed.: 31 რომელი [შემდგომად] პოვნილ არს, იგიცა შემდგომად დაწეს[ე]ბულ Line of ed.: 32 არს. და ამითვე წესითა სრულ იქმნების რიცხჳ ასერგასისთა Line of ed.: 33 ფსალმუნთაჲ, რომელნი-იგი ჰურიათა შორის ხუთ წიგნად Line of ed.: 34 განიყოფებიან. ხოლო განიყოფებიან ესრეთ: პირველით ფსალმუნითგანი Line of ed.: 35 ვიდრე მეორმოცედმდე ერთ წიგნად; და მიერითგანი Line of ed.: 36 ვიდრე სამეოცდამეათერთუმეტედმდე მეორედ; და Line of ed.: 37 მიერითგან ვიდრე ოთხმეოცდამერვედმდე მესამედ წიგნად; Line of ed.: 1 და მიერითგანი ასდამეხუთედმდე მეოთხედ; და მიერითგანი Line of ed.: 2 ასორმოცდამეათედმდე მეხუთედ წიგნად.","english":"But the reason for the arrangement of the first and the last psalms, that is, for placing the later ones first and the earlier ones last, is clear: namely, that those spoken in various places have been gathered together, and they have not received the order of the number of firstness and lastness according to the sequence of their utterance, but rather that which was found first was placed first, and that which was found later was placed later. And by this same order the number of the one hundred and fifty psalms is completed, which among the Hebrews are divided into five books. And they are divided thus: from the first psalm to the fortieth as one book; and from there to the seventy-first as the second; and from there to the eighty-eighth as the third book; and from there to the one hundred and fifth as the fourth; and from there to the one hundred and fiftieth as the fifth book.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"წინაუკმოდ განწყობისა და უკუანაჲსკნელთა პირველად","severity":"info","text":"The passage explains the principle of arrangement for the Psalms: later compositions are placed first and earlier ones last, based on the order of discovery rather than chronological composition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ასერგასისთა ფსალმუნთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 150 psalms and their division into five books among the Hebrews reflects the standard Jewish and Christian tradition of the Psalter, as found in the Masoretic Text and Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"წინაუკმოდ","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian term 'წინაუკმოდ' (literally 'before-last') is used to describe the arrangement where later psalms are placed earlier in the collection, a key concept in this passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ხუთ წიგნად განიყოფებიან","severity":"info","text":"The passage provides a specific division of the 150 psalms into five books: 1–40, 41–71, 72–88, 89–105, 106–150, which differs slightly from the standard Jewish five-book division (1–41, 42–72, 73–89, 90–106, 107–150).","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"რომელი [შემდგომად]","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'შემდგომად' (later) is partially restored in brackets in the edition, indicating a lacuna or uncertain reading in the manuscript; the sense is clear from context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact manuscript basis for the bracketed restoration 'შემდგომად' is not specified in the edition.","The division of psalms into five books given here (1–40, 41–71, 72–88, 89–105, 106–150) differs from the standard Jewish division; it is unclear whether this reflects a variant tradition or a scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ხოლო ბერძენთა Line of ed.: 3 და ქართველთაჲ წიგნი ფსალმუნთაჲ ყოველივე სწორ არს და Line of ed.: 4 ერთ წიგნ შეწევნითა ღმრთისაჲთა და მოსწრაფედ მოღუაწებითა Line of ed.: 5 დიდისა მის მნათობისა გიორგი მთაწმიდელისაჲთა, ვინაჲცა Line of ed.: 6 მისითავე ლოცვითა და მადლითა ბერისა ჩუენისაჲთა Line of ed.: 7 ყოველსავე ამას დავითისა თარგმანსა შინა არცა ერთსა მუჴლსა Line of ed.: 8 სადა ეჴმარა ცვალებაჲ, არამედ მისივე თარგმნილი მუჴლი Line of ed.: 9 დავწერეთ მის მიერითა ოხითა განმჴნობილთა. რომლისაჲ Line of ed.: 10 იყავნ საუკუნოჲ ნეტარებაჲ და ჴსენებაჲ მისი. ამინ. Line of ed.: 11 Q_37_1r-7v; Line of ed.: 12 Jer_1_1r-6r.\n\nManuscript page: 316v Line of ed.: 1 \"ფსალმუნთა თარგმანების\" ანდერძი","english":"But the books of the Psalms of the Greeks and the Georgians are entirely correct and, by the grace of God and the swift labors of the great luminary George the Hagiorite, are contained in one book. For by his own prayer and the grace of our monk, in this entire translation of David, not a single verse anywhere underwent alteration; rather, we wrote down the verse translated by him, as it was skillfully rendered by him. May there be eternal blessedness and remembrance of him. