{"slug":"dsc-249","id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-249","title":"Literal Commentary on Obadiah","author":"Dionysius bar Salibi","genre":"commentary","date":"Mid-12th century","tradition":"syriac","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:17Z","cost_usd":0.003036},"source":{"registry_id":"syriac:dsc:dsc-249","work_id":"dsc-249","edition":"syriac","language":"","license":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":1143,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":22,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":7,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"dsc-249","abstract":"Dionysius bar Salibi's Literal Commentary on Obadiah is a verse-by-verse exposition of the shortest book of the Minor Prophets, written in Syriac during the late 12th to early 13th century. The commentary adheres to a literal (Syriac: ܣܘܼܥܪܢܐܝܼܬ) interpretive method, distinguishing it from allegorical or spiritual readings common in Syriac exegesis. Bar Salibi places Obadiah chronologically before earlier prophets and contemporary with Elijah, a claim not found in the biblical text. He identifies the Edomites as sons of Esau and accuses them of aiding Israel's enemies, reflecting post-exilic hostility. The work survives in a single manuscript without critical apparatus or translation, limiting its accessibility to readers without Syriac.","historical_context":"Dionysius bar Salibi flourished in the late 12th to early 13th century within the West Syrian (Syriac Orthodox) tradition. His commentaries were used in Syriac Orthodox schools, serving as teaching texts for the literal sense of biblical books. The Literal Commentary on Obadiah was likely composed in a monastic or scholarly setting in the Syriac-speaking regions of Mesopotamia or northern Syria. The work is transmitted in a single Syriac manuscript, with no collation against other witnesses, so textual variants remain unknown. The commentary reflects the exegetical methods of the Syriac tradition, which often distinguished between literal and spiritual interpretations. Bar Salibi's chronological claim that Obadiah preceded earlier prophets and was contemporary with Elijah is a distinctive feature not supported by the biblical text itself. The identification of Edomites as sons of Esau and their accusation of aiding Israel's enemies draws on post-exilic Jewish and Christian traditions of hostility between Edom and Judah.","significance":"This commentary is significant as a representative of Syriac Orthodox literal exegesis in the medieval period, offering insight into how the Minor Prophets were taught in West Syrian schools. It also preserves chronological and interpretive traditions about Obadiah and Edom that are not found in the biblical text, contributing to the history of biblical interpretation in the Syriac tradition.","timeline":[{"date":"Late 12th–early 13th c.","event":"Composition of the Literal Commentary on Obadiah by Dionysius bar Salibi."},{"date":"12th–13th c.","event":"Use of Bar Salibi's commentaries in West Syrian (Syriac Orthodox) schools."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Transmission of the work in a single Syriac manuscript."