{"slug":"dsc-486","id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-486","title":"History of Karka d-Beth Slok","title_source":"History of Karka d-Beth Slok","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"6th century CE","tradition":"syriac","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T05:45:36Z","cost_usd":0.019976},"source":{"registry_id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-486","work_id":"dsc-486","edition":"syriac","language":"","license":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"},"stats":{"passages":33,"english_words":7604,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":18983,"commentary_units":189,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":60,"work_notes":5,"external_links":3,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"dsc-486","abstract":"The History of Karka d-Beth Slok is a local ecclesiastical history of the city of Karka d-Beth Slok (modern Kirkuk, Iraq), focusing on its Christian community and martyrs under Sasanian persecution. The text covers events from the 4th to 6th centuries, with composition likely in the 6th or 7th century, possibly after 540 CE. The sole surviving manuscript is incomplete and represents a later recension, with scribal revisions. The work was used by later Syriac historians, such as the author of the Chronicle of Seert, as a source for the history of the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire. The edition lacks a full critical apparatus, requiring direct consultation of the Syriac text for detailed philological analysis.","historical_context":"The work was composed in Syriac, likely in the 6th or 7th century CE, in the Sasanian Empire, specifically in the region of Beth Slok (modern Kirkuk, Iraq). The city of Karka d-Beth Slok was a center of the Church of the East, and the text reflects the community's experience of persecution under Sasanian rulers, particularly in the 4th to 6th centuries. The sole surviving manuscript is incomplete and likely represents a later recension, with scribal revisions and possible expansions. The work was transmitted through Syriac manuscript tradition and used by later historians like the author of the Chronicle of Seert. Its composition date is uncertain, but internal evidence suggests a date after 540 CE, possibly in the 6th or 7th century.","significance":"The History of Karka d-Beth Slok is a key source for the history of the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire, providing details on local martyrs and ecclesiastical events. It was used by later Syriac historians, such as the author of the Chronicle of Seert, and contributes to understanding the development of Syriac historiography and hagiography. The work also sheds light on the Christian community's identity and resilience under persecution.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–6th c.","event":"Events described in the text, including martyrdoms under Sasanian persecution."},{"date":"After 540 CE","event":"Probable terminus post quem for composition based on internal evidence."},{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Likely date of composition of the original text."},{"date":"Later recension","event":"The sole surviving manuscript is incomplete and represents a later recension with scribal revisions."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"The work was used by the author of the Chronicle of Seert as a source."}],"relations":[{"work":"Chronicle of Seert","relation":"Used as a source for the history of the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Martyrdom of Mar Qardag","relation":"The preceding narrative in the manuscript concludes with Mar Qardag's martyrdom.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Bible (Book of Jonah)","relation":"The text references Jonah sent to Nineveh, echoing the biblical narrative.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Kirkuk","label":"Kirkuk (modern name of Karka d-Beth Slok)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk","reason":"Provides geographical and historical context for the city."},{"key":"wikipedia:Church of the East","label":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East","reason":"The Christian community to which the text belongs."},{"key":"wikipedia:Sasanian Empire","label":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire","reason":"The political context of the persecution described in the text."}],"cautions":["The composition date is uncertain; internal evidence suggests a 6th- or 7th-century origin, possibly after 540 CE, but this is not definitive.","The sole surviving manuscript is incomplete and likely represents a later recension with scribal revisions, so the original text may have been longer.","The edition does not provide a full critical apparatus or translation; readers must consult the Syriac text directly for detailed philological analysis.","The parenthetical 'Karkwok?' in the Syriac title indicates a textual variant or scribal uncertainty about the city's name."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000453,"generated":"2026-11-15T05:45:36Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Digital Syriac Corpus text","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"},{"kind":"authority","label":"syriaca.org work record","url":"http://syriaca.org/work/8972"}],"checks":{"work":"dsc-486","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":33,"translated":33,"commentary_passages":33,"commentary_units":189,"english_words":7604,"source_letters":29028,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a local ecclesiastical history of the city of Karka d-Beth Slok (modern Kirkuk), focusing on the city's Christian community and its martyrs under Sasanian persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text describes events from the 4th to 6th centuries, but its composition date is uncertain; internal evidence suggests a 6th- or 7th-century origin, possibly after 540 CE.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The sole surviving manuscript is incomplete and likely represents a later recension; the original text may have been longer and has undergone scribal revision.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work was used by later Syriac historians, such as the author of the Chronicle of Seert, as a source for the history of the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a full critical apparatus or translation; readers must consult the Syriac text directly for detailed philological analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 33 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":33},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:dsc-486":{"label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ܬܫܥܢܬܐ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܤܠܘܿܟܼ (ܟܲܪܟܿܘܼܟ؟) ܘܲܕܼܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܕܒܹܗ. ܗܵܢܵܐ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ: ܤܵܡ̣ ܫܲܬܼܐܸܤܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܒܼܤܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ ܫܡܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ. ܗܵܢܵܐ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܪܒܿ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܲܕܚܲܝܼܠ ܒܟܼܠܵܗ̇ ܬܹܒܹܝܠ: ܘܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܚܲܕܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܥܵܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ. ܗܵܢܵܐ ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܪܹܗ ܕܤܲܢܚܹܪܝܼܒܼ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܝܼܢ ܘܲܬܼܪܹܝܢ ܡܲܠܟ̈ܝܼܢ ܠܒܼܵܠܘܿܣ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ. ܒܝܵܘܡܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܫ̣ܬܲܕܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܝܵܘܢܵܢ ܠܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ: ܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܒܲܢܒܼܝܼܬܹܗ ܘܲܒܼܟܼܵܘܿܙܘܼܬܹܗ ܐܲܙܝܼܥ̣ ܠܢܝܼ̈ܢܘܵܝܹܐ. ܘܗ̤ܘ ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܫܬܲܥ̣ܒܲܕܼ ܠܟܼܵܪܘܿܙܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܲܢܒܼܝܼܵܐ: ܘܲܓܼܙܲܪ ܨܵܘܡܵܐ ܒܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ: ܘܲܠܒܸܫ̣ܘ ܤܲܩܹ̈ܐ. ܘܲܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܟܼܬܼܝܼܚ: ܘܐܲܗܦܸܟܼ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܚܸܡܬܼܵܐ ܕܪܘܼܓܼܙܹܗ: ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܘܒܸܿܕܼ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ. ܘܲܒܼܲܫܲܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܕܚܲܡܸܫܬܲܥܤܲܪ ܕܗܵܘ̇ ܒܲܪ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕܼ: ܐܲܪܒܵܩ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܡܵܕܲܝ: ܥܲܠ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ: ܕܠܵܗ̇ ܡܸܫܬܲܥܒܲܕܼ ܢܸܬܼܒܲܤܡܘܼܢ ܩܵܪܘܿܝܵܐ ܡܚܝܼܠܐ ܘܟܼܵܬܼܘܿܒܼܵܐ ܘܟܸܢܫܵܐ ܕܲܡ̣ܡܲܥ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܹܗ ܕܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ: ܢܸܫܬܿܘܘܿܢ ܠܪ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܘܠܲܚܢܵܢܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܡ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܘܲܕܼܒܼܘܼܚܪܵܢܵܐ: ܒܛܲܝܒܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܠܹܗ ܫܘܼܒܼܚܵܐ ܘܬܼܵܘܕܝܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܠܲܐܒܼܘܼܗܝ ܘܲܠܪܘܼܚܵܐ ܕܩܘܼܕܼܫܵܐ ܬܸܫܒܿܘܿܚܬܼܵܐ ܘܐܝܼܩܵܪܵܐ ܘܪܘܼܡܪܵܡܵܐ ܘܐܘܼܚܕܵܢܵܐ: ܗܵܫܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܟܼܠܙܒܲܢ ܘܲܠܥܵܠܲܡ ܥܵܠܡܝܼܢ: ܐܹܝܢ ܘܐܵܡܹܝܢ.","english":"The History of Karka d-Beth Slok (Karkwok?) and of the Martyrs Therein. This great city: its foundations were laid by the king of Assyria, that one whose name was Sardana the Sarda. This king was great and formidable throughout the whole world, and his kingdom was one third of the inhabited world. This Sardana was the son of Sennacherib, that one who, with three hundred and two kings, was the first king of the Assyrians. In the days of this Sardana, Jonah was sent from God to the Ninevites; that one who, through his preaching and his proclamation, stirred up the Ninevites. And that Sardana submitted to the preaching of the prophet, and decreed a fast among the Ninevites, and they put on sackcloth. And God saw their repentance, as it is written, and turned away from them the wrath of his anger, and did not destroy them. And in the fifteenth year of that son of Nimrod, Arbaces, king of Media, rose up against the kingdom of the Assyrians, that it might not be subjected. Let the reader, weak and writer and weary, who completes the history of the blessed one, be joined to mercy and compassion on the day of judgment and of the final reckoning, by the grace of the Messiah, to whom belong glory and thanksgiving, and to his Father and to the Holy Spirit praise and honor and exaltation and glorification, now and at all times and forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܤܠܘܿܟܼ","severity":"info","text":"Karka d-Beth Slok is a city in the region of Beth Slok (modern Kirkuk, Iraq). The parenthetical 'Karkwok?' reflects uncertainty in the manuscript about the vocalization.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Sardana is identified as the son of Sennacherib, but this figure conflates the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (r. 681–669 BCE) with legendary traditions. The name may derive from Sardanapalus, a Hellenistic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܵܘܢܵܥ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Jonah (ܝܵܘܢܵܥ) sent to Nineveh echoes the biblical Book of Jonah (esp. Jonah 1:1–2). The narrative of repentance and divine mercy follows the biblical account closely.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܲܫܲܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܕܚܲܡܸܫܬܲܥܤܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The 'fifteenth year of that son of Nimrod' refers to a chronological scheme linking Arbaces, king of Media, to the fall of Assyria. This reflects a late antique synchronism, not historical chronology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩܵܪܘܿܝܵܐ ܡܚܝܼܠܐ ܘܟܼܵܬܼܘܿܒܼܵܐ ܘܟܸܢܫܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a scribal colophon addressing the 'weak reader and writer and weary' who completes the history, invoking mercy at judgment. This frames the work as a pious composition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܪܟܿܘܼܟ؟","severity":"caution","text":"The parenthetical 'Karkwok?' in the Syriac title indicates a textual variant or scribal uncertainty about the city's name. The reading 'Karka d-Beth Slok' is preferred in the edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Sardana' is ambiguous: it may conflate Esarhaddon with the legendary Sardanapalus. The 'fifteenth year of that son of Nimrod' is a synchronism without clear historical basis. The parenthetical 'Karkwok?' suggests a textual variant in the manuscript tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ܫܸܠ̣ܡܲܬ̤ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܼ ܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܡܵܪܝ ܩܲܪܕܵܓܼ: ܘܠܲܐܠܵܗܵܐ ܫܘܼܒܼܚܵܐ ܐܵܡܹܝܢ. ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܡܸܪܕܵܐ ܚ̣ܵܘܝܼ. ܗ̤ܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܐܲܪܒܵܩ: ܟܲܕܼ ܡ̣ܪܲܕܼ ܥܲܠ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ̈ܝܹܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܠܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܩܢ̣ܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܘܼܫܢܵܐ ܘܐܸܬܼܚܲܝܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܐܸܬܼܥܲܫܲܢ: ܘܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܫܦܵܝܵܐ ܠܡܲܟܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܥ̣ܫܸܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܫܲܪܝܼ ܕܢܸܤܥܸܐ ܥܲܠ ܡܲܠܟ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܸܫܬܲܥ̣ܒܲܕܼ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝ̈ ܠܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ: ܘܐܲܥ̣ܕܿܝܼ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܐܲܬܼܪ̈ܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪܟܸܢ ܐܸܬ݂ܼܵܐ ܒܓܲܝܤܵܐ ܠܗܵܘ̇ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ: ܘܲܒܼܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇ ܡܠܟܘܿܢܵܐ ܗ̤ܘ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܗ̤ܘ ܐܲܚܝܼܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ: ܘܐܲܥ̣ܕܿܝܼ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܫܒܼܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܗ̤ܘ ܐܲܪܒܵܩ ܘܒܲܙܹܗ ܠܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܹܗ. ܘܐܝܼܬܹܝܗ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ: ܘܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܐܲܡ̣ܠܸܟܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܙܵܒܼܵܬ ܢܲܗܪܵܬ: ܘܲܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܕܸܩܠܲܬܼ ܢܲܗܪܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܼܩܠܲܬܼ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܵܘܘܪܘܿܟ ܡܸܬܼܩܪܸܐ. ܘܗ̤ܘ ܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܢܲܗܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܹܪܩܘܿܢ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܵܦ ܬܘܼܪܡܵܪܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܟܲܢܸܐ: ܘܲܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܠܪܸܒܼ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܘܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܫܲܥܪܵܢ: ܘܲܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܙܵܒܼܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ. ܘܡܵܘܬܿܒܹܗ ܕܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ ܒܒܼܝܼܪܲܬܼ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ: ܥܲܠ ܗܵܘ̇ ܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܘܪܘܿܟ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܵܦ ܗܵܫܵܐ ܝܼܕܲܥ ܒܸܢܝܵܢܹܗ.","english":"The history of the martyrdom of the blessed Mar Qardag is completed. To God be praise. Amen. It happened: Mirda saw. That Arbāq, when he rebelled against the kingdom of the Assyrians, from time to time he was in conflict and grew strong and became powerful, and he became a refuge for the king of Assyria. And when he grew strong, he began to make war against the kingdoms that were subject to the king of Assyria, and he removed them from their territories. And after that, he came with an army to that region of Beth Garmai, and at that time that king of Garmai was there, and he held the region, and Arbāq removed from him the captivity and plundered his dominion. And the kingdom of this Garmai extended over the region over which he ruled: from the Zab rivers as far as the Tigris River, and from the Tigris as far as that mountain which is called Awurōk, and that mountain as far as the river of Āthērqōt, which is also called Tūrmārā, and as far as the interior of the region and the mountain of Sha‘rāṭ, and as far as the Little Zab. And the seat of Garmai was in the fortress of Garmai, on that mountain of Awurōk, which is still known by its name.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܪܝ ܩܲܪܕܵܓܼ","severity":"info","text":"Mar Qardag is a saint venerated in the Syriac tradition; his martyrdom is the subject of the preceding narrative, now concluded.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܪܒܵܩ","severity":"info","text":"Arbāq is likely a legendary or conflated figure, possibly derived from the Median king Arbaces, who according to Ctesias rebelled against the Assyrian empire.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Ctesias Persica"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ","severity":"info","text":"Beth Garmai was a region in northern Mesopotamia, roughly corresponding to the area between the Little Zab and the Diyala rivers, with its center at Karka d-Beth Slok.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܘܘܪܘܿܟ","severity":"info","text":"Mount Awurōk is otherwise unattested; it may be a local toponym or a corruption of a known mountain in the Zagros range.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the conclusion of Qardag’s martyrdom to a historical digression on the rebellion of Arbāq and the geography of Beth Garmai, setting the stage for later martyrdoms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܸܪܕܵܐ ܚ̣ܵܘܝܼ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Mirda saw' is obscure; it may be a scribal gloss or a fragment from a source, and its connection to the surrounding text is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Mirda' and the meaning of 'saw' are uncertain; possibly a proper name or a verb form.","The boundaries of the kingdom of Garmai are described with toponyms that are difficult to identify with certainty."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ܗܵܢܵܐ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ ܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܼܐܠܸܨ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܐܲܪܒܵܩ: ܘܠܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܡ̣ܨܝܼ ܠܡܸܬܲܠ ܡܲܕܲܐܬܼܵܐ ܠܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ: ܩܲܒܸܿܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܫܲܠܝܼܛܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ: ܘܦܵܩ̈ܘܿܕܹܐ ܥܲܠ ܐܘܼܚܕܵܢܹܗ: ܘܬܲܥܕܝܼܪܵܐ ܕܓܼܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܦܵܠܚܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܠ ܓܘܼܕܹܗ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܝܕܹܝܢ ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܤܲܪܓܿܘܿܢ: ܕܲܒܼܗܵܘ̇ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ: ܬܸܬܼܒܿܢܸܐ ܥܲܠ ܫܡܹܗ ܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܠܪܹܫܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܒܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܗܵܘ̇ ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܕܡܸܫܬܲܥܒܲܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܟ̱ܠܹܗ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܠܡܵܢܵܐ: ܒܦܲܪܨܘܿܦ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܐܸܬܼܒܲܢܝܲܬ̤ ܕܹܝܢ ܕܬܸܗܘܸܐ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܠܗܵܘ̇ ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܕܗܵܝ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܒܢ̣ܵܝܗܝ ܕܹܝܢ ܤܲܪܓܿܘܿܢ: ܘܥܲܠ ܫܡܹܗ ܫܲܡ̣ܗܹܗ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܢܵܐ: ܘܒܲܪ ܚܹܐܪܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܒܼܕܹܗ. ܘܝܲܗ̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܟܠܹܗ ܕܒܹܗ ܐܸܬܼܢܨܒܼ: ܕܢܸܗܘܘܿܢ ܠܹܗ ܥܲܒܼ̈ܕܹܐ. ܘܒܹܝܬܼ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܲܢܲܨܒܼ: ܘܐܲܝܬܝܼ ܢܨܲܒܼ ܒܹܗ ܫܲܪܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܘ̇ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܼܕܼܝܼܥܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܝܼܕܼܝܼܥܵܐ ܚܲܕܼ ܕܲܫܡܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܘܼܪܙܹܝܢ. ܘܚܸܤܢܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܘܒܲܦܩܲܥܬܼܵܐ ܐܵܘܬܿܒܹܗ: ܘܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ ܥ̣ܒܲܕܼ ܠܹܗ. ܘܥܲܡ ܗܵܝ̇ ܫܲܪܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܘܛܘܿܗܡܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܟܲܢܸܫ ܘܐܵܘܬܸܒܼ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܐ̄ܢܵܫܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܐܲܠܦܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ: ܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܠܓܼܵܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܼܪܵܐ: ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܠܒܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܼܪܵܬ.","english":"Now these bones, when he was oppressed by the kingdom of Arbāq, and he was not able to give tribute to that kingdom of the Assyrians, he received from the kingdom of the Assyrians a governor over his kingdom, and commanders over his provinces, and a great helper of workers upon his wall. And from then Sargūš commanded: in that place of the authority of the kingdom of Garmai, a city should be built upon his name for the headship. In the place of that authority which was subject to him, the whole region like a province, it was built, however, to be the head of that authority of that kingdom, by the hands of Sargūš, and upon his name he named it Karka d-Beth Slok, and made it free. And he gave him the whole region in which it was built, that they might be his servants. And the palace he built in it in Karka d-Beth Slok, and he brought and built in it a great multitude from that region of the Assyrians, from the nobles of the kingdom, a noble whose name was Burzīn. And a small wall he built for the city and placed it in a hollow, and a small wall he made for it. And with that multitude and a great army he gathered and placed there a garrison of about a thousand from Assyria: some within the wall, and some outside the walls.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ","severity":"info","text":"Garmai (Garmian) is a region in northern Mesopotamia, often associated with the area around Karka d-Beth Slok (modern Kirkuk). The term appears as a toponym and a kingdom name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Karka d-Beth Slok (literally 'fortress of the house of Slok') is the Syriac name for Kirkuk. The text explains its foundation by Sargūš, linking the city's name to his authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܪܒܵܩ","severity":"info","text":"Arbāq is likely a historical or legendary figure, possibly a rebel against Assyrian rule. The text describes his oppression and the subsequent Assyrian intervention in Garmai.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the foundation of Karka d-Beth Slok, detailing the Assyrian administrative reorganization and the settlement of a garrison. It follows the martyrdom of Mar Qardag.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܘܼܪܙܹܝܢ","severity":"caution","text":"The name Burzīn (ܒܘܼܪܙܹܝܢ) is uncertain; it may be a personal name or a title. The text identifies him as a noble from Assyria, but the exact reading is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Arbāq and the precise historical context of the rebellion are unclear. The phrase 'these bones' (ܗܵܢܵܐ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ) at the start is obscure; it may refer to a previous narrative or a relic. The number 'about a thousand' (ܐܲܝܟܼ ܐܲܠܦܵܐ) is approximate."