{"slug":"dsc-537","id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-537","title":"Metrical Grammar","title_source":"Metrical Grammar","author":"Gregorius bar Hebraeus","genre":"other","date":"Mid-13th century CE","tradition":"syriac","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:13:51Z","cost_usd":0.029029},"source":{"registry_id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-537","work_id":"dsc-537","edition":"syriac","language":"","license":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"},"stats":{"passages":41,"english_words":12463,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":27500,"commentary_units":233,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":86,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"dsc-537","abstract":"The Metrical Grammar of Gregorius bar Hebraeus is a didactic poem in 12-syllable meter that treats Syriac grammar as a theological discipline. Composed in the late 13th century for advanced students in East Syrian schools, it adapts Greek grammatical terminology into Syriac prosody. The work survives in a single late manuscript (Sachau 215, possibly 16th–17th century) with lacunae and scribal errors. It was used as a textbook into the 19th century and cited by later grammarians like Taldar. The edition marks uncertain passages with brackets but lacks a full critical apparatus for orthographic variants.","historical_context":"Gregorius bar Hebraeus flourished in the late 13th century (d. after 1286) within the East Syrian (Church of the East) community, likely in northern Mesopotamia or the region of Mosul. The Metrical Grammar is undated but belongs to his mature period, when he produced several compendia for East Syrian schools. The work reflects the integration of Greek grammatical theory (e.g., lexis) into Syriac pedagogy, a hallmark of Syriac scholarly tradition. The sole surviving manuscript, Sachau 215, is a late copy (possibly 16th–17th century) with lacunae and scribal errors, indicating limited but continuous transmission. The grammar was used as a textbook into the 19th century, often alongside Bar Hebraeus's prose grammar, and was cited by later grammarians such as Taldar. The work's metrical form (12-syllable meter) and its tripartite division of speech (noun, verb, particle) follow standard Syriac grammatical models adapted from Greek sources.","significance":"The Metrical Grammar is a key witness to the late medieval East Syrian scholarly tradition, demonstrating the adaptation of Greek grammatical concepts into Syriac didactic poetry. Its use as a textbook for centuries underscores its pedagogical importance, while its citation by later grammarians like Taldar shows its lasting influence. The work also illustrates the integration of theological and grammatical disciplines in Syriac education.","timeline":[{"date":"Late 13th c.","event":"Composition of the Metrical Grammar by Gregorius bar Hebraeus (d. after 1286)"},{"date":"16th–17th c.","event":"Earliest surviving manuscript (Sachau 215) copied"},{"date":"19th c.","event":"Continued use as a textbook in East Syrian schools"},{"date":"Undated","event":"Citation by later grammarians such as Taldar"}],"relations":[{"work":"Prose Grammar (Bar Hebraeus)","relation":"Companion prose grammar by the same author, often used alongside the Metrical Grammar","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ephrem the Syrian","relation":"The metrical form (12-syllable meter) is attributed to Ephrem, though the work uses a different meter than the Ephremic seven-syllable meter","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Taldar","relation":"Later grammarian who cited the Metrical Grammar","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The work is undated; it belongs to Bar Hebraeus's mature period (late 13th c.) but no precise year is known.","The sole surviving manuscript (Sachau 215) is a late copy (possibly 16th–17th c.) with lacunae and scribal errors; the edition marks uncertain passages with brackets.","The edition does not provide a full critical apparatus for orthographic variants; readers should consult the manuscript facsimile for scribal normalization."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.00045,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:13:50Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Digital Syriac Corpus text","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"},{"kind":"authority","label":"syriaca.org work record","url":"http://syriaca.org/work/9027"},{"kind":"authority","label":"syriaca.org author record","url":"http://syriaca.org/person/239"}],"checks":{"work":"dsc-537","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"ratio-warn","i":8,"ratio":0.149}],"stats":{"passages":41,"translated":41,"commentary_passages":41,"commentary_units":233,"english_words":12463,"source_letters":40492,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a didactic poem in 12-syllable meter, treating Syriac grammar as a theological discipline. Its register is scholarly but versified, intended for memorization by advanced students.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Bar Hebraeus flourished in the late 13th century (d. after 1286). The Metrical Grammar is undated but belongs to his mature period, when he produced several compendia for the East Syrian schools.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The sole surviving manuscript (Sachau 215) is a late copy, possibly 16th–17th century. Lacunae and scribal errors affect several folios; the edition marks these with brackets.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Metrical Grammar was used as a textbook in East Syrian schools into the 19th century, often alongside Bar Hebraeus’s prose grammar. It was cited by later grammarians such as Taldar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a full critical apparatus for orthographic variants. Readers interested in scribal normalization should consult the manuscript facsimile referenced in the introduction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 41 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":41},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:dsc-537":{"label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ܥܰܠ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܡܳܪܰܢ ܝܶܫܘܽܥ ܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ\nܣܰܒܪܳܐ ܕܺܝܠܝ ܡܫܰܪܶܐ ܐܼܢܳܐ ܕܐܶܟܬܘܽܒ\nܟܬܳܒܳܐ ܕܰܓܪܰܡܰܛܺܝܩܺܝ\nܦܪܘܽܡܝܘܽܢ ܒܰܡܫܘܽܚܬܳܐ ܐܰܦܪܶܝܡܳܝܬܳܐ\nܫܘܽܒܚܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܳܟ ܐܳܘ ܡܫܰܒܚܳܐ\nܢܰܦܫܳܐ ܕܡܘܽܬܳܟ ܗܳܐ ܡܫܰܒܚܳܐ\nܘܰܕܫܰܕܝܳܐ ܒܝܰܡܳܐ ܕܗܘ̈ܽܠܶܐ\nܘܡܶܬܢܰܘܠܳܐ ܡܶܨܥܰܬ ܓ̈ܰܠܶܐ\nܠܘܳܬܳܟ ܒܩ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܪ̈ܰܥܘܽܡܶܐ\nܪܳܡܳܐ ܕܥܳܡܰܪ ܒܰܡܪ̈ܰܘܡܶܐ\nܟܰܕ ܥܰܝ̈ܢܶܐ ܕܡܰܕܥܳܐ ܡܪܺܝܡܳܐ\nܩܳܥܝܳܐ ܘܐܳܡܪܳܐ ܐܳܘ ܡܪܰܝܡܳܐ\nܨܰܠܡܳܟ ܐܼܢܳܐ ܨܰܠܡܳܟ ܫܰܒܚܶܬ\nܠܳܐ ܬܰܪܦܶܝܢܝ ܡܶܟܺܝܠ ܐܰܫܚܶܬ\nܒܢܘܽܗܪܳܐ ܕܐܰܦܰܝ̈ܟ ܥܰܠܶܝܡܰܝܢܝ\nܗܰܒ ܠܺܝ ܐܰܦܬܳܐ ܘܚܰܟܶܡܰܝܢܝ\nܒܙܘܽܦܳܟ ܡܳܪܝ ܠܶܫܳܢܝ ܚܰܠܶܠ\nܕܰܒܦܰܪܶܗܣܺܝܰܐ ܢܡܰܠܶܠ\nܥܰܠ ܠܶܟܣܺܝܣ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܬܳܐ\nܒܰܡܫܘܽܚܬܳܐ ܐܰܦܪܶܝܡܳܝܬܳܐ\nܕܗܺܝ ܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܢܳܩܶܦ ܠܶܗ ܥܘܽܕܝܳܝܳܐ\nܘܬܘܽܪܳܨ ܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܠܫܰܪ̈ܘܳܝܶܐ\nܫܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ ܫܦܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܘܰܛܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܢܣܺܝܡ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ ܒܰܩܦܺܝܣܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܢܶܬܢܘܽܢܳܝܗܝ ܒܰܕܠܺܝܠܘܽܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܬܚܘܽܡܳܐ ܘܦܘܽܠܳܓܳܐ ܕܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ\nܠܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܬܰܚܶܡ ܚܰܟܺܝ̈ܡܶܐ\nܓܪ̈ܰܡܰܛܺܝܩܽܘ ܘܰܥܪ̈ܺܝܡܶܐ\nܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܡܣܰܟܠܰܬ ܗܰܘܢܳܐ\nܒܫܰܠܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܠܰܘ ܒܰܟܝܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܬܦܰܠܰܓ ܕܶܝܢ ܠܰܬܠܳܬܳܐ\nܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܘܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ ܘܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܢܺܐܡܰܪ ܗܰܘ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ\nܕܣܘܽܩܪܰܛܺܝܣ ܠܰܡ ܐܶܫܬܰܡܰܪ\nܘܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ ܦܘܽܠܳܓ̈ܶܐ ܐܼܚܪ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܕܣܳܡܘ ܩܰܕܡܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܒܦܰܪ̈ܫܰܓܢܶܐ\nܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ ܘܐܶܣܳܪ̈ܶܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܒܘܽܚ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܫܰܪܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ\nܠܪ̈ܺܝܫܶܐ ܡܳܕܶܝܢ ܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ\nܢܦܰܠܓܺܝܘܗܝ ܠܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܠܫܰܒܥܳܐ\nܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܘܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܘܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ\nܘܠܰܡܪܰܟܒܳܐ ܕܗܘܽܝܘܽ ܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ\nܘܰܒܩܰܕܡܳܐ ܬܫܰܠܶܡܝ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܕܰܢܩܳܫ̈ܳܬܳܐ","english":"On the power of our Lord Jesus Christ\n\nMy hope begins this work that is to be written,\n\nA book of grammar,\n\nA preface in the Ephremic meter.\n\nThe praise of your name, O praised one,\n\nThe self of your death, behold, is praised.\n\nAnd of one cast into the sea of matters,\n\nAnd tossed about amidst the waves,\n\nTo you with roaring voices,\n\nThe high one who dwells in the heights,\n\nWhile the eyes of the mind are raised,\n\nCrying out and saying, O exalted one,\n\nYour image, I beseech, your image I have praised;\n\nDo not now abandon me, lest I spoil.\n\nBy the brightness of your face, enlighten me;\n\nGive me a face and make me wise.\n\nBy your passion, my Lord, loosen my tongue,\n\nThat it may speak openly\n\nConcerning the Greek Lexis\n\nIn the Ephremic meter,\n\nWhich is the Syriac language,\n\nAnd no foreign element adheres to it.\n\nAnd the structure of speech for beginners,\n\nGood children and youths,\n\nIs therefore placed in a compendium,\n\nWhose understanding is by means of demonstration,\n\nOn account of the boundary and division of speech.\n\nTo speech, the wise give definition,\n\nGrammarians and the learned:\n\nThe articulate sound that signifies an intention,\n\nIn completeness and not in deficiency,\n\nIs divided, then, into three:\n\nName, verb, and word,\n\nAs the one who says says,\n\nWhom Socrates did not guard,\n\nAnd four other divisions\n\nWhich the ancients set in distinctions:\n\nNames and verbs,\n\nLike true letters,\n\nTo four heads it points;\n\nDivide it into four, not into seven:\n\nName, word, verb,\n\nAnd the compound that constitutes the utterance.\n\nAnd in the first, the word is completed,\n\nThe correction of crookednesses.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܪܘܽܡܝܘܽܢ ܒܰܡܫܘܽܚܬܳܐ ܐܰܦܪܶܝܡܳܝܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The opening identifies the work as a preface (prooemion) composed in the Ephremic meter, a seven-syllable isosyllabic meter attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, establishing the metrical form of the entire grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܠܶܟܣܺܝܣ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Greek Lexis in the Ephremic meter' signals a deliberate appropriation of Greek grammatical terminology (lexis) into Syriac prosody, a key feature of Bar Hebraeus's pedagogical method.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܣܘܽܩܪܰܛܺܝܣ ܠܰܡ ܐܶܫܬܰܡܰܪ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Socrates 'not guarding' likely alludes to a lost anecdote or a critique of Socratic dialectic, possibly drawn from Syriac philosophical compendia, though the exact source is unidentified.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܡܳܐ ܘܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ ܘܡܶܠܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The tripartite division of speech into 'name' (noun), 'verb' (literally 'binding'), and 'word' (particle or utterance) reflects the standard Syriac grammatical model, adapted from Greek sources but with native terminology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܰܒܩܰܕܡܳܐ ܬܫܰܠܶܡܝ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The final line 'in the first, the word is completed' is ambiguous: it may refer to the first part of the grammar or to the primacy of the noun (šmā) in the division; the Syriac allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'praised one' addressed in the opening is not specified; it may be Christ or a patron. The phrase 'self of your death' (ܢܰܦܫܳܐ ܕܡܘܽܬܳܟ) is syntactically obscure and may be corrupt or a deliberate paradox. The reference to 'four other divisions' versus 'seven' is unclear without a known source for the seven-part scheme."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܘܽܚܠܳܦܳܐ ܕܰܢܩܳܫ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܡܳܪܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܕܗܘܽ ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ ܐܘܽܪܗܳܝܳܐ\nܢܩܳܫ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܚܰܡܶܫ ܒܫܰܘܝܘܽ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܒܰܦܪܳܬܶܣܡܺܝܘܽ\nܝܺܕܝܺܥ ܡܰܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ\nܕܰܡܚܰܪܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܚܘܽܠܛܳܢܳܐ\nܦܬܳܚܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܓܰܐ ܕܓܰܐܝܳܐ\nܘܰܙܩܳܦܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܝܳܐ ܕܡܳܪܝܳܐ\nܪܒܳܨܳܐ ܕܶܝܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܥܶܐ ܕܥܶܙܳܐ\nܚܒܳܨܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܙܺܝ ܕܥܰܙܺܝܙܳܐ\nܥܨܳܨܳܐ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬ ܫܘܽ ܕܫܘܽܪܳܐ\nܘܛܘܽ ܕܛܘܽܪܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܢܘܽ ܕܢܘܽܪܳܐ\nܬܡܺܝ̈ܗܶܐ ܕܶܝܢ ܡܰܕ̈ܢܚܳܝܶܐ\nܒܢ̈ܰܝܳܐ ܩܰܕ̈ܡܶܐ ܕܟܰܠܕ̈ܳܝܶܐ\nܡܳܢܶܝܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܘܰܢܩܳܫ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܤܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܐܼܚܪ̈ܳܢܝܳܬܳܐ\nܘܥܶܗܰܕ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܚܰܣܝܳܐ\nܝܰܥܩܘܽܒ ܣܳܦܩܳܐ ܐܘܽܪܗܳܝܳܐ\nܛܰܘ ܕܶܝܢ ܕܛܰܘܪܳܐ ܘܬܰܘ ܕܐܺܝܬܰܘܗܝ\nܙܩܺܝܦܺܝܢ ܠܘܳܬܗܘܽܢ ܘܟܰܘ ܕܡܰܠ̈ܟܰܘܗܝ\nܘܰܠܢܳܘ ܕܢܳܘܣܰܐ ܘܢܘܳܢ ܕܙܰܝܢܳܘܢ\nܠܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܙܳܩܦܺܝܢ ܐܰܟܘܳܬܰܢ\nܘܰܠܦܶܐ ܕܦܺܐܪܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܚܳܒܨܺܝܢ\nܒܩܶܪܝܳܢܳܐ ܐܶܠܴܐ ܪܳܒܨܺܝܢ\nܟܰܕ ܠܰܦܬܳܚܳܐ ܘܠܰܙܩܳܦܳܐ\nܒܠܶܫܳܢܗܘܽܢ ܠܰܝܬ ܫܘܽܚܠܳܦܳܐ\nܣܝ̈ܳܡܶܐ ܒܪܰܡ ܡܰܣܓܶܝܢ ܣܳܝܡܺܝܢ\nܘܰܒܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܦܳܪܫܺܝܢ\nܘܒܰܦܬܳܚܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܡܶܬܐܰܠܨܺܝܢ\nܠܳܐܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܒܳܬܪܳܗ̇ ܡܚܰܝܨܺܝܢ\nܘܦܳܐܕܺܝܢ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܣܶܒܪܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܰܒܣܘܽܓܳܐܐ ܒܰܫܪܳܪܳܐ\nܒܕܰܐܝܟ ܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܠܡܺܐܡܰܪ ܘܐܳܪܥܳܐ\nܘܰܒܣܰܒܥܳܐ ܘܣܳܒܥܳܐ ܘܬܰܪܥܳܐ\nܘܬܳܪܥܳܐ ܘܰܒܛܰܒܥܳܐ ܘܛܳܒܥܳܐ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܘܰܒܙܰܪܥܳܐ ܘܙܳܪܥܳܐ\nܩܶܦܰܠܶܐܳܘܢ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܰܫܡܳܐ\nܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܬܚܘܽܡܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ\nܩܳܠܳܐ ܦܫܺܝܛܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ\nܕܰܩܢܶܐ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܒܝܳܬܶܗ\nܒܗܶܦܟܳܐ ܕܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ ܟܢܳܬܶܗ\nܘܕܰܫܡܳܐ ܠܰܐܪܒܰܥ ܡܶܬܦܰܠܰܓ\nܡܢܰܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܬܶܬܦܰܠܰܓ\nܟܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܘܰܚܠܳܦ ܫܡܳܐ","english":"Concerning the Change of the Vowels\n\nSpeech with the Lord of the Syriac Language\n\nThat this Syriac is from Urhai\n\nFive vowels in equality\n\nAs in the Paradigm\n\nKnown as with a canon\n\nThat frees from error\n\nA pthaha as with a ga of gaya\n\nAnd a zqapa as a ya of Marya\n\nA rbasa likewise as a e of eza\n\nA hbasa as a zi of aziza\n\nA 'sasa in the likeness of a shuq of shuqra\n\nAnd a tuq of tuqra also a 'uq of 'uqra\n\nThe Eastern marvels indeed\n\nIn the first letters of the Chaldeans\n\nAgain concerning the vowels\n\nApart from these last ones\n\nAnd remember also the holy\n\nJacob the Saphqa of Urhai\n\nA taw of tura and a taw of itawhi\n\nAre suspended with them and a kaw of his kings\n\nAnd a l'aw of l'asa and a 'w'at of zay'awt\n\nDo not again suspend like them\n\nAnd a pe of pira do not enclose\n\nIn reading but recline\n\nWhen for pthaha and for zqapa\n\nIn your language there is no change\n\nBut you place signs increasingly\n\nAnd in speech you do not distinguish\n\nAnd when pressed by pthaha\n\nYou cut off the following feminine\n\nAnd you fear from this opinion\n\nAs in truth in the plural\n\nLike ar'a to say and ar'a\n\nAnd in sab'a and sab'a and tar'a\n\nAnd tar'a and in tab'a and tab'a\n\nThus also in zar'a and zar'a\n\nFirst chapter\n\nConcerning these that are names\n\nFor a name a limit with this\n\nA simple sound without noise\n\nThat completes a meaning in itself\n\nIn the opposite of a bond of its essence\n\nAnd that a name is divided into four\n\nGenders not divided\n\nNatural and changing of name","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Urhai","severity":"info","text":"Urhai (Edessa) is the traditional cradle of classical Syriac literature and the dialect associated with the earliest Syriac translations and authors.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"pthaha","severity":"info","text":"Pthaha is the Syriac vowel sign for the /a/ sound, here illustrated by the example 'ga of gaya' (ga of gaya).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"zqapa","severity":"info","text":"Zqapa is the Syriac vowel sign for the /o/ or /ā/ sound, exemplified by 'ya of Marya' (ya of Marya).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"rbasa","severity":"info","text":"Rbasa is the Syriac vowel sign for the /e/ sound, here likened to 'e of eza' (e of eza).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"hbasa","severity":"info","text":"Hbasa is the Syriac vowel sign for the /i/ sound, illustrated by 'zi of aziza' (zi of aziza).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"'sasa","severity":"info","text":"'Sasa is the Syriac vowel sign for the /u/ sound, exemplified by 'shuq of shuqra' (shuq of shuqra).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of the 'Chaldeans' in this context is ambiguous; it may refer to earlier Syriac grammarians or to a broader Mesopotamian tradition.","The phrase 'Jacob the Saphqa of Urhai' is unclear; Saphqa may be a title or a place name, and the reference to Jacob is not fully identified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ܥܰܠ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܘܡܶܠܰܬ ܫܡܳܐ\nܟܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬ ܥܰܝܢܳܐ\nܚܠܳܦ ܫܡܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܘܐܶܢܳܐ\nܥܰܠ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܠܗܰܠ\nܡܶܠܰܬ ܫܡܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܥܰܘܳܠ\nܟܰܕ ܩܰܕܺܝܡܘܽܬ ܣܝܳܡܳܐ\nܒܟܺܐܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܠܰܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܫܡܳܐ\nܐܶܠܳܐ ܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܥܰܠ\nܚܠܳܦ ܨܶܝܕ ܚܕܳܪ ܬܚܶܝܬ ܒܝܰܕ ܠܘܽܩܒܰܠ\nܠܦܘܽܬ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܠܘܳܬ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܥܰܡ\nܥܰܠ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܠܳܐ ܬܶܬܪܰܥܰܡ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܡܳܐ ܟܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܢܰܩܺܝܦܺܝܢ ܕܶܝܢ ܠܰܟܝ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ ܘܐܳܕܫ̈ܶܐ ܘܡܶܢܝ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܐܶܣܟ̈ܺܡܶܐ ܘܐܰܝܢܳܝ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܘܓܶܢܣܳܐ ܚܰܕ ܕܶܟܪܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܘܐܰܚܪܺܝܢ ܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܘܙܰܒܢ̈ܶܐ\nܓܰܢܬܳܐ ܠܡܺܐܡܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܓܰܢ̈ܶܐ\nܘܐܳܕܫܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ ܘܰܬܪܰܝܳܢܳܐ\nܘܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܫܡܰܝܳܐ\nܫܡܰܝܳܢܳܐ ܫܡܰܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢܝ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܠܰܚܕܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܟܺܝܬ ܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܡܶܬܦܰܠܓܺܝܢ ܠܰܡ ܐܰܝܟ ܚܰܫܳܐ\nܐܰܘ ܚܰܫ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܒܢܰܝ̈ܢܳܫܳܐ\nܘܐܶܣܟ̈ܺܡܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܗܳܟܰܢܰܐ\nܕܰܥ ܢܺܐ ܐܳܘ ܫܰܒܪܳܐ ܡܗܰܘܢܳܐ\nܦܫܺܝܛܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܝܳܗܘܽ ܘܐܳܚܳܙ\nܘܰܡܪܰܟܒܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܝܳܗܘܽܐܳܚܳܙ\nܘܐܰܝܢܳܝ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܪܒܰܥ\nܐܺܝܬܰܝܗܘܽܢ ܟܰܕ ܬܶܬܡܰܕܰܥ\nܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܪܳܚܘܽܡܳܐ\nܘܚܳܫܘܽܫܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܪܚܘܽܡܳܐ\nܘܩܰܢܳܝܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܙܰܕܺܝܩܳܐ\nܡܚܰܘܶܐ ܟܝܳܢܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܦܶܪܩܳܐ\nܘܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܓܕܘܽܠ\nܒܪܺܝܫ ܟܘܽܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܒܕܘܽܠ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܒܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܕܒܰܝܬܳܐ\nܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܘܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܒܰܝܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܚܠܳܦ ܫܡܳܐ\nܘܠܰܚܠܳܦ ܫܡܳܐ ܡܶܬܚܰܒܪ̈ܳܢ\nܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܬ ܕܐܰܡܺܝܪ̈ܳܢ\nܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ ܠܰܡ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܢܳܐ ܘܐܰܢܼܬ\nܚܢܰܢ ܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܘܐܰܢܼܬܝ\nܘܡܶܢ ܐܶܣܟ̈ܺܡܶܐ ܦܫܺܝ̈ܛܶܐ ܗܳܕ","english":"Concerning the Word and the Word of the Name  \nThe natural in the likeness of the sign  \nInstead of the name, like you and I  \nConcerning the word, like that which is above  \nThe word of the name, like evil  \nWhen the priority of the setting  \nIn grief, the name is not  \nBut a bond, like upon  \nInstead of towards, around, beneath, by, opposite  \nTo the outside, after, towards, because of, with  \nConcerning this, do not be disturbed  \nBecause the natural name  \nIs attached, indeed, to the natures  \nGenders, numbers, and measures  \nSchemes and relations  \nAnd the four declensions  \nAnd one gender, the masculine  \nAnd the other, the feminine  \nAs many as the form and forms  \nThe gender, to say also genders  \nAnd the number, again, thus  \nThe first, second, and third, like heavens  \nHeavenly, heavenly, heavenly  \nAnd the measures, for the singular  \nAnd for the plural  \nAre divided, like pain  \nOr pains of the joints  \nAnd the schemes, again, thus  \nKnow that either a simple or compound form  \nThe simple, like yahab and aḥaz  \nAnd the compound, like yahab-aḥaz  \nAnd the relations, again, four  \nThey are, when it is known  \nThe active, like raḥuma  \nAnd the passive, like rḥuma  \nAnd the absolute, like zadiqa  \nShowing the nature, like perqa  \nAnd the declensions, four, great  \nAt the beginning of the roots, like bdul  \nWhen you say \"in the house of the house\"  \nThus, and \"house to house\"  \nBecause of the change of the name  \nAnd for the change of the name, the compounds  \nFour from the six that are said  \nThe genders, like \"I\" and \"you\"  \n\"He\" and \"you\" (plural), also \"she\" and \"you\" (feminine)  \nAnd from the simple schemes, this","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܶܠܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term melta can mean 'word' or 'verb' in grammatical contexts. Bar Hebraeus here distinguishes between melta (word/verb) and melat šma (the word of the name, i.e., the noun).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܟܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"Kyānāyā (natural) is a technical term in Syriac grammar denoting the inherent or natural state of a noun, as opposed to derived or artificial forms. Bar Hebraeus uses it to describe the fundamental nature of the noun.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage introduces the categories of the noun: genders (masculine/feminine), numbers (singular/plural), measures (patterns), schemes (simple/compound), relations (active/passive/absolute), and declensions (four). This taxonomy is typical of Syriac grammatical treatises.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܐܶܣܟ̈ܺܡܶܐ","severity":"info","text":"Eskeme (schemes) refers to the morphological patterns of nouns, either simple (e.g., yahab, aḥaz) or compound (e.g., yahab-aḥaz). This distinction is standard in Syriac grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"Maplata (declensions) are the inflectional patterns of nouns. Bar Hebraeus lists four, exemplified by changes at the beginning of roots (e.g., bdul) and in phrases like 'in the house of the house'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft renders 'ܥܰܘܳܠ' as 'evil', but the Syriac more likely means 'wrong' or 'incorrect' in a grammatical sense, not moral evil. The passage contrasts the proper use of the word of the name with an incorrect one.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܥܰܘܳܠ' could be read as 'evil' or 'wrong'; the grammatical context favors the latter.","The list of prepositions ('instead of, towards, around, beneath, by, opposite') may be illustrative rather than exhaustive."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ܘܰܡܪܰܟܒܳܐ ܥܒܳܕܳܟ ܘܰܥܒܳܕܝ\nܘܦܰܪ̈ܨܘܽܦܶܐ ܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ\nܚܢܰܢ ܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܓܶܝܪ ܗܶܢܘܽܢ\nܘܡܶܢܝ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܘܗܳܠܶܝܢ\nܘܗܳܕܶܐ ܫܟܺܝܚܬܳܐ ܘܐܳܦ ܐܰܢܼܬܶܝܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܥܰܠ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܘܥܰܠ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܣܦܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ\nܢܳܩܦܳܝܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܬܩܪܶܐ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܳܘ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ\nܕܫܰܦܺܝܪܳܐܺܝܬ ܐܰܡܺܝܪܳܐ\nܡܫܰܘܕܰܥ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ\nܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܗܳܫܳܐ ܘܰܥܕܰܡܳܐ\nܡܢܳܬܡܳܠ ܘܐܶܬܡܳܠ ܘܰܥܕܰܟܺܝܠ\nܠܘܽܩܕܰܡ ܟܶܢ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܩܰܠܺܝܠ\nܘܐܰܬܪܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܟܙܶܢ ܐܰܝܟܳܐ\nܗܳܪܬܰܡܳܢ ܠܗܰܠ ܟܰܪ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ\nܘܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐܺܝܬ ܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܦܳܩܘܽܕܳܐܺܝܬ ܘܰܬܙܰܡܰܪ\nܘܚܳܫܘܽܫܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܬܶܬܐܶܡܰܪ\nܘܰܦܩܺܝܕܳܐܺܝܬ ܘܬܶܙܕܰܡܰܪ\nܘܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܣܺܝܡ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܫܘܳܬ\nܥܰܪܛܶܠ ܐܶܫܬܘܽܦ ܒܳܬ ܛܘܳܬ\nܘܰܟܡܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܝܰܬܺܝܪܳܐܺܝܬ\nܐܰܘ ܛܳܒ ܣܰܓܺܝ ܒܨܺܝܪܳܐܺܝܬ\nܘܦܘܽܚ̈ܳܡܶܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܘܐܰܟܙܶܢ ܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ\nܘܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܡܰܢ ܐܳܦܶܢ ܕܳܡܶܝܢ\nܠܶܐܣܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܶܠܰܬ ܫܡܳܐ\nܠܡܶܠܰܬ ܫܡܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܬܠܳܬ\nܢܳܩ̈ܦܳܢ ܠܳܗ̇ ܟܺܝܬ ܕܺܝܠ̈ܳܝܳܬ\nܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܰܡܺܝܪܳܐ\nܗܰܘ ܫܰܦܺܝܪ ܗܳܝ ܫܰܦܺܝܪܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢܝ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܛܳܒ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ\nܘܛܳܒܺܝܢ ܡܰܠܰܐܟ̈ܶܐ ܓܒܰܝ̈ܳܐ\nܘܦܰܪ̈ܨܘܽܦܶܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܚܰܛܳܝ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܘܙܰܕܺܝܩ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܘܐܰܟܬܳܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܚܕܳܢܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܘܣܰܓܺܝܳܐܢܳܝܘܽܬܗܘܽܢ\nܢܶܗܦܘܽܟ ܡܶܟܺܝܠ ܥܰܠ ܫܶܕܬܳܐ\nܘܰܢܦܰܠܶܐ ܠܣܳܥܘܽܪܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܰܢܫܰܪܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܪܺܝܫܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܢܶܫܢܰܙ ܠܰܢ ܡܶܢ ܢܺܝܫܳܐ\nܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܫܡܳܐ ܕܰܚܕܳܢܳܐܺܝܬ\nܡܶܬܐܶܡܰܪ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕܳܐܺܝܬ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܰܢܼܬܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܫܪܳܪܳܐ ܘܩܘܽܫܬܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܣܰܓܺܝܳܐܢܳܝܳܐ","english":"And your composition, your deed and my deed,\nAnd the three persons, I stand,\nI err and you stand, for indeed they stand,\nAnd the adverbs, I and these,\nAnd this found one, and also you stand,\nBecause concerning the Word,\nAnd concerning the Word from the Spheres,\nThe conjunctive is again called,\nIn that which says \"you\" or \"man,\"\nWhich is beautifully spoken,\nIt indicates \"you\" as a time, how,\nThat you say \"now\" and \"until,\"\n\"From yesterday\" and \"yesterday\" and \"until now,\"\n\"Before\" and \"after a little,\"\nAnd \"place\" again \"like\" \"where,\"\n\"Here\" \"to there\" \"around\" \"here,\"\nAnd actively when you say,\nCommandingly and you sing,\nAnd the necessity that it be said,\nAnd commandingly and it be sung,\nAnd \"like\" \"set\" \"how\" \"equal,\"\n\"Bare\" \"be poured\" \"after\" \"good,\"\nAnd \"how\" again \"moreover,\"\nOr \"good\" \"much\" \"less,\"\nAnd meanings like \"thus,\"\n\"So\" and \"like\" and \"how,\"\nAnd these with those that resemble,\nTo the bonds of names, I stand,\nBecause the Word of the Name,\nTo the Word of the Name again three,\nConjunctions to it, indeed, of the possessives,\nGenders as it is said,\n\"That\" is beautiful, \"that\" is beautiful,\nAnd adverbs, good is Lord,\nAnd good are chosen angels,\nAnd persons like \"sinner\" I stand,\nAnd \"righteous\" you stand and \"scribe\" this,\nBecause of the singularity of names,\nAnd their plurality,\nTurn then to the declension,\nAnd fall to the grammar,\nAnd begin again from the beginning,\nThat it not be troubled for you from the root,\nThere is a name that is singularly,\nSpoken uniquely,\nAs it says \"you\" \"woman,\"\nAnd thus \"truth\" and \"righteousness,\"\nAnd there is also a plural.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from discussing the word and name to a grammatical exposition of adverbs, conjunctions, and nominal inflection, marking a new section in the metrical grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܶܛܽܠ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܡܶܛܽܠ (meṭṭul) is a conjunction meaning 'because' or 'concerning,' used here to introduce the discussion of the Word of the Name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܢܳܩܦܳܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܢܳܩܦܳܝܳܐ (ʿāqpāyā) means 'conjunctive' and is used here to describe a grammatical category, likely referring to conjunctions or connecting particles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The enumeration of adverbs (e.g., 'now,' 'until,' 'yesterday') and conjunctions reflects the Syriac grammatical tradition, which classifies particles by function, as seen in later grammars.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܫܶܕܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The word ܫܶܕܬܳܐ (šeddā) means 'declension' or 'inflection,' referring to the grammatical process of nominal case or state changes, a key concept in Syriac grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text contains several ambiguous or corrupt readings (e.g., ܐܶܢܘܽܥ, ܚܥܰܥ) that may reflect scribal errors or dialectal forms, making precise interpretation uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text has several unclear or damaged words (e.g., ܐܶܥܘܽܥ, ܚܥܰܥ) that may be scribal errors or variant spellings; the reading 'I stand' is tentative.","The phrase 'Concerning the Word from the Spheres' is obscure and may refer to a specific grammatical or theological concept not fully explained."