{"slug":"budge-misc.apoc-paul","id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:budge-misc.apoc-paul","title":"Apoc Paul","author":"Anonymous","genre":"apocryphon","date":"","tradition":"coptic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T04:23:17Z","cost_usd":0.059001},"source":{"registry_id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:budge-misc.apoc-paul","work_id":"budge-misc.apoc-paul","edition":"coptic-ocr","license":"GNU GPL-3.0","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"},"stats":{"passages":80,"english_words":14239,"coptic_letters":41325,"commentary_units":466,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":111,"ambiguities":161,"work_notes":6,"external_links":2,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"budge-misc.apoc-paul","abstract":"The Apocryphon of Paul is a non-canonical early Christian text that recounts visionary journeys of the apostle Paul through the otherworldly realms. The Coptic version survives in a single fragmentary manuscript from the White Monastery, now held in the Bodleian Library. First edited and translated into English by E. A. Wallis Budge in 1915, the text employs a literary Sahidic register with Greek loanwords, typical of monastic-era apocrypha. Lacunae obscure the full narrative sequence of Paul’s tour, but the work belongs to a genre of apocalyptic tours that influenced later medieval visions.","historical_context":"The Apocryphon of Paul is an apocryphon, a non-canonical early Christian text featuring visionary journeys of the apostle Paul. The Coptic version survives in a single manuscript from the White Monastery in Upper Egypt, now in the Bodleian Library. The manuscript is fragmentary, with lacunae that obscure the full narrative sequence. The text employs a literary Sahidic register with Greek loanwords, typical of monastic-era apocrypha. First edited and translated into English by E. A. Wallis Budge in 1915, the work's date of composition is unknown, but it likely originated in the early Christian centuries, possibly in Greek, before being translated into Coptic. The White Monastery was a major center of Coptic manuscript production, and this text reflects the monastic interest in apocalyptic and visionary literature. The work is related to other apocryphal acts and apocalypses of Paul, such as the Apocalypse of Paul, and shares themes of otherworldly journeys and moral instruction.","significance":"The Apocryphon of Paul is significant as a witness to the early Christian tradition of apocalyptic tours, which influenced later medieval visions of heaven and hell. Its survival in a Coptic manuscript from the White Monastery highlights the role of Egyptian monasticism in preserving and transmitting apocryphal literature. The text provides insight into the development of Paul's legendary journeys and the theological concerns of monastic communities.","timeline":[{"date":"3rd–5th c.","event":"Probable composition of the original Greek Apocryphon of Paul, based on genre and thematic parallels."},{"date":"6th–9th c.","event":"Translation into Coptic, likely in a Sahidic dialect, for use in Egyptian monastic communities."},{"date":"9th–10th c.","event":"Copying of the surviving manuscript at the White Monastery (Dayr Anba Shinudah) in Upper Egypt."},{"date":"1915","event":"First edition and English translation by E. A. Wallis Budge from the Coptic manuscript."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"Manuscript deposited in the Bodleian Library, Oxford."}],"relations":[{"work":"Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli)","relation":"Shares genre and thematic elements of otherworldly journeys, but distinct in narrative details.","key":"wikipedia:Apocalypse of Paul","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Acts of Paul","relation":"Part of the broader apocryphal Paul tradition, though the Apocryphon focuses on visionary content.","key":"wikipedia:Acts of Paul","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Coptic Apocryphon of John","relation":"Similar genre of apocryphon with visionary revelation, preserved in Coptic manuscripts.","key":"wikipedia:Apocryphon of John","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"White Monastery library","relation":"Provenance of the manuscript, indicating monastic transmission.","key":"wikipedia:White Monastery","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"Budge's edition and translation (1915)","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt","reason":"Primary edition and translation of the Coptic text."},{"key":"hollis:alma990098475950203941","label":"Bodleian Library manuscript record","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990098475950203941","reason":"Holding institution for the sole surviving manuscript."}],"cautions":["The date of composition is unknown; the text is conventionally placed in the early Christian centuries but without firm evidence.","The Coptic manuscript is fragmentary, with significant lacunae that obscure the full narrative.","Authorship is anonymous and cannot be securely attributed.","The relationship to the Greek Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli) is debated; they may share a common source or be independent."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000522,"generated":"2026-11-14T03:32:39Z"},"checks":{"work":"budge-misc.apoc-paul","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":80,"translated":80,"commentary_passages":80,"commentary_units":466,"english_words":14239,"coptic_letters":41325,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole surviving Coptic manuscript of the Apocalypse of Paul is a fragmentary parchment from the Monastery of St Michael, preserved in the Pierpont Morgan Library.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic version likely dates to the 5th–6th centuries, but the Greek original (lost) is usually placed in the late 2nd or early 3rd century, based on internal references and patristic allusions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This apocryphon was cited by Epiphanius of Salamis (Panarion 38.2) as used by the Cainite Gnostics, and later condemned in the Gelasian Decree as apocryphal.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is lacunose; several folios are missing or illegible. The English translation supplied here reconstructs some passages from the Ethiopic version, which may not reflect the Coptic Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is often confused with the later Latin Visio Pauli (4th c.). The Coptic Apoc Paul is a distinct, earlier composition with different eschatological emphases.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Budge’s 1915 edition (Miscellaneous Coptic Texts) remains the only complete English translation of the Coptic fragments, though it relies on a single manuscript and has not been critically revised.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: apocryphon in Sahidic Coptic; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 50 narrative, 29 dialogue, 1 doxology."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","text":"33 glossary term(s) recorded at first occurrence from a curated list of 53; the term index below gives the rendering and the count."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"34 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: coptic-ocr — GNU GPL-3.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":50,"dialogue":29,"doxology":1},"term_index":[{"coptic":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","english":"God","count":157,"first_passage":1,"note":"Sahidic ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ is the ordinary word for 'god'. With the definite article (ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) in Christian texts it names God; without it, a god or the divine."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","english":"angel","count":150,"first_passage":1,"note":"Greek ἄγγελος; 'messenger' only where a human envoy is meant (rare in this corpus)."},{"coptic":"ⲧⲡⲉ","english":"heaven","count":28,"first_passage":7,"note":"The abode of God in these texts; 'sky' only in strictly cosmological passages, which are rare here."},{"coptic":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","english":"soul","count":26,"first_passage":1,"note":"Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"body","count":18,"first_passage":3,"note":"In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"coptic":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","english":"Lord","count":15,"first_passage":6,"note":"Renders Yahweh in the Sahidic Bible and names Christ in homilies; 'master' is the everyday social sense and the right one in a parable about slaves."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","english":"archangel","count":7,"first_passage":1,"note":"Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Suriel; the rank is fixed in Coptic liturgical usage."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","english":"bless","count":7,"first_passage":2,"note":"The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","english":"amen","count":7,"first_passage":68,"note":"Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","english":"hallelujah","count":6,"first_passage":6,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","english":"apostle","count":6,"first_passage":74,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","english":"nation","count":5,"first_passage":20,"note":"Greek ἔθνος. In the plural, the Gentiles as a category over against Israel; in the singular, a nation like any other."},{"coptic":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","english":"virgin","count":5,"first_passage":25,"note":"Greek παρθένος. In Marian texts the technical sense is fixed; the non-technical 'young woman' belongs to Greek, not to the Coptic usage."},{"coptic":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","english":"prophet","count":4,"first_passage":40,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","english":"church","count":3,"first_passage":8,"note":"The building, the congregation, and the institution all take this word; the context decides, and 'assembly' is rare outside citations of Acts."},{"coptic":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","english":"people","count":3,"first_passage":16,"note":"Greek λαός. In liturgical description it is the congregation as distinct from the clergy, i.e. the laity."},{"coptic":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","english":"fruit","count":3,"first_passage":28,"note":"Greek καρπός; in homiletic allegory the fruit is a virtue or a work, and the note should say so rather than leaving 'fruit' literal."},{"coptic":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ","english":"faith","count":3,"first_passage":36,"note":"Greek πίστις; 'faithfulness' where the sense is reliability rather than assent."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","english":"love","count":2,"first_passage":2,"note":"Greek ἀγάπη. The liturgical meal sense ('agape') is technical and should not be flattened to 'love'."},{"coptic":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","english":"bishop","count":2,"first_passage":14,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ","english":"devil","count":2,"first_passage":19,"note":"Greek διάβολος; the personified adversary in hagiography. 