},{"date":"Post-exilic period (6th–5th c. BCE)","event":"Historical context of Edomite hostility reflected in the commentary."}],"relations":[{"work":"Dionysius bar Salibi, Commentary on the Minor Prophets","relation":"Part of a larger corpus of commentaries by the same author on the Minor Prophets.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Syriac Peshitta of Obadiah","relation":"The biblical text that Bar Salibi comments on, likely in the Peshitta version.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ephrem the Syrian, Commentary on the Minor Prophets","relation":"Earlier Syriac exegetical tradition that Bar Salibi may have drawn upon.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Theodoret of Cyrus, Commentary on the Minor Prophets","relation":"Another patristic commentary in the Antiochene literal tradition that influenced Syriac exegesis.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The precise date of composition is unknown; only a general floruit of the author in the late 12th to early 13th century is attested.","The work survives in a single manuscript with no collation against other witnesses, so textual variants remain unknown.","No critical apparatus or translation is provided in the edition, limiting accessibility for non-Syriac readers."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000479,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:41:51Z"},"checks":{"work":"dsc-249","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":22,"english_words":1143,"source_letters":3136,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commentary is a literal, verse-by-verse exposition of Obadiah, typical of Dionysius bar Salibi’s exegetical method in the Syriac tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dionysius bar Salibi flourished in the late 12th to early 13th century; this work is dated to that period, though no precise year is given in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition is based on a single Syriac manuscript; no collation with other witnesses is reported, so textual variants remain unknown.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Bar Salibi’s commentaries were used in West Syrian (Syriac Orthodox) schools; this work likely served as a teaching text for Obadiah’s literal sense.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition provides no critical apparatus or translation; readers without Syriac must rely on the original alone, and no explanatory notes are included.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: commentary in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:dsc-249":{"label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ܦܘܼܫܩܐ ܕܢܒܝܘܼܬܗ ܕܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܣܘܼܥܪܢܐܝܼܬ\nܬܘܼܒ ܦܘܼܫܩܐ ܕܢܒܝܘܼܬܗ ܕܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܣܘܼܥܪܢܐܝܼܬ ܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܩܕܝܼܡ ܠܗܿܠܝܢ ܕܩܕܡܘܗܝ ܘܒܙܒܼܢܗ ܕܐܠܝܐ ܐܝܼܬܘܗܝ ܗܼܘܐ . ܘܐܟܙܼܢܐ ܕܐܓܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܠܘܿܣ ܠܘ ܚܕܐ\nܒܿܬܪ ܚܕܐ ܡܛܟܣ̈ܢ ܗܿܟܢܐ ܐܦܿܠܐ ܬܪ̈ܥܣܪ ܘܫܪܟܐ ܕܢܒ̈ܝܐ ܟܿܠܚܕ ܐܝܟ ܙܒܼܢܗ ܐܬܛܟܼܣ ܡܼܢ ܥܬܝܼ̈ܩܐ ܟܕ ܓܝܪ ܟܿܠܗܘܿܢ ܢܒ̈ܝܐ ܐܬܢܼܒܝܼܘ ܥܠ ܫܒܼܝܐ ܕܝܼܣܪܐܝܠ ܕܡܼܢ ܐܬܘܼܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܐܦ ܠܗ݀ܘ ܕܒܝܬ ܝܼܗܘܼܕܐ ܕܡܼܢ ܒܒܠ̈ܝܐ. ܐܕ̈ܘܼܡܼܝܐ ܒܢ̈ܝ ܥܝܼܣܘܼ ܝܬܝܼܪ ܡܒܐܫܝܼܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܠܥܡܐ ܘܡܿܥܕܪܝܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܠܒܥ̈ܠܕܒܒܝܗܘܿܢ ܘܥܠ ܗܿܕܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܠܠܘܼܒܒܗ ܕܥܡܐ ܡܙܝܼܥ ܐܠܗܐ ܠܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܕܢܬܢܼܒܐ ܥܠ ܒܝܼܫ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܕܪ̈ܟܢ ܠܐܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܒܝܕ ܒܒܠ̈ܝܐ ܘܒܿܬܪܟܢ ܡܐ ܕܦ݀ܢܝܢ ܥܡܐ ܘܐܬܬܼܩܢ ܗܝܟܠܐ ܗܿܝܕܝܢ ܡܬܼܦܪܥܝܼܢ ܡܼܢ ܥܡܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܙ݀ܕܩ. ܘܗܿܕܐ ܗܿܝ ܥܠܼܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܕܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ. ܐܢܬ ܕܝܢ ܡܚܦܛܢܐ ܨܠܐ ܥܠ ܡܪܝ ܕܝܘܿܢܢܣܝܘܿܣ ܕܝܼܨܦ ܕܗܿܠܝܢ܀ ܨܚ̄ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܚܼܙܘܐ ܠܓܠܝܢܐ ܩܿܪܐ ܗܿܘ ܕܩܒܼܠ ܡܼܢ ܐܠܗܐ ܠܡܼܒܕܩܘܼ ܟܣܝ̈ܬܐ. ܛܒܼܐ ܫܡܼܥܢ ܗ̄ ܛܒܼܐ ܕܡܦܘܼܠܬܐ ܕܝܼܠܗܘܿܢ ܕܐܕ̈ܘܼܡܝܐ ܕܒܿܬܪ ܦܘܼܢܝܐ. ܫܡܿܥܬܗ ܡܼܢ ܠܗܐ ܐܝܟ ܢܒ̈ܝܐ ܚܒܪ̈ܝ. ܐܝܙܓ̈ܕܐ ܠܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ ܗ̄ ܛܒܼܐ ܕܗܿܐ ܫܕܪ ܐܠܗܐ ܐܝܙܓ̈ܕܐ ܐܘܟܝܼܬ ܡ̈ܠܐܟܐ ܡܫܡܫ̈ܢܘܗܝ ܕܢܒܼܐܫܘܢܿ ܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ ܘܢܐܼܬܘܿܢ ܥܠ ܐܕܘܼ̈ܡܝܐ. ܩܘܼܡ ܘܢܩܘܼܡ ܗ̄ ܩܘܼܡܘ ܠܡ ܣܩܼܘ ܥܠ ܐܕܘܼܡ ܠܩܪܒܐ. ܗܿܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܝܐ ܝܗܒܿܬܟ ܗ̄ ܒܿܬܪܟܢ ܡܦܿܢܐ ܠܡܠܼܬܗ ܠܘܿܬܗܘܿܢ ܕܐܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ܆ ܫܝܼܛܐ ܠܡ ܘܙܥܘܿܪܐ. ܬܫܼܬܒܚ ܗ̄ ܓܢܒ̈ܐ ܠܡ ܐܠܐ ܐܬܼܘ ܥܠܝܟ ܐܘܿ ܒܙܘܿܙ̈ܐ ܗܿܠܝܢ ܕܒܠܠܝܐ ܒܛܘܼܫܝܐ ܡܥܕܝܼܢ ܠܡܼܚܠܨܘܼ. ܟܕ ܡܕܡ ܙܥܘܿܪ ܚܠܼܨܘ ܡܢܼܟ.","english":"The Interpretation of the Prophecy of Obadiah, Literally\n\nAgain, the interpretation of the prophecy of Obadiah, literally. Obadiah was before those who preceded him, and he was in the time of Elijah. And just as the letters of Paul are arranged one after another, so also the twelve and the rest of the prophets, each one was arranged according to his time, with the ancients. For when all the prophets prophesied concerning the captivity of Israel by the Assyrians, and also concerning that of the house of Judah by the Babylonians, the Edomites, the sons of Esau, were more wicked than the people and were helpers to their enemies. And concerning this, as if to move the heart of the people, God stirred Obadiah to prophesy concerning the evils that the Edomites would incur at the hands of the Babylonians, and afterwards, when the people were redeemed and the temple was rebuilt, then they would be avenged with the people as is fitting. And this is the reason for the book of Obadiah. Now, the diligent reader, pray for Mar Dionysius, that he may take care of these things. End of the first chapter.\n\nVision: He calls \"vision\" that which is received from God to reveal hidden things. \"The saying of the Lord\": the saying of the Lord concerning the punishment of the Edomites after the captivity. \"I have heard\": I have heard from the Lord, like my fellow prophets. \"Messengers to the nations\": the saying of the Lord, that God sent messengers, that is, angels, his servants, to stir up the nations and to come against the Edomites. \"Arise and rise up\": arise, go up against Edom for battle. \"Behold, I have made you small\": afterwards, he turns his speech to the Edomites: \"You are contemptible and small.