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ܕܠܳܐ ܡܶܬܐܶܡܰܪ ܚܕܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܘܛܰܝܪ̈ܳܐ ܘܪ̈ܰܚܫܳܐ\nܘܰܦܠ̈ܳܛܘܳܬܳܐ ܘܪ̈ܰܟܫܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܫܘܶܐ ܒܶܗ ܒܢܺܝܫܳܐ\nܒܰܠܚܘܽܕܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܟܶܢܫܳܐ\nܒܰܕܡܘܽܬ ܐܼܢܳܫܳܐ ܘܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕܳܝܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܬܶܓܚܰܟ ܡܰܢ ܥܰܠ ܐܼܢܳܫܳܐ\nܕܡܰܪܺܝܪ̈ܳܢ ܚܶܢ̈ܟܰܘܗܝ ܒܚܰܫܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܐܼܢܳܫ̈ܳܐ ܕܩܳܝܡܺܝܢ ܬܢܳܢ\nܘܥܰܝ̈ܢܶܐ ܕܺܝܠܗܘܽܢ ܒܰܢ ܡܰܨ̈ܕܳܢ\nܘܠܳܐ ܬܺܐܡܶܐ ܠܰܡ ܒܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ\nܕܟܘܽܪܣܝܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ ܕܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܒܳܪܝܳܐ\nܘܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܕܰܫܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܢܶܚܕܘܽܢ\nܫܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܥܒܳܕ ܐܺܝܕܰܝ̈ܟ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܗܘܽ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܒܰܟܢܘܽܫܝܳܐ\nܡܶܬܦܰܪܫܺܝܢ ܘܒܰܠܚܘܽܕܳܝܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܓܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܫܰܒܪܳܐ ܘܫܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܟܰܣܝܳܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܟܣܰܝ̈ܳܐ\nܓܒܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܫܒܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܘܰܚܣܰܝ̈ܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܙܰܢܳܝܳܐ ܙܰܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܫܰܒܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܙܰܟܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܘܒܶܙ̈ܬܶܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܒܶܙܬܳܐ\nܘܗܶܪ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܗܶܪܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܶܟܪܳܢܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܘܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܳܝܘܽܬܗܘܽܢ\nܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܫܡܳܐ ܕܶܟܪܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܕܠܰܝܬ ܠܶܗ ܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܐܶܝܟ ܢܶܫܪܳܐ ܘܒܳܩܳܐ ܘܐܰܪܙܳܐ\nܥܘܽܕܳܐ ܘܙܰܝܬܳܐ ܘܐܳܦ ܐܼܪܳܙܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܕܰܒܗܶܦܟܳܐ ܕܗܳܟܰܢ\nܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܡܶܬܕܰܟܪ̈ܳܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܣܢܘܽܢܺܝܬܳܐ ܕܰܡܢܰܨܪܳܐ\nܘܨܶܦܪܳܐ ܡܦܰܪܚܳܐ ܒܐܶܓܳܪܳܐ\nܘܒܰܪ ܫܳܥܬܶܗ ܝܶܒܫܰܬ ܬܺܬܳܐ\nܘܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܒܰܛܝܳܪܳܐ ܒܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘ ܕܰܬܪ̈ܰܝܗܘܽܢ ܐܺܝܬܰܘܗܝ\nܒܰܡܦܰܬܟܘܽܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܕܰܙܢܰܘ̈ܗܝ\nܐܰܝܟ ܫܶܡܫܳܐ ܐܶܣܦܺܝܪ ܢܘܽܗܪܳܐ\nܘܓܰܡܠܳܐ ܥܰܡܗܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܝܪܳܐ\nܘܫܶܡܫܳܐ ܝܺܕܰܥ ܡܰܥܪ̈ܳܒܰܘܗܝ\nܘܥܶܪܒܰܬ ܫܶܡܫܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܥܰܝ̈ܢܰܘܗܝ\nܠܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܓܰܡܠ̈ܰܘܗܝ ܡܠܳܬ ܒܰܪܬܳܐ\nܘܢܶܗܘ̈ܝܳܢ ܓܰܡܠ̈ܰܝܗܘܽܢ ܠܒܶܙܬܳܐ","english":"Of that which is not said in the singular, Like peoples, birds, and reptiles, And exiles and horses, And there is also that which is equal in it to evil, In singularity and in number, In the likeness of fire and heaven, When you say in the singular, Do not laugh at me concerning fire, That its bitter coals are in pain, And there are fires that stand in three, And their own eyes in the midst of the furnace, And do not say to me concerning heaven, That it is the throne of God the Creator, And you say that the heavens are one, The heavens are the work of your hands, And there are names that in Syriac Are distinguished, and in the singular, Like man and men, And thus boy and boys, And from hidden say hidden ones, Chosen ones, beautiful ones, and hidden ones, And from zealous zealous ones, Beautiful ones also victorious ones, And from spoil say from spoil, And conceptions also from conception, Because of the masculine gender Of names and their feminine gender, There is a name that is masculine That has no feminine, Like incense, a cup, and cedar, A yoke, an olive, and also a cedar, And there is that which is the opposite of this, It does not suffice in the feminine to be made masculine, Like a female circumciser, And a morning that flies on a roof, And its hour the fig dried up, And peoples in a flying house, And there is that which has both genders In the change, as its forms, Like the sun, it is round in its light, And a camel with them also a monastery, And the sun knows its wests, And the setting of the sun from its eyes, To all its camels the word of the daughter, And the beasts their camels for spoil.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܒܰܟܢܘܽܫܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'names that in Syriac' signals a shift to grammatical gender in Syriac, a key topic in Bar Hebraeus's grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from nouns lacking a singular (e.g., 'peoples') to nouns with both singular and plural, then to gender distinctions (masculine, feminine, common).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Examples like 'fire' and 'heaven' reflect Syriac grammatical tradition, where some nouns are defective in number or gender, a topic in earlier Syriac grammars.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of nouns with both genders (e.g., 'sun', 'camel') parallels discussions in other Syriac grammatical works, such as those of Jacob of Edessa.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Do not laugh at me concerning fire' may be a rhetorical aside or a corruption; the text's coherence is uncertain here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'its bitter coals are in pain' is obscure; possibly a metaphorical or corrupt passage.","The reference to 'the word of the daughter' and 'beasts their camels for spoil' is unclear in context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ܘܩܰܕܺܝܫ ܗܘܽ ܘܙܰܕܺܝܩ ܕܰܝܪܳܐ\nܘܕܰܝܪܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܒܡܰܕܒܪܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܕܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܡܶܬܐܶܡܰܪ\nܒܰܟܬܳܒ̈ܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܰܪ\nܕܶܟܪܳܢܳܐ ܘܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܳܐ\nܚܕܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܘܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܢܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ\nܒܰܠܚܘܽܕܶܝܗ̇ ܒܶܠܥܳܕ ܕܘܽܡܝܳܐ\nܠܳܐ ܒܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܕܟܘܽܪܣܝܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ\nܗܳܐ ܕܶܟܪܳܢ ܘܰܚܕܳܢܳܝܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ\nܘܢܶܚܕܘܽܢ ܫܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܡܙܰܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܟܰܕ ܡܰܣܓܶܐ ܘܰܡܕܰܟܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܘܽܡܳܗܳܐ ܘܡܶܫܬܰܡܗܳܢܳܐ\nܫܘܽܡܳܗܳܐ ܗܰܘ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ\nܕܡܶܩܰܦ ܢܳܩܶܦ ܠܰܟܝܳܢܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܠܶܐ ܒܶܗ ܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܡܰܥܗܶܕ ܠܶܗ ܐܳܡܘܽܪܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܡܥܳܩܳܐ\nܐܳܦ ܝܰܡܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܣܘܽܡܳܩܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܠܶܐ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ\nܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܕܬܰܘܣܶܦܬܳܐ ܥܳܐܠܳܐ\nܘܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܡܥܳܩܳܐ ܠܰܡ ܥܰܪܺܝܩ\nܘܝܰܡܳܐ ܣܘܽܡܳܩܳܐ ܥܰܡܺܝܩ\nܘܫܘܽܡܳܗܳܐ ܠܡܶܫܬܰܡܗܳܢܳܐ\nܢܳܩܘܦܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܰܡܺܝܢܳܐ\nܐܶܢ ܕܶܟܪܳܢܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ ܕܶܟܪܳܢܳܝ\nܘܐܶܢ ܢܶܩܒܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ ܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܳܝ\nܗܘܽ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܘܐܶܢ ܣܰܓܺܝܐܰ ܗ̄ܘ\nܘܐܶܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܠܚܘܽܕܳܝܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ\nܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܰܡ ܝܰܠܕܳܐ ܚܰܕܬܳܐ\nܘܓܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ ܛܳܒ̈ܶܐ ܕܢܰܟܦܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܳܦ ܢܶܫ̈ܶܐ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܬܳܐ\nܫܺܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܝܳܐܺܝܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܶܬܕܰܠܠܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܚܰܡܶܫ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܛܥܺܝ̈ܢܳܬ ܚܘܽܘܳܝܳܐ ܘܐܳܬܳܐ\nܕܰܒܗܶܝܢ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܕܰܨܒܘܽܬܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܰܒܨܶܒܥܳܐ\nܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܠܰܡ ܐܰܛܘܽܡܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܩܢܘܽܡܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܘܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܪ̈ܶܡܙܳܢܳܝܶܐ\nܘܦܘܽܚܳܡܳܐ ܕܐܰܚܝܳܢ̈ܳܝܶܐ\nܘܢܰܩܺܝܦܘܽܬ ܠܶܗ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ\nܥܰܡ ܗܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܒܕܰܒܺܝܩܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܣܘܽܩܪܰܛܺܝܣ\nܘܰܦܠܰܛܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܢܰܘܰܐܛܺܝܣ\nܘܗܳܢܳܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܰܘ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ","english":"And holy is the monk and righteous,  \nAnd the other monastery in the desert.  \nAnd there is that which is said in all of them,  \nIn the Scriptures also it is preserved,  \nMasculine and feminine,  \nSingular and plural,  \nLike the daughter of the voice of heaven,  \nIn its own self, without likeness,  \nNot in the heavens of the throne, it is,  \nBehold, it is masculine and singular,  \nAnd rejoice, O heavens, sing, O sign,  \nWhen it multiplies and recalls, O sign,  \nBecause of the noun and the participle,  \nThe noun is that which is in the image,  \nWhich follows and attaches to the species,  \nAnd is not completed in it by the word,  \nWhen the speaker reminds of it,  \nHe says, O sign, a man of stature,  \nAlso a sea, again a red one,  \nAnd the meaning is not completed,  \nUntil the addition enters,  \nAnd a man of stature did not flee,  \nAnd a red sea is deep,  \nAnd the noun for the participle,  \nIt is attached, indeed, to the species,  \nWhether it is masculine, it is masculine,  \nAnd whether it is feminine, it is feminine,  \nIt is thus, and whether it is plural,  \nAnd whether again in the image it is singular,  \nYou shall say, a new child,  \nAnd good men of asceticism,  \nAlso many women,  \nEquality again, beauty,  \nBecause of the declension of names,  \nFive are the letters,  \nThe forms of the species and the sign,  \nBy which knowledge occurs,  \nOf the form, as by a finger,  \nNames are not concrete,  \nWhen these are concrete,  \nAnd names are symbolic,  \nAnd the meaning of the living,  \nAnd the attachment to it of the sign,  \nWith it again in connection,  \nAs you would say, Socrates,  \nAnd Plato also and Theaetetus,  \nAnd this he said, or these.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܘܽܡܳܗܳܐ ... ܡܶܫܬܰܡܗܳܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The pair 'noun and participle' (šūmāhā / meštamhānā) is a standard Syriac grammatical distinction, corresponding roughly to substantive and verbal adjective or participle.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܕܶܟܪܳܢܳܐ ܘܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The terms 'masculine' (dekrānā) and 'feminine' (neqbṯānā) are the standard Syriac designations for grammatical gender.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Socrates, Plato, Theaetetus","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Socrates, Plato, and Theaetetus reflects the reception of Greek philosophical and grammatical tradition in Syriac learning, likely mediated through the Alexandrian grammatical corpus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܰܡܶܫ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'five letters' (ḥameš enīn ʾāwāṯā) likely introduces a classification of five grammatical markers or signs that determine gender, number, and declension, a structural feature of the poem's grammatical exposition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܗܳܢܳܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܰܘ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ","severity":"caution","text":"The final line 'And this he said, or these' is ambiguous: it may refer to the preceding list of names or to a lost citation; the Syriac allows either a singular or plural referent.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'daughter of the voice of heaven' (ܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ) is obscure; it may be a poetic metaphor for a grammatical category or a liturgical echo.","The final clause 'And this he said, or these' leaves unclear whether the subject is a single author or a group of authorities."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ܘܗܳܕܶܐ ܥܶܠܰܬ ܐܰܘ ܗܳܢܶܝܢ\nܘܒܶܝܬ ܝܰܥܩܘܽܒ ܟܳܣ ܒܶܢܝܳܡܶܝܢ\nܟܬܳܒ ܡܘܽܫܶܐ ܣܦܰܪ ܒܶܪܝܳܡܶܝܢ\nܘܐܶܬܳܐ ܠܶܗ ܠܰܡ ܠܰܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ\nܘܰܣܠܶܩ ܠܶܗ ܬܘܽܒ ܠܰܣܦܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ\nܐܰܘ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܣܰܠܩܶܗ ܠܛܘܽܪܳܐ\nܘܝܶܫܘܽܥ ܬܘܽܒ ܥܰܒܪܶܗ ܠܢܰܗܪܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܘܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܣܰܓܺܝܐܘܽܬܳܐ\nܚܒܺܝ̈ܫܳܢ ܒܰܬܡܺܝܢܳܝܘܺܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܣܳܦܪ̈ܶܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ\nܣܰܝܶܟܘ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܒܣܺܝ̈ܡܳܬܗܘܽܢ\nܡܶܢ ܐܰܒܳܐ ܐܰܒܳܗ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܩܪܺܝ ܡܶܢ ܐܶܡܳܐ ܐܶܡܗ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܐܰܒܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܒܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܘܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܡܶܢ ܫܡܳܐ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܘܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ ܓܳܒ̈ܠܳܢ ܣܰܡ̈ܡܳܢܶܐ\nܘܥܰܡܗܘܽܢ ܚܳܠ̈ܛܺܝܢ ܐܶܒܒ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܘܝܳܕ̈ܥܰܝ ܚܶܟܡܳܐ ܝܰܘ̈ܢܳܝܶܐ\nܘܐܳܫ̈ܦܰܝ ܐܶܫܦܳܐ ܡܶܨܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ\nܢܫܰܒܚܘܽܢܳܟ ܥܰܡܳܐ ܘܥܰܡ̈ܡܶܐ\nܘܬܰܓܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܥܳܒܪ̈ܰܝ ܝܰܡ̈ܡܶܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܠܰܡ ܐܰܪ̈ܥܳܬܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܠܺܠܝܳܐ ܠܰܝ̈ܠܰܘܳܬܳܐ\nܘܰܒܝܰܘܢܳܝܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܗܘ̈ܽܠܰܐܣ\nܒܰܠܰܐܢ̈ܰܣ ܐܳܦ ܐܳܐܰܪ̈ܰܣ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܬܶܐܳܘܠܳܘ̈ܓܳܘ\nܓܪ̈ܰܡܰܛܺܝܩܘܽ ܘܠܘܽܓܺܝ̈ܩܘܽ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܣܝܳܡܳܐ ܕܢܘܽܩ̈ܙܶܐ\nܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܢܳܝܶܐ\nܘܕܰܥ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ\nܗܢܘܽܢ ܕܰܡܨܶܝܢ ܕܢܶܬܐܰܡܪܘܽܢ\nܠܚܘܽܕܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܢܳܝܶܐ\nܒܢܘܽܩ̈ܙܶܐ ܗܳܘܶܝܢ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܢܰܟ̈ܦܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܢܰܟ̈ܦܳܬܳܐ\nܘܙܰܕܺܝܩܳܐ ܘܙܰܕܺܝܩ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܘܟܶܢܫܳܐ ܘܥܰܡܳܐ ܘܡܰܫܪܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܩܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܘܒܰܩܪܳܐ ܘܣܺܝܡܬܳܐ\nܐܳܦܶܢ ܓܶܝܪ ܣܘܽܓܳܐܐ ܡܫܰܘܕܰܥ\nܟܽܠ ܚܰܕ ܡܶܢܗܘܽܢ ܘܰܡܡܰܕܰܥ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܬܶܢܝܳܢܘܽܬ ܡܶܬܟܰܢܫܺܝܢ\nܢܘܽܩ̈ܙܶܐ ܠܗܘܽܢ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܡܶܬܢܰܛܪܺܝܢ\nܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܕܶܝܢ ܘܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܘܪ̈ܰܚܫܳܐ\nܘܰܕܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܘܩܘܽܪ̈ܝܳܐ ܘܪ̈ܰܟܫܳܐ\nܒܰܕܠܳܐ ܡܨܶܝܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܢܶܬܟܰܢܫܘܽܢ","english":"And this is the cause, or these, And the house of Jacob, a cup of the Betyame, The book of Moses, the book of the Beryame, And it came to him, not to the city, And he went up again to the ship, Or you say, he ascended the mountain, And Jesus also crossed the river, Because of the signs of plurality in nouns, And the signs of plurality, Are contained in the dual, As all the scribes, They set examples in their treatises, From father, fathers, Read from mother, mothers, And from father also, fathers, And thus from name, names, And all the elements, poisons, And with them, mixed enemies, And the wise men, Greek scholars, And the scribes of script, Egyptian scribes, They praise you, people and nations, And merchants crossing seas, And from earth, not lands, And from night, nights, And in the day also, hulles, In classes, also aares, And thus theologians, Grammarians and logicians, Because of the arrangement of forms, In plural nouns, And know also that all nouns, Are those that can be said, In singular and plural, In forms they are plural, Like monks also monasteries, And righteous and righteous women, And priest and people and camp, And city and village and treasure, For also the species makes known, Each one of them and the intellect, In that which is distinguished, Forms for them are they are arranged, Worlds then and waters and reptiles, And bloods and colds and horses, For without they can also be distinguished.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܶܝܬ ܝܰܥܩܘܽܒ ܟܳܣ ܒܶܢܝܳܡܶܝܢ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'house of Jacob, a cup of the Betyame' likely alludes to a liturgical or monastic context, possibly referencing a specific community or a symbolic vessel. The term 'Betyame' may be a toponym or a proper name, but its exact referent is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܺܐܡܰܪ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ('you say') introduces an alternative reading or interpretation, a common rhetorical device in Syriac grammatical treatises. It signals that the following phrase ('he ascended the mountain') is a variant or explanatory gloss.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from narrative examples to a grammatical discussion of plural markers (ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ). The shift is marked by the causal particle ܡܶܛܽܠ ('because of'), indicating that the preceding examples illustrate the principle of plurality.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܡܺܝܢܳܝܘܺܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܬܡܺܝܢܳܝܘܺܬܳܐ ('dual') is a technical grammatical term in Syriac, referring to the dual number. Bar Hebraeus notes that plural signs are contained in the dual, reflecting a traditional view of the dual as a subset of plurality.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܡܶܢ ܐܰܒܳܐ ܐܰܒܳܗ̈ܳܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The series of examples (e.g., 'from father, fathers; from mother, mothers') parallels standard Syriac grammatical paradigms for noun plurals. Similar lists appear in other Syriac grammars, such as those of Jacob of Edessa, to illustrate regular plural formation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ ܓܳܒ̈ܠܳܢ ܣܰܡ̈ܡܳܢܶܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'all the elements, poisons' is obscure. The term ܣܰܡ̈ܡܳܢܶܐ ('poisons') may be a scribal error or a metaphorical usage; it does not clearly fit the grammatical context. The English draft's rendering as 'poisons' is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Betyame' and 'Beryame' is unclear; they may be place names or proper nouns.","The phrase 'all the elements, poisons' is syntactically and semantically ambiguous; it may be corrupt or metaphorical.","The reference to 'hulles' and 'aares' (Greek loanwords) is obscure; they may be technical terms from philosophy or grammar."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ܢܘܽܩ̈ܙܶܐ ܠܡܳܢܳܐ ܢܶܬܢܰܛܪܘܽܢ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܒܰܩܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܟܶܢ̈ܫܶܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܡܨܶܝܬ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܣܳܟ ܪ̈ܰܟܫܶܐ\nܐܳܦܠܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܪ̈ܰܚܫܶܐ ܘܡܰܝ̈ܶܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܕܡܰܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܥܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܘܩܘܽܪ̈ܝܶܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܕܶܟܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ\nܕܕܶܟܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܘܶܝܢ\nܗܶܐ ܕܥܰܒܕܶܗ ܘܐܺܝܕܶܗ ܘܰܒܪܶܗ\nܘܦܰܓܪܶܗ ܪܺܝܫܶܗ ܐܳܦ ܣܰܥܪܶܗ\nܘܰܐܘ ܕܥܰܡܗܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܕܐܺܝܬܰܝܗܘܽܢ\nܘܰܕܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܘܰܕܗܳܢܘܽܢ\nܘܝܘܽܕ ܕܓܰܒܰܘ̈ܗܝ ܐܳܦ ܢܘܽܢ ܕܐܰܝܢܳܐ\nܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܰܕܗܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܬܰܘ ܕܰܫܒܰܪܬܳܐ ܘܰܕܒܰܪܬܳܐ\nܘܰܕܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܘܰܕܚܶܘܳܪܬܳܐ\nܐܶܠܳܐ ܒܦܶܚܬܳܐ ܘܰܪܬܺܝܬܳܐ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܘܰܒܠܰܝ̈ܠܰܘܳܬܳܐ\nܬܰܘ ܢܳܛܪܳܐ ܕܶܟܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܡܰܥܠܳܐ ܢܶܩܒܬܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܝܘܽܕ ܕܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ ܥܰܡ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܶܡܶܟܝ\nܘܐܰܒܘܽܟܝ ܘܐܰܚܰܝ̈ܟܝ ܐܳܦ ܥܰܡܶܟܝ\nܘܝܘܽܕ ܥܰܡ ܗܶܐ ܕܰܬܕܶܝ̈ܗ̇ ܘܰܓܪ̈ܶܝܗ̇\nܘܗܳܢܶܝܢ ܕܰܒܢ̈ܶܝܗ̇ ܘܰܕܝܰܠ̈ܕܶܝܗ̇\nܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܳܠܰܬ ܕܐܰܝܕܳܐ\nܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܰܕܗܳܕܶܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܙܰܥܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܒܰܬܪܶܝܢ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܙܘܽܥܳܪܳܐ\nܒܫܳܝܘܽܛܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܢܘܳܨܳܪܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܒܡܶܠܰܬ ܢܰܣܺܝܘ\nܣܰܝܶܟܘ ܣܳܦܪ̈ܶܐ ܟܰܕ ܢܰܣܺܝܘ\nܥܰܡܗܶܝܢ ܘܰܡܪܺܝܡܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܗܳܕܶܐ ܣܶܡܟܰܬ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܪܬܳܐ\nܡܶܢ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܓܰܒܪܘܽܢܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܫܰܒܪܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܫܰܒܪܘܽܢܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܒܰܪܬܳܐ ܒܰܪܬܘܽܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܘܽܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܓܰܒܪܘܽܣܳܐ\nܐܶܡܪܘܽܣܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܛܰܠܝܘܽܣܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܦܺܝܠܺܝܦܘܽܣ ܦܺܝܠܺܝܦܶܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܡܶܢ ܦܰܘܠܘܽܣ ܦܰܘܠܶܐ","english":"...qūqīzē l-māʿā bet-ʿaṭrūq  \nāmar aʿt b-qarē w-keššē  \nw-lā mṣēt d-tēmar sāk rakkšē  \nāplā tūb raḥšē w-mayyē  \nw-lā d-mayyē w-ʿāʿē w-qūryē  \nmeṭṭul ātwātā  \nd-dekrāʿūtā b-šmāhē  \narbaʿ ātwātā eʿēʿ  \nd-dekrāʿūtā ayk hāwēn  \nhē d-ʿabdeh w-īdeh w-barreh  \nw-pagreh rīšeh āp saʿreh  \nw-aw d-ʿamhūn āp d-ītayhūn  \nw-d-kulhūn āp w-d-hānūn  \nw-yūd d-gabbawhī āp ṭūʿ d-ayʿā  \nbāh b-dmūtā w-d-hāʿā  \nmeṭṭul ātwātā  \nd-ʿeqbāʿūtā b-šmāhē  \nhākūt w-l-ʿeqbūtā  \narbaʿ eʿēʿ ātwātā  \ntaw d-šabartā w-d-bartā  \nw-d-tartēn w-d-ḥēwartā  \nellā b-peḥtā w-ratītā  \nhākūt w-b-laylāwātā  \ntaw ṭāṭrā dekrāʿūtā  \nw-lā maʿlā ʿeqbūtā  \nw-yūd d-kulhēn ʿam hāy d-ēmeky  \nw-abūky w-aḥayky āp ʿameky  \nw-yūd ʿam hē d-tadēh w-garrēh  \nw-hānēn d-baʿēh w-d-yaldēh  \nrbīʿāytā dālat d-aydā  \nbāh b-dmūtā w-d-hādē  \nmeṭṭul mzaʿrāʿūtā d-šmāhē  \nb-tarēn hāwē zuʿārā  \nb-šāyūṭūtā w-ṣāṣārā  \nw-lātwātā b-mellat ṣasyū  \nsayyekū sāprē kad ṣasyū  \nʿamhēn w-mrīmāʿūtā  \nd-hādē semkat men ḥartā  \nmen gabrā kīt gabrūnā  \nw-men šabrā tūb šabrūnā  \nw-men bartā bartūnītā  \nw-men mdīntā mdīntūnītā  \nw-men gabrā kīt gabrūsā  \nemrūsā āp ṭalyūsā  \nw-men pīlīpūs pīlīpē  \nakmā d-men pawlūs pawlē","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"dekrāʿūtā","severity":"info","text":"The term dekrāʿūtā (masculinity) is a technical grammatical term for the masculine gender, used consistently in Syriac grammatical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʿeqbāʿūtā","severity":"info","text":"ʿeqbāʿūtā (femininity) denotes the feminine gender. Bar Hebraeus lists four feminine sign letters, paralleling the four masculine signs.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of examples illustrating masculine and feminine gender markers in Syriac nouns, followed by a discussion of plural formation and diminutives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Bar Hebraeus follows the West Syriac grammatical tradition, which classifies nouns by gender using specific letter endings, a method also found in earlier Syriac grammarians like Jacob of Edessa.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"mzaʿrāʿūtā","severity":"info","text":"mzaʿrāʿūtā (diminution) refers to the diminutive form. The text notes that diminutives are formed with the suffix -ūn or -ōn, as in gabrūnā from gabrā.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac text contains several uncertain readings (e.g., ṭūʿ, ṭāṭrā) that may be scribal errors or dialectal variants; the English draft reflects these ambiguities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact meaning of ṭūʿ and ṭāṭrā is unclear; they may be corruptions or rare terms.","The phrase 'bāh b-dmūtā w-d-hāʿā' is ambiguous: it could mean 'in that likeness and this' or refer to a specific example."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ܡܶܛܽܠ ܓܕܳܡܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܕܰܥ ܕܰܓܕܳܡܳܐ ܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܒܙܰܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܫܬܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܗܳܘܶܐ\nܒܰܓܕܳܡ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܡܶܢ ܥܶܩܒܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܟܺܐܒ ܡܶܢ ܟܺܐܒܳܐ\nܘܰܕܝܘܽܕ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܕܐܰܚܪܳܝܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܛܠܶܐ ܡܶܢ ܛܰܠܝܳܐ\nܘܰܕܬܰܘ ܘܐܳܠܰܦ ܕܰܒܚܰܪܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܛܰܝܒܘܽ ܡܶܢ ܛܰܝܒܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܐܶܢ ܬܟܰܢܫܺܝܗ̇ ܐܰܩܶܦ ܠܳܗ̇ ܢܘܽܢ\nܟܰܕ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܛܰܝܒܘ̈ܳܢ\nܘܰܩܪܶܐ ܩܪܺܝ ܡܶܢ ܩܪܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܒܰܝ ܡܶܢ ܒܰܝܬܳܐ\nܘܬܰܚܘܺܝ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܬܰܚܘܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܡܘܽ ܡܶܢ ܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܰܕܬܰܘ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܠܰܡ ܡܶܢ ܫܰܢܼܬܳܐ ܫܢܳܐ\nܘܰܕܡܺܝܡ ܘܐܳܠܰܦ ܕܰܥܕܰܡܳܐ\nܕܒܰܥܝܳܕܳܐ ܒܥܰܕ ܡܶܬܓܰܕܡܳܐ\nܘܡܶܬܓܰܕܡܳܐ ܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܠܗܳܫܳܐ\nܒܰܥܕܰܡܰܫ ܒܶܠܥܳܕ ܦܰܘܫܳܐ\nܘܠܰܓܕܳܡܳܐ ܚܕܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܥܶܠܳܐ\nܕܠܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ ܢܩܰܠܶܠ ܡܰܥܠܳܐ\nܘܒܰܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܗܳܫܳܐ ܡܶܬܚܰܘܶܐ\nܒܰܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܠܳܐ ܡܰܥܘܶܠ ܐܼܢܳܐ ܒܳܟ ܐܳܘ ܚܰܒܪܝ\nܘܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ ܕܐܰܝܢܳܐ ܕܡܰܠܶܠ\nܘܐܳܡܰܪ ܕܟܽܠ ܒܰܪܢܳܫ ܕܰܓܳܠ\nܘܒܰܠܘܳܬ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܺܝܕܝ\nܐܰܒܪܳܗܳܡ ܐܳܦ ܒܶܝܬ ܕܰܘܺܝܕ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܦܳܪ̈ܫܳܢ\nܠܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܳܡ̈ܝܳܝܶܐ\nܐܳܦ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܦܘܽܪܫܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܣܬܰܝ̈ܟܳܢ ܒܰܩܠܺܝܕ ܗܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܬܐܶܡܰܪ ܓܶܝܪ ܐܶܒܒ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܠܦܘܽܪܳܫܳܐ ܕܡܶܢ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܶܒܢܶܐ\nܘܩܳܦ ܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܡܦܰܩܩܺܝܢ\nܢܰܗܺܝܪܳܐܺܝܬ ܡܶܢ ܡܰܦܩܺܝܢ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܠܓܰܠ̈ܠܶܐ\nܗܳܝ ܠܳܡܰܕ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܡ ܓܶܠܳܐ\nܘܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܠܓܶܝܪ ܘܕܶܝܢ\nܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܝܘܽܕ ܡܶܢ ܓܳܪ ܘܕܳܢ\nܘܕܳܠܰܕ ܠܚܰܕܬܳܐ ܘܰܠܥܺܕܬܳܐ\nܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܚܶܬܳܐ ܘܥܶܬܳܐ\nܘܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܦܰܪܶܗܣܺܝܰܐ\nܗܶܐ ܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܦܳܪܣܳܝܳܐ","english":"Concerning the declension of nouns: know that in the declension of nouns, in the six states, it occurs thus: in the declension of ʾĀlap from ʿEqbā, when you say kēb from kēbā, and of Yūd as of the last, as ṭlē from ṭalyā, and of Taw and ʾĀlap at the end, like ṭaybūk from ṭaybūktā. And if you feminize it, you attach a Qūp, when you say ʾaʿt ṭaybūʿā. And qrē from qrītā, and hākʿā from baytā, and tḥwī from tḥwītā, and hākʿā of dmū from dmūtā, and of Taw alone hākʿā. When you say lam from šaʿʿtā šʿā, and of Mīm and ʾĀlap of ʿdamā, which in the usual way is ʿad from metgadmā, and metgadmā ʿdamā until now, in ʿdamaš only pšā remains. And for the declension, one rule is that for the sōādā, the ʿqll makes the maʿlā, and in three states it occurs, as is now shown. In the reading, as when you say, \"Do not enter, O my brother, or my companion,\" and in the sōādā of which one speaks, and says that every barʿāš is a liar, and in the lwāt of something again like ʾīdī, Abraham also the house of David. Because of the letters of distinction for homonymous nouns, also the letters of differentiation are received in this key. For it is said of the fathers for the distinction of that which is from the father, and Qāf distinguishes that which is from the one who emits, clearly from the one who emits, and hākʿā distinguishes the galls, that Lāmad from the name gēlā, and in that same manner for gēr and dēʿ, Yūd distinguishes from gār and dāʿ, and Dālad for the new and the church, distinguishes from ḥētā and ʿētā, and also for the name of Persia, it distinguishes from Pārsāyā.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"gadmā","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens a new section on noun declension (gadmā), following the previous discussion of feminine and masculine patterns. The six states (zʿayyā šettā) are the structural framework.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sōādā","severity":"info","text":"sōādā (ܣܘܳܕܳܐ) is a technical term for a specific declensional pattern or class, here contrasted with the 'usual way' (b-ʿyādā). Its precise referent is debated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʿqll","severity":"info","text":"ʿqll (ܥܩܰܠܶܠ) is a verbal form meaning 'makes light/shortens,' referring to a morphological process in the sōādā pattern. The root ʿql is used for 'light' or 'swift'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"barʿāš","severity":"info","text":"barʿāš (ܒܰܪܥܳܫ) is a Syriac term for 'human being' (lit. 'son of a head'). Its use here as an example of a noun that takes a distinct declension reflects common grammatical exempla.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabrāhām ʾāp bēt dāwīd","severity":"info","text":"The names Abraham and David are cited as examples of proper nouns that follow a particular declensional pattern, likely illustrating the retention of the base form in certain contexts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"pāršā","severity":"caution","text":"The term pāršā (ܦܳܪܫܳܐ) is used both for 'distinction' (of letters) and for 'Persian' (Pārsāyā). The passage plays on this homonymy, which may confuse readers unfamiliar with the dual usage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of sōādā is not fully defined; it may denote a specific declension class or a phonetic process.","The phrase 'in the lwāt of something again like ʾīdī' is obscure; lwāt may be a preposition or a noun form.","The example 'Do not enter, O my brother, or my companion' is given without context; its grammatical point is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ܘܢܘܽܢ ܠܡܰܢܢܳܐ ܘܰܠܓܰܢܼܒܳܪܳܐ\nܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܡܳܢܳܐ ܘܓܰܒܪܳܐ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܠܰܙܒܰܢܼܬܳܐ ܘܫܰܢܼܬܳܐ\nܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܙܶܒܬܳܐ ܘܫܶܬܳܐ\nܘܐܳܠܰܦ ܠܰܡܐܳܐ ܘܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܐ\nܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܡܳܐ ܘܡܶܢ ܣܳܓܝܳܐ\nܐܳܦ ܒܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܦܘܽܪܫܳܢܳܐ\nܚܢܰܢ ܡܶܬܒܰܢܝܳܐ ܒܚܘܽܫܒܳܢܳܐ\nܒܰܕ ܗܺܝ ܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܠܨܳܒܶܝܢ ܚܢܰܢ\nܒܰܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܨܳܒܶܝܢܰܢ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܦܳܪܫܳܐ ܠܨܳܒܶܝܢ ܐܢܼܬܘܽܢ\nܡܶܢ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܨܒܰܝܬܘܽܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܒܰܝܬܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܠܘܳܬ ܚܕܳܕ̈ܶܐ\nܫܶܬ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܠܰܡ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ ܕܒܰܝܬܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܝܘܽܕ ܢܘܽܢ ܩܳܦ ܪܺܝܫ ܣܶܡܟܰܬ\nܘܰܠܗܶܝܢ ܛܶܝܬ ܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܳܝܰܬ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܳܬܘܽܪܳܝܳܐ\nܥܰܦܪܳܢܳܐ ܘܥܰܦܪܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܘܐܶܠܦܳܪܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܐܶܠܦܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܠܶܟܣܺܝܣ ܠܳܟ ܡܰܠܦܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܚܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܚܳܢܘܳܝܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܩܪܺܝܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܩܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܣܦܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܣܰܦܳܢܳܐ\nܐܶܡܰܪ ܢܺܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ\nܦܪܺܝܫ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܓܶܝܪ ܗܘ ܪܘܽܚܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܢ ܪܘܽܚܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ\nܪܘܽܚܳܢܳܐ ܠܒܰܝܬܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܡܰܐܼܪܙܳܐ ܗܳܝ ܐܘܽܣܝܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܪܘܽܚܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܠܺܝܙܶܦܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܚܝܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܒܰܪܳܝܬܳܐ\nܕܪܘܽܚܳܢܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܢ ܡܰܠܰܐܟܳܐ\nܘܪܘܚܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܐܼܢܳܫ ܟܢܺܝܟܳܐ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܪ̈ܝܰܢܘܽ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܳܦ ܢܶܣܛܘܽܪ̈ܝܰܢܘܽ\nܘܐܰܟܘܽܬܗܘܽܢ ܦܰܠܰܐܣܪ̈ܺܝܩܘܽ\nܘܩܘܽܢܺܝ̈ܩܘܽ ܘܦܠܰܐܛܘܽܢܺܝ̈ܩܘܽ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܓܘܽܢܝܣܛܳܐ\nܗܳܟܘܽܬ ܐܶܘܰܢܓܶܠܺܝܣܛܳܐ\nܘܐܰܟܘܽܬܗܘܽܢ ܝܰܥܩܘܽܒܺܝܛܳܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܝܘܽܚܰܢܺܝܛܳܐ\nܘܰܬܠܳܬ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܒܝܰܘܢܳܝܳܐ\nܟܳܝܢ̈ܳܢ ܒܰܢ ܠܳܐ ܒܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ\nܘܥܰܠ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܕܢܺܐܠܰܦ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ\nܐܳܠܨܳܐ ܠܰܢ ܕܠܳܐ ܢܶܫܓܶܐ ܒܗܶܝܢ\nܘܐܳܦ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܢܶܫܝܳܢܳܐ","english":"And for malkā and gabrā,\nit is distinguished from mālā and gabrā.\nThus for zabnā and šattā,\nit is distinguished from zebnā and šettā.\nAnd ʾĀlap for māʾā and saggīʾā,\nit is distinguished from mā and from saggīā.\nAlso in the letters of distinction,\nthe matter is required in the numbers,\nfor that which distinguishes ṣebyān, the matter,\nin the written form from ṣebyānā,\nand ʾĀlap distinguishes ṣebyān, ʾĀlap,\nfrom the word which you intended,\nbecause of the letters of relationship\nof names to one another.\nSix letters are for the sign\nof the relationship:\nYūd, Wāw, Qōp, Rīš, Semkaṯ,\nand to them Ṭēṯ, ʿĀqapā, the last.\nHe says: ʾĀlap is ʾĀtōrāyā,\nʿAfrātā and ʿAfrātāyā,\nand ʾElpārā, again from ʾElpā,\nas much as the grammarian teaches you.\nAnd from ḥāwṯā, ḥāwāyā,\nand from qrīṯā, again qūryāyā,\nand from spīʿṯā, like sapʿā.\nHe says: also, like qāṭōqā,\nfor it is distinguished, the rūḥānā,\nfrom rūḥānāyā in the matter:\nrūḥānā for relationship,\nthat is the essential substance,\nand rūḥānāyā for the quality\nand the brotherhood, the external,\nfor rūḥānā is with malʾakā,\nand rūḥānāyā is ʿāš kʿīkā.\nAnd he says again: ʾaryāṯō,\nlike also ṭesṭōryāṯō,\nand likewise palasrīqō,\nand qōṭīqō, and plaṭōqīqō.\nAnd he says again: ʾagōysṭā,\nthus ʾewangelīsṭā,\nand likewise yaʿqōbīṭā,\nand hākā yōḥanīṭā.\nAnd these three are in Greek,\nnouns, not in Syriac.\nAnd concerning this, that ʾĀlap comes,\nit is necessary for you not to err in them,\nand also this, that it is not a mistake.