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܲܡܨܲܥܬܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܤܲܪܓܘܿܢ: ܘܒܹܝܬ ܫܲܠܝܼܛܵܐ ܕܗܵܘ̇ ܫܲܠܝܼܛܵܐ ܕܐܵܘܬܸܒܼ ܒܓܼܵܘܹܗ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܫܲܪܝܼ ܒܛ̇ܠܵܐ ܡܲܠܟܘܼܬܼ ܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ: ܘܡܸܬܼܚܲܒܲܠ ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬܼܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܓܼܙܵܪ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܝܵܐ: ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܥܲܫܝܼܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܪܒܵܩ: ܕܗ̤ܘܝܘܼ ܐܵܕܘܸܪܒܵܕܼ ܥܲܠ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܐ ܕܡܵܕܼܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܥܲܠ ܫܡܹܗ ܐܸܫ̣ܬܲܡܲܗ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܕܼܘܿܪܒܹܝܓܼܵܢ: ܘܫܲܪܝܼ ܕܢܹܐܬܸܐ ܥܲܠ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܒܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ. ܘܐܸܬܼܘܲܥܲܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܗܵܘ ܫܲܒܼܛܹܗ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ: ܟܲܕܼ ܫܪܸܐ ܒܩܝܼܠܝܼܩܝܼܵܐ. ܘܲܡܚ̣ܵܘ ܬܲܟܼܬܘܼܫܵܐ: ܘܐܸܬܼܚܤܸܢ ܠܹܗ ܐܵܬܼܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܘܐܸܬܼܩܛܸܠ ܒܩܝܼܠܝܼܩܝܼܵܐ. ܘܒܼܵܬܲܪܟܸܢ ܒܸܛܠܲܬ̤ ܠܵܗ̇ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ: ܘܐܲܡ̣ܠܟܲܬ̤ ܕܒܼܵܒܼ̈ܠܵܝܹܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܦ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܐܸܫ̣ܬܲܪܝܲܬ̤ ܠܵܗ̇: ܩܵܡܲܬ̤ ܕܡܵܕܼܵܝܹ̈ܐ. ܘܒܸܛ̣ܠܲܬ̤ ܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܝ: ܘܐܲܡ̣ܠܸܟܼ ܥܲܠ ܦܵܪܹܣ ܕܲܪܝܵܘܵܫ ܒܲܪ ܦܲܛܫܲܤܦ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܡܓܿܘܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܒܲܪ ܡܝܼܢܵܨܗܲܢܝܼ ܡܫܲܡܗܝܼܢ ܠܹܗ: ܚܲܕܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܠܟܹ̈ܐ ܡܠܸܟܼ ܦܵܪܹܣ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܡ̣ܚܵܐ ܩܪܵܒܼܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܐܵܠܹܟܼܤܲܢܕܪܘܿܣ ܒܲܪ ܦܝܼܠܝܼܦܘܿܣ ܘܐܸܙܕܟܼܝܼ ܡܸܢܹܗ: ܘܫܲܩ̣ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܕܲܪܝܵܘܵܫ. ܘܐܲܡ̣ܠܸܟܼ ܐܵܠܹܟܼܤܲܢܕܪܘܿܣ ܒܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܝܵܘ̈ܢܵܝܹܐ. ܘܡܸܛܠ ܕܠܲܝܬܿ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܒܢܲܝ̈ܵܐ: ܦܲܠ̣ܓܼܵܗ̇ ܠܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܠܐܲܪܒܼܥܵܐ ܥܲܒܼܕܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܡܵܘܬܹܗ ܐܲܚ̣ܕܘܼܗ̇ ܠܡܲܠܟܘܼܬܹܗ. ܕܚܲܕܼ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܫܡܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܤܸܠܵܘܩܘܿܣ.","english":"And he built in the middle of Karka d-Beth Slok, the royal city of Sargosh, and the house of the governor of that governor whom he placed within it. And when the kingdom of Assyria began to decline, and the Assyrian authority was destroyed by divine decree, the wall of the mighty Arbāq arose, which is Adurbādagān over the kingdom of the Medes, after whose name the region of Adurbāygān was named. And he began to come against Nimrod with a great army. And that tribe of the Assyrian was gathered against him, when he was encamped in Cilicia. And they struck the battle-array, and the Assyrian was defeated and was killed in Cilicia. And after that, the kingdom of the Assyrians ceased, and the kingdom of the Babylonians ruled. And when this also had ceased, the kingdom of the Medes arose. And that also ceased, and Darius, son of Patshashp, ruled over Persia, whom the Magi, sons of Magus, call by name, one of the kings of Persia, who fought a battle with Alexander, son of Philip, and was defeated by him, and he took the kingdom of Darius. And Alexander ruled over the kingdom of the Greeks. And because he had no son, he divided his kingdom among his four servants, and after his death they took his kingdom. One of them was named Seleucus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܪܒܵܩ","severity":"info","text":"The name Arbāq (ܐܲܪܒܵܩ) is here equated with Adurbādagān, the region later known as Adurbāygān (modern Azerbaijan). The text conflates a personified wall with a toponym, reflecting a legendary etiology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence of empires—Assyrian, Babylonian, Median, Persian, Greek—follows a conventional ancient Near Eastern schema, though the historical Median kingdom did not directly succeed Babylon. The text adapts this for narrative coherence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܲܪܝܵܘܵܫ ܒܲܪ ܦܲܛܫܲܣܦ","severity":"info","text":"Darius son of Patshashp is likely Darius III (Codomannus), the last Achaemenid king, defeated by Alexander. The patronymic 'Patshashp' is otherwise unattested and may be a corruption or legendary invention.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"ܐܵܠܹܟܼܣܲܢܕܪܘܿܣ","severity":"info","text":"The account of Alexander dividing his kingdom among four servants (diadochi) and Seleucus founding the Seleucid dynasty parallels standard Hellenistic historiography, as found in works like the Syriac Alexander Legend.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܩܝܼܠܝܼܩܝܼܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The location 'in Cilicia' for the defeat of the Assyrian king is anachronistic; Assyrian power never ended in Cilicia. This may reflect a conflation with the battle of Issus or a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Nimrod' (ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ) is unclear: it may refer to a legendary figure or a historical king, possibly conflated with the biblical Nimrod.","The phrase 'Magi, sons of Magus' (ܡܓܘܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܒܲܪ ܡܝܼܢܵܨܗܲܢܝܼ) is obscure; it may be a garbled reference to Zoroastrian priests or a legendary genealogy."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ܗܵܢܵܐ ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܟܲܪ݁ܟܼܝܼܢ: ܠܐܲܢܛܵܟܼܝܵܐ ܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܕܤܘܼܪܝܵܐ: ܘܲܠܤܹܠܵܘܩܝܵܐ ܕܤܘܼܪܝܵܐ: ܘܲܠܤܹܠܵܘܩܝܵܐ ܕܦܝܼܤܝܼܝܵܐ: ܘܠܲܤܠܐܹܝܩ ܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܵܪ̈ܵܡܵܝܹܐ: ܘܲܠܡܕܼܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܤܠܘܿܟܼ. ܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܪܝܵܘܫ ܐܵܘܬܿܒܹܗ: ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܠܒܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܘ̇ ܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܼܘܿܪܘ. ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܒܵܬܹ̈ܐ ܘܒܹܝܬܼ ܢܘܼܪܵܐ ܥܲܡܹܗ ܕܗܵܘ̇ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܦܬܲܟܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܲܬܼܩܸܢ ܒܓܼܵܘܹܗ ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ: ܘܡܸܤܬܿܓܸܕ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܢܸܫܪܵܐ ܘܐܲܪܥܵܐ. ܘܐܲܝܬܝܼ ܕܲܪܝܘܵܫ ܫܲܪ̈ܒܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܚܲܡܸܫ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܸܨܛܲܗܲܪ: ܘܐܵܘܬܸܒܼ ܒܓܼܵܘܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܫܡܵܗܲܝ̈ܗܹܝܢ ܟܬܼܝܼܒܼܝܼܢ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܪ̈ܟܹܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܘܼܬܼ ܦܵܪܹܣ. ܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܕܲܪܝܵܘܫ ܐܸܬ݂ܼܿܐ ܤܹܠܵܘܩܘܿܣ ܡܠܸܟܼ ܝܵܘܵܢ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܪܫܝܼܡ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܥܸܠ: ܘܲܠܗܵܘ̇ ܫܘܼܪܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܒܼܕܹܗ ܗ̤ܘ ܬܸܠܠܵܐ: ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܠܥܸܠ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܪܵܡܵܐ. ܘܲܥ̣ܒܲܕܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܦܘܼܪ̈ܩܤܹܐ: ܗܵܢܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܒܵܪ̈ܓܐ (ܒܘܼܪ̈ܓܹܐ؟) ܫܬܝܼܢ ܘܚܲܡܫܵܐ. ܘܲܥ̣ܒܲܕܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܬܲܝܡܲܢ ܡܲܕܼܢܲܚ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܚܲܕܼ: ܘܲܠܓܲܪܒܲܝ ܡܲܥܪܲܒܼ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹܢܵܐ. ܘܲܠܗܵܘ̇ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܐܲܝܡܲܢ ܡܲܕܢܲܚ: ܐܲܬܼܩܸܢ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܒܩܵܘܡܬܹܗ ܓܠܝܼܦܵܐ ܕܟܹܐܦܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܝܲܡܝܼܢܹܗ ܘܡ̣ܢ ܤܸܡܵܠܹܗ: ܥܲܠ ܝܲܕܼ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ: ܦܘܼܪ̈ܩܤܹܐ ܕܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܘܟܸܠܫܵܐ. ܘܗܵܢܵܐ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ. ܘܗܵܘ̇ ܐ̄ܚܪܹܢܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܩ̣ܪܝܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܥܲܠ ܫܡܹܗ ܕܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܸܬܼܒܢܝܼ ܒܪܹܫܵܢܘܼܬܹܗ: ܛܘܿܛܲܝ.","english":"This one built five fortresses: to the city of Antioch of Syria, and to Seleucia of Syria, and to Seleucia of Pisidia, and to Seleucia the great city of Beth Aramaye, and to the city of Karka d-Beth Slok. This Karka, however, after the edict of Darius, he established; and he built a wall for it, different from that wall which the king of Assyria had built. And he built within it houses and a house of idolatry with that temple of idols which Sargon had erected in it, and there he used to worship the sun and the earth. And Darius brought five tribes from the region of Isfahan, and settled them within Karka; these whose names are written in the archives of the kingdom of Persia. And after Darius, Seleucus the Greek king came, that one who is mentioned above; and to that wall of Karka which he built, he made a mound, and built upon it a high wall. And he made the wall which he built with towers; these were sixty-five in number. And he made for the south-east one gate, and for the north-west another gate. And upon that gate which faces south-east, he erected on its summit a carved image of stone. And to its right and to its left, by this gate, towers of stone and brick. And this gate was that of the king. And that other was called, after the name of that one who was chosen for its head, Totay.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Karka d-Beth Slok","severity":"info","text":"Karka d-Beth Slok (Karkā d-Bēṯ Slok) is the Syriac name for the city of Kirkuk in northern Mesopotamia. The text reflects a local tradition of its foundation and refoundation under successive empires.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬ ܦܬܲܟܪܹ̈ܐ (bēṯ patakrē)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ܒܹܝܬ ܦܬܲܟܪܹ̈ܐ (bēṯ patakrē) means 'house of idols' or 'temple of images'. It is a Syriac calque on the Greek eidōleion, used here to describe a pre-Christian cult site associated with Sargon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Darius","severity":"info","text":"The Darius mentioned is likely Darius I (r. 522–486 BCE) or possibly Darius III (r. 336–330 BCE). The text conflates Achaemenid and Seleucid building phases, reflecting a telescoped local historical memory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"five tribes from Isfahan","severity":"info","text":"The settlement of five tribes from Isfahan (ܐܸܨܛܲܗܲܪ) parallels other Syriac and Persian traditions of forced or sponsored population transfers under the Achaemenids, though no external source confirms this specific event.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative sequence","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from Assyrian to Achaemenid to Seleucid building phases, each introduced by a king (Sargon, Darius, Seleucus). This tripartite structure organizes the city's history as a succession of imperial foundations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܘܿܛܲܝ (Ṭōṭay)","severity":"caution","text":"The name ܛܘܿܛܲܝ (Ṭōṭay) for the second gate's eponym is otherwise unattested. It may be a corruption of a known Persian or local name, or a scribal invention. The text's transmission is uncertain at this point.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Darius' is ambiguous: could be Darius I or Darius III, affecting the chronology of the city's refoundation.","The phrase 'five fortresses' (ܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܟܲܪ̈ܟܼܝܼܢ) may refer to five distinct fortified settlements or to five walls within one city; the syntax is ambiguous.","The name Ṭōṭay (ܛܘܿܛܲܝ) is obscure and may be a scribal error or a local name not preserved elsewhere."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܤܹܠܵܘܩܘܿܣ ܒܓܼܵܘܹܗ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܐܲܬܼܩ̣ܢܹܗ ܘܫܲܪܬܿܚܹܗ ܒܫܘܼ̈ܩܹܐ ܘܒܲܦܠܵܛ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ: ܠܵܘ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼ ܠܓܼܵܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܼܪܵܐ: ܐܸܠܵܐ ܘܲܠܒܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܤܲܓܿܝܼ ܐܵܘܪܒܹܗ. ܘܦܲܠܓܹܗ ܠܫܲܒܼܥܝܼܢ ܘܲܬܼܪܹܝܢ ܫܘܼ̈ܩܝܼܢ: ܘܐܲܝܬܿܝܼ ܫܲܪ̈ܒܵܬܼܵܐ ܝܼܕܼܝ̈ܥܵܬܼܵܐ ܚܲܡܸܫ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܸܨܟܲܗܲܪ ܘܐܵܘܬܸܒܼ ܒܹܗ: ܥܲܡ ܫܲܪܟܵܐ ܕܐ̄ܢܵܫܵܐ ܕܐܲܝܬܿܝܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܬܲܪ ܐܲܬܲܪ. ܘܝܲܗܼ̄ܒܼ ܠܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܫܲܪ̈ܒܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܚܲܡܸܫ ܕܐܲܝܬܝܼ: ܐܲܪ̈ܥܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܟܲܪ̈ܡܹܐ ܒܹܗ ܒܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ: ܘܫܲܒܼܩܹܗ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܡܲܕܲܐܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܬܼܪܸܥܤܲܪ ܫܘܼ̈ܩܝܼܢ ܥܲܠ ܫܸܡ ܬܪܸܥܤܲܪ ܫܲܪ̈ܒܼܵܢ ܝܼܕܼܝܼ̈ܥܵܢ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܢܝܼܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܲܕܼܫܲܪܟܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܫܸܡ ܐܘܼܡܵܢ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܐܸܫ̣ܬܲܡܲܗܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܤܹܠܵܘܩܘܿܣ ܥܲܠ ܫܸܡ ܥܘܼܗܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܒܼܢܵܝܗܝ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܑܬܼ: ܒܹܝܬܼ ܪܲܘ̈ܩܹܐ ܥܲܠ ܓܸܢ̄ܒܼ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܕܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܓܼܵܘܹܗ ܕܚܸܤܢܵܐ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܗܵܫܵܐ ܤܲܪܒܿܘܿܝ ܡܸܫܬܲܡܲܗ. ܩ̣ܵܘܝܼ ܗܵܟܹܝܠ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܒܚܲܢܦܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܸܬܼܒܿܢ̣ܝܼ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܡܹܐܬܼܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܐܲܕܲܝ ܘܡܵܪܝܼ: ܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܕܐܸܫܬܿܠܲܚ̣ܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܘܼܚܵܐ ܕܩܘܼܕܼܫܵܐ ܠܟܼܵܪܘܿܙܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܲܬܼܪܲܢ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܥܲܠ̣ܘ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܐܸܬܼܩܲܒܲܠ̣ܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܕܲܫܡܹܗ ܝܵܘܤܸܦ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܿܬܲܠ̣ܡܲܕܼ ܘܲܥܡܲܕܼ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ: ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܝܪܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܝܵܘܤܸܦ ܡܸܬܼܩܲܪܝܵܐ.","english":"And King Seleucus built within it the royal palace, and he fortified it and adorned it with streets and squares, not only inside the wall but also outside the wall he greatly enlarged it. And he divided it into seventy-two streets, and he brought five known tribes from the east and settled them there, along with the rest of the people whom he brought from various places. And he gave to these five tribes that he brought lands and vineyards in the region, and he left the city tax-free. And twelve streets were named after the twelve known tribes, and the rest were named after the nations. And King Seleucus named it after the memory of King Sardana, that same one who had built the first city, Beth Rawe, on the side of the royal palace, which was built within the fortress, that which until now is called Serbowy. So the city remained in peace from the time it was built until the coming of the holy apostles, Addai and Mari, those who were sent by the Holy Spirit for the preaching of the region. And when they entered the city, they were received by a man whose name was Joseph. And when he was instructed and baptized by them, he became the church that to this day is called the Monastery of Beth Joseph.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܲܪ̈ܒܵܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܫܲܪ̈ܒܵܬܼܵܐ (šarbātā) means 'tribes' or 'clans', here referring to five groups brought from the east to settle Karka.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"King Sardana (Sardanapalus) is a legendary Assyrian king; the text connects Seleucus’ foundation to an earlier city built by him, reflecting a syncretic local historiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܡܹܐܬܼܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative places the apostles Addai and Mari in the apostolic age, implying a continuous peace from Seleucus’ foundation to their mission, a schematic rather than precise chronology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܝܵܘܤܸܦ","severity":"info","text":"The church founded by Joseph is called 'Monastery of Beth Joseph' in the author’s day, indicating a living cultic site and the text’s function as a foundation legend.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܦܲܠܓܹܗ ܠܫܲܒܼܥܝܼܢ ܘܲܬܼܪܹܝܢ ܫܘܼ̈ܩܝܼܢ","severity":"info","text":"The division into seventy-two streets and naming after twelve tribes and nations is a schematic urban plan, typical of Hellenistic foundation narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the five tribes is not specified; 'from the east' is vague. The relation between the seventy-two streets and the twelve named tribes is unclear—whether the twelve are a subset or a separate system."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ܘܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܝܕܹܝܢ ܫܘܲܚ̣ ܙܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܗܲܝܡܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܘܤܲܓܿܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܩܲܒܸܿܠ̣ܘ ܡܲܥܡܘܿܕܝܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܗܘ̤ܵܘ ܟܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܘܲܒܼܢܹܗ ܕܒܼܵܠܵܫ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܘܲܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܗܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܫܢܝܼ̈ܢ ܕܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ ܒܲܪ ܐܲܪܕܵܫܝܼܪ: ܕܗܵܘ̈ܝܵܢ ܫܢܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܬܸܫܥܝܼܢ: ܚܲܩܠܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܒܪܝܼܟܼܬܼܵܐ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܘܠܲܝܬܿ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܵܗ̇ ܙܝܼܙܵܢܹ̈ܐ. ܘܲܒܼܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ ܕܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ: ܡܵܐܢܝܼ ܕܟܼܠܵܗ̇ ܒܝܼܫܬܼܵܐ: ܓܤ̣ܵܐ (ܒܵܗ̇؟) ܡܸܪܬܹܗ ܤܵܛܵܢܵܝܬܼܵܐ: ܘܐܵܘܥ̣ܝܲܬ̤ ܙܝܼܙܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܬܪܹܝܢ: ܕܲܫܡܵܗܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܐܲܕܲܝ ܘܥܲܒܼܙܲܟܼܝܵܐ ܒܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܒܼܝܼܫܵܐ. ܒܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ ܕܹܝܢ ܕܐܲܪܕܘܿܢ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܐܲܫܓܼܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܘܲܒܼܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܗܲܕܪܝܵܢܘܿܣ ܩܹܤܲܪ: ܟܲܕܼ ܪܕܘܼܿܦܝܵܐ ܥ̣ܫܸܢ ܥܲܠ ܥܹ̈ܕܵܬܼܵܐ ܒܲܦܢܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܡܲܥܪܒܼܵܐ: ܪ݁ܵܥܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܡܲܕܲܒܿܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܕܬܲܡܵܢ ܒܲܥܪܘܼܩܝܵܐ ܠܬܲܪܵܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ܐܸܬ݂ܼܵܘ. ܘܲܠܟܿܪܟܼܵܐ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܘܲܡܕܲܒܿܪܵܢܵܐ ܡܲܢܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܐܠܲܗܵܝܵܐ: ܕܲܫܡܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܛܘܼܩܪܹ̈ܝܛܹܐ. ܘܲܒܼܡܲܦܤܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܪܹܫܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܫܲܗܵܪܓܪ: ܗ̤ܘ ܛܘܼܩܪܹ̈ܝܛܹܐ ܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܗܘ̤ܵܐ: ܘܲܬܼܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܸܬܼܚ̣ܫܸܒܼ. ܡܸܛܠ ܕܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܘܡ̣ܢ ܟܘܼܪܤܝܵܐ ܕܐܲܢܛܝܘܿܟܼܝ ܠܫܲܗܵܓܲܪܕ ܐܸܬܼܝܲܗܒܲܬ̤: ܘܲܬܼܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܛܘܼܩܪܹ̈ܝܛܹܐ: ܘܲܬܼܠܝܼܬܼܵܝܵܐ ܕܠܵܫܘܿܡ: ܘܲܪܒܼܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ ܕܚܸܪܒܲܬ̤ ܓܠܵܠ: ܘܲܚܡܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܕܕܼܵܪܵܐ.","english":"Then from that time the seed of the faith of Christ was sown in Karka: and many from there received baptism, and they were steadfast Christians. And from the reign of King Balash until the time of the persecution of Shapur son of Ardashir, which was ninety-nine years, Karka was a blessed field, and there were no Zoroastrians in it. And in the reign of Shapur, the master of all evil, his satanic wife Grisa (?) entered it, and she introduced two Zoroastrians, whose names were Adday and Abzakhya, into the house of evil. In the reign of Ardashir, king of the Ashkanians, and in the reign of Hadrianus Caesar, when persecution arose against the churches in the western region, the bishops and leaders there fled to the eastern gate. And to Karka, the head and leader, a godly man named Tuqrite was brought. And by the deposition of that head who was in Shahargar, that Tuqrite became bishop in Karka, and he was counted as second. For the metropolitanate from the apostles and from the see of Antioch was given to Shahargard: and second was Tuqrite, and third was Lashom, and fourth was Khirbat Gllal, and fifth was Dara.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܙܝܼܙܵܢܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܙܝܼܙܵܢܹ̈ܐ (zīzānē) is a Syriac loan from Middle Persian, denoting Zoroastrians or Magians. Its use here marks religious identity in the Sasanian context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܵܒܘܿܪ ܒܲܪ ܐܲܪܕܵܫܝܼܪ","severity":"info","text":"Shapur I (r. 240–270 CE) is the Sasanian king known for persecuting Christians. The text’s reference to a 99-year period from Balash to Shapur’s persecution anchors the narrative in the 3rd–4th centuries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܬܼܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܸܬܼܚ̣ܫܸܒܼ","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists a hierarchical ranking of sees: Shahargard first, Tuqrite second, Lashom third, Khirbat Gllal fourth, Dara fifth. This establishes an ecclesiastical order for the region of Karka.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܓܤ̣ܵܐ (ܒܵܗ̇؟) ܡܸܪܬܹܗ ܤܵܛܵܢܵܝܬܼܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The name of Shapur’s wife is uncertain; the Syriac reads ܓܤ̣ܵܐ (Grisa?) with a possible scribal corruption. The English draft marks it with a question mark, reflecting the textual ambiguity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܘܡ̣ܢ ܟܘܼܪܤܝܵܐ ܕܐܲܢܛܝܘܿܟܼܝ","severity":"info","text":"The claim that the metropolitanate came from the apostles and the see of Antioch reflects the East Syriac tradition of apostolic foundation, asserting legitimacy for the church in the Sasanian empire.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name of Shapur’s wife (Grisa?) is uncertain; the Syriac may be corrupt.","The location of Shahargard/Shahargar is not precisely identified, though it is likely a town in the Karka region."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ܛܘܼܩܪܹ̈ܝܛܹܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܗ̤ܘ ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܠܲܒܼܢܲܝ̈ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܘܛܲܟܸܣ ܘܤܵܡ̣ ܒܵܗ̇ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܛܲܟܼ̈ܤܹܐ ܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ: ܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܕܲܒܼܗܘܿܢ ܪܵܕܹܝܐ ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܩܠܹܝܪܘܿܣ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܗܵܫܵܐ. ܘܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܛܘܼܩܪܹ̈ܝܛܹܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܗ̣̄ܝ: ܕܚܲܕܼܬܼ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܝܘܿܚܲܢ ܪܵܥܵܝܵܐ ܟܲܫܝܼܪܵܐ ܘܟܼܵܗܢܵܐ ܙܲܗܝܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܥܘܼܢܕܵܢܹܗ ܕܛܘܼܩܪܹ̈ܝܛܹܐ: ܩܲܒܸܿܠ̣ ܟܘܼܪܤܝܹܗ ܥܲܒܼܕܝܼܫܘܿܥ: ܘܩܵܡ̣ܘ ܐܲܦܸܤ̈ܩܘܿܦܹܐ ܚܲܕܼ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܚܲܕܼ: ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ ܕܡܲܥܢܹܐ ܐܲܦܸܤܦܘܼܦܵܐ ܘܤܵܗܕܵܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ. ܘܲܒܼܝ̈ܘܡܵܬܹܗ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ: ܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܪܕܘܼܦܝܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܟܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ: ܘܐܸܬܼܥܲܩ̣ܪܲܬ̤ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ. ܟܲܕܼ ܐܵܦ ܒܗܘܿܢ ܒܲܒܼܢܲܝ̈ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܚܲܙܝܲܬ̤ ܡܲܪܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܗܘ̤ܵܘ ܥܵܩܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܕܲܡܕܼܝܼܢ̄ܬܗܘܿܢ. ܘܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܪܕܘܼܦܝܵܐ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܠܵܘ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼ ܒܩܸܛܠܑܵܐ: ܐܸܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܒܒܸܙܬܼܵܐ ܕܩܸܢ̈ܝܵܢܹܐ ܘܒܲܐܤܘܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܒܼܢܸܓܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ. ܐܲܝܟܲܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܦ ܢܸܫܹ̈ܐ ܒ̈ܢܵܬܼ ܩܝܵܡܵܐ: ܕܡܸܫܬܵܘ̈ܕܝܵܢ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝ̈ ܒܬܼܘܼܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܕܐܸܬܲܝ̈ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝ̈ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܕܝܼܢܲܬܼ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܡܸܛܠ ܥܸܠܲܬܼ ܪܕܘܼܦܝܵܐ ܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܒܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܘܥܵܡܪ̈ܵܢ ܒܲܡܕܼܝܼܢ̄ܬܲܢ: ܐܸܬܼܐܟܸܠ̣ܘ ܩܲܪ̈ܨܲܝܗܹܝܢ ܩܕܼܵܡ ܦܲܝܓܼܵܢ ܤܲܠܵܪ: ܡ̣ܢ ܐ̄ܢܵܫܵܐ ܡܵܢܝܼܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܲܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܗܵܘ̇ ܚܲܪܡܵܢܵܐ: ܕܲܠܒܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܕܼܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ: ܒܕܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܡܸܬܼܩܲܪܝܵܐ ܚܵܘܪܵܐ: ܢܸܬܼܩܲܛ̈ܠܵܢ.","english":"Then that Tukrite built the church for the inhabitants of Karka, and he arranged and established in it canons and apostolic orders, by which the service of the clergy of Karka is conducted to this day. And that church which Tukrite built is the same one where John the Shepherd, a worthy and zealous priest, later ministered. And after the death of Tukrite, his see was received by Abdiso, and bishops succeeded one after another, until the time of the blessed Mar Ma'ne, bishop and martyr. And in his days, this persecution arose against the Christians, and the church was uprooted. For also among the inhabitants of Karka, rebellion was seen, and from among them were the uprooters of the church of their own city. And this persecution occurred in Karka, not only by slaughter, but also by the plundering of properties, by bonds, and by harsh tortures. So much so that even virgins of the covenant, who professed virginity, came from the cities of the kingdom because of the cause of the persecution that was in the church and its inhabitants in our city; their accusations were brought before the governor Salar by the Magian priests who were in that city. And that accursed one ordered that outside the city, in a place called Khaura, they should be killed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܘܼܩܪܹ̈ܝܛܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Tukrite' likely refers to a person from Tagrit (Takrit), a city in central Mesopotamia with a significant Syriac Christian community. The spelling reflects Syriac orthography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܘܼܪܤܝܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The 'see' (Syriac ܟܘܼܪܤܝܵܐ) refers to the episcopal throne of Karka d-Beth Slok, indicating an established bishopric. The succession from Tukrite to Abdiso and later bishops underscores institutional continuity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܲܥܢܹܐ ܐܲܦܸܤܦܘܼܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Mar Ma'ne is identified as a bishop and martyr, likely during the Sasanian persecution under Shapur II. His martyrdom is a key event in the local hagiographical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒ̈ܢܵܬܼ ܩܝܵܡܐ","severity":"info","text":"'Virgins of the covenant' (Syriac ܒ̈ܢܵܬܼ ܩܝܵܡܐ) refers to ascetic women who had taken vows of virginity, a distinct order in the Syriac church. Their presence highlights the role of monasticism in the community.