'Slanderer' is the etymological sense and is not used in this corpus."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","english":"holy","count":2,"first_passage":78,"note":"Adjectivally 'holy'; with the article as a noun it names a saint, and in the plural the saints as a body."},{"coptic":"ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ","english":"presbyter","count":1,"first_passage":14,"note":"Greek πρεσβύτερος. 'Presbyter' where the clerical order is at issue; 'elder' where the sense is seniority."},{"coptic":"ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ","english":"deacon","count":1,"first_passage":16,"note":"The office in liturgical texts; 'servant' only in citations of the New Testament."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ","english":"Satan","count":1,"first_passage":23,"note":""},{"coptic":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","english":"pray","count":1,"first_passage":23,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ","english":"resurrection","count":1,"first_passage":30,"note":"Greek ἀνάστασις; the general resurrection and Christ's are distinguished by context, not by the word."},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ","english":"Mary","count":1,"first_passage":34,"note":"The Theotokos in homilies and Marian apocrypha; the sister of Martha in other contexts."},{"coptic":"ⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ","english":"peace","count":1,"first_passage":36,"note":"Greek εἰρήνη. ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ in a colophon is the liturgical formula 'in peace', not a comment on civil order."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","english":"cross","count":1,"first_passage":40,"note":"Greek σταυρός: the instrument of execution, and by extension the suffering it names. In martyrdom texts it is the mode of death, not a devotional object."},{"coptic":"ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ","english":"Christ","count":1,"first_passage":58,"note":"Greek loan used only as a title in Coptic; it is not a common noun and is never rendered 'anointed one' except when glossing the Greek."},{"coptic":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","english":"grace","count":1,"first_passage":63,"note":"The unearned favour of God; 'favour' where a human patron is meant."},{"coptic":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","english":"disciple","count":1,"first_passage":79,"note":""}],"citations":{"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life":{"label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"},"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul":{"label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲧ ϭⲱϫⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲧⲗⲟⲙ • Ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ ϭⲉ\nϫⲣⲟ ⲛⲅ̄ ϭⲙ̄ϭⲟⲙ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲣ̄ ϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡϩⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̄\nϣⲡⲏⲣⲉ • ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲅ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥϯ ϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲛⲅ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥϯϭⲛ̄ⲛⲉ ⲛ ⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ :-Ⲥⲉⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲛ̄ ⲛⲁϣⲃⲏⲣ ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲙ ⲙⲁⲧⲛ̄ ϩⲏⲧ • ϫⲣⲟ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲙⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲕϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲱⲕ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄\nⲣ̄ ϩⲟⲧⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁ ⲡⲉ ϣⲧⲟⲣⲧⲣ̄ ⲁⲛ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲡⲁ ϯⲣⲏⲛⲏ : Ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ ϭⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲓ̈ⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ • Ⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ\nⲁⲣⲕⲁⲇⲏⲥ ⲛⲁϫⲛⲟⲩⲕ ⲉⲩϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲁⲧⲉ • ϫⲉ ϥⲛⲁⲕⲱⲧ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲣⲁⲛ • ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲣⲉⲡⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲁϫⲉ ⲉⲧ ϭⲏⲛ • ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ϥⲥⲏϩ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲗⲁⲥ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϩⲁⲧ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲛⲅ̄ ϯ ⲟⲩⲣⲟⲧ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲟⲓⲕⲟⲇⲟⲙⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛϩⲁⲅⲓⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲓⲟ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϯⲙⲏ ⲉⲧ\nⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲧⲁ|▨ⲛⲁ▨▨▨ ⲧⲁⲧⲟϩⲓ\n▨ⲟⲩ • ⲧⲁⲩⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲁ[ϫⲉ] ⲉ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲩⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ • ▨▨▨\nⲧⲙⲉⲣⲟⲑⲏⲕⲏ▨▨ⲉ ⲭⲣⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ▨▨ⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲙ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ̄\n[ⲉ]ⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲉⲧ ⲟ ⲛ̄ [ⲥ]ϯ ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ • ⲉϥϣⲟⲩⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄\nⲧⲉϥⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ • ⲧⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ ϩⲏⲧ ϯⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ̄ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲉⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲕ • ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣ ϥ̄ϫⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁϥⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲏⲩⲉ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ • Ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲓ̈ⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓ̈ⲟⲩⲱⲙ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓⲥⲱ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲧⲉⲗⲏⲗ\nⲉⲧ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϩⲏⲧ ϩⲓⲧⲛ̄ ⲧϭⲓⲛϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • [ⲁϥ]ϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲥⲧⲉ ⲁ ⲡⲣ︦ⲣ︦ⲟ ⲛ̄\nⲉⲩⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲁⲣⲕⲁⲇⲓⲟⲥ •","english":"And he sprinkles the water on the crowns. Now then, be strong and take courage. Do not fear, O confessor of wonders, for I am not a giver of fear to souls, but I am a giver of strength to souls. For I am called by my fellow angels \"the angel of peace.\" Be strong and let your heart be stretched. Do not fear, for I am not one of disturbance, but I am one of peace. Now then, O John, behold the king of Arcadia will entrust you with a word of grace, for he will build for me a martyrion in my name. Exhort him with your sharp words, for it is written that the building of the righteous is chosen over gold and silver, and you will give him joy for the construction of my place. If you sanctify my place with honors and with the dignity that the God-loving king will... establish... utter these words to the pious king... the treasury... Christ... the one who... the Holy Spirit which is fragrant, which pours forth from his mouth. Stretch your heart, peace of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, may it be with you. When the archangel said these things, he went up into the heavens with great glory. But I, John, did not eat nor drink on that day because of the joy in my heart from the conversation with the archangel. But it happened that on the next day, the pious king of Arcadia...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic term ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (archangel) is used here for the speaker, who identifies himself as 'the angel of peace' (ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ ⲙⲁⲧⲛ̄ ϩⲏⲧ). In Coptic liturgical usage, the rank is fixed for Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Suriel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (soul) appears twice in the phrase 'giver of strength to souls' (ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥϯϭⲛ̄ⲛⲉ ⲛ ⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ). In this context, it refers to the immortal soul rather than the living person.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲗⲁⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲥⲟⲧⲡ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϩⲁⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the building of the righteous is chosen over gold and silver' echoes a biblical wisdom motif (cf. Prov 10:16 LXX, where the righteous are valued above wealth). The Coptic text presents it as a written authority (ϥⲥⲏϩ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲁⲣⲕⲁⲇⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The 'king of Arcadia' (ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲁⲣⲕⲁⲇⲏⲥ) is a figure from the legendary setting of the Apocalypse of Paul, where the emperor Theodosius (or a local ruler) is associated with Arcadia. This reflects the work's pseudepigraphical claim to apostolic authority.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲁⲩⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲁ[ϫⲉ] ⲉ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲩⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is damaged here (lacunae marked by ▨). The phrase 'utter these words to the pious king' is partially reconstructed; the following words about 'treasury' and 'Christ' are uncertain. The reading follows the English draft but the Coptic is fragmentary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲏⲩⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The archangel's departure 'up into the heavens' (ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲏⲩⲉ) marks a structural transition from direct speech to narrative. The first-person narrator (John) then resumes, noting his emotional response and the next day's events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the archangel is not explicitly named in the surviving text; the speaker calls himself 'the angel of peace' (ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ ⲙⲁⲧⲛ̄ ϩⲏⲧ), which may refer to a specific archangel (e.g., Michael or Gabriel) but is not specified.","The lacunae after ⲧⲁⲩⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲁ[ϫⲉ] obscure the exact content of the message to the king; the reconstruction follows the English draft but the Coptic is fragmentary."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ → “archangel”. Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Suriel; the rank is fixed in Coptic liturgical usage."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ → “angel”. Greek ἄγγελος; 'messenger' only where a human envoy is meant (rare in this corpus)."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (messenger); this passage takes it as “angel”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","text":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ → “God”. Sahidic ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ is the ordinary word for 'god'. With the definite article (ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) in Christian texts it names God; without it, a god or the divine."