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"George the Hagiorite","severity":"info","text":"George the Hagiorite (1009–1065) was a leading Georgian translator and monk at Iviron on Mount Athos, renowned for revising the Georgian Psalter and other biblical books.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"not a single verse anywhere underwent alteration","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem asserts textual fidelity to George the Hagiorite's translation, claiming no verse was changed. This reflects the authority of George's version in the Georgian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"books of the Psalms of the Greeks and the Georgians are entirely correct and ... are contained in one book","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem notes that both Greek and Georgian Psalters are correct and unified in a single book, likely referring to the standard liturgical Psalter used in Georgian monastic practice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"May there be eternal blessedness and remembrance of him. Amen.","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology invokes eternal blessedness for George the Hagiorite, typical of Georgian colophons that honor translators as saints and ensure their commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"by his own prayer and the grace of our monk","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'our monk' is ambiguous: it may refer to Ephrem himself or another monk involved in the copying. The Georgian text does not specify the referent clearly.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'our monk' (line 6) is unclear; it could be Ephrem himself or a different monk. The reading taken assumes it refers to Ephrem as the scribe."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Line of ed.: 2 დიდებაჲ და პატივი, თაყუანისცემაჲ და მადლი სამგუამოვნებით Line of ed.: 3 ცნობილსა და ერთარსებით აღსარებულსა წმიდასა Line of ed.: 4 სამებასა, რომელმან ჯერ-იჩინა მეოხებითა წმიდისა ღმრთისმშობელისა Line of ed.: 5 და ყოველთა წმიდათა მისთაჲთა და ლოცვითა წმიდათა Line of ed.: 6 მამათა ჩუენთა ეფთჳმესითა და გიორგისითა, თანადგომითა Line of ed.: 7 და უფროჲსღა ოხითა და წინაძღომითა ბერისა ჩუენისა Line of ed.: 8 საბა სულაჲსძისა თუხარსელისაჲთა, განზოგებაჲ წიგნისა ამის, Line of ed.: 9 რომელსა უწოდიან თარგმანნი დავითისანი, ანუ თუ თარგმანი Line of ed.: 10 დავითისაჲ. პირველი იგი სიმრავლისათჳს მთარგმნელთაჲსა, Line of ed.: 11 ხოლო მეორე ერთგუამობისათჳს და ურთიერთას შენაწევრებისა Line of ed.: 12 პატიოსანთა მათ ასოთა, მისივე და ერთისა თავსაკიდურისა Line of ed.: 13 ქრისტესდა დამოკიდებულთაჲსა. მუჴლი უკუე დავითისანი Line of ed.: 14 პირველ თარგმნილისაგან დედისა ეგრეთვე დავწერენით, ვითა Line of ed.: 15 ვპოეთ ახალ თარგმნილთა დავითთა საუკუნოდ მოჴსენებულისა Line of ed.: 16 გიორგი მთაწმიდელისაჲთა, რომელი-იგი უნაკლულოდ თარგმნილ Line of ed.: 17 იყო პირველ ჩუენსა და არცა მოქენე განმართებისა.","english":"Glory and honor, worship and thanks, with consubstantiality, to the known and one-essentially confessed Holy Trinity, which deigned, through the intercession of the holy Mother of God and of all her saints, and through the prayers of our holy fathers Ephraim and George, with the assistance and especially the care and guidance of our monk Saba Sulaisdze of Tukharisi, the completion of this book, which is called the Translations of David, or the Translation of David. The first because of the multitude of translators, the second because of the unity and mutual conjunction of those venerable letters, of the same and of one autograph, for those suspended from Christ. The chapters of David, then, from the first translation of the mother, we have written just as we found in the new translations of David, of the eternally remembered George the Hagiorite, which was translated without defect first in our [language] and not needing correction.