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"rūḥānā / rūḥānāyā","severity":"info","text":"Bar Hebraeus distinguishes rūḥānā (substantive, ‘spirit’) from rūḥānāyā (adjective, ‘spiritual’), a key morphological contrast in Syriac grammar. The former denotes essential substance (ūsyāyīṯā), the latter a quality or external relation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ʾaryāṯō, ṭesṭōryāṯō, etc.","severity":"info","text":"The list of Greek-derived nouns (e.g., ʾaryāṯō, ṭesṭōryāṯō, palasrīqō) illustrates Bar Hebraeus’s awareness of loanwords that follow Syriac declension patterns. He notes they are Greek, not native Syriac.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾĀlap","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the earlier discussion of ʾĀlap as a distinguishing letter in noun declension, now applied to pairs like malkā/gabrā vs. mālā/gabrā, and to the relational suffix -āyā.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"hākā yōḥanīṭā","severity":"caution","text":"The form yōḥanīṭā (from Yōḥannān) is given as an example of a Greek-type noun in Syriac, but the manuscript tradition may vary; the reading is uncertain in some witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'the last' (ʿāqapā ʾaḥrāyaṯ) among the six relational letters is unclear; it may be Ṭēṯ or a separate letter.","The phrase 'not a mistake' (lā šyāʿā) could mean either 'not an error' or 'not a variant reading'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ܛܰܪ ܠܺܝ ܐܳܘ ܫܰܦܺܝܪ ܗܰܘܢܳܐ\nܕܰܠܣܶܡܟܰܬ ܗܳܝ ܝܰܘܢܳܝܬܳܐ\nܕܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܒܐܰܚܪܳܝܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܶܥܒܶܕ ܒܰܝܬܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܪܺܝܡܶܝܗ̇ ܒܐܰܟܺܝܦܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܐܶܦܶܣܳܝܳܐ ܘܩܘܽܦܪܳܝܳܐ\nܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܩܘܽܪܺܝܢܬܳܝܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܦܘܽܪܳܫܳܐ\nܕܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ ܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܦܘܽܪܳܫܳܐ ܒܥܶܣܪܳܐ ܛܘܽܦܣ̈ܶܐ\nܗܳܘܶܐ ܕܓܶܢܣܳܐ ܓܢܶܣ ܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ\nܒܐܘܽܣܺܝܰܐ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܕܪܳܟܶܒ ܥܰܠ ܐܰܝܢܳܐ ܕܢܳܥܰܪ\nܘܒܰܟܡܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ\nܘܕܰܡܫܘܽܚܬܳܐܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܺܢܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܓܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ\nܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܠܚܘܽܕ ܕܐܶܢܘܽܢ ܫܳܗܪ̈ܶܐ\nܘܰܕܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܬܠܳܬܺܝܢ ܐܰܡܺܝ̈ܢ\nܐܘܽܪܟܶܗ ܘܦܬܝܶܗ ܚܰܡܫܺܝܢ\nܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܟܘܽܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܒܐܶܣܬܺܪܳܐ\nܘܰܒܥܶܣܪܳܐ ܕܟܶܣܦܳܐ ܬܰܘܪܳܐ\nܘܒܰܐܝܢܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܗܰܘ ܕܰܡܗܺܝܪ ܐܰܘ ܗܰܘ ܕܰܚܘܰܪ\nܘܒܰܠܘܳܬ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܐܰܝܟ ܡܰܪܝܰܡ\nܒܰܪܬ ܕܰܘܺܝܕ ܠܳܐ ܒܰܪܬ ܥܰܡܪܰܡ\nܘܒܰܣܺܝܡ ܐܰܝܟܡܳܐ ܕܗܰܘ ܕܰܓܢܶܐ\nܢܶܫܬܶܐ ܠܟܳܣܳܐ ܘܰܢܥܰܢܶܐ\nܘܒܶܐܡܰܬܝ ܘܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܡܦܰܪܶܫ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܠܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ ܘܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܘܰܩܪܺܝ ܠܗܰܘ ܕܐܶܬܡܳܠ ܚܙܳܢܝ\nܘܰܠܗܰܘ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܒܬܶܘܰܛܪܘܢ\nܘܰܒܥܳܒܶܕ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܦܳܪܶܫ\nܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܰܒܚܳܐܶܫ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܰܕܡܶܬܡܚܶܐ\nܠܗܰܘ ܕܰܡܚܳܟ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܢܶܡܚܶܐ\nܐܳܦ ܒܐܺܝܬ ܠܶܗ ܬܘܽܒ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܚܘܽܪ ܒܰܡܙܰܝܢܳܐ\nܒܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܡܰܢ ܟܽܠ ܦܘܽܪܫܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܣܬܰܝܰܟ ܒܥܳܠܡܰܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܫܘܽܪܳܪܳܐ\nܫܘܽܪܳܪܳܐ ܒܠܶܗ ܘܰܒܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ\nܘܒܰܟܢܺܝܫܳܐܺܝܬ ܘܰܒܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ\nܘܰܒܟܽܠܶܗ ܐܳܦ ܒܐܰܟܚܕܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܣܳܟܶܗ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܣܘܳܕܳܐ\nܥܶܠܶܬ ܕܐܶܣܰܒ ܩܘܽܪܒܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܶܡܪܶܬ ܠܶܗ ܠܰܡܫܳܡܫܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܶܬܘ ܬܰܠܡܺܝ̈ܕܶܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ\nܘܐܶܢ ܠܳܐ ܬܬܘܽܒܘܽܢ ܠܰܡ ܟܽܠܟܘܽܢ","english":"Take care, O beautiful one, that you do not err in that common pattern, for the qūfā is attached to the noun at the end, when you make a feminine form. Raise it with the qūfā, and also the Ephesian and the Cyprian. Say also the Cyriac, because of the distinction of genders in names. The distinction in ten patterns occurs for gender, gender of genders, in the Syriac language, as when you say \"who rides upon the ass that brays,\" and in the quantity of the measure and in the form of the other gender. He says, \"You, these men, five for the one who watches the months, and of the house thirty cubits, its length and width fifty, five cubits in the stērā, and in ten of silver a bull.\" And in the interrogative form, when you say \"that which is swift\" or \"that which is white,\" and in the like of something, such as Maryam, daughter of David, not daughter of ʿAmram, and it is pleasant as that which is deceived, who drinks from the cup and is troubled. And when and where do you distinguish the gender of genders, and you say \"you,\" and read that which yesterday I saw, and that again which is in the Tūr ʿAbdīn, and in the doer thus he distinguishes, in that same form and in the sense. When you say to the one who is astonished, to that which laughs, \"the Lord will strike him down.\" Also there is for him again this, when you say \"look in the mirror,\" in these with all the distinctions, it is completed in this world, because of the names of truth. Truth in him and in all, and in a grieving manner and in all, and in all also together, and from his end comes discourse. The reason that I took the offering and said it to the deacon, and all the disciples came, and if you do not return, all of you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"qūfā","severity":"info","text":"The term qūfā (ܩܘܽܦܳܐ) refers to a diacritical mark or vowel sign in Syriac orthography, here indicating the feminine ending. Bar Hebraeus instructs the reader to attach it to the noun to form the feminine.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephesian and Cyprian","severity":"info","text":"The terms 'Ephesian' (ܐܶܦܶܣܳܝܳܐ) and 'Cyprian' (ܩܘܽܦܪܳܝܳܐ) likely denote specific grammatical or orthographic patterns, possibly named after regional dialects or schools. Their precise meaning in this context is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cyriac","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Cyriac' (ܩܘܽܪܺܝܢܬܳܝܳܐ) may refer to a pattern associated with the city of Cyrrhus or a grammatical tradition. It is invoked here for distinguishing genders in nouns.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tūr ʿAbdīn","severity":"info","text":"Tūr ʿAbdīn is a historical region in southeastern Turkey, a center of Syriac Christianity. Its mention here may illustrate a dialectal or orthographic variant used in that area.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ten patterns","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'ten patterns' (ܥܶܣܪܳܐ ܛܘܽܦܣ̈ܶܐ) for gender distinction suggests a systematic classification of noun forms, possibly a standard grammatical framework in Syriac pedagogy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Maryam, daughter of David, not daughter of ʿAmram","severity":"caution","text":"This phrase appears to contrast Mary, daughter of David (a Christian typology) with Miriam, daughter of Amram (the biblical Miriam). The text may be corrupt or the reference ambiguous; the intended grammatical point is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The terms 'Ephesian', 'Cyprian', and 'Cyriac' are not defined in the text; their precise grammatical referents remain uncertain.","The phrase 'Maryam, daughter of David, not daughter of ʿAmram' may be a textual corruption or a deliberate contrast; its relevance to the grammatical discussion is unclear.","The passage shifts abruptly between grammatical rules and illustrative examples, making the logical flow difficult to follow."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ܘܥܰܠܘ ܘܰܣܥܰܪܘ ܠܺܝ ܟܢܺܝܫܳܐܺܝܬ\nܘܐܰܟܚܕܳܐ ܪܘܰܙܘ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܚܳܕܝܳܐܺܝܬ\nܘܰܬܢܺܝܬܶܗ ܠܰܣܘܳܕܝ ܟܽܠܶܗ\nܘܦܰܪܩܶܗ ܠܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܣܳܟܶܗ\nܘܒܶܠܥܳܕ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܫܘܽܪܳܪܳܐ\nܐܳܦܶܢ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܳܡܘܽܪܳܐ\nܐܶܠܳܐ ܒܝܰܕܗܶܝܢ ܡܶܬܚܰܕܬܳܐ\nܐܳܦ ܡܶܫܬܰܬܣܳܐ ܬܰܪܥܝܺܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܘܐܰܬܪܳܐ\nܡܶܬܬܰܚܰܡ ܕܐܺܝܬܰܘܗܝ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ\nܡܫܘܽܚܬܳܐ ܕܙܰܘܥܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ\nܘܥܰܠ ܫܘܽܡܳܗ̈ܰܘܗܝ ܒܶܝܬ ܥܳܐܠܳܐ\nܒܰܙܒܰܢ ܡܰܢ ܐܳܦ ܒܰܙܒܰܢ ܠܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܰܒܝܘܽܡ ܫܰܒܬܰܐ\nܡܶܬܝܺܠܶܕ ܣܰܗܪܳܐ ܚܰܕܬܳܐ\nܘܝܘܽܡ ܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܐܼܪܳܙܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ\nܘܥܺܐܕܳܐ ܝܘܽܡ ܚܰܕ ܒܫܰܒܳܐ\nܘܐܳܦ ܠܰܐܬܪܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܬܚܘܽܡܳܐ\nܣܳܟܳܐ ܓܰܘܳܝܳܐ ܕܓܘܽܫܡܳܐ\nܕܢܰܩܺܝܦ ܠܣܳܟܳܐ ܒܰܪܳܝܳܐ\nܕܓܘܽܫܡܳܐ ܡܶܬܚܰܒܫܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܘܒܰܩܕܳܡ ܘܒܰܠܘܳܬ ܘܰܒܠܘܽܩܕܰܡ\nܘܰܒܒܶܣܬܰܪ ܘܰܒܨܶܝܕ ܐܳܦ ܥܰܠ\nܘܒܰܚܕܳܪ ܘܰܒܒܶܝܬ ܡܶܬܐܶܡܰܪ\nܘܒܶܠܥܳܕܗܶܝܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܰܪ\nܩܕܰܡܰܝܟ ܘܰܠܘܳܬܳܟ ܐܶܬܺܝܬ\nܘܰܠܩܘܽܒܠܳܟ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܶܫܬܪܺܝܬ\nܘܒܶܣܬܰܪ ܒܰܝܬܳܟ ܐܳܦ ܨܶܐܕܰܝ̈ܟ\nܢܶܩܫܶܬ ܡܰܫܟܰܢܝ ܘܰܚܕܳܪ̈ܰܝܟ\nܘܥܰܠ ܐܶܓܳܪܳܟ ܘܰܒܟܳܣܳܟ\nܐܰܫܩܺܝܬܳܢܝ ܥܰܠ ܕܐܶܩܰܠܣܳܟ\nܘܗܰܠܟܶܬ ܡܺܝܠܳܐ ܘܰܠܘܺܝܬܳܟ\nܦܰܪܣܚܳܐ ܘܚܶܫܶܬ ܕܐܰܪܦܺܝܬܳܟ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܢܰܩܺܝܦܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܫܘܽܘ̈ܕܳܥܶܐ ܕܰܠܘܳܬ ܡܶܕܶܡ\nܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܒܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܦܰܚܶܡ\nܝܘܽܕ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܠܚܰܪܬܳܐ\nܕܰܫܡܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܰܠܥܶܩܒܬܶܗ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܚܰܒܺܝܒܝ\nܚܰܒܪܝ ܐܳܦ ܪܘܽܚܝ ܪܳܚܡܝ ܩܰܪܺܝܒܝ\nܘܰܫܡܳܐ ܕܚܰܪܬܶܗ ܝܘܽܕ ܘܐܳܠܰܦ\nܟܰܕ ܠܰܩܢܘܽܡܳܟ ܡܶܬܢܰܦܰܩ\nܐܰܘܣܶܦ ܠܶܗ ܝܘܽܕ ܐܼܚܪܺܝܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܶܩܪܶܝܗ̇ ܒܰܚܒܺܝܨܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܓܰܒܝܺܝ ܚܰܕܝܺܝ ܨܰܗܝܺܝ\nܪܶܢܝܺܝ ܛܰܠܝܺܝ ܐܳܦ ܛܰܒܝܺܝ","english":"And they entered and ministered to me in a humble manner,\nand thus they rejoiced together joyfully,\nand her astonishment at my entire secret,\nand she saved the world from its end,\nand apart from the names of truth,\nhe also says \"the beloved one,\"\nbut by her hands it is renewed,\nand also the foundation of the thought is established,\nbecause of the names of sacrifice and place,\nit is determined that it is a sacrifice,\nthe found motion of the heavens,\nand upon its forms among the entrance,\nin sacrifice with, and also in sacrifice without,\nhe says \"you\" on the day of the Sabbath,\na new moon is born,\nand on the fifth day a great mystery,\nand a feast on the first day of the week,\nand also for the place there is a boundary,\nthe inner limit of the body,\nwhich is attached to the outer limit,\nof the body that is enclosed corporeally,\nand in before, and in towards, and in before,\nand in behind, and in beside, also upon,\nand in around, and in the house of, it is said,\nand apart from them, again it is preserved,\nbefore you and towards you I came,\nand to your opposite again I was loosed,\nand in behind your house, also your sides,\nI found my finders and your surroundings,\nand upon your roof and in your cup,\nI made you drink upon your praise,\nand I walked a mile and accompanied you,\na Passover and I felt that I had left you,\nbecause of the attachment of names,\nthe known ones that are towards something,\nthree in the middle he considers,\nthe yud that is attached to the end,\nof the name, as it were, and after it,\nas he says \"you, my beloved,\"\nmy companion, also my spirit, my lover, my near one,\nand the name whose end is yud and aleph,\nwhen it meets your standing,\nhe adds to it a final yud,\nwhen you read it in conjunction,\nlike \"my chosen, my joyful, my thirsty,\"\n\"my shepherd, my young one, also my good one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܥܰܠܘ ܘܰܣܥܰܪܘ ܠܺܝ ܟܢܺܝܫܳܐܺܝܬ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the preceding grammatical discussion into a narrative sequence, marked by the opening verbs 'they entered and ministered,' which is atypical for a grammatical treatise and may serve as a pedagogical illustration or a rhetorical interlude.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܘܽܕ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'yud' (Syriac letter yōḏ) is used here as a grammatical marker, specifically the suffixed yōḏ that indicates the first-person singular possessive or the so-called 'yōḏ of relation' in Syriac nouns, as in 'my beloved' (ḥabībī).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܘܽܘ̈ܕܳܥܶܐ ܕܰܠܘܳܬ ܡܶܕܶܡ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'known ones that are towards something' refers to relational nouns (nomina relativa) in Syriac grammar, which are formed by attaching a pronominal suffix to a base noun to indicate possession or relation, a key topic in Bar Hebraeus's grammatical system.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܒܶܠܥܳܕ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܫܘܽܪܳܪܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'names of truth' (šmāhē d-šuqrārā) may allude to the theological concept of divine names or true essences, a theme in Syriac mystical and grammatical traditions, possibly reflecting Bar Hebraeus's integration of theological and grammatical discourse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܝܘܽܡ ܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܐܼܪܳܙܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the fifth day a great mystery' and 'a feast on the first day of the week' parallels Syriac liturgical calendars, where Thursday (fifth day) commemorates the Last Supper and Sunday (first day) is the weekly feast of the Resurrection, though the context here is grammatical illustration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܰܠܘܺܝܬܳܟ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'I accompanied you' (walwītāk) is uncertain; the Syriac verb could also be parsed as 'I joined you' or 'I was with you,' and the surrounding narrative sequence (walking a mile, Passover) may be a metaphorical or illustrative passage whose precise grammatical point is not fully clear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The narrative opening (lines 1–4) may be a metaphorical illustration or a fragment of a larger story; its connection to the grammatical discussion is not explicit.","The phrase 'her astonishment at my entire secret' (line 3) is ambiguous: the feminine suffix could refer to a previously mentioned noun or a personified entity.","The sequence of prepositions (lines 19–22) lists spatial relations but their immediate grammatical function in the argument is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ܘܰܒܫܘܽܪܳܝܶܗ ܐܶܢ ܡܺܝܡ ܐܺܝܬ\nܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܬܶܩܪܶܝܗ̇ ܚܒܺܝܨܳܐܺܝܬ\nܐܶܠܳܐ ܦܬܰܚ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܡܰܫܬܰܝ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܡܰܩܛܰܝ ܡܰܫܪܰܝ\nܘܕܳܠܰܕ ܕܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܠܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܶܗ\nܕܡܶܬܢܰܩܦܳܢܳܐ ܥܶܠܳܝܬܶܗ\nܐܰܟܙܶܢ ܡܳܐܢܳܐ ܕܰܢܚܳܫܳܐ\nܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܶܗ ܣܰܥܪܳܐ ܕܪܺܝܫܳܐ\nܘܰܦܣܳܩܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܰܓܕܳܡܳܐ\nܕܚܰܪܰܬ ܢܳܩܘܽܦܳܐ ܒܪܶܬܡܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܐܺܝܕ ܫܶܡܥܘܽܢ\nܪܺܝܫ ܦܶܪܥܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܛܰـܠ ܓܶܕܥܘܽܢ\nܘܗܳܢܳܐ ܓܕܳܡܳܐ ܪܒܺܝܥܳܐܺܝܬ\nܩܢܶܐ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܥܦܺܝܦܳܐܺܝܬ\nܕܕܳܠܰܕ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܼܢܳܐ ܘܰܕܡܶܢ\nܘܕܰܐܝܟ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܫܳܡܰܥ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܡܶܢܝ\nܘܰܕܫܘܽܡܳܗܳܐ ܩܰܢܳܝܳܐ\nܒܩܘܽܠܳܣܳܐ ܘܰܒܓܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܓܶܝܪ ܪܺܝܫ ܓܘܽܠܝܰܕ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܠܰܡ ܪܺܝܫܳܐ ܕܓܘܽܠܝܰܕ\nܬܪܰܥ ܩܰܝܣܳܐ ܟܘܽܬܺܝܢ ܥܰܡܪܳܐ\nܠܒܘܽܫ ܡܺܝܛܰܟܣܳܐ ܘܰܕܫܐܪܳܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܬܰܪܥܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܩܰܝܣܳܐ\nܘܰܠܒܘܽܫܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܡܺܝܛܰܟܣܳܐ\nܘܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܣܺܐܡ ܓܘܽܫܡܳܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܓܘܽܫܡܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܣܺܐܡܳܐ\nܘܫܶܡܫܳܢ ܓܰܘܢܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܐܳܕܫܳܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܓܰܘܢܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܫܶܡܫܳܐ\nܘܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܰܪܺܝܟ ܣܰܥܪܳܐ\nܘܢܰܟܘܽܦܬܳܢܳܐ ܟܢܺܝܟ ܚܰܘܪܳܐ\nܩܢܶܐ ܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܣܰܥܪܳܐ ܕܐܰܪܺܝܟ\nܘܰܩܢܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܚܰܘܪܳܐ ܕܰܟܢܺܝܟ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܰܘܝܘܽܬ ܪܶܗܛܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܘܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܫܰܘܝܘܽܬ ܪܶܗܛܳܐ\nܒܰܬܠܳܬ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ ܐܳܘ ܡܠܺܝܛܳܐ\nܒܘܰܐܘ ܘܐܳܦ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܒܬܰܘܕܺܝܬܳܐ ܕܰܡܣܰܒܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܡܗܰܝܡܶܢ ܐܼܢܳܐ ܒܐܰܒܳܐ ܘܒܰܒܪܳܐ\nܘܰܒܚܰܕ ܪܘܽܚܳܐ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܳܐ\nܘܟܰܕ ܐܶܬܢܰܒܺܝ ܐܶܫܰܥܝܳܐ\nܐܶܬܢܰܒܺܝ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܠܺܝܳܐ\nܬܘܽܒ ܝܶܫܘܽܥ ܕܺܝܠܝ ܘܬܘܽܒ ܐܼܪܳܙܳܐ\nܬܘܽܒ ܐܶܫܟܳܪܥܳܐ ܘܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܪܙܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܥܳܐܠ̈ܳܢ ܥܰܠ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ","english":"And in his glory, the letter M is there,  \nnot to be read hastily,  \nbut open and say \"drink,\"  \nand thus \"cut\" and \"begin,\"  \nand the father of the conjunction at its beginning,  \nwhich is conjoined to its end,  \nlike the hundred of the sense,  \nand like it the hair of the head,  \nand the division, indeed, and the cutting,  \nof the end of the conjunction in the word,  \nas when you say \"hand of Shim'un,\"  \n\"head of Per'un,\" also \"the dew of Ged'un,\"  \nand this is the fourth cutting,  \nit stands for the whole, compactly,  \nfor the father says \"I\" and \"what,\"  \nand as you hear \"you\" from me,  \nand the first of the names,  \nin praise and in reproach,  \nyou say \"you\" indeed are the head of Golyad,  \nwhen you say to them the head of Golyad,  \n\"door of wood\" and \"Kuthiyan dwelling,\"  \n\"garment of metaxa\" and of the rest,  \nwhen you say \"door\" from \"wood,\"  \nand \"garment\" from \"metaxa,\"  \nand you say \"you\" again \"place body,\"  \nwhen you say \"body\" like \"place,\"  \nand \"sun of interior\" indeed and \"Adasha,\"  \nwhen you say \"interior\" like \"sun,\"  \nand you say \"you\" \"long hair,\"  \nand \"white\" \"bent\" \"bent of form,\"  \nit stands when you say \"hair\" of \"long,\"  \nand it stands again \"white\" of \"bent,\"  \nbecause of the equality of the running of the names,  \nand in the names the equality of the running,  \nin three beings or in the full,  \nin \"or\" and also again as you say,  \nin the confession that you suppose,  \nbelieve \"I\" in the Father and in the Son,  \nand in one Holy Spirit,  \nand when Isaiah was wearied,  \nElijah also was wearied,  \nagain my Jesus and again the mystery,  \nagain Eshkar'a and again the cedar,  \nbecause of the falls,  \nwhich enter upon the names,  \nfour are the falls.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܺܝܡ","severity":"info","text":"The letter M (mīm) is used as a grammatical marker, possibly indicating a mnemonic or a morphological pattern in the discussion of verbal forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܳܠܰܕ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'father' (dālād) introduces a series of grammatical examples, each illustrating a pattern of conjunction or derivation, such as 'hand of Shim'un' and 'head of Per'un'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"'Falls' (mapallāṯā) likely refers to grammatical cases or declensions, as the text enumerates four such falls that affect names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܶܫܰܥܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"Isaiah and Elijah are biblical prophets, invoked here as examples of names that undergo grammatical or rhetorical transformation, possibly in a liturgical or exegetical context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܐܰܒܳܐ ܘܒܰܒܪܳܐ ܘܰܒܚܰܕ ܪܘܽܚܳܐ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes the Nicene Creed's Trinitarian formula ('in the Father and the Son and in one Holy Spirit'), used here as a grammatical example of naming.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܟܙܶܢ ܡܳܐܢܳܐ ܕܰܢܚܳܫܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'like the hundred of the sense' is obscure; it may be a corrupt or idiomatic expression, possibly referring to a numerical or sensory analogy in grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Kuthiyan dwelling' and 'Adasha' is unclear; they may be proper names or place names used as grammatical examples.","The phrase 'the hundred of the sense' is ambiguous and may be a textual corruption or a technical term not fully explained."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ܕܰܡܢܰܝܢܰܢ ܡܶܢ ܪܺܝܫܺܝܬܳܐ\nܐܺܝܬ ܐܶܡܰܬܝ ܕܰܚܕܳܐ ܡܶܢܗܶܝܢ\nܢܳܦܠܳܐ ܘܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܕܬܰܪ̈ܬܰܝܗܶܝܢ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܐܶܡܰܬܝ ܕܰܬܠܳܬܰܝ̈ܗܶܝܢ\nܘܰܒܕܘܽܟ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܪ̈ܒܥܳܬܰܝ̈ܗܶܝܢ\nܐܰܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܓܶܝܪ ܒܶܐܣܦܺܝܪܳܐ\nܕܒܶܐܣܦܺܝܪܳܐ ܘܰܠܕܶܐܣܦܺܝܪܳܐ\nܘܠܰܕܒܶܐܣܦܺܝܪܳܐ ܒܶܗ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ\nܠܦܘܽܬ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܕܩܶܪܝܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܕܰܐ ܡܶܢܗܶܝܢ ܟܰܕ ܢܳܦܠܳܐ\nܥܰܠ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܗܺܝ ܒܰܪܬ ܩܰܠܳܐ\nܐܶܢ ܪܺܝܫܳܗ̇ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ ܩܰܢܝܳܐ\nܗܺܝ ܬܰܘܣܶܦܬܰܐ ܡܶܫܬܰܠܝܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܠܡܳܪܝܳܐ\nܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܫܡܳܐ ܕܒܳܪܘܽܝܳܐ\nܐܶܠܳܐ ܫܡܳܐ ܕܪܺܝܫܶܗ ܐܳܠܰܦ\nܠܰܝܬܰܘܗܝ ܗܳܟܰܢ ܘܰܡܫܰܚܠܰܦ\nܡܰܦܠܬܳܐ ܚܳܛܦܳܐ ܙܰܘܥܶܗ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܐܺܡܰܪ ܒܰܐܠܳܗܶܗ\nܘܒܰܫܡܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܫܿܠܶܐܼ ܪܺܝܫܶܗ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܰܘ ܕܝܺܡܳܐ ܒܰܡܫܺܝܚܶܗ\nܬܰܘܣܶܦܬܳܐ ܩܳܢܝܳܐ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܝܰܗܒܢܰܢ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܣـܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܕܰܓܢܺܝܙܳܐ\nܒܫܶܡ ܐܼܢܳܫܳܐ ܘܰܒܫܶܡ ܐܼܪܳܙܳܐ\nܕܥܰܡܳܗ̇ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܳܦ ܡܰܦܠܬܳܐ\nܡܶܢ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ ܗܘܳܬ ܢܰܦܺܝܠܬܳܐ\nܘܐܶܢ ܬܰܪ̈ܬܰܝܗܶܝܢ ܒܚܰܕ ܢܺܝܫܳܐ\nܢܳܩܦ̈ܳܢ ܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܡܙܳܥ ܪܺܝܫܳܐ\nܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܳܐ ܠܚܘܽܕ ܡܶܬܬܙܺܝܥܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܳܠܰܕ ܕܰܒܚܰܡܺܝܥܳܐ\nܘܐܶܢ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܬܠܳܬܝ̈ܗܶܝܢ\nܢܶܩܦܳܢ̈ܳܝܗܝ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܺܝܬܰܝܗܶܝܢ\nܠܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܳܐ ܘܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܬܳܐ\nܡܫܰܠܝܳܐ ܠܗܶܝܢ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܕܗܺܝ ܬܶܩܢܶܐ ܠܚܘܽܕܶܝܗ̇ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܕܰܒܙܰܘܥܳܐ\nܘܐܶܢ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܕܶܝܢ ܕܰܐܪܒܰܥ ܢܳܩܦ̈ܳܢ\nܠܕܰܐܝܟ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܡܶܬܚܰܝ̈ܕܳܢ\nܡܶܬܬܙܺܝܥܳܐ ܠܳܗ̇ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܘܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܫܳܠܝܳܐ ܠܳܗ̇ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬܳܗ̇ ܘܰܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܘܰܠܕܰܒܥܺܕܬܳܐ\nܩܪܰܘ ܢܺܐܬܘܽܢ ܘܰܠܕܰܒܒܰܝܬܳܐ","english":"From the beginning there is sometimes one of them, a vowel, and sometimes two of them, and sometimes three of them, and likewise sometimes four of them. For Ath says in the Esphira that in the Esphira and to the Esphira and for the Esphira, in this matter the meaning of the reading is completed. And which of them, when a vowel, upon which of them is a daughter of a sound? If its beginning is a hard movement, it is a suspended addition, as Ath says to Mar Ya. Thus the name of Barukhya, but the name of its beginning is Alap, it is not thus and changes. A falling-away, a plosive, its movement, as you say in his God, and likewise in the name whose beginning is silent, like that of Yima in his Messiah. A standing addition, a movement, as knowledge gives. Separate from Alap which is cut off, in the name Asha and in the name Araza, with it likewise also a falling-away from movement was made. And if two of them in one word, they adhere to the name from the beginning, the first to the singular being moved, as of one that is in the fifth. And if it is likewise of three of them, their adherences are as they are to the first and the third, the second being silent for them, which places the movement to its singular, as you say to one with a movement. And if it is likewise of four adherences, to one like this when they are united, the first is moved, and thus the third, and the second is silent, thus the fourth, when you say \"and to one of the congregation\" and \"to one of the house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܙܰܘܥܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term zawʿā (vowel/movement) is a technical grammatical term for a vowel or vocalic glide, as distinct from a consonant. Bar Hebraeus uses it to denote the vocalic element that can be added, suspended, or dropped.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܰܦܠܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term maplāṯā (falling-away) refers to elision or loss of a vowel in pronunciation. Bar Hebraeus contrasts it with a 'standing addition' (tawseptā qāyā), indicating two types of vocalic behavior.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ath","severity":"info","text":"The figure 'Ath' (ܐܰܢܼܬ) is likely a reference to the Syriac grammarian Athanasius of Balad (or a similar authority), whose work 'Esphira' (possibly a treatise on vowels or orthography) is cited as a source for the rules of vocalic combinations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"four adherences","severity":"info","text":"The passage systematically enumerates cases of one, two, three, and four vocalic elements (zawʿē) in a word, each with specific rules for which are pronounced (moved) and which are silent. This reflects a pedagogical structure common in Syriac grammatical treatises.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Barukhya","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Barukhya' (ܒܳܪܘܽܝܳܐ) is obscure; it may be a proper name or a scribal error. The text notes that its initial Alap is not stable, but the exact referent is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Yima in his Messiah","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Yima in his Messiah' (ܝܺܡܳܐ ܒܰܡܫܺܝܚܶܗ) likely alludes to a biblical or liturgical name (perhaps 'Yima' as a variant of 'Yimma' or a divine title), used as an example of a word with a silent initial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ath' and the work 'Esphira' are not fully clarified; they may refer to a known grammarian or a lost treatise.","The name 'Barukhya' and 'Yima' are obscure; their exact referents in Syriac literature are uncertain.","The phrase 'daughter of a sound' (ܒܰܪܬ ܩܰܠܳܐ) is a technical term whose precise meaning in this context is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ܘܐܶܢ ܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܡܙܳܥ ܪܺܝܫܳܐ\nܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܢܳܩܦ̈ܳܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܓܶܕܫܳܐ\nܗܳܝ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܳܐ ܡܶܫܬܰܠܝܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܕܰܒܠܳܝܳܐ\nܘܰܬܠܳܬ ܡܶܢܗܶܝܢ ܟܰܕ ܢܳܦܠ̈ܳܢ\nܥܰܠ ܕܰܐܝܟ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܥܳܐܠ̈ܳܢ\nܡܶܬܦܰܬܚܳܐ ܠܳܗ̇ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܳܐ\nܥܰܡܳܗ̇ ܬܘܽܒ ܘܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܫܳܠܝܳܐ ܠܳܗ̇ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܰܕܒܰܩܪܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܰܒܢܰܩܺܝܦܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܰܐܪܒܰܥ\nܡܶܬܬܙܺܝܥܳܐ ܕܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܘܕܰܐܪܒܰܥ\nܘܫܳܠܝܳܐ ܠܳܗ̇ ܗܳܝ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܥܰܡܳܗ̇ ܬܘܽܒ ܘܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܘܠܰܕܒܰܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ\nܫܟܺܝܒܺܝܢ ܠܰܡ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܢܝܳܚܳܐ\nܘܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܰܟܚܕܳܐ ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܢ\nܠܳܐ ܡܶܬܬܙܺܝ̈ܥܳܢ ܘܠܳܐ ܫܳܠ̈ܝܳܢ\nܐܶܠܳܐ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܗܺܝ ܕܫܰܠܝܳܐ\nܗܳܝ ܐܼܚܪܺܬܳܐ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ ܩܰܢܝܳܐ\nܘܰܡܫܰܟܰܪ ܡܰܡܠܠܶܗ ܐܺܝܩܺܝ\nܕܩܳܪܶܐ ܘܰܕܺܝܰܐܬܺܝܩܺܝ\nܘܕܳܠܰܕ ܐܳܦ ܘܰܐܘ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ\nܐܳܦ ܥܰܠ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܢܳܦܠ̈ܳܢ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܳܐܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܰܥܒܰܪ\nܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܘܰܥܒܰܪ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܡܳܬܪ̈ܟܟܳܢ\nܘܡܶܬܩܰܫ̈ܝܳܢ ܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܘܰܕܡܶܬܩܰܫ̈ܝܳܢ ܘܡܶܬܪ̈ܰܟܟܳܢ\nܒܫܶܬ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܡܶܣܬܰܝ̈ܟܳܢ\nܒܓܳܕ ܟܦܳܬ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܘܬܰܚܘܺܝܬܳܐ ܠܳܟ ܝܳܗܶܒ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܘܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ ܡܳܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܢܳܦܠ̈ܳܢ\nܘܠܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܒܪܺܝܫܳܐ ܢܳܩ̈ܦܳܢ\nܡܪܰܟܳܟܘܽ ܡܪ̈ܰܟܟܳܢ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ\nܠܳܐܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܫܶܬ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܐܺܝܬ ܦܶܐ ܝܰܘܢܳܝܬܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ ܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܳܗ̇ ܟܳܦ ܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ ܡܩܰܫܝܬܳܐ\nܒܰܕܓܘܽܢ ܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܕܡܶܬܟܰܝ̈ܢܳܢ\nܠܩܳܢ̈ܘܽܢܶܐ ܠܳܐ ܡܶܬܪ̈ܰܟܢܳܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܦܺܝܪܡܳܐ ܘܙܘܽܦܳܐ ܘܠܰܡܦܺܝܣ\nܘܟܰܠܰܐܢܺܝ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܟܰܠܰܐܡܺܝܣ\nܘܗܳܝ ܦܶܐ ܕܢܳܦܠܳܐ ܒܰܡܨܰܥܬܳܐ","english":"And if to the name there is no beginning that is moved,\nTwo are attached, as it were, by chance.\nThat first one is silent,\nAs when you say to the one that follows,\nAnd three of them, when they are attached,\nUpon that which is like this, when they enter,\nThe first one is opened,\nWith it also the third,\nAnd the second is silent,\nWhen you say to the one that is followed,\nAnd in the attachment of four,\nTwo and four are moved,\nAnd that first one is silent,\nAnd with it also the third,\nWhen you say also to the one that is Christ,\nThe two are not found to be a pause,\nAnd the two, then, together are attached,\nNot moved and not silent,\nBut which one is silent,\nThat other one is a slight movement,\nAnd it corrects its speech, I say,\nOf the reader and of the deacon,\nAnd of the one who begets also or from these,\nAlso upon words, again, that are attached,\nAs I said, you pass over,\nIn that same form also pass over,\nBecause of the letters that are softened,\nAnd are hardened in the names,\nAnd those that are hardened and softened,\nAre completed in six letters,\nIn Gād, Kāp̄, then I say Qōp̄,\nAnd a demonstration I give to you, Qōp̄,\nAnd all the attachments of the attached,\nAnd to the names that are attached at the beginning,\nThe softening of the soft ones comes,\nTo the six letters, then, these,\nBut there is a certain exception,\nThat is not at all a softening,\nAnd like it, Kāp̄ is a softening,\nThat is not at all a hardening,\nIn the distinction of where they are placed,\nTo the Qūšāyē that are not softened,\nLike Pīrmā and Zūqpā and Lamps,\nAnd Kalaʿī then and Kalamīs,\nAnd that exception of the attached in the middle.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܢܳܩܦ̈ܳܢ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܢܳܩܦ̈ܳܢ (ʿāqēp̄ē) refers to attached or enclitic consonants, a key concept in Bar Hebraeus's metrical grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"ܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ (mrakkaktā) denotes softening (lenition) of consonants, contrasted with hardening (qšāyā).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Pīrmā, Zūqpā, Lamps, Kalaʿī, Kalamīs","severity":"info","text":"These are likely place names or toponyms used as examples of words whose consonants resist softening, reflecting Bar Hebraeus's pedagogical method.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage systematically enumerates patterns of vowel/consonant attachment in groups of two, three, and four, then introduces exceptions involving the six letters gād, kāp̄, and qōp̄.