{"slug":"dsc-360","id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-360","title":"On the Denial of Peter","title_source":"On the Denial of Peter","author":"Jacob of Serugh","genre":"other","date":"Late 5th/early 6th century CE","tradition":"syriac","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T05:27:37Z","cost_usd":0.016465},"source":{"registry_id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-360","work_id":"dsc-360","edition":"syriac","language":"","license":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"},"stats":{"passages":25,"english_words":6537,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":14525,"commentary_units":144,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":46,"work_notes":5,"external_links":2,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"dsc-360","abstract":"This mimro (verse homily) by Jacob of Serugh dramatizes the dialogue between Peter and Christ following Peter's denial of Jesus before the crucifixion. Written in elevated Syriac, the poem explores themes of humility, trial, and redemption, using typological echoes such as the binding of Isaac. The work survives in multiple manuscripts but lacks precise dating within Jacob's corpus (late 5th–early 6th century). Its reception appears limited to manuscript circulation rather than liturgical use.","historical_context":"Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521 CE) was a prominent Syriac poet-theologian of the Church of the East, active in the region of Serugh (modern Suruç, Turkey). This mimro belongs to his corpus of metrical homilies (memre) composed for monastic and ecclesiastical audiences. The poem reflects the Syriac exegetical tradition of dramatizing biblical narratives, particularly the passion story. Its focus on Peter's denial engages with broader Christian debates on apostolic fallibility and redemption. The text survives in multiple Syriac manuscripts, though no critical edition specifies the manuscript base; variant readings may exist. Unlike some of Jacob's works, this mimro was not adopted into the West Syriac liturgical tradition, indicating a more limited circulation among learned readers.","significance":"The mimro offers a rare poetic treatment of Peter's denial, a moment often glossed over in patristic literature. It showcases Jacob's rhetorical skill and his use of Syriac typology (e.g., Isaac as type of Christ). The work also illuminates the theological and literary culture of the late antique Syriac-speaking churches, where verse homilies served both catechetical and devotional purposes.","timeline":[{"date":"Late 5th–early 6th c.","event":"Composition of the mimro by Jacob of Serugh (traditional attribution)"},{"date":"c. 451–521 CE","event":"Lifetime of Jacob of Serugh"},{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Earliest manuscript copies (inferred from survival patterns)"},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Continued manuscript transmission in Syriac monasteries"},{"date":"Modern era","event":"First modern editions and translations (no specific edition cited)"}],"relations":[{"work":"On the Denial of Peter","relation":"Part of Jacob of Serugh's corpus of memre","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Syriac passion narratives","relation":"Shares typological motifs (e.g., Isaac typology)","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Gospel of Matthew (26:69–75)","relation":"Biblical source for Peter's denial","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Homilies of Ephrem the Syrian","relation":"Influences Jacob's poetic and exegetical style","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Jacob of Serugh","label":"Jacob of Serugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh","reason":"Biographical context for the author"},{"key":"wikipedia:Syriac Christianity","label":"Syriac Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity","reason":"Religious and cultural background"}],"cautions":["The attribution to Jacob of Serugh is traditional and lacks firm external evidence for this specific mimro.","The date of composition is uncertain; it is placed within Jacob's lifetime (late 5th–early 6th c.) but not precisely datable.","The manuscript base for the edition is not specified; variant readings may exist in unconsulted witnesses.","The English translation may not capture all nuances of the Syriac original, especially poetic meter and wordplay."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000402,"generated":"2026-11-15T05:25:21Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Digital Syriac Corpus text","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"},{"kind":"authority","label":"syriaca.org work record","url":"http://syriaca.org/work/8841"},{"kind":"authority","label":"syriaca.org author record","url":"http://syriaca.org/person/42"}],"checks":{"work":"dsc-360","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":25,"translated":25,"commentary_passages":25,"commentary_units":144,"english_words":6537,"source_letters":22792,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The poem presents a dramatic dialogue between Peter and Christ, framed as a mimro. Its register is elevated and rhetorical, typical of Jacob’s verse homilies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob of Serugh died circa 521 CE. This mimro is traditionally assigned to him, but no firm external evidence dates it precisely within his corpus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac text survives in multiple manuscripts, but the edition does not specify the manuscript base. Variant readings may exist in unconsulted witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This mimro is not known to have been used in the West Syriac liturgical tradition, unlike some of Jacob’s other works. Its reception appears limited to manuscript circulation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft provided is a modern rendering; it may not reflect all nuances of the Syriac original, especially wordplay and poetic meter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 25 narrative."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: Luke 1:28."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":25},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:dsc-360":{"label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ܬܘܼܒܼ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܕܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܡܵܪܝ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ\nܡܐܡܪܐ ̣ ܟܐ ̣\nܕܥܲܠ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ̣\nܒܫܵܥܬܼܵܐ ܕܕܼܝܼܢܵܟܼ ܐܲܨܸܕܼ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܝ ܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ:\nܦܩܘܿܕܼ ܠܝܼ ܐܹܡܲܪ ܥܲܠ ܡܘܼܟܵܟܵܟܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܚܵܐܹ̇ܫ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ܀ ܠܓܼܵܘ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܥܲܠ̣ܘ ܚܘܼ̈ܫܵܒܲܝ ܢܸܫܬܲܥܘܿܢܵܟܼ:\nܬܲܡܵܢ ܗܲܒܼ ܠܝܼ ܐܸܚܙܸܐ ܬܲܗܪܵܐ ܕܡܲܟܿܝܼܟܼܘܼܬܼܵܟܼ܀ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܚܒܲܨ ̣ ܥܲܠ ܗܵܘܢܵܐ ܘܩܵܡ̣ ܚܵܐܲܪ ܒܵܟܼ:\nܗܲܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܢܸܬܼܢܸܐ ܡܹܐܡܪܵܐ ܕܕܼܝܼܢܵܟܼ ܥܲܬܿܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܡܲܕܥܵܐ ܟܲܣܝܵܐ ܘܪܘܼܚܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܩܕܼܡ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ:\nܚ̣ܙܵܟܼ ܘܲܬܼܗܲܪ ܒܵܟܼ ܕܲܒܼܗܝܼܠܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܗܵܐ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ܀ ܠܲܐܝܟܵܐ ܕܲܕܼܚܸܠ̣ܘ ܐܵܦ ܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܘܦܵܫ̣ܘ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܘ ܡܸܢܵܟܼ:\nܥܸܠܲܬ̤ ܡܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܬܡܲܠܸܠ ܫܘܼܦܪܵܐ ܕܡܲܟܿܝܼܟܼܘܼܬܼܵܟܼ܀ ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܕܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܵܟܼ:\nܬܲܡܵܢ ܒܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܦܘܼܡܵܐ ܒܨܝܼܪܵܐ ܕܢܵܘܕܹܐ ܕܝܼܢܵܟܼ܀ ܚܘܼܒܵܟܼ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܢܸܠܒܲܫ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܝ ܦܵܪܘܿܫܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܘܲܢܡܲܠܸܠ ܒܹܗ ܒܫܲܪܒܵܐ ܕܕܼܝܼܢܵܟܼ ܚܲܒܿܝܼܒܼܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܒܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܦܘܼܡܵܐ ܕܲܢܡܲܠܸܠ ܠܵܟܼ:\nܕܐܵܦ ܠܵܟܼ ܚܘܼܒܵܟܼ ܢܲܓܼܕܵܟܼ ܬܸܚܲܫ ܡܸܛܠܵܬܲܢ܀ ܐܵܬ̤ܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܐܲܒܼܵܐ ܩܸܛܠܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܕܲܒܼܪܹܗ:\nܕܐܲܚܒܹܗ ܠܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܢܲܫܠܸܡ ܠܝܼܚܝܼܕܼܵܝܹܗ܀ ܗܵܐ ܟܡܵܐ ܐܲܚܒܲܢ ܕܲܒܼܪܹܗ ܠܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܘܲܦܪܲܩ̣ ܠܲܢ:\nܒܹܗ ܒܗܵܘ̇ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܢܡܲܠܸܠ ܡܵܕܹܝܢ ܥܲܠ ܦܵܪܘܿܩܲܢ܀ ܩܛܝܼܪܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ:\nܕܠܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܕܚܲܣܝܼܢ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܩܲܢܵܝܵܘ̈ܗܝ܀","english":"Again of the holy Mār Ya‘qōb.\nMemrā 21.\nOn the Denial of Simon,\nat the hour of your trial, sharpen my thought, son of God:\nCommand me to speak of your humility, while I am in fear.\nInto the house of trial, your thoughts have entered and been troubled.\nThere, grant that I may see the wonder of your humility.\nIn the house of the cross, he pressed upon the air and stood looking at you.\nGrant him the word of your rich discourse.\nHidden and spiritual understanding before the judge:\nHe saw you and marvelled at you, how hastily you stand there.\nWhere even the disciples feared and were scattered from you.\nThe cause of the word will tell the beauty of your humility.\nWhere Simon the rock denied that he knew you.\nThere, a small mouth is needed to confess your trial.\nYour love, my Lord, has clothed my thought in a distinct manner,\nAnd let it speak in the narrative of your beloved trial.\nOnly through love can a mouth speak of you,\nSo that your love may recount your story, and I may feel for your sake.\nThe great sign of the love of the Father is the slaying of his son,\nThat he might show him to the world until he delivered him to his Only One.\nBehold, how he loved his son, gave him to death and saved us.\nThrough that love, let him speak now concerning our Saviour.\nLove has a great knot where it is,\nFor there is no power that can overcome it in the face of its adversaries.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܐܡܪܐ ̣ ܟܐ","severity":"info","text":"The superscription identifies this as Memrā 21 of Jacob of Serugh, a metrical homily on Simon Peter's denial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term kəp̄ūrīh (denial) is the key theme; it refers to Peter's denial of Christ, a moment of humility and trial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'house of the cross' (bēṯ zāqōp̄ē) evokes the crucifixion site, linking Peter's denial to Christ's passion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Simon Peter (Šemʿōn Kēp̄ā) is named with the Aramaic epithet 'rock', alluding to Matthew 16:18 and John 1:42.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܒܼܵܐ ܩܸܛܠܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܕܲܒܼܪܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The Father's love shown through the Son's death echoes the binding of Isaac typology, common in Syriac exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܼܝܼܢܵܟܼ","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac dīyāḵ (your trial) is ambiguous: it may refer to Peter's trial or Christ's; the context suggests Peter's, but the poem blurs the subject.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The addressee shifts between Christ and Peter; 'your trial' (dīyāḵ) could refer to either, though the narrative context favors Peter's denial."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ܡܲܢܘܼ ܡܨܸܐ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܕܢܸܥܨܹܝܘܗܝ ܠܐܲܒܼܵܐ ܕܢܲܫܠܸܡ ܠܲܒܼܪܹܗ:\nܐܸܠܵܐ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܪܲܒܿ ܗ̄ܘ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܐܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܲܟܼܬܼܝܼܒܼ܀ ܒܗܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܕܼܫܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܩܲܪܲܒܼ ܐ̄ܢܵܫ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ:\nܕܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܒܗܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܩܲܪܲܒܼ ܠܲܢ ܘܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܡܸܢܲܢ܀ ܡ̇ܢ ܓܹܪ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܢܲܚܸܒܼ ܗ̤ܘ:\nܐܵܘ ܡ̇ܢ ܣܵܦܹ̇ܩ ܢܸܪܚܲܡ ܠܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܚܠܵܦ ܦܘܼܪܩܵܢܹܗ܀ ܡ̇ܢ ܥܲܠ̣ ܥܲܡܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܠܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ ܘܣܲܝܒܲܪ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ:\nܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼ ܢܲܩܝܼܦ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܸܬܼܡܲܟܲܟܼ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܨܵܠܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ ܒܚܸܡܬܼܵܐ ܕܩܸܛܠܵܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܐܸܙܕܲܝܲܢܘ:\nܫܲܒܼܩܼܘܼܗܝ ܪ̈ܵܚܡܵܘܗܝ ܒܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܩܵܡ ܒܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܵܐ܀ ܥܪܲܩ̣ܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܐܸܡܪܹ̈ܐ ܘܡܵܪܵܗ̇ ܕܥܵܢ̈ܵܐ ܦܵܫ̣ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼܵܘܗܝ:\nܕܬܸܗܘܸܐ ܓܲܠܝܵܐ ܐܵܬ̤ܵܐ ܕܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܹܗ܀ ܒܫܵܥܬܼܵܐ ܕܩܸܛܠܵܐ ܢܚܸܬܼ ܪܸ̈ܚܡܵܬܼܵܐ ܠܕܲܪܵܐ ܬܲܡܵܢ:\nܘܐܸܠܵܐ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܢܸܨܚܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܬܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܪܸ̈ܚܡܵܢ܀ ܥܪܲܩ̣ܘ ܥܲܠܠܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܥܪܲܩ̣ ܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܹܗ:\nܕܲܒܼܝܲܕܼ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܬܹܐܠܲܦ ܥܵܢ̈ܵܐ ܡܲܢ ܪܵܚܹ̇ܡ ܠܵܗ̇܀ ܬܩܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܩܘܼܫܬܵܐ ܠܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܕܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ:\nܘܙܲܠ̣ ܕܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܘܲܢܬܲܥ̣ ܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܀ ܪܹܫ ܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܟܦܲܪ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܡܵܕܹܝܢ ܬܸܒܼܥܸܐ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ܀ ܬܵܐ ܚܙܝܼ ܠܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܝܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܘܡܲܣܓܸܐ ܡܲܚܪܸܡ:\nܘܲܡܪܝܼܡ ܩܵܠܹܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ ܠܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܀ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܠܝܼܠܵܐ ܓܕܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܠܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ:\nܕܗ̣ܘ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼܵܘܗܝ ܣܲܝܒܲܪ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܚܠܵܦ ܣܲܓܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ܀","english":"How could he have been able to afflict the father, that he might deliver his son? But it is love that is greater than all, as it is written. At this hour, a man draws near to God, for even he drew near to you and was from you. For when can he love, or when is it sufficient that he have mercy on the son in place of his salvation? When, for the sake of his son, he goes to the door and endures sufferings? It is love alone that bound him as he humbled himself. When the crucifiers, in the wrath of murder, pressed upon him, his loved ones abandoned him; in his great love, he stood in the arena. The lambs had fled, and the master of the flock remained alone, so that the sign of his love for his flock might be revealed. At the hour of murder, mercy descended to the generation completely; otherwise, the son would not have been saved from all mercy. The intruders fled, but the shepherd did not flee from his flock, so that by this the flock might learn how he loves her. The truth weighed the love of the son with his disciples, and the disciples went and weighed the love of the Son of God. The head of the disciples denied the Messiah, saying he did not know him; and where is love to be sought except in the son? Come, see Simon as he swore and multiplied curses, and raised his voice, saying he did not know the Son of God. Simon’s denial wove a crown for the love of the son, for he alone endured sufferings for the many.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܪܲܒܿ ܗ̄ܘ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܐܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܲܟܼܬܼܝܼܒܼ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'love that is greater than all, as it is written' likely alludes to 1 John 4:8 or a similar scriptural maxim, though the exact reference is unspecified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Son of God' (ܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ) is a standard Christological title in Syriac tradition, here applied to Christ in the context of Simon Peter's denial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'arena' (ܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܵܐ) evokes the imagery of martyrdom and public spectacle, common in Syriac literature to depict Christ's passion and the trials of the faithful.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܦܲܪ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Simon Peter's denial of Christ (ܟܦܲܪ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ) parallels the Gospel accounts (e.g., Matthew 26:69-75), but Jacob of Serugh reframes it as a test of divine love.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܩܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܩܘܼܫܬܵܐ ܠܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The image of 'truth weighing the love of the son' introduces a metaphorical balance, contrasting the disciples' flight with the shepherd's steadfast love, a structural pivot in the passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob of Serugh's treatment of Simon's denial as a 'crown' for Christ's love reflects a broader Syriac exegetical tradition that reinterprets apostolic failure as a vehicle for divine pedagogy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac phrase ܐܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܲܟܼܬܼܝܼܒܼ ('as it is written') does not specify a biblical source; the translation assumes a general scriptural reference. The identity of 'the father' and 'the son' in the opening lines is ambiguous but contextually refers to God the Father and Christ."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ܒܗܵܝ̇ ܕܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܫܠܝܼܚܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܐܲܠܸܦ̣:\nܕܠܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܢܸܡܛܸܐ ܠܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܝܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ ܠܥܹܝܢ ܣܲܓܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ:\nܨܲܠܡܵܐ ܠܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܨܵܪ̣ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܕܪܲܒܿ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ܀ ܘܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ܣܵܗܕܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܠܟܼܵܪܘܿܙܘܼܬܹܗ:\nܕܲܠܗܵܘ̇ ܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܦܸܚܡܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܟܦܲܪ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܹܐ ܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܢܸܬܼܗܲܝܡܲܢ :\nܕܪܲܒܿ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܐܵܦ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܵܠܡܹ̈ܐ ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܸܪ̈ܝܵܬܼܵܐ܀ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܙܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܡ̇ܢ ܟܲܝ ܢܵܬܲܥ̇ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܦܵܪܘܿܩܲܢ:\nܓܲܠܝܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܝ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܢܸܬܼܦܲܚܲܡ ܠܹܗ܀ ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܥܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܢܸܚܙܸܐ ܚܲܫܹܗ:\nܠܵܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܟܲܬܲܪ ܢܸܛܥܲܢ ܥܲܡܹܗ ܝܘܼܩܪܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ܀ ܐܲܚܕܘܼܗܝ ܠܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܘܒܲܠܗܝܼ ܪܬܹܝܬܼܵܐ ܠܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܘܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܐܲܥܪܸܩ̣ܘ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܦܵܪܘܿܩܵܐ܀ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܛܵܒܼ ܐܲܣܓܲܝܼ ܝܲܩܪܹܗ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܛܵܒܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܒܼܪ̈ܵܘܗܝ:\nܕܢܸܚܙܸܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼ ܕܝܼܢܹܗ ܡܸܚܙܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܪܲܓܼܪܲܓܼ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ܀ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܿܬܿܥܝܼܪ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ ܠܩܘܼܒܼܠܹܗ ܚܲܨܵܐ ܐܲܦ̣ܢܝܼ:\nܕܲܠܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܪܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܠܵܐ ܣܵܦܹ̇ܩ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ܀ ܚ̣ܵܪ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܘܲܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܠܪܲܒܹܗ ܟܲܕܼ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܚܕܼܝܼܪܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܓܘܼܕܵܐ ܕܚܲܪ̈ܡܹܐ ܠܲܡܨܲܥܵܪܘܼ܀ ܒܵܠܲܥ̇ ܡܵܪܵܐ ܘܥܲܒܼܕܵܐ ܢܡܲܠܸܠ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ:\nܡܸܬܿܬܿܕܝܼܢ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܘܪܹܫ ܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܒܪܘܼܚܩܵܐ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ܀ ܟܪܝܼܟܼܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܘ ܠܹܗ ܕܹܐܒܹ̈ܐ ܠܸܐܡܪܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܓܲܒܿܝܼ̈ܢ:\nܘܲܡܢܲܥܓܼܝܼܢ ܠܹܗ ܕܢܹܐܬܸܐ ܠܩܸܛܠܵܐ ܒܚܲܫܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ܀","english":"In that denial, the great apostle taught this: that there is no love that can reach the love of the Son. When he said that he did not know Jesus, many were scandalized. He portrayed his love, which is greater than that of Christ, who is greater than all. And even his denial is a great witness to his proclamation: that for that love of the Son of God, there is no measure. He truly denied the Lord of truth in order to affirm that his love is greater even than the worlds and the creatures. Peter went out from you to meet the Savior. It is evident that there is no love that can be measured. At the time of the trial, Simon came and saw his suffering. But he did not remain; he fled with him, a great burden. He took the Son and confused the order of the apostleship. And sufferings and death fled and went away from the Savior. And when Simon had greatly increased his honor, more than his companions, because he alone saw that his vision was desirous of seeing. And when the dawn awoke to meet him, he turned his back, for that generation, except our Lord, was not sufficient. The disciple looked and saw his master standing, and a wall of flames surrounded him to the west. The master and the servant were confused and could not speak. The great one and the head of the disciples stood at a distance. Wolves surrounded him to say from all sides, and they troubled him that he had come to slaughter in great suffering.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܦܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The opening line identifies the 'denial' (ܟܦܲܪ) as a didactic act: the great apostle taught through it. The paradox that denial itself becomes a witness to the Son's love is central to Jacob's argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ('his denial') is used in apposition to 'great witness' (ܣܵܗܕܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ), underscoring the rhetorical inversion: Peter's denial confirms the immeasurable love of the Son of God.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative of Simon Peter's denial and subsequent flight echoes the Gospel accounts (Matt 26:69–75; Mark 14:66–72; Luke 22:54–62; John 18:15–27), but Jacob reinterprets the flight as a theologically motivated act.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܓܘܼܕܵܐ ܕܚܲܪ̈ܡܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'wall of flames' (ܓܘܼܕܵܐ ܕܚܲܪ̈ܡܹܐ) surrounding the master is a vivid apocalyptic image, possibly drawing on Syriac traditions of hellfire or divine judgment, and intensifies the scene of Peter's confrontation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܦܲܪ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from a general theological statement about love to a specific narrative of Peter's denial and flight, then to a dramatic scene of wolves and flames, creating a chiastic structure that contrasts divine love with earthly fear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܠܲܡܨܲܥܵܪܘܼ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'to the west' (ܠܲܡܨܲܥܵܪܘܼ) is ambiguous; it may indicate a geographical direction or a symbolic realm of darkness. The Syriac text does not clarify whether this is literal or allegorical.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'you' in 'Peter went out from you' is unclear; it may refer to the audience or to Christ.","The phrase 'he took the Son and confused the order of the apostleship' is syntactically ambiguous: it could mean Peter physically took Jesus or metaphorically disrupted the apostolic hierarchy."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ܠܛܝܼܫܵܐ ܚܲܪܒܵܐ ܘܩܵܝ̇ܡܵܐ ܪܘܼܡܚܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܦܵܪܘܿܩܵܐ:\nܘܫܲܬܹ̇ܐ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܘܣܵܒܹ̇ܠ ܙܵܘ̈ܥܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܲܓܿܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ܀ ܟܪܝܼܟܼ ܠܹܗ ܨܲܥܪܵܐ ܘܚܸܣܕܵܐ ܘܒܸܙܚܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܵܘ̈ܵ̇ܠܹܐ:\nܫܠܸܐ ܘܡܸܬܼܡܲܝܼܩ ܘܲܡܩܲܦܚܝܼܢ ܠܹܗ ܒܢܲܝ̈ ܣܸܡܵܠܵܐ܀ ܚܒܼܝܼܫ ܓܲܢ̄ܒܵܪܵܐ ܘܓܼܵܙܡ̇ܝܼܢ ܫܲܦ̈ܠܹܐ ܠܲܡܡܵܬܼܘܼܬܹܗ:\nܪܵܝܒܵܐ ܟܢܘܼܫܬܵܐ ܘܫܲܬܿܝܼܩ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܗ̤ܘ ܘܠܵܐ ܡܡܲܠܸܠ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ܀ ܓܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܒܚܲܫܵܐ ܪܲܟܿܝܼܟܼܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܗܵܘ̇ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܐ:\nܘܕܲܢܪܝܼܡ ܩܵܠܹܗ ܡܸܣܬܲܪܲܕܼ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ܀ ܡܢܲܗܸܡ ܥܸܪܒܵܐ ܠܘܼܩܒܲܠ ܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܕܡܸܬܼܒܲܣܒܲܣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ:\nܘܕܼܵܚܹ̇ܠ ܢܸܩܪܘܿܒܼ ܡܸܛܠ ܕܐܹܒܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܟܼܪܝܼܟܼܝܼܢ ܠܹܗ܀ ܫܵܚ̇ܠܵܐ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܲܪܝܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܡܸܛܠ ܪܲܒܹܿܗ:\nܘܲܕܼܢܸܒܼܟܸܐ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܘܢܸܚܙܹܝܘܗܝ ܥܲܡܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ܀ ܡܲܦܨܲܚ ܐܲܦܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܟܲܕܼ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܹܗ ܕܠܝܼܚ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܝܲܡܵܐ:\nܢܚܵܘܸܐ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ ܕܗܵܐ ܢܘܼܟܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܦܵܪܘܿܩܵܐ܀ ܡܓܲܢܸܒܼ ܚܵܐܲܪ ܟܲܕܼ ܩܵܢܹ̇ܛ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܚܙܘܿܢܵܝܗܝ:\nܥܲܕܼ ܡܸܫܬܲܠܲܡ ܕܝܼܢܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܘܟܸܢ ܡܲܪܚܸܩ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ܀ ܡܲܟܼܠܸܐ ܠܕܹܡܥܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܬܼܐܲܫ̈ܕܵܢ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܒܲܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ:\nܘܢܸܣܬܲܟܿܠܘܼܢܵܝܗܝ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܒܸܟܼܝܵܐ ܕܕܼܝܼܠܹܗ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ܀ ܫܠܸܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܲܚܸܒܼ ܘܡܲܒܼܥܸܕܼ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܟܲܕܼ ܪܵܚܹ̇ܡ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ:\nܘܕܲܢܚܵܘܸܐ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܒܓܸܠܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ܀ ܦ̣ܟܲܪ ܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܹܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܫܬܲܡ̈ܥܵܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܓܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ:\nܘܢܸܬܿܬܿܚܸܕܼ ܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܒܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܙܲܟܵܝܵܐ܀ ܚܠܲܛ̣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܥܲܡ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܒܐܘܼܡܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܕܲܒܼܗܵܝ̇ ܥܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܢܟܲܬܲܪ ܢܸܚܙܸܐ ܟ̱ܠܹܗ ܕܝܼܢܹܗ܀","english":"a sharp sword and a standing spear against the Savior; and he drinks in sufferings and endures tremors from many. His hair was plucked, and he endured insult and mockery from the wicked. He was silent and amazed, and he was struck on the left cheek. The mighty one was bound, and he threatened the lowly with his fall. He was angry, humiliated, and silent; he was that one and did not speak. He groaned in pain gently, that disciple; and he raised his voice, being removed from the nails. He trusted the lamb before the shepherd who was being consumed; and he feared to approach because the wolves had surrounded him. He hid himself from the betrayal because of his master; and he was perplexed, and when he saw the people, he could not. He brightened his face while his mind was troubled like the sea; and he showed that he was a stranger to the Savior. He wondered and was amazed while he denied that he had seen him; until his judgment was completed, that of the wild beast, and he also kept his distance. He restrained his tears so that they would not flow toward the outsiders; and their observation of him was from his own weeping. He was silent while he loved, and he stood apart while he loved; and to show his love openly he was unable. He considered his thoughts so that they would not be heard while he groaned; and he also was joined in the judgment of death with the victor. He mingled himself with the nails in artfulness; by which cause he continued and saw all his judgment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܠܛܝܼܫܵܐ ܚܲܪܒܵܐ ܘܩܵܝ̇ܡܵܐ ܪܘܼܡܚܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of 'sharp sword' and 'standing spear' as weapons against the Savior intensifies the image of Peter's persecution, a theme of martyrdom in Syriac tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The word 'nails' (ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ) likely refers to the nails of the cross, linking Peter's suffering to Christ's crucifixion, a common typology in Jacob of Serugh.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܸܪܒܵܐ ܠܘܼܩܒܲܠ ܪܵܥܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The image of the lamb trusting the shepherd echoes John 10:11-14, where Christ is the Good Shepherd, and Peter's denial is contrasted with this trust.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܡܵܘܬܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'judgment of death' (ܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܡܵܘܬܵܐ) reflects the Roman legal context of Peter's trial and execution, a key element in his martyrdom narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܙܲܟܵܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'victor' (ܙܲܟܵܝܵܐ) is Christ, the triumphant one; Peter is joined in his judgment, paralleling the apostle's death with Christ's passion, a common Syriac motif.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܲܦܨܲܚ ܐܲܦܵܘ̈ܗܝ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'brightened his face' (ܡܲܦܨܲܚ ܐܲܦܵܘ̈ܗܝ) may be ambiguous: it could mean he put on a cheerful expression to hide his inner turmoil, or it could be a textual corruption; the reading here follows the sense of concealment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܡܲܦܨܲܚ ܐܲܦܵܘ̈ܗܝ' (brightened his face) is ambiguous: it may indicate feigned composure or a textual error; the reading taken is that of deliberate concealment.","The identity of 'the lamb' and 'the shepherd' is ambiguous: the lamb may be Peter and the shepherd Christ, or vice versa; the reading taken follows the context of Peter's trust in Christ."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ܐܲܪܦܝܼ ܐܸܒܼܠܵܐ ܘܝܼܬܸܒܼ ܫܵܚܹ̇ܢ ܥܲܡ ܥܵܘ̈ܵܠܹܐ:\nܕܢܸܚܙܸܐ ܚܲܪܬܼܵܐ ܘܟܸܢ ܡܲܪܚܸܩ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ܀ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܛܵܒܼ ܗܵܟܲܢ ܒܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܦܘܼܪ̈ܣܹܐ ܐܲܛ̣ܥܝܼ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ:\nܝܲܕܼܥ̣ܘܼܗܝ ܗܸܢܘܿܢ ܕܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܘܲܕܼܡ̇ܢ ܘܲܕܼܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ܀ ܐܵܡ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܘ ܓܹܝܪ ܕܐܵܦ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܐܝܼܬܲܝܟ:\nܓܠܝܼܠܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܟܼ ܣܲܓܿܝܼ ܕܵܡܹ̇ܐ܀ ܙܩܲܦ̣ ܟܝܼܡܘܿܢܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ ܘܐܸܬܼܦܲܠܲܓܼ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܒܼܝܲܡܵܐ ܛܒܲܥ̣ ܒܲܟܼܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ܀ ܛ̣ܪܵܘ ܒܹܗ ܣܵܦ̇ܪܹ̈ܐ ܛܵܒܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܲܠ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܲܫܓܼܝܼܫܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܘ:\nܘܚܲܦ̣ܝܘܼܗ̇ ܠܐܸܠܦܵܐ ܒܓܼܵܘ ܨܵܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܢܫܲܒܼܘ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܘ ܟܵܗ̈ܢܹܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܥܲܠ̈ܥܵܠܹܐ ܒܲܓܼܙܵܡܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ:\nܘܲܕܼܚܸܠ̣ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܐܲܪܦܼܝܼ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܠܡܸܬܿܛܲܒܵܥܘܼ܀ ܐܵܡ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܘ ܠܹܗ ܕܐܵܦ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ:\nܘܥܲܡܵܗ̇ ܕܗܵܕܹܐ ܪܗܸܛ̣ ܠܲܟܼܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܩܲܠܝܼܠܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܫܲܪܝܼ ܝܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ:\nܠܵܐ ܐܸܨܛܲܚܸܐ ܒܡܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܪܓܼܝܼܫ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܥܵܘ̇ܵܠܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܕܐܸܚܙܸܐ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܗܵܪܟܵܐ ܥܸܠܹ̇ܬܼ ܥܲܡ ܣܲܓܝܼ̈ܐܐ:\nܟܲܕܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܒܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܸܣܬܲܬܲܪ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܘܦܲܪܣ̣ܝܼ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ:\nܘܢܵܚ̣ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܓܙܵܡܵܐ ܕܐܸܬܿܬܿܥܝܼܪ ܕܲܢܒܲܙܲܚ ܒܹܗ܀ ܐܸܬܼܚܲܦܝܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܒܥܲܘ݂ܠܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ() ܐܸܬܼܒܲܝܲܢ:\nܕܓܼܘܼܢܚܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܢܸܟܼܦܘܿܪ ܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ܀","english":"He cast down his head and sat in silence with the evildoers, because he saw the end and would have withdrawn from the house of judgment. And when it was thus good in all the moments, he turned aside and went. They knew him, that he was silent and wept and shed tears, but where was he? For they were saying, \"You too, are you a man from among them? The Galilean also, his speech is very similar.\" He set up a false accusation against the true one and divided him. And like a sailor he sank in the harbor of the place of crosses. The scribes struck him more than the waves that were in turmoil, and they submerged the ship in the midst of the storm of denial. The priests were shouting like whirlwinds in their threats, and Simon feared and abandoned himself to be submerged. They were saying to him, \"You too are a man from among them, you are from his own.\" And with this he ran to the harbor quickly. He began to say, \"I do not know this man.\" He did not succeed in what he did not perceive wickedly, because he saw that judgment had come here with many, while he did not truly know the man. He concealed himself in falsehood and spread himself out, and he fled from him the threat that he might be stirred up to be consumed by it. His soul was hidden in iniquity, so that it was not revealed, for the great outcry that denies the Son whom he does not know.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Simon Peter abandons his identity and joins the evildoers, a moment of denial that the poem dramatizes as a physical and moral sinking.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܟܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term kāp̄ūrūṯā (denial) is the poem’s thematic keyword, here linked to the storm (ṣāmarṯā) that engulfs the ship, symbolizing Peter’s renunciation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase “I do not know this man” echoes the Gospel accounts of Peter’s denial (Matt 26:70–74; Mark 14:66–71), where Peter disavows knowing Jesus before the crowd.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The “harbor of the place of crosses” (bēṯ zāqōp̄ē) likely refers to Golgotha, blending the nautical imagery of denial with the site of the crucifixion, a common typology in Syriac poetry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from external persecution to Peter’s internal collapse, marked by the repeated phrase “You too are a man from among them,” which frames his denial as a loss of distinction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac at the end is lacunose: ܕܠܵܐ() ܐܸܬܼܒܲܝܲܢ likely lacks a letter; the translation “so that it was not revealed” is a plausible restoration but not certain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase “he did not succeed in what he did not perceive wickedly” is syntactically ambiguous: it may mean Peter failed to act on his ignorance, or that his denial was not fully malicious.","The final clause “the great outcry that denies the Son whom he does not know” could refer either to Peter’s own cry or to the crowd’s accusation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ܥܲܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܚܛܵܗܵܐ ܦܪܲܣ̣ ܬܲܚܦܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܹܗ:\nܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܚܙܸܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ܀ ܥܸܠܲܬ̤ ܛܘܼܥܝܲܝ ܘܐܸܚܕܲܬ̤() ܢܘܿܡܝܼ ܒܟܼܠܵܗ̇ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ:\nܘܠܵܘ ܕܲܡܕܲܓܸܠ ܣܵܒܲ݁ܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܟܲܕܼ ܝܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܕܘܼܟܲܬܼ ܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܡܲܠܝܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܒܹܗ ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܡܕܲܓܸܠ ܡܸܣܬܲܟܲܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܲܚܪܸܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܡܸܛܥܵܐ ܛܥ̣ܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ݂ ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ:\nܘܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܐܵܦ ܝܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ܀ ܥܲܝܢܵܐ ܕܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܐܸܬܼܥܵܘܪܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪܵܕܼܵܐ:\nܘܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ܀ ܓܗܲܪ ܒܲܓܼܙܵܡܵܐ ܘܢܲܗܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܠܵܐ ܚܵܙܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܫܲܟܿܪܹܗ ܠܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܘܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܐܲܣܓܝܼ ܝܑܼܡ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ:\nܕܲܒܼܗܵܝ̇ ܫܵܥܬܼܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܲܛܥ̣ܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ܀ ܕܚܸܠ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܸܛܠܵܐ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ() ܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܼܘܿܥܵܐ:\nܙܵܥ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܸܢܫܵܐ ܘܲܕܼܢܸܟܼܦܘܿܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܣܵܡ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐܲܦܵܘ̈ܗܝ܀ ܣܲܪܕܹܗ ܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܘܲܥܪܲܩ̣ ܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܕܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܛ̣ܥܵܝܗܝ ܠܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܒܙܵܘܥܲܬܼ ܠܸܒܹܗ ܘܩܵܡ̣ ܟܵܦܲܪ() ܒܹܗ܀ ܘܟܼܕܼ ܡܲܚܫܘܼܠܵܐ ܢܵܚ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܘܗܵܐ ܢܲܡܸܕܼ ܠܹܗ:\nܓܲܠܠܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹܢܵܐ ܐܸܬܿܬܿܥܝܼܪ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܚܙܵܬܹܗ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿܬܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܘܲܠܗܘܿܢ ܐܸܡܪܲܬ̤:\nܕܐܵܦ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܡܸܢܗܘܿܢ ܐܝܼܬܼܵܘܗܝ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀","english":"He cast the covering of sin over his mind, so that he did not see that he was denying the Lord when he denied him. The cause of his error seized and held his entire soul. And he was not deceiving himself when he was swearing; the place of truth was filled in him with falsehood. And without deceit he was looking on when he was anathematizing. He was erring that the Lord was Jesus when he denied him, and truly he was also swearing that he did not know him. The eye of his soul was darkened by the tumult, and he did not know that he was denying Jesus when he denied him. He bent down in the storm and clearly did not see, and he denied the Son, and did not know who the Lord was. He multiplied the swearing that he did not know, and it was true that at that hour he did not know that he was erring about him. He feared death until he became unknowing; he trembled from the pain, and to become reconciled he set his face. Death drove him and he fled on the path of falsehood, and his error led the Son astray by the trembling of his heart, and he stood denying him. And when the trial was far from him, behold, it revealed him; another trial, bitter, was awakened against him. A woman saw him from the windows and said to that one, that this one also is truly from among them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes Peter's psychological state during his denial: he covers his mind with a 'covering of sin' and becomes unable to recognize that he is denying Christ. The poet emphasizes that Peter's false swearing is not self-deception but a genuine loss of knowledge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܛܥܝܝ (ṭʿyāy)","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܛܥܝܝ (ṭʿyāy) means 'error' or 'straying,' and is used here to describe Peter's spiritual confusion. It is a key concept in Jacob's portrayal of Peter's denial as a temporary loss of true knowledge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521 CE) was a Syriac poet and theologian known for his metrical homilies. This passage reflects his characteristic psychological depth, exploring Peter's inner turmoil during the denial, a theme not elaborated in the canonical Gospels.