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანნი დავითისანი / თარგმანი დავითისაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The double title 'Translations of David' (plural) and 'Translation of David' (singular) is explained: the plural refers to the many translators, the singular to the unity of the resulting text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"თავსაკიდურისა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'autograph' (თავსაკიდურისა) literally means 'self-hanging' or 'self-suspended'; here it denotes a manuscript written by the author's own hand, i.e., an autograph copy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"საბა სულაჲსძისა თუხარსელისაჲთა","severity":"info","text":"Saba Sulaisdze of Tukharisi is the monk under whose guidance the present book was completed. Tukharisi is a monastery in Tao-Klarjeti (historical Georgian region).","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"გიორგი მთაწმიდელისაჲთა","severity":"info","text":"George the Hagiorite (Mtatsmindeli) is cited as the source of the 'new translations of David' that are without defect and need no correction, underscoring his authority in Georgian biblical translation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"პირველ თარგმნილისაგან დედისა","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'from the first translation of the mother' likely refers to an earlier Georgian translation of the Psalms, possibly by a female translator or from a 'mother' manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"მუჴლი უკუე დავითისანი","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'chapters of David' (მუჴლი) is ambiguous: it may refer to the individual psalms or to larger divisions (kathismata). The sense here is likely 'psalms' as units of the Psalter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'first translation of the mother' (პირველ თარგმნილისაგან დედისა) is unclear: 'mother' could refer to a specific translator, a manuscript, or a monastery.","The term 'chapters of David' (მუჴლი) may denote either individual psalms or larger liturgical divisions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ხოლო Line of ed.: 18 თარგმანი მუჴლთაჲ ყოველი ახლად ითარგმნა ბერძულისაგან, Line of ed.: 19 ვითარცა ყოველივე გეუწყოს შესავალსა წიგნისასა.\n\nLine of ed.: 20 გევედრები ყოველთა, რომელნი მიემთხჳნეთ წმიდასა ამას Line of ed.: 21 წიგნსა, ლოცვა-ყავთ ზემოჴსენებულისა მამისა საბაჲსთჳს ბერისა, Line of ed.: 22 ეფრემ უშკელისათჳს, მოძღუართ, მშობელთა, ძმათა და Line of ed.: 23 შვილთა მათთათჳს, რამეთუ მათითა წინაძღომითა და საჭეთმპყრობელობითა, Line of ed.: 24 და უფროჲსღა საჴმრითა და წარსაგებელითა, Line of ed.: 1 ქმნილ არს ყოველივე კეთილი ჩუენ ზედა ღმრთისა მიერ, Line of ed.: 2 რომელმან ძუელ ოდესმე კარაულიცა ბალაამისი აღატყუა Line of ed.: 3 რომლისასა არარაჲთ უნაკლულევანეს არს აღტყუებაჲ პირუტყუთ Line of ed.: 4 სახესა ამას გონებას ჩემ მცირისა და უნდოჲსა ეფრემისსა, Line of ed.: 5 რომელმან ესე ვთარგმნე ბერძენთა ენისაგან ქართველთა Line of ed.: 6 ენად და მოქენე ვარ ღმრთისა წმიდითა ლოცვითა თქუენითა Line of ed.: 7 აჴოცად ბრალთა და ცთომილებათა ჩემთა.","english":"Glory and honor, worship and thanks, with consubstantiality, to the known and one-essentially confessed Holy Trinity, which deigned, through the intercession of the holy Mother of God and of all her saints, and through the translation of the books, all of which were newly translated from Greek, as everything will be made known in the introduction to the book.\n\nI beseech all who come upon this holy book: pray for the aforementioned father the monk Sabas, for Ephrem of Ushkeli, for the teachers, parents, brothers, and their children, for by their guidance and leadership, and especially by their labor and expense, everything good has been wrought upon us by God, who once even opened the mouth of Balaam’s ass, which opening is in no way inferior to the opening of the mouths of beasts in this respect, in the judgment of my small and unworthy mind, of me, Ephrem, who translated this from the Greek language into the Georgian language, and I am a partaker, by your holy prayers, of the removal of my faults and errors.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"თარგმანი მუჴლთაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'translation of the books' (თარგმანი მუჴლთაჲ) signals a colophonic claim that all translations in the volume are new, a standard scribal assertion in Georgian manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"საბაჲსთჳს ბერისა","severity":"info","text":"Saba Sulaisdze of Tukharisi, the monk named here, is the patron and overseer of the manuscript's production, a figure known from other Ephremian colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"აღტყუებაჲ პირუტყუთ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Balaam's ass (Numbers 22:28) is a rare biblical analogy for the translator's humility, comparing his work to God's miraculous opening of a beast's mouth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"მოქენე","severity":"info","text":"The term 'partaker' (მოქენე) here implies Ephrem's participation in the divine liturgy or prayer, not merely a passive recipient of grace.