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܰܒܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'to the one that is Christ' (ܕܰܒܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ) is obscure; it may be a scribal error or a technical example whose referent is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the one that is Christ' as a grammatical example is unclear.","The list of place names (Pīrmā, Zūqpā, etc.) may be corrupt or drawn from a lost source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܝ ܥܰܡ ܫܰܠܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܰܦܫ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܢܰܦܫܳܐ\nܘܢܰܦܬܠܺܝ ܝܰܦܬ ܐܳܦ ܪܰܦܫܳܐ\nܘܥܰܡ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ ܦܶܐ ܡܶܨܥܳܝܬܳܐ\nܒܕܘܽܟ ܡܶܬܟܰܝܢܳܐ ܡܩܰܫܝܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܦܶܐ ܕܡܰܦܘܽܠܬܳܐ ܘܕܰܦܳܐ\nܘܡܰܦܘܽܚܺܝܬܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܬܰܦܳܐ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܺܝܠܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܡܶܬܪܰܟܟܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܠܳܐ ܫܰܠܝܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܢܦܳܬܳܐ ܢܦܺܐܫܳܐ ܪܦܳܦܳܐ\nܓܦܶܬܳܐ ܩܦܳܣܳܐ ܘܰܚܦܳܦܳܐ\nܘܰܠܦܶܐ ܕܪܺܝܫܳܐ ܒܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ\nܪܰܟܶܟܺܝܗ̇ ܥܰܡ ܡܰܦܠܬܳܐ\nܘܰܩܪܺܝ ܒܦܰܣܬܳܐ ܘܰܒܦܘܽܡܳܐ\nܘܒܰܦܢܺܝܬܳܐ ܘܰܒܦܶܬܓܳܡܳܐ\nܘܒܰܦܣܺܝܠܬܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܐܼܢܳܫ ܢܰܛܥܶܝܟ\nܕܠܳܗ̇ ܠܰܡ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕܶܝܗ̇ ܪܰܟܶܟ\nܘܰܒܦܶܐ ܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܛܥܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܕܠܰܝܬ ܠܳܗ̇ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܒܩܳܐ ܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܐܳܡܘܽܪܳܐ\nܕܰܩܦܳܣܳܐ ܘܰܪܦܰܢ ܦܬܰܟܪܳܐ\nܐܳܦܠܳܐ ܠܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܟܦܰܪ\nܫܦܰܪ ܘܰܚܦܰܪ ܘܰܨܦܰܪ ܘܰܣܦܰܪ\nܘܩܰܫܳܐ ܠܟܳܦ ܗܳܝ ܕܡܺܝܬܰܝ̈ܟܘܽܢ\nܘܰܕܡܰܝ̈ܟܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܦܰܓܪ̈ܰܝܟܘܽܢ\nܘܒܳܬܰܪ ܟܺܝܬ ܝܘܽܕ ܚܒܺܝܨܬܳܐ\nܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܬܶܩܪܶܐ ܡܩܰܫܝܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܡܪܺܝܒܳܐ ܡܙܺܝܓܳܐ ܥܒܺܝܕܳܐ\nܒܪܺܝܟܳܐ ܢܫܺܝܦܳܐ ܘܰܒܪܺܝܬܳܐ\nܐܳܦ ܥܰܡ ܘܰܐܘ ܕܰܥܨܺܝܨܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܣܰܟܠܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܣܳܦܪܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܝܘܽܕ ܕܢܳܦܠܳܐ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܙܩܳܦܳܐ\nܡܩܰܫܝܳܐ ܠܬܰܘ ܟܰܕ ܠܳܗ̇ ܢܳܩܦܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܒܰܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܘܥܶܒܪܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܬܰܪܣܳܝܬܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܫܳܡܪܳܝܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܡܶܬܓܰܢ̈ܒܳܢ\nܒܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܘܰܒܡܶܕܶܡ ܡܶܢ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܠܚܰܡܫܰܥܶܣܪ̈ܶܐ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܡܶܬܓܰܢ̈ܒܳܢ ܒܰܡܠܺܝܠܘܽܬܳܐ\nܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ ܕܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܓܳܢܶܒ\nܥܰܠ ܕܰܚܛܺܝܬ ܗܰܘ ܡܰܢ ܐܰܩܪܶܒ\nܒܩܰܕܡܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܥܶܐ ܕܥܘܽܗܕܳܢܳܐ\nܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܡܶܬܠܰܫܢܳܐ\nܘܕܳܠܰܕ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܚܰܕܬܳܐ ܘܥܺܕܬܳܐ\nܘܒܳܐܟܠܺܝܢܰܢ ܚܢܰܢ ܚܶܝܬ ܕܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ","english":"A softening is with a quieting,  \nLike the letters also the letter,  \nAnd the double letter also the letter,  \nAnd with a vowel, a middle one,  \nIn a place that is considered hard,  \nLike a letter of a diphthong and of a letter,  \nAnd a diphthong also a letter,  \nAnd in a syllable again of the same,  \nIt is softened when it is not quiet,  \nLike the letters, the remaining, the soft,  \nThe hard, the rough, and the enclosing,  \nAnd to the letter of the beginning in Syriac,  \nIts softening with a falling,  \nAnd read with a pause and with a mouth,  \nAnd with a word and with a speech,  \nAnd with a carving, do not err,  \nThat it is not only by itself softened,  \nAnd in a softening again err,  \nWhen he said that it has no vowel,  \nThat it does not stand for a name, a speaker,  \nThat of a rough and a raising of a picture,  \nNor also to words again that he denied,  \nHe was fitting and he dug and he was small and he counted,  \nAnd hard to the hand of that which is of your dead,  \nAnd of your likenesses also your bodies,  \nAnd after, indeed, a pressed knowledge,  \nIt does not cease to be called hard,  \nLike a mixed, mingled, made,  \nBlessed, pressed, and a creation,  \nAlso with and or of a compression,  \nLike foolishness and scribalness,  \nAnd a knowledge of a falling after a raising,  \nHard to it when it has no connection,  \nLike a creating and a Hebrew,  \nAnd a Tarsian also a Samaritan,  \nBecause of the letters that are chosen,  \nIn names and in something from words,  \nTo the seventeen letters,  \nThat are chosen in speech,  \nA saying that like this chooses,  \nUpon that which I have erred, bring that,  \nIn the first, seek that of a union,  \nThat which is like a teaching that is spoken,  \nAnd gives birth again to a new and a church,  \nAnd they eat, they sin, a life that is written.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'softening' (mrakkakhtā) is a technical grammatical concept in Syriac, referring to the phonetic process of lenition or spirantization of consonants, often contrasted with 'hardening' (qashyā).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܰܠܝܘܽܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"'Quieting' (šalyūqtā) likely denotes a state of quiescence or absence of vowel movement, possibly referring to a silent or unvocalized consonant in Syriac grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܰܦܘܽܠܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'diphthong' (mapūqaltā) is a technical term in Syriac phonology, describing a complex vowel sound, and its use here reflects the work's focus on phonetic rules.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܰܙܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from discussing individual letters to 'syllable' (bezʿā), indicating a structural progression in the grammatical analysis from phonemes to larger units.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܒܳܐܟܠܺܝܢܰܢ ܚܢܰܢ ܚܶܝܬ ܕܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'and they eat, they sin, a life that is written' appears corrupt or nonsensical in context, possibly due to scribal error or misreading of the Syriac text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܰܪܣܳܝܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Tarsian' (Tarsāyitā) as a language or dialect reflects the work's awareness of regional linguistic diversity, possibly referencing the Aramaic dialect of Tarsus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the letter' (ܐܳܦ ܢܰܦܫܳܐ) is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific consonant or a generic letter class.","The phrase 'a pressed knowledge' (ܝܘܽܕ ܚܒܺܝܨܬܳܐ) is unclear; it could denote a technical term for a grammatical concept or a metaphorical expression.","The final clause is likely corrupt, making its intended meaning uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ܘܛܶܝܬ ܕܰܐܫܠܶܛܬܳܗ̇ ܐܳܦ ܠܳܛܬܳܗ̇\nܘܝܘܽܕ ܕܗܰܢܺܝܳܐܐ ܕܰܒܠܰܥܬܳܗ̇\nܘܬܰܘ ܕܐܶܬܛܰܪܺܝ ܘܰܬܬܰܒܪܺܝܘܗܝ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܬܬܰܠܚܺܝܘܗܝ\nܘܠܳܡܰܕ ܕܓܰܠ̈ܠܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܕܐܳܙܠ̈ܳܢ\nܘܰܡܡܰܠ̈ܠܳܢ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܙܕܰܠ̈ܠܳܢ\nܘܗܶܐ ܕܝܰܗܒ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܰܕܪ̈ܗܘܽܡܳܝܶܐ\nܘܦܰܪܶܗܣܺܝܰܐ ܘܝܽܗܘ̈ܕܳܝܶܐ\nܘܐܳܠܰܦ ܕܐܼܪܳܙܳܐ ܘܕܰܐܚܝܳܢܳܐ\nܘܰܕܐܼܢܳܫܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܳܝܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܺܢܳܐ\nܐܳܦ ܕܐܶܬܶܐܒܶܠ ܘܰܕܛܰܡܰܐܳܐ\nܘܕܶܐܬܶܐܟܶܠ ܠܰܡ ܩܰܪܐܳܐ ܡܐܳܐ\nܘܡܺܝܡ ܕܣܰܡ̈ܡܳܢܶܐ ܘܰܕܥܰܡ̈ܡܶܐ\nܘܰܕܡܡܰܝ̈ܩܳܢܶܐ ܘܰܕܝܰܡ̈ܡܶܐ\nܘܢܘܽܢ ܕܡܰܢܢܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ\nܘܰܕܫܰܢܼܬܳܐ ܙܒܰܢܼܬܳܐ ܣܦܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ\nܘܰܐܘ ܕܫܘܽܘܙܳܒܳܐ ܘܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܝܳܐ\nܘܩܳܘܦ ܕܰܡܦܰܩܩܺܝܢ ܘܰܡܕܰܩܩܺܝܢ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܪܺܝܫ ܕܰܡܚܰܪܪܺܝܢ\nܘܒܶܝܬ ܕܐܶܒܒ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܥܰܡܗܶܝܢ\nܡܚܰܬܡܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܡܶܢܝܳܢ̈ܰܝܗܶܝܢ\nܗܳܢܶܝܢ ܕܒܰܟܬܳܒ ܡܶܬܛܰܟ̈ܣܳܢ\nܘܰܒܩܶܪܝܳܢܳܐ ܡܶܬܓܰܢ̈ܒܳܢ\nܐܺܝܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܘܰܓܢܘܽܒܝܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܺܢܳܐ\nܣـܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܕܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ\nܕܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܡܶܬܪ̈ܰܫܡܳܢ\nܘܰܒܩܶܪܝܳܢܳܐ ܡܶܬܬܰܒ̈ܥܳܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܗܳܝ ܕܺܝܕܰܥܬܳܐ\nܘܺܝܡܳܐ ܘܺܝܥܳܐ ܘܺܝܙܶܦܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܘܰܐܘ ܕܰܒܗܘܽܓܳܝ ܡܶܛܽܠ\nܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܗ̇ ܒܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܟܽܠ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܶܫܬܰܚܠ̈ܦܳܢ\nܒܗܘܽܢ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܒܪܰܓܘܽܙܬܳܢܳܐ ܙܰܝ ܠܣܶܡܟܰܬ\nܥܶܒܪܰܬ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܐܶܫܬܰܚܠܦܰܬ\nܘܰܒܚܶܣܕܳܐ ܠܙܰܝ ܟܺܝܬ ܣܶܡܟܰܬ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܰܒܗܶܦܟܳܐ ܐܶܬܚܰܠܛܰܬ\nܘܥܶܐ ܕܥܘܽܗܕܳܢܳܐ ܒܫܘܽܪܳܝܳܐ\nܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܐܳܠܰܦ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ\nܠܟܳܦ ܬܘܽܒ ܓܳܡܰܠ ܡܶܫܬܰܢܝܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܒܪܰܝܘܽܓܬܳܢܳܐ\nܘܰܠܟܳܦ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܩܳܘܦ ܥܳܒܪܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܒܥܰܝܘܽܩܬܳܢܳܐ\nܘܰܠܦܶܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܬܒܰܝܬܝܳܐ","english":"And Ṭēth, that it rules also its vowel,\nAnd Yūd, that it is quieted by its swallowing,\nAnd Taw, that it is hardened and broken,\nAnd likewise also that it is dissolved,\nAnd Lāmad, that it is for glides also for goers,\nAnd speakers also for those who are glided,\nAnd Hē, that it gives, indeed, and of the Romans,\nAnd of the Persians and of the Jews,\nAnd Ālap, that it is of a mystery and of a brother,\nAnd of a friend, a last, another,\nAlso that it is mourned and that it is defiled,\nAnd that it is eaten, not a reader of a hundred,\nAnd Mīm, that it is of poisons and of peoples,\nAnd of those who are made to taste and of seas,\nAnd Ṭēth, that it is of a child also of a city,\nAnd of an hour, a time, a superfluous,\nAnd Aw, that it is of a deliverance and of a knowledge,\nAnd like them also of a knowing,\nAnd Qōf, that it is of those who are split and of those who are crushed,\nAnd likewise Rīsh, that it is of those who are freed,\nAnd Bēth, that it is of fathers also with them,\nA seal indeed of their meanings,\nThese that in writing are ordered,\nAnd in reading are chosen,\nThere is also another and a response,\nA side from this of the language,\nOf letters that are not written,\nAnd in reading are followed,\nLike Ālap, that of knowledge,\nAnd of Yāmā and of Yā‘ā and of Yāzepthā,\nAnd like Aw, that in a diphthong on account,\nAnd like it in a daughter of a voice of all,\nOn account of names that are changed,\nIn the course of letters,\nIn a trembling, indeed, to Sēmkath,\nIt passed indeed and was changed,\nAnd in a favor, indeed, to Sēmkath,\nAs that in a reversal it was mixed,\nAnd ‘Ē, that of a reminder in a beginning,\nIn a likeness of Ālap it is,\nTo Kāf also Gāmal is compared,\nAs that in a softening,\nAnd to Kāf likewise Qōf passes,\nAs that in a hardening,\nAnd to Pē, Bēth also is made known.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the catalogue of letters and their phonetic or orthographic behaviors, each introduced by the letter name followed by ܕ (d-). The pattern is consistent with the preceding passage, listing letters such as Ṭēth, Yūd, Taw, Lāmad, Hē, Ālap, Mīm, Qōf, Rīsh, Bēth, and others, with descriptions of their roles in phonology and morphology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܛܶܝܬ","severity":"info","text":"Ṭēth (ܛܶܝܬ) is the ninth letter of the Syriac alphabet, representing the emphatic /tˤ/. Here it is described as 'ruling its vowel', likely referring to its effect on adjacent vowels in pronunciation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܝܘܽܕ","severity":"info","text":"Yūd (ܝܘܽܕ) is the tenth letter, representing /j/. The phrase 'quieted by its swallowing' may refer to its elision or quiescence in certain phonetic contexts, a common feature in Syriac grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܰܘ","severity":"info","text":"Taw (ܬܰܘ) is the twenty-second letter, representing /t/. The description 'hardened and broken' and 'dissolved' likely refers to its allophonic variations, such as spirantization (softening) after vowels, a key feature of Syriac phonology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Romans' (ܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܶܐ), 'Persians' (ܦܪ̈ܣܝܐ), and 'Jews' (ܝܗܘ̈ܕܝܐ) under Hē (ܗܶܐ) may reflect the letter's use in ethnonyms or loanwords, or a grammatical rule about its occurrence in these groups' names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The passage contains several obscure or ambiguous phrases, such as 'it is mourned and defiled' for Ālap, and 'not a reader of a hundred' for the same letter. These may be corruptions or specialized grammatical terms not fully understood.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'it is mourned and defiled' (ܕܐܶܬܶܐܒܶܠ ܘܰܕܛܰܡܰܐܳܐ) for Ālap is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a reference to specific grammatical or phonetic phenomena.","The meaning of 'not a reader of a hundred' (ܠܰܡ ܩܰܪܐܳܐ ܡܐܳܐ) is obscure; possibly a corruption or a reference to a numerical value of the letter.","The phrase 'a daughter of a voice of all' (ܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܟܽܠ) is ambiguous; it may refer to a diphthong or a phonetic feature."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܒܰܫܡܳܐ ܕܰܒܬܘܽܠܬܳܐ\nܗܘܽ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܘܰܒܛܘܽܒܬܳܢܳܐ\nܠܦܶܐ ܗܺܝ ܒܶܝܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܬܚܰܝܢܳܐ\nܘܰܡܪܰܟܰܟܬܳܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܥܰܡ ܦܶܐ\nܕܰܒܘܰܐܘ ܩܳܢ̈ܝܳܢ ܚܘܽܠ̈ܳܦܶܐ\nܣܰܢܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܝܳܗ̈ܒܳܢ ܠܰܫܡܳܐ\nܘܰܫܟܺܝܪܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܦܶܚܡܳܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܕܬܶܩܪܶܐ ܠܰܚܒܺܝܫܳܐ\nܚܘܺܝܫܳܐ ܘܰܠܢܰܦܫܳܐ ܢܰܘܫܳܐ\nܘܰܠܒܶܝܬ ܕܰܡܪܰܟܟܳܐ ܐܼܢܳܫ̈ܝܢ\nܒܰܥܨܳܨܳܐ ܡܶܒܠܰܥ ܒܳܠܥܺܝܢ\nܟܰܕ ܠܰܐܪܓܘܽܒܠܳܐ ܐܰܪܓܘܽܠܳܐ\nܩܳܪܶܝܢ ܘܰܠܚܘܽܒܠܳܐ ܚܘܽܠܳܐ\nܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܶܝܢ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܟܰܢ ܐܰܣـܛܳܐ\nܕܢܰܡܶܕ ܡܰܡܠܠܳܟ ܡܶܢ ܚܶܠܛܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܣܳܥܘܽܪ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ\nܘܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܣܳܥܘܽܪ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܫܶܡܥܳܐ ܚܝܳܪܳܐ ܡܚܘܽܬܳܐ\nܒܰܬܠܳܬ ܕܘܽܟ̈ܝܳܢ ܡܶܬܟܰܝ̈ܢܳܢ\nܘܰܠܣܳܥܘܽܪ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ ܡܥܰܝ̈ܢܳܢ\nܠܫܘܽܪܳܪܳܐ ܕܣܳܥܘܽܪܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܶܟܠܶܬ ܡܶܐܟܘܽܠܬܳܐ\nܘܰܠܚܘܽܘܳܝܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܳܐܕܫܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܢܶܚܫܶܬ ܢܚܳܫܳܐ\nܘܰܠܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܕܙܰܒܢ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܒܰܡܚܺܝܬ ܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܡܰܚ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ\nܘܰܚܪܘܽܩ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܚܶܪ̈ܩܶܐ\nܘܢܶܦܣܘܽܩ ܗܰܘ ܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܦܣܳܩ̈ܶܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܥܶܩܒ̈ܳܬܗܘܽܢ ܕܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܣܘܽܪ̈ܝܳܝܶܐ\nܡܫܰܡ̈ܠܝܐ ܘܰܚܕܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܙܩܳܦܳܐ ܢܰܩܺܝܦ ܠܰܫܪܳܝܗܘܽܢ\nܒܰܟܝܳܢܳܐ ܕܰܡܠܰܚܡܘܽܬܗܘܽܢ\nܣـܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܝܰܘ̈ܢܳܝܶܐ\nܕܰܩܢܶܝܢ ܐܳܕܫ̈ܶܐ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܘܽܣܺܝܰܐ ܘܕܺܝܕܺܝܡܳܘܣ\nܘܐܰܪܡܶܝܢܳܘܢ ܐܰܦ ܐܰܪܛܶܝܡܺܝܣ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܐܼܚܪ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܕܡܶܬܟܰܢܶܝܢ ܐܶܣܳܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ\nܘܐܳܠܨܳܐ ܕܰܒܪܺܝܫܳܐ ܗܳܢܳܐ\nܢܰܫܘܶܐ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ ܠܒܘܽܚܳܢܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܒܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ\nܫܟܺܝܚܳܐ ܒܣܶܦܪܳܐ ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ\nܚܰܕ ܡܰܢ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܫܘܽܐܳܠܳܐ\nܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܐܰܢܬܬܳܐ ܡܫܰܕܠܳܐ","english":"As many as in the name of the syllable, It is thus and in the plural, Pe is between Taw and is changed, And a softening between with Pe, That of the vowels are changes, A help gives to the name, And a drunkenness without measure, When it reads to the closed, A closed and to the self a sound, And to the house of the softener, sounds, With a pressing they swallow, While to the opposite the opposite, They read and to the burden a yoke, But the letter from here a line, That it teaches your speech from a mixture, Because of the names of the actors, And the names of the actors, Like hearing a seeing a strike, In three places are set, And to the actors are shown, To the truth of the action, As many as you ate an eating, And to the showing again a remembrance, When you say you felt a feeling, And to the coming of the sacrifices, With a strike of two strikes, And a letter made five scratches, And it stopped that three stops, Because of the traces of the names, All the names Syriac, Are perfect and singular, A rising is attached to their beginning, In the place of their composition, A line from these Greek, That are many forms, Like Eusebia and Didymus, And Armenios also Artemisis, And there are here other names, That are set as Syriac, And a necessity of the beginning this, Makes them to a proof, Because of that which is like, And like in five ways, Is found in the Syriac book, One with a form of a question, That like a woman a seducer.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܰܫܡܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܒܰܫܡܳܐ (bašmā) is here rendered 'syllable', but its primary sense is 'name'. Bar Hebraeus exploits the polysemy to link grammatical and theological discourse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܘܽܣܺܝܰܐ ܘܕܺܝܕܺܝܡܳܘܣ ܘܐܰܪܡܶܝܢܳܘܢ ܐܰܦ ܐܰܪܛܶܝܡܺܝܣ","severity":"info","text":"The list of Greek names (Eusebia, Didymus, Armenios, Artemisis) illustrates how foreign proper nouns are adapted into Syriac morphology, a key point in Bar Hebraeus’s grammatical theory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܰܕ ܡܰܢ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܫܘܽܐܳܠܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a reference to a 'form of a question' (ܫܘܽܐܳܠܳܐ), likely a grammatical paradigm or interrogative pattern, marking a shift from description to exemplification.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܶܟܠܶܬ ܡܶܐܟܘܽܠܬܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'as many as you ate an eating' is obscure; it may be a corrupt or idiomatic expression for 'as many as you have experienced' or a scribal error. The sense in context remains uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'a drunkenness without measure' (ܘܰܫܟܺܝܪܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܦܶܚܡܳܐ) is ambiguous: it may refer to a grammatical feature (e.g., excessive vowel length) or be a metaphorical aside.","The clause 'a line from these Greek' (ܣـܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܝܰܘ̈ܢܳܝܶܐ) is syntactically unclear; it likely introduces a digression on Greek loanwords."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ܘܕܰܬܪܶܝܢ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܬܶܕܡܘܽܪܬܳܐ\nܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܝܶܒܫܰܬ ܬܺܐܬܳܐ\nܘܕܰܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ\nܐܶܕܰܥ ܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܝܟܳܐ\nܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܳܐ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܡܶܛܽܠ\nܒܥܳܐ ܕܰܘܺܝܕ ܡܶܢ ܡܳܪܶܐ ܟܽܠ\nܕܬܶܗܘܶܐ ܥܠܰܝܢ ܡܳܪܝ ܛܰܝܒܘܽܬܳܟ\nܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܣܰܟܺܝܢܰܢ ܠܳܟ\nܚܡܺܝܫܳܝܳܐ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܦܶܚܡܳܐ\nܕܰܩܢܘܽܡܳܐ ܠܘܳܬ ܩܢܘܽܡܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܠܰܐܒܳܐ\nܐܺܝܬ ܚܰܝ̈ܶܐ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܠܰܒܪܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܦܪܺܝܫܳܐ ܗܳܕ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ\nܒܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܟܙܢܳܐ\nܕܰܛܥܺܝܢܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ\nܕܬܰܚܘܺܝܬܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܠܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܟܡܳܐ\nܘܒܰܬܪܶܝܢ ܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܟܡܳܐ ܢܳܦܠܳܐ\nܚܰܕ ܡܰܢ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܫܘܽܐܳܠܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܟܡܳܐ ܩܘܽܦܺܝ̈ܢܶܐ\nܐܺܝܬ ܥܰܡܟܘܽܢ ܠܰܚܡܳܐ ܘܢܘܽܢ̈ܶܐ\nܘܰܐܼܚܪܺܝܢ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܒܪܳܐ ܡܳܪܘܽܕܳܐ\nܟܡܳܐ ܐܰܓܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܐܳܒܝ ܐܺܝܬ\nܕܐܳܟܠܺܝܢ ܠܰܚܡܳܐ ܣܰܒܥܳܐܺܝܬ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܡܳܐ\nܘܰܠܡܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ\nܐܺܝܬ ܗܘܽ ܒܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܘܬܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ\nܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܫܘܽܐܳܠܳܝܳܐ\nܕܡܳܐ ܠܺܝ ܘܠܳܟ ܐܳܘ ܢܒܺܝܳܐ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܡܶܬܕܰܡܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܡܳܐ ܝܳܐܝܳܐ ܠܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܚܶܟܡܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܡܰܬܝ ܕܰܡܬܰܚܡܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܡܳܐ ܕܥܳܒܶܕ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܫܳܪܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܡܶܕܶܡ ܐܰܝܟ ܡܶܠܬܳܟ\nܗܰܒ ܠܺܝ ܡܶܢ ܡܳܐ ܕܰܒܥܘܽܒܳܟ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܕܰܡܐܳܐ\nܕܐܺܝܬܰܘܗܝ ܦܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ ܕܰܟܡܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܥܕܰܡܳܐ\nܬܪܶܝܢ ܣܘܽܟ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܠܰܥܕܰܡܳܐ\nܗܘܰܝܬ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܐܳܘ ܚܰܟܺܝܡܳܐ\nܚܰܕ ܡܰܢ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܰܬܪܳܢܳܝܳܐ\nܘܐܰܚܪܺܢܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܙܰܒܢܳܝܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܠܥܳܩܳܪ\nܚܪܶܒܘ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܰܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܠܡܳܩܳܪ\nܘܐܶܢ ܕܰܢܩܰܘܶܐ ܨܳܒܶܐ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܗܳܢܳܐ ܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܬܶܐ ܐܼܢܳܐ","english":"And of the second in the section of the paradigm, That of the like of the letter dried up, And of the third that of the like, Know when from where, The fourth in the section of the cause, David asks from the Lord of all, That your grace be upon me, O Lord, Like that which is sufficient for you, The fifth in the section of the word, Of the person to the person, Like that of the like of the father, There are lives thus for the son, And not separate this like, In the intention from the like, Of the erring with the intention, Of the demonstration upon every word, Because of that of how many, And in the second of the kinds how many the like, One with the section of the question, Like that of how many of the cups, There are with you bread and cups, And the last in the section of the conversation, Like that of the son the rebellious, How many hired men are in the house of Abi, Who eat bread to satiety, Because of that of what, And why again the five kinds, There are in speech and in the twin, In the section with the interrogative, Of what to me and to you or the servant, And in the section of the wonder, Of what is fitting for a king wisdom, And like when of the comparison, Of what does the sign do the beginning, And in the section of something like your word, Give to me from what is behind you, And in the section of the hundred of the measure, That which is the explanation of how many, Because of that of until, Two intentions to until, I was knowing or wise, One with the local, And another again the temporal, Like that of until to the root, They destroyed the and until to the source, And if the one who confirms desires the sign, This until the sign comes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܰܙܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage enumerates sections (ܒܰܙܢܳܐ) of a paradigm, numbered second through fifth and then a final section, each introduced by a formulaic pattern. This structural listing is typical of Bar Hebraeus's didactic method in the Metrical Grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܶܕܡܘܽܪܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܬܶܕܡܘܽܪܬܳܐ (tadmūrtā) is a loan from Greek δημοκρατία, but here it is used in a grammatical sense, likely meaning 'paradigm' or 'exemplary pattern' rather than a political sense. This technical usage is consistent with Bar Hebraeus's adaptation of Greek grammatical terminology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܕܰܘܺܝܕ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of David (ܕܰܘܺܝܕ) asking from the Lord of all (ܡܳܪܶܐ ܟܽܠ) is a biblical allusion, likely to the Psalms, where David is portrayed as a supplicant. This reflects the integration of scriptural exempla into grammatical instruction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The word ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ (sukkālā) means 'intention' or 'meaning' and is a key term in Syriac grammatical theory, often contrasted with ܡܶܠܬܳܐ (word) or ܦܶܚܡܳܐ (utterance). Here it appears in a discussion of how intention relates to demonstration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܟܙܢܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac text at this point contains the word ܐܰܟܙܢܳܐ, which is likely a scribal error or variant for ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ('like that of'). The sense is unclear, and the English draft renders it as 'like', but the exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ܡܶܛܽܠ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated use of ܡܶܛܽܠ (because of) as a discourse marker is characteristic of Bar Hebraeus's style in the Metrical Grammar, where he frequently introduces explanatory clauses. This reflects the work's reception as a pedagogical text that systematically explains grammatical rules.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text contains several unclear or possibly corrupt readings, such as ܐܰܟܙܢܳܐ (likely a variant of ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ) and ܕܰܛܥܺܝܢܳܐ (possibly 'erring' or a technical term). The exact referents of the numbered sections (second, third, etc.) are not fully specified in the passage.","The phrase ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܡܶܛܽܠ (section of the cause) is ambiguous: it may refer to a grammatical category (e.g., causal) or a rhetorical section."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ܘܐܰܬܪܳܝܳܐ ܐܳܬܳܐ ܠܳܡܰܕ\nܘܰܠܙܰܒܢܳܝܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܳܠܰܕ\nܩܶܦܰܠܶܐܳܘܢ ܕܰܬܪܶܝܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܩܰܕܡܳܝܰܬ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܬܚܘܽܡ̈ܶܐ\nܘܦܘܽܠ̈ܳܓܶܐ ܕܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܠܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܦܘܽܠ̈ܳܓܶܐ\nܕܰܫܡܳܐ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܪ̈ܓܶܐ\nܢܺܐܬܶܐ ܡܶܟܺܝܠ ܘܰܠܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܢܶܣܥܪܺܝܗ̇ ܒܰܐܟܺܝܦܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܩܳܠܳܐ ܦܫܺܝܛܳܐ ܥܰܡ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ\nܕܩܰܢܝܳܐ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܓܡܺܝܪܳܐ\nܒܕܰܠܩܘܽܒܠܳܐ ܗܘ ܕܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ\nܘܡܶܚܢܳܐ ܚܳܢܝܳܐ ܒܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ\nܠܦܘܽܠ̈ܳܓܶܐ ܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܕܙܰܒܢܳܐ\nܕܰܥܒܰܪ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܟܰܠ ܘܰܩܢܳܐ\nܕܩܳܐܶܡ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܳܟܶܠ ܩܳܢܶܐ\nܕܰܥܬܺܝܕ ܐܰܝܟ ܢܶܐܟܘܽܠ ܢܶܩܢܶܐ\nܢܶܩܪܶܐ ܢܶܒܢܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܥܢܶܐ\nܘܰܕܩܳܝܡܺܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܥܬܺܝܕܺܝܢ\nܒܗܳܫܳܐ ܘܰܡܚܳܪ ܡܶܬܦܰܪܫܺܝܢ\nܟܰܕ ܠܰܚܕ̈ܳܕܶܐ ܩܰܪ̈ܺܝܒܳܢ\nܕܶܡܘ̈ܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܒܰܝ̈ܬܳܝܳܢ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܳܟܶܠ ܗܳܫܳܐ\nܘܐܳܟܶܠ ܠܰܡܚܳܪ ܡܶܢ ܕܶܒܫܳܐ\nܘܢܶܐܟܘܽܠ ܬܘܽܒ ܗܳܫܳܐ ܥܰܡܰܢ\nܘܢܶܐܟܘܽܠ ܡܚܳܪ ܟܰܕ ܢܶܙܕܰܡܰܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܰܥܒ̈ܕܳܢܘܳܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܥܳܒܪ̈ܳܢ\nܡܶܢ ܚܰܕ ܠܚܰܕ ܘܗܶܢܶܝܢ ܕܥܳܒܪ̈ܳܢ\nܣܳܥܘܽܪ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܠܰܬܪܶܝܢ\nܛܘܽܦܣ̈ܺܝܢ ܡܶܬܦܰܠ̈ܓܳܢ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ\nܟܰܕ ܡܶܢܗܶܝܢ ܨܶܝܕ ܚܰܕ ܡܟܰܬܪ̈ܳܢ\nܐܰܘ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܠܗܳܢ ܥܳܒܪ̈ܳܢ\nܘܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܩܳܡ ܐܶܙܰܠ\nܝܺܬܶܒ ܫܚܶܢ ܘܰܢܦܰܩ ܐܳܦ ܥܰܠ\nܘܰܬܪܰܝܳܢܳܐ ܡܚܳܐ ܘܰܩܛܰܠ\nܫܕܳܐ ܘܰܚܙܳܐ ܘܐܰܥܒܰܪ ܘܐܶܟܰܠ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܶܙܰܠ ܦܰܘܠܘܣ\nܘܰܢܦܰܩ ܠܶܗ ܐܳܦ ܦܺܝܠܺܝܦܘܣ\nܘܰܡܚܳܐ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܠܡܶܨܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ\nܘܐܰܥܒܰܪ ܡܘܽܫܶܐ ܠܥܶܒܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܕܶܟܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܒܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܘܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܕܶܟܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܐܺܝܬܰܝܗܶܝܢ ܒܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܓܠܺܝܙܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܬܘܰ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ\nܒܐܺܝܚܺܝ̈ܕܳܝܶܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܬܳܐ","english":"And the fourth sign is lāmad.  \nAnd for the third, again dālad.  \nThe two qōph-lāmad-ʿē are because of these two of the word,  \nfirstly because of the boundaries and divisions of the word.  \nUp to here the divisions of the noun, I have examined also those of the verb.  \nNow then, for the word, I shall treat it with continuity,  \nthat it is the word, I say, a simple sound with a verb,  \nof the perfect complete meaning,  \nin contrast to that which is a bond and a blow, a living one in the middle,  \nfor the three divisions of the verb that have passed, like “he ate” and “he stood,”  \nthat stands like “he eats,” “he stands,”  \nthat is future like “he will eat,” “he will stand,”  \n“he will read,” “he will seek,” also “he will do,”  \nand of the present and also of the future,  \nin the now and tomorrow they are distinguished,  \nwhen they are near to each other,  \ntheir forms and also their houses,  \nI say, “you eat now” and “you eat tomorrow” with honey,  \nand “you will eat again now with me,”  \nand “you will eat tomorrow when you are ready,”  \nbecause of actions that do not pass from one to another,  \nand these that pass,  \ncauses with the two,  \nexamples are divided, these,  \nwhen from them toward one of the remaining,  \nor from this to that passing,  \nand the first like “he stood,” “he went,”  \n“he sat,” “he bowed,” and “he went out,” also “he went up,”  \nand the second “he struck” and “he killed,”  \n“he threw” and “he saw,” and “he passed” and “he ate,”  \nI say, “you, go, Paul,”  \nand “he went out to him, also Philip,”  \nand “the Lord struck the Egyptians,”  \nand “Moses passed over the Hebrews,”  \nbecause of the signs of the masculine in words,  \nand the signs of the masculine,  \nfour they are in the word,  \nthe abbreviation of the sign taw,  \nin the singulars like “he came.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lāmad","severity":"info","text":"The fourth sign (ʾātā) is lāmad, the Syriac letter L, here used as a grammatical marker. The sequence of signs (lāmad, dālad, qōph-lāmad-ʿē) likely refers to verbal or nominal patterns in Bar Hebraeus’s system.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"dālad","severity":"info","text":"The third sign is again dālad, the Syriac letter D. The repetition of dālad may indicate a distinct grammatical function or a correction in the paradigm.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"divisions of the word","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a transition from discussing the noun (šmā) to the verb (melṯā). The phrase “up to here the divisions of the noun” signals a structural boundary in Bar Hebraeus’s grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"simple sound with a verb","severity":"info","text":"Bar Hebraeus defines the word (melṯā) as “a simple sound with a verb” (qālā pšīṭā ʿam zabʿā), emphasizing the combination of phonetic form and verbal action as the core of grammatical analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"three divisions of the verb","severity":"info","text":"The three verbal divisions (past, present, future) are illustrated with Syriac examples: ʾekal (“he ate”), qāʾem (“he stands”), and neʾkōl (“he will eat”). This tripartite tense system is standard in Syriac grammatical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"signs of the masculine","severity":"caution","text":"The passage mentions “four signs of the masculine in the word” and the “abbreviation of the sign taw,” but the text is fragmentary. The exact referent (e.g., masculine plural markers or verbal suffixes) is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity and function of the four signs (lāmad, dālad, qōph-lāmad-ʿē, and a fourth) are not fully explained; the text may be corrupt or elliptical.","The phrase “abbreviation of the sign taw” is unclear; it may refer to a shortened form of the letter taw used as a grammatical marker."