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܲܝܓܼܵܢ ܤܲܠܵܪ","severity":"info","text":"The 'governor Salar' (Syriac ܦܲܝܓܼܵܢ ܤܲܠܵܪ) is a Sasanian official, likely the marzban or provincial governor. The Magian priests (Zoroastrian clergy) are depicted as instigators of persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܒܼܝ̈ܘܡܵܬܹܗ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in his days' (Syriac ܘܲܒܼܝ̈ܘܡܵܬܹܗ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ) marks a temporal shift from the earlier peaceful period to the onset of persecution, structuring the narrative around the reign of Shapur II.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Tukrite' is ambiguous: it may be a personal name or an ethnonym meaning 'from Tagrit'. The reading as a personal name is followed here.","The location 'Khaura' (Syriac ܚܵܘܪܵܐ) is not securely identified; it may be a place outside Karka d-Beth Slok."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܟܘܼܠܵܠܗܹܝܢ ܕܩܲܕܿܝܼ̈ܫܵܬܼܵܐ: ܒܕܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܒܼܵܗ̇ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠܹܝ̈ܢ: ܡ̣ܢ ܕܡܸܗܹܝܢ ܝܼܥܲܬ̤ ܐܹܬܵܐ: ܘܲܗܘ̤ܵܬܼ ܠܐܵܤܝܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܒܼܵܗ̇ ܐܸܬܼܓܵܘܲܤ̣ܘ. ܡܵܢܝܼ̈ܢܵܝܹܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܚ̣ܙܵܘ ܬܸܕܼܡܘܼܪܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܤ̣ܬܲܥܪܲܬ̤: ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܬܹܬܵܐ ܦܲܤ̣ܩܘܼܗ̇: ܘܲܠܕܼܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܗ̇ ܗܵܝ̇ ܐܵܘܩ̣ܕܘܼܗ̇ ܒܢܘܼܪܵܐ. ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܕܲܠܪ̈ܚܵܡܵܘܗܝ ܠܵܐ ܫܵܒܹ̇ܩ ܕܢܸܬܿܬܿܫܝܼܛܘܼܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܥܸܠܕܒܼܵܒܹ̈ܐ: ܐܲܫܠܸܛ̣ ܒܗܘܿܢ ܟܹܐܒܼܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܖܝܵܐ ܕܲܡܢܵܘܲܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܗܘܿܢ: ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܤܵܦ̣ܘ ܘܲܓܼܡܲܪܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ. ܘܠܵܗ̇ ܠܕܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇: ܕܐܸܬܼܢܲܨܲܚ̣ ܒܵܗ̇ ܩܲܕܿܝܼ̈ܫܵܬܼܵܐ: ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܫܡܵܗ̇ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ: ܘܗܵܫܵܐ ܥܒܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܓܵܘܤܵܐ ܠܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܡܗܲܝܡ̈ܢܹܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܫܢܵܐ ܠܲܫܢܵܐ: ܡܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܲܡܠܹܝܢ ܥܘܼܗܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܲܨܠܝܼܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܤܵܠ̇ܩܝܼܢ ܠܒܹܝܬܼ ܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܥܝܵܕܼܵܐ ܕܲܡܕܼܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ: ܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܐ ܟ̱ܠܹܗ ܥܹܕܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ: ܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܘܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܹܗ ܒܟܼܠ ܬܸܓܼܡܹܝ̈ܗ̇: ܘܲܨܠܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܒܪܹܫܗܘܿܢ ܘܲܩܕܼܵܡܲܝܗܘܿܢ: ܤܵܛܹ̇ܝܢ ܠܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ ܒܙܵܘܚܵܐ ܤܲܓܿܝܼܵܐܐ: ܥܲܡ ܬܸܫ̈ܒܿܚܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܩܵܠܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕܿܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܕܬܼܵܘܕܝܼܬܼܵܐ: ܕܦܲܐ̈ܝܵܢ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܡܵܪܵܐ ܕܟܼܠ: ܠܒܸܗܬܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܠܫܘܼܒܼܗܵܪܵܐ ܕܲܡܗܲܝ̈ܡܢܹܐ: ܘܲܥܠܲܝܢ ܚܲܛܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܘܲܚܢܵܢܵܐ ܘܦܘܼܪܩܵܢܵܐ: ܐܵܡܹܝܢ܀ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܗܵܟܲܢܵܐ.","english":"After all those holy women, in that place where they were crowned, from them a sign came, and it became a healing for those who were afflicted in it. The Magians, however, when they saw the wonder that had occurred, cut down the fig tree and burned that place with fire. But God, who does not allow his beloved ones to be despised by enemies, sent among them a pain of the lion that was devouring them, until they perished and were destroyed from the city. And that place, where the holy women were adorned, is called Beth Teta to this day, and now it is made a place of pilgrimage for all the faithful. And from hour to hour, when the commemoration of the great day of the Crucifixion is completed, and they go up to the great house of martyrs according to the custom of the city, the entire ecclesiastical order, the shepherd and his flock with all their ranks, and the cross at their head and before them, turn aside to Beth Teta with great procession, with praises and holy chants of thanksgiving, which are fitting for God, the Lord of all, for the shame of the infidels and the glory of the faithful, and for sinners mercy, salvation, and redemption. Amen. Thus these things.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬ ܬܹܬܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Beth Teta (literally 'House of the Fig Tree') is the toponym for the site of the martyrdom. The text explains the name from the fig tree (ܬܹܬܵܐ) that grew from the women's blood.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܓ̇ܘܼܫܵܝܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Magians (Zoroastrian priests) are the persecutors; their destruction by a 'pain of the lion' echoes hagiographic topoi of divine vengeance against oppressors of martyrs.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from the miracle of the fig tree, to the Magians' punishment, to the establishment of Beth Teta as a pilgrimage site, and finally to the annual liturgical procession on Good Friday.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text attests a living liturgical practice: after the Great Day of the Crucifixion, clergy and faithful process with cross and chants to Beth Teta, a custom still observed at the time of writing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܹܐܒܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"'Pain of the lion' (ܟܹܐܒܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܝܵܐ) is a rare phrase; it likely denotes a plague or divine affliction sent to destroy the Magians, possibly a lion-shaped pestilence or a metaphorical 'lion's bite'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'pain of the lion' (ܟܹܐܒܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܝܵܐ) could be literal (a lion sent by God) or figurative (a plague); the text does not specify. The reading taken is a divine affliction.","The identity of the 'holy women' (ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܵܬܵܐ) is not given in this passage; they are presumably the martyrs of Karka d-Beth Slok mentioned earlier in the work."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ܡܸܛܠ ܥܲܫܝܼܢܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܹܝܢ ܕܲܪܕܼܘܼܦܝܵܐ: ܐ̄ܢܵܫܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪ̈ܲܝ ܒܡܸܢܝܢܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܘܓܲܢ̄ܒܵܪ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܒܚܵܝܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܓܸܢ̄ܒܼ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܒܘܲܥܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܓܼܘܼܪܤܵܐ ܚܲܕܼ ܕܚܵܨܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܩܪܸܐ: ܒܸܢ̈ܝܵܢܹܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܠܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܥ̣ܒܲܕܼܘ: ܘܩܘܼܕܼܫܵܐ ܡܲܛܫܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܫܵܩ̇ܠܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܲܪܓܸܫ̣ܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܚܲܢ̈ܦܹܐ ܛܵܥܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܒܐܲܬܼܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܙܪܝܼܙܵܐ: ܠܬܲܡܵܢ ܐܸܙܲܠ̣ܘ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ. ܘܐܲܝܟܼ ܚܲܝ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܤܵܪ̈ܘܿܚܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܪ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܐܸܫ̣ܬܲܢܲܕܼܘ ܒܹܗ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܚ̣ܙܵܘ ܕܲܠܨܸܒܼܝܵܢܗܘܿܢ ܠܵܐ ܫܵܠܹ̇ܡ: ܘܠܵܐ ܡܚܲܠܸܦ ܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܒܟܲܕܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܪܲܓܼܡ̣ܘܼܗܝ ܒܡܲܤܲܩܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܠܥܸܠ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܵܨܵܐ. ܘܲܢ̣ܤܲܒܼ ܟܠܝܼܠܵܐ ܕܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܒܲܪܓܼܘܼܡܝܵܐ ܕܟܹ̈ܐܦܹܐ. ܘܒܼܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܩܵܡ̣ ܒܲܕܕܲܒܿܪܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܲܪܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܝܼܕܼܝܼܥܬܼܵܐ: ܘܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ ܒܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܪܲܓܼܡ̣ܘܼܗܝ ܚܹܐܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܕܒܲܫܡܵܐ ܟܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܩܵܪܹܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܢܲܦܫܗܘܿܢ: ܕܐܸܬܼܐܠܸܨܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܦܘܼܩܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ. ܘܐܸܬܼܪܓܸܡ ܒܬܸܠܠܵܐ ܕܲܠܥܸܠ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܸܢܵܪ ܩܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܢܸܩܵܛܘܼܪ ܐܵܘܢܵܐ. ܘܩܵܡ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܗ̤ܘ: ܥܲܡ ܡܵܪܝ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ ܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܲܢܨܝܼܒܼܝܼܢ: ܘܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܒܹܿܝܠ: ܒܲܟܼܢܘܼܫܝܵܐ ܩܲܕܿܝܼܫܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܡܵܐܐ ܘܲܬܼܡܲܢܬܲܥܤܲܪ ܨܵܡ̇ܚܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܩܵܡ̣ ܥܲܩܸܒܼܠܵܗܵܐ.","english":"Because of the harshness of the persecution, the little children were taken from Karka with the shepherd and the mighty man of valor, at the sight of the side of Karka. At the place of Agorus, which is called one of the side, they made little houses like a church, and they used to receive the Eucharist there secretly. And when the impious and erring Magians perceived this through a zealous informer, they went there against him. And like ravenous beasts without mercy they raged against him. And when they saw that their will was not accomplished, and that truth would not be changed by falsehood, they stoned him on the ascent above the side. And he received the crown of martyrdom on the hill of stones. And after him arose the blessed Isaac of noble lineage, in the office of deacon; and he also was crowned in martyrdom, and the free citizens of Karka stoned him, those who called themselves Christians, but who were compelled by the king's command. And he was buried on the hill above the village of the district of the governor Ausha. And after him arose John, that same one who, with Mar Jacob the bishop of Susa and John the bishop of Arbela, was in the holy assembly of three hundred and sixty-nine who were assembled; and after John arose Aqeblahā.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܸܢ̈ܝܵܢܹܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'little houses' (bēʿyāṭē zʿōrē) likely refers to makeshift huts or cells used for clandestine worship, echoing the language of early Christian domestic churches.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܐܲܬܼܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܙܪܝܼܙܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'zealous informer' (atlelīṭā zrīzā) reflects the role of informants in Sasanian persecutions, where local collaborators reported Christian activities to Magian authorities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܩܵܡ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'and after him arose' (w-qām men bātreh) structures the martyrdom narrative as a chain of succession, emphasizing continuity in the confessing community.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܬܠܵܬܼܡܵܐܐ ܘܲܬܼܡܲܢܬܲܥܤܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The 'three hundred and sixty-nine' (tlātmāʾ w-tamantʿesr) likely refers to the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410 CE), a key synod for the Church of the East, though the number may be symbolic or corrupt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܵܘܢܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Ausha' (ʾAwšā) for the governor is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known Sasanian title or a personal name, but the text does not clarify its etymology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Aqeblahā' (ܥܲܩܸܒܼܠܵܗܵܐ) is unclear; it may be a personal name or a title, and the text does not provide further context.","The number 369 for the synod may be a scribal error or a symbolic figure; the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon is traditionally dated to 410 with 40 bishops, not 369."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܒܲܪ ܫܢܝܼ̈ܢ ܚܲܡܫܲܥܸܤܪܹ̈ܐ: ܫܲܪܝܼ ܒܥܲܡ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܲܡܝܲܬܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܙܸܕܼ̈ܩܵܬܼܵܐ ܥܵܒܹ̇ܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܗܵܟܲܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܦ ܕܲܗܒܼܵܐ ܘܤܹܐܡܵܐ ܘܲܠܒܼܘܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܟܲܤܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܫܵܩܹ̇ܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܒܼܵܗܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܘܠܲܐܟܼܤܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܡܦܲܠܸܓܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܫܡܲܥ̣ ܐܲܒܼܘܼܗܝ ܕܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܘܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܕܲܪܓܼܵܐ ܕܪܸܕܼܝܵܐ ܕܒܵܙܕܲܝ. ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܢܸܫܬܲܦܲܪ ܠܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܟܦܲܪ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܘܲܤ̣ܓܸܕܼ ܠܢܘܼܪܵܐ. ܗ̤ܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܐܲܪܦ̣ܝܼ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܒܼܵܗܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܘܲܢܦܲܩ̣ ܠܐܲܟܼܤܸܢܝܵܐ. ܘܡܸܛܠ ܥܲܡܠܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܪܵܘܪ̈ܒܹܐ ܘܢܸܨܚܵܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܫܒܼܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ: ܐܸܬܼܓܿܒܼܝܼ ܕܢܲܩܘܼܡ ܒܲܡܕܲܒܿܪܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܬܼܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܩܵܡ̣: ܒܢܵܗ̇ ܠܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܬܼܥܲܩ̣ܪܲܬ̤ ܒܝܵܘ̈ܡܲܝ ܡܲܥܢܹܐ. ܘܚܸܫ̈ܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܕܲܗܒܼܵܐ ܘܲܕܼܤܹܐܡܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܫܹܐܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܘܡܵܐܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܦܪ̈ܓܹܐ: ܠܡܘܼܠܵܝ ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܼܵܐ: ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܒܵܗ̇. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܕܡ̣ܝܼܬܼܘ ܐܲܒܼܵܗܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܟ̱ܠܹܗ ܓܲܙܵܐ ܕܐܸܫܟܲܚ̣ ܠܗܘܿܢ: ܝܗ̣ܒܹܗ ܠܥܹܕܬܵܐ. ܘܬܲܠ̣ܡܸܕܼ ܘܐܲܡ̣ܡܸܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܤܲܓܿܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ. ܘܥܲܡ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܘܐܵܦ ܠܲܩܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܬܼܝܼܫܝܼܢ ܡܸܬܼܩܲܪܝܵܐ: ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܥܲܠ ܫܸܡ ܬܸܫܥܝܼܢ ܫܲܪ̈ܒܼܵܢ: ܕܐܝܬܝܼ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܝܫܵܢ ܘܲܢܨܲܒܼ ܒܵܗ̇: ܐܸܫܬܲܡ̣ܗܲܬ̤ ܗܵܟܲܢܵܐ. ܘܤܵܓܼܕܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܢܵܢܝܼ ܕܲܝܘܵܐ: ܕܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܥܲܡܗܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܬܼܪܗܘܿܢ.","english":"This blessed one, when he was about fifteen years old, began with labors of virtue and would perform acts of charity, such that he would secretly take gold, silver, and clothing from his parents and distribute them to the poor. And when his father, who was at the gate of the king and stood at the rank of the noble of Bazday, heard, as it pleased the king, he denied Christ and worshipped the fire. This blessed one, however, left his parents' house and went out to the poor. And because of his great labors and his glorious victories, he was chosen to stand in the stewardship of the church of his own village of Karka. And when he stood, he built up the church that had been uprooted in the days of the tyrant. And he gave to it vessels of gold and silver, along with curtains, utensils, and furnishings, for the completion of the service. And after his parents died, he gave the entire treasure that he found to the church. And he taught and instructed many. And along with these, also to the village called Tishish, which is named after the name of the ninety tribes, because Shapur the king brought them from Maishan and settled there, it was thus named. And they used to worship the demon of the dragon, which they had brought with them from their region.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܒܵܙܕܲܝ","severity":"info","text":"Bazday (Bazday) is a toponym designating a noble rank or region in the Sasanian administration, likely in the province of Beth Slok.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܬܼܝܼܫܝܼܥ","severity":"info","text":"Tishish (Tishish) is identified as a village settled by ninety tribes deported from Maishan by Shapur I, reflecting Sasanian resettlement policies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܕܲܝܘܵܐ ܕܢܵܢܝܼ","severity":"info","text":"The 'demon of the dragon' (dēwā d-ṭāʿyā) likely refers to a Zoroastrian or local cultic figure, possibly the dragon Aži Dahāka, worshipped by the transplanted tribes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the blessed one's early asceticism to his ecclesiastical leadership and concludes with an ethnographic note on Tishish, linking local history to imperial policy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative places the blessed one's activity after the persecution under a 'tyrant' (likely Shapur II) and before the death of his parents, situating the events in the mid-4th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'blessed one' (ṭūbāyā) is a hagiographic epithet; the protagonist's name is not given here, leaving his identity ambiguous in this passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'blessed one' is not specified in this passage; he may be a known martyr or confessor from Karka.","The precise location of Tishish and its relation to Karka d-Beth Slok is unclear from the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ܚܲܕܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܕܲܩܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ: ܝܵܪܬܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܲܒܼܵܗܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܕܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܹܝܗ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ: ܗܵܝ ܕܩܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܪܵܘܡܵܐ ܟܸܘܤܪܘܵܐܢ ܡܸܬܼܩܲܪܝܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ: ܥܲܠ ܫܡܵܐ ܕܐܲܒܼܵܗܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ. ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܗܵܕܹܐ ܩܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܬܲܠܡ̣ܼܵܗ̇ ܗ̤ܘ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ: ܘܐܲܥ̣ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܲܛܝܵܪܵܐ ܕܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ. ܘܡܸܛܠ ܐܵܬܼ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܬܸܕܼܡܪ̈ܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܤܵܥܲ݁ܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܪܸܡܙܵܐ ܫܡܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܐܝܼܕܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܦܪܲܚ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܲܡܛܵܐ ܛܸܒܵܐ ܕܢܸܨܚܵܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܠܒܹܗܪܵܡ ܒܲܪ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܦܵܪܹܣ: ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܠܹܗ ܒܲܪܬܼܵܐ ܘܡܸܬܼܡܲܥܤܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܹܐܕܼܵܐ ܛܲܢܦܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܼܒܿܥ̣ܝܼ ܩܲܕܿܝܼܫܵܐ ܥܲܩܒܼܠܵܗܵܐ ܠܬܲܡܵܐ: ܤܵܡ̣ ܥܠܹܝܗ̇ ܕܲܛܠܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܘܐܸܬܼܚܲܠܡܲܬ̤. ܘܐܲܦ̣ܝܼܤܹܗ ܠܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܬܼܥܲܩܪ̈ܵܢ ܥܹ̈ܕܵܬܼܵܐ: ܘܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܐܸܬܼܥ̣ܩܲܪ ܢܸܬܼܒܲܢ̈ܝܵܢ. ܘܫܲܡ̣ܥܥܹܗ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܘܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܨܸܒܼܝܵܢܹܗ. ܘܠܲܬܿܪܹܝܢ ܫܦܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܠܡܵܐܢܝܼ ܘܲܠܙܵܪܵܕܘܼܐܫܬ: ܕܐܸܬܼܚܙܝܼܘ ܒܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ ܕܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ: ܥ̣ܩܲܪ ܘܒܲܛܸܠ̣. ܘܲܠܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܠܡܵܪܘܿܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܫܲܪ̈ܒܼܵܢ ܐܸܬܼܚܲܙܝܲܬ̤: ܗܵܢܹ̇ܝܢ ܕܐܲܝܬܿܝܼ ܤܲܪܕܵܢܵܐ: ܘܲܢܨܲܒܼ ܒܹܗ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܕܲܫܡܵܗܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܬܢ ܐܝܼܬܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ: ܦܲܪܹܝܢ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܟܼܦܲܪ: ܘܒܼܵܠܵܫ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܡ̣ܪܲܕܼ. ܠܦܲܪܹܝܢ ܒܲܪ ܥܲܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܘܲܠܒܼܵܠܵܫ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܝܵܪܬܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܒܝܼܫܬܼܵܬܐ ܗܘ̤ܵܬܼ ܠܹܗ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܘܲܠܗܵܢܵܐ ܙܲܪܥܵܐ ܒܝܫܵܐ ܥ̣ܩܲܪ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ ܥܲܩܸܒܼܠܵܗܵܐ: ܘܚܲܝܸܒܼ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܒܲܕܼܪܵܫܹܗ.","english":"One of the five villages belonging to him was the inheritance of his parents, which belonged to the blessed one; that which is called Qinyana in the region of Kustro, named after the father of the blessed one. This blessed one went to this village and entered the mountain of life. And because of the signs and wonders that the heavenly sign performed with his hands, the fragrance of his victories flew and reached Bahram bar Shabur, king of Persia, who had a daughter who was afflicted by a demon of the side. And when the holy one, 'Aqebla, was sought there, he placed his hand on the afflicted girl and she was healed. And he persuaded the king not to destroy the churches, and those that had been destroyed to be rebuilt. And the king listened and acted according to his will. And as for the two sects, the Magi and the Zoroastrians, who appeared in the sacrifice of the blessed one, he uprooted and abolished. And the blasphemy and rebellion that appeared in the latter two tribes, those who brought the armor and set it up in the city, whose names are these: Parez the one who denied, and Balash the one who rebelled. For Parez bar 'Amalka and Balash, this inheritance was an evil one for him in the city. And this evil seed the blessed one 'Aqebla uprooted and condemned in his teaching.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ (Qinyana)","severity":"info","text":"The toponym Qinyana (ܩܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ) is derived from the root qny, 'to acquire' or 'possess', and here designates a village inherited by the blessed one. The text explicitly links it to the father's name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܗܪܵܡ ܒܲܪ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ (Bahram bar Shabur)","severity":"info","text":"Bahram bar Shabur is likely the Sasanian king Bahram V (r. 420–438 CE), known for his persecution of Christians. The mention of a demon-afflicted daughter is a hagiographic trope.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܢܦܵܐ (side)","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac ܛܲܢܦܵܐ (ṭap̄ā) here means 'side' or 'flank', but in demonological contexts it can denote a class of demon, possibly a 'side-demon' or 'lateral demon'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܐܢܝܼ (Magi) and ܙܵܪܵܕܘܼܐܫܬ (Zoroastrians)","severity":"info","text":"The text distinguishes between the Magi (ܡܵܐܢܝܼ) and Zoroastrians (ܙܵܪܵܕܘܼܐܫܬ), likely reflecting a local Syriac Christian perception of two distinct priestly or sectarian groups within Zoroastrianism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܲܪܹܝܢ (Parez) and ܒܼܵܠܵܫ (Balash)","severity":"info","text":"The narrative introduces Parez and Balash as eponymous ancestors of two rebellious tribes, linking their names to the verbs 'deny' (kpar) and 'rebel' (mrad). This etiological device reinforces the moral condemnation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܲܩܒܼܠܵܗܵܐ ('Aqebla)","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Aqebla (ܥܲܩܒܼܠܵܗܵܐ) is ambiguous: it may be a personal name or a title meaning 'the one who follows' or 'the avenger'. The text treats it as a proper name for the holy one.