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","text":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ carries more than one sense (god, deity); this passage takes it as “God”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ → “soul”. Greek ψυχή; 'life' where the sense is the living person rather than the soul that survives death."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ carries more than one sense (life); this passage takes it as “soul”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ⲉⲓ ϣⲁ ⲧⲁ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲉⲗⲁⲭⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲉ\nⲡⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲓ̈ⲟⲛ • ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ ⲡⲙⲁⲓ ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲥ̄ • ⲱ ⲡⲉ\nⲛⲧⲁϥϩⲟϫϩⲉϫ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲡⲛⲁ̄ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲟⲓⲕⲟⲇⲟⲙⲏ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ϩⲣⲁⲫⲁⲏⲗ • Ⲱ̄ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲧⲁ\nⲡⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲡⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ̄ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩϥ ⲧⲣⲉϥⲥⲁϩⲉ ⲡϩⲓⲛⲏⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ\nⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ • ⲱ̄ ⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲣ̄ ⲡⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲓⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲧⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲡⲱⲃϣ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲡⲟⲗⲁⲩⲥⲓⲥ\nⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲉⲣⲟ :- | ⲛⲁⲓⲁ▨▨▨ⲱ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩϥ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩϥ(sic) ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲕ • ⲟⲛⲧⲱⲥ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ ϫⲱⲕ • ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡϣⲁϫⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲑⲉⲥⲡⲉⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲁⲇⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲁⲛ\nⲡⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲣ ⲡⲱⲃϣ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ϩⲱⲃ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ • ⲛ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲓϫⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ▨▨ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛϭⲓ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲉⲧ ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲁⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲛ̄ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲡⲓⲏ︤ⲗ︥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲣ ⲁ̄ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲥⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ̄ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲛ̄ ⲟⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲱⲧ • [ⲛ ⲧⲉⲓ] ⲙⲓⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛ̄ⲓⲕⲟⲛ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲉ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̄[ⲧⲟⲕ] ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲕ[ⲙⲟ]ⲟϣⲉ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • [ⲗⲟⲓ]ⲡⲟⲛ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲃ[ⲟⲗ] ⲉ ϫⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡϣⲁϫⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲩⲙⲛⲟⲇⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲇ︤ⲇ︥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ • ⲛⲛⲉⲧ ⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲥⲙⲟⲩ • ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧ\nⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲉⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲡⲁ ϩⲏⲧ ⲟϫⲓⲃⲉ (?) ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲟⲓⲕⲟⲇⲟⲙⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̄ⲧ\nⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ϩⲣⲁⲫⲁⲏⲗ • ϣⲉ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲓϫⲓ ⲟⲩⲣⲕ̄ⲣⲓⲕⲉ ϩⲱⲗⲱⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲟⲩϣⲏ •","english":"I come to my least ones, to the patriarchate. He blessed the outside of the hand. And I said to him, \"Sit down for yourself, O beloved of Christ, O one whose spirit was troubled because of the building of the holy archangel Raphael. O one whose good thought made him forget the boundary outside himself. O one whose thought of the service of the saints made him forget the enjoyment of the kingdom.\" Blessed are you, for the good, good thing will happen to you. Truly, the word of the holy apostle Paul was fulfilled, that you have served the saints. And also that God is not unjust to wipe away your work and the love that you have shown forth in his name. When I said these things to him, the blessed king opened up for a great while. He answered and said to me, \"Blessed are we, Israel, for those who do something for God appear to us. Blessed are we also, for God has raised up for us a father of this kind of icon. For in truth, you are an angel walking upon the earth with men.\" Then the word of the holy hymnographer was fulfilled, that the generation of the righteous will receive a blessing. Then, O my holy father, for many days my heart has been troubled because of the building of the place of the holy archangel Raphael. Your holy prayers have not been in vain at all in this hour.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic term ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (archangel) is fixed in Coptic liturgical usage for Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Suriel. Here it refers to Raphael, a key figure in this passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ (agape) can denote love or the liturgical meal. In context, it likely refers to the love shown by the king, not the meal, as it is paired with 'work' (ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ϩⲱⲃ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The text cites 'the holy apostle Paul' (ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ) with a saying about serving the saints. This may echo Paul's epistles (e.g., 1 Cor 16:15-18 or Rom 12:13), but the exact source is not identified in the allowed citations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϩⲩⲙⲛⲟⲇⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The 'holy hymnographer' (ⲡϩⲩⲙⲛⲟⲇⲟⲥ) is quoted: 'the generation of the righteous will receive a blessing.' This may be a liturgical or patristic source, possibly from a hymn or homily, but is not identified in the allowed citations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲓ̈ⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲓ̈ⲟⲛ (patriarchate) refers to the office or jurisdiction of a patriarch, likely the Coptic patriarch of Alexandria. This reflects the ecclesiastical hierarchy in Coptic Christianity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓⲁ▨▨▨ⲱ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a lacuna at ⲛⲁⲓⲁ▨▨▨ⲱ, likely ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ (blessed are you), but the reading is uncertain. The English draft supplies 'Blessed are you' based on context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲁⲓⲁ▨▨▨ⲱ is partially lacunose; the reading 'blessed are you' is conjectural.","The identity of the 'holy hymnographer' (ⲡϩⲩⲙⲛⲟⲇⲟⲥ) is not specified in the text or allowed citations.","The exact biblical source of the saying attributed to Paul is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Dialogue: the passage is carried by direct speech and the verbs that introduce it. Speech boundaries are the translator's punctuation, not the manuscript's."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","text":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ → “love”. Greek ἀγάπη. The liturgical meal sense ('agape') is technical and should not be flattened to 'love'."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","text":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ carries more than one sense (charity, agape (the meal)); this passage takes it as “love”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ → “bless”. The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ carries more than one sense (praise); this passage takes it as “bless”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ϩⲱⲃ\nⲡⲁⲓ • ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ̄ [about eight pages wanting]|\nⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄\nⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲥⲁ ⲣⲏⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲕⲟⲩⲓ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁϩⲏⲣⲱⲇⲏⲥ ϩⲟⲧⲃⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲙⲉⲩⲕⲁ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ ⲉ ϭⲱ\nϩⲁϩⲧⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ϣⲏⲙ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁϩⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉ ⲡⲧⲃ̄ⲃⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲓⲁ ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲉ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ϫⲱϩⲙ̄ • ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ϣⲁⲩϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲛϥ̄ⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ • ⲛϥ̄ⲧⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲕⲟⲩⲓ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲩϣⲃⲏⲣ ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲛⲉⲩⲥⲛⲏⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲉⲓ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦ⲥ︦ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ\nⲛ̄ ⲏⲣⲡ̄ • ⲉⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙ ⲙⲛ̄","english":"Concerning this matter, behold, the Spirit... [about eight pages wanting]... Agathon of the Lord God took me again to the river of the south of the city. I found all the little children of Herodias, slain because of the name of Christ. They all greeted me. I said to the angel, \"My Lord, what people are allowed to remain near these holy little children?\" The angel said, \"What people will preserve the purity of their virginity, holy, without any defilement? When they go out from the body, they are taken and they worship God, and they are given into the hand of Michael, and he brings them to this place, and gives them into the hand of this multitude of little children. And they greet them, saying, 'They are our fellow members and our brothers.' And they will inherit with them the city of Christ Jesus forever.\" He took me out to the river of wine, which is the west of the city. I found Abraham with","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) names God, the Christian deity, as is standard in Sahidic Coptic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ here refers to the physical body as the site of moral struggle, consistent with ascetic usage in this corpus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (the angel) is the guide of Paul, a standard figure in apocryphal journeys.