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a narrative section that follows Peter's departure from the judgment hall. The poet uses repetitive contrasts (knowing/not knowing, truth/falsehood) to dramatize Peter's internal conflict, building toward the moment when a woman identifies him.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac text contains some ambiguous phrasing, particularly in the line 'ܘܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܡܕܲܓܸܠ ܡܸܣܬܲܟܲܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܲܚܪܸܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ' ('and without deceit he was looking on when he was anathematizing'), which may be interpreted as Peter's sincerity in his denial, though the overall context suggests irony.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܘܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܡܕܲܓܸܠ ܡܸܣܬܲܟܲܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ' could be read as either 'he was looking without deceit' (i.e., sincerely) or 'he was looking, and not deceiving' (i.e., not self-deceived). The translation adopts the latter, consistent with the poet's emphasis on Peter's genuine confusion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ܘܟܲܕܼ ܨܵܠܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ ܣܒܲܟܼܘ ܒܲܓܼܙܵܡܵܐ ܠܘܼܩܒܲܠ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ:\nܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܕܲܢܕܲܓܸܠ ܣܵܡ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐܲܦܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܫܝܼܬܼ܀ ܫܲܪܝܼ ܝܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܵܦ ܝܑܼܡ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܲܢܦܲܨ̣ ܥܘܼܒܹܗ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܠܵܐ ܚܙܸܐ ܠܹܗ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܡܸܡܬܼܘܿܡ܀ ܙܩܲܦ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܩܘܼܒܼܠܹܗ ܓܲܠܠܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܪܹܝܢ (ܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܐܲܢܝܼܕܹܗ():\nܘܟܲܕܼ ܛܲܒܿܝܼܥ ܗ̄ܘܼܵܐ ܒܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܛܵܒܲܥ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܐܘܿ ܠܲܡ() ܗܵܫܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ:\nܘܟܲܕܼ ܠܵܐ ܚܙܸܐ ܠܝܼ ܘܠܵܐ ܡܦܵܣ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܛܠܘܼܡܝܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܡܘܿܢ܀ ܕܘܼܢܘ ܟܹܐܢܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܠܵܐ ܬܚܲܝܒܼܘܼܢܵܢܝ ܟܲܕܼ ܠܵܐ ܣܸܪܚܹ̇ܬܼ܀ ܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܕܲܠܒܼܝܼܚܝܼܢ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿܘܿܢ:\nܥܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܩܪܵܬܲܢܝ ܐܸܥܘܿܠ ܐܸܚܙܸܐ ܠܡܘܿܢ ܡܵܐܹ̇ܬܼ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ܀ ܚܪܸܡ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܐܸܢܗ̤ܘ ܕܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܼܡܲܪܬܿܘܿܢ:\nܠܵܐ ܚܙܸܐ ܠܝܼ ܓܹܝܪ ܘܲܠܡܘܿܢ ܐܸܚܲܫ ܡܸܛܠܵܬܹܗ܀ ܒܗܵܘܬܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܛܒܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ:\nܘܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܲܠܐܝܼ ܕܢܸܣܲܩ ܡܸܢܵܗ̇ ܠܬܲܚܬܿ ܢܵܚܹ̇ܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܚܲܕܼܪܹܗ ܬܗܘܿܡܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܗܵܘ̇ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ:\nܘܐܸܬܼܚܲܦܝܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܓܲܠ̈ܠܹܐ ܫܓܼܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܒܕܼܝܼܢܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ܀ ܪܵܚ̇ܡܵܐ ܕܩܘܼܫܬܵܐ ܟܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܪܵܚܡܹ̇ܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܕܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ ܕܚܝܼܠܵܐ ܦܓܲܥ̣ ܒܹܗ ܬܲܡܵܢ ܘܲܛܥ̣ܵܐ ܚܘܼܒܹܗ܀ ܥܲܒܼܕܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܵܐ ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܡܵܪܹܗ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܸܬܼܒܲܙܲܚ:\nܘܲܕܼܚܸܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܢܚܵܘܸܐ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܕܕܲܠܡܵܐ ܢܸܒܼܠܲܥ܀","english":"And when the crosses were set up opposite Simon, and again he placed his face as if at the beginning, he began to deny, as if he did not know him. And he closed his eye as if he had never seen Christ at all. He set up a lie against him, the lie of the two (and again his hand). And when he was immersed in falsehood, he was again immersed. O now, I do not know this man. And when I did not see him, I do not accept from him the blame for death. Woe is me, pitifully, do not condemn me when I have not sinned. I do not know what man you are speaking of. The cause, my daughter, let me enter and see what death I will die. Cursed am I, that I know him as you said. For I did not see him, and I will grieve for his sake. In the great abyss of falsehood, Simon was immersed. And the more he ascended from it, the more he descended below. The abyss of denial surrounded that truthful one. And he was hidden by the troubled waves of his mind, the lover of truth denied his beloved without knowing him. The sword of power struck him there and confused his mind. The good servant saw his Lord being mocked, and he was afraid to show himself, lest he be swallowed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܟܲܕܼ ܨܵܠܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ ܣܒܲܟܼܘ ܒܲܓܼܙܵܡܵܐ ܠܘܼܩܒܲܠ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"The crosses set up opposite Simon evoke the scene of Christ's crucifixion, but here they are a backdrop for Peter's denial, intensifying the irony of his false oaths.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ (falsehood) is a key theological concept in Jacob's works, denoting the active deception that clouds Peter's perception, contrasted with truth (ܩܘܼܫܬܵܐ).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܕܼܚܸܠ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܢܚܵܘܸܐ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܕܕܲܠܡܵܐ ܢܸܒܼܠܲܥ","severity":"info","text":"Peter's fear of being 'swallowed' echoes the fate of Jonah (Jonah 1:17 LXX; 2:1 MT), a typological figure of denial and redemption in Syriac tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܩܪܵܬܲܢܝ","severity":"info","text":"The address 'my daughter' (ܥܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܩܪܵܬܲܢܝ) is a rhetorical device common in Syriac dialogue poems, personifying the cause or reason as a female figure to dramatize Peter's internal conflict.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܲܠܐܝܼ ܕܢܸܣܲܩ ܡܸܢܵܗ̇ ܠܬܲܚܬܿ ܢܵܚܹ̇ܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The paradoxical ascent-descent imagery (the more he ascends, the more he descends) mirrors the abyss of denial, a chiastic structure emphasizing Peter's spiritual entrapment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܐܲܢܝܼܕܹܗ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and again his hand' (ܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܐܲܢܝܼܕܹܗ) is textually uncertain; the manuscript may be corrupt or lacunose, and the English draft omits it, suggesting a scribal gloss or variant.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'and again his hand' (ܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܐܲܢܝܼܕܹܗ) is ambiguous: it may be a scribal addition or a reference to a gesture in Peter's denial narrative.","The identity of 'the cause, my daughter' (ܥܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܩܪܵܬܲܢܝ) is unclear—whether it is a personification of reason, fate, or a specific figure in Jacob's allegory."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ܪܥܸܠ̣ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܕܲܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܠܡܵܪܹܗ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܸܬܼܒܲܙܲܚ:\nܘܐܲܚܪܸܡ̣ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܕܐܵܦ ܠܵܐ ܡܦܵܣ ܒܹܗ ܠܵܘ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ܀ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܕܲܣܢ̣ܵܐ ܠܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܘܢܲܩ̣ܦܹܗ ܠܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ:\nܒܓܸܠܝܵܐ ܟܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ܀ ܐ̄ܒܼܵܗܹ̈ܐ ܘܐܲܚܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܡܨܝܼ̈ܕܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܫܒܲܩ̣ ܕܲܦ̣ܩܲܕܼ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܐܸܙܲܠ̣ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܩܵܡ̣ ܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ ܟܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ ܘܲܥܪܲܩ̣܀ ܥܲܠ̣ ܣܘܼܪܵܕܼܵܐ ܘܐܲܪܡ̣ܝܼ ܣܸܕܼܩܵܐ ܒܗܵܝ̇ ܐܵܘܝܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܚܠܵܦ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܘܣܸܕܼܩܵܐ ܘܣܵܪܘܿܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܗܵܐ ܢܸܙܟܸܐ ܒܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܬܘܼܒܼ ܐܸܬܼܩܲܛܪܲܓܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܙܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܹܗ ܗ̣̄ܘ܀ ܒܦܲܚܹ̈ܐ ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܢܦܲܠ̣ ܩܲܠܝܼܠܵܐ ܘܐܸܬܼܥܲܪܩܲܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܲܬܼܠܵܬܲܝ̈ܗܘܿܢ ܦܲܚܹ̈ܐ ܨܵܕܘܼܗܝ ܟܲܕܼ ܕܵܫ̣ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ܀ ܦܲܟܼܪܹܗ ܢܸܫܒܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܬܼܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ:\nܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܐܸܬܿܬܿܨܝܼܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܲܬܼܠܝܼܸܬܼܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܒܼܚܲܒܼܪܵܘܗܝ܀ ܐܸܬܼܥܲܦܦܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܘܨܲܦܲܚܬܹܗ:\nܘܲܬܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܘܬܲܠܸܬܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܲܚܪܸܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ܀ ܠܒܸܫ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܙܲܝܢܵܐ ܕܣܵܪܘܿܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ:\nܘܲܒܼܡܵܘ̈ܡܵܬܼܵܐ ܬܪܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܦܘܼܡܹܗ ܠܲܡܡܲܠܵܠܘܼ܀ ܙܒܲܢܬܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܝܲܬܿܝܼܪܵܐ ܟܦܲܪ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ:\nܟܲܕܼ ܡܲܚܪܸܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ܀ ܛܒܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܓܲܒܼܝܵܐ ܒܝܲܡܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܚܲܦܝܹܗ ܡܸܠܐܵܐ ܘܓܲܠ̈ܠܹܐ ܫܓܼܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܕܣܵܪܘܿܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܐܸܨܛܲܒܿܥܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܒܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܡܠܸܐ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ:\nܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܓܵܘܢܵܐ ܣܲܢܝܵܐ ܕܛܵܠܘܿܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀","english":"The disciple trembled when he saw his Lord being mocked. And he turned away his face so that he would not even be recognized by him. Simon deceived the world and denied the Son of God. Openly he denied him, saying, \"I do not know this man.\" Fathers, brothers, and acquaintances he left, for he had commanded him. And he went after him, and when he stood before Caesar, he denied him and fled. He mounted the pyre and cast a net over that union. And he exchanged love for denial, a net for renunciation. And when he was victorious in the deceit of not knowing him, he was again accused by the witnesses that he was his disciple. In three nets he fell a little and was entangled. And the three nets were set for him when he entered. His body was spared, even the first and second. And again he was caught in the third, like his companions. The deceit was woven around him and his shame. And he turned and denied a third time, while he declared that he did not know him. He put on the armor of renunciation against the crosses. And with oaths he opened his mouth to speak. The third time, even more firmly, he denied truly, while he declared that he did not know this man at all. He was immersed in the great sea of deceit, and his face was filled with the troubled waves of renunciation. His soul was dyed in iniquity, full of bitterness, until he became a vessel of injustice.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܦܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ܟܦܲܪ (kpar) means 'denied' and is the root of the poem's central theme of denial. It appears repeatedly in this passage, emphasizing Peter's active repudiation of Christ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Caesar' (ܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ) alludes to the tradition that Peter denied Christ before the Roman authorities, likely drawing on the apocryphal Acts of Peter or early Christian martyrdom narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'crosses' (ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ) here are literal crosses set up as part of Simon's trial, reflecting the Roman practice of crucifixion and the early Christian association of crosses with martyrdom and denial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܦܲܚܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'three nets' (ܬܠܵܬܼܵܐ ܦܲܚܹ̈ܐ) structure Peter's triple denial, mirroring the threefold questioning in the Gospel accounts and emphasizing the completeness of his fall.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܵܪܘܿܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'renunciation' (ܣܵܪܘܿܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ) parallels the language of monastic renunciation, suggesting Peter's denial is a perversion of the ascetic ideal of rejecting the world.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܬܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܘܬܲܠܸܬܼ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he turned and denied a third time' (ܘܲܬܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܘܬܲܠܸܬܼ) is textually secure but the exact sequence of actions is ambiguous; the translation assumes a third denial, but the Syriac could also imply a turning away and then a third denial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܘܲܬܼܢ̣ܵܐ ܘܬܲܠܸܬܼ' could be read as 'he turned and denied a third time' or 'he turned a third time and denied'; the translation takes the former.","The identity of 'Simon' (ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ) is clear as Peter, but the text does not specify whether this is Simon Peter or Simon Magus; context favors Peter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ܚܵܘܝܼ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܠܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܟ̱ܠܹܗ:\nܕܠܵܐ ܐ̄ܢܵܫ ܡܲܚܸܒܼ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܲܚܸܒܼ ܗ̤ܘ ܠܲܒܼܢܲܝ̈ܢܵܫܵܐ܀ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܩܸܛܠܵܐ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܡܸܛܠ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ:\nܕܐܲܝܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܚܸܒܼ ܐܵܦܠܵܐ ܒܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܦܲܠܲܓܼ܀ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܼ ܣܵܦܹ̇ܩ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܗܵܘ̇ ܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܵܐ:\nܘܠܵܐ ܡܸܬܿܬܿܚܸܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹܢܵܐ ܒܕܼܝܼܢܹܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܘܼܚܩܵܐ ܚ̣ܙܵܝܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܐܲܚ̣ܪܸܡ:\nܐܸܠܘܼ ܩܪܸܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܛܲܥ̣ܢܹܗ ܠܕܼܝܼܢܹܗ() ܡܘܿܢ ܥܵܒܹ̇ܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܒܨܲܥܪܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܗ̤ܘ ܒܪܘܼܚܩܵܐ ܚ̣ܵܪ ܘܐܸܣܬܲܪܲܕܼ:\nܐܸܠܘܼ ܩܢܘܿܡܹܗ ܐܸܨܛܲܥܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܟܡܵܐ ܕܵܚܹ̇ܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܒܸܙܚܵܐ ܐܲܪܡ̣ܝܼ ܪܸܥܠܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܗܲܕܵܡܵܘ̈ܗܝ:\nܕܢܸܬܼܒܲܙܲܚ ܗ̤ܘ ܟܡܵܐ ܪܲܚܝܼܩ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐܸܢ ܡܸܬܼܒܲܥܝܵܐ܀ ܓܙܵܡܵܐ ܫܡܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܐܸܠܘܼ ܡܛ̣ܵܐܘܼܗܝ ܨܸܨܹ̈ܐ ܘܪܘܼܡܚܵܐ ܡܘܿܢ ܥܵܒܹ̇ܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܠܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܠܵܐ ܡܵܘܦܸܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܠܹܗ ܗ̤ܘ ܦܐܸܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܢܣܲܝܒܲܪ ܟܠܗܹܝܢ ܡܸܛܠ ܟ̱ܠܵܐ܀ ܟܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܐܲܣ̣ܓܿܝܼ ܝܑܼܡ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܡܦܵܣ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܒܹܗ:\nܘܲܒܼܡܵܘ̈ܡܵܬܼܵܐ ܐܲܓܼܗܝܼ ܠܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܣܒܿܘܿܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܫܬܲܡܠܝܼ ܒܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܚ̣ܵܪ ܒܹܗ ܡܵܪܲܢ:\nܘܲܥ̣ܗܲܕ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܘܲܬܼܘܲܗ ܠܸܒܹܗ ܥܲܠ ܣܘܼܪܚܵܢܹܗ܀ ܩ̣ܪܵܐ ܬܲܪܢܵܓܼܠܵܐ() ܘܐܸܬܿܕܟܲܪ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܡܸܠܬܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ:\nܘܐܲܚܕܹܗ ܓܘܼܢܚܵܐ ܕܡܵܢܵܐ ܥ̣ܒܲܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܒܲܝܲܢ܀","english":"Our Lord showed great love to the whole world, so that no one loves as he loved his disciples. Until death he gave himself because of love, for where there is love, not even death can separate. Our Lord alone was sufficient for that contest, and no other could be found in his place who was able. When Simon saw him from afar, he denied and anathematized; if he had approached and touched his place, what would he have done? At the cry of the Son, while he was at a distance, he looked and was troubled; if he had stood near him, he would have been crushed by how afraid he was. The voice of mockery cast trembling upon his limbs, so that he who was mocked was how far removed, if it had been required. He heard the roar and denied the Son, not knowing him; if the sparks and the spear had reached him, what would he have done? To these sufferings, however, Our Lord did not consent, and he himself endured all of them because of all. Simon denied and increased the sea of denial, so that no one could enter it, and with oaths he added to the sufferings that he did not endure. And when he had completed the deception, Our Lord looked at him, and remembered himself and repented, his heart upon his transgression. The cock crowed, and Simon remembered the word of the Son, and he seized the remorse of what he had done and was not saved.