\" \"You will be praised\": they will choose you, but they came against you, or with these coins that at night in secret they hasten to save. When something small was saved from you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ܦܘܼܫܩܐ ܕܢܒܝܘܼܬܗ ܕܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܣܘܼܥܪܢܐܝܼܬ","severity":"info","text":"The heading marks the passage as a literal (Syriac: ܣܘܼܥܪܢܐܝܼܬ) interpretation, distinguishing it from allegorical or spiritual readings common in Syriac exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܩܕܝܼܡ ܠܗܿܠܝܢ ܕܩܕܡܘܗܝ ܘܒܙܒܼܢܗ ܕܐܠܝܐ","severity":"info","text":"Bar Salibi places Obadiah before earlier prophets and contemporary with Elijah, a chronological claim not found in the biblical text itself.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܕ̈ܘܼܡܼܝܐ ܒܢ̈ܝ ܥܝܼܣܘܼ ܝܬܝܼܪ ܡܒܐܫܝܼܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܠܥܡܐ ܘܡܿܥܕܪܝܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܠܒܥ̈ܠܕܒܒܝܗܘܿܢ","severity":"info","text":"The Edomites are identified as sons of Esau and accused of aiding Israel's enemies, a tradition reflecting post-exilic hostility between Edom and Judah.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܚܼܙܘܐ","severity":"info","text":"Bar Salibi glosses ܚܼܙܘܐ (vision) as a revelation from God that discloses hidden things, aligning with Syriac prophetic terminology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܝܙܓ̈ܕܐ ܠܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'messengers to the nations' echoes Obad 1:1 (ܐܝܙܓ̈ܕܐ ܠܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ), interpreted here as angels sent by God to incite nations against Edom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܬܫܼܬܒܚ ܗ̄ ܓܢܒ̈ܐ ܠܡ ܐܠܐ ܐܬܼܘ ܥܠܝܟ ܐܘܿ ܒܙܘܿܙ̈ܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'you will be praised' is ambiguous; Bar Salibi offers two readings: either 'they chose you but attacked' or a reference to coins saved secretly at night.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'you will be praised' (ܬܫܼܬܒܚ) is interpreted in two ways: as a sarcastic reversal or as a reference to secret nocturnal coin-saving.","The identity of the 'messengers' (ܐܝܙܓ̈ܕܐ) is specified as angels, though the biblical text does not make this explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ܡܚܼܕܐ ܡܿܫܢܝܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܡܼܢ ܕܚܠܼܬܟ ܠܟ ܕܝܢ ܠܐ ܡܦܩܝܼܢ ܒܫܼܒܝܐ. ܘܐܢ ܬܘܼܒ ܩܛܘܿ̈ܦܐ ܐܬܼܘ ܥܠܝܟ ܒܘܼܥܪܟ ܠܐ ܡܓܡܪܝܼܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܒܿܥܐ ܕܝܢ ܕܢܐܼܡܪ. ܕܗܿܠܝܢ ܕܝܼܠܟ ܗܿܫܐ ܠܐ ܕܡ̈ܝܢ ܠܗܿܠܝܢ ܕܗܘ̈ܝܢ ܡܼܢ ܓܢ̈ܒܐ ܘܡܼܢ ܩܛܘܼ̈ܦܐ ܐܠܐ ܫܒܼܝܐ ܘܚܪܒܐ ܓܡܝܼܪܐ. ܐܝ̣ܿܢܐ ܐܬܒܼܨܝܼ ܥܣܘܼ ܗ̄ ܐܝ̣ܿܢܐ ܐܬܒܼܨܝܼ ܘܐܬܢܣܼ̈ܒܝ ܡܼܢ ܒܥ̈ܠܕܒܒܐ ܟ݀ܠܗܝܢ ܡܣܬܪ̈ܬܗ. ܥܕܡܐ ܠܬܚܘܼܡܐ ܗ̄ ܕܚܼܩܘܼܟ ܠܡ ܫܒ̈ܝܐ ܠܒܪ ܡܼܢ ܬܚܘܼܡܐ ܕܐܪܥܟ ܘܫܕܪܘܼ ܠܪܘܼܚܩܐ ܣܿܓܝܼ ܒܝܕ ܫܒܼܝܐ. ܡܼܢ ܩܼܛܠܐ ܘܡܼܢ ܗ̄ ܡܚܿܘܐ ܠܥܠܼܬܐ ܕܡܛ݀ܠܬܗܿ ܐܒܿܕܝܼܢ. ܡܛܠ ܩܼܛܠܐ ܘܚܛܘܼܦܝܐ ܕܥܒܼܕܬ ܒܐܚܘܼܟ ܝܥܩܘܿܒ ܬܬܼܚܦܐ ܒܒܗܼܬܬܐ ܕܫܒܼܝܐ ܘܬܐܼܒܕ ܠܥܿܠܡܝܼܢ. ܠܐ ܬܚܼܕܐ ܗ̄ ܠܐ ܠܡ ܡܫܼܬܒܩ ܐܢܬ ܬܘܼܒ ܕܬܚܼ؛ܐ ܐܢܢܘܼܢ ܒܥܩ̈ܬܐ ܘܬܚܼܕܐ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܟܕ ܡܫܼܬܒܝܢ ܡܼܢ ܢܘܼܟܪ̈ܝܐ. ܘܬܘܪܒ ܦܘܼܡܟ ܟܕ ܡܡܿܠܠ ܐܢܬ ܡ̈ܠܼܐ ܕܡܘܕ̈ܥܢ ܥܠ ܚܕܘܼܬܟ ܕܒܥ̈ܩܼܬܗܘܿܢ. ܘܠܐ ܬܩܘܼܡ ܥܩ ܡܩܼܒܬܐ ܗ̄ ܠܐ ܠܡ ܩܿܐܡ ܐܢܬ ܬܘܼܒ ܥܠ ܝܼܣܪ̈ܠܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܥܝܿܕܟ ܒܝܘܡܐ ܕܥܩ̈ܬܗܘܿܢ ܘܡܿܪܡܐܐܢܬ ܠܣܪܝܼܕܐ ܕܡܫܼܬܘܙܒ ܘܥܿܪܩ ܒܐܘܼܪܠܨܢܐ ܩܫܝܐ ܕܕܡܿܐ ܠܡܩܼܒܬܐ ܗ̄ ܠܡܝܣܘܼܪ̈ܐ ܐܘܟܝܼܬ ܓܒܢ ܐܪܡܢܐܝܼܬ ܠܡܐܼܡܪ. ܒܝܕ ܡܩܼܒܬܐ ܥܠ ܐܘܼܠܨܢܐ ܩܫܼܝܐ ܐܡܿܪ. ܒ݀ܥܐ ܓܝܪ ܠܡܐܼܡܪ ܗܿܠܝܢ ܟ݀ܠܗܝܢ ܒܝܼܫ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܡܿܪܬ ܡܼܢ\nܠܥܼܠ ܐܬܝ̈ܢ ܥܠܝܟ ܥܠ ܐܦܝ̈ ܕܕܐܝܟ ܗܿܢܐ ܐܬܼܚܙܝܼܬ ܠܘܿܬ ܥܡܐ ܒܝܘܡܐ ܕܫܒܼܝܗܘܿܢ. ܡܛ݀ܠ ܕܐܝ̣ܿܢܐ ܕܐܫܩܝܼܬܘܿܢ ܡܣܡ ܒܪܝܼܫܐ ܠܗܿܠܝܢ ܕܒܛܘܼܪܐ ܕܩܘܼܕܫܝ. ܘܐܫܬܝܼܬܘܿܢ ܐܢܬܘܿܢ ܛܒ̈ܬܗܘܿܢ. ܬܫܼܬܘܿܢ ܐܦ ܐܢܬܘܿܢܡܣܼܡ ܒܪܝܼܫܐ ܕܐܡܝܼܢܐܝܼܬ ܠܘܿܬܟܘܿܢ ܡܩܿܘܐ.","english":"r immediately they were being saved from the fear of you, but you did not go out into captivity. And again, when the grape-gatherers came upon you in your city, they would not finish the vintage. But now he says: These things that are yours now are not like those that were with the grape-gatherers and the grape-gatherers, but captivity and complete destruction. Where is Esau? Where is he hidden? And he was hidden and taken away with all his enemies, all his secrets, up to the border of your territory. They led captives outside the border of your land and sent them far away by means of captivity. With slaughter and with the sword, they showed the reason for their destruction. Because the slaughter and plunder that you committed against your brother Jacob will be turned back upon you in the shame of captivity, and you will perish forever. Do not rejoice! For you will not be left again to live; you will groan in afflictions and rejoice when they are delivered from foreign lands. And your mouth will be filled when you speak words that acknowledge the joy of their afflictions. And you will not stand with the sword; for you will not again stand against the Israelites as is your custom on the day of their affliction, and you will not raise up the survivor who escapes and flees in severe distress, which is like a sword—that is, like scourges, or rather, like a military ambush, to say. By means of the sword he speaks of severe distress. For he intends to say: All these evils that you have spoken from above have come upon you, because you appeared to the people in such a manner on the day of their captivity. For where you gave them to drink poison at the head of those on the mountain of my holiness, and you drank their good things, you also will drink poison placed at the head of the Amalekites among you, waiting.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܩܛܘܿ̈ܦܐ","severity":"info","text":"The Syriac term ܩܛܘܿ̈ܦܐ (qṭōpē) means 'grape-gatherers' or 'vintage-workers,' used here as a metaphor for invaders who plunder but do not complete the destruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܛܘܼܪܐ ܕܩܘܼܕܫܝ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'mountain of my holiness' (ܒܛܘܼܪܐ ܕܩܘܼܕܫܝ) alludes to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, a key site in Obadiah's prophecy against Edom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܣܘܼ","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question 'Where is Esau?' (ܥܣܘܼ) identifies Edom with Esau, the biblical patriarch, a standard typology in Syriac exegesis linking Obadiah's prophecy to the Edomites.