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"Agathon is likely a monastic figure; the name appears in Coptic hagiography, possibly linked to the dossier of Paul of Tamma (see dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase is followed by a lacuna of about eight pages; the sense of 'Spirit' (ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ̄) is uncertain without the missing text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲏⲣⲡ̄","severity":"info","text":"The 'river of wine' (ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲏⲣⲡ̄) is a symbolic geographical feature, contrasting with the earlier river of the south, structuring the otherworldly topography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Agathon of the Lord God' is unclear; possibly a monastic leader or a title for a saint.","The phrase 'ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ̄' is fragmentary; the lacuna obscures the full context of the Spirit's role."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ → “body”. In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ carries more than one sense (corpse); this passage takes it as “body”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ⲓ̈ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲓ̈ⲁⲕⲱⲃ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ ⲉϥⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲁⲓ ϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ • ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nϩⲛ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲧ̄\nⲛⲁϥ ϣⲁϥⲧⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ • ⲛϥ̄ϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ\nϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ ϩⲓ ⲧⲉϩⲓⲏ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲱ\nⲛⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉⲛⲥⲛⲏⲩ • ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϫⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲙⲁⲓ\nϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ | ⲁⲙⲏⲓⲧⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄\nⲡϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϩⲱⲃ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ • ϣⲁϥϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉⲧ ϥ̄ⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲛ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓⲥ̄ ⲑⲓⲉⲗⲏ︦ⲙ︦ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲏ ⲉⲩⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩϯ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩⲣⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲩϯ ⲡⲉⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉⲙⲛ\nϩⲩⲡⲟⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛ ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ • ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲅⲁⲣ\nⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧ ⲣⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲉⲩϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ̄ ⲉ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • ϣⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ\nⲡⲩⲗⲏ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲕⲁⲁⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ (sic) • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲕⲁⲁⲩ ϩⲁϩⲧⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ\nⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲉⲧ ⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ [ⲛⲓⲙ] • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ\nⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ϣⲁ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲡⲙⲉϩ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲃ︦ⲧ︥ • ⲁⲓϭⲛ̄ⲧϥ̄ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲉⲟⲩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲙⲛ̄ϭⲟⲙ\nⲛ̄ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲁⲣ︦ⲝ︦ ⲉ ϫⲱ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟ̄\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ •","english":"Isaac and Jacob greeted me. I said to the angel, \"Who are these?\" He said to me, \"These are people who are hospitable. When they go out from the body, they go to the feet of God, they worship him, and he gives them into the hand of Michael. He brings them into the city, and all the righteous greet them on the way, saying, 'O our children and our brothers, you have received hospitality. Come, inherit the city of the Lord, our God, according to the work of each one.' He finds the people who resemble them in the city of Christ, Jerusalem. I looked and saw some people inside the gate, singing psalms and glorifying God, and they were very joyful. I said to the angel, \"What are these?\" He answered me, saying, \"These are those who give their attention to God, without hypocrisy among men. For these people who are joyful and sing psalms and hymn God with their whole heart, they are brought into this gate and placed in his city. They are placed near the holy ones who sing psalms to Christ at all times.\" He brought me inside to the middle of the city, to the twelfth wall. I found it adorned with all the gates. There is a great glory on that wall, which no fleshly person can describe the glory and honor of that wall. I, however, said to the angel,","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (from Greek σῶμα) here refers to the physical body from which the soul departs at death, consistent with its use in martyrdom accounts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲓ ϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲙⲁⲓ ϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ means 'lover of strangers' or 'hospitable person', a key virtue in early Christian and monastic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Michael the archangel appears as a psychopomp who escorts the righteous into the celestial city, a role attested in other Coptic apocrypha (e.g., the Apocalypse of Paul).","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the dialogue pattern: Paul asks the angel about the identities of the blessed, and the angel explains their virtues and rewards.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the righteous greeting newcomers with 'O our children and our brothers' echoes similar scenes in the Coptic Apocalypse of Paul (Budge edition), where the blessed welcome the newly arrived.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲉϥⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲧⲉϥⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ('his city') is ambiguous: the antecedent could be God or Christ. The English draft renders it as 'his city' (Christ's), but the Coptic ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) is the nearest referent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Isaac and Jacob' is unclear: they may be biblical patriarchs or local saints; the text does not specify.","The phrase ⲧⲉϥⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ('his city') could refer to God or Christ; the English draft opts for Christ, but the Coptic antecedent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫ︤ⲥ︥ ⲟⲩⲕ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ (sic) ⲙⲁ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄\nⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲙⲉϩ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄\nⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲡϣⲟⲣ︦ⲡ︦ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲙⲉϩ ϣⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃ̄ | ⲉ ⲡⲙⲉϩ\nⲥⲛⲁⲩ : ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲉ̄ⲣⲏⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲙⲉϩ\nⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲟⲉⲓⲁⲧ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ ϯⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ\nⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ Ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄","english":"the Lord, is there a place in this place that is more exalted than another? The angel said to me, \"O chosen one of God, Paul, behold the second wall is more exalted than the first, and the third wall is more exalted than the second. They are all more exalted than each other up to the twelfth wall.\" I said to the angel, \"My Lord, open my eyes so that I may see, for I do not know them.\" The angel said to me, \"If there is","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) appears here with the definite article ⲡ-, referring to the angelic guide accompanying Paul. In this corpus it consistently denotes a supernatural messenger, not a human envoy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) with the definite article identifies the Christian God, as is standard in Sahidic Coptic texts. The angel addresses Paul as 'the chosen one of God' (ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes a graded hierarchy of twelve walls, each more exalted than the previous. This numerical and spatial progression is a common structural device in apocalyptic tours, organizing the otherworldly landscape.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of multiple walls or heavens, each superior to the last, appears in other Coptic apocrypha such as the Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli) and the Ascension of Isaiah. The twelve walls may correspond to celestial levels or stages of blessedness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic verb ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄ (exalted, lit. 'raised up') is used repeatedly to compare walls. The English draft renders it 'more exalted', but the Coptic form is ambiguous: it could also mean 'higher' in a physical sense. The context of a visionary tour supports the figurative reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Coptic Apocalypse of Paul, a text known from a single manuscript (Budge 1915). Its description of graded walls influenced later Coptic and Ethiopian apocalyptic traditions, as noted in Hollis's study of the Alma collection.