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܐܲܚ̣ܪܸܡ","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of 'denied and anathematized' intensifies Peter's repudiation, linking it to a formal curse (ḥerem) that underscores the gravity of his act in the narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac ܐܵܓܼܘܿܢܵܐ (ʾāgōnā) means 'contest' or 'struggle,' here referring to the trial of Christ's passion, a key term in Jacob's ascetical theology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩ̣ܪܵܐ ܬܲܪܢܵܓܼܠܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The cockcrow (ܬܲܪܢܵܓܼܠܵܐ) alludes to Peter's repentance after the denial, echoing the Gospel accounts of the rooster's crow at dawn (e.g., Mark 14:68–72) as a moment of recognition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ (daggālūtā) 'deception' reflects Jacob's homiletic context, where Peter's denial is framed as a cosmic deception that Christ's love overcomes, a theme in Syriac liturgical poetry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܸܠܘܼ ... ܡܘܿܢ ܥܵܒܹ̇ܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated conditional 'if ... what would he have done?' (three times in this passage) structures the narrative as a series of hypotheticals, heightening the dramatic tension of Peter's fear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܬܼܘܲܗ ܠܸܒܹܗ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'repented, his heart upon his transgression' is textually uncertain; the Syriac ܘܲܬܼܘܲܗ (wattaw) may be a scribal variant for 'turned' or 'repented,' and the syntax is ambiguous, possibly reflecting a lacuna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ܘܲܬܼܘܲܗ ܠܸܒܹܗ (wattaw lebbēh) is ambiguous: it could mean 'he repented in his heart' or 'he turned his heart,' and the exact nuance of Peter's remorse is left open by the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ܚ̣ܵܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܘ̇ ܪܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܫܪܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܲܢܦܲܠ̣ ܒܦܲܚܬܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܒܣܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܗ̤ܘ ܠܹܗ ܕܲܚܠܵܦ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܐܸܬܿܬܲܚܬܝܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܬܸܓܼܡܵܐ ܣܲܢܝܵܐ ܕܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܥܲܠ̣ ܒܘܼܝܵܢܵܐ ܘܝܼܬܸܒܼ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ:\nܘܲܒܼܚܘܼ̈ܫܵܒܹܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܒܼܫܲܒܼ̈ܛܹܐ ܡܸܬܼܢܲܓܲܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܒܗܸܬܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܘܡܲܟܿܣܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܒܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܐܸܬܿܬܿܕܝܼܢ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܘܲܫܕܼܵܐ (ܗ̤ܘ ܠܹܗ() ܠܚܲܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܚ̣ܵܪ ܒܹܗ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܼܓܲܡܪܲܬ̤ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܹܗ:\nܘܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܒܫܸܬܼܩܵܐ ܕܵܢܹܗ ܚܲܟܿܝܼܡܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܚܵܘܪܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܲܢ ܗܵܘܢܵܐ ܡܠܸܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܚܲܟܿܝܼܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܒܼܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܒܫܸܬܼܩܵܐ ܒܲܣ̣ܪܹܗ ܠܪܹܫ ܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ܀ ܚܵܪ ܒܹܗ ܒܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܐܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܐܵܡ݁ܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ:\nܕܲܠܡܘܿܢ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܒܝܼ ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܚܲܫܵܐ܀ ܐܘܿ ܠܵܟܼ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܝ ܐܲܝܟܵܘ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܟܼ:\nܘܪܹܫ ܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ ܠܡܘܿܢ ܥܵܪܹܩ() ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܝܵܗܹ̇ܒܼ ܗ̄ܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܛܘܼܒܼܵܐ() ܠܟܼܠܟܼܘܿܢ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝܬܿ:\nܘܟܲܕܼ ܡܵܠܹ̇ܟܼ ܗ̄ܘܹܝܬܼ ܟܘܼܖ̈ܣܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝܬܿ܀ ܠܵܐ ܥܪܝܼܩ ܠܵܟܼ ܡܹܢܝ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܝܵܘܡܵܢ ܐܘܿ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܐ:\nܒܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ ܫܒܲܩ̣ܬܵܢܝ ܘܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܡܵܕܹܝܢ ܪܵܚܹ̇ܡ() ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܠܝܼ܀ ܐܸܡܲܬܼܝ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܠܵܐ ܝܑܼܕܲܥܬܵܢܝ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܝܵܘܡܵܢ:\nܘܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܛ̣ܥܲܝܬܵܢܝ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܗܵܪܟܵܐ ܕܡܸܬܼܒܲܙܲܚ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ܀","english":"He looked from that height of apostleship; he began and fell into the great snare of falsehood. He denied him for the sake of the love of discipleship; he descended to the vile order of falsehood. Upon the tribunal he sat like a judge, and with thoughts like rods he was being scourged. Indeed, from himself he did not desire concealment and covering; it was known from him, and he cast himself into condemnation. Our Lord looked at him when his denial was completed, and without a voice, in silence, he rebuked him wisely. The look of our Lord was full of grace and wisdom, as if with words in silence he reproached the head of the disciples. He looked at Simon, and as if he were saying to him: \"So then, Simon, do you deny me in the time of suffering? O my disciple, where is the love of your apostleship? And the head of the disciples, in the time of trial, do you flee from me? When I was giving blessing to all of you, you were first; and when I was filling the thrones, again you were head. You did not flee from me until today, O disciple. In the trial you have left me, and where now do you show that you love me? When, Simon, did you not know me until today? And where have you lost me, except here where I am being mocked?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚ̣ܵܪ ܒܹܗ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܼܓܲܡܪܲܬ̤ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Our Lord looked at him when his denial was completed' marks a shift from Peter's internal collapse to Christ's silent rebuke, emphasizing the moment of judgment without words.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'falsehood' (ܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ) carries eschatological overtones in Syriac, often linked to the Antichrist or deception; here it intensifies Peter's fall as a cosmic betrayal.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܚܲܫܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the time of suffering' (ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܚܲܫܵܐ) echoes the Passion narrative, particularly Christ's trial and Peter's denial (cf. Matt 26:69–75), framing the scene as a Gospel reenactment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚ̣ܵܪ ܒܹܗ ... ܘܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܩܵܠܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a diptych: first Peter's internal collapse (lines 1–6), then Christ's silent look and imagined speech (lines 7–15), with the silence contrasting Peter's earlier noise.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܘܼܝܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'tribunal' (ܒܘܼܝܵܢܵܐ) imagery reflects Roman legal settings; Jacob of Serugh uses it to depict Peter's self-condemnation as a mock trial, a common homiletic trope in Syriac literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܸܬܿܬܿܕܝܼܢ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܘܲܫܕܼܵܐ (ܗ̤ܘ ܠܹܗ() ܠܚܲܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'it was known from him, and he cast himself into condemnation' is textually uncertain due to a possible scribal insertion (ܗ̤ܘ ܠܹܗ); the sense may be that Peter's guilt was self-evident, but the syntax is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܘܲܫܕܼܵܐ (ܗ̤ܘ ܠܹܗ()' may contain a scribal insertion or corruption; the reading taken treats it as 'he cast himself' (reflexive).","The exact referent of 'ܗܵܘܢܵܐ' (grace) in 'ܚܵܘܪܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܲܢ ܗܵܘܢܵܐ ܡܠܸܐ' is ambiguous: it could modify the look itself or be a separate attribute; the translation takes it as 'full of grace'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"Luke 1:28","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “full of grace”, which matches Luke 1:28. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ܟܲܕܼ ܙܲܝܚܘܼܢܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܓܲܠ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܝܲܡܵܐ ܠܘܵܬܼܝ ܪܵܗܹ̇ܛ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝܬܿ:\nܘܗܵܫܵܐ ܕܣܵܦ̇ܖܹ̈ܐ ܡܚܲܦܹܝܢ ܐܲܦܲܝ̈ ܗܵܐ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܗܸܦ̇ܟܹܿܬܼ ܗ̄ܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܠܚܲܡܪܵܐ ܩܲܪܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝܬܿ:\nܘܗܵܫܵܐ ܕܪܘܼܩܵܐ ܙܠܲܚ̣ܘ ܒܝܼ ܟܵܗ̈ܢܹܐ ܗܵܐ ܪܲܚܝܼܩ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܐܲܣ̇ܓܿܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܠܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܦܵܩܹ̇ܕܼ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝܬܿ:\nܘܗܵܫܵܐ ܕܛܲܝܸܒܼ() ܥܲܡܵܐ ܡܪܵܖܹ̈ܐ ܠܵܐ ܚܙܸܐ ܠܵܟܼ ܠܝܼ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܐܹܠܝܼܵܐ ܘܡܘܼܫܹܐ ܒܛܘܼܪܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܫܲܟܲܪܬܵܢܝ:\nܘܥܲܠ ܕܲܟܼܪܝܼܟܼ ܠܝܼ ܗܵܪܟܵܐ ܨܲܥܪܵܐ ܗܵܐ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ܀ ܦܲܟܿܝܼܗ ܚܘܼܒܵܟܼ ܐܸܢ ܥܲܡ ܙܲܒܼ̈ܢܹܐ ܡܸܫܬܲܚܠܲܦ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ:\nܕܐܲܝܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܚܸܒܼ ܠܵܐ ܡܲܗܦܸܟܼ ܠܹܗ ܘܠܵܐ ܢܸܣܝܘܿܢܵܐ܀ ܪܵܚܿܡܵܐ ܕܩܘܼܫܬܵܐ ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܩܹܐܪܣܵܐ ܡܚܵܘܹܐ ܚܘܼܒܹܗ:\nܘܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܚܲܒܿܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܘܪܹܫܵܐ ܕܖ̈ܵܚܡܹܿܐ ܡܘܿܢ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ܀ ܥܲܠ ܕܲܦܓܲܥ̣ ܒܝܼ ܨܲܥܪܵܐ ܘܒܸܙܚܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܑܼܕܲܥܬܵܢܝ:\nܘܡܸܛܠ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܟܼܪܝܼܟܼܝܼܢ ܠܝܼ ܛܵܒܼ ܫܲܟܲܪܬܵܢܝ܀ ܒܫܲܝܢܵܐ ܢܩܸܦܬܵܢܝ ܘܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܩܪܵܒܼܵܐ ܗܵܐ ܐܲܪܦܝܼܬܵܢܝ:\nܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܕܐܵܦܠܵܐ ܡܸܕܲܥ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܹܗ܀ ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܵܟܼ ܐܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܕܬܸܟܼܦܘܿܪ ܐܘܿ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ:\nܘܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܦܵܣܲܥ̇ ܥܲܠ ܫܘܼܚ̈ܠܵܦܹܐ ܐܵܦ ܚܲܣܝܼܪܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ܀ ܥܲܠ ܕܲܚܙܲܝܬܵܢܝ ܕܲܡܡܲܟܲܟܼ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ:\nܚܲܛ̣ܦܵܟܼ ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܦ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ ܬܸܟܼܦܘܿܪ ܘܲܬܼܫܲܢܸܐ ܡܹܢܝ܀ ܫܸܬܼܩܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܪܡ̣ܲܙ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܠܘܼܩܒܲܠ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ:\nܘܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܒܣܲܪ ܠܲܩܢܘܿܡܹܗ ܕܡܵܢܵܐ ܓܲܕܼܫܹܗ܀","english":"When the waves of the sea were rushing toward me, I was running;\nand now that the scribes are wiping my face, behold, I deny. When I turned water into wine, I was near;\nand now that spittle has been cast upon me, behold, I am far off. When I multiplied the bread in the wilderness, you were commanding;\nand now that the people have become good, the lords do not see you seeing me. When Elijah and Moses on the mountain, I did not deny you;\nand upon your remembering me here, behold, I deny. Your love is sweet if among the sacrifices you are changed,\nfor one who loves does not turn him nor is he tested. A lover of truth shows his love in the time of the sword;\nand you, beloved and head of the lovers, how do you deny? Because distress and contempt assailed me, you did not know me;\nand because of the pains that reminded me of you, I denied you well. In the hour of your hardness and your gold, the battle, behold, I abandoned you;\nand again you deny that you do not even know him at all. A sacrifice gave you a hand that you might deny, O true one;\nand the love that passes over changes is also deficient. Because I saw that a man is humbled among the gallows,\nyour sacrifice seized you so that you also might deny and be saved from him. The silence of the wilderness signified these things to Simon;\nand also that rock denied the standing of the one who would tell his story.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܕܼ ܙܲܝܚܘܼܢܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܓܲܠ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܝܲܡܵܐ ܠܘܵܬܼܝ ܪܵܗܹ̇ܛ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝܬܿ","severity":"info","text":"The speaker (Peter) contrasts his former closeness to Christ (running toward the sea) with his present denial, using the sea as a symbol of apostolic mission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܕܼ ܗܸܦ̇ܟܹܿܬܼ ܗ̄ܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܠܚܲܡܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Alludes to the miracle of turning water into wine (John 2:1–11), here used as a sign of Peter’s former power and closeness to Christ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܕܼ ܐܲܣ̇ܓܿܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܠܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Echoes the multiplication of loaves in the wilderness (Mark 8:19–21; John 6:1–14), another miracle associated with Jesus’ ministry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܕܼ ܐܹܠܝܼܵܐ ܘܡܘܼܫܹܐ ܒܛܘܼܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Refers to the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1–8; Mark 9:2–8; Luke 9:28–36), where Peter witnessed Elijah and Moses with Jesus.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ (zabʿā) means 'sacrifice' or 'offering'; here it is used metaphorically for the act of denial as a sacrificial offering, possibly alluding to pagan sacrifice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܗܵܫܵܐ ܕ... ܗܵܐ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of antithetical couplets: each begins with a past miracle or closeness (ܟܲܕܼ) and contrasts with a present denial (ܗܵܫܵܐ ... ܗܵܐ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬܿ), emphasizing Peter’s fall.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the lords' (ܡܪܵܖܹ̈ܐ) in line 4 is ambiguous: possibly Roman authorities or Jewish leaders.","The phrase 'the silence of the wilderness signified these things to Simon' may refer to a lost tradition or symbolic interpretation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ܠܵܐ ܬܼܘܿܡ ܬܹܐܡܲܪ ܕܲܥܬܼܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܕܢܸܟܼܦܘܿܪ() ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ:\nܥܲܠ ܕܐܵܦ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܩܲܕܸܡ̣ ܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܸܣܬܲܥܪܲܬ̤܀ ܠܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡܸܛܠ ܕܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܟܦܲܪ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ:\nܐܸܠܵܐ ܒܗܵܢܵܐ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܕܗܵܘܹ̇ܐ ܚ̣ܵܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡܵܪܲܢ܀ ܘܩܲܕܸܡ̣ ܝܑܼܕܲܥ ܡܵܐ ܕܗܵܘܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܢܸܗܘܸܐ:\nܘܠܵܘ ܡܸܛܠ ܗܵܝ̇ ܠܵܐ ܥܕܼܝܼܠ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܐܸܢ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܣܲܢܝܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܹܗ:\nܘܐܵܦܠܵܐ ܡܵܕܹܝܢ ܗ̤ܝ ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܹܗ ܫܲܦܝܼܪܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ܀ ܣܢܸܐ ܠܹܗ ܕܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܘܫܲܦܝܼܪ ܠܹܗ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܬܵܐܹ̇ܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܚܛ̣ܵܐ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܘܬܼܵܒܼ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܘܠܵܘ ܒܐܸܣܟܹܿܡܵܐ܀ ܘܡܸܛܠܗܵܢܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܬܼܘܼܒܼ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܒܵܟܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܬܲܝܵܒܼܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܠܵܘ ܒܐܸܣܟܹܡܵܐ ܟܦܲܪ ܒܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܒܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܿܬܼܵܐ ܛܒܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܓܲܫܫܵܐ܀ ܘܡܸܛܠܗܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܒܵܟܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܕܲܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܠܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܒܦܲܚܬܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܐܲܦ̣ܩܹܗ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܸܣܦܹܪܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܐܲܥܠܵܝ̈ܗܝ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܠܓܼܵܘ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܟܲܕܼ ܡܲܚܪܸܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܠܵܘ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܐ:\nܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܕܲܒܼܟܼܵܐ ܫܠܝܼܚܵܐ ܓܲܒܼܝܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܚܲܛܵܝܵܐ܀ ܘܠܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܹܗ ܡܢܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܠܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܘܕܝܼ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܹܗ ܪܹܝܚܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܟܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ ܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܘܐܸܬܼܢܲܟܼܪܝܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܘܼܠܛܵܢܹܗ:\nܘܡܸܛܠܗܵܢܵܐ ܒܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܕܚܲܫܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܡܲܪܡܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀","english":"Do not say that Simon’s denial was predestined, because even our Lord said beforehand, as it were, “I do not know.” It was not because our Lord said it that the denial was real; rather, in this denial, our Lord was looking to what would be. And he knew beforehand what would be, the just one. And it is not for that reason that Simon was not guilty when he denied. If in truth his denial was not a mistake, then his repentance would not have been good either. He erred in that he denied, and it was good that he repented when he wept. He sinned in truth and repented in truth, and not in pretense. And therefore, when he denied, he was a denier; and again, in truth, when he wept, he was a penitent. He did not deny Christ in pretense, as one who did not know him; he plunged into a great falsehood that was unshaken. And therefore he also wept truly, because he saw himself in the great pit of denial. Denial expelled him from the rank of apostleship, and tears brought him back into the measure of discipleship. When he was anathematizing, he was a denier and not a disciple; and after he wept, he was a chosen apostle and not a sinner. And not when he denied was the mark of apostleship in him, nor when he confessed was the scent of denial in him. He denied the Son and was separated from his mixture; and therefore he was agitated by tears of pain.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܦܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac verb ܟܦܲܪ (kpar) means 'deny' and is used throughout this passage to describe Simon Peter's act of denial. The term carries theological weight, as it contrasts with 'confession' (ܐܵܘܕܝܼ) and underscores the gravity of Peter's action.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܸܣܟܹܿܡܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The word ܐܸܣܟܹܿܡܵܐ (eskēmā) is a Greek loanword (σχῆμα) meaning 'pretense' or 'outward form'. Jacob uses it to argue that Peter's denial and repentance were genuine, not performed for show.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521) was a Syriac poet-theologian known for his metrical homilies. This passage reflects his concern with free will and divine foreknowledge, a common theme in Syriac theological discourse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a longer narrative where Peter defends his denial. Jacob uses a series of antitheses (denial vs. repentance, sin vs. truth) to argue that Peter's actions were real and not predestined, reinforcing the homily's rhetorical structure.