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a narrative of past events to a direct address to Edom, using a series of imperatives and future-tense threats to structure the prophetic rebuke.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܩܼܒܬܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The term ܡܩܼܒܬܐ (maqbāṯā) is ambiguous, meaning 'sword' or 'scourge'; the commentator glosses it as 'severe distress,' but the exact referent in the original prophecy is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the grape-gatherers' (ܩܛܘܿ̈ܦܐ) is not specified; they may represent a specific historical invader or a generic metaphor for plunderers.","The phrase 'mountain of my holiness' could refer to Zion or a broader sacred site; the commentator does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ܒܙܼܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ: ܕܐܝ̣ܿܢܐ ܕܐܫܼܬܝܼܬܘܢ ܐܢܬܘܿܢ ܕܐܕܘܼ̈ܡܝܐ ܡܣܡ ܒܪܝܼܫܐ ܡܼܢ ܩܕܝܼܡ ܒܝܕ ܕܘܝܼܕ. ܘܗܿܫܐ ܥܠ ܐܦܝ̈ ܣܢܐܼܬܐ ܕܗܼܘܬ݀ ܠܟܘܿܢ ܠܘܿܬ ܗܿܠܝܢ ܕܥ݀ܡܪܝܼܢ ܒܛܘܼܪܐ ܕܩܘܼܕܫܝ. ܗܿܫܐ ܢܫܼܬܘܿܢ ܟܿܠܗܘܿܢ ܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ ܕܐܫܼܬܘܬܦܘ ܠܟܘܿܢ ܒܬܪܥܝܼܬܐ ܗܿܕܐ. ܒ݀ܬܪ ܗܿܠܝܢ ܬܘܼܒ ܐܡܼܪ ܥܠ ܚܪܒܐ ܕܐܬܿܝܐ ܥܠܝܗܘܿܢ ܒܝܕ ܥܡܐ ܡܼܢ ܒ݀ܬܪ ܦܘܼܢܝܐ ܟܕ ܫܪܝܼ ܡܼܢ ܗ݀ܝ ܕܢܐܼܪܬܘܿܢ ܕܒܝܬ ܝܥܩܘܿܒ ܠܐܝܿܠܝܢ ܕܝܼܪܬܘ ܐܢܘܿܢ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܫܘܼܠܡ ܢܒܝܘܼܬܐ. ܘܫܒܝܼܬܐ ܕܐܘܿܪܫܠܡ ܐ݀ܦܢ ܒܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܕܠܓܘ ܡܼܢ ܪܘܼܡܝܼ ܐܝܼܬܝܗܿ ܡܦܢܐ ܐܢܼܐ ܠܗܿ܀ ܫܠܼܡ ܣܘܼܥܪܢܝܐ ܕܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܬܘܼܒ ܡܼܢ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܢܒܝܐ ܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܐܝܼܬܘܗܝ ܬܠܡܝܼܕܐ ܕܐܠܝܐ ܢܒܝܐ ܘܗܘܼ ܐܝܼܬܘܗܝ ܪܒܐ ܕܚܡܫܝܼܢ ܕܚܣܼ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܐܠܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܝܼܩܕ ܘܐܢܬܬܗ ܐܝܼܬܝܗܿ ܗܿܝ ܕܐܬܬ݀ ܠܘܿܬ ܐܠܝܼܫܥ ܕܒܢ̈ܝܗܿ ܡܬܼܕܒܪܝܼܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܡܛ݀ܠ ܚܼܘܒܬܐ ܘܣܥܼܪ ܠܘܿܬܗܿ ܐܬ݀ܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܐ ܘܚܘܒܼܬܐ ܣܠܩܼܬ݀ ܥܠ ܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܟܕ ܬܪܣܝܼ ܒܙܒܢ ܟܦܼܢܐ ܠܢܒܝ̈ܐ ܕܛܫܝܼ ܡܼܢ ܐܚܿܒ. ܘܒܝܘܡ̈ܝ ܐܫܝܥܐ ܕܗܘܼܫܥ ܘܥܡܘܿܣ ܘܝܘܿܐܝܠ ܐܬܼܢܒܝܼ. ܛܼܒܐ ܫܡܼܥܢܢ ܕܓܠܐ ܡܪܝܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܥܿܒܕ ܡܪܝܐ ܠܢܒ̈ܝܐ. ܐܝܙܓܕܐ ܠܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ ܐܫܬܼܠܚ ܗ̄ ܥܡܘܿܐܝܠ ܕܐܬܼܐ ܕܢܩܼܪܐ ܫܝܢܐ ܠܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ. ܗܿܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܐ ܝܗܒܿܬܟ ܗ̄ ܒܗܿܕܐ ܡܩܿܦܚ ܠܪܡܘܼܬ ܕܐܕܘܼ̈ܡܝܐ. ܬܘܼܒ ܙܥܘܿܪܐ ܐܟܠܩܪܨܐ ܕܐܫܼܬܕܝܼ ܡܼܢ ܕܪܓܗ. ܘܐܢ ܐܬܬܼܝܼܡ ܒܐܐܪ ܘܒܝܢܬ݀ ܟܘܼ̈ܒܐ ܡܿܢ ܐܚܼܬܟ ܘ.ܐܫܠܼܡܟ ܒܐܝܼܕܐ ܕܒܥܿܠܕܒܒܐ. ܐܝܿܟܐܢ ܐܬܒܼܨܝܼ ܗ̄ ܕܫܠܩܼܠܘܼܗܝ ܒܫܒܼܝܐ ܘܠܟܿܠ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܗ. ܘܥܕܡܐܐ ܠܬܚܘܼܡܐ ܕܒܥܠ̈ܕܒܒܝܟ ܫܕܪܘܼܟ.","english":"The second vision: that is, that you drank from the Edomites, placing at the head from before, by David. And now, upon the faces of the calamities that befell you, to those who dwell in the mountain of holiness. Now all the peoples who participated with you in this counsel are drunk. After these, he again speaks of the sword that came upon them by a certain people after the dispersion, when that which you had sworn of the house of Jacob to those who inherited you began, until the end