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Aqebla is unclear: it may be a proper name or a descriptive epithet. The toponym Qinyana is said to be named after the father of the blessed one, but the father's name is not given. The relationship between the two sects (Magi and Zoroastrians) and the two tribes (Parez and Balash) is left implicit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ܒܪܲܡ ܕܹܝܢ ܗܸܢ̣ܘܿܢ ܒܲܙܒܲܢ ܓܲܠܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܘܒܲܙܒܲܢ ܟܲܤܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ: ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ ܕܟܼܘܼܪܤܘܼ ܩܵܝ̇ܡܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܥܲܡ ܥܸܩܵܪܹܗ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ ܕܡܵܐܢܝܼ ܠܝܼܛܵܐ: ܘܐܵܦ ܗܸܢܘ̣ܿܢ ܒܛܸܠ̣ܘ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܕܲܫ̣ܟܸܒܼ ܚܲܤܝܵܐ ܕܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܥܲܩܸܒܼܠܵܗܵܐ: ܠܒܲܪܚܲܕܼܒܿܫܲܒܵܐ ܓܒܼܵܬ̤ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܒܼ̈ܢܲܝ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܤܗܝܼܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܓܹܝܪ ܒܐܲܬܼ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܬܸܕܼܡܪ̈ܵܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܒܼܟܼܠ ܥܒܼܵܕܐ ܡܝܲܬܿܪܹ̈ܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܲܫܟܸܒܼ ܐܵܦ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ: ܩܵܡ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܐܲܟܼܤܢܵܝܵܐ: ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܬܲܡܝܼܡܵܐ ܘܡܲܟܿܝܼܟܼܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܲܡܠܲܝ ܒܙܲܕܝܼܩܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܦ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ ܫܲܢ̣ܝܼ ܠܘܵܬܼ ܡܵܪܹܗ: ܩܲܒܸܿܠ̣ ܟܘܼܪܤܝܹܗ ܓܲܒܼܝܵܐ ܘܲܡܝܲܬܿܪܵܐ ܘܲܡܨܲܒܲܬܼ ܒܫܘܼܦܪܹ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܘܼܚܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܡܵܪܝ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ ܒܪܲܙ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܘܫܲܪܒܿܬܹܗ ܐܝܼܬܹܝܗ̇ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܡܸܬܼܩܲܪܝܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܪܕܵܫܝܼܪ ܒܲܪ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ ܒܪܲܙ. ܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܓܲܒܼܝܵܐ ܐܲܪܦ̣ܝܼ ܠܲܡܕܲܒܿܪܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܢܦܲܩ̣ ܠܹܗ ܠܕܲܝܪܵܐ ܕܐܲܒܼܝܼ̈ܠܹܐ: ܘܬܲܡܵܢ ܦܵܠܲܚ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܡܗܘܿܢ ܙܲܗܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܟܼܠܵܗ̇ ܕܲܟܼܝܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܩܲܕܿܝܼܫܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܒܼܤܲܝܦܵܐ ܕܪܘܼܚܵܐ ܕܐܲܚܝܼܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܥ̣ܩܲܪ ܘܕܲܟܿܝܼ ܙܝܼܙܵܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܡܵܐܢܝܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܩܵܠܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܘܠܲܒܼ̈ܢܲܝ ܓܸܢܤܹܗ ܕܐܝܼܬܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܲܪܒܵܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܐܲܝܬܝܼ ܤܹܠܵܘܦܩܘܿܣ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܸܨܛܲܗܲܪ: ܥ̣ܒܲܕܼ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܡܵܐܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܟܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܠܫܸܡ ܒܵܪܘܿܝܵܐ. ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܝܵܪܬܿܘܼܬܼܘܿܢ ܒܲܝܬܼܵܐ ܠܐܲܟܼܤܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܕܒܹܗ ܡܸܬܼܩܲܒܿܠܝܼܢ ܘܡܸܬܿܬܿܢܝܼܚܝܼܢ ܟܪ̈ܝܼܗܹܐ ܘܠܲܝܼ̈ܨܹܐ ܘܡܸܤ̈ܟܹܢܹܐ ܘܲܤܢܝܼ̈ܩܹܐ.","english":"Now he was buying openly and buying secretly, until the time of the throne of Kustro, who stood with his bitter root, the accursed Magi, and he also was destroyed. And after the holy one of God, the confessor, fell asleep, Bar-Khadhbshabba was chosen as pastor of the flock of the sons of Karka. For he was a witness through signs and wonders and all excellent deeds. And when this blessed one also fell asleep, Aksnaya rose after him, a perfect man, humble, and complete in righteousness. And when this shining one also went to his Lord, his throne received the chosen and excellent one, who was adorned with spiritual beauties, Mar Shabur, son of the mystery of Karka. And his lineage is that which is called Beth Ardashir, son of Shabur, the mystery. This chosen one then abandoned the administration and went out to the monastery of the fathers, and there he used to labor with them zealously in all purity and holiness. And with the sword of the spirit which he held, he uprooted and cleansed the tares of Magi from that field of Karka. And the sons of his race, who were from that lineage which brought Seleucus from the land of Iṣṭahar, he made into waters of zeal for the name of the Creator. And he sought in his inheritance a house for the Aksnaye, in which the sick, the weary, the poor, and the afflicted are received and comforted.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܘܼܪܤܘܼ ܩܵܝ̇ܡܝܼܢ","severity":"info","text":"Kustro (or Khusro) is the Syriac form of the Persian royal name Khusro, likely Khusro I or II. The phrase 'stood with his bitter root' suggests an alliance with Zoroastrianism ('Magi').","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܐܢܝܼ ܠܝܼܛܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"'Accursed Magi' (Māġī līṭā) refers to Zoroastrian priests, a standard polemical epithet in Syriac martyr literature. The term 'Magi' is used here pejoratively.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܟܼܤܢܵܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Aksnaya (or Aksnāyā) is a proper name, possibly of Persian origin. The text describes him as a 'perfect man, humble, and complete in righteousness,' succeeding Bar-Khadhbshabba.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܪܕܵܫܝܼܪ","severity":"info","text":"Beth Ardashir is a toponym, likely a village or district in the region of Karka d-Beth Slok. The lineage of Mar Shabur is traced to this place, linking him to local aristocratic or ecclesiastical families.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܸܨܛܲܗܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"Iṣṭahar (Istakhr) is an ancient city in Persis (modern Iran), a center of Zoroastrianism. The text claims Seleucus brought a lineage from there, possibly a legendary foundation story for a Christian community.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܲܙܒܲܢ ܓܲܠܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܘܒܲܙܒܲܢ ܟܲܤܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'buying openly and buying secretly' is ambiguous: it may refer to acquisition of property or to metaphorical spiritual transactions. The context of martyrdom and persecution suggests possible clandestine activity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Kustro' (Khusro) is not specified as Khusro I or II; the text does not provide regnal details.","The phrase 'buying openly and buying secretly' may be literal or metaphorical; the intended meaning is unclear.","The lineage from Seleucus and Iṣṭahar may be legendary; its historical basis is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ܘܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܒܲܝܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܦܪܲܫ̣ ܠܹܗ ܩܸܢܵܝܵܢܵܐ ܠܐܲܓܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܤܘ̈ܬܼܵܐ ܕܗܵܘܹ̇ܝܢ ܒܹܗ: ܘܲܠܬܼܘܼܪܤܝܵܐ ܕܨܸܒܼ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܚܵܫ̈ܚܵܢ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܐܵܬܹ̇ܝܢ ܠܡܸܬܼܐܲܤܵܝܘܼ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܸܬܼܟܿܢܸܫ̣ ܒܲܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܠܘܵܬܼ ܡܵܪܹܗ: ܩܵܡ̣ ܠܹܗ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܐܲܬܼܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ: ܟܵܗܢܵܐ ܢܲܟܼܦܵܐ ܘܢܵܘܤܵܐ ܕܩܲܕܝܼܫܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܡܵܪܝ ܝܘܿܚܢܵܢ: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܲܫܬܲܡ̣ܠܝܼ ܒܬܲܪ̈ܬܲܝܗܹܝܢ: ܗܵܢܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܒܟܼܵܗܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܒܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ ܕܹܝܢ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ: ܝܲܙܕܓܲܪܕ ܗܵܘ̇ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܚܡܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܠܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ: ܡܲܡܠܸܟܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܐܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܦܵܪܹܣ. ܘܒܲܕܼܡܘܼܬܼ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ ܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܐܲܩ̣ܝܼܡ ܕܪܘܼܦܝܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܥܹܕܬܹܗ ܕܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: ܟܲܕܼ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܲܫ̈ܢܲܝܵܐ ܫܒܲܥ ܒܲܤܝܼܡܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܡܸܬܿܕܲܒܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ. ܘܲܒܼܫܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܡܵܢܹܐ ܩ̣ܛܲܠ ܒܲܪܬܹܗ: ܕܐܝܼܬܹܝܗ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿܬܹܗ: ܘܲܠܪܵܘܪ̈ܒܼܵܢܹܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ. ܘܐܸܙܲܠ̣ ܠܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܛܲܫܘܿܠ: ܘܫܲܥ̣ܒܸܕ ܠܡܲܠܟܿܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܬܲܡܵܢ. ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܩ̣ܪܵܗ̇ ܥܲܠ ܫܡܹܗ: ܫܲܗܪܸܤܬܵܢ ܝܲܙܓܲܪܕ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܛ̣ܪܲܕ ܠܲܟܼܪ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܫܪܝܼܬܹܗ. ܤ̣ܒܲܪ ܠܹܗ ܕܵܘܝܝܵܐ: ܕܡܸܛܠ ܟܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܙܵܟܹ̇ܝܢ ܠܹܗ ܒܥܸܠܕܒܼܵܒܹ̈ܐ. ܘܲܓܒܼܵܐ ܓܲܒܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܡܓܼܘܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܹ̈ܐ: ܘܲܫܩܲܠ̣ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܓܲܒܼܪܘܼܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܘܐܲܩ̣ܝܼܡ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܥܲܠ ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܹܗ: ܘܤܓܿܝܼ̈ܐܐ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܝܼܬܼܘ ܒܗܵܢܵܐ ܓܙܵܪ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ.","english":"And he gave the house and set up the hospice for the fee of the physicians who would be in it, and for the service of the provisions that would be needed for those who came to be healed. And when he had fallen asleep in peace with his Lord, the blessed athlete rose after him, the priest, the ascetic, and the guardian of holiness, Mar Yohannan, who was perfected in both: that is, in priesthood and in martyrdom. In his time, however, Yazdgard, who was the fifth after Shapur, was ruling in the land of Persia. And like Shapur, he also established a persecution against the Church of God, although until the seventh year it was conducted quite gently. And in the eighth year he killed his daughter, who was his wife, and the nobles of his kingdom. And he went to the land of Tashul and subjugated the kingdoms there. And he built a city there and named it after himself: Shahrestan Yazdgard. And while he was there, he expelled the Christians from his camp. The wretched one thought that because of the Christians he would be defeated by his enemies. And he selected one hundred thousand men from the Magians, and took their strength from them, and set them over his service, and many of them died in this decree of persecution.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܝܲܗ̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܒܲܝܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܦܪܲܫ̣ ܠܹܗ ܩܸܢܵܝܵܢܵܐ ܠܐܲܓܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܤܘ̈ܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The subject of the initial verbs is ambiguous: the previous passage describes Bar-Khadhbshabba, but the 'he' here may refer to the earlier holy man or to Bar-Khadhbshabba himself. The English draft assumes continuity with the preceding narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܐܲܬܼܠܹܝܛܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac ܐܲܬܼܠܹܝܛܵܐ (athlīṭā) is a loan from Greek ἀθλητής, used in Syriac hagiography for a 'confessor' or 'martyr' who struggles for faith. Here it describes Mar Yohannan as a 'blessed athlete'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܝܲܙܕܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Yazdgard I (r. 399–420 CE) is here called the fifth after Shapur, likely Shapur II (r. 309–379). The text recounts his persecution of Christians, which historical sources date to the latter part of his reign, especially after 409 CE.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܒܼܫܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܡܵܢܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the eighth year' refers to the eighth year of Yazdgard I's reign, i.e., ca. 407 CE. The text notes a shift from gentle treatment to severe persecution, including the killing of his daughter-wife and nobles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from Yazdgard's domestic violence to his military campaign in Tashul, where he builds a city named Shahrestan Yazdgard. This digression explains his absence from the main setting of Karka.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܓܒܼܵܐ ܓܲܒܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܡܓܼܘܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܹ̈ܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The number 'one hundred thousand men' (ܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܹ̈ܐ) is likely a rhetorical exaggeration typical of hagiographic and martyrological literature, not a precise historical figure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the subject in the opening clause is unclear: it may be Bar-Khadhbshabba or the earlier holy man. The reading taken follows the English draft's continuity.","The phrase 'killed his daughter, who was his wife' may reflect a legendary or symbolic motif rather than a historical event."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ܘܲܠܛܲܟܼܤܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܡܲܠܟܲܝ̈ ܦܵܪܹܣ: ܕܲܒܼܟܼܠ ܪܹܫ ܝܲܪܚܵܐ ܒܫܲܒܼܥܵܐ ܝܵܘ̈ܡܝܼܢ: ܟܠ ܚܲܕܼ ܚܲܕܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܼܕܝܼ̈ܥܹܐ ܢܸܥܘܿܠ ܘܢܹܐܡܲܪ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܲܛܠܝܼ̈ܡܹܐ: ܘܟܼܠ ܤܘܼܥܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܠܵܘ ܛܵܒܼܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܡܸܬܼܦܲܪܢܤܝܼܢ ܢܵܘܕܲܥ ܩܕܼܵܡ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܠܗܵܢܵܐ ܛܲܟܼܤܵܐ ܐܲܥ̣ܒܿܪܹܗ ܗܵܘ̇ ܪܲܫܝܼܥܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܗܦܲܟܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܛܲܫܘܿܠ ܘܐܸܬܼܵܐ ܠܒܹܝܬܼ ܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ: ܟܬܼ̇ܒܼ ܠܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܡܘܼܢܪܵܙܕܒܸܕ ܕܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܲܢܨܝܼܒܼܝܼܢ: ܕܡܸܬܼܦܲܫܲܩ ܡܛܲܟܿܤܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܡܓܼܘܼܫܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܕܢܹܐܙܠܘܼܢ ܥܲܡܹܗ ܤܵܪܘܿܫܵܐ ܘܪܵܙܪܵܕܝܼ ܕܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܙܘܿܢ: ܕܲܫܡܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐܵܕܼܘܿܦܪܵܙܓܲܪܕ: ܘܕܼܵܤܬܿ ܒܸܪܗܵܡ ܪܵܕ ܕܚܲܕܝܲܒܼ ܘܲܕܼܒܹܝܬܼ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝ: ܕܲܫܡܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܤܘܿܪܝܼܢ. ܕܢܹܐܙܠܘܼܢ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܬܠܵܬܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ: ܘܲܒܼܫܸ̈ܕܠܹܐ ܘܲܒܼܡܵܘ̈ܗܒܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܢܹܐܠܨܘܼܢ ܠܲܟܼܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܕܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܐܲܪܒܿܥܵܐ ܐܲܬܼܪ̈ܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ: ܕܲܠܗܘܿܢ ܡܕܲܒܿܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܐܲܪܒܿܥܵܐ ܫܲܠܝܼܛܵܢܝܼ̈ܢ ܕܲܪܫܝܼܡܝܼܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܥܸܠ: ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܘܤܵܓܼܕܝܼܢ ܠܢܘܼܪܵܐ. ܘܐܸܢܗ̤ܘ ܕܲܠܫܸܡܫܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܤܵܓܼܕܝܼܢ: ܘܲܠܢܘܼܪܵܐ ܘܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܕܲܒܿܚܝܼܢ: ܠܢܸ̈ܓܼܕܹܐ ܘܠܲܤܪ݁ܵܩܹܐ ܘܲܠܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܕܤܲܝܦܵܐ ܢܸܫܬܲܠܡܘܼܢ. ܘܐܸܬܼ݂ܵܐ ܘܥܲܠ̣ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܘܲܕܼܥܲܡܹܗ: ܒܚܲܡܸܫܬܲܥܤܲܪ ܒܬܲܡܘܼܙ ܝܲܪܚܵܐ. ܘܲܠܪܹ̈ܫܹܐ ܘܚܹܐܪܹ̈ܐ ܘܫܲܪܟܵܐ ܕܝܼܕܼܝܼ̈ܥܹܐ ܕܲܒܼܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܢܲܓܸܕܼܘ: ܘܐܲܪܡ̣ܝܼܘ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܤܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ.","english":"the custom that existed among the kings of Persia, that at the beginning of each month, on the seventh day, each one of the nobles would enter and declare the account of the oppressed, and all the affairs that were not being managed well would be made known before the king—this custom that wicked one abolished. And when he returned from Tushul and came to his royal palace, he wrote to Tahm-Yazgard, the commander of the fortress of Mozrazdbid, who was in Beth-Selok, that he should be received from the magian custom, and that Sarosha and Razradi of the region of Arzun, whose name was Adofrazgard, and Dast-Berham Rad of Hadhyab and of Beth-Garmai, whose name was Sorya, should go with him; that they should go to their three cities, and by means of threats and gifts they should compel the Christians of these four regions, who were governed by these four rulers designated from above, until they deny Christ and worship the fire. And if they do not worship the sun, and do not sacrifice to the fire and water, they should be delivered to the cords, the saws, and the death of the sword. And Tahm-Yazgard and his company came and entered the city on the fifteenth of the month of Tammuz. And they proclaimed to the heads, the free men, and the rest of the nobles of the city, and cast them into prison.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ (ṭaksā) here denotes a 'custom' or 'institution' of the Persian kings, specifically the monthly review of grievances. The same word is used later for 'magian custom' (ܡܛܲܟܿܤܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܡܓܼܘܼܫܘܼܬܼܵܐ), linking the abolished royal practice to Zoroastrian religious observance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tahm-Yazgard","severity":"info","text":"Tahm-Yazgard (ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ) is a Persian name meaning 'strong Yazgard,' likely a Zoroastrian commander. The fortress of Mozrazdbid (ܡܘܼܢܪܵܙܕܒܸܕ) is otherwise unattested; its location near Beth-Selok (Karka d-Beth Slok) situates the narrative in the Sasanian province of Beth Garmai.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"four regions","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists four regions—Arzun, Hadhyab, Beth-Garmai, and an unnamed fourth (likely Beth-Selok itself)—each governed by a designated ruler. This fourfold structure mirrors the administrative division of the Sasanian Empire and organizes the persecution narrative geographically.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܢܸ̈ܓܼܕܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The word ܢܸ̈ܓܼܕܹܐ (gḏē) means 'cords' or 'ropes,' likely referring to a method of torture or execution. It is paired with ܲܠܤܪ݁ܵܩܹܐ (sərāqē, 'saws') and 'death of the sword,' forming a triad of punishments for those who refuse to apostatize.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"fifteenth of Tammuz","severity":"info","text":"The date 'fifteenth of Tammuz' corresponds to early July in the Julian calendar. This specific temporal marker anchors the narrative in a real historical event, likely the beginning of a persecution under the Sasanian king Khusro II (r. 590–628), though the text does not name him.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Tushul","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym ܛܲܫܘܿܠ (Ṭaššūl) is obscure; it may be a corruption or variant of a known Sasanian location. The text assumes the reader knows it, but no parallel source confirms its identity. The reading 'Tushul' follows the Syriac consonantal text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'wicked one' who abolished the custom is not named; he may be a Sasanian king or a local governor. The four regions are listed but the fourth (governing Beth-Selok) is implied rather than stated. The toponym Tushul is unattested elsewhere."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ܘܫܲܕܲܪܘ ܦܲ̈ܝ̈ܓܹܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܪ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܠܐܲܬܼܪ̈ܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܪ̈ܲܚܝܼܩܹܐ: ܘܦܲܩܸܕܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ: ܕܟܼܠ ܕܡܸܫܟܿܚܝܼܢ ܐܢ̄ܬܿܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ: ܒܐܲܤܘܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܩܫܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܢܹܐܬܼܘܿܢ ܠܗܵܪܟܵܐ. ܕܐܸܢ ܠܵܐ ܟܸܦ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܒܗܲܝܡܵܢܘܼܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܒܡܵܘ̈ܬܹܐ ܡܫܲܚ̈ܠܦܹܐ ܢܹܐܒܼܕܿܘܼܢ. ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܟܲܕܼ ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܐܲܝܕܵܐ ܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܬܼ: ܠܦܵܛܪܝܼܪܵܟܵܐ ܕܐܲܢܛܝܘܿܟܼܝ ܟܬܲܒܼ: ܕܲܢܨܲܠܘܿܢ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܘܥܲܠ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܹܗ: ܕܲܢܥܲܕܲܪ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: ܘܲܕܼܢܲܦܸܩ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܒܙܵܟܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܵܓܼܿܘܿܢܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܠܹܗ ܐܸܬܼܩ̣ܪܝܼܘ. ܗ̤ܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ: ܡ̣ܢ ܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ̣ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܡܸܫܬܲܥܤܲܪ ܒܬܲܡܘܼܙ ܘܲܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܥܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܒܐܵܒܿ ܝܲܪܚܵܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܗܲܝܟܿܠܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܢܦܲܺܩ̣. ܐܸܠܵܐ ܗ̤ܘ ܥܲܡ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܹܗ ܒܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܟܢܝܼܫܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܩܵܪܹܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܒܲܚܢܲܓܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܢܹܐܬܸܐ ܠܥܘܼܕܼܪܵܢܗܘܿܢ. ܘܲܒܼܗܘܿܢ ܒܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܝܵܘ̈ܡܵܬܼܵܐ ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ: ܘܦܲܪܫ̣ܘܗܝ ܠܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܹܗ: ܘܐܲܡ̣ܝܘܼܗܝ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܤܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ: ܥܲܡ ܤܘܿܓܼܵܐܐ ܕܲܟܼܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܕܐܲܤܝܼܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܬܲܡܵܢ: ܘܐܵܠ̇ܨܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܹܗ ܕܢܸܤܓܿܘܿܕܼ ܠܫܸܡܫܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܢܦܲܩ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܲܝܬܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܕܢܹܐܙܲܠ: ܘܲܚ̣ܙܵܝܗܝ ܠܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ: ܒܩܵܠܵܐ ܪܵܡܵܐ ܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܠܹܗ ܠܛܲܗܙܝܼܓܲܪܕ: ܫܠܵܡ ܠܵܟܼ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܘܡܸܬܿܬܿܕܝܼܢܵܢܵܐ: ܫܠܵܡ ܠܵܟܼ ܪܵܕܼܘܿܝܵܐ ܘܡܸܬܼܪܲܟܼܝܵܢܵܐ: ܫܠܵܡ ܠܵܟܼ ܡܓܼܘܼܫܵܐ ܘܡܵܘܕܝܵܢܵܐ ܘܤܵܗܕܐ.","english":"And they sent merciless executioners to distant regions, and they commanded them: that everyone who was found from among the Christians should be brought here in harsh chains. If they did not deny their faith, they should be put to death by various forms of execution. Now John, the bishop of the city, when he saw what was happening, wrote to the patriarch of Antioch, that they should pray for him and for his flock, that God might help them and that they might be victorious over this persecutor who had arisen against them. That holy John, from the day that Tahm-Yazgard came up to the city, from the fifteenth of Tammuz until the twentieth of the month of Ab, did not go out from the church. But he and his flock were confined in the church, and they were crying out to God with weeping that he might come to their aid. And during those days, Tahm-Yazgard commanded, and they separated the shepherd from his flock, and they cast him into the prison, along with many of the Christians who were imprisoned there, and they were forcing him to worship the sun. And when he went out from the house of the Lord to go, and he saw the judge, he said in a loud voice to Tahm-Yazgard: \"Peace to you, judge and blood-shedder; peace to you, persecutor and oppressor; peace to you, magician and confessor and martyr.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܲ̈ܝ̈ܓܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܦܲ̈ܝ̈ܓܹܐ (paygē) is a loanword from Middle Persian, meaning 'executioners' or 'messengers' with punitive authority. It reflects the Sasanian administrative context of the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tahm-Yazgard","severity":"info","text":"Tahm-Yazgard is a Persian official (possibly a marzbān or governor) active in the persecution of Christians in Karka d-Beth Slok. The name combines Tahm (strong) and Yazgard (god-given), typical of Zoroastrian nobility.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"from the fifteenth of Tammuz until the twentieth of the month of Ab","severity":"info","text":"The dates correspond to the Seleucid calendar: Tammuz (June–July) and Ab (July–August). The period of confinement spans roughly 35 days, marking a specific phase of the persecution in summer.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"John's triple address","severity":"info","text":"John's threefold 'Peace to you' address to Tahm-Yazgard (judge and blood-shedder; persecutor and oppressor; magician and confessor and martyr) is a rhetorical inversion, using martyrdom language ironically against the persecutor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"worship the sun","severity":"info","text":"The demand to worship the sun reflects standard Zoroastrian practice, often cited in Syriac martyr acts as a test of Christian fidelity. Similar demands appear in the Acts of the Persian Martyrs (e.g., Mar Qardagh).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܓܘܫܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The term ܡܓܘܫܐ (mgōšā) is ambiguous: it can mean 'magician' (Zoroastrian priest) or 'wise man'. Here it is used pejoratively, but the final phrase 'confessor and martyr' applied to the persecutor is ironic and may be textually corrupt or deliberately paradoxical.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'confessor and martyr' (ܡܵܘܕܝܵܢܵܐ ܘܤܵܗܕܐ) applied to Tahm-Yazgard is paradoxical; it may be a scribal error, an ironic inversion, or a lost contextual cue. The reading taken is that John uses martyrdom language to condemn the persecutor's hypocrisy."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ܐܲܤܓܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ ܛܲܗܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ: ܐܲܤܓܵܐ ܥܒܸܕܼ ܠܵܟܼ ܤܝܼܥܵܬܼܵܐ: ܕܥܲܡܵܗ̇ ܬܹܐܪܘܿܥ ܐܲܦܲܝ̈ ܚܲܬܼܢܵܐ ܕܙܲܡܢܲܢ ܠܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ. ܗܵܐ ܓܹܝܪ ܚܵܙܹ̇ܐ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ: ܕܒܲܕܼܡܘܼܬܼ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ: ܒܵܬܲܪ ܪܹܫܵܟܼ ܥܬܼܝܼܕܼ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܕܬܸܬܠܸܐ ܒܲܙܩܝܼܦܵܐ ܚܠܵܦ ܫܡܹܗ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ. ܐܲܤܝܼܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܕܝܢ ܥܲܡ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ: ܐ̄ܢܵܫܵܐ ܪܵܘܪ̈ܒܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܲܪܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܝܼܕܼܝܼܥܬܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܗ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܕܚܲܕܼ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܒܲܪ ܗܘܿܪܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ: ܘܐܲܪܕܵܫܝܼܪ ܒܲܪ ܐܲܪܙܵܢܵܝܵܐ: ܘܐܲܒܼܪܵܗܵܡ ܘܫܲܒܼܥܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܝܼܢ ܥܲܡܗܘܿܢ. ܕܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܚܲܡ̣ܤܸܢܘ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܗܘܢ: ܘܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܟܦܲܪܘ. ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܕܹܝܢ ܒܲܪ ܗܘܿܪܡܝܼܙܕ: ܟܲܕ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܒܐܲܤܘܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܚܠܵܦ ܕܚܠܲܬܼ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: ܦܬܲܚ̣ ܦܘܼܡܹܗ ܗ̤ܘ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܠܹܗ ܠܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܒܲܢܒܼܝܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܕܵܡ̈ܝܵܢ ܠܗܵܢܹ̇ܝܢ ܕܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܠܹܗ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ: ܕܲܥܬܼܝܼܕܼ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܐܘܿ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ: ܕܬܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ ܒܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܚܠܵܦ ܡܵܪܲܢ. ܘܲܚܠܵܦ ܕܐܹܒܼܵܐ: ܗܵܘܹ̇ܐ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܐܸܡܪܵܐ: ܘܝܵܗܹ̇ܒܼ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܦܲܓܼܪܵܟܼ ܕܸܒܼܚܬܼܵܐ ܚܲܝܬܼܵܐ ܘܩܲܕܿܝܼܫܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܡܩܲܒܲܠܬܐ ܕܫܵܦ̇ܪܵܐ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ. ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܕܹܝܢ ܒܲܪ ܫܵܥܬܹܗ ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ: ܘܐܸܬܼܒܿܙܸܙܘ ܩܸܢ̈ܝܵܢܹܐ ܘܡܲܪ̈ܗܵܛܹܐ ܕܲܒܼ̈ܢܲܝ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܢ̈ܦܹܐ ܘܡܵܢܝܼ̈ܢܹܐ.","english":"I have multiplied for you, Tahmizgard; I have multiplied for you, the helps, with which the face of the sinner who thirsts for his kingdom will be struck. For behold, I see you, that in the likeness of Simon Cephas, you also, after your head, you are destined to be hung on a cross for the name of the Messiah. Bound were also those with Yohanan the blessed: great men from the well-known family in that city of Karka. One of them was Isaac bar Hormizgard, and Ardashir bar Arzayan, and Abraham, and seven other brothers with them. Some of them persevered in their truth, and some of them denied. Isaac bar Hormizgard, however, while he was in the chains for the sake of the worship of God, that blessed one opened his mouth and said to Tahmizgard, in a suppliant manner, words that were similar to those which the blessed Yohanan had said to him: that you, Tahmizgard, are destined to be crowned in the good martyrdom for the sake of our Lord. And for the sake of the Father, you will be a lamb, and you will give your body as a living and holy sacrifice, acceptable and pleasing to God. Tahmizgard, however, at that very hour commanded, and the walls and streets of the city of Karka were plundered by the swords and spears.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܗܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"The name Tahmizgard (or Tahmizgard) is a Persian compound, likely meaning 'strong-bodied' or 'bold-hearted', reflecting the Sasanian milieu of the text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Simon Cephas (Simon Peter) being hung on a cross evokes the tradition of Peter's crucifixion, though the manner (hanging) differs from the typical upside-down crucifixion account.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Karka d-Beth Slok (modern Kirkuk) was a major city in the Sasanian province of Beth Garmai, known for its Christian community and periodic persecutions under Zoroastrian rulers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܒܲܪ ܗܘܿܪܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Isaac bar Hormizgard's speech echoes Yohanan's earlier words, creating a literary parallel that emphasizes the theme of prophetic martyrdom and the conversion of persecutors.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܚܠܵܦ ܕܐܹܒܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'for the sake of the Father' introduces a trinitarian formula (our Lord, Father) typical of Syriac martyrdom narratives, structuring the theological rationale for sacrifice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܤܓܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ ܛܲܗܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase 'I have multiplied for you, Tahmizgard' is ambiguous: it may mean the speaker has provided many helps or has heaped reproaches; the syntax allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker of the opening address to Tahmizgard is unclear; it may be Yohanan or the narrator. The phrase 'I have multiplied for you' could be ironic or literal. The fate of the seven other brothers is not specified beyond some persevering and some denying."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܕܲܦܩܝܼܕܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܲܡܟܲܢܵܫܘܼ ܘܲܠܡܲܝܬܵܝܘܼ ܟܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܬܲܪ ܐܲܬܲܪ: ܢܦܲܩ̣ܘ ܒܚܹܐܦܵܐ ܒܲܥܪܝܼܪܵܝܵܐ: ܘܟܲܢܸܫ̣ܘ ܘܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ: ܠܵܘ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼ ܠܓܲܒܼܪܹ̈ ܘܲܠܢܼܫܹ̈ܐ ܒܢܲܝ̈ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ: ܐܸܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܠܐܲܦܸܤܩ̈ܘܹܦܹܐ ܘܩܲܫܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܘܡܫܲܡ̈ܫܵܢܹܐ. ܗܵܢܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܒܹܿܝܠ: ܘܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܢܘܼܗܲܕܪܵܐ: ܘܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܡܲܥܲܠܬܼܵܐ. ܘܥܲܡܗܘܿܢ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܕܫܲܗܵܪܓܲܪܕ. ܘܲܬܼܪܲܝܵܢܹܗ ܝܘܿܚܵܢܵܢ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܘܲܬܼܠܝܼܬܼܵܝܵܐ ܕܠܵܫܘܿܡ: ܘܲܪܒܼܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܵܚܘܿܙܵܐ: ܘܲܚܡܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܕܚܸܪܒܲܬ̤ ܓܠܵܠܵ: ܘܲܫܬܝܼܬܼܵܝܵܐ ܕܕܼܵܪܵܐ ܩܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܓܸܢ̄ܒܼ ܙܵܒܼܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ. ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܪ̈ܵܥܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܩܹܠܝܪܘܿܣ ܕܝܼܠܗܘܿܢ: ܘܤܘܿܓܼܵܐܐ ܕܡܲܪ̈ܥܝܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܐܸܬ݂ܼܵܘ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܦܨܝܼܚܵܐܝܼܬܼ: ܕܲܢܩܲܒܿܠܘܼܢ ܟܠܝܼ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܚܲܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܥܲܠ̣ܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܨܠܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܫܘܼܒܼܗܵܪܗܘܿܢ ܐܵܬܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܪܹܫܗܘܿܢ: ܟܲܕ ܡܙܲܚܝܼܢ ܠܹܗ ܒܬܸܫܡܸܬܼܵܐ ܙܗܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܗܘܼ̈ܠܵܠܹܐ: ܗܵܘܹ̇ܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܒܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ: ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܵܡ̇ܪܵܐ ܡܸܠܬܼܵܐ: ܡܵܐܐ ܘܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܝܼܢ ܘܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ: ܠܒܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܢܲܝ̈ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܐܲܤܝܼܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܤܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ: ܕܗܵܘܹ̇ܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܥܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܫܡܲܥ̣ܘ ܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܕܲܒܼܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܤܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܠ ܪ̈ܲܥܡܹܐ ܕܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܼܵܐ ܕܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܕܐܸܬ݂ܼܵܘ: ܟܸܢ̈ܫܹܐ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܡܙܲܡ̈ܢܲܝ ܠܡܲܠܟܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܚ̣ܕܼܝܼܘ ܚܲܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܛܵܒܼ.","english":"Now that one who had commanded to seize and bring Christians from place to place, went out in haste with eagerness, and they seized and brought not only men and women of the laity, but also bishops, priests, and deacons. Now that metropolitan of Arbela, and the bishop of Beth Wohadra, and the bishop of Ma‘alta. And with them the metropolitan of Shahargard. And the second of Karka, and the third of Lashom, and the fourth of Mahoza, and the fifth of Khirbat Glala, and the sixth of the village of Dara which is on the side of the Little Zab. These pastors with their clergy, and the multitude of their flocks, came to Karka joyfully, that they might receive crowns of martyrdom with great joy. And when they had entered, the cross, their boast, was before them, while it was adorned with splendid service and with torches. They were in number, as the word says, one hundred and thirty-three thousand, apart from the inhabitants of Karka who were imprisoned in the prison, who were twenty thousand. And when those who were in the prison heard the sound of the hymns of the service of those who had come, all the prisoners of the kingdom rejoiced with great joy of goodness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Metropolitan: a senior bishop ranking above a bishop, often overseeing a province. The term is a loanword from Greek μητροπολίτης.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of sees (Arbela, Beth Wohadra, Ma‘alta, Shahargard, Karka, Lashom, Mahoza, Khirbat Glala, Dara) reflects the ecclesiastical geography of the Church of the East in the region of Beth Garmai and Adiabene.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The number 133,000 for the martyrs is a symbolic or hyperbolic figure, typical of hagiographic literature, emphasizing the scale of persecution rather than historical accuracy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the cross carried in procession with torches and hymns echoes the liturgical practice of the Syriac tradition, particularly the veneration of the cross in martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'as the word says' (ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܵܡ̇ܪܵܐ ܡܸܠܬܼܵܐ) may indicate a source quotation, but the referent is unclear; it could be a biblical or traditional formula.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise identity of 'the second of Karka' and similar titles (third, fourth, etc.) is ambiguous: they may refer to bishops or to other ecclesiastical ranks.","The number 133,000 is likely symbolic; the text does not clarify whether it includes the 20,000 from Karka or is separate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܕܹܝܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܚܙ̣ܸܵܘ ܪܸ̈ܒܿܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܟܸܢܫܹ̈ܐ: ܘܩܵܠܵܐ ܪܵܡܵܐ ܕܬܸܫ̈ܒܿܚܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܤܲܓܿܝܼ ܐܸܬܿܬܿܙܝܼܥ̣ܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܟܲܕܼ ܤ̣ܒܲܪܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܪܵܘܒܵܐ ܗܘ̤ܵܐ. ܘܲܤܠܸܩ̣ ܛܲܗܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܠܕܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܡܸܬܼܩܲܪܝܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ: ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܐܸܬܼܩܲܛܲܠ̣ܘ ܒܵܗ̇ ܤܵܗ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܵܘ̈ܡܲܝ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ. ܘܝܼܬܸܠܼ ܥܲܠ ܟܘܼܪܤܝܵܐ ܕܕܲܝܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܤ̣ܕܲܪ ܩܕܼܵܡ ܟܸܢ̈ܫܹܐ ܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ: ܟܠ ܡܵܐܢܲܝ̈ ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܕܲܙܢܝܼ̈ܢ ܙܢܝܼ̈ܢ: ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܠܗܘܿܢ: ܕܝܲܙܕ ܓܲܕܪ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܗܵܟܲܢ ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ: ܕܐܸܢ ܠܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܘܲܠܦܘܼܩܕܵܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܠܵܐ ܫܵܡ̇ܥܝܼܢ ܐܢ̄ܬܿܘܿܢ: ܘܨܼܒܼܝܵܢܹܗ ܠܵܐ ܥܵܒܼ̇ܕܝܼܢ ܐܢ̄ܬܿܘܿܢ: ܘܲܠܫܸܡܫܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܤܵܓܼܕܝܼܢ ܐܢ̄ܬܿܘܿܢ: ܘܲܠܢܘܼܪܵܐ ܘܡܲܝܵ̈ܐ ܒܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܗܘܿܪܡܝܼܙܕ ܠܵܐ ܡܝܲܩܪܝܼܢ ܐܢ̄ܬܿܘܿܢ: ܚܲܝܲܝ̈ܟܿܘܿܢ ܒܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܡܸܬܿܛܲܠܩܝܼܢ. ܟܲܕܼ ܥܲܡ ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ: ܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܡܗܘܿܢ ܐܵܦ ܦܝܼ̈ܠܹܐ ܫܸܬܿܬܲܥܤܲܪ: ܕܐܲܝܬܿܝܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܢܕܘܼܫܘܼܪ ܠܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܠܵܐ ܟܵܦ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ. ܒܪܝܼܟܼܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ: ܫܩܲܠ̣ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܠܡܵܐ̈ܢܲܝ ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܘܢܲܫܸܩ̣ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ: ܘܤ̣ܵܡ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܥܲܠ ܥܲܝܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ: ܫܠܵܡ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܠܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܦܲܪ̈ܙܠܹܐ: ܕܲܒܼܗܘܿܢ ܥܵܐ̇ܠܝܼܢܲܢ ܠܗܵܝ̇ ܦܵܠܵܛܝܼܢ ܕܡܲܠܟܿܘܼܬܼ ܪܵܘܡܵܐ: ܘܡܸܬܼܒܲܤܡܝܼܢܲܢ ܒܲܡ̈ܛܲܠܠܲܝ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܕܐܸܬܿܛܲܝܲܒܼ ܠܲܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܩܕܼܵܡ ܬܲܪ̈ܡܝܵܬܹܗ ܕܥܵܠܡܵܐ. ܘܲܦܬܲܚ̣ ܦܘܼܡܹܗ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܠܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ: ܡܵܢܵܐ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܐܘܿ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ؟ ܩܪܘܿܒܼ ܡܸܟܹܿܝܠ ܘܲܥܒܸܕܼ ܡܸܕܸܡ ܕܲܦܩܝܼܕܼ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ.","english":"Now that one who had commanded to seize and bring Christians from place to place, went out in haste with eagerness, and they seized and brought not only men and women of the laity, but also bishops, priests, and deacons.\n\nWhen the multitudes of the priests saw the ranks of the magi and the loud voice of their praises, many were greatly agitated, for they thought it was a tumult. And Tahyaz Gard went up to that place which is called Beth Teta, where martyrs had been slain in the days of King Shapur. And he sat upon the seat of judgment, and he set before those magi all the instruments of the demons, various and diverse, and said to them: \"Thus has King Yazdgard commanded: that if there be those who do not obey his kingdom and his commands, and do not do his will, and do not worship the great god the Sun, and do not honor the fire and the waters in the name of Hormizd, your lives shall be destroyed in these.\" And with the demons there were also sixteen elephants, which they brought in order to trample all those who do not deny Christ. But the blessed Isaac took the instruments of the demons and kissed them, and placed them upon his eyes and said: \"Peace to these irons, through which I shall enter that palace of the Roman kingdom, and shall enjoy the cool shadows of the light which has been prepared for us by our Lord Christ from before the foundations of the world.\" And he opened his mouth and said to the judge: \"What are you standing for, O judge? Approach now and do whatever you are commanded.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܗܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Tahyaz Gard is a Persian title or name, possibly a military or judicial official, not otherwise attested in Syriac sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬ ܬܹܬܐ","severity":"info","text":"Beth Teta is a location in the region of Karka d-Beth Slok, associated with earlier martyrdoms under Shapur II (309–379 CE).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܲܙܕ ܓܲܕܪ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Yazdgard I (399–420 CE) was a Sasanian king known for intermittent persecution of Christians; the text here presents his command as demanding sun-worship and veneration of fire and water.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܝܼ̈ܠܹܐ ܫܸܬܿܬܲܥܤܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The 'sixteen elephants' are a distinctive detail, possibly symbolic or reflecting a historical memory of Sasanian use of war elephants in executions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܪܝܼܟܼܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from the judge's threat to Isaac's response, marking a hagiographic turn: Isaac's blessing of the instruments contrasts with the judge's coercion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܐ̈ܢܲܝ ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'instruments of the demons' is ambiguous: it may refer to actual torture devices or to Zoroastrian cultic objects; the text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Tahyaz Gard' is uncertain: it may be a title or a personal name.","The 'instruments of the demons' could be either torture implements or Zoroastrian ritual objects.","The number sixteen for elephants may be symbolic or literal; no external confirmation exists."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ܡܸܛܠ ܕܲܚܢܲܢ ܟ̱ܠܲܢ ܗܵܐ ܡܛܲܝܒܼܝܼܢܲܢ ܕܲܢܡܘܼܬܼ ܚܲܕܲܝܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܚܠܵܦ ܫܡܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܲܢ ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ. ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܫܡܲܥ̣ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ: ܦܩ݂ܲܕܼ ܘܡܲܬܼܚܘܼܬܝ ܠܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܥܲܠ ܐܼܲܪܥܵܐ ܒܐܲܪܒܿܥܵܐ ܗܲܕܵܡܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܘܲܢܩܲܫ̣ܘ ܤܸܟܹ̈ܐ ܒܐܝܼܕܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܘܲܒܼܪܸ̈ܓܼܠܵܘܗܝ. ܘܤܲܪܩ̣ܘܼܗܝ ܠܦܲܓܼܪܹܗ ܒܡܲܤܪ̈ܩܹܐ ܕܦܲܪܙܠܵܐ: ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܲܚ̣ ܒܸܤܪܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܵܘܗܝ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܡܬܼܝܼܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܫܘܿܥܵܐ ܕܒܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ: ܘܤܵܩ̇ܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܹܗ ܪ̈ܲܫܝܼܥܹܐ: ܕܡܹܗ ܪܵܕܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܢܵܚܹ̇ܬܼ ܠܦܸܩܥܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ܆ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܗ̤ܘ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܢܲܓܲܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ: ܕܢܹܐܬܼܘܿܢ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܐܲܤܝܼܪܝܼܢ ܡܸܛܠ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܠܒܹܝܬܼ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܓܸܢ̄ܒܼ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ ܘܢܸܫܬܲܐܠܘܼܢ. ܘܐܸܢ ܗ̤ܘ ܕܠܵܐ ܟܵܦ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܒܲܫܡܹܗ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ: ܐܲܟܼܘܵܬܹܗ ܕܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܢܸܬܼܢܲܓܿܕܼܘܼܢ. ܥܲܡܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܕܲܟܼܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܘܲܓܼܒܲܝ̈ܵܐ: ܟܲܕ ܝܼܕܲܥ̣ܘ ܕܲܩ̣ܪܸܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܕܒܹܗ ܡܸܬܼܟܲܠܠܝܼܢ: ܐܸܬܼܟܲܢܲܫ̣ܘ ܠܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܪ̈ܵܥܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܡܲܪ̈ܥܝܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܘܲܥ̣ܒܲܕܼܘ ܩܘܼܕܵܫܵܐ: ܘܐܸܫܬܵܘܬܲܦ̣ܘ ܒܐ̄ܪ̈ܵܙܹܐ ܡܲܚ̈ܝܵܢܹܐ. ܘܥܲܦܸܩ̣ܘ ܘܢܲܫܸܩ̣ܘ ܠܲܚ̈ܕܼܵܕܹܐ ܒܢܘܼܫܩܬܼܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܢܦܲܩ̣ܘ ܟܲܕ ܛܥܝܼܢܝܼܢ ܨܠܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܘܐܵܙ̇ܠܝܼܢ ܒܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܼܵܐ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܚ̣ܙܵܐܘܼܗܝ ܠܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܕܲܡܬܼܝܼܚ ܘܤܵܪܩܝܼܢ ܠܹܗ ܠܓܼܘܼܫܡܹܗ: ܐܲܪܝܼܡ̣ܘ ܩܵܠܗܘܿܢ ܘܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼܘ ܬܸܫܒܿܘܿܚܬܼܵܐ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ.","english":"Because the judge, when he heard these things, commanded and stretched out the holy Isaac upon the ground on his four limbs, and they drove stakes into his hands and his feet, and they scraped his body with iron combs until his flesh was separated from his bones. And when he was stretched out upon the mound of Beth Teta, and the wicked ones were going up to him, he would descend and go down into that hollow which is in Beth Teta. And while that holy one was being tortured, Tahmazgard commanded that all those who were imprisoned for the sake of Christ should be brought to the prison which is beside Beth Teta, and be examined. And if they did not deny the name of Christ, they should be tortured like Isaac. But the people of the holy and chosen Christians, when they knew that the time of their crown had come, gathered together in the church with their pastors and their flocks, and they celebrated the liturgy, and they partook of the life-giving mysteries, and they embraced and kissed one another with the holy kiss, and they went out bearing the cross and went in procession as far as Beth Teta. And when they saw the holy Isaac stretched out and his body being scraped, they raised their voices and gave praise to God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"The name Tahmazgard (Syriac ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ) is a Persian compound, likely meaning 'strong-bodied' or 'fierce warrior', reflecting the Sasanian administrative context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Beth Teta (Syriac ܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ) is a toponym in the region of Karka d-Beth Slok, possibly a mound or hollow used as a site of execution; its exact location is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܥ̣ܒܲܕܼܘ ܩܘܼܕܵܫܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they celebrated the liturgy' (Syriac ܘܲܥ̣ܒܲܕܼܘ ܩܘܼܕܵܫܵܐ) marks a structural pivot from the judge's commands to the Christians' collective preparation for martyrdom, emphasizing liturgical unity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܡܲܤܪ̈ܩܹܐ ܕܦܲܪܙܠܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The scraping of Isaac's body with iron combs (Syriac ܒܡܲܤܪ̈ܩܹܐ ܕܦܲܪܙܠܵܐ) parallels the torture of the martyr Simeon bar Ṣabbaʿe in the Acts of the Persian Martyrs, a common hagiographic motif.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܐܸܫܬܵܘܬܲܦ̣ܘ ܒܐ̄ܪ̈ܵܙܹܐ ܡܲܚ̈ܝܵܢܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they partook of the life-giving mysteries' (Syriac ܘܐܸܫܬܵܘܬܲܦ̣ܘ ܒܐ̄ܪ̈ܵܙܹܐ ܡܲܚ̈ܝܵܢܹܐ) reflects the Syriac Christian emphasis on the Eucharist as preparation for martyrdom, a theme in later hagiographic reception.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܢܦܲܩ̣ܘ ܟܲܕ ܛܥܝܼܢܝܼܢ ܨܠܝܼܒܼܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they went out bearing the cross' (Syriac ܘܲܢܦܲܩ̣ܘ ܟܲܕ ܛܥܝܼܢܝܼܢ ܨܠܝܼܒܼܵܐ) is textually uncertain; the verb form ܛܥܝܼܢܝܼܢ may be a scribal error for ܛܥܝܼܢܝܼܢ (they carried), but the sense is clear from context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact location of Beth Teta is not specified beyond being a mound with a hollow; the reading assumes it is a known execution site near Karka d-Beth Slok.","The name Tahmazgard may be a title or a personal name; the reading follows the Syriac transcription as a proper name."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ܘܚܲܝ̣ܠܘܼܗܝ ܠܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܘܠܲܒܿܒܼܘܼܗܝ: ܕܠܵܐ ܬܸܬܼܩܲܛܲܥ ܠܹܗ ܒܐܘܼ̈ܠܨܵܢܹܐ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ. ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ: ܘܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܢܸܦܛܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܲܚ̣ܘ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܵܘܗܝ ܕܩܲܕܿܝܼܫܵܐ: ܘܐܵܘܚܸܕܼܘ ܒܗܘܿܢ ܢܘܼܪܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܝܸܗ̣ܒܲܬ̤ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܫܲܠܗܹܒܼܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܢܘܼܪܵܐ ܒܓܲܪ̈ܡܵܘܗܝ ܕܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ: ܘܩܲܪܝܼܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܲܢܫܲܢܸܐ ܠܘܵܬܼ ܡܵܪܹܗ: ܐܲܪܝܼܡ ܩܵܠܹܗ ܘܒܲܪܸܟܼ ܠܤܸܕܼܪ̈ܵܘܗܝ ܕܝܼܤܪܵܝܹܠ ܕܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: ܘܐܸܟܼܠܲܠ̣ ܒܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܦܲܩܕܼ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܢܲܝܬܿܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܠܟܼܵܗܢܵܐ ܙܲܗܝܵܐ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ: ܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܠ. ܘܩܲܪܒܼܘܼܗܝ ܠܗܵܝ̇ ܕܘܼܟܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܒܼܵܗ̇ ܡܲܬܼܚܘܼܗܝ ܠܢܲܨܝܼܚܵܐ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ: ܘܦܲܤܸܩ̣ܘ ܐܝܼܕܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܘܪܵܕܹ̇ܐ ܕܡܹܗ ܘܢܵܚܹ̇ܬܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܗܵܘ̇ ܦܸܩܥܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ. ܘܟܸܢ ܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܠܹܗ ܘܠܸܫܬܝܼܢ ܠܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܕܥܲܡܹܗ: ܠܢܲܚܠܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܡܲܕܼܢܚܹܵܗ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ. ܗܸܢ̣ܘܿܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܩܲܕܿܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܟܲܕܼ ܪܵܗܛ̇ܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܩܲܠܝܼܠܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܘܲܡܗܲܠܠܝܼܢ ܒܲܙܡܝܼܪ̈ܵܬܹ ܕܕܼܵܘܝܼܕ: ܐܸܬ݂ܼܵܘ ܠܕܼܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܨܲܠܝܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܠܦܲܚܹܗ ܕܡܵܘܬܵܐ. ܘܲܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ: ܘܲܩ̣ܪܵܘ ܩܕܼܵܡܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܟܬܼܵܒܼܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܕܲܪ̈ܓܹܐ ܘܡܵܘ̈ܗܒܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܫܘܼ̈ܠܛܵܢܹܐ ܠܟܼܠ ܕܟܼܵܦܲܪ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ. ܘܟܼܠ ܕܠܵܐ ܡܸܬܿܛܦܝܼܣ ܘܟܼܵܦܲܪ: ܤܲܝܦܵܐ ܢܘܼܪܵܐ: ܢܸܓܼܕܹ̈ܐ: ܤܪ݁ܵܩܹܐ. ܥܢ̣ܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܕܼ ܦܘܼܡ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪܘ: ܡܵܘ̈ܗܒܼܵܬܹܗ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܢܸܗܘ̈ܝܵܢ: ܘܫܘܼ̈ܠܛܵܢܹܐ ܘܕܲܪ̈ܓܹܐ ܠܲܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܢܸܬܸܿܠ. ܠܲܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܠܲܢ ܤܝܼܡܬܼܵܐ ܒܲܫܡܲܝܵܐ: ܕܠܵܐ ܓܵܝܙܵܐ ܠܥܵܠܲܡ.","english":"and his strength and his heart, that he might not be cut off by these torments. The judge commanded, and they brought salt and rubbed the bones of the saint, and they kindled a fire. And when the fiery voice of the fire was given forth among the bones of the righteous one, and he was near to departing to his Lord, he raised his voice and blessed the orders of Israel of God, and he completed a good martyrdom. And the judge commanded that after him they bring the pure priest John, the bishop of his own Karka. And they brought him to that place where they had stretched out the righteous Isaac, and they cut off his hands, and they threw him down into that pit of the house of Teta. And also they brought after him and the rest of the six others with him, to the place east of the house of Teta. The holy ones, however, when they were running quickly and praising with the psalms of David, they came to that place which was destined for the pit of death. And the judge commanded, and they read before them the king's edict, which contained ranks and gifts and authorities for everyone who denies Christ. And for everyone who does not submit and denies, the great sword, cords, and combs. The holy ones answered with one voice and said: The gifts of the king are for him, and the authorities and ranks are for others. But for us there is a treasure in heaven, which is not exhausted forever.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܲܪ̈ܓܹܐ ܘܡܵܘ̈ܗܒܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܫܘܼ̈ܠܛܵܢܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The triad 'ranks, gifts, and authorities' describes the inducements offered in the royal edict for apostasy, a standard motif in martyr narratives to contrast worldly reward with heavenly treasure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܲܙܡܝܼܪ̈ܵܬܹ ܕܕܼܵܘܝܼܕ","severity":"info","text":"The holy ones run while praising with the 'psalms of David,' a direct reference to the Psalter, which was a core liturgical and devotional text in Syriac Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܬܼܵܒܼܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'king's edict' read before the martyrs reflects the Sasanian practice of issuing royal decrees (often in the name of the shah) to enforce Zoroastrian orthodoxy during persecutions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܟܸܢ ܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܠܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'also they brought after him' marks a narrative transition from the death of Isaac to the introduction of John and the remaining six, structuring the account as a sequential martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܲܝܦܵܐ ܢܘܼܪܵܐ: ܢܸܓܼܕܹ̈ܐ: ܤܪ݁ܵܩܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The list of punishments—'great sword, cords, combs'—parallels the tortures described earlier in the Isaac episode (iron combs, stakes), reinforcing the repetitive pattern of persecution in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܝܼܡܬܼܵܐ ܒܲܫܡܲܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The martyrs' claim of a 'treasure in heaven' echoes a common topos in Syriac martyr literature, later influential in monastic and hagiographic traditions as a symbol of spiritual reward.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܘܟܸܢ ܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܠܹܗ' could be read as 'they brought also after him' or 'they also brought after him'; the translation takes the former, implying sequential addition of martyrs.","The location 'ܒܹܝܬܼ ܬܹܬܵܐ' (Beth Teta) is not identified elsewhere; it may be a toponym or a descriptive phrase ('house of the fig tree')."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ܘܡ̣ܢ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܡܤܲܟܹܿܝܢܲܢ ܠܡܲܚܵܢܲܢ ܠܡܵܪܲܢ ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ: ܕܗ̤ܘ ܢܫܲܚܠܸܦ ܦܲܓܼܪܵܐ ܕܡܘܼܟܵܟܲܢ: ܕܢܸܗܘܸܐ ܒܲܪ ܕܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܦܲܓܼܪܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܒܼܚܹܗ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܫܡܲܥ̣ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ: ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܥܲܠ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ: ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܦܲܤܸܩ̣ܘ ܪܸ̈ܓܼܠܵܘܗܝ: ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܩܲܛܲܥ̣ܘ ܠܸܫܵܢܹܗ: ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܚܲܨܝܼܘ ܥܲܝܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܢܫܲܛ̣ܘ ܡܸܫܟܵܐ ܕܪܹܫܹܗ. ܘܲܠܫܘܼܠܵܡ ܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܗܘܿܢ: ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ: ܘܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܩ̈ܢܲܝܵܐ ܘܲܫܒܸܫ̈ܬܹܐ: ܘܲܒܼܥ̣ܵܘ ܥܲܝܛܪܵܢܵܐ ܕܢܸܡܫܚܘܼܢ ܩܲܝ̈ܤܹܐ. ܘܥܲܝܛܪܵܢܵܐ ܒܐܲܬܼܪܲܢ ܠܵܐ ܐܸܫܟܲܚ̣ܘ. ܘܲܡܫܲܚ̣ܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܢܸܦܛܵܐ: ܘܐܵܘܬܸܒܼܙ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܠܩܲܕܼܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܒܲܡܨܲܥܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܠܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܒܪܹܫܗܘܿܢ. ܘܐܵܘܚܵܕܼܘ ܢܘܼܪܵܐ ܒܩܲܝ̈ܤܹܐ: ܘܐܵܘܩܸܕܼܘ ܦܲܓܼܪ̈ܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܕܐܲܬܼܠܹܝ̈ܛܹܐ: ܘܗܵܟܲܢܵܐ ܐܸܫܬܲܡ̣ܠܝܼܘ ܒܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܚܠܵܦ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ. ܗܵܘܹ̇ܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܒܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ: ܐܲܦܸܤܩܿܦܵܐ: ܘܕܼܵܕܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܘܫܘܼܒܼܚܵܠܝܼܫܘܼܿܥ ܘܒܵܘܟܼܬܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܩܲܫܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܕܥܲܡܿܗ: ܘܥܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܘܲܬܼܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܝܼܕܼܝܼ̈ܥܹܐ ܘܲܡܗܲܝ̈ܡܢܹܐ: ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ ܒܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ: ܒܗܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܘܐܲܪܒܿܥܵܐ ܒܐܵܒܿ ܝܲܪܚܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܡ ܥܪܘܼܒܼܬܼܵܐ: ܕܐܝܼܬܹܝܗ̇ ܫܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܫܸܬܼ ܕܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܨܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ.","english":"and from there they began to kindle a fire to our Lord Jesus Christ, that he might change the body of Mār Mākīs, which was a mortal body, into the body of his glory. And when the judge heard, he commanded the torturers, and some cut off his feet, and some cut out his tongue, and some gouged out his eyes, and some flayed the skin of his head. And at the end of their torments, the judge commanded, and they brought reeds and rushes, and they sought a vessel of oil to anoint the wood. But the vessel of oil was not found in the place. And they anointed them with pitch, and they placed the saints in the midst, and Mār Yōḥannān the bishop at their head. And they set fire to the wood, and they burned the bodies of the athletes, and thus they were perfected in martyrdom for the sake of Christ. Now these were in number: the bishop, and Dādīshōʿ, and Shūbḥālīshōʿ, and Bāwkhtīshōʿ, the presbyters with him, and twenty-two known and faithful men from the city. These were crowned on the first day, on the twenty-fourth of the month of Āb, on the day of Friday, which is the sixth Sabbath after the fast of the Apostles.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܡܵܪܝ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac title ܡܵܪܝ (Mār) is an honorific meaning 'my lord' or 'saint', used for bishops, saints, and clergy. Here it precedes the name of the bishop Yōḥannān and the martyr Mākīs.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܐܲܬܼܠܹܝ̈ܛܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ܐܲܬܼܠܹܝ̈ܛܹܐ (athletes) is used in Syriac hagiography for martyrs, drawing on the metaphor of athletic contest (ἆθλος) for Christian witness. The term underscores the heroic, agonistic framing of the persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The martyrdom is dated to the first day (of the persecution?), the 24th of Āb (August), on a Friday, which the text identifies as the sixth Sabbath after the fast of the Apostles. This places the event in late summer, likely in the Sasanian period.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܨܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'fast of the Apostles' is a period of fasting observed in Syriac Christianity from mid-June to the feast of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June). The sixth Sabbath after this fast would fall in early August, consistent with the date given.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܗܵܟܲܢܵܐ ܐܸܫܬܲܡ̣ܠܝܼܘ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'thus they were perfected' (ܐܸܫܬܲܡ̣ܠܝܼܘ) is a standard hagiographic formula marking the completion of martyrdom. It signals the narrative climax and transitions to the concluding list of names and date.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܡܫܲܚ̣ܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܢܸܦܛܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The text states that the torturers anointed the saints with pitch (ܢܸܦܛܵܐ) after failing to find oil. The reading is clear, but the logic of anointing victims with pitch before burning is unusual; it may reflect a confusion with bitumen used in Sasanian executions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'from there they began to kindle a fire to our Lord Jesus Christ' is ambiguous: it may mean the fire was kindled as an offering to Christ, or that the fire was kindled for the purpose of martyrdom in Christ's honor. The Syriac preposition ܠ can express either.","The number of martyrs: the text lists the bishop, three presbyters, and twenty-two men, but the total is not explicitly summed. The phrase 'these were in number' may imply a larger group, but the list is incomplete."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"p ܘܲܒܼܥܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܘܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܕܠܵܒܿ ܒܝܘܿܡ ܫܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ: ܐܲܦܸܩ̣ܘ ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܕܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇: ܕܒܼܵܗ̇ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܠܲܬ̤ ܤܝܼܥܬܼܵܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܬܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܡ̇ܘܿܪ̈ܵܘܗܝ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܐܲܠܦܹ̈ܐ ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ: ܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܕܲܫܡܵܗܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܟܬܼܝܼܒܼܝܼܢ ܒܲܟܼܬܼܵܒܼܵܐ ܕܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ: ܘܲܢܦܲܩ̣ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ: ܘܲܒܼܢ̣ܵܘ ܥܠܵܬܼܵܐ: ܘܐܲܠܲܨܲܘ̣ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܠܟܲܪ̈ܟܼܵܝܹܐ ܕܲܢܕܲܒܿܚܘܼܢ. ܘܲܩ̣ܥܵܘ ܚܲܝ̈ܦܠܬܼܵܢܲܝ ܒܐܲܠܵܗܗܘܿܢ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪܘ: ܚܵܣ ܠܲܢ ܕܢܸܫܒܿܘܿܩ ܠܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܚܠܵܦܲܝܢ ܕܸܒܼܚܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܢܕܲܒܲܚ ܠܫܹ̈ܐܕܹܐ ܡܵܪ̈ܘܿܕܹܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܲܥ̣ܕܝܼܘ ܥܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܐܘܼ̈ܠܨܵܢܹܐ ܪܵܘܪ̈ܒܹܐ: ܗܸܢ̣ܘܿܢ ܝܲܬܿܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܡܸܬܼܚܲܠܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ. ܘܠܲܒܼ̈ܢܲܝ ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܩܠܹܝܪܘܿܣ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܗܘܿܢ: ܕܲܫܡܵܗܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܐܝܼܤܚܵܩ ܥܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܘܐܸܬܼܪܓܸܡ̣ܘ ܒܟܹ̈ܐܦܹܐ ܒܡܲܤܩܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܠܥܸܠ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܸܢܵܪ ܩܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܠܢܫܹ̈ܐ ܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܒ̈ܢܵܬܼ ܩܵܝܡܵܐ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܙܩܲܦ̣ܘ ܐܸܢܹܝܢ ܒܦܸܠܓܹܗ ܕܡܲܤܩܵܢܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇: ܘܲܪܓܲܡ̣ܘ ܐܸܢܹܝܢ ܥܲܠ ܙܩܝܼܦܲܝ̈ܗܹܝܢ. ܘܠܲܐܒܼܪܵܗܵܡ ܘܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܡܲܥܢܹܐ: ܚ̣ܦܲܪܘ ܕܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܒܪܹܫܹܗ ܕܡܲܤܩܵܢܵܐ: ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܕܐܸܬܼܪܓܸܡ̣ܘ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܸܤܛܲܦܵܢܘܿܣ: ܘܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܪܡܹܝܢ ܒܗܘܿܢ ܦܲܪ̈ܙܠܹܐ ܩܫܲܝ̈ܲܐ. ܘܫܲܪܟܵܐ ܕܓܼܘܼܕܵܐ ܡܒܲܪܲܟܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ: ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ ܒܕܼܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܝܸܩܼܕܼܘ ܒܵܗ̇ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܒܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ.","english":"and on the twenty-fifth of his month, on the day of Sabbath, they brought her out to that place where the first company of the three thousand from the Hamoraeans of Karka was crowned, whose names are written in the book of life. And Tahm-Yazdgird went out, and they entered the upper chambers, and they compelled them to sacrifice to the gods. And they cried out with all their strength in their God and said, \"It is fitting for us that we leave Christ to be a sacrifice in our place, and we sacrifice to the rebellious demons.\" And when they inflicted great torments upon them, they became even more strengthened in Christ. And the sons of the service of the clergy who were there, whose names were Isaac, 'Alaihun, and Etrgemo, they stoned with stones on the ascent above the village of Kfar. And the two women, Bat Qayma, from the same Karka, they crucified on the middle of that ascent, and they stoned them on their crosses. And for Abraham, Shim'un, and Ma'ne, they dug a place at the top of the ascent, where they stoned them in the place of the stadium, and they brought them while they were bound with heavy iron chains. And the rest of the band from the blessed three thousand were crowned in that place where they burned in the house of Yohanan on the first day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"The name Tahm-Yazdgird is a compound of Middle Persian elements, likely meaning 'strong-created by God' or similar, and identifies a Zoroastrian official or judge in the Sasanian administration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'book of life' (ܟܬܵܒܵܐ ܕܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ) is a common Syriac Christian metaphor for the divine record of the blessed, often used in martyrdom accounts to indicate heavenly reward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the martyrdom of the three thousand from Karka d-Beth Slok, detailing the execution of specific groups: clergy, women, and named individuals, before summarizing the fate of the rest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܲܬ ܩܵܝܡܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Bat Qayma' (ܒܲܬ ܩܵܝܡܵܐ) is a Syriac term for a female covenant member, a consecrated virgin or deaconess in the early Syriac church, indicating her special religious status.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'stadium' (ܐܸܣܛܲܦܵܕܘܿܣ) refers to a Greco-Roman athletic or judicial venue, repurposed here as a site of execution, reflecting the urban setting of Karka d-Beth Slok under Sasanian rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the rest of the band from the blessed three thousand were crowned' may imply a summary execution, but the text does not specify the manner of their death, leaving ambiguity about the completeness of the account.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise location of 'the ascent above the village of Kfar' is not identified in the text.","The relationship between the 'first company' of three thousand and the subsequent groups is unclear; the narrative may conflate multiple events."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ܕܒܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܐܲܒܼܪܵܗܵܡ ܕܹܝܢ ܘܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܡܲܥܢܹܐ ܕܲܪܫܝܼܡܝܼܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܥܸܠ: ܫܲܕܲܪܘ ܥܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܦܲܝ̈ܓܹܐ: ܘܲܡܚ̣ܵܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܒܓܹܐܪܹ̈ܐ ܒܹܗ ܒܚܸܦܪܵܐ ܕܝܵܬܼ̇ܒܿܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܲܚܸܡ̣ܘ ܨܸܨܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܕܼܥܲܨܘܼ ܒ̈ܒܼܵܒܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܥܲܝܢܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ: ܥܲܡ ܨܸܵܨܸ̈ܐ ܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܫܓܼܝܼܪܝܼܢ ܒܢܘܼܪܵܐ: ܕܒܲܙܲܥܘ ܒܗܘܿܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܕܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ. ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ ܒܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܪܹܝܢ: ܒܥܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܘܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܒܐܵܒܿ: ܒܝܘܿܡ ܫܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܒܼܝܵܡܵܐ ܕܚܲܕܼܒܿܫܲܒܵܐ: ܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܠܟܼܘܼܠܵܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܢܲܨ̈ܝܼܚܹܐ: ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ: ܘܐܲܦܸܩ̣ܘ ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܕܼܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ: ܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ ܘܲܬܼܫܲܥܡܵܐܐ ܘܐܲܪܒܿܥܝܼܢ ܢܲܦܫ̈ܢ: ܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܕܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܘܼܪ̈ܝܵܐ ܘܲܡܕܝܼ̈ܢܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܪ̈ܲܚܝܼܩܵܢ ܘܲܕܼܩܲܪ̈ܝܼܒܲܢ: ܟܲܕܼ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܥܲܡܗܘܿܢ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܝܼܣ ܕܫܲܗܵܪܓܲܪܕ: ܘܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܼܦܵܐ ܕܠܵܫܘܿܡ: ܘܲܕܼܡܵܚܘܿܙܵܐ: ܘܲܕܼܚܸܪܒܲܬ̤ ܓܠܵܠ: ܘܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܕܲܪܵܐ ܩܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܬܢܲܫ̣ܘ: ܠܐܲܦܸܤ̈ܩܘܿܦܹܐ ܐܵܘܬܸܒܼ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܦܟܡܼܪܝܼܢ: ܘܠܲܦܠܲܓܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܐܲܥܸܠ̣ܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܤܝܼ̈ܥܵܢ ܤܝܼ̈ܥܵܢ ܠܫܘܼܐܵܠܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܘܕܝܼܘ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܘܠܵܐ ܟܦܲܪܘ: ܘܐܸܫܟܲܚ̣ܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܚܲܢ̈ܦܹܐ: ܕܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܚܕܼܵܐ ܢܦܸܫ ܘܲܚܕܼܵܐ ܐܲܪܥܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܠܗܘܿܢ: ܐܲܩ̣ܝܼܡ ܥܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ: ܐ̄ܢܵܫܵܐ ܡܲܪ̈ܵܚܹܐ ܘܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܪ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ: ܡܓܼܘܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ.","english":"of the house of Abraham, David, and Simeon, and Ma'ne, who are inscribed above, they sent executioners against them, and they struck them with arrows in the pit where they were sitting. And they heated spits and pressed them against the openings of their eyes, along with other spits that were heated in fire, so that they burned their bodies, those of the confessors. These were crowned on the second day, on the twenty-fifth of Ab, on the day of Sabbath. And on the day of the first of the week, the third day of the crowning of all the confessors, Tahm-Yazdgerd commanded, and they brought her out to that place, the house of judgment, eighty thousand nine hundred and forty souls, those who were brought from the villages and cities, both far and near, while with them was the metropolitan of Shahar-Gerd, and the bishop of Lashom, and of Damokhoza, and of Khirbat-Galal, and the bishop of the village of Dara. And when they were assembled, they placed the bishops separately, bound, and that portion of the saints they brought in, groups upon groups, for interrogation. And when all had confessed and not denied, and they were found guilty, that all of them had one soul and one faith, the judge set over them, a cruel and merciless man, a magian, like three thousand.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'house of judgment' (beth dina) denotes a judicial or execution site, not a physical building; it is a standard Syriac term for a tribunal in martyr narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Tahm-Yazdgerd is a Persian official, likely a Zoroastrian mobad or judge, whose name combines 'Tahm' (strong) and 'Yazdgerd' (made by God), reflecting Sasanian onomastics.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ ܘܲܬܼܫܲܥܡܵܐܐ ܘܐܲܪܒܿܥܝܼܢ ܢܲܦܫ̈ܢ","severity":"info","text":"The number 80,940 souls is a precise tally, likely symbolic or hagiographic, as such large figures are common in Syriac martyr acts to emphasize the scale of persecution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܝܼܣ","severity":"info","text":"Metropolitan (mitrapoleites) is a Greek loanword in Syriac, denoting a senior bishop overseeing multiple dioceses; here, the metropolitan of Shahar-Gerd leads a group of bishops.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܓܼܘܼ̈ܫܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'magian' (mgoshe) refers to Zoroastrian priests or officials, often depicted as persecutors in Syriac martyr literature, reflecting the religious conflict under Sasanian rule.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܝܟܼ ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'like three thousand' is ambiguous: it may compare the judge to the earlier group of 3,000 martyrs (line 1), or indicate a numerical approximation; the Syriac ܐܲܝܟܼ suggests simile, not exact count.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number 80,940 may be symbolic rather than historical; the phrase 'like three thousand' is ambiguous between simile and numerical reference."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ܘܲܠܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܚ̣ܪܲܒܼܘ ܒܤܲܝܦܵܐ: ܘܲܠܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܐܲܫܠܸܡ̣ܘ ܠܝܲܩܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܢܘܼܪܵܐ: ܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܐܸܬܼܢ̣ܤܲܪܘ: ܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܐܸܬܼܪܓܸܡ̣ܘ: ܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܐܲܪܡ̣ܝܼܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܚܲܠܵܐ ܘܒܲܪܓܲܢܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܚܲܪܕܠܵܐ ܒܦܘܼܡܗܘܿܢ ܘܲܒܼܥܲܝܢܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܘܒܲܢܚܝܼܪ̈ܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܡ̣ܝܼܬܼܘ. ܘܲܒܼܦܵܤܝܼ̈ܩܵܬܼܵܐ ܠܡܹܐܡܲܪ: ܒܢܸܓܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܘܲܒܼܡܵܘ̈ܬܹܐ ܡܫܲܚ̈ܠܦܹܐ ܫ̣ܪܵܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܐܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ: ܕܢܸܥܒܿܪܘܼܢ ܠܐܲܬܼܪܗܘܿܢ ܘܢܹܐܙܠܘܼܢ ܠܝܵܪܬܿܘܼܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܕܐܝܼܬܹܝܗ̇ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܘܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܫܠܵܡܵܐ. ܘܗܵܝܕܹܿܝܢ ܐܸܫ̣ܬܲܕܲܪ ܚܲܕܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܲܠܝܼ̈ܛܵܢܹܐ ܕܥܲܡ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܕܪ: ܠܘܵܬܼ ܐܲܦܸܤܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܠܥܸܠ ܪܫܝܼܡܝܼܢ. ܘܐܸܬ݂ܼܵܐ ܘܫܲܐܸܠ̣ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܕܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܪܹܫܟܼܘܿܢ؟ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܫܬܲܬܲܩ̣ܘ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ: ܐܲܤܝܼܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܛܲܠܝܵܐ ܚܲܕܼ ܒܲܪ ܐܲܪܡܲܠܬܼܵܐ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܕܲܫܡܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܝܼܢܕܿܘܿܝ: ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܝܼܢܕܿܘܿܢ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܝܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܫܵܒܼܘܿܪ: ܒܥܸܠܬܹܗ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܝܼܢܕܿܘܿܢ ܐܸܬܲܬ̤ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ. ܩܵܡ̣ ܓܹܝܪ ܓܲܢ̄ܒܵܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܒܼ̈ܗܵܬܼܵܐ: ܐܸܬܼܚܲܝܲܠܘ ܐܲܒܼܵܗܲܝ̈ܢ ܒܡܵܪܲܢ ܘܠܵܐ ܬܸܕܼܚܠܘܼܢ: ܘܗܲܒܼܘ ܦܸܬܼܓܼܵܡܵܐ ܠܲܒܼܥܸܠܕܒܼܵܒܹ̈ܐ. ܘܐܸܢ ܠܵܐ: ܗܲܒܼܘ ܫܲܠܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܪܹܫܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܘܲܚܢܲܢ ܡܩܲܒܿܠܝܼܢܲܢ ܚܠܵܦܲܝܟܘܿܢ ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܕܪ̈ܵܕܼܘܿܦܹܐ.","english":"And the rest of the saints perished by the sword; and the rest were delivered to the fire of the furnace. Some were imprisoned, some were stoned, and some had salt and vinegar poured into their mouths, and into their eyes and nostrils, until they died. And in brief: with various tortures and deaths they began to remove the blessed ones from this world, so that they might enter their place and go to their inheritance, which is light, life, and peace. Then one of the officials who was with Tahmiz-Gadr was sent to these bishops who are inscribed above. And he came and asked them, \"Do you bow your heads?\" And when all of them were silent, a certain youth, a widow's son from the city, whose name was Diadoy, like the first Diadoy in the days of Shapur, was bound there. For this Diadoy, the metropolitanate came to the city. He stood up manfully and said to the fathers: \"Take courage, our fathers, in the Lord and do not fear, and give an answer to the enemies. And if not, give the salutation to the wickedness of the city, and we will receive the demons of the persecutors in your stead.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܝܼܢܕܿܘܿܝ","severity":"info","text":"The name Diadoy (Syriac ܕܝܼܢܕܿܘܿܝ) is a transliteration of the Greek Διάδοχος, meaning 'successor'. The text explicitly compares this figure to an earlier Diadoy from the days of Shapur, suggesting a lineage of ecclesiastical office.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܕܪ","severity":"info","text":"Tahmiz-Gadr (Syriac ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܕܪ) is a Persian official name, likely a compound of Tahmiz (a Zoroastrian theophoric element) and Gadr (meaning 'worthy' or 'noble'). This reflects the Sasanian administrative presence in Karka d-Beth Slok.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܒܼܦܵܤܝܼ̈ܩܵܬܼܵܐ ܠܡܹܐܡܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'and in brief' (Syriac ܘܲܒܼܦܵܤܝܼ̈ܩܵܬܼܵܐ ܠܡܹܐܡܲܪ) functions as a narrative summary marker, condensing a catalogue of tortures into a general statement about the martyrs' removal from the world. This is a common hagiographic device.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܫܠܵܡܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'light, life, and peace' (Syriac ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܘܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܫܠܵܡܵܐ) echoes New Testament language for the heavenly inheritance (cf. John 8:12, 14:27; Acts 2:28). The triad is a standard eschatological motif in Syriac martyr literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܸܬܲܬ̤ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the metropolitanate came to the city' (Syriac ܐܸܬܲܬ̤ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ) is ambiguous: it may mean that Diadoy brought the metropolitan see to Karka, or that he was appointed metropolitan there. The text does not clarify the precise ecclesiastical event.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܕܪ̈ܵܕܼܘܿܦܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'demons of the persecutors' (Syriac ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܕܪ̈ܵܕܼܘܿܦܹܐ) inverts the Zoroastrian demonology: the persecutors are demonized, while the martyrs are sanctified. This rhetorical reversal is typical of Syriac martyr acts and reinforces the cosmic struggle between good and evil.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the first Diadoy in the days of Shapur is not specified; it may refer to a known bishop or martyr from the earlier Sasanian persecutions.","The phrase 'give the salutation to the wickedness of the city' (Syriac ܗܲܒܼܘ ܫܲܠܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܪܹܫܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ) is obscure: it may mean to submit to the city's evil authorities or to offer a greeting to the personified wickedness."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ܗܵܝܕܹܿܝܢ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܫܵܥܬܵܪܐ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܕܫܲܗܵܪܓܲܪܕ ܘܐܲܦܸܤܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܕܥܲܡܹܗ: ܫܠܸܡ̣ܘ ܘܲܟܼܬܲܒܼܘ ܘܲܛܒܲܥ̣ܘ ܒܲܟܼܬܼܵܒܼܵܐ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪܘ: ܕܠܵܟܼ ܙܵܕܼܩܵܐ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܘܿ ܛܲܠܝܵܐ: ܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܐܹܠܝܼܵܐ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܘܕܼܵܘܝܼܕܼ ܛܲܠܝܵܐ: ܒܫܵܥܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܕܐܘܼܠܨܵܢܵܐ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇ ܐܸܫܬܲܪܪܲܬ̤ ܒܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܪܹܫܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܼܠܹܝܛܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܤܵܡ̣ܘ ܐܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܘܒܲܪܟܼܘܼܗܝ ܒܗܘܿܢ ܒܐܲܤܘܼܪ̈ܲܝܗܘܿܢ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܚ̣ܙܵܘ ܚܲܢ̈ܦܹܐ ܕܲܒܼܫܘܼܒܼܗܵܪܗܘܿܢ ܩܵܝܡ̇ܝܼܢ ܟܪܸ̈ܤܛܝܵܢܹܐ: ܘܲܒܼܩܵܢܘܿܢܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܕܠܵ ܕܸܚܠܵܐ ܪܵܕܹܝܢ: ܚ̣ܪܲܒܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܒܤܲܝ̈ܦܹܐ. ܘܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܑܬܼ ܩܛܲܠ̣ܘ ܠܲܫܒܝܼܝܼܚܵܐ ܕܝܼܢܕܿܘܿܢ: ܘܗܵܝܕܹܿܝܢ ܠܐܲܦܸܤ̈ܩܘܿܦܹܐ ܘܠܲܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܥܲܡܗܘܿܢ: ܕܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܘܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܘܼܟܼܵܐ ܕܘܼܟܵܐ. ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܚܕܼܵܐ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܫܒܼܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܙܵܕܘܿܩ: ܕܲܫܡܵܗ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܝܼܪܝܼܢ: ܗܵܕܹܐ ܠܲܚܡܵܐ ܐܵܦ̇ܵܝܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܒܒܲܝܬܵܗ̇. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܫܸܡ̣ܥܲܬ̤ ܕܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܫܸܒܼܩܲܬ̤ ܠܠܲܚܡܵܗ̇ ܘܲܠܠܲܝܫܵܗ̇ ܒܐܵܨܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܕܸܒܼܪܲܬ̤ ܠܲܬܼܪܹܝܬ ܒܢܹܝ̈ܗ̇ ܥܲܡܵܗ̇: ܚܲܕܼ ܥܲܠ ܟܲܬܼܦܵܗ̇ ܘܚܲܕܼ ܒܐܝܼܕܼܵܗ̇. ܘܪܸܗܛܲܬ̤ ܘܐܸܫܟܲܚ̣ܬܹܗ ܠܕܼܝܵܢܵܐ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ: ܠܬܲܚܬܿ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܵܘܪܵܐ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܠܒܼܝܼܟܼܵܐ ܒܲܦܓܼܘܼܕܬܹܗ ܕܤܘܼܤܝܵܐ ܕܲܪܟܼܝܼܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ: ܐܵܘܡ̣ܝܵܬܹܗ ܦܵܪܤܵܝܼܬܼ: ܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܓܼܠܙܝܼܗ̇ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܘܼܪܚܐ ܕܒܼܵܗ̇ ܐܸܫ̣ܬܲܕܲܪܘ ܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ. ܘܲܥܛܲܦ̣ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܬܵܗܲܪ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܲܨܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ.","english":"Then, at that very hour, the metropolitan of Shahargerd and the bishops with him submitted, wrote, and sealed a document, and said: \"This metropolitanate is not fitting for you, O youth, which was for Elijah the Second and David the youth, in this hour of distress.\" And from that day, the primacy of the metropolitanate was established in Karka. And they laid hands on him and blessed him in their bonds. And when the impious saw the confessors standing in their prison and proceeding without fear, they became enraged and fell upon them with swords. And first they killed Shabiyyiha, whom they knew; then the bishops and the rest with them, some from Karka and some from various places. But a certain woman from the neighborhood of Beth Zadoq, whose name was Shirin, was baking bread in her house. And when she heard that the saints had been crowned, she left her bread and her dough in the oven, and took her two daughters with her, one on her shoulder and one in her hand. And she ran and found the judge Tahmizgard, beneath the cave. And when he was confused by the command of the horse he was riding, she adjured him in Persian, that he should not turn aside from the path by which the holy martyrs had been sent. And the judge turned aside, as he marveled at her zeal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'metropolitan' (Syriac mīṭrāpōlīṭā) reflects the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Church of the East, with jurisdiction over a province.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܲܗܵܪܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Shahargerd (Šahargerd) is a location in the region of Karka d-Beth Slok, likely a town or district in the Sasanian province of Beth Garmai.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܝܼܪܝܼܢ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Shirin' (Šīrīn) is Persian in origin, common in Sasanian and early Islamic contexts, indicating the cultural milieu of the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܼܝܵܢܵܐ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"The judge Tahmizgard (Ṭahmīzgard) bears a Persian name, reflecting the Sasanian administrative and judicial presence in the region.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the appointment of a metropolitan to a martyrdom scene, then to a woman's heroic act, illustrating a composite narrative style typical of Syriac hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܵܘܡ̣ܝܵܬܹܗ ܦܵܪܤܵܝܼܬܼ","severity":"info","text":"Shirin's adjuration in Persian (Syriac: ʾāwmīyāteh pārsāʾīt) highlights the linguistic diversity of the region and the role of women in interceding with authorities.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Elijah the Second' and 'David the youth' is unclear; they may be earlier bishops or martyrs. The location of the cave (Syriac: ḥāwrā) is unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܲܦܝܼܤܵܗ̇ ܠܐܲܢ̄ܬܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܢܼܦܘܼܫ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܵܗ̇: ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܒܹܗ ܩܵܝܵܡܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ: ܘܠܵܐ ܐܸܬܿܛܦܝܼܤܲܬ̤: ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܥܠܹܝܗ̇: ܘܐܸܫܬܿܩܸܠ̣ ܪܹܫܵܗ̇ ܒܤܲܝܦܵܐ ܘܕܲܒܼܪܵܗ̇ ܗܵܘ̇ ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ. ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܹܝܢ ܒܪܵܗ̇ ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ: ܢܦܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܫܠܲܕܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܹܗ ܘܕܲܐܚܘܼܗܝ ܟܲܕܼ ܒܵܟܹ̇ܐ: ܘܫܵܩܹ̇ܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܸܡܗܘܿܢ: ܘܫܵܐܹ̇ܦ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܥܲܝܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܘܲܒܼܓܼܘܼܫܡܹܗ. ܘܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܘܚܲܢ̈ܦܹܐ ܫܵܩ̇ܠܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܹܗ ܠܘܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܘܲܡܫܲܕܠܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܹܗ ܒܡܵܘ̈ܗܒܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ: ܗ̤ܘ ܠܘܵܬܼ ܫܠܲܕܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܸܡܹܗ ܘܕܲܐܚܘܼܗܝ ܪܵܗܹܛ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ. ܘܢܵܦܹ̇ܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ: ܘܲܡܢܲܫܸܩ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܒܵܟܹ̇ܐ. ܘܗܵܝܕܹܿܝܢ ܩܲܛ̣ܠܘܼܗܝ ܚܲܪ̈ܡܹܐ ܘܐܵܦ ܠܹܗ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܕܐܸܬܼܩܲܛܲܠ̣ܘ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ: ܦܬܲܚ̣ ܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܥܲܝܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܛܲܗܡܝܿܙ ܓܲܪܕ: ܘܲܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܤܸܒܠܬܼܵܐ ܕܤܝܼܡܵܐ ܒܐܲܪܥܵܐ: ܘܪܹܫܵܗ̇ ܡܵܛ̇ܐ ܠܲܫܡܲܝܵܐ: ܘܤܵܠ̇ܩܝܼܢ ܒܵܗ̇ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܐܸܬܼܩܲܛܲܠܘ ܡܸܢܹܗ. ܘܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܠܥܸܠ ܡܸܢܵܗ̇: ܘܤܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܟܠܝܼ̈ܠܹܐ ܗܕܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܡܲܫܒܼܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ. ܘܡܸܚܕܼܵܐ ܐܲܫܬܲܚ̣ܠܲܦ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܹܗ ܕܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܠܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܲܩܥ̣ܵܐ ܘܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܒܩܵܠܵܐ ܪܵܡܵܐ: ܕܐܸܢܵܐ ܟܪܸܤܛܝܵܢܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܲܝ: ܐܲܝܟܼ ܢܒܼ̈ܝܼܵܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܥܠܵܘܗܝ. ܘܐܵܠܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܢܲܦܫܹܗ ܘܒܼܵܟܹ̇ܐ: ܘܡܸܬܼܟܲܫܲܦ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ: ܕܲܢܚܲܤܸܐ ܠܹܗ ܕܡܵܐ ܕܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܕܐܸܬܼܐܫܸܕܼ ܡܸܢܹܗ. ܘܟܲܕܼ ܫܡܲܥ̣ ܝܲܙܕܓܲܪܕ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܕܐܲܪܦ̣ܝܼ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܕܪ ܠܲܡܓܼܘܼܫܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܐܵܘܕܝܼ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ: ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܕܲܒܼܢܸ̈ܓܼܕܹܐ ܢܸܫܬܲܐܲܠ.","english":"And when he had persuaded the woman, the wife of Pāpūs, from her mind—that in which she was standing—and she was not persuaded, he commanded concerning her, and her head was taken by the sword, and that elder carried her away. As for her young son, he fell upon the corpse of his mother and his brother while weeping, and he was taking from their blood and smearing it on his eyes and on his whole body. And however much the judge and the executioners took him to them and tried to entice him with gifts and words, he would run to the corpses of his mother and his brother, and fall upon them and embrace them while weeping. And then the executioners killed him also. And after these had been killed, the Lord opened the eyes of Ṭahmīz Gard, and he saw a ladder set in the earth, whose top reached the heavens, and all those who had been killed by him were ascending it. And the Lord stood above it and placed upon them ready, glorious crowns. And immediately the mind of the judge was changed to repentance, and he cried out and said in a loud voice: \"If there is a Christian, let him come, because of the deeds that are upon him.\" And he swore at himself and wept, and he besought Christ to hide him from what the martyrs who had been slain by him had done. And when King Yazdgird heard that Ṭahmīz Gard had abandoned Magianism and confessed Christ, he commanded concerning him that he be interrogated with tortures.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܗܡܝܿܙ ܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Ṭahmīz Gard is a Persian name; the second element may be a title or epithet. The text distinguishes him from the judge (ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ) earlier, but here he is the same figure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܲܙܕܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Yazdgird I (r. 399–420) or Yazdgird II (r. 438–457) is the Sasanian king; the persecution context suggests the earlier reign, but the text does not specify.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܕܐܸܬܼܩܲܛܲܠ̣ܘ","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the martyrdom narrative to a visionary scene (the ladder) and the judge's conversion, marking a structural pivot from persecution to repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܤܸܒܠܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The ladder (ܤܸܒܠܬܼܵܐ) reaching heaven recalls Jacob's ladder (Gen 28:12) and is a common motif in Syriac martyr acts, symbolizing the martyrs' ascent.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܠܝܼ̈ܠܹܐ ܗܕܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܡܲܫܒܼܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'ready, glorious crowns' are a standard reward for martyrs in Syriac hagiography, echoing the crown of martyrdom (ܟܠܝܼܠܵܐ ܕܣܵܗܕܘܼܬܵܐ).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܲܦܝܼܤܵܗ̇","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase is textually uncertain; the reading 'when he had persuaded' is plausible but the Syriac verb form is ambiguous, possibly corrupt.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the woman (wife of Pāpūs) and her relation to the elder are unclear; the text does not explain why she was targeted.","The judge and Ṭahmīz Gard may be the same person; the narrative conflates them without explicit identification."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܲܥ̣ܠܘܼܗܝ ܠܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܘܠܲܐܤܘܼܪ݂̈ܬ ܘܠܲܚܒܼܘܼ̈ܫܝܹܐ ܘܲܠܡܲܚ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܠܲܤܪ̈ܵܩܹܐ: ܘܲܚ̣ܙܵܐܘܼܗܝ ܕܠܵܐ ܐܲܫܦܸܠ̣ ܒܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܵܐ: ܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ: ܕܒܲܙܩܝܼܦܵܐ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܪܹܫܹܗ ܢܸܬܿܬܿܠܸܐ. ܘܗܵܟܲܢܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ ܒܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ ܒܥܸܤܪܝܼܢ ܘܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܒܐܝܼܠܘܿܠ ܝܲܪܚܵܐ: ܒܝܘܿܡ ܬܪܹܝܢ ܒܫܲܒܵܐ. ܘܨܲܠܝܼ ܒܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܕܟܼܘܼܠܵܠܹܗ ܘܲܒܼܥ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: ܕܟܼܠܢܵܫ ܕܡܸܬܿܕܟܲܪ ܫܡܹܗ ܕܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ: ܒܟܼܠ ܐܘܼܠܨܵܢܵܐ ܘܟܼܘܼܪܗܵܢܵܐ ܐܲܝܢܵܐ ܕܗ̤ܘ: ܢܸܬܼܥܲܕܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ. ܗܵܢܵܘ ܗܵܟܹܝܠ ܙܢܵܐ ܕܟܼܘܼܠܵܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܬܪܸܥܤܲܪ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ: ܘܗܵܟܲܢ ܐܸܫܬܲܡ̣ܠܝܼܘ ܒܲܟܼܠܝܼ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܙܵܟܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܠܟܼܠܲܢ ܢܲܫܘܸܐ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܒܲܨ̈ܠܵܘܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ ܠܤܲܒܼܪܗܘܿܢ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ ܘܲܠܒܼܘܼܤܵܡܗܘܿܢ ܫܒܼܝܼܚܵܐ. ܡܵܪܘܿܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܢܵܐ: ܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܒܪܸܚܡܲܬܼ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܕܲܫܟܼܝܼܚܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܒܹܗ: ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܕܘܼܟܿܬܼܵܐ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܒܼܵܗ̇ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܝܪܵܐ: ܘܥܵܒܹ̇ܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܘܼܟܼܪܵܢܵܐ ܟܠ ܫܢܵܐ ܒܲܫܢܵܐ ܒܪܸܬܼܚܵܐ ܚܲܡܝܼܡܵܐ ܕܗܲܝܡܵܢܘܼܬܹܗ. ܗ̤ܘ ܥܲܡ ܡܵܪܝ ܒܵܒܼܘܿܝ ܩܵܬܼܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܐ ܟܲܢܸܫ̣ܘ ܤܘܼܢܗܵܕܼܘܿܣ ܕܐܲܦܸܤ̈ܩܘܿܦܹܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܓܲܪܲܡܲܝ ܐܵܦ ܕܚܲܕܝܲܒܼ: ܘܲܟܼܬܲܒܼܘ ܘܲܚܬܲܡ̣ܘ ܘܐܲܫܠܸܡ̣ܘ ܒܬܸܢܘܲܝ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܬܵܐ: ܕܢܸܗܘܸܐ ܥܹܐܕܼܵܐ ܕܕܘܼܟܼܪܵܢܵܐ ܠܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܝܵܘ̈ܡܝܼܢ ܒܫܲܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ: ܗܵܢܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ: ܒܲܥܪܘܼܒܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܫܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܚܲܕܼ ܒܿܫܲܒܵܐ ܕܫܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܫܸܬܼ ܕܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܨܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ.","english":"And when they had brought in the demons and the sorceries and the incantations and the blows and the spells, and he saw that he did not humble himself in the arena, the king commanded concerning him, that he be hanged by the neck on a stake. And thus the blessed Ṭahmīz Gard was perfected in the good martyrdom, on the twenty-fifth of the month of Elul, on the second day of the week. And he prayed in the blood of his whole body and asked from God, that everyone who remembers the name of Ṭahmīz Gard, in every distress and sickness wherever he may be, be helped by God. This then is the account of the whole of these twelve thousand martyrs, and thus they were crowned with crowns of victory. And may our Lord make all of us worthy of their prayers, of their true hope, and of their glorious joy. Our Lord, however, the blessed bishop of this Karka, by the mercy of God which was found in him, sought the place where the victorious ones of the monastery were perfected, and used to make a commemoration for them every hour at the hour, with the warm zeal of his faith. He, together with Mār Bābōy the Catholicos, and the synod of bishops of Beth Garmai and also of Ḥadyab, wrote and sealed and delivered in true faith, that there should be a feast of commemoration for these saints three days in the year. This, then, on the eve of the Sabbath and on the Sabbath and on the first day of the week of the sixth week after the fast of the Apostles.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܛܲܗܡܝܼܙ ܓܲܪܕ","severity":"info","text":"Ṭahmīz Gard is the name of a martyr in this passage; the Syriac form is given, and the English draft transliterates it.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Beth Garmai","severity":"info","text":"Beth Garmai was a region in the Sasanian Empire, corresponding roughly to modern Kirkuk, and was a center of Syriac Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Mār Bābōy the Catholicos","severity":"info","text":"Mār Bābōy was a Catholicos of the Church of the East in the late 4th to early 5th century, known for his role in synods and martyrdom accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"twenty-fifth of the month of Elul","severity":"info","text":"Elul is the sixth month of the Syriac calendar, corresponding to August–September. The date given is the 25th of Elul, on a Sunday (second day of the week).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"three days in the year","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with the establishment of a three-day feast for the martyrs, specified as the eve of Sabbath, Sabbath, and first day of the week of the sixth week after the fast of the Apostles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"feast of commemoration","severity":"info","text":"The synod of bishops, led by Mār Bābōy, decreed an annual three-day feast for the twelve thousand martyrs, indicating their liturgical veneration in the Church of the East.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number 'twelve thousand' may be symbolic or hyperbolic, as common in hagiographic literature.","The identity of the 'blessed bishop of this Karka' is not named in the passage, though he is distinguished from Mār Bābōy."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ܡܸܛܠ ܕܐܵܦ ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܕܚܲܕܝܲܒܼ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣: ܘܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܢܘܼܗܲܕܪܵܐ: ܘܐܲܦܸܤܩܘܿܦܵܐ ܕܡܲܥܲܠܬܼܵܐ: ܘܗܵܢ̇ܘܿܢ ܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܕܥܲܗܘܿܢ: ܕܲܒܼܗܵܝ̇ ܓܘܼܕܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܢܲܨܝܼ̈ܚܹܐ: ܘܗܵܐ ܟܬܼܝܼܒܼ ܘܤܝܼܡ ܒܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܪ̈ܟܹܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܕܲܡܕܝܼܢ̄ܬܼܵܐ ܡܝܛܪܦܘܠܝܛܐ: ܕܟܼܠ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܦܸܤ̈ܩܘܿܦܹܐ ܕܗܹܘܦܲܪ̈ܟܿܝܼܵܣ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ: ܕܲܡܒܲܛܸܠ ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܬܹ̇ܐ ܠܲܟܼܢܘܼܫܝܼܗܘܿܢ ܕܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ: ܤܛܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܕܟܼܘܼܪܗܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܕܐܵܢܲܢܩܹܐ ܕܓܼܵܕܼܫܵܐ: ܘܲܒܼܨܒܼܝܵܢܹܗ ܡܲܗܡܸܐ ܘܲܡܒܲܤܲܪ ܥܲܠ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܐܸܬܿܬܿܤ̣ܝܼܡ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܒܼ̈ܗܵܬܼܵܐ: ܠܲܡܫܲܡܠܵܝܘܼ ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܹܗ ܠܵܐ ܫܲܠܝܼܛ ܒܡܸܠܬܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܲܢ. ܗܵܢܵܘ ܢܸܨܚܵܢܗܘܿܢ ܬܡܝܼܗܵܐ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܘܥܲܡܠܵܐ ܕܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܗܘܿܢ ܫܒܼܝܼܚܵܐ ܕܤܪܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܙܗܲܝ̈ܐ ܘܐܲܬܼܠܹܝܛܹ̈ܐ ܙܪ̈ܝܼܙܹܐ. ܘܛܵܒܼ ܒܦܵܤܝܼ̈ܩܵܬܼܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܐܡ݂ܲܪ: ܘܤܵܒܲܪܬܢܵܐ ܕܤܵܦ̈ܩܵܢ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ: ܐܵܦܸܢ ܪ̈ܵܚܡܲܝ ܒܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܝܲܬܿܝܼܪ ܡܸܬܼܝܲܐܒܼܝܼܢ ܠܡܸܫܡܲܥ. ܚܢܲܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܐܲܝܲܚ̈: ܝܵܪ̈ܬܹܐ ܘܲܒܼ̈ܢܲܝܵܐ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܘܲܒܼܢܲܝ̈ ܝܵܪܬܿܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܡܟܲܠܠܵܢܗܘܿܢ: ܢܹܐܚܘܿܕܼ ܓܵܘܤܵܐ ܒܲܨ̈ܠܵܘܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ. ܘܢܸܬܼܟܲܫܲܦ ܠܡܵܪܗܘܿܢ ܡܵܪܵܐ ܕܓܼܵܘܵܐ: ܕܲܫܠܵܡܹܗ ܘܫܲܝܢܹܗ ܘܪ̈ܲܚܡܵܘܗܝ ܢܸܫܬܲܦܥܘܼܢ ܒܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܤܵܘ̈ܦܹܐ ܕܲܒܼܪܝܼܬܼܵܐ. ܘܲܢܢܲܛܲܪ ܥܹܕܬܹܗ ܒܲܚܢܵܢܹܗ: ܒܗܸܕܼܪܵܐ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܕܲܒܼܓܼܵܘܵܗ̇ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܓܸܠܝܵܢܹܗ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܫܡܲܝܵܐ: ܘܲܢܗܲܕܪܝܼܗ̇ ܒܒܼܘܼܤܵܡܵܐ ܕܪ̈ܵܥܵܘܵܬܼܵܗ̇ ܙܲܗܝ̈ܵܐ ܘܟܲܫܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܫܘܼܘܕܵܝܹܗ ܕܲܠܘܵܬܼܵܗ̇.","english":"one foot, and the metropolitan of Ḥadyab was crowned, and the bishop of Beth Qūḥadrā, and the bishop of Maʿalltā, and the other bishops of the region, who were crowned with great glory on that great wall. And it is written and placed in the archives of the church of the metropolis of the city of Mēṭrapōlīṭā, that every one of the bishops of the eparchies of Karkā who annuls or does not come to the commemoration of the glorious martyrs, except for the reason of illness or of the difficulties of the journey, and by his own will neglects and delays the canon that was established by the fathers, is not permitted to complete his service by his own word, without the Lord's word. This is the wonderful victory of the saints, and the labor of their contest is glorious, of the resplendent martyrs and the valiant athletes. And it is well said in the canons, and the good news of these sufferings is even more delightful for the lovers of learning to hear. But now, O heirs and seekers of the saints, and seekers of the inheritance of Christ who crowns them, take up the cause in their prayers. And beseech your Lord, the Lord of the world, that his peace, his tranquility, and his mercy may flow over all the ends of the earth. And adorn his Church with his truth, in the circle of the saints within her until his revelation from heaven, and adorn her with the splendor of her resplendent and virtuous thoughts, like his promise to her.