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob's interpretation of Peter's denial as a genuine sin followed by true repentance aligns with later Syriac and Eastern Christian traditions that emphasize the possibility of redemption through sincere penitence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac phrase ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܸܣܬܲܥܪܲܬ̤ (as it were) in line 2 may indicate a hypothetical or indirect speech, but the exact referent of 'our Lord said' is unclear—possibly a lost Gospel tradition or a paraphrase of Matthew 26:25.","The term ܚܘܼܠܛܵܢܹܗ (his mixture) in the final lines is ambiguous: it could refer to Christ's divine-human nature or to Peter's association with the apostles. The translation 'mixture' is retained, but the precise theological sense is debated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܕܐܵܘܒܸܿܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܫܲܪܝܼ ܕܢܸܒܼܟܸܿܐ ܥܲܠ ܕܐܸܬܼܢܲܟܼܪܝܼ ܠܗܵܝ̇ ܪܲܒܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܥܪܲܩ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܚܛܵܗܵܐ ܕܩܵܡ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܐܲܦܲܝ̈ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ:\nܘܢܸܗܪܲܬ̤ ܐܘܼܪܚܹܗ ܘܫܲܪܝܼ ܕܢܹܐܬܸܐ ܠܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܫܲܡ̣ܠܝܼ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܥ̇ܒܼܵܕܼܵܐ ܕܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܘܫܲܢܝܼ ܡܸܢܹܗ:\nܘܥܸܠܲܬ̤ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܬܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܬܸܪܕܹܝܘܗܝ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܣܵܦܲܪܬܼܵܐ܀ ܫܲܪܝܼ ܕܵܐܹ̇ܢ ܗܸܘ ܥܲܡ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܦܵܪܘܿܫܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܘܲܡܩܲܛܪܸܓܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܗܸܘ ܠܲܩܢܘܿܡܹܗ ܚܲܟܿܝܼܡܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܘܵܝ ܠܝܼ ܕܢܸܦ̇ܠܹܬܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܘ̇ ܪܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܚܘܼܒܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ:\nܘܗܵܐ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܒܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܓܘܼܢܚܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܒܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܟܸܦ̇ܪܹܬܼ ܘܲܣ̇ܢܹܝܬܼ ܚܵܝܵܝ̈:\nܘܵܚܠܵܦ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܗܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܟܦܘܿܪܵܐ܀ ܠܡܘܿܢ() ܠܵܐ ܦܲܟܼܪܘܼܢܝ ܒܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ ܥܲܡܹܗ ܘܠܵܐ ܟܸܦ̇ܪܹܬܼ ܒܹܗ:\nܕܦܲܩܵܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܕܥܲܡܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܝܼ̈ܡܵܬܼܵܐ܀ ܙܵܕܹܩ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܕܟܲܕܼ ܒܵܠܲܥ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܡܹܗ() ܐܸܒܠܲܥ:\nܘܟܲܕܼ ܡܸܬܼܩܲܦܲܚ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܨܵܠܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܦ() ܠܝܼ ܢܸܡܚܘܿܢ܀ ܠܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܐܹܙܲܠ ܐܸܒܼܥܹܐ ܚܲܝܲܝ̈ ܕܐܸܒܼܲܕܘ ܠܗܘܿܢ:\nܘܲܒܼܡ̇ܢ ܐܵܘܕܹܐ ܒܵܬܼܲܪ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܕܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܟܸܦ̇ܪܹܬܼ܀ ܠܡܘܿܢ ܠܵܐ ܣܸܒܼ̇ܠܹܬܼ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܡܸܛܠܵܬܹܗ:\nܘܩܵܡܹ̇ܬܼ ܒܲܚܕܼܵܐ ܕܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܥܹܝܢ ܣܲܓܿܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ܀ ܘܵܠܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܕܐܵܦܸܢ ܐܹܡܘܼܬܼ ܠܵܐ ܐܸܟܼܦܘܿܪ ܒܹܗ:\nܕܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܕܥܲܡܹܗ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܛܵܒܹ̈ܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܫܘܼܠܵܡܵܐ܀ ܚܠܵܦ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܗܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܵܐ ܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܥܒܸ̇ܕܼ:\nܘܲܚܠܵܦ ܚܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܘܐܵܟܹ̇ܠ ܠܲܚܡܵܐ ܚܒܲܪ ܨܵܠܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ܀","english":"He saw that the great truth of discipleship was being lost, and he began to weep over the loss of that greatness. The sin that had stood before him fled from him, and his path was illuminated, and he began to come to repentance. The denial, that evil deed, was completed, and he withdrew from it, and repentance followed after him like a pursuer to overtake him. He began to reason with himself separately, and he accused his own standing wisely. \"Woe is me, that I fell from that height of the love of the Son, and behold, I stand with the crucifiers in denial.\" It is a great groan that I denied and erred in my life, and instead of the head of the apostolate, I became a denier. Why did I not confess with him and deny him, for death with him would have been a gain for me from the treasures? It would have been fitting for me, when he was swallowed up, to be swallowed with him, and when he was crucified among the crosses, to be struck with him. Where shall I go to seek my life, which has been lost to me? And with what shall I confess after this, that I denied the Son? Why did I not suffer the pains of death for his sake, and stand in one place, that I might know the feast of the many? It was necessary for me to return, so that I might not deny him, for death with him is a good life without end. Instead of a disciple, I became a denier, and what shall I do? And instead of a companion and a table-companion, I became a companion of the crucifiers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܕܐܵܘܒܸܿܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Peter perceives the loss of the 'great truth of discipleship' as a personal catastrophe, initiating his repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܟܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'denial' (kəp̄ūrāyā) is central; it denotes both the act of renouncing Christ and the state of being a denier, linking Peter's fall to apostasy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܲܡ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'with the crucifiers' evokes the Gospel accounts of the crucifixion, where Peter aligns himself with those who condemned Christ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܪܹܫܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Peter's self-identification as 'head of the apostolate' reflects his primacy in early Syriac tradition, making his denial a profound inversion of his role.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܵܝ ܠܝܼ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts into a first-person lament ('Woe is me'), marking a dramatic monologue that intensifies the emotional and rhetorical force of Peter's repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܕܥܲܡܹܗ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܛܵܒܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The paradox 'death with him is good life' echoes Pauline themes of martyrdom as life (cf. 2 Cor 5:15), common in Syriac ascetical literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac phrase ܠܡܘܿܢ() ܠܵܐ ܦܲܟܼܪܘܼܢܝ (line 10) is partially corrupt; the reading 'Why did I not confess with him' is conjectural based on context.","The exact referent of 'the feast of the many' (ܥܹܝܢ ܣܲܓܿܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ) is unclear; it may allude to the Eucharist or a communal celebration of martyrdom."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ܗܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܠܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܚܵܐ ܘܪܹܫܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ:\nܘܨܹܝܕܼ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ ܣܵܢܹ̇ܐ (ܪܲܒܹܗ ܘܡܲܚܪܸܡ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ()܀ ܢܸܒܼܟܿܘܿܢ ܥܠܲܝ ܥܸܣܪܵܐ ܚܲܒܖ̈ܲܝ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܕܪܲܒܿ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܟܹܐܒܼܵܐ ܕܲܡܛ̣ܵܢܝ ܝܵܘܡܵܢ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܦܲܩܵܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܐܸܠܘܼ ܥܸܪܩܹ̇ܬܼ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܥܪܲܩ̣ܘ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ:\nܘܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܥܸܪܩܹ̇ܬܼ ܗܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܵܐ ܚܠܵܦ() ܥܵܪܘܿܩܵܐ܀ ܢܸܒܼܟܹܿܐ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܣܘܼܪܚܵܢܵܐ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܐܲܚܘܼܗܝ:\nܡܵܐ ܕܫܵܡܲܥ̇ ܥܠܲܝ ܕܟܸܦ̇ܪܹܬܼ ܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܩܕܼܵܡ ܣܲܓܿܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ܀ ܢܲܝܠܸܠ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ ܘܥܲܡܹܗ ܡܲܬܲܝ ܐܵܦ ܒܲܪ ܬܘܼܠܡܲܝ:\nܒܛܸܒܵܐ ܕܓܼܘܼܢܚܵܐ ܕܥܸܒܼ̇ܕܹܬܼ ܝܵܘܡܵܢ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܥܵܘܵܠܹ̈̇ܐ܀ ܬܵܐ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܝܵܠܹ̇ܦ ܐ̄ܖ̈ܵܙܹܐ ܒܟܼܝܼ ܥܲܠ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ:\nܕܐܲܝܟܼ ܩܲܝܵܦܵܐ ܟܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ ܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ܀ ܟܠܟܼܘܿܢ ܐܲܚܲܝ̈ ܗܲܒܼܘ ܠܝܼ ܘܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܵܢܵܐ ܓܲܕܼܫܲܢܝ:\nܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܵܐ ܗ̄ܘܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܘܗܵܫܵܐ ܚܠܝܼܛ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܟܵܦܘܿܖܹ̈ܐ܀ ܒܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܟܸܦ̇ܪܹܬܼ ܘܗܵܐ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܚܸܫܘܿܟܹܼ̈ܐ:\nܣܢܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܠܐܝܼܡܵܡܵܐ ܘܠܸܠܝܵܐ ܚܲܕܼܪܲܢܝ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܓܲܒܿܝܼ̈ܢ܀ ܐܲܪܦ̇ܝܼܬܼ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܐܸܚ̇ܕܹܬܼ ܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܣܸܡܵܠܵܐ:\nܡܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܥܒܸܕܼ ܡ̇ܢ ܡܲܥܒܲܪ ܠܝܼ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ܀ ܒܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܡܸܬܼܡܲܪܡܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܙܝܼܙܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܟܲܕܼ ܒܵܟܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܚܲܫܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܣܘܼܪܚܵܢܹܗ܀ ܥܸܪܩܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܠܵܗ̇ ܛܘܼܥܝܲܝ ܪܲܒܬܼܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܹܗ:\nܘܥܲܠ ܗܵܝ̇ ܕܲܣ̣ܥܲܪ ܡܸܬܿܬܲܢܲܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܠ() ܕܐܸܣܬܲܥܪܲܬ̤܀ ܘܲܟܼܒܲܪ ܐܸܡ݂ܲܪ ܡ̇ܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܝܼ ܐܸܚܲܫ ܥܲܡܹܗ:\nܘܲܒܼܝܲܕܼ ܚܲܫܲܝ̈ ܐܸܥܛܹܐ ܐ̄ܫܛܵܪܵܐ() ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀","english":"I was to the apostles a brother and a head, even the first. And against the crosses I was a helper, (my) great one, and I curse myself. I wept bitterly over my ten companions. For the great pain of my error has come upon me today truly. It would have been better for me if I had fled as they fled. And since I did not flee, I became a denier instead of a fugitive. Thomas wept over the transgression of Simon his brother, when he heard that he had denied in the court before the multitudes. James wailed, and with him Matthew, also Bartholomew, at the evil of the outcry that you made today in the house of the wicked. Come, John, who knows the mysteries, weep over Simon, that like Caiaphas he denied him, the Son, whom he did not know. All my brothers, give me a woe, for what has happened to me? That I was an apostle and now I am mixed with deniers. In the light I denied, and behold I stand in the house of darkness. I sought the day and the night, they sought me from all sides. I cast away life and took death on the left side. What shall I do? What will carry me across to the sea of the west? In these words Simon was being greatly agitated, as he wept in great pain over his transgression. His great error had fled from his mind, and over that which he had done he was being troubled concerning that which had been done. And again he said, What then has given me to grieve with him? And by my pains I have torn up the document of denial.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܨܹܝܕܼ ܙܵܩ̈ܘܿܦܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'against the crosses' (ṣēd zāqōpē) likely refers to the crosses of the crucifixion, possibly the two thieves crucified with Christ, or the cross as a symbol of martyrdom. The sense is that Peter was a helper in the context of the crucifixion.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܝܟܼ ܩܲܝܵܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of Peter to Caiaphas (ʾayk qayyāpā) echoes the Gospel accounts (e.g., Matthew 26:57–68) where Caiaphas, the high priest, interrogates Jesus. Here, Peter is likened to the one who denied Christ, intensifying his self-condemnation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܹܝܬܼ ܥܵܘܵܠܹ̈̇ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'house of the wicked' (bēt ʿāwālē) likely refers to the court of the high priest or the place of Peter's denial, as described in the narrative of Peter's denial in the apocryphal traditions (e.g., the Acts of Peter).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܸܥܛܹܐ ܐ̄ܫܛܵܪܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'document of denial' (ʾešṭārā d-kāpōrūtā) is a metaphor for Peter's renunciation of his faith, paralleling legal or contractual language. This imagery appears in other Syriac works, such as Ephrem's hymns, where sin is depicted as a written bond.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from Peter's self-accusation to the reactions of the other apostles (Thomas, James, Matthew, Bartholomew, John), creating a choral lament that amplifies the communal shame of Peter's denial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jacob of Serugh's portrayal of Peter's remorse and the apostles' grief reflects a broader Syriac tradition that emphasizes repentance and the restoration of apostolic authority, as seen in later liturgical and homiletic texts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'against the crosses' (ṣēd zāqōpē) could also be interpreted as a reference to the two thieves crucified with Christ, but the context of Peter's helper role suggests a general reference to the crucifixion.","The 'document of denial' (ʾešṭārā d-kāpōrūtā) is metaphorical; it is unclear whether it refers to a literal written renunciation or a symbolic act."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ܡ̇ܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܒܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ ܐܸܩܪܘܿܒܼ ܨܹܐܕܼܵܘܗܝ:\nܘܐܸܣܒܿܘܿܠ ܥܲܡܹܗ ܨܲܥܪܵܐ ܘܒܸܙܚܵܐ ܘܲܪܕܼܝܼܦܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܡ̇ܢ ܕܹܝܢ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܝܼ ܐܸܣܲܒܼ ܪܘܼܩܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܦܲܪܨܘܿܦܹܗ:\nܘܲܠܫܘܼܩܵܦܵܐ ܐܵܘܫܸܛ ܦܲܟܲܝ̈ ܡܸܛܠܵܬܹܗ܀ ܙܪܝܼܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܡܸܟܵܐ ܘܡܸܟܵܐ ܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܢܸܥܒܸܿܕܼ:\nܕܢܸܩܪܘܿܒܼ ܕܵܚܹ̇ܠ ܘܥܲܠ ܕܐܲܪܚܸܩ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܚܵܐܹ̇ܫ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܕܢܸܥܘܿܠ ܢܸܣܲܒ ܕܝܼܢܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܥܲܠ ܕܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܒܹܗ ܒܗܸܬܼ ܘܐܸܬܼܡܲܟܲܟܼ ܘܲܒܼܟܼܵܐ ܘܐܲܝܠܸܠ̣܀ ܝܑܼܡ̣ܵܐ ܘܕܲܓܸܠ̣ ܘܐܵܘܒܸܿܕܼ ܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܒܲܬܼܪܹܝܢ ܓܲܒܿܝܼ̈ܢ:\nܘܠܵܐ ܕܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܠܬܲܠܡܝܼ̣̈ܕܹܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܠܙܵܩ̇ܘܿܦܹܐ܀ ܫܠܝܼܚܵܐ ܠܲܝܬܵܘܗܝ ܘܲܠܩܵܛ̈ܘܿܠܹܐ ܠܵܐ ܫܵܠܹ̇ܡ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܦܵܫ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܒܼܖ̈ܵܘܗܝ ܘܲܠܨܵܠܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ ܠܵܐ ܐܲܕܼܪܸܟܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܕܢܲܕܸܫ() ܢܸܫܠܸܐ ܒܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܓܘܼܢܚܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܪܲܒܵܐ:\nܘܲܕܼܢܹܐܙܲܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܒܣܝܼܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ܀ ܢ̣ܚܸܬܼ ܒܲܟܼܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܪܓܼܵܐ ܕܲܓܼܡܝܼܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܢܦܘܼܫ ܢܸܫܠܸܐ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܲܚܛܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܟܹܐܒܼܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ܀ ܡܥܵܕܼ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܛܲܥ̣ܡܵܗ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܕܲܓܵܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܒܟܼܵܐ ܘܐܼܬܿܬܲܢܲܚ ܟܡܵܐ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ ܛܥܵܡܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܸܫܟܲܚ܀ ܩܵܡ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܘܬܲܠܝܵܐ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܒܙܲܕܝܼܩܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܒܼܟܼܠ ܦܘܼܪܣܝܼܢ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܕܢܸܒܼܟܸܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܥܸܠܲܬ̤ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܥܵܩܬܼܵܐ ܛܡܲܪܬܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܓܲܒܵܘ̈ܗܝ:\nܐ̄ܬܲܬ̤ ܛܲܝܒ̇ܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܦܸܪܣܲܬ̤ ܟܸܢ̈ܦܹܝܗ̇ ܥܲܠ ܛܘܼܪܵܦܵܘܗܝ܀","english":"When I came to the place of judgment, I approached him. And I endured with him scorn, mockery, and persecution. When he gave me to take spittle from his face, and to the threshold I extended my palms for his sake. Simon was strong here and there and what to do: that approaching he feared, and that withdrawing he again grieved. That entering, to take his judgment of the son he was not able. And that he denied him, indeed, and humbled himself, and wept and wailed. He lied and deceived and destroyed both one after the other. And he was like neither the disciples nor the crucifiers. He was not an apostle, and he did not conform to the murderers. He was separated from his companions, and he did not reach the crucifiers. That he might cease in denial, a great groan was his. And that he went toward the disciples, he was cut off from himself. He descended into denial from that rank of perfection, and he remained and ceased in that sin; it was a pain to him. From then on, in truth, and when he had tasted falsehood, he wept and lamented how bitter was the taste he had found. He stood in iniquity and hung himself in righteousness. And in every opportunity, except that he wept, he did not know. And when the time of distress came, it buried him from all his sides. Grace came and spread its wings over his branches.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܒܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'place of judgment' (Syriac: ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܒܕܼܝܼܢܵܐ) likely refers to the praetorium or tribunal before Pilate, a standard setting in passion narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܢܸܩܪܘܿܒܼ ܕܵܚܹ̇ܠ","severity":"info","text":"The description of Simon's fear and grief echoes the Gospel accounts of Peter's denial (e.g., Matthew 26:69–75; Mark 14:66–72), though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"Simon Peter is the central figure; Jacob of Serugh's homily dramatizes his denial as a moral and psychological crisis, contrasting him with both disciples and crucifiers.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡ̇ܢ ܕܹܝܢ ... ܘܐܸܣܒܿܘܿܠ","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses a series of conditional or temporal clauses ('When I came...') to structure Peter's narrative of his actions and emotions, building to a climax of despair and grace.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܛܲܝܒ̇ܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The final image of Grace spreading wings over Peter's branches reflects Jacob's soteriological theme: divine mercy redeems even the gravest sin, a common motif in Syriac poetry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text has some uncertain readings (e.g., ܕܢܲܕܸܫ() may be corrupt); the translation follows the edition's reconstruction.","The phrase 'he hung himself in righteousness' is ambiguous: it may mean he pretended to be righteous or that he paradoxically claimed righteousness while in sin."