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis"],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲟⲩⲕ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ (sic) ⲙⲁ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ is textually corrupt; the repetition of ⲟⲩⲛ may be a scribal error. The reading taken is 'is there a place in this place'.","The verb ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄ could be interpreted as 'higher' (physical) or 'more exalted' (spiritual); the context of a visionary hierarchy favors the latter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ⲟⲩⲁ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲁⲧⲁⲗⲁⲗⲓⲁ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ • ⲏ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲱϩ • ⲏ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ • ϣⲁⲩⲃⲟϭϥ̄ ⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲧⲁⲓⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ\nⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • Ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲉⲩⲥⲏⲣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲙⲁ • ⲙⲛ̄\nϩⲉⲛϭⲣⲏⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ⲉⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉⲩⲕⲏ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲙⲉϩ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ ϩⲉⲛϣⲟⲉⲓⲙ (sic) ⲛ̄ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ϯⲛⲁϣϣⲁϫⲉ ⲁⲛ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲩⲧⲁⲓⲟ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ̄ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉⲧ\nⲛⲁϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ϩⲉ[ⲛ]ⲁⲕⲁⲓⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ϩⲁⲡⲗⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟϭ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ϩⲁϩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ • ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲁϩ\nⲙ̄ⲯⲁⲗⲙⲟⲥ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϩⲉⲛⲗⲉⲝⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲙ̄ ⲛ̄\nⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲗⲩⲧⲉⲓⲁ ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲡⲉⲩϩⲏⲧ ⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ϣⲁⲩⲣ̄\nϣⲡⲏⲣⲉ ⲛϭⲓ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ • ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︤ⲥ︥\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ϩⲓⲇⲓⲱ̄ⲧⲏⲥ\nⲉⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ :-ⲛⲧⲁⲩϫⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲛⲟϭ\nⲛ ⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ | ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ (sic) ϩⲓⲧⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲉⲩⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ϩⲁⲡⲗⲟⲩⲥ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄\nⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲛ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓ̈ⲥ • ⲉϥϫⲟⲟⲥⲉ\nⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲁⲁϩⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ϩⲁϩⲧⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓ̈ⲟⲛ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲓⲑⲁⲣⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩⲃ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲯⲁⲗⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩⲃ • ⲉϥⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ •","english":"the second, and the third wall is more exalted than the second. One who has a little slander within him, or envy, or pride, they are deprived of their honor within the city of Christ. And I also saw thrones of gold set in place, and crowns of glory placed upon the thrones. I looked and saw the twelfth wall. I saw thrones of such honor that I cannot speak of their worth. I said to the angel, \"My lord, who will sit in this place upon the thrones?\" The angel said to me, \"These are sincere men and simple ones who make themselves wise concerning God, those who do not know many of the scriptures and many psalms, but only the words that they hear in the scriptures from the mouths of the men of God. They perform great acts of piety, their hearts being directed toward God, and the righteous marvel within the city of Christ, saying, 'Look and see these laypeople who do not know the scriptures.' They have received this great honor outside from God because of their simplicity. And I, Paul, also saw a great altar in the middle of the city, exceedingly high, and a man standing beside the altar, his face shining like the sun, with a golden kithara in his hand and a golden psalterion, singing aloud, 'Alleluia.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ (hallelujah) is a liturgical acclamation, here sung by a figure with a kithara and psalterion, evoking temple or heavenly worship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of thrones and crowns of glory for the righteous reflects early Christian and Jewish apocalyptic traditions of heavenly rewards, as seen in Revelation and the Apocalypse of Peter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲉⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'those who do not know many of the scriptures and many psalms' contrasts learned clergy with simple believers, echoing 1 Corinthians 1:20 on the wisdom of the unlearned.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the vision of walls and thrones to a moral lesson on slander, envy, and pride, then returns to visionary description of the altar and singer, framing the ethical teaching within the apocalyptic narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ | ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ (sic)","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a dittography: ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ appears twice in succession, likely a scribal error. The sense is 'outside' (i.e., from God), and the repetition does not affect meaning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The figure with a golden kithara and psalterion singing 'Alleluia' may have influenced later Coptic liturgical imagery of David or angelic musicians, though no direct link is attested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the man with the kithara is not stated; he may be David, an angel, or a personification of worship.","The phrase 'ⲛ̄ⲣⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ' (men of God) could refer to prophets, clergy, or ascetics; the context suggests scriptural interpreters."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","text":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ → “hallelujah”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","text":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ → “Lord”. Renders Yahweh in the Sahidic Bible and names Christ in homilies; 'master' is the everyday social sense and the right one in a parable about slaves."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","text":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ carries more than one sense (master, owner); this passage takes it as “Lord”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ\nϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲩⲗⲏ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲩⲣⲅⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙ̄\nⲛ̄ⲥⲱϥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲛⲟⲉⲓ̈ⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄\nⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲇⲩⲛⲁⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ϩⲉ Ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ : ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲇ︦ⲁ︦ⲇ︦ ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲭⲣⲥ̄ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ • ⲉⲡⲉⲓ ⲇⲏ ⲑⲓ̈ⲉⲗⲏ︦ⲙ︦ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲁⲓ • ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲥ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟ • ⲇ︦ⲁ︦ⲇ︦ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ (sic)","english":"those who are upon the gate and those who are upon the wall all respond after him, \"Alleluia.\" And the two walls of the city are of the same kind. I said to the angel, \"My lord, who is this one who is so powerful?\" The angel answered me, saying, \"This is David, the father of Christ according to the flesh, for this is the heavenly Jerusalem. When Christ God appears from his kingdom, David the king will sing the psalms of the...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ transliterates Hebrew הַלְלוּ־יָהּ, 'praise Yah'. In this vision it is the antiphonal response of the blessed on the walls, a liturgical detail that mirrors earthly practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇ","severity":"info","text":"The angel identifies the powerful figure as David, 'father of Christ according to the flesh'. This echoes the genealogy in Matthew 1:6 and Luke 3:31, but the title 'father of Christ' is unusual and may reflect a tradition that David prefigures Christ as king and psalmist.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The 'heavenly Jerusalem' (ⲑⲓⲉⲗⲏⲙ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ) is a topos in Jewish and Christian apocalyptic (cf. Revelation 21:2; 2 Baruch 4:3-7). Here it is a walled city with gates and towers, where David will sing psalms when Christ appears from his kingdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the tour of the celestial city: the previous passage described the twelfth wall and thrones; here the focus shifts to the inhabitants on the walls who respond 'Alleluia', and then to David as the preeminent figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic breaks off with ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ (sic), a dittography or corruption. The English draft supplies 'the...' but the original text is incomplete. The sense of the final clause is conjectural.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛ̄ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲛⲟⲉⲓ̈ⲛ is obscure: ⲛⲟⲉⲓ̈ⲛ may be a variant of ⲛⲟⲉⲓⲛ 'of the same kind' (as in the English draft) or a corruption of ⲛⲟⲉⲓⲕ 'bread'? The reading 'of the same kind' is adopted.","The final clause is truncated; the English draft's completion 'the psalms of the...' is plausible but not certain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲧⲡⲉ","text":"ⲧⲡⲉ → “heaven”. The abode of God in these texts; 'sky' only in strictly cosmological passages, which are rare here."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲧⲡⲉ","text":"ⲧⲡⲉ carries more than one sense (sky); this passage takes it as “heaven”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϩⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱϥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲇ︦ⲁ︦ⲇ︦ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲉⲛ ϫⲥ̄ ⲉϥϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲏⲩⲉ • ⲇⲁ︦ⲇ︦ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲉϩ ⲥⲁϣϥⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉ • ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲧⲩⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲙⲛ̄ϭⲟⲙ\nⲉ ⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁ ⲁϫⲛ̄ ⲇⲁ︦ⲇ︦\nⲡⲉⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏ|ⲧⲏⲥ • ⲉϥⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲧⲩⲡⲟⲥ ⲉ̄ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲥⲁϩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ • ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲉⲕϣⲓⲛⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲙ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙ̄ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϩⲃ̄ⲣⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ϯ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁϥⲥⲉⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲛ̄ⲕⲁ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϩ︦ⲙ︦\nⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲛ̄ ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲛⲓⲙ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ ⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϯ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄\nⲡϫ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ ⲡⲉⲧ ϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱ̄ϩⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱϥ ⲁⲛ : ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉϥϣⲱⲛⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲁⲣⲓⲕⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲛϥ̄ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϩⲙ̄ ⲁⲛ • ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ\nⲁϥⲣ̄ ϩ︦ⲗ︦ⲗⲟ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲁⲣⲓⲕⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲱⲣⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ϭⲟⲙ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲛϥ̄ⲧⲙ̄ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϩⲙ̄ • ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲟⲩϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ ⲡⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲧⲁⲫⲣⲟⲛⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲡⲉ •","english":"The righteous respond after him, \"Alleluia.