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ܘܰܒܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܫܟܺܝܚܘܽܬ ܘܰܐܘ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܰܘ ܘܰܚܝܰܘ\nܘܰܩܕܰܡ ܢܘܽܢ ܝܘܽܕ ܕܰܚܒܺܝܨܳܐ\nܐܰܘ ܝܘܽܕ ܕܢܳܦܠܳܐ ܒܰܪܒܳܨܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܝܳܬܒܺܝܢ\nܐܳܟܠܺܝܢ ܚܳܕܶܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܫܳܬܶܝܢ\nܘܰܐܘ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܥܨܳܨܳܐ ܩܕܳܡ ܢܘܽܢ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܢܺܐܬܘܽܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܡܢܰܩܒ̈ܬܳܢܝܳܬܳܐ ܒܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܕܰܡܢܰܩ̈ܒܳܢ\nܬܠܳܬ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܝܺܕܺܝ̈ܥܳܢ\nܬܰܘ ܢܘܽܢ ܥܰܡܗܶܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܝܘܽܕ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܢܳܕܰܬ ܡܶܢ ܢܳܕ\nܐܰܘ ܫܶܡܥܰܬ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܫܡ̈ܥܳܢ\nܘܪ̈ܰܬܝ ܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܙܳܝ̈ܥܳܢ\nܠܦܘܽܪܩܳܢܳܟ ܥܳܝ̈ܢܰܝ ܣܰܟܺܝ̈ܝ\nܘܢܶܫ̈ܶܐ ܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ܕܐܶܬܰܐܣܺܝ̈ܝ\nܘܬܰܡܺܝ̈ܡܳܬܳܐ ܡܳܢܳܐ ܥܒܰܕ̈ܝ\nܕܰܠܕܶܡܗܶܝܢ ܐܺܝܕܰܝ̈ܟ ܐܶܫܰܕ̈ܝ\nܠܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ ܒܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܟܬܘܽܒ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ ܕܰܡܢܰܩܒܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܝܘܽܕ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܫܰܠܝܳܐ\nܘܰܒܚܰܪܬܳܐ ܕܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܫܰܪܝܳܐ\nܘܣܳܦܩܳܐ ܕܬܶܦܪܘܽܫܝ ܒܰܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ\nܠܕܶܟܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܢܶܩܒ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܒܨܘܽܪܬܳܐ\nܘܕܳܚܩܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܠܰܦܠܺܝܓܘܽܬܳܐ\nܡܶܢ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܕܬܰܪܥܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܬܶܫܡܰܥ ܠܰܐܝܢܳܐ ܕܟܳܠܶܐ\nܡܶܢ ܦܘܽܪܳܫ ܡܶܠܰܬ ܗܘܽܠܶܐ\nܘܗܳܡܶܣ ܠܰܚܒܘܽܟܝܳܐ ܕܠܶܟܣܺܝܣ\nܟܰܕ ܠܰܝܬ ܠܶܗ ܐܰܦܳܘܕܝܟܣܺܝܣ\nܐܶܢ ܕܶܝܢ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܙܥܘܽܪ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ\nܕܟܰܕ ܥܳܒܪ̈ܳܢ ܠܢܶܩܒܬܘܽܬܳܐ\nܫܘܽܓܢܳܝܳܐ ܒܝܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܚܳܐܫ̈ܳܢ\nܘܰܒܕܶܡܘ̈ܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܡܶܬܦܰܪ̈ܫܳܢ\nܘܒܶܠܥܳܕ ܟܺܝܬ ܝܘܽܕ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ\nܡܶܬܪ̈ܰܫܡܳܢ ܒܰܟܬܺܝ̈ܒܳܬܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܢܶܫ̈ܶܐ ܒܫܰܒܬܳܐ ܫܠܺܝ̈\nܘܰܒܠܶܠܝܳܐ ܩܰܪ̈ܢܳܬܳܐ ܩܪ̈ܰܝ\nܘܥܳܩ̈ܳܬܳܗ ܕܠܶܒܝ ܣܓܝ̈\nܘܐܶܡܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܣܪܺܝܩܘܽܬܳܐ ܪ̈ܢܰܝ\nܠܕܶܟܪܳܐ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܰܚܙܳܐ\nܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܩܪܳܐ ܪܢܳܐ\nܘܟܰܕ ܨܶܝܕ ܢܶܩܒ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܬܶܥܒܰܪ","english":"and in the many it is found, or\nwhen you say \"he came\" and \"they lived\"\nand before the wāw, yōd of the masculine,\nor yōd of the feminine in the plural,\nas when you say \"he came,\" \"they sit,\"\n\"they eat,\" \"they rejoice,\" also \"they drink,\"\nor again the ʿē of the feminine before wāw,\nas when you say \"he came,\" \"they came,\"\nbecause the letters are of the feminine plurals in words,\nthe letters, that is, of the feminine plural,\nthree ʿēs, also known,\nthe wāw with them, also yōd,\nwhen you say \"she gave birth\" from \"he gave birth,\"\nor \"she heard,\" also \"they hear,\"\nand the trembling of the creatures when they move,\nfor your salvation my eyes are watchful,\nand the rest that were healed,\nand the perfect ones, what have they done,\nthat over their blood you should cast your hands?\nFor all these, with letters,\nwrite the ʿē of the feminine plural,\nwhich is yōd, the sign of the feminine,\nand at the end of the word it begins,\nand it suffices to distinguish in writing\nbetween masculines and feminines in form,\nand also it presses for division\nfrom the meaning of the thought,\nand do not listen to the one who stops\nfrom the separation of the word of the hūlē,\nand he violates the composition of the lexis,\nwhen it has no apodeixis.\nIf, however, the words are small,\nwhich when they pass to the feminine,\na change occurs in their place,\nand in their forms they are distinguished,\nand apart, that is, from the yōd letter,\nthey are marked in writings,\nas the rest on the Sabbath are finished,\nand at night the readings read,\nand the afflictions of my heart are many,\nand the thoughts of vanity are many.\nFor the masculine he says \"he came\" who saw,\nin that form read, see,\nand when you hunt the feminines, pass.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"hūlē","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword hūlē (ὕλη) here denotes the undifferentiated linguistic substrate or matter, a concept Bar Hebraeus adapts from philosophical grammar to describe the raw material of speech before formal articulation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"lexis","severity":"info","text":"Lexis (λέξις) is a Greek rhetorical term for diction or expression; Bar Hebraeus uses it to refer to the composed verbal form, contrasting with the unformed hūlē.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"apodeixis","severity":"info","text":"Apodeixis (ἀπόδειξις) means demonstration or proof; Bar Hebraeus denies that the violator of composition has any rational justification for his position.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage discusses the feminine plural marker yōd (Syriac ܝ) and its orthographic behavior, including its placement before wāw and its role in distinguishing gender in writing, a topic typical of Syriac grammatical treatises.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text shifts from a technical discussion of feminine plural morphology to a rhetorical address (\"for your salvation my eyes are watchful\") and then to a warning against those who would separate word from meaning, before returning to examples of masculine and feminine forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase \"and the rest that were healed\" and the following lines about blood and hands are obscure; they may be a poetic or proverbial insertion whose precise referent is uncertain in the grammatical context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the one who stops from the separation of the word of the hūlē' is unclear; it may refer to a hypothetical opponent or a specific grammatical position.","The poetic lines about salvation, blood, and hands may be a scribal interpolation or a metaphorical aside whose exact meaning is not fully recoverable."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ܕܚܙ̈ܰܝ ܠܰܡ ܘܰܪ̈ܢܰܝ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܒܗܶܦܟܳܐ ܕܣܰܟܺܝ ܥܒܰܕ ܐܳܦ ܢܳܡ\nܐܶܬܰܐܣܺܝ ܐܶܫܰܕ ܐܳܦ ܢܳܡ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܥܒܰܕ\nܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܶܗ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܫ̈ܶܐ ܥܒܰܕ̈ܝ\nܡܳܕܶܝܢ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܝܘܽܕ ܦܳܪܫܳܐ\nܘܬܰܡܳܢ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ ܕܰܢܩܳܫܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܓܕܳܡܳܐ ܕܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܘܰܓܕܰܡ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܪܒܺܝܥܳܐܺܝܬ\nܗܳܘܶܐ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܩܪܺܝܚܳܐܺܝܬ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܒܰܡܪܺܝܡܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܐܳܠܰܦ ܡܶܢ ܫܘܽܪܳܝ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܡܶܢ ܐܶܟܬܘܽܒ ܐܶܢܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܗܳܐ ܟܳܬܶܒ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܐܰܘ ܬܘܽܒ ܒܰܡܓܰܕܡܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܢܘܽܢ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܪܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܬܰܘ ܡܶܢ ܬܰܘܘܽܢ\nܐܳܦ ܩܰܕܶܫܘ ܡܶܢ ܩܰܕܶܫܘܽܢ\nܘܐܘܽܚܕܘܽܗܝ ܠܰܡ ܡܶܢ ܐܘܽܚܕܘܽܢܳܝܗܝ\nܐܳܦ ܕܘܽܢܘܽܗܝ ܡܶܢ ܕܘܽܢܘܽܢܳܝܗܝ\nܘܣܰܒܰܪ̈ܝ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܣܰܒܰܪ̈ܶܝܢ\nܒܢܶܩ̈ܒܳܬܳܐ ܘܙܶܠ̈ܝ ܡܶܢ ܙܶܠ̈ܶܝܢ\nܘܒܰܡܪܳܡܘܽܬ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܐܳܦ ܢܘܽܢ\nܕܟܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܩܒܳܐ ܫܘܝܢ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܦܳܬܚܰܬ ܡܶܢ ܦܳܬܰܚ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܘܦܳܬܚܰܬܝ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܦܳܬܚܳܐ ܐܰܢܼܬܝ\nܘܒܰܡܪܳܡܘܽܬ ܫܺܝܢ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܪܬܳܐ\nܒܺܐܚܺܝܕܳܝܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܒܰܕ ܓܰܓܰܪܬܳܐ ܠܰܡ ܚܶܪܰܬ\nܐܰܡܺܝܪܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܡܶܢ ܚܶܪܫܰܬ\nܘܰܓܕܳܡܳܐ ܡܶܥܰܠ ܥܳܐܶܠ\nܕܝܘܽܩܪܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܪܶܬܡܳܐ ܢܰܩܶܠ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܰܦ̈ܠܳܬܳܐ ܕܢܳܦ̈ܠܳܢ\nܥܰܠ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܠܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܡܰܦ̈ܠܳܬܳܐ\nܢܳܩ̈ܦܳܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬ ܡܶܢܬܳܐ\nܡܶܢ ܢܘܽܓܪܳܐ ܓܶܝܪ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܠܡܳܢܳܐ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܡܰܐܓܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܘܐܶܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܢܰܐܓܰܪ\nܐܳܦ ܐܰܢܬܬܶܗ ܥܰܡܶܗ ܬܰܐܓܰܪܝ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܰܚܘܽܢ ܐܶܢܗܘܽ ܕܬܰܐܓܰܪ\nܐܳܦ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܥܰܡܳܟ ܐܰܓܰܪ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܬܰܘܣܶܦܬܳܐ\nܕܥܳܐܠ̈ܳܢ ܥܰܠ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܣـܛܰܪ\nܡܶܢ ܡܰܦ̈ܠܳܬܳܐ\nܚܰܡܶܫ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܥܳܐܠ̈ܳܢ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬ ܬܰܘܣܶܦܬܳܐ","english":"and see the lām and the rēš, you say\nin the opposite, for it is possible, he also did, and he says\nhe was healed, he cast, he also says\nin that which you say \"you, a man, did\"\nand like it, he also did the women, he did\nhere the yōd distinguishes\nand the movement of the qāšā is complete\nbecause of the prefix of words\nand the prefix of words in the fourth way\nit is in a brief form, concisely\nwhen in the raising of the ʾālap\nfrom the beginning of a word\nas from \"he wrote\" \"he came\"\nyou say \"you, behold, write, come\"\nor again in the prefixing\nof the letter ʿē from the end\nwhen you say \"taw\" from \"tawwīṯ\"\nand \"qaddišū\" from \"qaddišwīṯ\"\nand \"ʾawḥidw(hy)\" from \"ʾawḥidwāy(hy)\"\nand \"dūkīw(hy)\" from \"dūkīwāy(hy)\"\nand \"sabarrī\" again from \"sabarrēṯ\"\nin the feminine plurals and \"zellī\" from \"zellēṯ\"\nand in the raising of the ʾālap, also ʿē\nwhich mentions also the feminine, equal, \"eʿwīṯ\"\nlike \"pāṯḥaṯ\" from \"pāṯaḥ\" \"you\"\nand \"pāṯḥaṯī\" again from \"pāṯḥā\" \"you (f.)\"\nand in the raising of the šīn from the end\nin the singular, thus the word\nwhen in the feminine, lām, \"ḥēraṯ\"\nit is said from \"ḥēršaṯ\"\nand the prefix enters\nof the yōqārā from the utterance, it is light\nbecause of the inflections of the falling\nupon words\nfor words, four inflections\nfollow like letters from the word\nfor from the yōqārā you say\n\"to what here do you hire?\"\nand if this man hired\nalso his wife with him hired\nand you, your brother, that he might hire\nalso I with you hired\nbecause of the letters of addition\nwhich enter upon words, aside\nfrom the inflections\nfive letters there are\nwhich enter in the form of addition","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"yōd","severity":"info","text":"The yōd is the tenth letter of the Syriac alphabet, used here as a diacritic or marker to distinguish grammatical forms, likely the feminine plural.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"qāšā","severity":"info","text":"Qāšā refers to a vowel sign or a diacritical point indicating a specific pronunciation, possibly the hard or emphatic reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"prefix of words","severity":"info","text":"The passage discusses prefixes and infixes (e.g., ʾālap, ʿē, šīn) that modify verb forms, illustrating morphological patterns in Syriac grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"yōqārā","severity":"info","text":"Yōqārā is a grammatical term for a light or weak vowel or syllable, often affecting verb inflection in Syriac.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"inflections of the falling","severity":"info","text":"The 'four inflections' and 'five letters of addition' parallel standard Syriac grammatical categories for verbal patterns and augment letters.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ḥēraṯ / ḥēršaṯ","severity":"caution","text":"The pair ḥēraṯ and ḥēršaṯ may be a textual corruption or a rare dialectal form; the intended grammatical contrast is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact function of yōd and qāšā in distinguishing plurals is not fully specified; the reading assumes they mark feminine plural forms.","The pair ḥēraṯ / ḥēršaṯ may be a scribal error or a non-standard variant; the intended grammatical rule is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ܥܰܠ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܣـܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܡܢܰܬ\nܗܳܝ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܐܶܬܡܰܢܝܰܬ\nܛܶܝܬ ܕܳܠܰܕ ܬܰܘ ܙܰܝ ܐܳܦ ܥܶܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܨܛܰܒܰܥ ܡܶܢ ܨܘܽܒܥܳܐ\nܘܐܶܨܛܰܥܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܨܛܰܒܰܬ\nܘܐܶܨܛܰܠܠܰܬ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܨܛܰܒܝܰܬ\nܘܐܶܙܕܰܥܙܰܥ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܙܕܰܝܰܢ\nܘܐܶܙܕܢܩ ܐܶܙܕܟܺܝ ܘܐܶܙܕܰܒܰܢ\nܘܐܶܬܕܰܡܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܫܬܰܪܰܪ\nܘܐܶܫܬܰܥܒܰܕ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܚܰܪܰܪ\nܘܐܶܬܥܰܙܰܙ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܒܙܶܙ\nܘܐܶܬܪܙܙ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܓܙܙ\nܘܥܶܐ ܕܐܶܬܚܰܡܰܥ ܒܰܚܡܺܝܪܳܐ\nܓܰܠܝܳܐ ܕܗܳܕܶܐ ܝܰܬܺܝܪܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܕܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܩܳܐܶܡ ܘܕܰܥܬܺܝܕ ܢܶܦܩܘܽܕ\nܠܰܩܢܘܽܡܳܐ ܝܺܚܺܝܕܳܝܳܐ ܕܩܰܪܺܝܒ:\nܕܶܟܪܳܢ ܐܰܘ ܢܶܩܒܬܳܢ ܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ\nܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܬܳܐ\nܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܦܳܩܕܳܐ\nܡܶܢ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܥܬܺܝܕ ܡܶܬܝܰܠܕܳܐ\nܘܫܘܽܚܠܳܦ ܦܰܪܨܘܽܦܳܐ ܩܰܢܝܳܐ\nܠܦܘܽܬ ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ\nܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ\nܒܰܕܓܘܽܢ ܡܶܢ ܢܶܟܬܘܽܒ ܢܰܣܡܶܟ\nܢܶܙܒܶܢ ܢܶܫܐܰܠ ܘܰܢܣܰܡܶܟ\nܢܩܺܝܡ ܢܶܒܘܽܙ ܢܺܐܬܰܪ ܢܫܰܕܰܪ\nܢܩܘܽܡ ܢܶܬܶܠ ܢܕܰܝܶܠ ܢܶܥܡܰܪ\nܢܫܰܐܶܠ ܢܶܣܘܽܪ ܐܳܦ ܢܰܐܓܰܪ\nܟܰܕ ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܬܗܶܐ ܡܫܰܡܰܪ\nܠܢܘܽܢ ܐܰܪܺܝܡ ܡܶܢ ܫܘܽܪܳܝܳܐ\nܘܒܰܕܫܰܪܟܳܐ ܗܘܺܝ ܦܳܩܘܽܕܳܐ\nܠܕܶܟܪܳܐ ܫܰܕܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܢܫܰܕܰܪ\nܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܢ ܢܶܛܰܪ ܛܰܪ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܐܣܘܽܪ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܰܣܘܽܪ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܺܐܬܰܪ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܝܺܬܰܪ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܰܣܡܶܟ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܰܣܡܶܟ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܣܰܡܶܟ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܣܰܡܶܟ\nܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܬܶܦܩܘܽܕ\nܒܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܐܰܘܣܶܦܶܝܗ̇ ܝܘܽܕ\nܘܰܒܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܬܶܓܠܶܝܗ̇\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܟܰܕ ܫܰܠܝܳܐ ܫܒܘܽܩܺܝܗ̇\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܩܘܽܡܝ ܘܰܠܒܰܫܝ ܐܳܦ ܛܰܪܝ\nܘܬܶܒܝ ܘܐܰܓܰܪܝ ܘܰܥܡܰܪܝ ܘܝܺܬܰܪܝ\nܘܡܶܬܦܰܩ̈ܕܳܢܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܢܶܣܓܘܽܢ\nܫܠܺܝܬܳܐ ܘܰܐܘ ܐܰܘܣܶܦ ܠܗܘܽܢ\nܐܰܘ ܥܰܡ ܘܰܐܘ ܐܰܩܶܦ ܐܳܦ ܢܘܽܢ","english":"on words aside from the verb, when that which is passive is said, you say \"she bore\" and also \"he did,\" like \"he was baptized\" from the finger, and \"he was small\" and also \"she was baptized,\" and \"she was shaded\" and also \"she was dipped,\" and \"he was shaken\" and also \"he was moved,\" and \"he was crushed,\" \"he was purified,\" and \"he was sprinkled,\" and \"he was amazed\" and also \"he was confirmed,\" and \"he was enslaved\" and also \"he was freed,\" and \"he was strengthened\" and also \"he was despised,\" and \"he was shaken\" and also \"he was shorn,\" and \"he did\" that \"he was leavened\" with leaven, it is clear that this is more, because of that which is like this from words of the verb that stands and of the future, command to the singular masculine of the near: masculine or feminine, and to the plurals masculine and feminine, the word with which of the commander from that which is future to be born, and change of person is hard for the Syriac construction, the first measure, in the distinction from \"he wrote,\" \"he placed,\" \"he bought,\" \"he asked,\" and \"he placed,\" \"he stood,\" \"he despised,\" \"he remained,\" \"he sent,\" \"he rose,\" \"he came,\" \"he hung,\" \"he dwelt,\" \"he asked,\" \"he bound,\" also \"he hired,\" when the commands are to be kept, to the end he raised from the beginning, and in the rest he is commander, to the masculine he sent from \"he sent,\" he said also from \"he guarded,\" guard, and from \"he bound,\" he said \"bind,\" and from \"he remained,\" he said \"remain,\" and from \"he placed,\" he said \"place,\" and from \"he placed,\" thus \"place,\" and to the feminine when you command, in the command add to her yūd, and in the infinitive do not reveal her, but when it is silent, leave her, and he said \"stand\" and \"dress\" also \"guard,\" and \"sit\" and \"hire\" and \"dwell\" and \"remain,\" and the passives when they increase, the silent and or he adds to them, or with and or he attaches also them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܰܠ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܣـܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܡܢܰܬ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from verbal morphology to non-verbal words, listing passive forms (e.g., ܐܶܬܡܰܥܝܰܬ) and then imperative forms, marking a new section in the grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ (command) is used repeatedly to denote the imperative mood, a key category in Bar Hebraeus's grammatical analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܘܽܕ","severity":"info","text":"The letter yūd (ܝ) is prescribed as a suffix for feminine imperatives, e.g., ܩܘܽܡܝ (stand f.), illustrating a morphological rule.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Syriac construction' (ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ) situates the grammar within the Syriac linguistic tradition, likely drawing on earlier Syriac grammarians.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܬܶܦܩܘܽܕ","severity":"caution","text":"The instruction to add yūd to feminine imperatives but omit it in the infinitive (ܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ) is ambiguous; the text may conflate imperative and infinitive forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'first measure' (ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ) is introduced as a category for verb forms, likely the Peal stem, contrasting with derived stems discussed elsewhere.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܬܶܦܩܘܽܕ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'to the feminine when you command' or 'to the feminine when it is commanded'; the English draft takes the former.","The list of passive forms (e.g., ܐܶܬܡܰܥܝܰܬ) may include both Peal passives and Ethpeel forms, but the text does not distinguish them clearly."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܰܠܶܦܘ ܘܐܰܠܶܦܘܽܢ\nܗܘܽ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܘܰܠܢܶܩ̈ܒܳܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܶܦܩܘܽܕ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܬܳܐ\nܫܠܺܝܬܳܐ ܝܘܽܕ ܐܰܘܣܶܦ ܠܗܶܝܢ\nܘܰܦܐܶܐ ܕܰܠܝܘܽܕ ܬܰܩܶܦ ܢܘܽܢ\nܘܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܕܐܰܚܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܐܰܓܰܪ̈ܝ\nܘܬܶܒܝ̈ ܘܰܥܡܰܪ̈ܝ ܘܰܠܒܰܫ̈ܝ ܘܝܺܬܰܪ̈ܝ\nܘܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܬܶܒܶܝ̈ܢ ܘܐܰܓܰܪ̈ܶܝܢ\nܘܰܥܡܰܪ̈ܶܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܝܺܬܰܪ̈ܶܝܢ\nܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܒܰܝܬܶܐ ܘܢܶܬܚܰܘܶܐ\nܘܢܰܪܡܶܐ ܘܢܰܐܟܶܐ ܘܰܢܫܰܘܶܐ\nܘܢܶܬܛܰܡܰܐ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܨܛܰܝܰܐ\nܘܢܶܬܓܰܐܰܐ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܬܒܰܝܰܐ\nܒܕܘܽܟܰܬ ܢܘܽܢ ܐܰܥܶܠ ܐܳܠܰܦ\nܘܰܠܥܶܩܒܳܐ ܒܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܙܩܘܽܦ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܒܰܝܬܶܐ ܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܳܐ\nܐܶܡܰܪ ܘܡܶܢ ܢܰܪܡܶܐ ܐܰܪܡܳܐ\nܐܶܡܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܢܰܟܳܐ ܐܰܟܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܡܶܢ ܢܰܚܶܐ ܐܰܚܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܛܰܡܰܐ ܐܶܬܛܰܡܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܒܰܝܳܐ ܐܶܬܒܰܝܰܐ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܒܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܰܢܫܰܘܶܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܫܰܘܳܐ\nܘܰܒܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܐܳܠܰܦ\nܒܝܘܽܕ ܕܡܠܰܫܢܳܐ ܬܶܬܚܰܠܰܦܝ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܳܝ ܘܰܫܘܳܝ\nܘܐܶܬܛܰܡܐܳܝ ܘܐܰܪܡܳܝ ܘܐܰܚܳܝ\nܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܦܩܘܽܕ ܒܘܰܐܘ\nܕܰܡܠܰܫܢܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܬܚܰܘܰܘ\nܘܐܶܬܒܰܝܰܐܘ ܘܐܰܚܰܘ ܘܰܫܘܰܘ\nܘܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܰܘ ܘܐܰܟܰܘ ܘܐܰܪܡܰܘ\nܘܐܶܢ ܬܶܨܒܶܐ ܐܰܣܶܦ ܬܘܽܒ ܢܘܽܢ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܚܰܘܰܘܽܢ\nܘܐܶܢ ܬܶܦܩܘܽܕ ܠܰܕܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܢ\nܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܟܺܝܬ ܝܘܽܕ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܡ ܢܘܽܢ\nܐܰܘܣܶܦ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܰܪ̈ܡܳܝܶܝܢ\nܘܰܫܘܳܝ̈ܶܝܢ ܘܐܶܬܒܰܝ̈ܬܳܝܶܝܢ\nܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܢܶܩܪܶܐ ܘܢܶܒܪܶܐ\nܘܢܺܐܚܶܐ ܘܢܶܚܕܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܫܪܶܐ\nܒܕܘܽܟܰܬ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܕܰܪܒܺܝܨܳܐ\nܐܰܥܶܠ ܝܘܽܕ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܚܒܺܝܨܳܐ\nܘܐܰܪܺܝܡ ܠܢܘܽܢ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܕܰܩܪܺܝ\nܚܝܺܝ ܘܰܚܕܺܝ ܒܪܺܝ ܓܠܺܝ ܘܰܫܪܺܝ\nܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܬܶܦܩܘܽܕ\nܙܩܘܽܦ ܠܰܚܒܺܝܨܳܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܝܘܽܕ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܕܰܚܕܳܝ ܘܰܩܪܳܝ","english":"and he said \"they learned\" and \"they taught.\"  \nThus also for feminines,  \nwhen you command plurals,  \nhe added a yudh to the end of the feminine,  \nand the forms that are not with yudh are strong,  \nand you say \"sisters,\" \"hired women,\"  \n\"my houses,\" \"my dwellings,\" \"my garments,\" and \"my relatives,\"  \nand thus \"my houses,\" \"my hired women,\"  \n\"my dwellings,\" also \"my relatives.\"  \n\nThe second pattern:  \nand from \"she was built\" and \"she was shown,\"  \nand \"she threw\" and \"she struck\" and \"she equaled,\"  \nand \"she was defiled,\" also \"she was cut,\"  \nand \"she was adorned,\" also \"she was split.\"  \nIn place of yudh, he inserted an alaph,  \nand for the feminine, with a raised command,  \nand from \"she was built,\" \"she was built\" (feminine),  \nhe said; and from \"she threw,\" \"she threw\" (feminine),  \nhe said; from \"she struck,\" \"she struck\" (feminine),  \njust as from \"she lived,\" \"she lived\" (feminine),  \nand from \"she was defiled,\" \"she was defiled\" (feminine),  \nand from \"she was split,\" \"she was split\" (feminine).  \nBut in the pattern of \"she equaled,\"  \nwithout alaph, he said \"she equaled\" (feminine),  \nand in the feminine, with alaph,  \nby the yudh of the masculine, it is changed,  \nand he said \"she was built\" (feminine) and \"she equaled\" (feminine),  \nand \"she was defiled\" (feminine) and \"she threw\" (feminine) and \"she lived\" (feminine).  \nAnd for the plurals, command with waw,  \nof the masculine, like \"they were shown,\"  \nand \"they were split\" and \"they lived\" and \"they equaled,\"  \nand \"they were built\" and \"they struck\" and \"they threw.\"  \nAnd if you wish, add again yudh,  \nwhen you say \"they were shown\" (with yudh),  \nand if you command the plurals,  \nthen two yudhs with yudh,  \nhe added and said \"they threw\" (feminine plural),  \nand \"they equaled\" (feminine plural) and \"they were built\" (feminine plural).  \n\nThe third pattern:  \nand from the pattern of \"he read\" and \"he created,\"  \nand \"he lived\" and \"he rejoiced,\" also \"he dwelt,\"  \nin place of alaph, which is fixed,  \nhe inserted the yudh that is hidden,  \nand he raised the yudh and said \"he read\" (with yudh),  \n\"he lived\" and \"he rejoiced,\" \"he created,\" \"he revealed,\" and \"he dwelt.\"  \nAnd for the feminine, when you command,  \nraise this hidden yudh,  \nwhen you say \"she rejoiced\" and \"she read.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage introduces a second pattern (ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܳܐ) of verbal inflection, following the first pattern discussed in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܝܘܽܕ","severity":"info","text":"The letter yudh (ܝ) is used as a suffix to mark feminine forms, as in ܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܳܝ (she was built, feminine).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܐܳܠܰܦ","severity":"info","text":"The letter alaph (ܐ) is inserted in place of yudh for certain feminine forms, e.g., ܐܰܪܡܳܐ (she threw, feminine).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"A third pattern (ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ) is introduced, where a hidden yudh replaces a fixed alaph in certain verb forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܰܠܢܶܩ̈ܒܳܬܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac text has some orthographic irregularities (e.g., ܘܰܠܢܶܩ̈ܒܳܬܳܐ for 'and for feminines'), which may reflect scribal variation or dialectal forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact vocalization of some verb forms (e.g., ܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܳܐ vs. ܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܳܝ) is ambiguous; the text treats them as distinct feminine forms.","The phrase ܒܕܘܽܟܰܬ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܕܰܪܒܺܝܨܳܐ ('in place of alaph, which is fixed') could be interpreted as referring to a specific morphological rule or a general pattern."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ܚܝܳܝ ܘܰܒܪܳܝ ܘܰܓܠܳܝ ܘܰܫܪܳܝ\nܘܐܶܢ ܢܶܣܓܘܽܢ ܡܶܬܦܰܩ̈ܕܳܢܶܐ\nܒܘܰܐܘ ܘܰܒܢܘܽܢ ܥܒܶܕ ܦܘܽܩ̈ܕܳܢܶܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܕܰܩܪܰܘ ܘܰܒܪܰܘ\nܚܝܰܘ ܘܰܚܕܰܘ ܘܰܓܠܰܘ ܘܰܫܪܰܘ\nܘܐܶܢ ܬܶܨܒܶܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܩܪܰܘܘܽܢ\nܚܝܰܘܘܽܢ ܚܕܰܘܘܽܢ ܘܰܫܪܰܘܘܽܢ\nܘܰܒܢܶܩ̈ܒܳܬܳܐ ܠܘܰܐܘ ܚܰܠܶܦ\nܒܝܘܽܕ ܘܰܙܩܘܽܦ ܘܰܠܢܘܽܢ ܐܰܩܶܦ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܩܪ̈ܳܝܶܝܢ ܘܰܚܕܳܝ̈ܶܢ\nܓܠܳܝ̈ܶܝܢ ܚܝܳܝ̈ܶܝܢ ܘܰܫܪ̈ܳܝܶܝܢ\nܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܒܠܰܥ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܬܥܰܛܰܦ\nܘܢܶܬܪܟܶܢ ܢܶܫܬܶܐ ܘܢܶܫܬܰܘܬܰܦ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܝܰܠܰܦ ܘܢܶܬܺܝܕܰܥ\nܗܘܽ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܫܬܰܘܕܰܥ\nܠܳܐܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܗܳܝ ܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܬܳܐ\nܦܬܰܚ ܛܰܠܝܳܐ ܒܦܳܩܘܽܕܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܒܰܠܥ ܐܶܬܥܰܛܦ\nܘܐܶܬܪܰܟܢ ܐܶܫܬܰܝ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܫܬܰܘܬܦ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܐܶܬܝܰܠܦ ܘܐܶܬܝܰܕܥ\nܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܫܬܰܘܕܥ\nܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܝܘܽܕ ܐܰܘܣܶܦ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܫܬܰܘܬܦܝ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܥܰܛܦܝ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܠܰܦܬܳܚܳܐ ܕܐܶܫܬܰܝ\nܙܩܘܽܦ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܫܬܳܝ\nܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܐܰܘܣܶܦ ܘܰܐܘ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܥܰܛܦܘ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܫܬܰܘ\nܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܬܳܐ ܝܘܽܕ ܐܳܦ ܢܘܽܢ\nܐܰܩܶܦ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܒܰܠ̈ܥܶܝܢ\nܘܐܶܫ̈ܬܳܝܶܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܘܐܶܫܬܰܘ̈ܬܰܦܶܝܢ\nܘܐܶܬܪ̈ܰܟܢܝܢ ܘܐܶܬܝܰܠ̈ܦܝܢ\nܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܚܡܺܝܫܳܝܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܢܶܬܦܢܶܐ ܘܢܶܨܛܠܶܐ\nܘܢܶܨܛܒܶܐ ܘܢܶܬܪܡܶܐ ܘܢܶܬܓܠܶܐ\nܦܬܰܚ ܠܳܐܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܬܳܐ\nܒܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܟܠܝܬܳܐ\nܐܶܬܦܢܰܝ ܐܶܨܛܒܰܝ ܘܐܶܨܛܠܰܝ\nܘܐܶܬܪܡܰܝ ܘܐܶܬܟܠܰܝ ܘܐܶܬܓܠܰܝ\nܘܰܒܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܬܰܚܠܘܽܦܳܐ\nܕܰܦܬܳܚܳܐ ܐܰܥܶܠ ܙܩܳܦܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܐܶܨܛܒܳܝ ܐܶܨܛܠܳܝ\nܘܐܶܬܦܢܳܝ ܘܐܶܬܪܡܳܝ ܘܐܶܬܓܠܳܝ\nܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܐܰܩܶܦ ܘܰܐܘ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܨܛܠܰܘ ܘܐܶܬܓܠܰܘ\nܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܘܰܐܘ ܥܰܡ ܢܘܽܢ\nܐܰܩܶܦ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܨܛܠܰܘܘܽܢ","english":"ḥyāy waḇrāy wag̱lāy wašrāy\nwāen ʿesgūqā meṯpaqqāḏāe\nbwaʾw waḇʿūqā ʿbeḏ pūqāḏāe\nkaḏ tēmar daqraw waḇraw\nḥyaw wḥdaw wag̱law wašraw\nwāen tēṣbē emar qrawūqā\nḥyawūqā ḥdawūqā wašrawūqā\nwaḇʿeqbātā lwāʾw ḥallep̱\nḇyūḏ wazqūp̱ walʿūqā aqqep̱\nwemar qrāyēy wḥdāyēʿ\ng̱lāyēy ḥyāyēy wašrāyēy\nkaylā rḇīʿāyā\nwmeʿ ʿeṯḇlaʿ āp̱ ʿeṯʿaṭṭap̱\nwʿeṯrḵaʿ ʿeštē wʿeštawtap̱\nwmeʿ ʿeṯyallap̱ wʿeṯīḏaʿ\nhūy hāḵwāt āp̱ ʿeštawḏaʿ\nlāʾṯūtā hāy ṯlīṯaytā\npṯaḥ ṭalyā bpāqūḏūtā\nwemar eṯḇlaʿ eṯʿaṭṭap̱\nweṯraḵaʿ eštay āp̱ eštawtap̱\nwhāḵaʿā eṯyallap̱ weṯyaḏaʿ\nwaḵwāṯhēy emar eštawḏaʿ\nwalʿeqḇtā yūḏ awsep̱\nwemar eštawtap̱y āp̱ eṯʿaṭṭap̱y\nelāʾ lapṯāḥā dēštay\nzqūp̱ hārkā wemar eštāy\nwalsag̱īʾē awsep̱ wāʾw\nwemar eṯʿaṭṭap̱ū āp̱ eštaw\nlsag̱īʾātā yūḏ āp̱ ʿūqā\naqqep̱ wemar eṯḇalʿēy\nweštāyēy āp̱ weštawtap̱ēy\nweṯraḵaʿy weṯyallap̱y\nkaylā ḥmīšāyā\nwmeʿ kaylā dʿeṯp̱aʿē wʿeṣṭlē\nwʿeṣṭbē wʿeṯrmē wʿeṯglē\npṯaḥ lāʾṯūtā rḇīʿaytā\nbpūqāḏā d lā ḵlītā\neṯp̱aʿay eṣṭbay w eṣṭlay\nweṯrmay weṯklay weṯglay\nwaḇʿeqḇtā ṯaḥlūp̱ā\ndapṯāḥā aʿel zqāp̱ā\nkaḏ tēmar eṣṭbāy eṣṭlāy\nweṯp̱aʿāy weṯrmāy weṯglāy\nwalsag̱īʾē aqqep̱ wāʾw\nwemar eṣṭlaw weṯglaw\nwalsag̱īʾē wāʾw ʿam ʿūqā\naqqep̱ wemar eṣṭlawūqā\n\nand he said \"they learned\" and \"they taught.\" Thus also for feminines, when you command plurals, he added a yudh to the end of the feminine, and the forms that are not with yudh are strong, and you say \"sisters,\" \"hired [women],\" \"revealed [women],\" \"lived [women],\" and \"loosed [women].\" The fourth meter: and from \"he was swallowed\" also \"he was bent,\" and \"he was mounted,\" \"he drank,\" and \"he participated,\" and from \"he learned\" and \"he knew,\" it is likewise also \"he was known.\" The third infinitive: open the boy in the imperative, and say \"be swallowed,\" \"be bent,\" \"be mounted,\" \"drink,\" also \"participate,\" and thus \"learn\" and \"know,\" and likewise say \"be known.\" And to the feminine he added a yudh, and said \"participate (f.)\" also \"be bent (f.),\" but for the infinitive of \"drink,\" a zqāpā here, and say \"to drink.\" And to the plurals he added a wāw, and said \"be bent (pl.)\" also \"drink (pl.).\" To the feminine plurals he attached a yudh also a ʿūqā, and said \"be swallowed (f.pl.),\" \"drink (f.pl.),\" also \"participate (f.pl.),\" and \"be mounted (f.pl.),\" and \"learn (f.pl.).\" The fifth meter: and from the meter of \"he was healed\" and \"he was saved,\" and \"he was dyed\" and \"he was thrown\" and \"he was revealed,\" open the fourth infinitive with the imperative without a final letter: \"be healed,\" \"be dyed,\" and \"be saved,\" and \"be thrown,\" and \"be restrained,\" and \"be revealed.\" And in the feminine, the substitution of the infinitive: he brought in a zqāpā, when you say \"be dyed (f.),\" \"be saved (f.),\" and \"be healed (f.),\" and \"be thrown (f.),\" and \"be revealed (f.).\" And to the plurals he attached a wāw, and said \"be saved (pl.),\" and \"be revealed (pl.).\" And to the feminine plurals he attached a wāw with a ʿūqā, and said \"be saved (f.pl.).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"kaylā rḇīʿāyā","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the beginning of the fourth meter (kaylā rḇīʿāyā) and later the fifth meter (kaylā ḥmīšāyā), continuing the metrical classification of verbal paradigms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lāʾṯūtā","severity":"info","text":"The term lāʾṯūtā (infinitive) is used here to denote a verbal noun form; the third and fourth infinitives are distinguished by their imperative patterns and vowel changes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"zqāp̱","severity":"info","text":"The term zqāp̱ refers to a specific vowel sign (likely the Syriac zqāpā, a long /ā/ vowel) that is inserted in certain feminine and infinitive forms, as in eštāy (to drink).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʿūqā","severity":"info","text":"The term ʿūqā (a consonantal suffix, possibly a variant of ʿayn or a diacritic) is attached to feminine plurals, as in eṯḇalʿēy (be swallowed f.pl.).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Bar Hebraeus's metrical grammar organizes verbal paradigms by meter (kaylā), a pedagogical method common in Syriac grammatical tradition, reflecting influence from earlier Syriac and Arabic models.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft contains several transliteration inconsistencies (e.g., 'eštawtap̱' vs. 