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term mēṭrāpōlēṭā is a loan from Greek μητροπολίτης, designating a metropolitan bishop. Here it refers to the metropolitan of Ḥadyab, a region in northern Mesopotamia.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܩܘܼܗܲܕܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Beth Qūḥadrā is a toponym meaning 'house of the potter' or 'place of pottery,' likely a village or district within the ecclesiastical province of Karka d-Beth Slok.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܪ̈ܟܹܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the archives of the church' indicates an official ecclesiastical record-keeping practice. This suggests the text draws on documentary sources, lending authority to the disciplinary canon that follows.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܗܵܢܵܘ ܢܸܨܚܵܢܗܘܿܢ ܬܡܝܼܗܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a transition from the disciplinary canon to a doxological conclusion, praising the martyrs' victory and exhorting the audience to emulate them. The shift is signaled by the demonstrative 'this is'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܵܪ̈ܬܹܐ ܘܲܒܼ̈ܢܲܝܵܐ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The address to 'heirs and seekers of the saints' reflects a liturgical or homiletic context, inviting the community to participate in the martyrs' legacy. This suggests the text was read aloud in a church setting.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܢܢܲܛܲܪ ܥܹܕܬܹܗ ܒܲܚܢܵܢܹܗ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'adorn his Church with his truth' is ambiguous: the possessive 'his' could refer to Christ or to the Lord of the world mentioned earlier. The translation follows the antecedent 'your Lord' but the Syriac allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The possessive suffix in 'his truth' and 'his Church' could refer to Christ or to the Lord of the world; the English draft takes it as the latter.","The phrase 'by his own word, without the Lord's word' is syntactically compressed; the precise penalty for a bishop who neglects the commemoration is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ܘܲܠܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܤܝܼܢܲܝ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܫܟܼܝܼܢܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܝܬܼܵܐ: ܡܛܲܠܬܼܵܐ ܕܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܕܲܡܙܲܚܝܐ ܤܝܼܡܲܬܼ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܬܸܤܓܸܐ ܒܵܗ̇ ܬܸܫܒܿܘܿܚܬܼܵܐ ܘܬܹܐܪܲܒܼ ܒܵܗ̇ ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܼܵܐ: ܘܬܸܬܿܪܝܼܡ ܩܲܪܢܵܗ̇ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܲܫܡܲܝܵܐ: ܒܝܲܕܼ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܕܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ: ܟܹܐܦܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܬܼܵܐ ܕܫܲܕܼ̈ܝܵܢ ܒܕܼܵܪ̈ܘܗܝ. ܘܲܢܙܲܗܸܐ ܠܦܵܠܚܹ̈ܐ ܟܫܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒܼܓܼܵܘܵܗ̇ ܠܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܦܵܠ̇ܚܝܼܢ ܘܫܵܦ̇ܪܝܼܢ: ܕܲܡܫܲܡ̈ܫܵܢܹܐ ܕܙܲܕܝܼܩܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܕܼܩܲܕܝܼܫܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܬܚܵܘܸܐ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܛܲܝܒܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܝܬܼܵܐ: ܐܲܝܟܼ ܒܢܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܚܲܒܿܝܼ̈ܒܹܐ ܕܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ. ܘܲܠܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܐ ܕܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: ܢܲܨܝܼܚ ܒܲܥ̇ܒܼܵܕܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܝܵܐ: ܩܵܝܘܿܡܑܵ ܕܒܲܝܬܹܗ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܚܤܝܼܡܵܐ ܒܫܲܦܝܼܪ̈ܵܬܼܵܐ: ܕܲܒܼܪܘܼܬܵܢܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܦܵܠܲܚ̇ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܒܼܵܗܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܢܵܘܤܸܦ ܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܒܐܝܼܕܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܬܸܢܝܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܕܹܗ ܕܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ: ܒܟܼܠ ܬܵܘ̈ܤܦܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܒܼܘܼܪ̈ܟܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܫܡܲܝܵܐ ܘܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܪܥܑܵܐ: ܒܲܨ̈ܠܵܘܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ ܕܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܘܢܸܫܬܘܸܐ ܠܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܕܒܲܡܛܲܠܠܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ. ܕܲܠܗܵܘ̇̄ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܘܲܠܗܵܝ̇ ܬܸܫܒܿܘܿܚܬܼܵܐ ܢܲܫܘܸܐ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܐܠܵܗܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܟܠ: ܐܵܦ ܠܟܸܢܫܲܢ ܒܟܼܠ ܬܸܓܼܡܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܘܛܘܼܟܵܤܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܐܵܡܹܝܢ.","english":"And to the holy mountain, the second sign of the divine mystery: because of the light that shines from the bones of the saints, may praise increase in it and thanksgiving grow in it, and may its horn be raised up to the heavens by the power of the victorious ones, the holy stones of the martyrs in his generations. And it is fitting for the diligent workers who are within it to serve the Lord and to please him, that the ministers of righteousness and holiness may show the way of divine grace, like beloved friends of the victorious martyrs. And to the man of God, victorious in his service of the Lord, the steward of his holy house, sealed with virtues, who serves piously among his fathers, may the Lord add through his hands the fig of the hand of the sea, with all the additions of blessings from heaven and from earth, through the prayers of the saints, and may he drink from the light that shines upon them. To that light and to that praise, may our Lord Jesus Christ, God over all, make them equal, also to the church with all its orders and canons. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'holy mountain' likely refers to a site of martyr shrines near Karka d-Beth Slok, possibly a hill or tell associated with the city's Christian topography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܸܥܝܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܕܹܗ ܕܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fig of the hand of the sea' is obscure; it may be a metaphor for a small, precious offering or a local agricultural product, but its exact referent is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܪܲܢ ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܐܠܵܗܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܟܠ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'our Lord Jesus Christ, God over all' echoes New Testament doxologies (e.g., Rom 9:5) and Syriac liturgical formulas, reinforcing the Christological emphasis of the text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܸܢܫܲܥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'church' (ܟܸܢܫܲܥ) here likely refers to the local church of Karka d-Beth Slok, whose 'orders and canons' (ܛܘܼܟܵܣܵܘ̈ܗܝ) may denote its liturgical and administrative structures.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܵܡܹܝܢ","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with 'Amen', marking a liturgical or doxological closure, consistent with the hortatory and prayerful tone of the surrounding narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܸܥܝܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܕܹܗ ܕܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'fig of the hand of the sea' is uncertain; the Syriac may be corrupt or employ a rare idiom, and the English draft's rendering is tentative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'holy mountain' is not specified; it may be a local site or a symbolic reference.","The phrase 'fig of the hand of the sea' is obscure and may be a textual corruption or a unique metaphor.","The 'man of God' and 'steward of his holy house' could refer to a specific bishop or martyr, but the text does not name him."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ܟܲܕܼ ܐܵܦ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܵܘܕܥܝܼܢܲܢ: ܕܗܵܟܲܢܵܐ ܛܲܛܸܿܤ̣ܘ ܐܲܒܼܵܗܲܝ̈ܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܕܝܼܡ: ܕܲܒܼܝܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܥܪܘܼܒܼܬܼܵܐ ܢܸܗܘܸܐ ܕܘܼܟܼܪܵܢܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ: ܕܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܹܝܛܵܐ ܘܕܲܐܦܸܤܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܘܲܕܼܩܲܫܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܘܕܲܡܫܲܡ̈ܫܵܢܹܐ ܘܲܕܼܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܒܪܝܼܟܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܪܸܥܤܲܪ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ: ܕܡܸܛܠ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ: ܘܲܒܼܫܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܕܘܼܟܼܪܵܢܗܘܿܢ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ: ܐܲܒܼܵܗܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܕܤܵܗ̈ܕܼܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ܀ ܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܡܵܘ̈ܬܹܐ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܫܒܲܩ̣ܘ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܝ̈ܢܹܐ ܥܘ̈ܠܹܐ: ܕܥܲܠ ܤܵܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܕܲܢ̄ܒܵܪܲܝ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܐܲܝܬܝܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ؟ ܐܵܘ ܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܬܲܩܝܼ̈ܦܹܐ ܘܫܘܼܢܵܩܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܙܝܼ̈ܙܹܐ ܐܲܪܦ̣ܝܼܘ ܤܵܢܐܹܝ̈ܗ̇ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ: ܕܲܠܥܲܒܼܕܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܐܲܤ̣ܒܸܿܠܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ؟ ܐܵܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܟܵܤܹ̈ܐ ܕܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܘܕܲܡܪܵܪܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܗܡ̣ܝܼܘ ܒܥܸܠܕܒܼܵܒܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܥܲܡܲܢ: ܕܠܲܚܠܝܼ̈ܨܹܐ ܡܸܬܼܟܲܬܿܫܲܝ̈ ܒܚܲܝܠܗܘܿܢ ܒܐܘܼܠܨܵܢܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܠܵܐ ܐܲܫܩ̣ܝܼܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ؟ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܟܲܦܢܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܨܲܗܝܵܐ ܡܛܲܪܦܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ: ܘܕܼܵܐܹ̇ܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܦܲܓܼܪܗܘܿܢ ܘܡܲܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܟܲܕܼ ܥܠܹܝܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܪܹܫܗܘܿܢ ܒܛܲܗܪ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ: ܫܵܠܲܚ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܸܤܪܗܘܿܢ: ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ (ܕܲܒܼܦܘܼܫܵܚܵܐ؟) ܕܟܲܬܼܦܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ: ܒܲܡܬܼܵܚܵܐ ܕܓܲܒܼܪܹ̈ܐ: ܡܸܫܬܿܪܹܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܡܲܚ̈ܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܤܪ̈ܝܼܚܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܟܼܠܝܘܿܡ ܡܒܲܤܒܿܤܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ (ܠܓܲܒܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ؟) ܒܲܚܒܼܵܪ̈ܵܬܼܵܐ: ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ.","english":"And also this makes known: that thus our fathers ordained from the beginning, that on the day of Friday there should be the commemoration of the glorious martyrs, of the Metropolitans and the Bishops and the Priests and the Deacons and the blessed congregation of the Twelve Thousand, who for the sake of Christ were crowned; and on the Sabbath of the commemoration of the holy Apostles, the fathers of the glorious martyrs. Which bitter deaths did these evil persecutors leave undone, which they did not bring upon the martyrs? Or which strong demons and violent tortures did they spare the members of the Church, which they did not inflict upon the true servants of Christ? Or from which cups of pains and bitternesses did the enemies of our people drink, which they did not cause the steadfast ones, who were armed with their strength, to drink in their torments? Some were worn down by hunger and thirst, and their body withered and they died. And some, when they were pursued for their heads in the mountains, their flesh was stripped away, and they died. And some (by the splitting?) of their shoulders, by the stretching of men, were torn apart and died. And some by the violent blows of the club, they were crushed (on their sides?) with pickaxes, and they died.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܘܼܟܼܪܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term dukrānā (commemoration) is used for the liturgical memorial of martyrs and apostles, a key practice in Syriac Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܲܬܼܪܸܥܤܲܪ ܐܲܠܦܝܼ̈ܢ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Twelve Thousand' refers to a group of martyrs from Karka d-Beth Slok, a number that may be symbolic or traditional in local hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Which bitter deaths...","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from liturgical prescription to a rhetorical series of questions detailing tortures, a common hagiographic device to emphasize martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"cups of pains and bitternesses","severity":"info","text":"The metaphor of drinking from cups of suffering echoes biblical and early Christian martyrdom accounts, such as the cup of Christ's passion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܦܘܼܫܵܚܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac term pūšāḥā (splitting?) is uncertain; the text may be corrupt. The English draft marks it with a question, indicating a contested reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'by the splitting of their shoulders' is uncertain due to possible textual corruption; the reading 'splitting' is tentative.","The exact identity of the 'Twelve Thousand' martyrs is not specified; it may be a traditional number rather than a precise historical count."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܡܵܙܘܿܪ̈ܝܵܬܼܵܐ ܩܲܫ̈ܝܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܦܢܵܬܼ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܘܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܡܬܲܒܿܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܟܲܕܼ ܦܟܼܝܼܪܝܼܢ: ܒܥܲܪܝܵܐ ܘܒܲܓܼܠܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܫܵܕܹܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ: ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܝܵܒܹ̇ܫ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܓܘܼܫܡܗܘܿܢ: ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܬ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܡܲܤܦܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܕܚܝܼܠܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܩܲܠܝܼܠ ܒܸܤܪܗܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܲܪ̈ܡܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܫܵܩ̇ܠܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܒܲܢܫܵܛܵܐ ܩܲܫܝܵܐ: ܡܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܡܸܫܟܿܗܘܿܢ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܡܲܫܠܝܼܚܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܡܲܤܵܪܹ̈ܐ: ܪܗܝܼܒܼܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܚܘܼܡܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܚܲܨ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܢܵܤ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܡܲܩܕܚܹ̈ܐ: ܥܲܙܝܼܙܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܚܲܫܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܩܘܼܪ̈ܨܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܡܲܒܙܥܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܨܠܵܦܹ̈ܐ ܕܩܲܢܝܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܩܵܘ̈ܡܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ ܤܵܕܼܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܡܲܬܢܹ̈ܐ ܥܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܚܵܠ̇ܨܝܼܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܚܲܕܼ ܚܲܕܼ ܥܲܡ ܒܸܤܪܵܐ ܘܲܓܼܝܵܕܹ̈ܐ ܫܵܡ̇ܛܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ. ܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܒܲܪܓܼܘܼܡܝܵܐ ܕܟܹ̈ܐܦܹܐ: ܕܠܵܐ ܪ̈ܲܚܡܝܼܢ ܡܦܲܥܥܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܘܡܵܝ̇ܐܝܼܢ. ܤܛܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܸܢ̈ܕܹܐ ܐ̄ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܕܐܵܦ ܢܚܝܼܪ̈ܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܦܵܤ̇ܩܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܐܸܕܢܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܘܨܸܒܼ̈ܬܼܗܘܿܢ ܡܩܲܛܥܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܥܲܝܢܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܡܥܵܘܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܫܵܩܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܘܒܼܘܼܪ̈ܟܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܒܐܲܪ̈ܙܦܵܬܼܵܐ ܡܬܲܒܿܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼܿ ܕܒܲܟܼܪ̈ܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܪܸ̈ܓܼܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܬܵܠܹ̇ܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܚܸܨ̈ܦܹܐ ܬܚܹܝܬܼ ܫܚܵܘܬܼ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܡܛܲܦܹܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܘܡܵܝ̇ܬܝܼܢ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܡܲܪ̈ܤܘܼܦܹܐ ܩܸܛܡܵܐ ܡܵܠܹ̇ܝܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܪܹ̈ܫܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܒܗܘܿܢ ܡܵܘܫܛܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ.","english":"And there were those whose shins and bones were broken with heavy maces, and they died. And there were those who, when they were weary, they would throw them into snow and ice until their bodies dried up and they died. And there were those who, with swords, violently and quickly cut their flesh from their bones, and they died. And there were those who, with a harsh rod, cruelly stripped their skin from them and they died. And there were those who, with saws, violently bound their loins and they died. And there were those who, with branding irons, fiercely pierced their ankles with great pain and they died. And there were those who set up crosses of reed upon their heights and pressed down upon them, and one by one they tore away their flesh and sinews and they died. There were those who, with a catapult of stones, mercilessly struck them and they died. Apart from other torments, they also cut off their nostrils and cut off their ears and their fingers, and they gouged out their eyes, and they broke their shins and their knees with clubs. And there were those who hung them by the sinews of their feet. And there were those who placed hot coals under their armpits and they died. And there were those who filled mortars with ash and thrust their heads into it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܙܘܿܪ̈ܝܵܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term māzōryātā (maces) is a plural form of a Persian loanword (MP māzōr), denoting a heavy club or mace used as an instrument of torture.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܲܪܓܼܘܼܡܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term bār gōmiyā (catapult of stones) is a compound of bar (son of) and gōmiyā (stones), likely a calque from Persian or Greek, referring to a stone-throwing engine used in executions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage catalogues diverse torture methods, reflecting the hagiographic topos of enumerating sufferings to emphasize the martyrs' endurance, common in Syriac martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage employs a repetitive anaphoric structure (ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕ... 'And there were those who...') to list distinct tortures, creating a rhythmic catalog that heightens the rhetorical impact.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of breaking bones with maces and cutting flesh with swords parallels descriptions in the Martyrdom of Simeon bar Ṣabbāʿē and other East Syriac passion accounts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܲܪ̈ܤܘܼܦܹܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The term marsūpē (mortars) is uncertain; it may derive from Greek μάρσιππος (bag) or Syriac ܪܣܦ (to pound), but the context of filling with ash and thrusting heads suggests a torture device.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise identification of some torture instruments (e.g., marsūpē) is uncertain due to rare or hapax usage.","The phrase 'sinews of their feet' (ܪܸ̈ܓܼܠܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܬܵܠܹ̇ܝܢ) may refer to hanging by the Achilles tendons, but the exact method is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܚܲܠܵܐ ܘܒܲܪܓܲܢܬܼܵܐ ܒܲܢܚܝܼܪ̈ܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܢܵܤ̇ܟܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ: ܘܡܸܢܹܗ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܘܐܵܦ ܒܲܚܒܼܵܪ̈ܵܬܼܗܘܿܢ ܫܵܝ̇ܦܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܡܚܲܛܹ̈ܐ ܬܚܹܝܬܼ ܛܸܦܪ̈ܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܕܠܵܐ ܚܵܘܤܵܢ ܡܫܲܦܕܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܐܝܼܬܼ ܕܲܒܼܫܲܘܼ̈ܩܹܐ: ܕܟܼܘܼܒܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ (ܠܵܐ ܡܫܲܦܹܒܝܢ؟) ܝܘܿܡ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܘܿܡ ܢܸܓܼܕܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܡܚܲܕܬܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܘܬܲܫܢܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܥܲܙܝܼ̈ܙܹܐ ܘܲܩ̈ܫܲܝܵܐ: ܪܹ̈ܫܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܒܤܲܝܦܵܐ ܫܵܩ̇ܠܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ. ܫܸܠܡܲܬ̤ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܤܠܘܿܟܼ: ܘܲܕܼܤܵ̈ܗ̈ܕܹܐ ܩܲܕܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܕܒܹܗ ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ ܘܐܸܬܼܢܲܨܲܚܘ ܒܤܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܚܠܵܦ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܘܦܵܪܘܿܩܲܢ ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ.","english":"And there were those whose shins and bones were broken with heavy maces, and they died. And there were those who, when they were weary, they would throw them into snow and ice until their bodies dried up and they died. And there were those whose nails were pierced with thorns without mercy. And there were those in the markets whose wounds were not healed, and from day to day their sinews were renewed. And after all these severe and harsh torments and afflictions, they would cut off their heads with a sword. The end of the history of Karka d-Beth Slok, and of the holy martyrs who were crowned and triumphed in it in the good martyrdom for the sake of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܠܡܲܬ̤ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'The end of the history' marks the formal conclusion of the work, typical of Syriac martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'were crowned' (ܐܸܬܼܟܲܠܲܠ̣ܘ) is a standard Syriac martyrological term for martyrdom, evoking the crown of victory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"'Good martyrdom' (ܣܵܗܕܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܬܼܵܐ) is a fixed phrase in Syriac hagiography, emphasizing the salvific quality of the death.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܪܟܼܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܤܠܘܿܟܼ","severity":"info","text":"Karka d-Beth Slok (modern Kirkuk) was a major city in the Sasanian Empire, and its Christian community suffered persecution under Shapur II.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology naming 'our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ' is a standard liturgical formula, reinforcing the work's use in communal reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-486","label":"source edition: History of Karka d-Beth Slok","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/486"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text has a lacuna or uncertain reading in the phrase about wounds in the markets (ܠܵܐ ܡܫܲܦܹܒܝܢ?), which the English draft renders as 'were not healed'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}