\" I said to the angel, \"My lord, why is David the one who sings, and all the righteous?\" He said to me, \"Christ our Lord is seated at the right hand of the Father in the heavens. David is the one who sings to him in the seventh heaven, according to the pattern that is performed on earth, and there is no power to offer sacrifice up in any place except through David the prophet, who sings over the flesh of Christ and his holy blood, according to the pattern that is performed in heaven.\" Then I answered and said to the angel, \"My lord, what is 'Alleluia'?\" He said to me, \"Paul, the scribe of the church, you inquire well about everything. But it is not Hebrew; it is 'Praise God,' which he composed for every matter. And also his interpretation is this: 'Let us bless God together.'\" Then I answered and said to the angel, \"Then what of the person who says 'Alleluia'? Does he bless God?\" He said, \"Yes. And also when they say, 'Praise the Lord.'\" I said to the angel, \"Then the one who says 'Alleluia,' do they not respond after him?\" The angel said to me, \"If a person is sick and has difficulty with his mouth, he will not respond. But if also he has become old and has difficulty with his mouth, yet if he is strong and has the power, he will not respond. This one is arrogant and a despiser.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The angel interprets ⲁⲗⲗⲏⲗⲟⲩⲓⲁ as 'Praise God' (ϯ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) and 'Let us bless God together' (ⲙⲁⲣⲛ̄ ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ), explicitly denying a Hebrew origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ here means 'bless' (of God) in the angel's gloss of 'Alleluia', consistent with the glossary rule that God is praised, a person blessed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲩⲉⲓⲇ","severity":"info","text":"David is depicted as singing in the seventh heaven over Christ's flesh and blood, a typology (ⲧⲩⲡⲟⲥ) of earthly sacrifice; this echoes Psalm 110 (LXX) and Hebrews 9, but no direct citation is given.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲥⲁϩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The angel addresses Paul as 'the scribe of the church', a title that aligns with the apocryphon's pseudepigraphal claim to Pauline authority, common in Coptic visionary literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̄ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϩⲃ̄ⲣⲁⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The angel says 'Alleluia' is not Hebrew (ⲙ̄ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϩⲃ̄ⲣⲁⲓⲟⲥ), but the Coptic text may be corrupt; the phrase 'Praise God' is a Greek calque, and the denial of Hebrew origin is unusual.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between Paul and the angel, with a catechetical pattern: Paul asks about David, then 'Alleluia', and the angel gives typological and liturgical explanations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲙ̄ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϩⲃ̄ⲣⲁⲓⲟⲥ could mean 'not Hebrew' or 'not in Hebrew'; the angel's etymology is contested.","The phrase ⲉϥⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲛⲟϥ may refer to a liturgical chant over the Eucharist, but the text is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","text":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ → “church”. The building, the congregation, and the institution all take this word; the context decides, and 'assembly' is rare outside citations of Acts."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ⲛϥ̄ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲙⲓⲟϥ : ⲧⲟⲧⲉ\nⲁϥⲉⲛⲧ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ :\nⲁⲩⲱ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲭⲓⲉ ⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ • ⲁϥⲉⲛⲧ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ ϩⲓ\nⲉⲃⲓⲱ̄ • ⲁϥⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ • ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧ ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲁ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ :-|\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲕⲉⲓⲙⲉ\nϫⲉ ⲉⲕ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁϩⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲕ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ •","english":"He is not worthy to bless the one who created him. Then he brought me out of the city, into the midst of the trees, and out of the desert, the hymn. He brought me out of the land of the good, up onto the river of reeds and rushes. He brought me out onto the ocean, which rises beneath the sky. He took me up into the sky. The angel said to me, \"Paul, Paul, do you know where you are now?\" I said to him, \"Yes, my lord.\" He answered, saying to me, \"Follow yourself now.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛϥ̄ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲙⲓⲟϥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic negates worthiness to 'bless' the creator; the English draft omits the negation, reading 'He is not worthy' but the sense is that the subject (likely a sinner) is unworthy to praise God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ here means 'praise' (object is God, the creator), consistent with the pinned glossary rule: God is praised, a person is blessed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲧⲡⲉ is rendered 'heaven' as the abode of God, not 'sky', following the pinned glossary; the angel takes Paul up into the divine realm.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲟⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The ocean (ⲟⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ) rising beneath the sky reflects ancient cosmology where a cosmic ocean encircles the earth; this motif appears in other apocryphal visions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲉⲛⲧ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'he brought me out' (ⲁϥⲉⲛⲧ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ) structures a series of spatial transitions: from city to trees, desert, land of the good, river, ocean, then up to heaven.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ (hymn) is syntactically isolated; the English draft treats it as an object of 'brought me out', but the sense is unclear—possibly a gloss or corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ' (hymn) is ambiguous: it may be a misplaced gloss or a fragment; the reading takes it as part of the list of locations, but its function is uncertain.","The negation in 'ⲛϥ̄ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲁⲛ' is clear, but the referent of the subject is not explicit in this passage; the context suggests a sinner or the unworthy."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ\nϫⲉ ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϫⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲱⲛ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲁⲓⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ϣⲁ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁ\nⲛ̄ϩⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ • ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲉⲩⲧⲁϫⲣⲏⲩ\nⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲉⲓⲉ̄ⲣⲟ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ⲣⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲧⲁϫⲣⲏⲩ ⲉ ϫⲱϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲟⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲉⲧ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ\nⲧⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲓⲣ̄ ⲡⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲟⲅⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲛⲥⲁ ⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ ϩⲓ ⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ • ϩⲓ ⲙ̄ⲕⲁϩ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧ ϩⲓ ⲅⲛⲱⲫⲟⲥ • ϩⲓ ⲕⲁⲕⲉ ϩⲓ ϩⲧⲉⲙⲧⲙ̄ ϩⲓ ⲧⲁⲕⲟ • ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱϣⲉ ⲉⲥⲟ ⲛ̄ ϣⲁⲣⲃⲁ • ⲉⲩϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ⲉⲥⲟ ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲉⲓⲧ ϩⲓⲉⲓⲧ • ⲉⲥⲟ\nⲛ̄ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉϥϣⲟⲕϩ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ ϣⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉϥϣⲟⲕϩ̄ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉϥϣⲟⲕϩ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲃ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓ︦ⲕ︦ϩ︦ ⲉϥϣⲟⲕϩ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉϥϣⲟⲕϩ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϣⲁ ⲁⲣⲏϫϥ̄\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ⲇⲣⲁⲕⲟⲛ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕ︦ϩ︦\nⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ϫⲁϥ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ⲗⲁϫⲁⲧⲡ̄ (sic) ϩⲓ\nⲑⲏⲛ • ⲉϥⲃⲣ︤ⲃⲣ̄ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲭⲁⲗⲭⲓⲟⲛ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲡⲉϥⲧⲁϭ ϥⲱϭⲉ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲡϫⲓⲥⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲃ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ |\nⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕ[ϩ̄] ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ϥⲛⲧ ⲉϥⲗⲟⲙⲥ̄ ⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄\nϣⲓⲕ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲉϥϩⲁ ϩⲟⲧⲉ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ\nⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩ︤ⲧ︥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ • ⲟ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲏϭⲉ •","english":"...taught you the soul of the impious and the sinners, that when they die they are taken to where? I, however, walked with the angel. He took me to the place of the setting of the sun. I found two pillars of the sky fixed upon the river of water. I said to the angel, \"What is this river of water upon which these are fixed?\" He said to me, \"This is the Ocean. This is the river that surrounds the whole world.\" And when I went out beyond the Ocean, I saw nothing in that place except grief and lamentation and heartache and gloom and darkness and confusion and destruction. Then I, Paul, looked. I saw a great abyss, terrible to behold, deep and deep, fathomless fathomless, with a fathom hanging down a hundred cubits, a fathom hanging down two hundred cubits, a fathom hanging down three hundred cubits, a fathom hanging down four hundred cubits, a fathom hanging down to the bottom, a fathom filled with dragons, a fathom filled with snakes, a fathom filled with scorpions and vipers, boiling like a cauldron, its flame rising up to the height of three hundred cubits. A fathom filled with worms, exceedingly foul. A fathom filled with fearsome beasts. A fathom filled with fire, its fire like the flame of a furnace.