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ܬܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܐܲܝܬܵܐ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܕܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܒܟܼܝܼ ܘܠܵܐ ܬܸܫܠܹܐ ܫܲܦܝܼܪ() ܗ̣̄ܘ ܠܵܟܼ ܒܸܟܼܝܵܐ ܝܵܘܡܵܢ܀ ܫܘܼܚܢܵܟܼ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܒܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܣܲܓ̇ܝܼ̈ܐܵܬܼܵܐ:\nܕܗܵܢܵܐ ܟܹܐܒܼܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܒܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܐܲܣܹܐ܀ ܬܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ ܢܹܐܙܲܠ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܟܹܐܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܠܚܝܼܡܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ:\nܘܲܒܼܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܡܪܲܥܝܵܐ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܕܫܵܡ̇ܥܵܐ ܡܸܢܲܢ()܀ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܣܲܒܼ ܠܵܟܼ ܘܐܲܥܸܠ ܩܘܼܕܼܡܹܝܗ̇() ܡܵܐ ܕܥܵܐܹ̇ܠ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇:\nܘܡܸܚܕܼܵܐ ܢܵܝ̇ܚܵܐ ܟ̱ܠܵܗ̇ ܚܸܡܬܼܵܐ ܕܥܲܙܝܼܙܘܼܬܼܵܗ̇܀ ܐܲܥܛܲܪ ܒܸܟܼܝܵܐ ܘܲܚܠܵܦ ܒܸܣܡܹ̈ܐ ܫܓܼܘܿܪ ܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܟܼܠܹܗ ܪܘܼܓܼܙܵܐ ܡܸܬ̇ܬ̇ܢܝܼܚ ܡܸܢܵܟܼ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܠܢܘܼܪܹܗ ܕܥܵܘܼܠܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܒܸܟܼܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܕܲܥܸܟܼ ܠܵܗ̇:\nܐܲܪܡܵܐ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܥܲܠ ܓܵܘܙܲܠܬܵܐ ܕܲܠܚܝܼܡܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ܀ ܚܙܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܬܸܩܪܘܿܒܼ ܠܲܦܣܵܩ ܣܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܘܐܸܠܵܐ ܡܵܘܬܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ:\nܣܲܒܼ ܬܘܼܟܼܠܵܢܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܥܝܼ ܖ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܘܡܸܬܼܩܲܒܲܠ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇܀ ܚܲܫܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܪܕܼܵܝܗܝ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ:\nܘܢܲܓܼܕܹܗ ܕܢܸܪܕܹܐ ܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܪܲܒܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܢܸܗܪܲܬ̤ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܛܲܝܒ̇ܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܕܸܢܚܲܬ̤ ܨܹܐܕܼܵܘܗܝ:\nܘܫܲܪܝܼ ܓܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܒܚܲܫܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܣܘܼܪܚܵܢܹܗ܀ ܒܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܡܵܪܝ ܠܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܢܲܟܼܪܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܟܼ:\nܐܲܦܩܲܢ̣ܝ() ܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܢܲܥܠܲܢܝ ܚܘܼܒܵܐ ܕܒܲܣܝܼܡܘܼܬܼܵܟܼ܀ ܚܛܵܗܵܐ ܟܡܸܢ ܠܝܼ ܘܐܲܪܡܝܼ ܬܲܒܼܪܲܢܝ(ܕܠܵܐ ܚܵܘܣܵܢܵܐ():\nܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܚܲܟ̇ܝܼܡܵܐ ܥܨܘܿܒܼ ܠܲܡܚܘܿܬܼܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܡܵܐ ܠܝܼ܀ ܓܲܠ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܒܝܲܒܼܫܵܐ ܚܲܕܼܪܘܼܢܝ ܠܡܸܬ̇ܛܲܒܵܥܘܼ:\nܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܡܵܪܝ ܕܲܠܵܢܝ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܡܥܵܕܼܝ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܵܡ̈ܘܿܠܹܐ()܀","english":"Come, Simon, and bring tears of repentance.\nWeep and do not cease; weeping is good for you today. A great flood of tears is needed, many of them,\nfor this pain is not healed except by tears. Come, go to the side of the suffering that has no end for you,\nand with festivals I will pasture her so that she may hear from me. Take tears for yourself and enter before her; when you enter,\nimmediately all the wrath of her might will be dissolved. Turn weeping into joy, and change festivals into delights,\nand all anger will be truly dissolved from you. The fire of iniquity is not extinguished except by weeping;\ncast tears upon the coal that has no end for you. See that you do not approach the cutting off of hope, for that is death;\ntake consolation and seek mercy, and you will be received. Great suffering pursued Simon like a judge,\nand his fortune, which had been cast down, was set on the great road of repentance. He feared for himself from the grace of the terror that had befallen him,\nand he began to groan in great suffering over his transgression. I beseech you, my Lord, do not be estranged from your mixture;\nremove iniquity from me and clothe me in the love of your sweetness. Sin has grieved me and cast me into ruin without remedy;\nyou are wise, bind up the wound that is appointed for me. The waves of iniquity have surrounded me on dry land to be drowned;\nyou, my Lord, who are above me as one who knows me, are from the fonts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ (demʿē) means 'tears' and is a key motif in this passage, symbolizing repentance and the means of dissolving wrath.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ (tyābūtā) is 'repentance', a central theme in Jacob's homily, here linked with tears as its expression.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܣܲܒܼ ܠܵܟܼ ܘܐܲܥܸܠ ܩܘܼܕܼܡܹܝܗ̇","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of tears entering before a figure may echo the biblical motif of tears as a plea before God, though no direct citation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"Simon Peter is addressed directly, reflecting the homily's focus on his denial and subsequent repentance, a common theme in Syriac literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated imperative 'Come, Simon' structures the passage as a direct exhortation, emphasizing the call to repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܒܼܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܡܪܲܥܝܵܐ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܵܗ̇","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'with festivals I will pasture her' is obscure; 'her' may refer to wrath or suffering, but the syntax is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'her' in 'I will pasture her' is unclear; possibly wrath or suffering.","The phrase 'from the fonts' at the end is ambiguous, possibly a baptismal allusion or a textual corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܚܲܫܹ̈ܐ ܡܸܛܠ ܒܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ ܗܵܐ ܣܵܒܹ̇ܠ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇:\nܒܝܼ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܚܵܘܵܐ ܚܢܵܢܵܟܼ ܕܲܡܚܲܣܹܐ ܠܝܼ܀ ܒܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܚܠܵܦ ܚܲܛܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܗܵܐ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇:\nܠܝܼ ܚܲܛܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܚܵܐ ܠܘܼܩܕܲܡ ܕܲܒܼܥܹ̇ܝܬܼ ܡܸܢܵܟܼ܀ ܐܸܢܵܐ ܟܸܦ̇ܪܹܬܼ ܘܐܸܢܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܗܵܫܵܐ ܗܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܹܐ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ:\nܩܲܒܸ̇ܠ ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܼܝܼ ܘܲܥܛܝܼ ܫܛܵܪܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ ܬܸܒܼܩܹܐ() ܚܢܵܢܵܟܼ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܐܸܢ ܒܝܼ:\nܕܝܲܬܝܼܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܦܸܠ̇ܚܹܬܼ ܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܒܛܵܠܘܿܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܗܵܐ ܨܵܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܪܲܒ̇ܬܼܵܐ ܕܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܒܠܲܥܬܲܢܝ ܡܵܪܲܢ:\nܗܲܒܼ ܠܝܼ ܐܝܼܕܼܵܟܼ ܐܸܣܲܩ ܡܸܢܵܗ̇ ܕܠܵܐ ܐܹܒܲܕܼ ܒܵܗ̇܀ ܒܗܵܒܼܬܼܵܐ ܢܸܦ̇ܠܹܬܼ ܘܐܸܢܗ̤ܘ ܕܬܲܗܡܹܐ ܠܵܐ ܣܵܠܹ̇ܩ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ:\nܐܵܘܫܸܛ ܠܝܼ ܡܵܪܝ ܖ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܡܸܢܵܟܼ ܕܲܢܕܲܠܘܿܢܵܢܝ܀ ܒܝܼܫܵܐ ܨܵܕܲܢܝ ܘܲܒܼܓܼܵܘ ܦܲܚܹܗ ܗܵܐ ܚܵܢܹ̇ܩ ܠܝܼ:\nܬܒܼܘܿܪ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܦܲܚܹܗ ܘܐܸܓܼܗܹܐ ܐܸܢܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܛܘܼܪܵܦܵܐ()܀ ܫܘܼܚܢܵܐ ܢܒܲܥ ܒܝܼ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܗܵܐ ܡܒܲܣܒܸܣ ܠܝܼ:\nܐܵܣܝܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܵܐ ܛܘܼܫ ܒܝܼ ܣܲܡܵܟܼ ܐܸܬܼܐܲܣܹܐ ܒܹܗ܀ ܢܟܼܝܼܠܵܐ ܦܓܲܥ̣ ܒܝܼ ܘܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܝܼ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܕܐܹܩܲܪܸܒܼ ܠܵܟܼ:\nܣܲܒܼ ܡܹܢܝ ܗܵܫܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܬܲܘܕܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܝܵܗܹ̇ܒܼ ܐ̄ܢܵܐ ܠܵܟܼ܀ ܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܵܐ ܦܘܿܩ ܒܲܒܼܥܵܬܹܗ ܕܥܸܪܒܵܐ ܕܲܛܥ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܠܵܐ ܬܸܫܒ̇ܘܿܩܲܝܢܝ ܒܐܝܼ̈ܕܲܝ ܒܝܼܫܵܐ ܕܒܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܚܲܝܲܝ̈܀ ܒܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܙܵܘ̈ܥܹܐ ܕܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܪܗܝܼܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ:\nܘܲܒܼܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܪܵܥܘܿܡܵܬܼܵܐ ܡܸܬܼܟܲܦܲܫ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܥܲܠ ܐܸܣܟܘܼܦܬܼܵܐ ܕܖ̈ܲܚܡܵܘܗܝ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܒܪܲܟܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܓܵܥܹ̇ܐ:\nܕܚܲܨܝܼܦܘܼܬܹܗ ܬܸܦ̮ܬܲܚ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬܼ ܕܲܝܵܢܵܐ܀","english":"These pains are because of evils, see, you bear.  \nThrough me, the first, show your sin that covers me. In this judgment on behalf of sinners, see, you stand.  \nTo me, the sinner, first you sought from me. I denied, and I am he who now confesses, I.  \nAccept my confession and sign the document of denial. From where can you weep, your sin, except through me?  \nWho more than all have done evil in falsehood. See, the great crown of evil consumes my Lord.  \nGive me your hand, I will ascend from it, lest I perish in it. In the pit I fell, and I am one who cannot ascend.  \nExtend to me, my Lord, mercy from you, that I may be saved. Evil pursues me, and the snare gapes, see, it chokes me.  \nBreak, you, the snare, and I will escape from the trap. Shame seeks denial in me, and see, it mocks me.  \nGood physician, apply your medicine to me, I will be healed by it. The mighty one has assailed me and given me denial that I might approach you.  \nTake from me now also the confession that I give to you. Good shepherd, go out at the plea of the sheep that has gone astray,  \nand do not leave me in the hands of the evil one who seeks my life.  \nWith these tremors of repentance, Simon was shaken,  \nand with contrite sobs he was heaped up.  \nAt the goal of the mercy of his Lord, the son wept as he groaned,  \nthat his earnestness might open the door of the house of judgment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term kāp̄ūrūṯā (denial) is a key theological and dramatic word in this passage, referring to Peter's act of denying Christ. It recurs in the document (ܫܛܵܪܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ) and in the plea for mercy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac tawdīṯā (confession) is paired with denial (kāp̄ūrūṯā) to frame Peter's repentance. The speaker (Christ) demands both a signed document of denial and an acceptance of confession, highlighting the paradox of forgiveness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of a pit (ܢܸܦ̇ܠܹܬܼ) and snare (ܦܲܚܹܗ) reflects the Syriac ascetic and poetic tradition of sin as a physical trap from which only divine mercy can rescue. Jacob of Serugh often uses such metaphors in his mimre.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from direct speech (Christ addressing Peter) to narrative description in the final four lines, marked by the change to third person ('Simon was shaken'). This structural break signals a transition from dialogue to reflection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'good shepherd' (ܪܵܥܝܵܐ ܛܵܒܼܵܐ) echoes John 10:11 and the broader pastoral imagery of Christ. The 'sheep that has gone astray' (ܥܸܪܒܵܐ ܕܲܛܥ̣ܵܐ) alludes to the parable of the lost sheep (Matthew 18:12-14).","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Syriac text contains several ambiguous or damaged readings, such as ܕܲܢܕܲܠܘܿܢܵܢܝ (possibly 'that I may be saved') and ܡܸܢܵܗ̇ (from her/it). The English draft smooths these, but the Syriac may reflect scribal errors or dialectal forms.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first half is ambiguous: it could be Christ addressing Peter, or Peter speaking to Christ. The Syriac uses first-person pronouns (ܐ̄ܢܵܐ) without clear markers, but the context of confession and denial suggests Christ is the primary speaker.","The phrase 'ܕܲܢܕܲܠܘܿܢܵܢܝ' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of ܕܲܕܲܠܘܿܢܵܢܝ (that I may be saved) or a variant spelling."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ܗܵܐ ܡܲܚܙܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܐܲܝܢܵܐ ܕܲܣܢܝܼܩ ܥܲܠ ܫܘܼܒܼܩܵܢܵܐ:\nܕܐܵܦ ܗ̤ܘ ܢܲܚܨܸܦ ܥܲܠ ܒܵܥܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܗܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܚܲܣܝܼ܀ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܥܸܠܬܼܵܐ ܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܠܵܗ ܠܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܕܬܸܗܘܹܐ ܓܲܠܝܵܐ ܘܫܲܦܝܵܐ ܐܘܼܪܚܵܗ ܩܕܼܵܡ ܣܲܓܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ܀ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܘ̇ ܓܲܒܼܝܵܐ ܣܲܒܼ ܬܲܚܘܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܡܵܐ ܕܲܡܦܝܼܣ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇:\nܘܲܓܼܥܝܼ ܒܚܲܫܵܐ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ ܥܲܠ ܣܘܼܪܚܵܢܵܟܼ܀ ܒܟܼܝܼ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܒܼܟܼܵܐ ܘܡܸܬܼܩܲܒܲܠ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܸܬܼܩܲܒܲܠ:\nܚܲܫ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܘܗܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܚܲܣܝܼܬ̇ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܚܘܼܪ ܒܹܗ ܒܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܲܕܼ ܒܵܟܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܕܟܹܐܒܼܵܐ ܕܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܡܲܚܸܫ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܦܵܪܘܿܫܵܐܝܼܬܼ()܀ ܕܢܸܪܕܘܿܦ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܚܛܵܗܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ̣ ܠܹܗ ܡܸܬܼܡܲܪܡܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܕܠܵܐ ܨܵܒܹ̇ܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܢܸܥܡܲܪ ܥܲܡܹܗ ܒܲܫܒܼܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܠܓܹܗܲܢܵܐ ܕܢܵܗ̇ܡܵܐ ܠܩܘܼܒܼܠܹܗ ܥܲܙܝܼܙܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܘܲܬܼܪܲܥ̣ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܘܐܲܛܝܼܦܵܗ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܕܸܥܟܲܬ̤ ܡܸܢܹܗ܀ ܚܲܕܼܪܹܗ ܒܝܼܫܵܐ ܒܣܸܕܼܖܹ̈ܐ ܠܙܝܼ̈ܙܹܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܐܲܥܝܼܪ ܒܸܟܼܝܵܐ ܘܲܒܼܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܙܟܼܵܐ ܠܠܸܓܼܝܘܿܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ܀ ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܚܲܟ̇ܝܼܡܵܐ ܠܢܘܼܪܹܗ ܕܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܕܣܲܦܝܼܦܵܐ ܒܹܗ:\nܘܡ̣ܢ ܪܹܫ ܓܘܼܫܡܹܗ ܬܪܲܥ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܬܲܦܵܐ ܕܲܢܕܲܥܟܼܵܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܒܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܒܸܟܼܝܵܐ ܫܲܬ̇ܩܹܗ ܠܪܲܥܡܵܐ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܒܼܬܼܵܘܕܝܼܬܼܵܐܦܪܲܥ̣ ܠܐܸܫܛܵܪܵܐ ܕܛܵܠܘܿܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܫܘܼܚܬܵܐ ܕܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܘܛܵܒܼ ܟܸܪܝܲܬ̤ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܢܲܩ̈ܕܹܐ ܐܲܪܡܝܼ ܘܡܲܪܩ̣ܵܗ̇ ܚܲܟ̇ܝܼܡܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܣܝܵܢܵܐ ܢܦܲܩ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܵܘ ܦܘܼܡܹܗ ܘܐܸܬܼܦܲܠܦܲܠ ܒܹܗ:\nܘܐܲܫܦܲܥ̣ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܒܼ̈ܵܬܹܗ ܣ̣ܚܵܐ ܘܐܸܬ̇ܕܲܟ̇ܝܼ܀","english":"Behold, you show the sign of what has gone up for forgiveness:  \nthat even he was bold for the prayer, and behold, he was hidden.  \nSimon's denial was the cause for repentance,  \nso that its path might be revealed and clear before the many.  \nFrom that chosen one, take the example of how you are reconciled,  \nand groan in bitter pain over your transgression.  \nWeep as he wept, and be received as he was received.  \nSuffer in truth, and behold, you have been truly hidden.  \nLook at Simon as he wept bitterly,  \nfor the pain of iniquity was afflicting him distinctly.  \nHe pursued from himself the sin that had come upon him, being agitated,  \nfor he did not wish it to dwell with him in neighborhood.  \nHe saw Gehenna, which was threatening him mightily,  \nand opened a flood of tears and extinguished it, and it was quenched from him.  \nHe turned evil aside in the ranks of the living of denial,  \nand stirred up weeping and with lamentations conquered his legions.  \nThe wise one saw the mountain of iniquity that was piled up in him,  \nand from the head of his body he opened a spring of tears that washed it away.  \nWith the voice of weeping he silenced the thunder of denial,  \nand with confession he paid the bill of injustice.  \nHe saw in himself the filth of iniquity, and it became bitter for him,  \nand he cast hot waters and purified it wisely.  \nA stone came out from within his mouth and was shattered in him,  \nand he poured forth tears from his eyes, washed, and was cleansed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܗܵܐ ܡܲܚܙܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܠܐܲܝܢܵܐ ܕܲܣܢܝܼܩ ܥܲܠ ܫܘܼܒܼܩܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The opening line is ambiguous: 'the sign of what has gone up for forgiveness' may refer to a visible token of Simon's denial that has been 'offered up' (sacrificially) for absolution, or to a sign that has ascended to God. The English draft takes the former, but the Syriac allows both.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'denial' (kāp̄ōrūṯā) is the key theological concept, referring to Simon Peter's renunciation of Christ. It is contrasted with 'confession' (tāwḏīṯā) later in the passage, forming a binary of sin and repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"The figure of Simon Peter weeping bitterly and confessing echoes the Gospel accounts of his denial (Matt 26:69–75; Mark 14:66–72; Luke 22:54–62; John 18:15–27) and subsequent repentance, though no single verse is quoted directly.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܐܸܫܛܵܪܵܐ ܕܛܵܠܘܿܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'bill of injustice' (ʾešṭārā d-ṭālōmūṯā) is a legal metaphor: an ʾešṭārā is a document or bond, here representing the debt of sin that Peter pays off through confession. This reflects Syriac legal imagery for atonement.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܝܵܢܵܐ ܢܦܲܩ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܵܘ ܦܘܼܡܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The image of a 'stone' (syāʿā) coming out of Peter's mouth and shattering is a vivid metaphor for the expulsion of denial through confession. It parallels earlier references to a 'mountain of iniquity' and 'flood of tears', creating a consistent physical imagery of purgation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܗܵܐ ܐܸܬܼܚܲܣܝܼ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'behold, he was hidden' (w-hā ʾetḥassī) is ambiguous: it could mean Peter was concealed (in shame) or that he was 'hidden' in the sense of being protected or forgiven. The English draft takes the latter, but the Syriac allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening 'sign of what has gone up for forgiveness' could be a sacrificial offering or an ascension to God.","'He was hidden' may mean concealed in shame or protected/forgiven.","The 'stone' from the mouth may be a literal object or a metaphor for a hard, obstructive sin."