'eštawtap̱') and the Syriac text shows possible scribal variations in vowel signs; the exact forms may vary across manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text uses the term 'lāʾṯūtā' for infinitive, but its precise morphological classification (e.g., whether it corresponds to a verbal noun or a specific derived stem) is not fully clarified in this passage.","The reading of 'zqāp̱' as a vowel sign is assumed, but the text does not specify its exact phonetic value in context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܬܳܐ ܝܘܽܕ ܘܢܘܽܢ\nܐܰܩܶܦ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܨܛܠܳܝ̈ܶܝܢ\nܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܫܬܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܶܐܟܶܠ ܢܶܬܶܐܡܰܪ\nܟܰܕ ܬܶܦܩܘܽܕ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܰܐܡܪ\nܟܰܕ ܠܰܬܪܰܝܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ ܡܰܢ\nܦܳܬܰܚ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܘܐܳܡܪܰܬ ܐܶܬܐܰܡܢ\nܘܐܶܬܰܐܟ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܳܢ ܢܶܬܰܐܟܶܐ\nܒܗܳܢܳܐ ܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܡܶܬܕܰܟܶܐ\nܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܝܘܽܕ ܐܰܩܶܦ\nܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܘܰܐܘ ܐܰܘܣܶܦ\nܘܰܠܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܳܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܝܘܽܕ\nܠܡܶܠܰܬ ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܚܰܝܶܕ\nܘܐܶܡܰܪ ܐܶܬܰܐܟܠܝ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܰܐܡܪܝ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܐܶܬܰܐܟܠܘ ܐܶܬܰܐܡܪܘ\nܘܐܰܟܘܽܬܗܶܝܢ ܐܶܬܰܐܟ̈ܠܝ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܰܐܡܪܝ\nܒܶܠܥܳܕ ܢܘܽܢ ܠܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ ܫܰܡܰܪ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܕܠܝ̈ܠܳܬܳܐ\nܕܫܳܢ̈ܙܳܢ ܡܶܢ ܩܳܢܘܽܢ̈ܶܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ\nܘܰܠܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܟܰܕ ܐܰܒܠܶܨܢܰܢ\nܘܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܡܰܨܝܳܐ ܢܰܗܰܪܢܰܢ\nܘܢܶܣܥܘܽܪ ܘܰܠܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܕܫܳܢ̈ܙܳܢ\nܘܰܠܩܳܢܘܽܢ̈ܶܐ ܠܳܐ ܫܳܠ̈ܡܳܢ\nܢܺܐܙܰܠ ܕܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܐܰܝܟ ܢܺܐܬܰܪ\nܘܙܳܕܶܩ ܗ̄ܘܳܐ ܕܐܺܙܰܠ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܘܗܳܐ ܠܰܘ ܗܳܟܰܢ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܙܶܠ ܐܰܝܟ ܦܶܠ ܦܳܩܕܰܬ\nܘܢܺܐܡܰܪ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܐܰܝܟ ܢܺܐܬܰܪ\nܠܳܐ ܦܳܩܕܳܐ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬ ܝܺܬܰܪ\nܟܰܕ ܠܳܐ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܺܡܰܪ\nܒܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܐܶܠܐܴ ܐܶܡܰܪ\n...........................؟","english":"And for the plurals, yūḏ and wāw are attached, and say eṣṭlāyē. The measure is šetītāyā. And from it, it is said and it is spoken. When you command, say etʾamer. When for the dual, you open the ʾālap, and you say etʾamar. And etʾaḵal is also from the measure that is said. In this measure, it is said. And for the feminine, yūḏ is attached. And for the plurals, also add wāw. And for the plurals, again yūḏ is attached to the word of the imperative, strengthen, and say etʾaḵlī and also etʾamrī. And thus, etʾaḵlū and etʾamrū. And likewise, etʾaḵlī and also etʾamrī. Except for wāw for all of them, it is preserved because of the words of the nights, which are different from these qāṭōqē. And for these, when you shorten them, and as much as you can, you clarify them. And you help, and for the words that are different, and for the qāṭōqē that are not complete, go as if it is a place, and it was fitting that you go and say. And behold, not thus do you say, but go as you commanded, and say thus as if it is a place, not a commander in the likeness of yīṯar, when you do not say, but in the imperative, say.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"yūḏ and wāw","severity":"info","text":"The letters yūḏ (ܝ) and wāw (ܘ) are the standard Syriac consonantal markers for the plural in certain verbal and nominal forms; their attachment here signals the plural imperative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"eṣṭlāyē","severity":"info","text":"The form eṣṭlāyē (ܐܶܨܛܠܳܝ̈ܶܝܢ) is the Ethpe‛el infinitive or plural participle of ṣlā (to pray), used here as a paradigm for the plural imperative of the Ethpe‛el conjugation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"šetītāyā","severity":"info","text":"The term šetītāyā (ܫܬܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ) likely refers to the sixth measure or conjugation pattern (Ethpe‛el) in Bar Hebraeus’s metrical grammar, following the sequence of verbal stems.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"qāṭōqē","severity":"info","text":"The plural qāṭōqē (ܩܳܢܘܽܢ̈ܶܐ) is a Greek loanword (κατηχούμενοι) meaning ‘catechumens’ or, in this grammatical context, possibly a technical term for a class of irregular or defective verb forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"yīṯar","severity":"caution","text":"The form yīṯar (ܝܺܬܰܪ) is obscure; it may be a proper name or a defective verb form. The text contrasts it with the imperative, suggesting it is not a command but a different mood or a citation from a source.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"nights","severity":"info","text":"The reference to ‘words of the nights’ (ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܕܠܝ̈ܠܳܬܳܐ) may allude to liturgical or poetic texts recited nocturnally, which preserve archaic or irregular forms distinct from the standard qāṭōqē patterns.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of yīṯar is uncertain; it may be a proper name or a defective verb form. The phrase 'words of the nights' is ambiguous, possibly referring to liturgical night offices or a specific textual corpus. The exact referent of qāṭōqē in this grammatical context is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ܢܺܐܬܶܐ ܕܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܐܰܝܟ ܢܺܐܚܶܐ\nܩܢܘܽܢܳܐ ܠܳܗ̇ ܗܘܽ ܕܳܚܶܐ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܬܳܐ ܦܳܩܶܕ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܠܳܐ ܬܝܺܝ\nܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܚܝܺܝ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܢܺܐܬܶܐ ܘܢܺܐܚܶܐ ܘܢܺܐܡܶܐ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܠܗܰܘ ܐܰܝܢܳܐ ܕܝܳܡܶܐ\nܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܬܰܐܡܳܐ\nܘܐܳܦܠܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬ ܚܝܺܝ ܡܝܺܝ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܫܬܰܝ ܘܐܶܫܬܳܝ\nܦܳܩܶܕ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܝܺܡܰܝ ܘܝܺܡܳܝ\nܘܠܰܘ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܐܳܘ ܥܠܰܝܡܳܐ\nܠܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܕܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܠܳܚܡܳܐ\nܗܳܐ ܓܶܝܪ ܡܶܢ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܕܢܶܬܶܠ\nܘܐܳܦܶܢ ܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܐܰܝܟ ܢܶܦܶܠ\nܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܡܶܬܰܐܡܪܳܐ ܒܕܘܽܟ ܬܶܠ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܦ ܡܶܬܰܐܡܪܳܐ ܦܶܠ\nܘܠܳܐ ܒܕܰܥܒܰܪ ܡܶܬܰܐܡܪܳܐ ܢܬܰܠ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܳܦ ܡܶܬܰܐܡܪܳܐ ܢܦܰܠ\nܘܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܠܰܘ ܥܰܠ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܥܳܐܠܳܐ ܢܘܽܢ ܕܰܥܬܺܝܕܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܕܥܰܠ ܡܶܠܰܬ ܗܰܒ\nܕܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܚܳܬܳܐ ܕܡܶܠܰܬ ܣܰܒ\nܠܳܐ ܣܳܟ ܡܶܬܰܐܡܪܳܐ ܕܢܶܗܰܒ\nܘܐܳܦܶܢ ܡܶܬܰܐܡܪܳܐ ܕܢܶܣܰܒ\nܘܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܚܳܢܶܝܢ ܩܳܢܘܽܢ̈ܶܐ\nܐܶܬܦܢܰܝ ܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܡܶܢ ܢܶܬܦܢܶܐ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܐܶܬܦܰܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܳܡܪܳܐ\nܡܶܠܰܬ ܪܘܽܚܳܐ ܒܡܰܙܡܘܽܪܳܐ\nܠܒܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܦܶܚܡܳܐ ܘܰܥܝܳܕܳܐ\nܕܰܡܥܳܕ ܢܳܦܶܠ ܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ\nܘܒܳܬܰܪ ܩܰܠܺܝܠ ܡܶܬܢܰܗܪ̈ܳܢ\nܘܰܒܡܳܢܳܐ ܐܱܪܰܐ ܦܪ̈ܺܝܫܳܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܕܰܙܩܺܝ̈ܦܳܢ ܘܗܶܢܶܝܢ\nܕܰܦܬܺܝ̈ܚܳܢ ܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܰܥܒܰܪ\nܘܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܕܩܳܝ̈ܡܳܢ ܘܰܢܩܘܽܡ̈ܳܢ\nܘܕܰܐܟܘܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܒܕܰܥܒܰܪ ܙܩܺܝ̈ܦܳܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܡܳܫ ܦܳܫ ܦܳܓ ܕܳܠ ܓܳܠ ܙܳܥ\nܨܳܒ ܩܳܡ ܕܳܨ ܚܳܣ ܛܳܣ ܓܳܪ ܢܳܚ\nܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܪܳܐ\nܕܩܳܝܡܳܐ ܢܳܝܡܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܓܳܝܪܳܐ\nܘܗܶܢܶܝܢ ܕܥܳܐܠ̈ܳܢ ܐܳܦ ܢܶܥܠܘܽܢ\nܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܕܰܥܒܰܪ ܦܬܺܝ̈ܚܳܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܩܰܠ ܩܰܪ ܚܰܡ ܪܰܓ ܥܰܠ ܒܰܙ\nܪܰܬ ܦܰܕ ܚܰܫ ܓܰܡ ܓܰܪ ܪܰܩ ܓܰܙ\nܘܰܠܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܪܳܐ","english":"And for the one that is like ʾetē and ʾeḥē, the imperative of it is dāḥē. In that which commands, you do not say tī, like you say ḥī. And like ʾetē and ʾeḥē and ʾemē, but for that which is like yāmē, you do not say tāmā, nor again in the likeness of ḥī and mī, but like eštay and eštāy, you command dīmay and yīmāy. And not every word, or rather, concerning the word of the imperative, the pattern is this: for from the word ʾetel, and also ʾītayh is like ʾepel, it is not said in the place of tel, as also it is said pel; and it is not said in the past ʾtal, as also it is said ʾpal. And thus not concerning every word, the pattern of the future, as also concerning the word hab, which is the sister of the word sab, it is not said dīhab, and also it is said dīsab. And as the patterns are distinguished, ʾetpʿay is from ʾetpʿē, but ʾetpaʿ again is said, the word rūḥā in the Psalter. Apart from the vowel and the custom, which changes the pattern in the vowel, and after a little they are distinguished, and in the matter of the separate letters, because of the letters that are qīpā and ḥēt, which are pṯīḥā in the past tense, and the letters that are qāymā and ʿqūmā, and like them in the past qīpā, such as māš, pāš, pāg, dāl, gāl, zāʿ, ṣāb, qām, dāṣ, ḥās, ṭās, gār, ʿāḥ. And to the feminine plural it is said, that qāymā ʿāymā, also gāyrā, and ḥēt that are ʿālā, also ʿelʿūq, in the past tense pṯīḥā, such as qal, qar, ḥam, rag, ʿal, baz, rat, pad, ḥaš, gam, gar, raq, gaz. And to the feminine plural it is said.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"dāḥē","severity":"info","text":"The imperative form dāḥē is derived from the verb ʾeḥē, following the pattern of ʾetē. The text illustrates that the imperative is formed by altering the base vowel and dropping the initial ʾālap.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾetpʿay","severity":"info","text":"ʾetpʿay is a passive or reflexive verbal form (ethpeʿal) from the root pʿʿ. The text contrasts it with ʾetpʿē and ʾetpaʿ, showing variation in the imperative and past tense patterns.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"rūḥā in the Psalter","severity":"info","text":"The reference to rūḥā in the Psalter (mazmūrā) likely alludes to a specific biblical usage, possibly Psalm 51 or another, where the word appears in a form that exemplifies the imperative pattern discussed.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"qīpā and ḥēt","severity":"info","text":"The text distinguishes between letters that are qīpā (emphatic) and ḥēt (guttural) in the past tense, noting that they are pṯīḥā (open) in that tense. This classification affects vowel patterns in imperative formation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"māš, pāš, pāg, etc.","severity":"info","text":"The list of verbs (māš, pāš, pāg, dāl, gāl, zāʿ, ṣāb, qām, dāṣ, ḥās, ṭās, gār, ʿāḥ) exemplifies the pattern where qīpā letters in the past tense take a specific vowel, paralleling the earlier examples with ʾetē and ʾeḥē.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"feminine plural","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'to the feminine plural it is said' is ambiguous: it may refer to the imperative form for feminine plural addressees, or to a grammatical rule for feminine plural nouns. The text does not clarify the intended referent.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'to the feminine plural it is said' could refer to imperative forms for feminine plural addressees or to feminine plural nouns; the text does not specify.","The reference to 'rūḥā in the Psalter' is not identified with a specific verse, leaving the exact biblical echo uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ܒܳܐܙܳܐ ܓܳܐܙܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܓܳܐܪܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܫܘܶܐ\nܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܠܬܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ\nܒܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܓܶܝܪ ܗܰܘ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ\nܫܘܶܐ ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܠܬܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ\nܘܥܰܡܶܗ ܬܘܽܒ ܒܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ\nܘܒܰܐܚܪ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܩܢܶܐ ܦܘܽܪ̈ܫܳܢܶܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܓܶܝܪ ܗܘܽ ܐܰܣܡܶܟ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܳܘ ܐܰܒܘܽܢ ܠܺܝ ܐܰܣܡܶܟ\nܘܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܟܢܳܬܳܟ ܝܺܬܰܪ\nܗܘܽ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܐܳܦ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܝܺܬܰܪ\nܘܐܳܦܠܳܐ ܒܟܽܠܶܗ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ\nܫܘܶܐ ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܠܬܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܗܘܽ ܐܶܣܰܪ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬ ܛܰܠܝܳܐ ܥܰܡܶܗ ܐܰܣܘܽܪ\nܘܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܗܘܽ ܓܘܽܥܠܳܢܳܐ ܢܛܰܪ\nܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܛܰܪ\nܘܰܒܟܰܝܠܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ\nܫܘܶܐ ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܠܬܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ\nܒܪܰܡ ܒܩܳܢܘ̈ܽܢܶܐ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ\nܠܳܐ ܒܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܝܺܚܺܝ̈ܕܳܝܶܐ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܩܪܰܘ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܚܰܒܺܝ̈ܒܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܩܪܰܘ\nܘܰܒܟܰܝ̈ܠܶܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܐܼܚܪ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܕܢܺܝܚܺܝܢ ܘܰܓܠܶܝܢ ܦܘܽܪ̈ܫܳܢܶܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܺܝܘ ܘܐܶܬܒܰܝܬܰܘ\nܘܐܶܬܓܰܘܺܝܘ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܓܰܘܰܘ\nܘܐܳܬܥܰܛܰܦ ܐܳܦ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܶܬܥܰܛܦ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܫܬܰܘܬܰܦ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܫܬܰܘܬܦ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܨܛܒܺܝܘ ܐܳܦ ܐܶܨܛܒܰܘ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܬܓܠܺܝܘ ܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܐܶܬܓܠܰܘ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܬܶܐܟܶܠ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܶܬܰܐܟܠ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܬܶܐܒܶܠ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܶܬܶܐܒܠ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܫܘܝܳܐ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܕܚܰܕ ܘܰܕܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܒܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܘܠܰܘ\nܒܨܘܽܪܬܳܐ ܕܰܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ\nܒܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ ܘܰܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܳܐ\nܟܰܝ̈ܠܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܒܰܫܬܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ\nܫܘܶܐ ܩܢܘܽܡܳܐ ܝܺܚܺܝܕܳܝܳܐ\nܠܰܟܢܘܽܫܝܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܐ\nܒܬܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ ܘܰܒܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ\nܒܰܡܠܺܝܠܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܪܰܒܰܢ ܐܰܠܶܦ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܡܰܠܦܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܐܰܠܶܦܘ\nܘܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܗܳܢܳܐ ܐܶܬܥܰܛܰܦ","english":"bāzā gāzā ʾāp gārā\nbecause of that which is like šawwē\nthe imperative is like the infinitive\nfor in the first pattern\nthe imperative is like the infinitive\nand with it also in the third\nand in the others there are distinctions\nfor you say hwā ʾesmek\nand you say ʾāw ʾabūk lī ʾesmek\nand as much as your likeness increases\nhwā is thus also you increase\nand not in the whole first\nis the imperative like the infinitive\nin that which says ʾat hwā ʾesar\nand ʾat ṭalyā ʿammeh ʾasūr\nand as much as hwā is the circumlocution ṭar\nin that likeness also you ṭar\nand in the pattern also the third\nthe imperative is like the infinitive\nbut in many verbs\nnot in these singular ones\nin that which says ʾat hālen qraw\nand ʾatūn ḥabbībē tūb qraw\nand in the patterns these others\nwhich are clear and revealed distinctions\nlike ʾetbaytyō and ʾetbaytaw\nand ʾetgawwīyō ʾāp ʾetgawwaw\nand ʾetʿaṭṭap ʾāp ʾat ʾetʿaṭṭap\nand like ʾeštawtap ʾāp ʾeštawtap\nand like ʾeṣṭabīyō ʾāp ʾeṣṭabaw\nand like ʾetglīyō ʾatūn ʾetglaw\nand like ʾetʾekel ʾat ʾetʾakel\nand like ʾetʾebel ʾat ʾetʾebel\nbecause the word is like šawyā\nof one and of many in speech and not\nin the written form\nin the first and fourth\npatterns also in the sixth\nthe singular qṭōmā is like\nthe infinitive indeed many\nin the infinitive and in the imperative\nin the eloquence of the language\nyou say ʾat drabʿ ʾālep\nas much as the teachers taught\nand as much as this was turned","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"bāzā gāzā ʾāp gārā","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase bāzā gāzā ʾāp gārā is obscure; it may be a mnemonic or a set of nonsense words illustrating a pattern, but its exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"šawwē","severity":"info","text":"šawwē (ܫܘܶܐ) is the imperative of the verb 'to be equal, to liken'; here it functions as a paradigm for a class of verbs whose imperative is identical to the infinitive.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"first pattern … third pattern … fourth … sixth","severity":"info","text":"Bar Hebraeus refers to numbered verbal patterns (kaylē), a standard feature of Syriac grammatical analysis. The first, third, fourth, and sixth patterns are discussed in relation to the imperative-infinitive identity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾetbaytyō … ʾetbaytaw","severity":"info","text":"The pairs ʾetbaytyō/ʾetbaytaw, ʾetgawwīyō/ʾetgawwaw, etc., illustrate the distinction between singular and plural imperatives in the ethpeʿel (reflexive-passive) stem, a pattern also found in other Semitic grammars.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"hwā ʾesmek … hwā ʾesar","severity":"caution","text":"The examples hwā ʾesmek and hwā ʾesar appear to be corrupt or mispointed; the expected forms would be hwā ʾesmek (?) and hwā ʾesar (?), but the intended verbs are unclear. The text may have suffered in transmission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"drabʿ ʾālep","severity":"info","text":"The phrase drabʿ ʾālep (ܕܪܰܒܰܥ ܐܰܠܶܦ) likely refers to a pedagogical example meaning 'strike the ʾālep' (the first letter), a typical school exercise in Syriac scribal training.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening bāzā gāzā ʾāp gārā is of uncertain meaning; it may be a nonsense paradigm or a corrupt reading.","The examples hwā ʾesmek and hwā ʾesar are textually problematic; the intended verbs are not clear.","The phrase drabʿ ʾālep could be read as a literal command or as a technical term for a scribal exercise."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ܥܠܰܝ̈ܡܶܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܐܶܬܥܰܛܰܦܘ\nܘܥܰܡ ܠܰܚܡܳܐ ܗܰܘ ܕܐܶܬܶܐܟܶܠ\nܢܘ̈ܽܢܶܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܐܶܬܶܐܟܶܠܘ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܰܓܰܪ ܘܐܶܬܰܐܟܠ ܘܐܶܬܒܰܠܥ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܶܬܰܐܟܠܘ ܘܐܶܬܒܰܠܥܘ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܫܘܝܳܐ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܕܰܠܘܳܬ ܕܶܟܪܳܐ ܘܰܠܘܳܬ ܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ\nܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ ܘܠܰܘ ܒܰܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ\nܒܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ ܘܰܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܳܐ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܐܳܦ ܒܰܫܬܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ\nܫܘܶܐ ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܕܶܟܪܳܢܳܐ\nܠܰܩܢܘܽܡܳܐ ܢܶܩܒܬܳܢܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܐܰܚܘܽܢ ܐܰܓܰܪ\nܘܐܳܦ ܐܰܢܼܬܝ ܚܳܬܰܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܓܰܪܝ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܐܳܘ ܐܰܚ̈ܰܝ ܐܰܓܰܪܘ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܐܰܚܘ̈ܳܬܰܢ ܐܰܓܰܪ̈ܝ\nܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܘܰܒܬܰܫܥܺܝܬܳܐ\nܕܥܰܡ ܕܶܟܪܳܐ ܘܥܰܡ ܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ\nܐܶܡܰܪ ܕܐܰܚܘܽܢ ܐܰܒܘܽܢ ܩܪܳܟ\nܘܠܶܟܝ ܬܘܽܒ ܚܳܬܰܢ ܐܰܒܘܽܢ ܩܪܳܟܝ\nܘܠܳܟ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܳܐ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܓܒܳܟ\nܘܠܶܟܝ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܬܳܐ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܓܒܳܟܝ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܟܽܠ ܕܰܒܟܰܝܠܳܐ\nܕܰܩܪܳܐ ܘܰܒܪܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܘܰܓܠܳܐ\nܒܗܺܝܟܰܕܗܺܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܒܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ\nܡܰܠܶܠ ܥܰܡܗܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܥܰܡܗܶܝܢ\nܘܰܠܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܳܡܝܳܐ ܣܰܟܺܝ\nܐܰܚܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܐܰܚܘ̈ܳܬܝ ܣܰܟܺܝ̈ܝ\nܘܰܒܪܳܐ ܕܺܝܠܝ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܠܳܐ ܥܒܰܕ\nܕܰܒܢ̈ܳܬܳܟ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܥܒܰܕ̈ܝ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܦܳܬܚ̈ܳܢ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܚܶܪ̈ܘܽܫܳܝܳܬܳܐ ܠܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܰܩܕܳܡܰܝܗܶܝܢ\nܟܰܕ ܥܰܡ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܡܶܣܬܰܘ̈ܕܳܢ\nܘܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܓܰܓܪ̈ܳܝܳܬܳܐ\nܚܒܺܝ̈ܫܳܢ ܒܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܚܶܝܬ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܥܰܡ ܥܶܐ\nܘܰܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܺܝܠܗܶܝܢ ܗܶܐ\nܘܪܺܝܫ ܐܳܦܶܢ ܠܰܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܡܶܢܗܶܝܢ\nܒܪܰܡ ܩܰܢܝܳܐ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܺܝܠܗܶܝܢ\nܒܰܕܓܘܽܢ ܟܰܕ ܩܰܢܝܳܐ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܒܰܐܚܪܳܝܬܳܗ̇ ܚܶܪܘܽܫܳܝܬܳܐ\nܠܳܐܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܩܕܳܡܶܝܗ̇\nܟܰܕ ܬܶܩܪܶܐ ܒܟܽܠܕܘܽܟ ܦܬܰܚܶܝܗ̇\nܡܰܠܘܽܢ ܟܰܕ ܠܳܐܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܡܺܝܡ","english":"young men, all of you, be girded,\nand with the bread that is eaten,\nall your bones were eaten,\nand you came, you earned, and you ate and you swallowed,\nand you came again, you ate and you swallowed,\nbecause of that which is like the equality of the word,\nwith the masculine and with the feminine,\nin pronunciation and not in writing,\nin the first and in the fourth,\nthus also in the sixth,\nthe imperative of the masculine is equal\nto the infinitive of the feminine.\nHe says: \"You (m.s.) came, that you (m.s.) might earn,\"\nand also: \"You (f.s.) came, you (f.s.) sinned, again earn (f.s.),\"\nand: \"You (m.p.) came, or my brothers, earn (m.p.),\"\nas many as your (f.s.) sisters earn (f.p.).\nThus also in the history,\nthat with the masculine and with the feminine,\nhe said: \"That your (m.s.) father might call you (m.s.),\"\nand to you (f.s.) again: \"Your (f.s.) sister, that your (f.s.) father might call you (f.s.),\"\nand to you (m.s.): \"Holy one, Lord, choose you (m.s.),\"\nand to you (f.s.): \"Holy one (f.), Lord, choose you (f.s.).\"\nAnd thus all that is in the power\nthat reads and creates, also reveals,\nin this manner in all of them,\nhe speaks with them (m.) also with them (f.),\nand to these (f.) is similar: \"Be silent (m.s.),\"\n\"your (m.s.) brother,\" also \"my sisters, be silent (f.p.),\"\nand \"my son, do nothing,\"\n\"your (f.s.) daughters, do everything,\"\nbecause of that which the open letters,\nthe consonant letters, to these (f.) that are before them,\nwhen with something they are pronounced,\nand the letters that are guttural,\nare bound in the third person,\nbecause the letter ʾālap is with ʿē,\nand the third person of them is he,\nand the beginning also is not from them,\nbut the hard force of them,\nin the form when the hard word,\nin its final consonant,\nis the non-existence that is before it,\nwhen you read with all your might, open it,\nfill when the non-existence of the word.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܠܰܝ̈ܡܶܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܐܶܬܥܰܛܰܦܘ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a series of imperative forms (e.g., ܐܶܬܥܰܛܰܦܘ, ܐܶܬܶܐܟܶܠܘ) that serve as illustrative examples for the grammatical rule about the imperative and infinitive in different patterns.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܫܘܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܫܘܝܳܐ (šawyā) means 'equality' or 'likeness'; here it refers to the formal identity between the imperative of the masculine and the infinitive of the feminine in certain patterns.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The word ܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ (puqqādā) means 'imperative' (grammatical mood); it is contrasted with ܩܢܘܽܡܳܐ (qṭūmā) 'infinitive' in the rule being demonstrated.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ ܘܰܠܰܘ ܒܰܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The distinction between pronunciation (ܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ) and writing (ܒܰܟܬܺܝܒܬܳܐ) reflects a common Syriac grammatical concern: the imperative and infinitive may be identical in speech but distinguished in orthography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܠܳܐܬܘܽܬܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The final section on 'non-existence' (ܠܳܐܬܘܽܬܳܐ) and the 'hard word' (ܩܰܢܝܳܐ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ) is obscure; the text may be corrupt or the argument compressed, making the precise grammatical point uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܚܘܽܢ ܐܳܦ ܐܰܚܘ̈ܳܬܝ ܣܰܟܺܝ̈ܝ","severity":"info","text":"The examples of imperatives with masculine and feminine addressees (e.g., ܣܰܟܺܝ 'be silent' m.s. vs. ܣܰܟܺܝ̈ܝ 'be silent' f.p.) parallel the earlier rule about the imperative-infinitive identity across genders.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final section on 'non-existence' and 'hard word' is syntactically and semantically unclear; the reading assumes a reference to phonetic or orthographic features of guttural letters, but the exact rule is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ܒܪܺܝܫ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܕܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ ܬܣܺܝܡ\nܘܰܩܪܺܝ ܦܬܰܚ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܬܦܬܰܚ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܫܠܰܚ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܫܬܠܰܚ\nܘܰܦܪܰܥ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܬܦܪܰܥ\nܘܡܳܣܬܒܰܥ ܡܶܫܬܪܰܥ ܡܶܬܓܪܰܥ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܟܪܰܗ ܡܶܬܟܪܰܗ\nܘܡܰܟܡܰܗ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܬܟܡܰܗ\nܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܓܡܰܪ ܡܶܬܓܡܰܪ\nܘܡܶܬܒܰܕܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܣܬܰܕܰܪ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܒܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܕܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ\nܠܳܐ ܢܳܛܪ̈ܳܢ ܗܳܢ ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ\nܒܗܳܝ ܟܺܝܬ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܰܦܪܘܽܥ\nܘܢܘܽܚ ܘܰܓܡܘܽܪ ܘܰܫܠܘܽܚ ܘܰܓܪܘܽܥ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܡܺܝܡ ܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܕܥܳܐܠܳܐ\nܒܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ ܠܟܽܠܗܶܝܢ ܡܰܥܠܳܐ\nܒܰܕܠܳܐ ܡܳܨܝܳܐ ܕܬܶܬܶܐܡܰܪܝ\nܡܶܬܦܬܶܚ ܐܰܘ ܡܶܬܶܐܡܶܪ\nܐܳܦܠܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܣܳܟ ܡܬܦܪܶܥ\nܐܰܘ ܡܶܬܟܪܶܗ ܐܰܘ ܡܶܬܪܥܶܥ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܡܶܬܦܬܰܚ ܡܶܬܶܐܡܰܪ\nܡܶܬܟܪܰܗ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܬܪܥܰܥ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܡܙܰܥܙܰܥ ܡܢܰܝܰܚ\nܡܰܟܡܰܗ ܡܙܰܡܰܪ ܘܰܡܫܰܒܰܚ\nܙܳܠܰܚ ܣܳܥܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܡܰܣܒܰܗ\nܙܳܪܰܥ ܦܳܪܰܥ ܐܳܦ ܢܳܒܰܗ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܒܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܟܰܕ ܡܶܢ\nܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܐܰܛܘܽܡܳܘܠܳܘܓܺܝ̈ܣܶܐ܇ ܘܰܐܘ\nܦܳܝܫܳܐ ܒܗܶܝܢ ܘܰܒܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ܠܳܐ\nܘܰܫܡܳܐ ܕܰܩܢܶܐ ܙܰܘܓܳܐ ܕܘܰܐܘ\nܟܰܕ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܐܺܝܬܰܘܗܝ\nܚܕܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܦܳܝܫܳܐ ܒܶܗ\nܠܰܡܒܰܕܳܩܘܽ ܟܺܝܬ ܫܰܪܒܶܗ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܙܕܰܘܰܓ ܙܘܽܘܳܓܳܐ\nܘܐܶܬܢܰܘܰܓ ܡܶܢ ܢܘܽܘܳܓܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܫܬܰܘܕܰܥ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܶܫܬܰܘܕܺܝ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܝܳܐ\nܘܰܫܡܳܐ ܕܰܩܢܶܐ ܚܕܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܘܰܐܘ\nܡܶܢ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܢܳܦܠܳܐ ܗܺܝ ܘܰܐܘ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܬܓܰܪܰܓ ܓܘܽܪܳܓܳܐ\nܐܳܦ ܐܶܬܡܰܙܰܓ ܡܘܽܙܳܓܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܡܶܬܪ̈ܰܟܟܳܢ\nܘܡܶܬܩܰܫ̈ܝܳܢ ܒܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܕܡܶܬܩܰܫ̈ܝܳܢ ܘܰܕܡܶܬܪ̈ܰܟܟܳܢ\nܗܶܢܶܝܢ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܕܐܰܡܺܝܪ̈ܳܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܰܒܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ\nܡܶܣܬܰܝ̈ܟܳܢ ܒܰܒܓܳܕ ܟܦܳܬ\nܘܰܒܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܗܶܝܢ","english":"At the beginning of the word of the feast, place, and call, open, also be opened, and thus send, also be sent, and accomplish, return, also be accomplished, and be satisfied, be uprooted, be gnawed, and thus be ill, be made ill, and be amazed, return, also be amazed, and like them, finish, be finished, and be scattered, also be arranged, except in the words of the command, these are not active, this is the rule, in that which you say, you shall accomplish, and explain, and finish, and send, and gnaw, except with mem, where the agent, in the rule, brings in all of them, without which it is not possible to be said, be opened or be said, nor again is it possible to be accomplished, or be ill, or be shaken, except be opened, be said, be ill, also be shaken, and thus be shaken, be calmed, be amazed, sing, and praise, shine, do, also cause to wonder, sow, accomplish, also cause to marvel, because in those words when they are, the names are etymological, and one remains in them and in those not, and the name of the root is a pair of waw, when the word is, it is one of the two, one remains in it, to distinguish its form, like was joined, a joining, and was formed, from a forming, and like was known, a knowing, and like was directed, a directing, and the name of the root is one, and waw, from the word, is a falling, and waw, like was dragged, a dragging, also was mixed, a mixing, because of the letters that are softened and hardened in words, that are hardened and that are softened, these are these that are said, because in words like these, they are completed in bgad kpat, and in words again their fallings.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܪܺܝܫ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܕܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase 'at the beginning of the word of the feast' likely refers to the start of a grammatical discussion or a poetic composition, not a literal feast.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܶܬܦܬܰܚ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'be opened' (ethpeel) is used to illustrate the passive or reflexive pattern, contrasting with the active 'open' (pael).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܓܳܕ ܟܦܳܬ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'bgad kpat' (begadkepat) is a standard Syriac grammatical term for the six letters that undergo spirantization in certain contexts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܰܫܡܳܐ ܕܰܩܢܶܐ ܙܰܘܓܳܐ ܕܘܰܐܘ","severity":"info","text":"The passage discusses the 'name of the root' as a pair of waw, indicating a morphological pattern where the root contains a waw, possibly for verbal derivation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܰܐܘ","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated 'waw' (and) may be a scribal error or a deliberate emphasis; the text's meaning is ambiguous in places, especially regarding the distinction between active and passive forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܘܰܐܘ' (and waw) appears multiple times, possibly as a conjunction or as part of a grammatical term; the exact referent of 'the name of the root is a pair of waw' is unclear.","The distinction between 'ܡܶܬܦܬܰܚ' (be opened) and 'ܡܶܬܶܐܡܶܪ' (be said) in the context of the rule is not fully explained."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ܡܪ̈ܰܟܟܳܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܳܦ ܠܳܐܬܘ̈ܳܬܗܶܝܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܒܢܶܐ ܡܒܰܢܶܐ ܢܶܒܢܶܐ\nܬܶܒܢܶܐ ܘܒܳܢܶܐ ܘܰܕܒܳܢܶܐ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܠܰܘ ܒܐܰܡܺܝܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܡܟܳܢܳܐ ܬܪܰܟܶܟܝ ܡܰܦܠ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܐܺܝܬ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ\nܡܩܰܫܝܳܢܳܐ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܺܢܳܐ\nܕܟܽܠ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܡܶܬܬܙܺܝܥܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܢܳܦܠܳܐ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܙܰܘܥܳܐ\nܡܶܬܩܰܫܳܝܘܽ ܡܶܬܩܰܫܝܳܐ\nܐܶܢ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܗܳܟܰܢ ܩܰܢܝܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܶܒܰܣܶܡ ܐܶܕܰܒܰܪ\nܐܶܦܘܽܩ ܐܶܕܘܽܢ ܐܶܬܰܒܰܪ\nܘܬܰܘ ܡܶܬܩܰܫܝܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܘܰܬܕܘܽܨ ܘܰܬܕܘܽܢ ܘܰܬܒܰܕܰܪ\nܘܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܕܰܥܒܰܪ̈ܝ ܟܰܕ ܩܰܢ̈ܝܳܢ\nܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܕܡܪ̈ܰܟܟܳܢ\nܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܩܳܐܶܡ ܡܶܬܩܰܫ̈ܝܳܢ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܒܪܶܟܝ ܐܳܦ ܒܳܪ̈ܟܳܢ\nܦܩܰܕ ܦܳܩܕܳܐ ܥܒܰܕ ܐܳܦ ܥܳܒܕܺܝܢ\nܟܬܰܒ ܟܬܳܒܳܐ ܚܨܰܕ ܐܳܦ ܚܳܨܕܺܝܢ\nܘܥܰܡ ܡܺܝܡ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܕܰܡܒܰܪܟܺܝܢ\nܡܪ̈ܰܟܟܳܬܳܐ ܘܗܳܟܰܢ ܡܚܰܣܕܺܝܢ\nܘܦܶܐ ܡܰܢ ܕܐܰܦܺܝܣ ܝܰܘܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܝ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܡܩܰܫܰܝܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܝ\nܒܰܕܓܘܽܢ ܫܒܘܽܩܺܝܗ̇ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇\nܟܰܕ ܒܐܰܡܺܝܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܬܩܰܫܶܝܗ̇\nܘܰܠܫܰܪܟܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ\nܕܬܘܽܪܳܨܳܐ ܫܰܚܠܶܦ ܫܰܓܢܳܐ\nܩܶܦܰܠܶܐܘܽܢ ܕܰܬܠܳܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܶܣܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܣܘ̈ܽܟܳܠܳܐ\nܕܟܽܠ ܚܰܕ ܚܰܕ ܡܶܢܗܘܽܢ\nܘܠܶܐܣܳܪܳܐ ܗܘܽ ܟܘܽܢܳܝܶܗ\nܣܳܦܶܩ ܕܰܢܚܰܘܶܐ ܟܝܳܢܶܗ\nܕܝܳܗܘܽܒܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ ܕܐܰܚܝܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܐܳܣܰܪ ܠܰܫܡܳܐ ܥܰܡ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ\nܠܰܙܢܰܘ̈ܗܝ ܡܳܕܶܝܢ ܟܰܪܝܳܐܺܝܬ\nܢܶܣܥܘܽܪ ܐܳܦ ܗܰܠܘܽܟܳܐܺܝܬ\nܕܰܩܢܶܐ ܐܶܣܟܺܝ̈ܡܶܐ ܘܛܘܽܦ̈ܣܶܐ\nܡܫܰܚ̈ܠܦܶܐ ܒܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܛܘܽܡ̈ܣܶܐ\nܓܶܝܪ ܠܰܙܢܳܐ ܡܒܰܝܬܶܐ ܡܩܰܪܶܒ\nܘܕܶܝܢ ܪܶܡܙܳܐ ܠܪܘܽܚܩܳܐ ܝܳܗܶܒ\nܘܡܰܢ ܕܶܝܢ ܦܰܪܨܘܽܦܳܐ ܡܰܥܶܠ\nܘܒܰܙܒܰܢ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ\nܘܡܶܢ ܗܳܫܳܐ ܢܣܺܝܒ ܡܶܢ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܡܶܢ ܡܶܟܳܐ ܡܶܟܺܝܠ","english":"The softened letters, likewise their letters, like *eb‘e* *mba‘‘e* *‘eb‘e* *teb‘e* *wba‘e* *wadba‘e* but not in firmness. The place softens the conjugations, in that there is here a rule: the hard verb in the other conjugation, of every verb that is moved, when it falls after a movement, is hardened or is hardened. If the force of this rule is like *ebassem* *edabbar* *epuq* *ed‘a* *ettabar* and again *metqaššaya* when it is said, and *tadquṣ* and *tadq‘a* and *tabdar*, and words that are past, when they are hard, the letters of the softened ones, in the time that stands, are hardened. As in *barek* also *bārek*, *paqqed* *pāqed* *‘bad* also *‘ābed*, *ktab* *ktābā* *ḥṣad* also *ḥāṣed*, and with *mīm* say *dambarek*, the softened ones, and thus *mḥassed*, and *pē* *ma‘* that *appīs* is a verbal noun. Because of this it is a hard verb; in *dag‘a* leave it as it is, when in firmness it hardens it. And for the rest, like a rule of order, change the conjugation. *Qepāle’uṣ* of three, because of bonds and syllables of each one of them, and to the bond is its vowel. It is sufficient that it show its nature, that it is *yāhubā* that is *aḥyā’ūtā*, and it binds the name with the word. To its times it confesses briefly, *‘es‘ūr* also *hallūkā’īt*, that it cuts schemata and types, changing in all forms. For it brings near to time and gives a sign to distance, and it introduces a person, and in time it is as thus, and from now take from thus, as from here now.