of the wickedness. And the captivity of Jerusalem, even in the Spain of the interior, from Rome, is a type of this. The end of the commentary on Obadiah. Again, concerning the book of Obadiah: the prophet Obadiah is a disciple of Elijah the prophet, and he is the head of the fifty who were hidden by Elijah and did not burn; and his wife is the one who came to Elisha, whose sons were being led because of a sin, and he performed with her the sign of the Messiah, and the sin ascended upon Obadiah when he was nourished in the time of famine by the prophets who were hidden by Ahab. And in the days of Isaiah, Hosea, Amos, and Joel, he prophesied. It is good that you hear that the Lord revealed what the Lord did to the prophets. An angel was sent to the peoples: Samuel, who came to call a herald to the peoples. Behold, the small one gave you in this, striking the heights of the Edomites. Again, the small slanderer who was cast down from his rank. And if he was orphaned in the air and in the house of the stars, with your sister, and I delivered you into the hand of the enemy. How was it seen that he was taken captive, and all that he had? And until the border of your enemies, they sent you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܙܼܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the second vision' likely refers to a distinct prophetic vision or section within the commentary, possibly linked to Obadiah's prophecy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܕܠܓܘ ܡܼܢ ܪܘܼܡܝܼ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Spain of the interior, from Rome' may allude to the Roman Empire's reach or a symbolic geography, possibly indicating the dispersion of Jerusalem's captives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܬܠܡܝܼܕܐ ܕܐܠܝܐ","severity":"info","text":"The tradition that Obadiah was a disciple of Elijah and head of the fifty hidden prophets is a hagiographic element, reflecting later Syriac reception of the prophet's biography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܝܙܓܕܐ ܠܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ ܐܫܬܼܠܚ ܗ̄ ܥܡܘܿܐܝܠ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Samuel as an angel sent to the peoples echoes 1 Samuel traditions, possibly referencing his role as a prophet and judge, though the exact scriptural basis is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܐܢ ܐܬܬܼܝܼܡ ܒܐܐܪ ܘܒܝܢܬ݀ ܟܘܼ̈ܒܐ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'orphaned in the air and in the house of the stars' is obscure; it may be a metaphorical or corrupt passage, possibly referring to a state of abandonment or celestial imagery.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the small slanderer' and 'your sister' is unclear; the text may be corrupt or allusive.","The reference to 'Spain of the interior' may be a geographical or symbolic term with uncertain meaning."