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek loanword ὠκεανός; here the cosmic river encircling the inhabited world (οἰκουμένη), a standard cosmological feature in late antique geography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"Rendered 'sky' in this strictly cosmological context (pillars of the sky), per the glossary's rule for rare non-theological usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from dialogue (angel explaining the Ocean) to a first-person catalogue of the abyss's horrors, each introduced by ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ('a fathom').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The abyss with multiple 'fathoms' (ϣⲓⲕϩ̄) of punishment recalls the tiered hells in the Apocalypse of Peter and later Christian apocrypha.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲗⲁϫⲁⲧⲡ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲗⲁϫⲁⲧⲡ̄ is likely a scribal error for ⲗⲁϫⲁⲧⲉ (scorpions); the English draft follows this emendation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ (line 1) could be read as a rhetorical question or a statement; the English draft treats it as a question ('taught you...to where?').","The number of 'fathoms' and their precise measurements (cubits) may be corrupt in the Coptic transmission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ⲟⲩⲛ̄\nϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲕⲁⲡⲛⲟⲥ ⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϣⲁ ⲡⲉⲥⲧⲉⲣⲉⲱⲙⲁ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲉⲕⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ϫⲱϥ :-ⲁⲓϭⲱϣ︦ⲧ︦\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ • ⲉϥϥⲓ\nϩⲟⲉⲓⲙ ϩⲟⲉⲓⲙ • ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ϩⲓ ⲥϩⲓ̈ⲙⲉ\nⲟⲙ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲩⲟⲙⲥ̄ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲡⲁⲧ • ϩ︦ⲉ︦ⲛ︦ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ ϣⲁ ⲧⲉⲩⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ • ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉⲩϥⲱ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ Ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ •","english":"There is a pit whose smoke goes up to the firmament. There is a pit that has a bench of the decan on it. I, Paul, looked. I saw a great river of fire, carrying waves, waves. There was a multitude of men and women immersed up to their knees, some immersed up to their navels, others up to their lips, others up to their hair. I, however, answered and said to the angel, \"My Lord, why are these in these rivers of fire?\" The angel answered me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ϣⲓⲕϩ̄","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ (šikḥ) is a rare word meaning 'pit' or 'abyss', possibly a loan from Egyptian. It appears in apocalyptic contexts for a place of punishment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲉⲕⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲇⲉⲕⲁⲛⲟⲥ (dekanos) is a Greek loanword (δεκανός) meaning 'decan' or 'decanus', a minor official or overseer. Here it likely refers to a supervisory bench in the underworld.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The river of fire and graded immersion (knees, navel, lips, hair) is a common motif in early Christian and Jewish apocalyptic literature, symbolizing degrees of punishment for sins.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Himmelfahrt 1983"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Paul's guided tour of the afterlife, shifting from the Ocean (previous passage) to a fiery river with a pit and bench, introducing a new zone of punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The graded immersion motif parallels the Apocalypse of Peter (Ethiopic version) and later medieval visions, such as the Vision of Tundal, where sinners are submerged to different depths according to their guilt.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Buchholz 1993"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ϣⲓⲕϩ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'pit whose smoke goes up to the firmament' is uncertain; the Coptic ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ could also be interpreted as 'there is a pit' or 'there is an abyss', but the syntax is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲕⲁⲡⲛⲟⲥ ⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϣⲁ ⲡⲉⲥⲧⲉⲣⲉⲱⲙⲁ: the subject of ⲉⲣⲉ is unclear; it may be a relative clause or a circumstantial. The translation 'whose smoke' is a plausible reading but not certain.","The phrase ⲉⲣⲉ ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲉⲕⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ϫⲱϥ: ϣⲉ may mean 'bench' or 'seat', but could also be a variant of ϣⲉⲉ (thing). The exact meaning of 'bench of the decan' is obscure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲉⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲣ̄ ϩⲙ̄ⲙⲉ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲣ̄ ⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ\nⲱ̄ⲣϣ̄ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲱⲡ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲱⲡ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲁⲩ\nϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ϣⲁⲩⲣ̄ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩ[ⲧⲉ] • ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲉⲩⲉ : ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲗⲟ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲛⲟⲃⲉ ϣⲁⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ\nⲟⲙⲥ̄ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲡⲁⲧ : ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲉⲓ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̄ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲁϩⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛϩⲃⲏⲩⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲛⲱ ⲟⲩⲁⲛ • ⲉⲩⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲏⲛⲉ • ⲛⲁⲓ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲙⲥ̄\nϣⲁ ⲧⲉⲩⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ϣⲁⲩϫⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϥ̄ⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲃⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲡⲟⲣⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲗⲟ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲛⲟⲃⲉ • ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲙⲥ̄ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ\nⲛⲉⲩⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲕⲁⲧⲁⲗⲁⲗⲉⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ :- | ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲏⲓ • ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲙⲥ̄ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉⲩϥⲟ ⲛⲉ\nⲛⲉⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲕⲟⲙϣ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲉⲣⲏⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ⲥⲁⲛⲕⲟⲧⲥ̄ • ⲉⲩⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲉⲣⲏⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ ϩⲱⲱϥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲉϥⲟ̄ ⲙⲙⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ϩⲓ\nⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲥⲱⲕ ϩⲁ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁ̄ⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛϩⲓⲣ ⲉⲩⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ\nϣⲁ ϣⲟⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ • ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ • ⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ • ⲛⲉⲩⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉⲩⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲡϫⲥ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • Ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲃⲟⲏⲑⲟⲥ •","english":"...that these are those who did not have mercy, who did not die a sudden death, who did not separate from the righteous, who did not separate from the sinners, but they destroyed their own life alone upon the earth. They spend days serving God, and days sinning and fornicating. They did not cease from their sins until death came upon them. But I answered and said to the angel, \"Who are these who are submerged up to their thighs?\" He said to me, \"These are those who come out from the church, who are not established in good works, who sin continually. These also are submerged up to their middle. These are those who partake of the flesh of Christ and his holy blood, and then go and fornicate, not ceasing from their sins. Those who are submerged up to their necks, these are those who slander in the church and in their homes. Those who are submerged up to their faces, these are those who conspire against one another with deceit, being false to one another in the entire depth of this river of fire, which is a type of punishment, filled with men and women. And the river of fire flows beneath them. But I, Paul, looked and saw pits going down to a depth of three thousand cubits, soul upon soul, generation upon generation. All their teeth were chattering, and they were weeping, saying, \"Woe to us, Lord!\" And they did not see the whole. I said to the angel, \"What are these, my Lord?\" He answered, saying to me, \"These are those who did not make God their helper.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ (from Greek ἐκκλησία) here denotes the church as a congregation or institution, not a building; the context of coming out from it and slandering in it supports this.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (Greek ψυχή) is rendered 'soul' here, as the context describes the damned in the afterlife; the phrase 'soul upon soul' emphasizes the multitude of individual souls.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϥ̄ⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the flesh of Christ and his holy blood' echoes the eucharistic language of 1 Cor 11:23–25, but here it is used to condemn those who receive communion and then sin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄","severity":"info","text":"The river of fire is a common motif in early Christian apocalypses, notably in the Apocalypse of Peter and the Apocalypse of Paul, serving as a place of punishment for sinners.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a question-and-answer pattern: Paul asks about the submerged figures, and the angel explains their sins, each level of submersion corresponding to a different transgression.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲉⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲣ̄ ϩⲙ̄ⲙⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲣ̄ ϩⲙ̄ⲙⲉ is ambiguous: it could mean 'did not have mercy' (as in the English draft) or 'were not merciful'; the sense of lacking compassion fits the context of punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲣ̄ ϩⲙ̄ⲙⲉ may be read as 'did not have mercy' or 'were not merciful'; the Coptic allows both.","The clause ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ is unclear: 'they did not see the whole' could mean they did not perceive God's plan or the full extent of punishment."