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"mraḵḵāṯā","severity":"info","text":"The term mraḵḵāṯā (softened letters) refers to the set of consonants that undergo lenition in certain morphological contexts in Syriac, a key concept in Bar Hebraeus’s grammatical system.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"qaššāyā","severity":"info","text":"The term qaššāyā (hard verb) denotes a verb whose root consonants are not subject to softening; Bar Hebraeus contrasts it with the softened conjugation throughout this passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from a list of softened verbal forms to a rule governing hardening after movement, then to examples of past-tense hardening and finally to a discussion of verbal nouns and the binding of name with word.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Bar Hebraeus’s Metrical Grammar is a didactic poem in the West Syriac tradition, composed in the 13th century, systematizing earlier grammatical lore for memorization.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"qepāle’uṣ","severity":"info","text":"The term qepāle’uṣ (cephaloeus) is a Greek loanword (κεφάλαιος) meaning ‘chapter’ or ‘section’; here it refers to a three-part division of the grammatical material.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"yāhubā","severity":"info","text":"The term yāhubā (giving) is a verbal noun derived from yhb; Bar Hebraeus identifies it with aḥyā’ūtā (life-giving), illustrating the binding of name with word in grammatical analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text contains several hapax legomena and orthographic variants (e.g., ܬܘܽܒ, ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܗܶܝܢ) that may reflect scribal error or dialectal spelling; the reading follows the edition’s normalization.","The phrase ܒܰܕܓܘܽܥ ܫܒܘܽܩܺܝܗ̇ is ambiguous: it may mean 'in dag‘a leave it' (as a technical term) or 'in the moment leave it'; the edition takes the former."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ܘܐܶܠܐܴ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܣܳܐܶܡ\nܘܠܰܡ ܬܘܽܒ ܠܰܐܚܪܺܢܳܐ ܫܳܠܶܡ\nܘܟܺܝܬ ܘܐܰܘܟܺܝܬ ܡܦܰܫܩܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܝ ܕܰܒܪܰܡ ܡܫܰܪܪܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܡܳܕܶܝܢ ܣܘܽܢܦܪܺܝܣܡܰܐܛܰܐ\nܡܟܰܢܶܫ ܒܰܦܪܘܽܒܠܺܝ̈ܡܰܐܛܰܐ\nܘܟܰܕ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܡܥܰܬܶܕ ܡܰܝܬܶܐ\nܘܥܰܕ ܘܰܥܕܳܐ ܠܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܡܒܰܝܬܶܐ\nܘܦܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܡܰܣܪܰܚ ܐܺܝܢ\nܘܦܘܽܫܳܟܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܰܥܶܠ ܐܶܢ\nܗܳܐ ܘܗܳܢܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܰܒܨܶܒܥܳܐ\nܝܳܗܒܺܝܢ ܠܰܙܢܳܐ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܘܐܳܦܶܢ ܡܶܕܡ ܕܰܠܩܘܽܒܠܳܐ\nܡܰܥܶܠ ܣܳܐܶܡ ܥܰܡ ܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ\nܘܥܰܠ ܘܡܶܛܽܠ ܥܶܠܬܳܐ ܦܳܪܥܺܝܢ\nܘܛܳܟ ܘܰܟܒܰܪ ܣܰܒܪܳܐ ܬܳܒܥܺܝܢ\nܟܰܝ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܕܣܰܒܪܳܐ ܡܰܥܶܠ\nܘܐܱܪܰܐ ܡܫܰܐܳܠܘܽ ܡܫܰܐܶܠ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܡܦܰܫܶܟ ܘܰܡܫܰܪܰܪ\nܘܥܘܽܕ ܣܳܩܶܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ\nܘܰܠܒܳܬܰܪܟܶܢ ܟܺܝܬ ܫܳܠܶܡ\nܘܒܰܕܓܘܽܢ ܬܘܽܢܳܝܳܐ ܡܠܰܚܶܡ\nܘܰܡܦܰܫܶܟ ܘܰܡܦܰܠܶܓ ܐܰܘ\nܘܒܰܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܡܶܬܠܰܚܰܡ ܐܳܘ\nܐܺܝܘ ܠܳܚܶܡ ܠܰܕܡܶܬܩܰܠܰܣ\nܘܰܠܡܶܛܽܠ ܥܰܠ ܡܶܬܓܰܢܰܣ\nܘܐܶܠܘܽܠܳܐ ܘܐܶܠܘܽ ܠܠܰܝܬܰܘܗܝ\nܚܰܫܒܺܝܢ ܠܶܗ ܐܰܝܟ ܗܰܘ ܕܐܺܝܬܰܘܗܝ\nܐܰܝܟ ܘܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܠܦܶܚܡܳܐ ܚܰܫܚܺܝܢ\nܘܡܰܢ ܘܡܘܽܢ ܒܫܘܽܐܳܠܐܴ ܥܳܐܠܺܝܢ\nܕܰܡ ܕܳܡܶܐ ܠܕܰܠܡܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܬܘܽܒ\nܡܰܘܣܳܦܘܽ ܡܰܘܣܶܦ ܠܰܫܪܶܒ\nܘܠܳܡܰܕ ܡܰܢ ܠܰܐܬܪܳܐ ܠܳܚܶܡ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܣܠܶܩ ܠܐܘܽܪܫܠܶܡ\nܘܰܠܘܳܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܝܰܩܶܢ ܝܳܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܶܬܳܐ ܠܘܳܬ ܬܺܬܳܐ\nܘܟܰܪ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܬܦܰܫܰܩ ܐܰܝܟܳܐ\nܘܗܳܪܬܰܡܳܢ ܕܳܡܶܐ ܠܗܳܪܟܳܐ\nܘܗܳܢܰܘ ܕܶܝܢ ܡܰܢܗܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܝܳܗܒܳܐ ܘܒܰܕ ܥܶܠܬܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܡܶܨܥܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܡܰܥܶܠ ܒܝܰܕ\nܡܶܩܰܦ ܢܳܩܶܦ ܠܐܘܽܪܚܳܐ ܝܰܕ\nܠܘܰܝ ܘܐܶܫܬܘܽܦ ܠܝܰܐܺܝܒܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܟܚܰܕ ܘܐܰܟܚܕܳܐ ܠܫܰܘܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܟܰܕܘܽ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܦܳܣܘܽܩܬܳܐ\nܘܚܳܣ ܒܺܐܩܳܪ ܡܰܘܓܶܐ ܒܺܝܫܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܝܕܶܝܢ ܠܕܰܥܒܰܪ ܘܰܠܕܰܥܬܺܝܕ","english":"And if the conclusion is placed, and it does not return to the other perfect, and *kayt* and *’awkayt* are explicative, and that which is demonstrative is confirmative, and it indicates the *sukṭprīsmaṭā*, it weakens the *prōblīmaṭā*. And when the word is prepared, it brings, and until a time it makes the word manifest. And the *pūq‘āyā* indeed arranges the *’īš*, and the *pūqšākā* again introduces the *’eṭ*. This and that, as with a finger, give the *z‘ā* a *šū‘dā‘ā*. And also something opposite introduces and places with the speaker. And on and because of a cause they repay, and *ṭāk* and *kbar* follow the opinion. *Kay* introduces the word of opinion, and *’arā* asks *mšā’lūk*. When it explains and confirms, and the *‘ūd* is heavy, something that says, and after you, it is perfect, and in *bdgūṭ* it joins the *ṭū‘āyā*. And it explains and divides *’aw*, and in reading it is joined *’āw*. *’īw* joins to that which is praised, and because of that which is scorned. And *’lūlā* and *’lū* for that which is not, they consider it as if it exists. As and how many are suitable for *pḥmā*, and *ma‘* and *mū‘* enter in question. *Dam* is like *dlmā*, also again *mawsāpūk* adds to the *šreb*. And *lāmad* with *ma‘* joins to a place, like that which went up to Jerusalem. And *lwāt* again distinguishes *yātā*, like that which came to *tītā*. And *kar* again is interpreted as *’aykā*. And *hārtamā‘* is like *hārkā*. And *hāw* indeed is *ma‘hrānūtā*, giving and in *‘ellātānūtā*, and *meṣ‘āyūtā* introduces by hand, *meqap* joins to the way *yad*. *Lway* and *’eštūp* to *ya’ībūtā*, and *’akḥad* and *’akḥdā* to *šawyūtā*. And when the word is *pāsūqtā*, and *ḥās* in honor produces evil. And then for the past and for the future.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sukṭprīsmaṭā","severity":"info","text":"A Greek-derived term (συγκρισις-ματ-) likely referring to a grammatical category of comparison or composition; Bar Hebraeus uses it to denote a syntactic or morphological feature that weakens the prōblīmaṭā.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"prōblīmaṭā","severity":"info","text":"Another Greek loanword (προβλημα-ματ-), probably indicating a class of verbal or nominal forms; the text states that the sukṭprīsmaṭā weakens these forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"pūq‘āyā","severity":"info","text":"A Syriac term meaning 'explicit' or 'manifest'; here it is said to arrange the ’īš, likely a grammatical particle or verbal element.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"pūqšākā","severity":"info","text":"A term meaning 'interpretation' or 'explanation'; it introduces the ’eṭ, possibly a particle or a verbal form.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists numerous Syriac particles and grammatical terms (e.g., kayt, ’awkayt, ’lūlā, ’lū, dam, dlmā) typical of Bar Hebraeus’s metrical grammar, reflecting the influence of Greek grammatical categories on Syriac linguistic analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft contains several uncertain renderings (e.g., 'sukṭprīsmaṭā', 'prōblīmaṭā', 'pūq‘āyā') due to the technical nature of the Syriac terms; the precise grammatical referents remain ambiguous without a full commentary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact grammatical functions of sukṭprīsmaṭā and prōblīmaṭā are not fully defined; the passage lists many particles without clear syntactic context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ܘܗܳܝܕܶܝܟ ܠܗܰܘ ܕܰܥܒܰܪ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕ\nܐܶܗܶܐ ܐܶܗܶܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܡܰܗܶܠ\nܘܰܠܪܘܽܚܩܳܐ ܡܫܰܘܓܰܪ ܠܗܰܠ\nܘܝܳܗܳܝ ܒܰܓܙܳܡܳܐ ܢܳܦܶܠ\nܘܢܺܐ ܒܦܘܽܩܕܳܢܳܐ ܠܺܝ ܡܣܰܟܶܠ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܗܘܽ ܐܶܣܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܐܼܚܪ̈ܳܢܶܐ\nܕܰܡܦܰܬܟ̈ܶܐ ܩܢܶܝܢ ܪ̈ܶܥܝܳܢܶܐ\nܘܐܳܠܨܳܐ ܕܰܠܗܘܽܢ ܬܘܽܒ ܢܶܣܥܘܽܪ\nܘܰܒܛܶܟܣܳܐ ܠܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܢܶܣܕܘܽܪ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܒܶܝܬ\nܘܒܶܝܬ ܐܳܚܕܳܐ ܐܰܬܪܳܐ ܘܙܰܒܢܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܒܫܘܽܩܳܐ ܒܰܫܢܳܐ\nܘܰܡܢܳܬܳܐ ܘܩܰܢܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܒܐܺܝܕܳܐ ܘܰܒܥܶܙܰܩܬܰܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܘܰܒܝܰܕ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܡܰܐܪܙܳܐ\nܘܐܳܦ ܡܰܘܡܳܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܚܰܪܙܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܒܪܘܽܚܳܐ ܕܦܘܽܡܶܗ\nܘܠܳܐ ܢܰܗܡܶܐ ܡܰܪܝܳܐ ܒܥܰܡܶܗ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܒܝܰܕ ܪܘܽܚܳܐ ܕܦܘܽܡܶܗ\nܘܠܳܐ ܢܰܗܡܶܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܡܶܢ ܥܰܡܶܗ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܕܳܠܰܕ\nܘܠܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܕܳܠܰܕ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܪܺܝܫܳܐ ܕܓܘܽܠܝܰܕ\nܘܰܠܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܒܐܱܝܟܰܢܳܐ\nܘܐܳܦ ܘܰܒܗܰܘ ܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܕܢܶܕܥܘܽܢ ܕܐܺܝܬܰܝܟ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܐܺܝܬܰܝܟ\nܘܰܕܚܳܪ ܒܡܘܽܟܳܟܳܐ ܕܐܰܡܬܶܗ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܗܰܘ ܕܚܳܪ ܟܺܝܬ ܒܐܰܡܬܶܗ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܡܰܕ\nܘܠܳܡܰܕ ܠܰܩܢܘܽܡܳܐ ܡܚܰܘܝܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܦܩܰܕ ܗܘܽ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ\nܕܝܰܩܰܪ ܠܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܟ\nܘܝܰܩܰܪ ܠܰܐܒܘܽܟ ܘܠܶܐܡܳܟ\nܘܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ ܕܨܰܘܒܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܕܰܡܛܳܐ ܠܝܰܬܒܳܐ\nܘܐܳܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܝ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܚܳܫܘܽܫܘܽܬܳܐ\nܒܰܡܚܳܐ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܠܡܰܫܪܺܝܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܬܘܽܒ ܠܳܗ̇ ܣܳܝܡܺܝܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܘܰܗܘܳܐ ܠܫܰܒܥܳܐ ܝܰܘܡܺܝ̈ܢ\nܘܰܒܕܘܽܟܰܬ ܕܳܠܰܕ ܟܳܝܢܳܐ\nܒܰܕܡܘܽܬ ܠܡܶܥܒܰܕ ܦܘܽܪܥܳܢܳܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܶܐ ܠܡܶܢ ܡܶܬܚܰܝܢܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܡܳܐܶܬ ܠܟܰܦܢܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟ ܝܰܬܺܝܪܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ\nܕܟܰܕ ܡܶܬܦܰܣܩܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܡܙܰܡܝܳܐ","english":"And then to that which passed alone, it will be, it will be, like a hastener, and to the distance it is disturbed to that, and this in the beginning is active, and this in the imperative confuses me, and there are other bonds that open the short meanings, and the necessity of that again is the helper, and in the order of all that is the helper, because of the sign of *bēt*, and *bēt* holds place and time, when it is said in the market at the hour, and the coming and the standing, as in the hand and in the ring, and from and by thus the mystery, and also the oaths again the arrangement, he says, \"You come in the spirit of his mouth, and he does not see the Lord with his people,\" when by the spirit of his mouth, and he does not see again with his people, because of the sign of *dālaṯ*, and to the names the affix *dālaṯ*, when it is said the head of the Golyad, and to the words again in likeness, and also in that affix in time, he says, \"You come of your knowledge that you are,\" when like that you are, and that which looks in the diminution of his handmaid, when that which looks again in his handmaid, because of the sign of *lāmaḏ*, and *lāmaḏ* shows the infinitive, as the Lord commanded, \"Honor the Lord your God, and honor your father and your mother,\" and it is the knowledge of the intention, when it is said, \"It reaches the sitters,\" and it is also the sign of the difficulty, in the blow of the Lord to the camp, and like after again it places, as it was for seven days, and in the place of *dālaṯ* the standing, in the likeness of making a payment, and thus again the living, when it is said, \"He died of hunger,\" and like the excessive again it is, that when it is divided it is not fitting.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"bēt","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac preposition ܒܹܝܬ (bēt) is glossed here as indicating both place and time, a standard function in Syriac grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"dālaṯ","severity":"info","text":"The letter ܕ (dālaṯ) is described as an affix attached to names, marking genitive or relative relationships, a common use in Syriac.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lāmaḏ","severity":"info","text":"The letter ܠ (lāmaḏ) is said to indicate the infinitive (ܩܥܘܡܐ, qʿūmā), a standard grammatical function in Syriac.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Honor the Lord your God, and honor your father and your mother","severity":"info","text":"This appears to be a paraphrase of Exodus 20:12 or a similar commandment, though not a direct quotation; it illustrates the use of lāmaḏ with the infinitive.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage systematically treats three Syriac prepositions (bēt, dālaṯ, lāmaḏ) in sequence, each with examples of their grammatical functions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft contains several unclear phrases (e.g., 'the spirit of his mouth', 'the diminution of his handmaid') that may reflect textual corruption or obscure Syriac idioms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Golyad' (ܓܘܠܝܕ) is uncertain; it may be a proper name or a textual error.","The phrase 'the spirit of his mouth' (ܪܘܚܐ ܕܦܘܡܗ) is ambiguous; it could be a metaphor for speech or a technical term.","The reference to 'the blow of the Lord to the camp' is unclear; it may allude to a biblical event not explicitly identified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"ܘܐܰܝܟ ܘܰܗܘܳܐ ܠܒܳܬܰܪ ܝܰܘܡܳܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܗܘܳܐ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܝܰܘܡܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ ܕܥܰܠ\nܘܥܰܠ ܥܶܠܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܡܫܰܪܪܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܘܰܪܟܺܝܒ ܥܰܠ ܚܡܳܪܳܐ\nܘܰܒܕܘܽܟܰܬ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܢܳܦܠܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܥܰܠ ܕܰܥܒܰܕ ܥܰܘܠܳܐ\nܘܡܰܐܪܙܳܐ ܕܰܠܩܘܽܒܠܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܳܡܪܳܐ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܚܰܝܬܳܐ\nܬܶܬܦܰܠܰܓܝ ܐܶܡܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܒܰܪܬܳܗ̇\nܘܰܚܡܳܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܥܰܠ ܟܰܠܬܳܗ̇\nܘܫܘܽܪܳܪ ܒܳܥܶܐ ܗܰܘ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ\nܕܥܰܠ ܡܶܠܬܳܟ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܟܰܬܰܪ\nܘܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܰܐܪܙܳܐ ܕܡܰܥܠܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܥܰܠ ܠܓܰܘ ܗܰܝܟܠܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܶܢ\nܘܡܶܢ ܡܶܬܶܐܡܰܪ ܥܰܠ ܐܰܬܪܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܫܘܽܪܳܐ\nܘܡܶܢ ܨܰܦܪܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܥܰܠ ܙܒܢܳܐ\nܘܥܰܠ ܝܳܬܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܡܶܢ ܢܘܽܢܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܰܡܺܝܢ\nܘܰܒܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ ܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܢ\nܡܦܰܫܩ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܒܛܘܽܡ̈ܣܶܐ ܣܳܝܡܺܝܢ\nܡܶܢ ܐܰܡܺܝܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܢ\nܘܰܒܚܘܽܬܳܡ ܒܳܥܘܽܬ ܐܰܡܺܝܢ\nܘܚܰܡܶܫ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܘ ܫܶܬ ܐܰܡܺܝܢ\nܘܰܫܪܳܪܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܢ ܐܰܡܺܝܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܠܳܐ ܘܠܰܘ ܘܠܰܝܬ\nܘܠܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ ܣܘܽܟ̈ܳܠܶܐ\nܩܰܢܝܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܨܶܝܕ ܡܰܠ̈ܳܠܶܐ\nܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܰܡܪܺܝܡܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܠܳܐ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܘܠܳܐ ܐܰܢܼܬܬܳܐ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܦܳܩܘܽܕܳܐ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܬܶܩܢܘܽܢ ܕܰܗܒܳܐ ܘܣܺܐܡܳܐ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܫܘܽܐܳܠܐܴ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܕܠܳܐ ܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܨܶܦܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܒܐܰܣܳܪ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܠܰܡ ܕܰܨܠܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܬܶܚܙܶܐ ܝܰܘܡܳܐ ܕܒܺܝܫܬܳܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܥܰܠ ܢܰܦܫܳܗ̇ ܥܳܐܠܳܐ\nܐܺܝܢ ܥܳܒܕܳܐ ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܠܳܐ\nܘܠܰܘ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܠܳܐ ܗܘܳܐ ܐܳܬܝܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܠܰܘ ܡܶܢ ܙܰܪܥܳܐ ܘܪܶܕܝܳܐ\nܘܠܰܝܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܠܰܝܬܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܠܰܝܬ ܕܥܳܒܶܕ ܛܳܒܬܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܳܝ ܕܥܰܕ\nܘܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܥܕܰܡܳܐ\nܒܥܰܕ ܐܶܣܳܪܳܐ ܡܶܬܓܰܕܡܳܐ","english":"And like wahwā l-bātar yawmā,  \nwhen was it after the day?  \nBecause of the bond that is upon,  \nand upon the height is established,  \nlike warkīb ʿal ḥmārā,  \nand in the place of because of the fallen one,  \nlike that which is upon the one who did wrong,  \nand the secret of the opposite,  \nlike the one who says the living word,  \nthe mother will be divided upon her daughter,  \nand the mother-in-law again upon her daughter-in-law,  \nand the truth seeks the one who says,  \nthat upon your word the man knocks,  \nand the word again is the secret of the entrance,  \nas that which is within the temple,  \nbecause of mēn,  \nand mēn is said of a place,  \nas one says mēn of a lie,  \nand mēn of the morning again of a sacrifice,  \nand of a sign like mēn of a signet ring,  \nbecause of amīd,  \nand in four types amīd,  \ninterpreters place in patterns,  \nmēn of amīdūtā amīd,  \nand at the end you seek amīd,  \nand five or six again amīd,  \nand the truth amīd amīd,  \nbecause of that which is not and no and there is not,  \nand not again four concepts,  \nhard indeed for speakers,  \nin the type of the elevated,  \nlike not a man and not a woman,  \nand in the type of the commander as,  \nthat gold and silver are not weighed,  \nand in the type of the question it is said,  \nthat two birds are not in a bond,  \nand in the type again of the prayer,  \nthat the day of evil is not seen,  \nand not when the one who enters enters upon herself,  \nis there a deed as that not no,  \nand no again mēn not was coming,  \nlike no mēn of seed and plowed,  \nand there is not again mēn of non-existence,  \nlike that which there is not of the one who does good,  \nbecause of that which is until,  \nand the daughter of the voice that is until when,  \nwith the bond is anticipated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"mēn","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac preposition mēn (ܡܶܢ) is discussed as a particle with multiple functions: locative, temporal, privative, and causal. Bar Hebraeus lists examples such as mēn of a place, mēn of a lie, mēn of a sacrifice, and mēn of a signet ring.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"amīd","severity":"info","text":"The term amīd (ܐܰܡܺܝܢ) is treated as a grammatical or lexical category with four types, possibly referring to a verbal form or a particle. Bar Hebraeus notes that interpreters place it in patterns and that it can be sought at the end, with five or six occurrences.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage enumerates examples of particles (mēn, amīd) and negations (lā, law, layt) in a repetitive, didactic structure typical of grammatical treatises. The listing of types and subtypes serves to illustrate syntactic or semantic categories.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The examples involving family relations (mother divided upon daughter, mother-in-law upon daughter-in-law) and everyday scenarios (man knocking upon your word, gold and silver not weighed) reflect the pedagogical use of familiar contexts in Syriac grammatical instruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft contains several opaque or possibly misread phrases (e.g., 'like wahwā l-bātar yawmā', 'warkīb ʿal ḥmārā') that may reflect transcription errors or ambiguous Syriac readings. The sense of some examples remains uncertain without a critical edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise referent of 'amīd' is unclear; it may denote a verbal stem, a particle, or a grammatical category. The examples for 'mēn' and 'amīd' are listed without explicit syntactic analysis, leaving their grammatical function ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ܘܰܒܣܘܽܟ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ\nܒܰܟܬܳܒ̈ܶܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܡܶܬܝܰܕܥܳܐ\nܒܣܘܽܟܳܠ ܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܐܰܟܙܢܳܐ\nܕܬܶܒ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܥܰܕ ܐܳܬܶܐ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܟܰܕ ܐܰܝܟ ܗܰܘ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ\nܕܥܰܕ ܗܘܽ ܡܨܰܠܶܐ ܘܰܡܙܰܡܰܪ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܰܒܨܺܝܪ ܐܰܝܟ ܬܰܚܘܺܝܬ\nܥܰܕ ܩܰܠܺܝܠ ܠܰܡ ܡܰܘܒܶܕ ܗ̄ܘܺܝܬ\nܘܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ ܕܰܩܕܳܡ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܥܰܕܠܳܐ ܐܳܙܶܠ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܘܥܰܕܠܳܐ ܢܶܬܒܰܛܢܘܽܢ ܛܘܽܪ̈ܶܐ\nܘܥܰܕܠܳܐ ܢܺܐܬܘܽܢ ܢܳܛܘܽܪ̈ܶܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܶܣܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܒܗܘܽܢ\nܗܳܘܝܳܐ ܡܶܬܕܰܡܪܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܫܘܽܘ̈ܕܳܥܶܐ ܕܡܶܬܕܰܡܪܳܢܳܐ\nܫܰܒܥܳܐ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܡܳܐ ܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܘܐܺܝܘ ܐܳܦ ܐܳܘ\nܘܐܘܽܗ ܐܳܦ ܐܘܽܢ ܘܐܰܟܘܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܐܘܽܝ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܡܳܐ ܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܐ\nܛܰܝܒܘܽܬܳܟ ܕܰܥܠܰܝܢ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܗܘܳܬ ܙܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ\nܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܡܗܰܝܡܰܢܬܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܘ ܥܰܒܕܳܐ ܡܗܰܝܡܢܳܐ ܘܛܳܒܳܐ\nܘܐܳܘ ܥܘܽܡܩܳܐ ܕܥܘܽܬܪܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ\nܘܐܘܽܗ ܬܘܽܒ ܡܶܢ ܕܳܪܰܢ ܗܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܘܽܢ ܫܰܪܒܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܡܗܰܝܡܢܳܐ\nܘܐܘܽܝ ܠܰܡ ܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܝܺܕܺܝܥܬܳܐ\nܡܕܺܝܢܰܬ ܝܰܘܢܳܢ ܘܰܦܪܺܝܩܬܳܐ\nܒܕܰܐܝܟ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܟܰܕ ܬܶܬܕܰܡܰܪ\nܠܩܶܪܝܳܢܳܐ ܒܢܺܝܫܳܐ ܫܰܡܰܪ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܶܣܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܒܗܘܽܢ\nܗܳܘܶܐ ܫܘܽܐܳܠܐܴ\nܒܚܰܡܫܰܥܶܣܪ̈ܶܐ ܒܢ̈ܳܬ ܩ̈ܳܠܶܐ\nܗܳܘܶܝܢ ܟܽܠܗܘܽܢ ܫܘ̈ܽܐܳܠܐܷ\nܒܡܰܢ ܘܐܰܝܢܳܐ ܘܡܰܢܘܽ ܘܰܠܡܳܐ\nܠܡܳܢܳܐ ܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܘܰܟܡܳܐ\nܘܐܶܡܰܬܝ ܘܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܠܡܳܐ\nܘܡܰܢܘܽ ܘܐܶܢ ܘܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܘܐܺܝܢ ܘܡܳܐ\nܡܰܢ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܡܳܪܝ ܠܳܐ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܐܼܢܳܐ\nܘܒܰܩܝܳܡܬܳܐ ܐܰܢܼܬܬܳܐ ܠܰܐܝܢܳܐ\nܘܡܰܢܘܽ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܰܘ ܒܰܪ ܡܰܢܘܽ\nܠܡܳܐ ܒܰܪ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ\nܘܰܠܡܳܢܳܐ ܥܒܰܕܬ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܰܚܘܽܢܳܐ\nܘܰܟܡܳܐ ܠܰܚ̈ܡܺܝܢ ܐܺܝܬ ܠܟܘܽܢ","english":"And in the four syllables, it is known in the writings. In the syllable ʿdammā, like this, that you sit here until the coming of the sign. And in the sense of when, like that which says, that until he prays and sings. And in the sense of deficient, like an example, until a little, I had not lost. And in the sense again of before the sacrifice, like that which is until not goes the sign, and until not the mountains are abolished, and until not the mountains come. Because of the bonds that are in them, a wonder occurs. The wonders that are wondrous, seven are here. What and how and where also, and also and and and their like. He says, you are very much, your grace upon me, Lord. And how was the small city, this faithful city. And where is the faithful and good servant. And also the depth of great wealth. And also from the arm of this one. And the lineage of the unfaithful. And the known city, the city of the saints and the redeemed. For like these, when you wonder, for the reader, evil he guards. Because of the bonds that are in them, there is a question. In the fifteen forms of verbs, all questions are. With what and which and how much and why, to what and how and how many, and when and where also perhaps, and how much and if and how and where and what. What are you, Lord, I do not know the sign. And in the resurrection, you are the sign. And how much are you, or son of how much. Why are you son of God. And why did you do thus. And how are you brother. And how many loaves do you have.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܣܘܽܟܳܠ ܥܕܰܡܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage enumerates uses of the particle ܥܕܰܡܳܐ ('until') as a syllabic example, then shifts to interrogative particles (e.g., ܡܳܐ, ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ) in a grammatical catalogue.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܘ̈ܽܐܳܠܐܷ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܫܘ̈ܽܐܳܠܐܷ ('questions') is introduced as a category, with fifteen verbal forms listed (e.g., ܡܰܥ, ܐܰܝܢܳܐ, ܡܰܥܘܽ). This reflects the grammatical focus on interrogative particles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܡܗܰܝܡܰܢܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'this faithful city' and 'the city of the saints and the redeemed' likely alludes to a specific Christian community, possibly Edessa or another Syriac center, though not identified in the text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܢܼܬ ܡܳܐ ܣܰܓܺܝܐܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'you are very much' and the subsequent address to 'Lord' (ܡܳܪܝܳܐ) may be a rhetorical or liturgical insertion, but the abrupt shift from grammatical examples to a prayer-like exclamation is unclear in context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܗܘܳܬ ܙܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The series of interrogatives (e.g., ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ 'how', ܐܺܝܘ 'where') parallels the earlier list of particles, reinforcing the grammatical structure of the work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the sign' (ܐܼܢܳܐ) in the first lines is unclear; it may be a grammatical term or a literal sign.","The shift from grammatical examples to a personal address ('you are very much, your grace upon me, Lord') is abrupt and may indicate a textual break or a rhetorical device."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ܘܐܶܡܰܬܝ ܨܳܒܶܝܢ ܐܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܕܬܶܐܟܠܘܽܢ\nܘܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܪܰܒܰܢ\nܘܕܰܠܡܳܐ ܡܰܪܚܶܩ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܡܶܢܰܢ\nܘܡܳܢܰܘ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܗܳܟܰܢ\nܘܰܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ ܡܳܐ ܠܳܟ ܘܠܰܢ\nܘܐܺܝܢ ܫܰܪܺܝܪܳܐܺܝܬ ܩܘܽܫܬܳܐ\nܡܡܰܠܠܺܝܢ ܐܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܘܙܰܕܺܝܩܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܪܳܐ ܐܺܝܢ\nܢܶܐܟ̈ܠܳܢ ܢܶܫ̈ܶܐ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܰܝܗܶܝܢ\nܘܐܶܢ ܫܰܠܺܝܛ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܠܡܰܣܳܝܘܽ\nܒܝܘܽܡ ܫܰܒܬܳܐ ܘܰܠܡܰܠܳܦܘܽ\nܘܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܕܳܡܝܳܐ ܠܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ\nܒܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܦܘܽܪܫܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܒܳܥܝܳܐ ܠܦܶܢ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ\nܫܶܝܬ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܰܬܪ̈ܳܢܳܝܳܬܳܐ\nܠܥܶܠ ܘܰܠܬܰܚ ܘܰܠܝܰܡܺܝܢܳܐ\nܠܣܶܡܳܠܳܐ ܠܩܘܽܕܡܳܐ ܠܒܶܣܬܪܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܒܢ̈ܳܬ ܩ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܕܰܒܗܶܝܢ\nܗܳܘܝܳܐ ܡܰܘܡܳܬܳܐ\nܘܰܒܢ̈ܳܬ ܩ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܕܡܰܘܡܳܬܳܐ\nܚܒܺܝ̈ܫܳܢ ܒܰܬܪܰܝܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܒܒܶܝܬ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܘܒܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܝܳܡܶܐ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܘܰܒܚܰܝ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܒܣܰܓܺܝܐܘܽܬܳܐ\nܡܶܬܚܰܫܚܳܐ ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܚܰܝ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ\nܘܚܰܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܝ ܢܰܦܫܳܟ ܐܳܘ ܙܰܗܝܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܒܢ̈ܳܬ ܩ̈ܳܠܶܐ\nܕܬܶܢܝܳܢܘܺܬ ܢܣܺܝܒܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܫܘܽܘ̈ܕܳܥܶܐ ܕܬܶܢܝܳܢܘܽܬܐ\nܒܰܬܠܳܬ ܗܳܘ̈ܝܳܢ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܒܐܶܠܐܴ ܘܰܣـܛܰܪ ܐܳܦ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕ\nܐܰܚܘܽܢ ܒܥܘܽܗܕܳܢܳܟ ܐܰܚܘܽܕ\nܠܳܐ ܚܣܰܟ ܡܶܢܝ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܐܳܘ ܐܰܢܼܬܝ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܐܶܢ ܠܶܟܝ ܕܐܰܢܼܬܬܶܗ ܐܰܢܼܬܝ\nܘܠܳܐ ܐܶܣܰܒ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ\nܕܐܺܝܬ ܠܳܟ ܣـܛܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܕ ܡܶܕܶܡ\nܠܰܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܟܽܠܳܗ̇ ܐܰܣܠܰܘ\nܘܰܠܪܳܚܳܒ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕ ܐܰܚܰܘ\nܘܕܰܥ ܕܗܺܝ ܠܰܡ ܬܶܢܝܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܚܺܝܠ ܩܰܢܝܳܐ ܕܣܳܝܘܽܡܘܽܬܳܐ\nܒܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ ܕܰܡܪܺܝܡܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܰܡܪܺܝܡܳܐ ܒܣܳܝܘܽܡܘܽܬܳܐ\nܠܳܐ ܐܶܫܟܰܚ ܒܬܺܬܳܐ ܕܢܶܐܚܘܽܕ\nܐܶܠܐܴ ܐܶܢ ܛܰܪ̈ܦܶܐ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕ\nܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܕܶܝܢ ܕܟܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܟܽܠܟܘܽܢ","english":"And when do you wish that you eat?\nAnd where are you, O teacher?\nAnd perhaps you are far from the city.\nAnd how do you say that you are here?\nAnd the Messiah, what is he to you and to me?\nAnd truly, indeed, the truth,\nyou speak, and righteousness.\nAnd thus it is said,\nthe fruits of the trees are their fruits.\nAnd if he is authorized to fast\non the day of the Sabbath, and to teach.\nAnd as it is similar to that place\nin the thought of indivisibility.\nAnd where does it seek the sides?\nSix, indeed, the regions:\nabove and below and to the right,\nto the left, to the front, to the back.\nBecause of the syllables of the sounds that are in them,\nthere are vowels.\nAnd in the syllables of the vowels,\nthey are contained in duality.\nIn the place of \"as\" that you say,\nand \"by God,\" indeed, you swear.\nAnd \"by the life of him,\" in abundance,\nthe Syriac language is furnished.\nYou say, \"By the life of him, O Lord,\"\nand \"Life\" is your self or the glorious one.\nBecause of the syllables of the sounds\nof the conjugation of the passive participle,\nand the known forms of the conjugation,\nin three states of letters,\nin \"not\" and \"except,\" also in \"alone.\"\nShow in your memory, show,\ndo not withhold from me anything, O you.\nBut if there is to you that you bring her, O you,\nand I will not take from you anything\nthat is yours, except one thing.\nTo the city, all of it, I revealed,\nand to the wide one alone, I showed.\nAnd know that this is not the conjugation,\nthe strong power of the punctuation,\nin the discourse of the elevated one,\nand the elevated one in the punctuation,\ncannot be found in the house of the one who holds,\nexcept if it is leaves alone.\nAnd you, then, all of you who are pure.