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ეფრემ უშკელისათჳს","severity":"info","text":"Ephrem of Ushkeli is likely the translator Ephrem Minor himself, named after his monastery; the colophon confirms his role as translator from Greek to Georgian.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"აჴოცად ბრალთა","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'removal of faults and errors' (აჴოცად ბრალთა) may be a scribal humility topos, but could also reflect actual textual corrections made by Ephrem.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ephrem of Ushkeli' and 'Ephrem Minor' is assumed but not explicitly stated in this passage.","The phrase 'opening of the mouths of beasts' may be a corruption or a unique metaphor; its exact referent is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Line of ed.: 8 დაიწერა წმიდაჲ ესე წიგნი შავსა მთასა სანახებსა წმიდისა Line of ed.: 9 სჳმეონისსა, მონასტერსა მამისა ეზრაჲსსა, ჴელითა იოვანე Line of ed.: 10 ხუცისა მთავარაჲსძისაჲთა. უფალმან მიეცინ სასყიდელი გულსმოდგინედ Line of ed.: 11 წერისაჲ და ლოცვითა თქუენ ღმრთისმოყუარეთა Line of ed.: 12 მკითხველთაჲ. ქრონიკონი იყო ტ .\n\nLine of ed.: 13 უფალო ღმერთო, შეიწყალენ და ადიდენ სასუფეველსა Line of ed.: 14 შინა წმიდანი მამანი, მნათობნი ჩუენნი: ანტონი ტბელი და Line of ed.: 15 კჳრიკე ალექსანდრიელი, რომელნი სიტყჳთ და საქმით ძალ-მწე Line of ed.: 16 მეყვნეს თარგმანთა ამის წიგნისასა და კურთხევითა მათითა Line of ed.: 17 აცხოვნენ ყოველნი ძმანი ეზრაჲს მონასტრისანი Line of ed.: 18 გარდაცვალებულნი. Q_37_316v.","english":"This holy book was written on the Black Mountain, at the sanctuary of Saint Symeon, in the monastery of Father Ezra, by the hand of Ioane, son of the chief priest Mthavarayisdze. May the Lord grant a reward for the diligent writing, and through your prayer, O God-loving readers. The chronicon was  .\n\nO Lord God, have mercy and glorify in the kingdom our holy fathers, the luminaries: Anton of Ibel and Kyrike of Alexandria, who by word and deed assisted in the translations of this book, and by their blessing may all the brothers of Ezra’s monastery, who have passed away, be saved.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Black Mountain","severity":"info","text":"The Black Mountain (Shavs Mta) was a monastic center near Antioch, associated with Georgian monasticism and translation activity in the 11th–12th centuries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"chronicon","severity":"info","text":"The chronicon (chronikon) is a Georgian era dating system; the number is missing in the manuscript, leaving the year uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Anton of Ibel and Kyrike of Alexandria","severity":"info","text":"Anton of Ibel and Kyrike of Alexandria are Georgian monastic figures, likely associated with the translation work at the Black Mountain; their specific identities are not fully documented.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"monastery of Father Ezra","severity":"info","text":"The monastery of Father Ezra on the Black Mountain was a known center for Georgian translation and manuscript production in the medieval period.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the colophon with a scribal note, a prayer for readers, and a blessing for the deceased brothers, typical of Georgian monastic colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"chronicon was","severity":"caution","text":"The chronicon number is missing in the manuscript (indicated by a blank space), so the exact date of writing cannot be determined from this passage alone.","cites":[{"key":"ed:efrem","label":"source edition: Ephrem Minor's Colophons","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/origlit/efrem/efrem.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The chronicon number is missing, leaving the year of writing uncertain.","The identity of 'Anton of Ibel' and 'Kyrike of Alexandria' is not fully clarified in available sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}