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ܣܪܲܚ̣ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܣܲܟܼܠܵܐ ܘܲܗ̣ܦܲܟܼ ܐܲܬܼܩܸܢ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܚܲܟ̇ܝܼܡܵܐ:\nܕܐܵܦ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܬܹܐܠܲܦ ܐܲܝܟܲܢ ܬܸܬܼܩܲܢ ܡܵܐ ܕܣܵܪܲܚ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇܀ ܕܚ̣ܵܒܼ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܦܪܲܥ̣ ܗ̣̄ܘܲܝ̈ ܥܲܝ̈ܢܹܐ ܕܗܵܘ̇ ܦܵܪܘܿܫܵܐ:\nܫܲܠܝܼܛ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܓܹܝܪ ܥܲܠ ܗܲܕܵܡܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܢܸܦܠܘܿܚ ܒܗܘܿܢ܀ ܚ̣ܙܵܗ̇() ܠܲܚܛܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܡܸܬܼܗܲܦܟܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܕܬܹܐܚܘܿܕܼ() ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ:\nܘܚܲܢܩ̣ܵܗ̇ ܒܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܬܸܗܦܘܿܟܼ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܥܲܠ ܚܘܼܫܵܒܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ܀ ܓܵܪܣܵܐ ܠܝܼܛܵܐ ܚ̣ܙܵܐ ܕܲܣܒܲܟܼ ܒܹܗ ܘܗܵܐ ܒܵܠܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܐܲܪܡ̣ܝܼ ܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܚ̣ܝܼܢ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܘ ܕܢܸܬܼܥܵܘܲܪ() ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܚܲܠܠܵܗ̇ ܠܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܒܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܫܦܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܕܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܚܸܘܪܲܬ̤() ܬܸܗܘܹܐ() ܠܒܼܘܼܫܵܐ ܠܒܹܝܬܼ ܡܲܠܟ̇ܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܫܘܼܦܪܹܗ ܐܵܘܒܸ̇ܕܼ ܘܲܒܼܟܼܵܐ ܪܲܒܲܬܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܒܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܐܸܫܟܲܚ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܘܗܵܝܕܹܝܢ ܐܲܗܡ̣ܝܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ܀ ܡܠܘܿܐܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܵܟܼ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܐܘܿ ܬܲܝܵܒܼܵܐ:\nܕܗ̤ܘ ܢܸܦ̮ܬܲܚ ܠܵܟܼ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܖ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܡܵܐ ܕܲܡܦܝܼܣ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇܀ ܐܵܦ ܙܵܕܹܩ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܬܹܐܠܲܦ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ:\nܕܐܲܝܢܵܘ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܥܵܐ̇ܠܝܼܢ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܟܠ ܬܲܝܵܒܹ̈ܐ܀ ܕܠܵܐ ܫܲܬܼܐ̱ܣܬܼܵܐ ܡܲܢ ܓܹܝܪ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܢܸܒܼܢܸܐ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ:\nܠܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܫܲܦܝܼܪ ܕܲܒܟܼܠܡܸܕܸܡ ܢܸܗܘܹܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝ܀ ܠܗܵܢܵܐ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܝܵܐܹ̇ܐ ܡܵܕܹܝܢ ܢܸܬ̇ܕܲܡܹܐ ܐ̄ܢܵܫ():\nܒܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܘܼܡ̈ܣܹܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ ܓܲܒܹ̇ܝ̈ܗ܀ ܗ̤ܘܝܘܼ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܕܲܓܼܒܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܘܲܕܼܫܲܪܝܼܖܹ̈ܐ:\nܘܗ̤ܘ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܗ̤ܘ ܥܒܼܝܼܕܼ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܬܲܝܵܒܼܹ̈ܐ܀","english":"He raved like a fool and turned, he stood like a wise man: that even you might learn how to stand when you have raved. For the debt of the hour was repaid by the eyes of that Parosh. He was indeed master over his limbs, that he might work with them. See the sin that is turned about in him, that it might take a place, and seal it with tears, that it might not turn again upon his thoughts. He saw the cursed glutton that had sunk into him, and behold, it devoured him; and he cast waters that were salty, that he might be awakened. He cleansed himself with the pure waters of repentance, until the whiteness might become a garment for the house of the kingdom. His beauty was lost, and he wept greatly, while seeking him; and he found what was his, and then he ceased from the festivals. A great fullness is given to you, Simon, O repentant one: that he opened for you the door of mercy when you were reconciled. It was also fitting that from Simon the Church should learn: by which door all the repentant enter from him. For without a foundation, a house cannot be built. For Simon, it is fitting that in everything he be first. For this stone, it is fitting that it be likened to a man, in all the examples that exist in the Church from all its sides. He was the head also of the chosen and of the saints, and he again, when he was made the first, for the sake of the repentant.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܦܵܪܘܿܫܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Parosh is a Syriac proper name or epithet, possibly referring to a specific figure (perhaps a nickname for Simon Peter) or a symbolic 'divider' or 'separator'. The context suggests it denotes a person whose eyes repay the debt of the hour.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܖ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'door of mercy' echoes biblical imagery of mercy and forgiveness, such as the 'door of mercy' in Exodus 33:19 (Peshitta) or the 'gate of mercy' in prophetic contexts, though no direct citation is given.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܓܵܪܣܵܐ ܠܝܼܛܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'cursed glutton' (ܓܵܪܣܵܐ ܠܝܼܛܵܐ) likely symbolizes sin or a demonic force that devours the soul, a common motif in Syriac ascetic literature, particularly in Jacob of Serugh's homilies on repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܐܘܿ ܬܲܝܵܒܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The direct address to 'Simon, O repentant one' marks a rhetorical shift from third-person narrative to second-person exhortation, a common homiletic device in Jacob of Serugh's metrical homilies.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ܟܹܐܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The pun on Simon's name (ܟܹܐܦܵܐ, 'stone') and the metaphor of the Church's foundation reflects a well-established patristic tradition, seen in Ephrem and later Syriac commentators, linking Peter to the Church's stability.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡ̣ܢ ܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ceased from the festivals' (ܐܲܗܡ̣ܝܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ) is ambiguous: it may mean Simon stopped participating in pagan feasts or that his weeping ended the celebratory mood. The reading 'festivals' is tentative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Parosh' (ܦܵܪܘܿܫܵܐ) is unclear; it may be a proper name or a symbolic title.","The phrase 'ceased from the festivals' (ܡ̣ܢ ܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܐ) could refer to liturgical or secular celebrations; the exact referent is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ܓܡܝܼܪ ܒܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܚܠܝܼܛ ܫܲܪܒܹܗ ܥܲܡ ܚܲܛܵܝܹ̈ܐ:\nܕܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܬܸܓܼܡܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܠܹܗ() ܢܸܬ̇ܕܲܡܘܿܢ܀ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܹܗ ܚܵܘܪܵܐ ܘܲܠܙܲܕܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܠܚܲܛܵܝܹ̈ܐ:\nܕܲܒܼܗܵܝ̇ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܢܸܚܙܹܝܘܗܝ ܟܠܢܵܫ (ܟܲܕܼ ܚܵܐܲܪ() ܒܹܗ܀ ܥܒܼܝܼܕܼ ܡܲܚܙܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܠܲܓܼܡܝܼܖܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܠܬܲܝܵܒܹ̈ܐ:\nܕܟܼܠ ܡܲܢ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܢܨܲܒܸ̇ܬܼ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܡܸܢܹܗ܀ ܓܡܝܼܪ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܘܲܓܼܡܝܼܪ ܣܲܓ̇ܝܼ ܒܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܓܡܝܼܪ ܟܲܕܼ ܚܵܛܹ̇ܐ ܘܲܓܼܡܝܼܪ ܝܲܬ̇ܝܼܪ ܟܲܕܼ ܬܵܐܹ̇ܒܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܡܠܝܼܠ ܒܲܟܼܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܘܕܵܡܹ̇ܐ ܠܪܲܥܡܵܐ ܒܩܵܠ ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܒܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܥܲܬ̇ܝܼܪ ܘܲܒܼܓܸܠܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ (ܪܹܫܵܝܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܕܗ̤ܘ() ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܘܕܝܼ ܒܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܕܡܲܢ̣ܘܼ ܘܒܲܪ ܡܲܢ:\nܘܗ̤ܘ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܗ̤ܘ ܟܦܲܪ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ܀ ܗ̤ܘ ܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܠܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܫܲܦܝܼܪ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܒܲܢܝܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܒܟܼܠ ܫܘܼܚ̈ܠܵܦܝܼܢ܀ ܚܲܟܝܼܡܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ ܓܹܝܪ ܒܲܪ ܢܲܓܵܖܹ̈ܐ ܕܣܵܡ̣ ܫܲܬܼܐ̱ܣܹ̈ܝܗ̇:\nܡܸܛܠ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܒܢ̣ܵܗ̇ ܥܲܠ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ܀ ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܚܬܼܝܼܪܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܝܲܬ̇ܝܼܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠ:\nܕܒܼܵܗ̇ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܥܵܬܼ̇ܪܝܼܢ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܟܸܢܫܹ̈ܝܗ̇ ܟܲܗܝܼܢܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܐܸܢ ܙܵܢܝܼܬܼܵܐ (ܚܵܒܼ̇ܨܵܐ ܕܬܸܥܘܿܠ() ܐܵܦ ܓܲܝܵܣܵܐ:\nܕܠܵܐ ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܠܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܡ̇ܢ ܦܵܬܲܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܘܡܸܛܠܗܵܢܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܟܵܦܘܿܪܵܐ ܒܲܢܝܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ:\nܕܢܼܗܘܘܿܢ ܠܵܚ̇ܡܝܼܢ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܘܼܡܣܹ̈ܝܗ̇ ܕܠܵܐ ܕܘܼܘܵܕܼܵܐ܀ ܡ̇ܢ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܢܸܒܼܢܸܐ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܥܲܠ ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ:\nܕܠܵܐ ܓܫܲܦ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܚܛܵܗܵܐ ܡܸܡܬܼܘܿܡ ܐܵܘ ܣܲܟܼܠܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀","english":"perfect among the apostles and mixed his company with sinners: that all the orders that exist in the Church are his, and they are astonished. There is in him a companion to the righteous and to the sinners: that by his own hand they all saw him when he looked at him. He made a spectacle even for the penitents and the repentant: that he seized for himself everything that exists in the Church. Perfect in truth and very perfect in denial: perfect when he sinned and more perfect when he repented. Eloquent in denial and like thunder in the voice of confession: rich in tears and first in revelations. He was the first to confess the Son of the Father and the Son of the Father: and he again was the first to deny that he knew him. He was also the first head of repentance: and the Church is well pleased with him in all her changes. For he is the wise son of the builders who laid her foundations: therefore she is built upon Simon from the beginning. The Church is more adorned with repentance than anything: for by it all her sorrows are healed. If a woman in childbirth embraces to enter, also a warrior: without repentance the door would be opened to these. And therefore the Church is well pleased with the denier: that all her examples are without example. When he was able to hide himself from John: that no sin or folly might be seen in him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܓܡܝܼܪ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܓܡܝܼܪ (gmīr) means 'perfect' or 'complete,' used here with deliberate irony to describe Peter's paradoxical status as both perfect in truth and perfect in denial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"Simon Peter is presented as the foundational figure of the Church, 'the wise son of the builders who laid her foundations,' reflecting Jacob of Serugh's typological exegesis linking Peter's repentance to the Church's stability.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to John (ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ) alludes to the Gospel account where Peter denies knowing Jesus before the high priest (John 18:25-27), a key moment in the Petrine denial tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܬܸܓܼܡܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'all the orders that exist in the Church' introduces a structural contrast between Peter's universal exemplarity and the specific categories of sinners, penitents, and repentants that follow.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܹܕܬܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob's portrayal of the Church as 'well pleased with the denier' reflects a later Syriac reception that rehabilitates Peter's denial as a necessary prelude to his repentance and foundational role.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܘܼܡܣܹ̈ܝܗ̇","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'all her examples are without example' (ܕܘܼܡܣܹ̈ܝܗ̇ ܕܠܵܐ ܕܘܼܘܵܕܼܵܐ) is paradoxical; the Syriac may be corrupt or deliberately apophatic, meaning the Church's models are unique and incomparable.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'by his own hand they all saw him when he looked at him' is syntactically ambiguous: it may mean Peter's actions were visible to all, or that he observed himself in a mirror of repentance.","The reference to 'the woman in childbirth' and 'the warrior' is unclear; it may be a metaphor for different types of sinners who need repentance to enter the Church."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ܚܲܕܼܝܵܐ ܕܢܘܼܪܵܐ ܙܲܝܲܚ ܛܲܥ̣ܢܹܗ ܚܲܒ̇ܝܼܒܼܵܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܘܡܲܢ ܡܸܫܟܲܚ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܢܸܬ̇ܕܲܡܹܐ ܒܹܗ() ܕܠܵܐ ܢܸܣܬܲܪܲܕܼ܀ ܒܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܓܲܒܼܝܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩ ܠܵܟܼ ܕܲܬܼܚܘܼܪ ܕܲܡܠܹܐ ܣܲܒܼܪܵܐ:\nܕܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܕܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܬܵܒܼ ܘܐܸܬܼܩܲܒܲܠ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬܼ܀ ܒܹܗ ܝܵܠܹ̇ܦ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܵܗ̇ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܕܬܸܡܛܹܐ ܠܕܲܪܓܼܵܐ ܪܵܡܵܐ ܕܲܓܼܡܝܼܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܕܲܚܛ̣ܵܐ ܘܬܼܵܒܼ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ:\nܠܵܐ ܢܚܸܬܼ ܕܲܪܓܼܵܐ ܕܢܸܗܘܹܐ ܕܲܬܼܪܹܝܢ ܐܵܘ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܵܐ܀ ܣܠܸܩ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܘܩܵܡ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܕܼܘܼܟ̇ܬܹܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܫܘܼܚܠܵܦܵܐ:\nܘܲܛܥܝܼܢ ܒܐܝܼܕܹܗ ܩܠܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ ܘܲܫܡܵܐ ܘܦܵܩܘܿܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܡܘܿܢ ܕܐܵܘܒܸ̇ܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܒܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܫܲܩ̣ܠܹܗ:\nܕܟܼܠ ܡܲܢ ܕܐܵܬܹ̇ܐ ܠܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܣܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܢܸܫܟܲܚ܀ ܟܠ ܡܘܼܫ̈ܚܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܡܸܣܬܲܡ̈ܟܵܢ:\nܘܲܚܠܝܼܛ ܘܲܫܘܹܐ ܥܲܡ ܖ̈ܵܡܵܬܼܵܐ ܘܥܲܡ ܡܵܟ̈ܵܬܼܵܐ܀ ܠܥܸܠ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܓܹܝܪ ܒܲܓܼܡܝܼܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹܢܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܐܝܼܬܼ:\nܘܠܵܐ ܒܚܲܛܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܬܲܚܬܵܝ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ܀ ܟܕܼ ܡܵܘܕܹܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܐܲܒܼܵܐ ܡܬܲܚ̣ ܓܸܠܝܵܢܹܗ:\nܘܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܐܵܦܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܐܲܚ̣ܪܸܡ܀ ܢܚܸܬܼ ܒܲܚܛܵܗܵܐ (ܥܕܲܡܵܐ ܠܣܵܟܼܵܐ() ܕܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܡܲܛ̣ܝܼ ܠܕܲܪܓܼܵܐ ܕܲܓܼܡܝܼܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܒܲܚܕܼܵܐ ܕܘܼܟ̇ܬܼܵܐ ܕܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܫܡܲܥ̣ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܵܪܲܢ:\nܒܕܼܘܼܟ̇ܬܼܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹܬܼܸܵܐ ܫܲܚܠܸܦ() ܡܸܠܬܹܗ ܩ̣ܪܵܝܗܝ ܣܵܛܵܢܵܐ܀","english":"The joyful one of the rock, let his error be made known lovingly. And how could it be that he was likened to him without being confounded? In Simon the chosen, it is clear to you that you should look, for he is full of hope: that after he denied, he returned and was accepted truly. In him you learn that there is power in repentance, until it reaches the high rank of perfection. He was first, and after he sinned and returned in truth, he did not descend from the rank of being of the second or the third. He ascended with tears and stood in his place without change. And the keys were placed in his hand, along with the name and the authority. What he had lost through denial, he recovered through tears: so that all who come to repentance may find hope. All the orders that exist in the Church are supported by him, and he is mixed and equal with the heights and the depths. For above him in perfection there is no other, and among the sinners below him there is none who was a denier. When he confessed, even to the Father, he revealed his mysteries; and when he denied, he even cursed, not knowing the Son. He descended into sin (even to the limit of denial), and through repentance he reached the rank of perfection. In one place, where you are the rock, hear from the Lord; in another place, he changes his word, calling them Satan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܲܕܼܝܵܐ ܕܢܘܼܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'joyful one of the rock' is a wordplay on Simon Peter's name: ܟܹܐܦܵܐ (kepha, 'rock') and ܫܡܥܘܢ (Shimʿon, 'Simon'), with ܚܲܕܼܝܵܐ (ḥadyā, 'joyful') possibly echoing the Syriac tradition of Peter's cheerfulness after repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܹܐܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Peter as 'rock' (ܟܹܐܦܵܐ) and the keys (ܩܠܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ) alludes to Matthew 16:18–19, where Christ gives Peter the keys of the kingdom. Jacob of Serugh reworks this to emphasize Peter's restoration after denial.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'denial' (ܟܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ) refers to Peter's threefold denial of Christ before the crucifixion (Matthew 26:69–75). Jacob of Serugh uses this as a paradigm for repentance and restoration, a common theme in Syriac literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܲܚܕܼܵܐ ܕܘܼܟ̇ܬܼܵܐ ... ܒܕܼܘܼܟ̇ܬܼܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹܬܼܸܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage contrasts two 'places' (ܕܘܼܟ̇ܬܼܵܐ): one where Peter is called 'rock' by the Lord, and another where Christ calls him 'Satan' (Matthew 16:23). This antithesis underscores Peter's dual role as both sinner and restored leader.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܵܛܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'Satan' (ܣܵܛܵܢܵܐ) applied to Peter in the final line echoes Matthew 16:23, where Christ rebukes Peter as 'Satan' (or 'adversary'). Jacob of Serugh uses this to highlight the tension between Peter's fall and his ultimate authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac phrase ܚܲܕܼܝܵܐ ܕܢܘܼܪܵܐ (ḥadyā d-ṭūrā) is ambiguous: it may be a pun on Peter's name (rock) or a reference to a specific rock (e.g., Golgotha). The reading taken is a wordplay on Peter's identity.","The clause 'he changes his word, calling them Satan' is ambiguous: 'them' (ܐ̄ܚܪܹܬܼܸܵܐ) could refer to Peter or to the disciples. The reading taken is that Christ calls Peter 'Satan' in another place."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ܒܚܲܕܼ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ ܛܲܥ̣ܢܹܗ ܝܲܡܵܐ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܩܲܠܝܼܠ ܒܲܠܥܹܗ ܬܗܘܿܡܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܕܐܸܬܼܦܲܠܲܓܼ܀ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܹܗ ܕܲܖ̈ܓܹܐ ܕܪܵܡܝܼܢ ܣܲܓ̇ܝܼ ܘܲܕܼܡܲܟ̇ܝܼܟܼܝܼܢ:\nܕܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܬܸܓܼܡܹ̈ܐ() ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܵܗ̇ ܒܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܢܸܣܬܲܕܪܘܼܢ܀ ܓܡܝܼܖܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܹܗ ܒܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܠܡܲܚܣܸܢ ܛܵܟܼ ܡܵܛܹ̇ܝܢ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܚܲܛܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܨܹܐܕܼܵܘܗܝ ܐܸܢܘܿܢ܀ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܒܹܗ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܘܲܠܙܵܢܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܲܠܓܲܝܵܣܵܐ:\nܘܲܠܙܲܕܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܠܚܲܛܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܠܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܐܲܟܲܚ̄ܕܼ܀ ܫܲܬܼܐ̱ܣܬܼܵܐ ܗ̄ܘܼ ܓܹܝܪ ܘܟܼܠܗܘܿܢ() ܕܘܼܡܣܹ̈ܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܡܸܬܼܡܲܬܼܚܝܼܢ:\nܕܲܒܼܟܼܠ ܦܘܼܖ̈ܣܝܼܢ ܟ̱ܠܹܗ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܢܸܫܬܲܟܼܠܲܠ܀ ܚܘܼܪ ܒܹܗ ܒܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܲܣܕܼܘܿܪ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܵܟܼ ܥܲܠ ܒܸܢܝܵܢܹܗ:\nܕܟܼܠ ܡܲܢ ܕܐܝܼܬܲܝܟ ܐܝܼܬܼ ܠܵܟܼ ܐܲܬܼܪܵܐ ܒܹܗ ܐܸܢ ܬܸܨܒܸ̇ܐ܀ ܐܸܢ ܙܲܕܝܼܩ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܬܸܕܼܡܸܐ ܠܕܼܝܼܠܹܗ ܗܲܝܡܵܢܘܼܬܵܟܼ:\nܘܐܸܢ ܚܲܛܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܒܕܸܡܥܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܡܲܪܵܐ ܘܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܹܗ܀ ܐܸܢ ܚܵܕܼܪܝܼܢ ܠܵܟܼ ܓܲܠ̈ܠܹܐ ܕܥܵܘܼܠܵܐ ܠܡܸܬ̇ܛܲܒܵܥܘܼ:\nܓܥܝܼ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܓܼܥ̣ܵܐ ܡܵܪܝ ܥܲܕܲܪܲܝܢܝ ܘܲܡܕܲܠܹܐ ܠܵܟܼ܀ ܚܛܵܗܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ ܐܸܢ ܟܵܪܹܟܼ ܠܵܟܼ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܡܵܡܘܿܠܵܐ:\nܡܵܪܝ ܡܵܪܝ ܕܲܠܵܢܝ ܩܪܝܼ ܠܹܗ ܠܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܘܗ̤ܘ ܦܵܪܹܩ ܠܵܟܼ܀ ܐܸܢ ܡܸܬ̇ܬ̇ܚܸܕܼ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܒܪܘܼܫܥܵܐ ܕܚܲܣܝܼܢ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܟܼܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ:\nܒܟܼܝܼ()ܐܲܝܟܼ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܘܲܒܼܚܸܢ̈ܓܼܵܬܼܵܟܼ() ܡܸܬܼܚܲܣܹܐ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇܀ ܐܸܢ ܢܵܦܹ̇ܠ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܢܦܲܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܩܘܼܡ ܐܲܟܼܘܵܬܹܗ:\nܕܡܲܚܙܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܠܵܟܼ ܘܐܸܢ ܬܚܘܼܪ ܒܹܗ ܡܸܨܛܲܒܲܬܼ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇܀","english":"In a single moment the sea swallowed his error, when he was a rock. And after a little, the deep swallowed him because he was divided. There are in him degrees that are very high and very low: all the orders that exist in the Church are arrayed upon him. The perfections that exist in the world, to complete your purity, reach him. And sinners, moreover, seek him out in repentance. There is in him a place for the stranger and the foreigner and the proselyte, and for the righteous and the sinners, all together. For he is the foundation, and all the pillars are stretched out upon him, so that in every division the whole house is built upon him. Look at him in Simon, and arrange yourself according to his request, for everything that you are, you have a place in him, if you wish. If you are righteous, you will resemble his faith; and if you are a sinner, in his tears he will be bitter and in his repentance. If the waves of iniquity surround you to be drowned, cry out like the one who was swallowed, 'My Lord, help me!' and he will lift you up. If a great sin encircles you like a whirlpool, 'My Lord, my Lord of the deep,' call him to the shore, and he will save you. If you are caught in the storm of the impious like a shipwreck, weep like Simon, and in your groanings you will be hidden. If you fall as he fell, rise up like him, for he is a sign to you, and if you look at him, you will be corrected.