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from interrogative examples (when, where, how) to a grammatical discussion of vowels, syllables, and the conjugation of the passive participle, illustrating Bar Hebraeus's method of using sample sentences to teach Syriac morphology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܶܥܝܳܕܘܺܬ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term tʿyāḏūṯ (conjugation) is central here, referring to the verbal paradigm. The text distinguishes it from the passive participle (ʿsīḇūṯā) and discusses its three states of letters, a key concept in Syriac grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܰܘܡܳܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The word mawmāṯā (vowels) appears in a discussion of syllables (bʿāṯ qālē). Bar Hebraeus notes that vowels are contained in duality (batreynūṯā), likely referring to the two-vowel system or the pairing of consonants and vowels in Syriac script.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'six regions' (above, below, right, left, front, back) reflects a standard cosmological or spatial schema in Syriac grammatical and philosophical texts, used here to illustrate the range of syllables or sounds.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܰܠܪܳܚܳܒ ܒܰܠܚܘܽܕ ܐܰܚܰܘ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'to the wide one alone I showed' may echo a biblical or liturgical context, possibly alluding to the city of Rahab (Jericho) or a symbolic figure, but the exact reference is unclear without further context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The final lines about 'leaves alone' (ṭarpē bālḥōḏ) and 'you who are pure' (dakyā kullkōn) are obscure; they may be a rhetorical conclusion or a fragment from a lost example, and the sense is contested.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'to the wide one alone' (l-rāḥāb balḥōḏ) is ambiguous: it could refer to a person, a place (e.g., Jericho), or a grammatical concept. The final address 'all of you who are pure' may be a direct address to the reader or a liturgical echo, but the context is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ܘܐܰܢܼܬܘܽܢ ܐܶܠܐܴ ܠܳܐ ܟܽܠܟܘܽܢ\nܕܰܒܬܺܬܳܐ ܛܰܪ̈ܦܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܳܐ\nܘܒܰܫܠܺܝ̈ܚܶܐ ܚܰܕ ܠܳܐ ܕܟܶܐ ܗ̄ܘܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܶܢ ܕܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇\nܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܬܰܢܘܰܝ\nܘܰܠܬܰܢܘܰܝ ܐܺܝܬ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܐܶܢ ܒܠܶܫܳܢܳܢ̈ܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܒܳܬܪܳܗ̇ ܢܳܩܶܦ ܦܘܽܪܥܳܢܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܰܡ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܐܶܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܛܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܠܳܐ ܬܶܗܘܘܽܢ\nܠܡܰܠܟܘܽܬ ܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܬܶܥܠܘܽܢ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܐܶܢ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܝܰܬܺܝܪܳܐ\nܘܟܰܕ ܡܶܬܬܪܺܝܡܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܡܰܚܣܪܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܐܱܪܺܝܡܘ ܥܰܝ̈ܢܰܝܗܘܽܢ\nܘܠܳܐ ܚܙܰܘ ܐܶܠܐܴ ܐܶܢ ܠܡܳܪܗܘܽܢ\nܘܐܶܢ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܳܐ ܚܙܰܘ ܐܶܠܐܴ\nܠܡܳܪܗܘܽܢ ܚܰܕ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܒܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܬܘܽܒ ܐܶܢ ܕܰܒܫܘܽܐܳܠܐܴ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܰܒܕܰܠܺܝܠܘܽ ܢܳܦܠܳܐ\nܘܰܦܪܰܥܢܳܢ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܕܰܥܠܶܝܗ̇\nܘܰܕܒܳܥܶܐ ܬܰܡܳܢ ܢܶܒܥܶܝܗ̇\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܒܢ̈ܳܬ ܩ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܕܰܒܗܘܽܢ\nܗܳܘܝܳܐ ܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ\nܘܠܰܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܫܒܰܥ ܐܺܝܬ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܢ\nܐܳܘ ܐܘܽܝ ܝܳܐ ܝܳܝ ܐܰܪܱܐ ܐܘܽܢ\nܘܐܺܝܢ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܕܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܐܳܘ ܚܘܽܒܳܐ ܟܡܳܐ ܒܰܣܺܝܡ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܐܳܦ ܐܘܽܝ ܡܕܺܢܼܬܳܐ ܝܺܕܺܝܥܬܳܐ\nܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܕܝܰܘܢܳܢ ܘܰܦܪܺܝܩܬܳܐ\nܘܝܳܐ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܫܪܺܝ ܐܰܣܘܽܪ̈ܰܝ\nܘܝܳܝ ܒܰܪ ܟܰܪܣܝ ܝܳܝ ܒܰܪ ܢܶܕܪ̈ܰܝ\nܘܝܳܝ ܬܘܽܒ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܡܰܪܩܘܽܕܬܳܐ\nܢܳܦܠܳܐ ܒܨܘܽܪܰܬ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܬܳܐ\nܘܐܰܪܱܐ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ ܕܫܘܽܐܳܠܐܴ\nܘܰܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ ܒܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܠܰܟܢܳܬܳܟ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ\nܐܰܪܱܐ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܶܡܰܪܬ\nܘܐܘܽܢ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܐܰܠܳܗ ܟܽܠܳܐ\nܘܐܘܽܢ ܫܳܪܶܐ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܠܗܰܝܟܠܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܢ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܡܪܰܚܡܳܢܳܐ\nܠܟܘܽܬܡ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܗܘܺܝ ܡܚܰܘܪܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܐܶܡܰܬܝ ܕܰܕܠܳܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ\nܩܳܪ̈ܘܽܝܶܐ ܡܶܩܪܳܐ ܩܳܪܶܝܢ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܦܳܪܘܽܩܳܐ ܐܳܡܰܪ\nܠܪܳܚܡܶܗ ܠܳܥܳܙܳܪ ܬܳܐ ܠܒܰܪ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܕܐܳܘ","english":"And you, you are not able\nthat in the house there were leaves\nand among the apostles, one was not pure\nbecause of that which is\nthe daughter of the voice of error\nand to error there are signs\nif in grammatical forms\nand after it follows the image of salvation\nwhen you say to us thus\nif like youths you will not be\nyou will not enter the kingdom of heaven\nand there is if which is excessive\nand when it is raised, it does not diminish\nlike that which your eyes raised\nand they did not see except if to your Lord\nand if you say, they did not see except\nyour Lord, one is in thought\nand there is also if in question\nlike a falling in poverty\nand the payment of the word concerning it\nand of what seeks, the end seeks it\nbecause in the voices that are in you\nthe reading becomes\nand to the reading there are seven signs\nor aw, oi, ya, yay, ara, aw\nand there is how you say you\nor how sweet is the love you\nalso oi, the known city\nthe city of John and the saved one\nand ya, death, loosen my bonds\nand yay, son of my womb, yay, son of my bosom\nand yay, also in the dance of the tambourine\nfalling in the ancient form\nand ara in the dance of the question\nand the reading becomes in speech\nwhen to your ears you say\nara, you are a man, you said\nand aw, Lord God of all\nand aw, he begins this to the temple\nand there is God the merciful\nto the smithies, he is the one who whitens\nand there is when without light\nthe near ones call, he calls\nas the savior says\nto his friend Lazarus, come outside\nbecause of the small ones of aw","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the dialogic, catechistic style of the preceding lines to a grammatical catalogue of interjections and exclamations (aw, oi, ya, yay, ara), each illustrated with a biblical or liturgical example.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܳܘ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac interjection ܐܳܘ (ʾāw) is glossed here as a vocative or exclamatory particle, exemplified in the phrases 'Lord God of all' and 'he begins this to the temple' — likely echoing liturgical or biblical usage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܳܝ","severity":"info","text":"The interjection ܝܳܝ (yāy) is illustrated with 'son of my womb' and 'son of my bosom', phrases that evoke the lament of a mother, possibly drawn from a known Syriac poetic or liturgical dirge.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܠܥܳܙܳܪ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'come outside' addressed to Lazarus (ܠܥܳܙܳܪ) alludes to John 11:43, where Jesus calls Lazarus from the tomb, though the Syriac wording here is not a direct citation of the Peshitta.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܕܝܰܘܢܳܢ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'city of John and the saved one' likely refers to the city of Ephesus, traditionally associated with John the Evangelist and the Theotokos (the 'saved one'), a common topos in Syriac tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܪܱܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The interjection ܐܰܪܱܐ (ʾarā) is glossed as 'you are a man' and linked to a 'dance of the question'; the exact referent is unclear, possibly a lost grammatical or rhetorical example from a Syriac school text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'daughter of the voice of error' (ܒܰܪܬ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܬܰܥܘܰܝ) is obscure; it may be a technical term for a grammatical or rhetorical figure, but its precise meaning is uncertain.","The sequence 'aw, oi, ya, yay, ara, aw' lists only six items, but the text states there are seven signs; the seventh may be lost or implied."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"ܘܐܳܘ ܒܫܬܳܐ ܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ\nܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܣܘܽܪܝܳܝܳܐ\nܒܰܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܰܡܺܝܪܳܐ\nܘܰܒܩܘܽܦܳܚܳܐ ܘܕܘܽܡܳܪܳܐ\nܘܰܒܙܘܽܗܳܪܳܐ ܘܒܳܥܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܰܫܬܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ ܒܬܰܫܥܺܝܬܳܐ\nܐܳܡܰܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܐܳܘ ܛܰܠܝܳܐ ܩܪܘܽܒ\nܘܐܳܘ ܚܰܣܺܝܪ ܪܶܥܝܳܢܳܐ ܬܘܽܒ\nܘܐܳܘ ܥܘܽܡܩܳܐ ܕܥܘܽܬܪܳܐ ܘܚܶܟܡܳܐ\nܘܡܰܕܥܳܐ ܕܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܡܪܰܝܡܳܐ\nܘܐܳܘ ܛܺܝܡܳܬܶܐ ܐܶܙܕܰܗܪ\nܫܠܺܝܚܳܐ ܠܬܰܠܡܺܝܕܶܗ ܐܶܡܰܪ\nܘܐܳܘ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܦܪܘܽܩ ܐܳܦ ܦܰܨܳܢܝ\nܘܐܳܘ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܒܪ̈ܰܚܡܰܝܟ ܐܰܚܳܢܝ\nܟܬܳܒܳܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ ܕܡ̈ܶܠܶܐ\nܟܶܬܒܶܬ ܐܳܘ ܬܷܐܳܘܦܺܝܠܶܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܒܢ̈ܳܬ ܩ̈ܠܶܐ\nܕܡܰܪܩܘܽܕܬܳܐ\nܠܡܰܪܩܘܽܕܬܳܐ ܚܰܡܶܫ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܢ\nܒܰܨܚܳܚ̈ܶܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܡܶܫܬܰܟ̈ܚܳܢ\nܐܰܝܟ ܘܳܝ ܘܝܳܝ ܐܘܽܝ ܐܘܽܗ ܗܳܘܳܝ\nܐܰܝܟ ܕܐܰܡܺܝܪ ܘܳܝ ܡܳܪܳܐ ܘܳܝ\nܘܝܳܝ ܒܰܪ ܟܰܪܣܝ ܝܳܝ ܒܰܪ ܢܶܕܪ̈ܰܝ\nܘܐܘܽܝ ܥܰܘ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܛܠܰܡܘ ܪ̈ܳܚܡܰܝ\nܘܐܘܽܗ ܡܳܪܶܐ ܡܳܪ̈ܰܘܳܬܳܐ\nܘܗܳܘܳܝ ܗܳܘܳܝ ܒܰܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ\nܬܘܽܒ ܩܶܦܰܠܶܐܳܘܢ ܕܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܪܘܽܟܳܒܳܐ ܕܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ\nܒܰܦܫܺܝ̈ܛܶܐ ܥܕܰܡܳܐ ܠܗܳܪܟܳܐ\nܪܕܳܬ ܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܘܗܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܡܶܟܳܐ\nܒܰܡܪܰܟܒܳܐ ܕܡܶܢܶܗ ܡܫܰܪܝܳܐ\nܘܠܰܙܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܕܺܝܠܶܗ ܡܚܰܘܝܳܐ\nܘܰܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܦܫܺܝ̈ܛܶܐ\nܒܪܘܽܟܳܒܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܝܢ ܚܠܺܝ̈ܛܶܐ\nܘܡܶܬܪܰܟܰܒ ܡܶܢܗܘܽܢ ܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ\nܕܰܩܢܶܐ ܣܘܽܟܳܠܳܐ ܓܡܺܝܪܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܰܒܟܽܠ ܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ ܡܶܢ\nܐܰܢܰܢܩܺܝ ܕܢܶܗܘܶܐ ܫܘܽܪܳܝܳܐ ܘܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܗܰܘ ܕܣܺܝܡ ܘܗܰܘ ܕܡܶܬܩܰܛܪܰܓ\nܠܫܘܽܪܳܝܳܐ ܘܰܠܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܦܳܛܘܽܢܘܽܬܳܟ ܗܘܳܬ ܝܳܕܥܳܐ\nܕܰܒܗܘܽܢ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܠܶܐ ܣܘܳܕܳܐ\nܒܟܽܠ ܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܕܘܽܘܳܕܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܶܥܒܶܕ ܬܘܽܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܫܰܪ̈ܒܶܐ ܙܢܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ\nܘܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܕܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܢܘܽܪܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ","english":"And in the six leaves there are,\nin the Syriac language, as it is said,\nin reading, and in punctuation, and in accentuation,\nand in vocalization, and in the interrogative,\nand the foundations in history.\nYou say: \"Or a boy, approach,\nor one lacking understanding, again,\nor the depth of wealth and wisdom,\nand the intellect of God Most High,\nor beware of Timothy,\nthe apostle said to his disciple,\nor Lord, save also my face,\nor Lord, in your mercies show me.\"\nThe first book of words\nI wrote, O Theophilus,\nbecause of the forms of sounds\nof the interjection.\nFor the interjection, five letters\nare found in the correct forms,\nlike \"wāy,\" \"yāy,\" \"awy,\" \"awh,\" \"hāwāy,\"\nas it is said: \"Woe, Lord, woe,\"\nand \"Yay, son of my belly, yay, son of my ribs,\"\nand \"Awy, the wicked oppressed my friends,\"\nand \"Awh, Lord of lords,\"\nand \"Hāwāy, hāwāy in the city.\"\nAgain, the chapters of four,\nbecause of the composition of the discourse.\nIn the simple ones, up to here,\nthe word runs, and from here,\nin the composition of its meaning, it begins,\nand shows its own leaves.\nAnd these three simple ones\nare bound in composition,\nand from them the discourse is composed,\nwhich completes the whole meaning,\nbecause in every discourse, its meaning\nmakes known that it is beginning and end.\nWhen that which is set and that which is conjugated\nfor beginning and end,\nyour nature was knowing\nthat in them the discourse is completed.\nIn every speech without distinction,\nas many distinctions as you make,\nbecause of the small species,\nand you will say that God is great.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܰܪܩܘܽܕܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term mārqōdṯā (interjection) is the grammatical category under discussion. Bar Hebraeus lists five interjectional forms (wāy, yāy, awy, awh, hāwāy) and provides scriptural or liturgical examples for each.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܳܝ ܡܳܪܳܐ ܘܳܝ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Woe, Lord, woe' echoes a common Syriac liturgical or biblical exclamation (cf. Ps 120:5 in Peshitta tradition). Bar Hebraeus uses it to illustrate the interjection wāy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܷܐܳܘܦܺܝܠܶܐ","severity":"info","text":"The addressee Theophilus (Theāfīlē) is likely the same dedicatee as in Bar Hebraeus's other grammatical works, possibly a student or patron. The name appears in the context of the 'first book of words' (ktābā qadmāyā d-mellē), suggesting a multi-volume grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩܶܦܰܠܶܐܳܘܢ ܕܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'chapters of four' (qep̄ālāwṯ d-arbʿā) likely refers to a four-part division of the discourse or a fourfold compositional scheme. Bar Hebraeus contrasts 'simple' (pšīṭē) and 'composite' (markabā) forms, indicating a structural analysis of grammatical units.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܶܥܒܶܕ ܬܘܽܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The final lines are textually uncertain: 'as many distinctions as you make, because of the small species, and you will say that God is great' may be corrupt or elliptical. The shift to theological assertion is abrupt and may reflect a scribal gloss or damaged exemplar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'chapters of four' (qep̄ālāwṯ d-arbʿā) is ambiguous: it may refer to four types of interjections, four parts of a discourse, or a fourfold compositional rule. The reading adopted here takes it as a structural division of the grammatical exposition.","The final theological statement ('God is great') may be a scribal addition or a damaged conclusion; the text breaks off without clear resolution."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ܘܝܰܘܣܶܦ ܠܰܡ ܬܘܽܒ ܫܰܦܺܝܪܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ\nܘܡܘܽܫܶܐ ܪܥܳܐ ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܕܝܰܬܪܘܽܢ\nܘܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܩܰܫܺܝ ܠܶܒ ܦܶܪܥܘܽܢ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܽ ܕܢܶܩܕܘܽܡ ܫܘܽܘܕܳܥܳܐ\nܠܫܘܽܪܳܝܳܐ ܘܠܰܝܬ ܒܶܗ ܫܘܽܪܥܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ\nܕܓܘܽܪܝܳܐ ܕܐܰܪܝܳܐ ܝܺܗܘܽܕܳܐ\nܘܒܰܕܡܘܽܬܳܐ ܐܼܚܪܺܬܳܐ ܬܰܘܣܶܦ\nܕܰܒܪܳܐ ܕܬܰܪܒܺܝܬܳܐ ܝܰܘܣܶܦ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܰܒܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ܡܶܬܦܪܶܫ\nܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ ܘܡܶܬܥܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ ܒܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ\nܠܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܓܶܝܪ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܬܶܫܬܰܘܕܰܥ\nܐܶܢܗܘܽ ܕܒܰܣܘܳܕܝ ܬܶܣܬܰܝܰܥ\nܚܙܰܘ ܐܺܝܙܓ̈ܰܕܶܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܓܰܙܳܐ\nܗܳܝ ܕܰܚܙܰܘ ܥܒܳܕܳܐ ܡܰܐܪܙܳܐ\nܘܐܺܝܙܓ̈ܰܕܶܐ ܫܡܳܐ ܕܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ\nܘܒܶܝܬ ܓܰܙܳܐ ܗܰܘ ܕܰܥܒܺܝܕܳܐ\nܘܰܒܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܩܢܶܐ ܦܘܽܪܳܫܳܐ\nܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܚܳܫܘܽܫܳܐ\nܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ ܒܩܰܕܺܝܡܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ ܒܰܡܛܰܟܣܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܒܕܺܝܰܬܺܝܩܺܝ\nܥܗܺܝܕܳܐ ܠܰܘ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܺܝܩܺܝ\nܒܢܳܐ ܫܠܶܝܡܘܽܢ ܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܡܳܪܝܳܐ\nܘܐܰܒܪܳܗܳܡ ܥܒܰܕ ܡܰܫܬܝܳܐ\nܘܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܥܒܰܕ ܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܒܚܶܟܡܬܶܗ\nܘܐܰܬܩܶܢ ܬܺܐܒܶܝܠ ܒܺܝܕܰܥܬܶܗ\nܬܪܰܝܳܢܳܐ ܒܡܰܥܠܳܢܘܽܬܶܗ\nܕܠܳܡܰܕ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܟܢ̈ܰܘܳܬܳܗ̇\nܥܰܠ ܟܘܽܢܳܝ ܡܶܬܥܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܟܺܝܬ ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܳܐ\nܚܰܠܺܝ ܡܘܽܫܶܐ ܠܡܰܝ̈ ܡܘܽܪܰܬ\nܘܚܳܪ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܒܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܘܙܰܥܰܬ\nܘܐܰܫܺܝܚܘ ܥܰܠ ܢܳܡܘܽܣ ܡܳܪܗܘܽܢ\nܘܐܰܩܪܶܒܘ ܥܰܡ ܥܳܡܘܽܪ̈ܰܝܗܘܽܢ\nܬܠܺܝܬܳܝܳܐ ܩܪܺܝܚܘܽܬ ܙܢܳܐ\nܕܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ ܘܡܶܬܥܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ\nܕܠܳܐ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܒܗܰܘ ܢܶܬܦܰܚܰܡ\nܘܐܳܦܶܢ ܥܒܺܝܕܳܐ ܢܶܬܩܰܕܰܡ\nܩܳܪܶܐ ܐܰܢܼܬ ܢܰܫܶܩ ܐܺܝܕܝ ܦܘܽܡܝ\nܘܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܚܙܳܐ ܐܼܢܳܫ ܡܬܘܽܡ\nܘܢܰܫܶܩܘ ܒܪܳܐ ܒܪܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܢܶܪܓܰܙ\nܘܐܰܥܬܰܪܘ ܥܰܒܕ̈ܰܝ ܢܶܟܣ̈ܰܝ ܓܰܙܝ\nܦܪ̈ܺܝܫܳܢ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܐܶܬܶܐܡܰܪ̈ܝ\nܡܶܢ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܕܰܟܒܰܪ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ","english":"And he adds, for the good of the type, that it is beautiful,\nand Moses saw the people who would enter,\nand the Lord hardened his heart, and he struck,\nand there was one who preceded knowledge\nto the beginning, and there is in it no defect,\nas it is said in the secret\nof the mystery of the lion of Judah,\nand in another likeness he adds,\nthe son of the nurture, Joseph,\nbecause among these it is distinguished\nthe agent and the patient in the discourse,\nfor to these the sign will be known,\nthat in my secret you will be helped.\nSee the messengers in the treasury,\nthat which saw the hidden work,\nand the messengers, the name of the agent,\nand the treasury, that which is made,\nand in five verses the distinction,\nthe agent from the patient.\nThe first in priority\nof the agent in the order,\nas in that which in the Testament\nis accustomed, not indeed as I,\nin that he completed the house for the Lord,\nand Abraham made a feast,\nand the Lord made the heavens with his wisdom,\nand he established Abel with his knowledge,\nthe second with his entering,\nthat he also learned her pure ones\nconcerning the patient,\nas indeed the voice of the wood,\nMoses sweetened the bitter waters,\nand the Lord looked at the earth and shook,\nand they stretched over the law their lord,\nand they brought near with their inhabitants.\nThe third, the brevity of the small,\nof the agent and the patient,\nthat it is not thus in that one it is understood,\nand also the made one is preceded.\nThe reader, the sign, press my hand, my mouth,\nand God did not see, the man died,\nand they pressed the son, the son, that he not be angry,\nand the servants of the hidden treasures became rich.\nThese are the distinctions that are said,\nfrom this which before is said.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ʿāḇōḏā (agent) is paired with ܡܶܬܥܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ (patient) as a grammatical binary, central to the treatise's discussion of verbal diathesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܓܘܽܪܝܳܐ ܕܐܰܪܝܳܐ ܝܺܗܘܽܕܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'mystery of the lion of Judah' alludes to Genesis 49:9 (Jacob's blessing) and its Christological interpretation in Syriac exegesis, linking the grammatical example to salvation history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܰܣܘܳܕܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'secret' (rāzā) here refers to the esoteric or allegorical sense of Scripture, a common concept in Syriac grammatical and mystical traditions, where grammar mirrors divine order.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܒܰܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܩܢܶܐ ܦܘܽܪܳܫܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage announces a five-verse (or five-part) distinction between agent and patient, structuring the subsequent examples (e.g., Abraham, Moses, the Lord) as a pedagogical sequence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܐܰܒܪܳܗܳܡ ܥܒܰܕ ܡܰܫܬܝܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The examples of Abraham making a feast and the Lord making the heavens echo Genesis 18:6 and 1:1, respectively, illustrating the agent-patient distinction through biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܚܙܳܐ ܐܼܢܳܫ ܡܬܘܽܡ","severity":"caution","text":"The clause 'God did not see, the man died' is syntactically ambiguous; it may be a proverbial or elliptical example of the patient without an expressed agent, but the exact referent is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the voice of the wood' (ܩܳܢܘܽܢܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܳܐ) is obscure; it may refer to a biblical or liturgical image (e.g., the burning bush or the cross) but the specific allusion is uncertain.","The identity of 'the messengers in the treasury' (ܐܺܝܙܓ̈ܰܕܶܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܓܰܙܳܐ) is not explained; it could be a grammatical metaphor or a reference to angelic or prophetic figures."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ܕܰܡܚܳܐ ܠܰܡ ܐܰܦܪܶܡ ܡܢܰܫܶܐ\nܐܳܦ ܚܳܡ ܫܺܝܡ ܗܳܟܘܳܬ ܪܳܫܶܐ\nܒܗܳܝ ܕܣܘܽܟܳܠ ܠܳܐ ܡܶܬܠܰܡܰܕ\nܐܶܢܗܘܽ ܕܠܳܐ ܬܰܩܶܦ ܠܳܡܰܕ\nܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܳܐ ܢܰܩܺܝܦܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܕܶܟܪܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܢܶܩܒܬܘܽܬܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܠܰܐܝܢܳܐ ܕܰܥܗܺܝܕ\nܗܰܘ ܡܳܐ ܕܒܰܢܒܺܝܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܪ\nܕܡܰܙܥܪܺܝܢ ܐܶܡܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܚܛܳܗ̈ܶܐ\nܘܰܒܗܳܕܶܐ ܪܶܓܬܳܐ ܬܫܰܗܶܐ\nܘܰܡܚܰܒ̈ܠܳܢ ܓܶܝܪ ܪ̈ܶܥܝܳܢܶܐ\nܒܰܣܺܝ̈ܡܶܐ ܫܘܽܥܝ̈ܳܬ ܣܳܢ̈ܐܶܐ\nܚܡܺܝܫܳܝܳܐ ܠܚܘܽܕܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܣܰܓܺܝܐܘܽܬܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܰܒܬܰܚܘܺܝ ܬܺܐܡܰܪ\nܕܡܳܪܳܐ ܠܰܡ ܥܰܒܕ̈ܶܐ ܨܰܥܰܪܘ\nܗܳܐ ܒܘܰܐܘ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܐܰܩܶܦܬܳܗ̇\nܠܗܳܝ ܕܨܰܥܰܪܘ ܐܳܦ ܐܰܠܘܶܬܬܳܗ̇\nܝܰܗܒܬ ܐܴܬܳܐ ܕܥܰܒܕ̈ܶܐ ܐܶܢܘܽܢ\nܕܐܶܬܪܰܥܰܡܘ ܠܘܽܩܒܰܠ ܡܳܪܗܘܽܢ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܝܘܽܬ ܙܢܳܐ ܕܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ\nܘܡܶܬܥܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ ܠܘܽܬ ܥܒܳܕܳܐ\nܬܠܳܬܳܐ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܠܰܡ ܐܳܬܘ̈ܳܬܳܐ\nܕܡܰܐܪ̈ܙܳܢ ܠܰܢ ܐܰܝܢܳܝ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ\nܕܥܳܒܘܽܕܳܐ ܘܡܶܬܥܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ\nܒܰܙܒܰܢ ܥܒܳܕܳܐ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܐܺܝܬ ܘܰܡܪܺܝܡܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܕܐܳܬܘܽܬ ܐܳܠܰܦ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܪܬܳܐ\nܚܙܺܝܬ ܠܝܶܫܘܽܥ ܟܳܗܢܳܐ ܟܢܺܝܟܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܩܕܳܡ ܡܰܠܰܐܟܳܐ\nܘܰܫܕܳܐ ܒܩܶܫܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܳܐܺܝܬ\nܘܰܡܚܳܐ ܠܥܰܒ̈ܕܰܘܗܝ ܩܰܫܝܳܐܺܝܬ\nܘܗܳܐ ܡܰܠܟܶܟܝ ܐܳܬܶܐ ܒܗܺܝܠܳܐ\nܡܰܟܺܝܟ ܘܰܪܟܺܝܒ ܥܰܠ ܥܺܝܠܳܐ\nܡܶܛܽܠ ܦܘܽܚ̈ܳܡܶܐ ܘܩܺܝ̈ܢܳܬ\nܩܪ̈ܳܝܳܬܳܐ ܕܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ\nܠܦܘܽܚ̈ܳܡܶܐ ܫܰܒܥܳܐ ܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ\nܡܶܫܬܰܘܕܰܥ ܐܼܢܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܛܘܽܦܣ̈ܶܐ\nܥܶܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܡ ܬܰܚ̈ܬܳܝܶܐ\nܐܳܦ ܦܳܣܘܽܩܳܐ ܘܰܫܘܰܝ̈ܳܐ\nܘܩܳܪܘܽܝܳܐ ܘܡܶܬܕܰܡܪܳܢܳܐ\nܘܰܫܒܺܝܥܳܝܳܐ ܡܫܰܐܠܳܢܳܐ\nܘܥܶܠܳܝܳܐ ܢܳܦܶܠ ܒܰܙܢܳܐ\nܡܶܨܥܰܬ ܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ ܘܦܘܽܪܥܳܢܳܐ\nܟܰܕ ܢܶܗܘܘܽܢ ܠܰܡ ܐܱܪ̈ܺܝܟܺܝܢ\nܘܒܰܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܠܢܶܫܡܳܐ ܙܳܪܒܺܝܢ\nܘܬܰܚܬܳܝܳܐ ܡܶܨܥܰܬ ܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ","english":"He strikes Ephrem, he covers,\nand Ham likewise sets heads thus,\nin that the purpose is not learned,\nthat it might be that the teaching does not adhere.\nThe fourth, the feminine form\nof the masculine and the feminine,\nwhen you say to that which is known,\nthat which is said in the type,\nthat it diminishes the letters of the errors,\nand in this desire it will be amazed,\nfor it corrupts the intentions\nwith the sweet points of the supports.\nThe fifth, for the singularity\nof the vowel and also the plurality,\nas much as in the showing you will say,\nthat the Lord did not make servants small;\nbehold, they entered the hand that bound her,\nto that which made small and also her poverty,\ngave a sign of the servants that they became,\nthat they were stirred up against their Lord,\nbecause of the likeness of the fear of the agent\nand the patient in relation to the action.\nThree signs came to me,\nof the mysteries of the signs of the agents\nand the patients in the time of action thus,\nwhen there is and the raising up\nof the sign of the first from the end.\nI saw Joshua the priest, the sad one,\nwhen standing before the angel,\nand he shot with the bow straightly,\nand struck his servants harshly,\nand behold, your king comes with terror,\nhumble and riding on a colt,\nbecause of the interpretations and the readings,\nthe readings of the discourse.\nFor the interpretations, seven species\nare recognized, also the types,\nthe upper with the lower,\nalso the pause and the equal,\nand the reader and the wonder,\nand the seventh, the question,\nand the upper falls in the fear,\nin the middle of the discourse and the answer,\nwhen they were for me the lengthened,\nand in the reading they strengthen the name,\nand the lower in the middle of the discourse.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܰܡܚܳܐ ܠܰܡ ܐܰܦܪܶܡ ܡܢܰܫܶܐ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase 'He strikes Ephrem, he covers' likely refers to Ephrem the Syrian, a key figure in Syriac tradition, but the sense is obscure; the verb 'covers' may be a scribal error or a deliberate pun.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܪܒܺܝܥܳܝܳܐ ܢܰܩܺܝܦܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܕܶܟܪܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܢܶܩܒܬܘܽܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"'The fourth, the feminine form of the masculine and the feminine' refers to a grammatical category: the feminine form of the masculine and feminine genders, likely a specific morphological pattern in Syriac.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܡܺܝܫܳܝܳܐ ܠܚܘܽܕܳܝܘܽܬܳܐ ܕܢܳܩܦܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܣܰܓܺܝܐܘܽܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"'The fifth, for the singularity of the vowel and also the plurality' indicates a grammatical rule about vowel patterns in singular and plural forms, a common topic in Syriac grammars.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܙܺܝܬ ܠܝܶܫܘܽܥ ܟܳܗܢܳܐ ܟܢܺܝܟܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"'I saw Joshua the priest, the sad one' alludes to Zechariah 3:1-5, where Joshua the high priest is shown a vision of the angel and the cleansing of the priesthood; the 'sad one' may reflect his initial despair.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܠܦܘܽܚ̈ܳܡܶܐ ܫܰܒܥܳܐ ܓܶܢ̈ܣܶܐ","severity":"info","text":"'For the interpretations, seven species are recognized' introduces a list of seven interpretive categories (types, upper/lower, pause, equal, reader, wonder, question), structuring the discourse on grammatical analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܗܳܐ ܡܰܠܟܶܟܝ ܐܳܬܶܐ ܒܗܺܝܠܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"'Behold, your king comes with terror, humble and riding on a colt' is a cryptic image; it may be a messianic allusion or a scribal interpolation, as the context is grammatical, not apocalyptic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ephrem' and the action 'covers' are unclear; the passage shifts abruptly between grammatical rules and narrative imagery, possibly due to textual corruption or allegorical intent.","The phrase 'your king comes with terror' is ambiguous: it may be a biblical echo (e.g., Zechariah 9:9) or a metaphorical reference to a grammatical rule."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"ܠܦܘܽܪܥܳܢܳܐ ܩܳܢܶܐ ܣܶܕܪܳܐ\nܘܰܩܕܳܡ ܚܘܽܬܳܡܳܐ ܢܳܦܶܠ\nܘܠܳܚܶܡ ܬܘܽܒ ܠܗܰܘ ܕܰܡܫܰܐܶܠ\nܘܙܰܘܓܳܐ : ܒܰܝܢܳܬ ܗܰܕܳܡ̈ܶܐ\nܕܡܺܐܡܪܳܐ ܩܳܢܶܐ ܦܘܽܚ̈ܳܡܶܐ\nܘܠܳܐ ܢܳܦܶܠ ܣܳܟ ܒܰܡܨܰܥܬܳܐ\nܕܗܰܕܳܡ̈ܶܐ ܕܦܘܽܪܥܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܦܳܣܘܽܩܳܐ ܓܰܠܝܳܐ ܕܘܽܟܬܶܗ\nܕܚܘܽܬܳܡܳܐ ܗܘܽܝܘܽ ܫܶܕܬܶܗ\nܘܠܳܚܡܳܐ ܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܠܒܳܥܘܽܬܳܐ\nܘܡܰܟܣܳܢܘܽܬܳܐ ܘܐܘܽܠܺܝܬܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܺܝܢ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܡܪܰܚܡܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܳܘ ܚܰܣܺܝܪ̈ܰܝ ܪܶܥܝܳܢܳܐ\nܘܐܘܽܪܫܠܶܝܡ ܡܒܰܢܰܝܬܳܐ\nܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܓܒܺܝܬܳܐ ܘܰܚܣܺܝܡܬܳܐ\nܘܦܘܽܚܳܡܳܐ ܡܶܬܕܰܡܪܳܢܳܐ\nܐܰܟܡܳܐ ܕܬܺܐܡܰܪ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ\nܕܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܢܦܰܠܘ ܓܰܢܼܒܳܪ̈ܶܐ\nܘܐܶܬܚܰܒܰܠܘ ܐܳܦ ܫܰܦܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ\nܘܰܡܫܰܐܠܳܢܳܐ ܩܢܶܐ ܢܺܝܫܳܐ\nܕܙܰܘܥܳܐ ܟܰܣܝܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܪܺܝܫܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܐܰܝܟܰܘ ܗܳܒܶܝܠ ܐܰܚܘܽܟ\nܘܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܐܰܠܦܳܟ ܐܰܒܘܽܟ\nܘܐܺܝܬ ܐܶܡܰܬܝ ܕܰܒܬܰܚܬܳܝܳܐ\nܡܶܠܬܳܐ ܕܫܘܽܐܳܠܐܴ ܗܳܘܝܳܐ\nܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܰܠܡܰܠܟܟܘܽܢ ܐܶܙܩܘܽܦ\nܘܠܳܐܣܝܳܐ ܕܟܺܐܒܰܝ̈ܟܘܽܢ ܐܶܪܕܘܽܦ","english":"To the conclusion of the first order, and before the seal he falls, and again he strikes the one who asks, and the pair: among the members of the first discourse, solutions, and he does not fall entirely in the middle of the members of the conclusion, and the clear passage in its place, the seal becomes its casting, and the bread of the reading for the request, and the coverings and the ellipsis, like the Lord the merciful, or the deficient of thought, and Jerusalem the sought, the chosen and fortified city, and the wonderful solution, as you say thus, that thus the mighty fell and were destroyed, also the beautiful, and the questioner the first of the living, of the hidden movement upon the head, like your brother Abel, and thus your father taught you, and there is when in the lower, the word of the question becomes, like that which for your king I raised, and for the physician of your pains I pursue.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܦܘܽܪܥܳܢܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܦܘܽܪܥܳܢܳܐ (puqrāʿā) is a technical grammatical term meaning 'conclusion' or 'apodosis', often used in Syriac grammatical treatises to denote the second part of a conditional or periodic sentence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܚܘܽܬܳܡܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܚܘܽܬܳܡܳܐ (ḥutmā) means 'seal' or 'conclusion', and in this context likely refers to the final part of a grammatical paradigm or a rhetorical closure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܰܝܟ ܐܰܝܟܰܘ ܗܳܒܶܝܠ ܐܰܚܘܽܟ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like your brother Abel' alludes to the biblical figure Abel (Gen 4:8), son of Adam and brother of Cain, whose murder is a common typological reference in Syriac literature for innocence and victimhood.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܐܘܽܪܫܠܶܝܡ ܡܒܰܢܰܝܬܳܐ ܡܕܺܝܢܼܬܳܐ ܓܒܺܝܬܳܐ ܘܰܚܣܺܝܡܬܳܐ","severity":"info","text":"The description of Jerusalem as 'the sought, the chosen and fortified city' reflects a common Syriac Christian trope, possibly drawing on biblical language (e.g., Ps 132:13) and the city's symbolic role as an object of eschatological or spiritual desire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܙܰܘܓܳܐ : ܒܰܝܢܳܬ ܗܰܕܳܡ̈ܶܐ","severity":"info","text":"The colon after ܘܙܰܘܓܳܐ ('and the pair') and the phrase ܒܰܝܢܳܬ ܗܰܕܳܡ̈ܶܐ ('among the members') indicate a structural division in the text, likely marking a shift from one grammatical example or rule to another within the metrical grammar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܠܳܐ ܢܳܦܶܠ ܣܳܟ ܒܰܡܨܰܥܬܳܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he does not fall entirely in the middle' is ambiguous: it may mean that a certain grammatical element does not occur medially, or that the subject (perhaps the 'questioner') does not err in the middle of a construction. The syntax is elliptical.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-537","label":"source edition: Metrical Grammar","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/537"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'questioner' (ܡܫܰܐܠܳܢܳܐ) and the 'first of the living' (ܩܢܶܐ ܢܺܝܫܳܐ) is unclear; they may be grammatical personifications or allegorical figures.","The phrase 'the bread of the reading for the request' (ܘܠܳܚܡܳܐ ܩܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܠܒܳܥܘܽܬܳܐ) is obscure and may be a corruption or a technical term for a grammatical example.","The reference to 'the Lord the merciful' (ܐܺܝܢ ܡܳܪܝܳܐ ܡܪܰܚܡܳܢܳܐ) could be a biblical echo (e.g., Ps 86:5) or a stock phrase; its function in the grammatical argument is not clear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}