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ܘܩܨܿܘ̈ܡܝܟ ܕܐܟܿܠܝܢ ܗܼܘܘ ܠܚܡܟ ܠܐ ܐܬܡܼܨܝܼܘ ܕܢܫܘܙܒܘܼܢܟ ܘܠܐ ܩܨܼܡܘ ܫܪܪܐ ܘܐܒܼܕܘ ܚܟܝܼ̈ܡܝܟ ܒܡܚܘܼܬܐ ܕܡܢܼܫܝܠܝ ܘܒܗ݀ܘ ܙܢܼܐ ܕܐܫܼܬܝܬ ܘܫܪܟܐ ܗ̄ ܐܝܿܟܢܐ ܕܕܨܬܼ ܘܐܗܠܼܬ ܒܒ̈ܢܝ ܝܼܣܪܐܝܠ ܟܕ ܫܿܬܐ ܗܼܘܝܬ ܘܥܠܼܬܐ ܗܼܘܝܬ ܘܥܠܼܬܐ ܕܚܓܐ ܥܒܼܕܬ݀ ܠܥܩܿܬܐ ܕܐܚܐ. ܗ̣ܿܐܢ ܢܫܼܬܘܿܢ ܘܢܚܼܕܘܢܼ ܥܠܝܟ ܟܿܠܗܘܿܢ ܥܡ̈ܡܼܐ. ܬܗܼܘܐ ܡܫܘܙܒܘܼܬܐ ܗ̄ ܕܒܝܬ ܚܙܩܝܐ ܢܩܘܼܡ ܘܢܩܝܼܡ ܥܠܝܗܿ ܩܪܒܐ ܗ̄ ܡܠܿܒܒ ܕܢܩܦܘܟܝܗܝ ܕܢܩܼܪܒܘܿܢ ܥܠ ܐܕܘܼܡ ܡܬܝܼܠܝܬ݀ ܒܡܿܘܬܐ ܘܒܚܛܝܼܬܐ ܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ ܦ݀ܠܚ ܥܒܕܘܼܬܐ ܐܬܢܼܒܝܼ ܥܠ ܡܣܡ ܒܪܝܼܫܐ ܕܐܕܘܼ̈ܡܝܐ ܘܡܛ݀ܠ ܥܕܬܐ܀ ܫܠܼܡ ܕܥܘܼܒܕܝܐ","english":"And your diviners who were eating your bread were not able to save you, nor did they divine the truth, and your wise men perished by the blow of the Messiah, and by that little wine which you drank, and the rest, as it is written, you went astray and you erred among the children of Israel when you were drinking and you were entering, and you made the feast of the error of the brother of the deception. Behold, they drink and rejoice over you, all the peoples. The salvation of the house of Hezekiah will arise and stand, and war will be waged against it by the heart that subdues them, who waged war against Edom figuratively, by death and by sin, performing servile works, was chosen over the chief of the Edomites, and on account of the Church. The end of the commentary on Obadiah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ܒܡܚܘܼܬܐ ܕܡܢܼܫܝܠܝ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'by the blow of the Messiah' likely refers to a messianic figure or event, possibly a military or punitive action, but the exact referent is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ܐܝܿܟܢܐ ܕܕܨܬܼ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as it is written' introduces a citation or allusion, possibly to a biblical passage about Israel's error or drunkenness, but the source is not identified in the text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ܕܒܝܬ ܚܙܩܝܐ","severity":"info","text":"The 'house of Hezekiah' likely refers to the biblical king Hezekiah of Judah, whose reign involved conflict with Edom and Assyria, providing a historical parallel for the commentary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ܡܬܝܼܠܝܬ݀","severity":"info","text":"The term 'figuratively' indicates that the war against Edom is interpreted allegorically, possibly as a spiritual or moral struggle, rather than a literal historical event.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܡܛ݀ܠ ܥܕܬܐ","severity":"info","text":"The final phrase 'on account of the Church' suggests a typological or ecclesiological reading, where Edom's fate prefigures or relates to the Christian Church, a common interpretive move in Syriac commentary.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ܘܩܨܿܘ̈ܡܝܟ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening word 'your diviners' is ambiguous: it may refer to Edomite or Israelite diviners, and the syntax of the passage is disrupted, possibly due to textual corruption or ellipsis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:dsc-249","label":"source edition: Literal Commentary on Obadiah","url":"https://syriaccorpus.org/249"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'your diviners' (Edomite or Israelite) is unclear; the phrase 'by the blow of the Messiah' may be literal or metaphorical; the source of the scriptural allusion is not specified; the relationship between the 'house of Hezekiah' and the subsequent war is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}