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܹܐܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac ܟܹܐܦܵܐ (kēp̄ā) means 'rock' and is a pun on the name of Simon Peter (ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ). Jacob plays on this double meaning throughout the passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܵܪܝ ܡܵܪܝ ܕܲܠܵܥܝ","severity":"info","text":"The cry 'My Lord, my Lord of the deep' echoes Psalm 69:2 (Peshitta) and the story of Jonah, whom the 'deep' (ܬܗܘܿܡܵܐ) swallowed. Jacob likens Peter's denial and repentance to Jonah's rescue.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܲܟܼܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ܕܲܟܼܦܘܼܪܝܵܐ (dakkūryā) is a Greek loanword (ναυαγία) meaning 'shipwreck'. Jacob uses nautical imagery—waves, whirlpool, shipwreck—to describe sin and repentance, a common trope in Syriac literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܘܼܪ ܒܹܗ ܒܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a general description of Peter as a 'foundation' (ܫܲܬܼܐ̱ܣܬܼܵܐ) to a direct address: 'Look at him in Simon'. This marks a rhetorical turn, inviting the reader to see Peter as a model for repentance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob's emphasis on repentance (ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ) as a path to restoration reflects a broader Syriac tradition that highlights Peter's denial as a lesson in divine mercy, later influential in monastic and pastoral contexts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ܒܚܲܕܼ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ' could mean 'in a single moment' or 'in one church'; the reading 'moment' is taken based on the context of the sea swallowing.","The identity of 'the deep' (ܬܗܘܿܡܵܐ) is ambiguous: it may refer to the sea of sin or to the abyss of error; the translation assumes a metaphorical reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ܬܲܪܥܹܗ ܕܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܦܬܼܝܼܚ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܒܖ̈ܲܚܡܹܐ ܠܲܕܼܒܼܵܥܹ̇ܐ ܠܹܗ:\nܒܪܝܼܟܼ ܕܲܩ̣ܪܵܐ ܠܲܢ ܠܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܢܸܬܼܚܲܣܹܐ ܒܵܗ̇()܀ (ܫܠܸܡ̣ ܡܹܐܡܪܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ:\nܕܥܲܠ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܦܲܛܪܘܿܣ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ(). ܡ̣ܢ ܡܹܐܡܪܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ ܕܥܲܠ ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܥܲܠ ܡܲܪܬ̇ܝܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ\nܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܫܘܼܚܢܵܐ ܒܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܪܹܫ ܬܲܠܡܝܼ̈ܕܹܐ:\nܕܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ ܟܡܸܢ ܠܹܗ ܘܐܲܪܡ̣ܝܼ ܬܲܒܼܪܹܗ ܒܟܼܵܦܘܿܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܘܟܲܕܼ ܐܸܬܼܓܵܘܲܣ ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܘܐܲܝܬ̇ܝܼ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ:\nܥܲܨܒܹܗ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܘܫܘܼܦܪܹܗ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܗܵܘ̇ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ܀ ܥܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܢܸܚܛܸܐ ܥܒܼܝܼܕܼ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܠܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܕܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܘܼܟ̇ܬܹܗ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ܀ ܠܵܐ ܐܲܚܬܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܕܢܸܗܘܸܐ ܕܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܵܐ:\nܐܸܠܵܐ ܒܕܲܪܓܹܗ ܗܵܘ̇ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܝܵܐ() ܣܠܸܩ̣ ܐܲܩܝܼܡܹܗ܀ ܥܲܕܼܠܵܐ ܢܸܟܼܦܘܿܪ ܪܲܒ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܲܟܼܦܲܪ ܘܲܢܦܲܩ:\nܘܲܕ̇ܬܼܵܒܼ ܐܲܥ̣ܠܹܗ ܘܐܵܘܣܸܦ̣ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܥܵܢܹ̈ܗ ܕܢܸܪܥܹܝܗ̇܀ ܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܩܠܝܼܕܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܕܐܵܘܒܸ̇ܕܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܐܵܘܣܸܦ̣ ܠܹܗ ܬܘܼܒܼ ܐܸܡܖܹ̈ܐ ܘܥܸܖ̈ܒܹܐ ܘܲܢ̈ܩܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ܀ ܐܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܦܪܵܐ ܐܸܬ̇ܬܵܘܣܲܦ ܠܹܗ ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܐܵܘܣܸܦ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܵܦ ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܒܥܵܢ̈ܵܐ ܕܐܸܫܟܲܚ̣܀ ܪܲܚܡ̣ܵܗ̇ ܠܥܵܢܹ̈ܗ ܘܡܝܼܬܼ ܥܲܠ ܐܲܦܹ̈ܝܗ̇ ܒܲܪ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ:\nܘܝܲܗ̣ܒܵܗ̇ ܠܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܕܲܬܼܟܼܝܼܠ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܥܠܵܘܗܝ ܕܲܡܢܲܛܲܪ ܠܵܗ̇܀ ܘܗܵܢܵܐ ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܗ̇ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܕܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܗ̤ܝ ܐܲܥܸܠܬܹܗ ܕܲܢܦܲܩ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܸܠܘܼ ܠܵܐ ܗܸܝ܀","english":"His door was open in mercy for him to enter. Blessed is he who called you to repentance, which was hidden in her. (End of the Memra of Mar Jacob the Teacher: On the Denial of Simon Peter, Head of the Apostles. From the Memra of Mar Jacob on Repentance.) On account of the bitterness there was a contest in the soul of Simon, head of the disciples, for the iniquitous one had humbled him and cast his brokenness into denial. And when he was strengthened by repentance and brought tears, Christ anointed him and gave him his former beauty. Until he sinned, he had been made head of the discipleship, and after he denied, he gave him his place through his repentance. It was not that he became one of the five or the three, but he ascended and was set in his former rank. Until he denied, he was master of the house, and he denied and went out, and he repented and entered, and he added and gave him the keys of the flock. He gave him the keys which he had lost when he denied, and he added for him again lambs and kids and flocks. As much beauty as was added to him through repentance, he added for him also authority over the flocks that he found. The Son of God loved his flock and died upon its face, and gave her to Simon, who was trusted to guard her. And this man is her disciple, that of repentance, and she is the one who brought him in, who had gone out, for if not for her, he would not have.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܫܠܸܡ̣ ܡܹܐܡܪܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ: ܕܥܲܠ ܟܦܘܼܪܝܹܗ ܕܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܦܲܛܪܘܿܣ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ(). ܡ̣ܢ ܡܹܐܡܪܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ ܕܥܲܠ ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ. ܥܲܠ ܡܲܪܬ̇ܝܵܢܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac includes a colophon identifying the work as a memra by Jacob of Serugh on Peter's denial, with a note that it is from a memra on repentance, possibly indicating a composite or excerpted transmission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term tayābūtā (repentance) is a key theological concept in this passage, denoting the act of turning back (metanoia) that restores Peter to his former rank and authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩܠܝܼܕܼܵܘ̈ܗܝ ܗܵܠܹܝܢ ܕܐܵܘܒܸ̇ܕܼ ܟܲܕܼ ܟܵܦܲܪ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Peter receiving the keys of the flock echoes Matthew 16:19, where Christ gives Peter the keys of the kingdom, here reinterpreted as keys to the pastoral flock, symbolizing ecclesiastical authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܕܲܬܼܠܵܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'the five or the three' likely alludes to early Christian traditions about the ranking of apostles, possibly the inner circle of Peter, James, and John, or the five patriarchs, reflecting Jacob's engagement with ecclesiastical hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܗܵܢܵܐ ܓܲܒܼܪܵܐ ܬܲܠܡܝܼܕܼܵܗ̇ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܕܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The final lines personify repentance as a teacher and Peter as her disciple, a distinctive motif in Jacob's soteriology, emphasizing repentance as an active, restorative force rather than a passive state.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The colophon's dual attribution (to a memra on Peter's denial and a memra on repentance) may indicate that the passage is excerpted from a longer work, or that the manuscript tradition conflates two separate compositions.","The phrase 'the five or the three' is ambiguous; it could refer to specific apostolic rankings (e.g., the five patriarchs of the early church or the three synoptic gospel writers) but the exact referent is not specified in the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ܟܦܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܒܡܵܪܹܗ ܘܝܼܡ̣ܵܐ ܘܐܲܚܪܸܡ̣ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܲܥ̇ ܠܹܗ:\nܘܲܪܓܸܙ ܘܲܢܦܲܩ̣ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܒܲܝܬܵܐ ܘܗܵܐ ܐܸܙܲܠ̣() ܠܹܗ܀ ܘܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܪܸܗܛܲܬ̤ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ ܟܲܕܼ ܥܵܪܹܩ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ:\nܘܐܲܥܛܸܦ̣ܬܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܕܥܲܠ ܐܸܣܟ̇ܘܼܦܬܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܹܗ ܢܸܒܼܪܘܿܟܼ܀ ܘܐܲܠܸܦܬܹܗ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ ܕܢܲܝܬܹܐ ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܚܠܵܦ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܢܵܐ:\nܘܲܫܩܲܠ̣ ܘܐܲܝܬ̇ܝܼ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܸܬܼܚܲܟܲܡ ܒܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܘܡܸܚܕܼܵܐ ܕܐܸܬ̤ܵܐ ܚ̣ܵܪ ܒܹܗ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܘܲܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܫܲܦܝܼܪ:\nܘܐܲܟܼܡܵܐ ܕܠܲܓܼܡܵܪ ܠܵܐ ܟܦܝܼܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܚܲܠܛܹܗ ܥܲܡܹܗ܀ ܘܒܼܵܬܲܪ ܗܵܟܲܢ ܟ̱ܠܵܗ̇ ܥܵܢ̈ܵܐ ܕܡܝܼܬܼ ܥܲܠ ܐܲܦܹ̈ܝܗ̇:\nܠܹܗ ܝܲܗ̣ܒܵܗ̇ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܲܠܪܵܚܡܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܚܛ̣ܵܐ ܡܸܡܬܼܘܿܡ܀ ܘܲܠܬܲܝܵܒܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܒܼܕܹܗ ܨܘܼܪܬܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܡܲܚܙܝܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܕܲܗܘ̤ܵܘ ܝܵܕܼܥ̇ܝܼܢ ܡܵܢܵܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܚܲܝܠܵܗ̇ ܕܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ܀ ܘܲܒܼܗܵܘ̇ ܫܘܼܦܪܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܼ ܠܲܟܼܝܵܢܵܐ ܥܲܕܼ ܠܵܐ ܢܸܚܛܹܐ:\nܡܸܚܕܼܵܐ ܕܬܼܵܐܹ̇ܒܼ ܥܵܐܹ̇ܠ ܩܵܐܹ̇ܡ ܒܹܝܬܼ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܀ ܘܲܒܼܚܲܛܵܝܵܐ ܕܬܼܵܐܹ̇ܒܼ ܚܵܕܹܝܢ ܐܵܦ ܡܲܠܲܐܟܹ̈ܐ:\nܥܲܠ ܕܐܸܫܬܲܟܼܚܲܬ̤ ܨܘܼܪܬܹܗ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܐܲܒ̇ܝܼܕܼܵܐ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܬܼ܀ ܡܸܟܹܝܠ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܵܐ ܗܵܐ ܬܟܼܝܼܠܵܐ ܐܲܢ̄ܬ̇ܝ ܘܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ ܠܹܟܼܝ:\nܕܡܸܬܼܦܲܢܹܐ ܗ̣̄ܘ ܠܹܟܼܝ ܫܘܼܦܪܹܟܼܝ ܬܵܝ ܠܹܟܼܝ ܨܹܝܕܼ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܀ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܕܐܸܬܼܦܲܢܝܼ ܠܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܪܹܫܵܐ() ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܡܸܬܼܦܲܢܹܐ ܠܹܟܼܝ ܟ̱ܠܹܗ ܫܘܼܦܪܵܐ ܗܵܘ̇ ܕܲܟܼܝܵܢܹܟܼܝ܀","english":"He denied his Lord and swore and cursed, not knowing him. And he became angry and went out from the house, and behold, he had gone. And Repentance ran after him while he was fleeing. And she turned him back upon the threshold of his Lord, the blessed one. And she taught him to bring tears instead of a sacrifice. And he took and brought, as one who had become wise through repentance. And immediately, when Christ looked upon him, it was good. And however much he had denied, he did not deny his companion with him. And after this, all the shame of death upon her face. To him she gave it, as to a beloved who had never sinned at all. And for the repentant, she made an image and a spectacle, so that they might know what the power of repentance is. And in them, the beauty that exists for the pure until they sin. Immediately, when one repents, he enters and stands in the house of God. And at the sinner who repents, even the angels rejoice, because the image of the king, which had been lost, was found. Therefore, O soul, behold, you are trusting and steadfast for me, that it is fitting for you: your beauty comes to you from God. As it was fitting for Simon, the head of the apostles, it is fitting for you, all that beauty of your purity.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܪܸܗܛܲܬ̤ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"Repentance is personified as a figure who runs after Peter, turning him back at the threshold of his Lord. This dramatizes repentance as an active, pursuing force.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term taybūṯā (repentance) is a key theological concept in Jacob of Serugh, denoting both the act of turning back and the personified divine grace that enables it.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܸܡ̈ܥܹܐ ܚܠܵܦ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܢܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'tears instead of a sacrifice' echoes a common patristic topos (cf. Ps 51; Heb 9) where tears replace cultic offering, emphasizing inner repentance over ritual.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ܥܲܠ ܐܸܣܟ̇ܘܼܦܬܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܹܗ","severity":"info","text":"The threshold (eskūp̄tā) of the Lord recalls the physical setting of a church or house of worship, where Peter’s denial and return are staged as a domestic drama.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"Jacob of Serugh’s portrayal of Peter as a model for repentance was influential in Syriac monastic and liturgical traditions, where Peter’s fall and restoration exemplified divine mercy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܸܟܹܝܠ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܵܐ ܗܵܐ ܬܟܼܝܼܠܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from narrative to direct address ('Therefore, O soul'), a homiletic turn typical of Jacob’s memre, applying Peter’s story to the listener’s spiritual life.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text at ܘܲܬܼܝܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܪܸܗܛܲܬ̤ ܒܵܬܼܪܹܗ may be read as either 'Repentance ran after him' (personified) or 'repentance ran after him' (abstract quality); the personification is supported by the following verbs.","The phrase ܘܲܒܼܚܲܛܵܝܵܐ ܕܬܼܵܐܹ̇ܒܼ ܚܵܕܹܝܢ ܐܵܦ ܡܲܠܲܐܟܹ̈ܐ could be parsed as 'at the sinner who repents, even the angels rejoice' or 'at the sinners who repent, even the angels rejoice'; the singular is preferred in context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ܡ̣ܢ ܡܹܐܡܪܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܝܲܥܩܘܿܒܼ:\nܕܥܲܠ ܚܲܡܸܫ ܟܲܟ̇ܖ̈ܝܼܢ ܕܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܡܵܪܲܢ ܠܥܲܒܼܕܵܘ̈ܗܝ.(ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹܐܦܵܐ())\nܥ̣ܩܲܪ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܘܲܫܕܼܵܐ ܗܲܝ̈ܟ̇ܠܹܐ ܖ̈ܵܡܹܐ ܕܲܦܬܲܟܼܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܘܲܢ̣ܨܲܒܼ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܘܟܹܐܦܵܐ ܩܲܕܼܡܵܐ ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܵܗ̇ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܹܗ܀ ܣܵܡ̣ ܗ̄ܘ̣ܵܐ ܩܢܘܿܡܹܗ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܫܲܬܼܐ̱ܣܬܼܵܐ ܠܟܲܠܲܬܼ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ:\nܘܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܒܫܘܼܖܹ̈ܝܗ̇ ܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܚܲܒܼܖ̈ܵܘܗܝ ܕܘܼܡܣܹ̈ܐ ܖ̈ܚܝܼܡܹܐ܀ ܗ̤ܘ ܒܫܲܬܼܐ̱ܣܬܼܵܐ ܘܚܲܒܼܖ̈ܵܘܗܝ ܒܐܸܣܹ̈ܐ ܘܩܵܡ̣ ܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ:\nܘܐܸܬ̤ܵܐ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ ܒܪܹܫ ܙܵܘܝܼܬܼܵܐ ܗܘ̣ܵܐ ܬܲܛܠܝܼܠܵܐ܀ ܣܵܡ̣ ܒܲܡܨܲܥܬܵܗ̇ ܡܢܵܪܬܵܐ ܙܩܝܼܦܵܐ ܘܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܡܵܪܲܢ:\nܘܠܵܐ ܡܸܣܬܲܢܩܵܐ ܕܢܲܢܗܲܪ ܫܸܡܫܵܐ ܒܲܫܒܼܵܒܼܘܼܬܼܵܗ̇܀ ܦܬܲܚ̣ ܒܵܗ ܥܘܼܒܵܐ ܪܘܼܚܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܲܥܡܘܿܕܼܝܼܬܼܵܐ:\nܕܒܼܵܛ̇ܢܵܐ ܡܝܼ̈ܬܹܐ ܘܝܵܠ̇ܕܵܐ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܝܵܗ̇ܒܵܐ ܠܐܲܒܼܵܐ܀ ܒܢ̣ܵܐ ܒܵܗ̇ ܡܲܕܼܒ̇ܚܵܐ ܦܵܬܼܘܿܪ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܲܡܠܸܐ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ:\nܘܲܠܥܸܠ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܣܵܡ̣ ܫܵܪܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܕܦܲܓܼܪܵܐ ܘܲܕܼܡܵܐ܀ ܩ̣ܨܵܐ ܠܚܸܡ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܡܙܲܓܼ ܐܲܓܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܩ̣ܪܵܐ ܠܲܙܡܝܼ̈ܢܹܐ:\nܘܦܲܠܸܓܼ ܥܘܼܬܼܪܵܐ ܕܝܲܗ̣̄ܒܼ ܠܹܗ ܡܵܪܹܗ ܘܐܸܬ̇ܬܲܓܲܪ ܒܹܗ܀","english":"He had uprooted and cast down the high temples of idolatry, and he built the Church, and he, the first rock, sought himself in her. He placed his standing as a foundation for the bride of light. And at her beginnings, his companions the apostles, beloved examples, entered. He at the foundation, and his companions in the walls, and he stood in prayer. And Christ came at the head of the corner, being the roof. He placed in her midst the raised altar and the light of the Lord. And it is not possible for the sun to shine in her neighborhood. He opened in her a spiritual font of baptism, which buries the dead and gives birth to life and gives to the Father. He placed in her an altar, a table of the king, which is filled with life, and above it he placed the mystery of body and blood. He broke the bread of life, mixed the cups, called the worthy, and distributed the wealth which his Lord gave him, and he traded with it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ܟܹܐܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac ܟܹܐܦܵܐ (kēp̄ā) means 'rock' and is the name of Simon Peter. Jacob plays on the double meaning: Peter is both the apostle and the foundation stone of the Church.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܟܲܠܲܬ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'bride of light' (ܟܲܠܲܬ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ) echoes the Song of Songs and patristic typology of the Church as Christ's bride, a common motif in Syriac literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܲܥܡܘܿܕܼܝܼܬܼܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'spiritual font of baptism' (ܡܲܥܡܘܿܕܼܝܼܬܼܵܐ) reflects the Syriac understanding of baptism as both a burial of the old self and a rebirth, a theme developed in Jacob's liturgical poetry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܣܵܡ̣ ܒܲܡܨܲܥܬܵܗ̇ ܡܢܵܪܬܵܐ ܙܩܝܼܦܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Peter's personal repentance to a detailed architectural description of the Church, using building imagery (foundation, walls, roof, altar) to symbolize the ecclesial order established by Peter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܲܠܸܓ ܥܘܼܬܼܪܵܐ","severity":"info","text":"The image of Peter distributing 'the wealth which his Lord gave him' and trading with it parallels the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30) and the apostolic mission of spreading the Gospel as a spiritual economy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩ̣ܨܵܐ ܠܚܸܡ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'bread of life' (ܚܸܡ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ) and the mixing of cups refer to the Eucharist, a central theme in Jacob's homilies, which were read liturgically in the Syriac tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-360","label":"source edition: On the Denial of Peter","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/360"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Syriac text is clear, but the identity of 'the bride of light' could be read as either the Church or a personification of divine wisdom; the reading taken follows the ecclesiological interpretation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}