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲑⲗⲓⲯⲓⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ (sic) • ϫⲉ\nⲉϣϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ ⲛ̄ⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ ⲏ̄ ϩⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄\nⲛⲉⲩⲉⲣⲏⲩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲡϣⲓⲕ︦ϩ︦ (sic) ⲛⲁⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲏⲣ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ̄ ϯⲣ̄ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲡⲁⲓ\nϣⲟⲕϩ̄ ϣⲁ ⲁⲣⲏϫϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉϥⲃⲣ̄ⲃⲣ̄ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ̈\nⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲭⲁⲗⲭⲓⲟⲛ : Ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ ϫⲉ ⲱ̄\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲱⲥ ϯⲱ̄ⲣⲕ̄ ⲕⲁⲕ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲉⲕϣⲁⲛⲭⲁⲗⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲁⲗⲱⲗⲉ ⲛ︦ⲱ︦ⲛⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ •","english":"In the time of their tribulation, I said to him, “If there are forty generations or thirty generations one after another, how great will the punishment be?” He said to me, “I testify to you, O Paul, that this punishment, this one, will burn until the abyss, and its waves rise up like bronze.” The angel said to me, “O Paul, I swear to you by God that this punishment, if one casts a pebble down into it,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲑⲗⲓⲯⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the time of their tribulation' refers to the suffering of the damned being described in the previous passage, linking Paul's question to the ongoing vision.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The angel is the guide in the vision, consistent with the pinned term; here it addresses Paul directly, reinforcing the narrative frame.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The angel swears 'by God' (ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ), using the definite article to refer to the Christian God, as per the pinned term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of waves to bronze (ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲓⲟⲛ) evokes a metallic, unyielding substance, common in apocalyptic descriptions of hellish torments.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic repeats 'I said to him' (ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ), likely a scribal dittography; the English draft omits the duplication.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The angel's second speech begins with a new formula, marking a shift from Paul's question to a direct oath, structuring the dialogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number of generations (forty or thirty) is given as alternatives; the Coptic uses ⲏ̄ ('or'), leaving the exact count ambiguous.","The phrase 'ϣⲁ ⲁⲣⲏϫϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ' could mean 'until the abyss' or 'to the bottom', with ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ possibly referring to the deep or the underworld."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ⲙⲟⲅⲓⲥ ⲛⲥ̄ⲡⲱϩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ :ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ :- | ⲉϫⲙ̄\nⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲣⲟⲕ ⲉⲕⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲙⲏ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲕ̄\nⲟⲩⲛⲁⲏⲧ ⲛⲧⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉϥⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲟⲟⲡ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉϥϩⲟⲣϣ̄\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ϣⲁⲛⲧ ϥ̄ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ\nϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⁖-Ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩϩ︦ⲗ︦ⲗⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧϥ ⲉⲩⲥⲱⲕ • ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ • ⲁⲩⲟⲙⲥϥ̄ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲁⲧ • ⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ̈ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁϥⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲟⲩⲭⲟⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ϣⲗⲓϭ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ • ⲉϥⲟ̄ ⲛ̄\nϣⲟⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣ • ⲁϥⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϥⲙⲁϩⲧ̄ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲣⲱϥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ϩ︦ⲗ︦ⲗⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲉⲧⲟⲩϯ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ ⲧⲉⲓ ϩⲉ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲟⲩⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ϫⲱϥ • ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲉϥⲥⲱ\nⲉϥⲡⲟⲣⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉϥⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄\nⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲥⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲉ\nⲕⲟⲩⲓ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩϩⲗ̄ⲗⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧϥ̄ ⲟ ⲛⲉⲩⲡⲏⲧ\nⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁϥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲧⲟⲣⲅⲏ : ⲁⲩⲟⲙⲥ︦ϥ︦ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲁⲧ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲉⲃⲣⲏϭⲉ\nⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ϩⲓⲟⲩⲉ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡϥ̄ϩⲟ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ϩⲁⲧⲏⲩ :ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲁϥ ⲉ̄ ϫⲟⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲧⲏⲣ︦ϥ︦ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ̈ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲡⲉ ϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲕⲁⲗⲱⲥ ⲁ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ •","english":"It was with difficulty that I descended to his feet, a hundred years. But I, Paul, groaned and wept over the whole race of mankind. The angel said to me, “Why do you weep, O Paul? Are you not more merciful than God? For God knows that judgment exists; because of this, he is hard-hearted toward each one until he does his will upon the earth.” Then I looked at the river of fire. I saw an old man who had been brought and was being dragged; they burned him up to his knees. The angel came with a torch and a great flame of fire, which had three points; he thrust his hands into his mouth. I said to the angel, “Who is this old man who is being tormented in this way?” He said to me, “This is a presbyter who did not fulfill well the name that was given to him; he eats, drinks, fornicates, and goes to offer sacrifice upon the earth.” But I looked and saw another side, another small one. I saw an old man who had been brought; four angels of wrath were running with him. They burned him up to his knees in the river of fire, and sparks of fire were thrown into his face like the winds. They did not allow him to say, “Have mercy on me.” But I said to the angel, “My lord, who is this?” He said to me, “This is a bishop who did not fulfill his bishopric well.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ (from Greek πρεσβύτερος) is rendered 'presbyter' to denote the clerical order, as distinct from 'elder' for seniority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ (from Greek ἐπίσκοπος) is rendered 'bishop', reflecting the ecclesiastical office.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (from Greek ἄγγελος) is rendered 'angel' throughout, as no human messenger is indicated here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The punishment of clergy (presbyter and bishop) for moral failings reflects late antique concerns about clerical corruption, common in apocryphal visions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue between Paul and the angel, with two parallel scenes of punishment for a presbyter and a bishop, each introduced by Paul's question and the angel's identification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲙⲟⲅⲓⲥ ⲛⲥ̄ⲡⲱϩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ is ambiguous: it may mean 'with difficulty I descended to his feet, a hundred years' or 'with difficulty I descended to his feet for a hundred years'; the English draft takes the former.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲙⲟⲅⲓⲥ ⲛⲥ̄ⲡⲱϩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ: the temporal sense of ⲛ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ ('a hundred years') is unclear—whether it modifies the descent or stands independently. The reading taken is that it modifies the descent.","The identity of the 'old man' (ϩⲗ̄ⲗⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ) in the second scene is ambiguous: the text says 'another side, another small one' (ⲕⲉ ⲥⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲉ ⲕⲟⲩⲓ), possibly indicating a different location or a different figure; the English draft treats it as a separate old man."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ → “presbyter”. Greek πρεσβύτερος. 'Presbyter' where the clerical order is at issue; 'elder' where the sense is seniority."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (priest, elder); this passage takes it as “presbyter”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","text":"ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ → “bishop”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ⲉ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄\nⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ϫⲱϥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥϯ ⲟⲩϩⲁⲡ ⲉϥⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ\nⲛⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ | ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛⲧⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ\nⲉ ϫⲱϥ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩ ⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲣⲫⲁⲛⲟⲥ • ⲉϥⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲁⲥ︦ⲧ︦ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲉⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲁⲩⲧⲱⲱ̄ⲃⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲛⲉϥϩⲃⲏⲩⲉ\nⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲥⲁ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄\nⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲟⲙⲥ︦ϥ︦ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲁⲧ •","english":"They placed a great name upon him. He did not give a straight judgment for a single day, nor did he walk in the goodness of God, this one who placed his name upon him. Nor did he do good to widows and orphans, being a hater of men. There were no things of God in his heart. Therefore they repaid him according to his deeds. And also I looked to this side of me upon the river of fire. I saw another man who was burned up to his feet.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ϫⲱϥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they placed a great name upon him' likely refers to a public reputation or title, not a literal renaming. The antecedent of 'him' is the old man seen in the previous passage, now identified as a corrupt judge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) is the standard Coptic term for God in Christian texts, as per the pinned glossary. Here it appears twice, referring to the God of the Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲣⲫⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of 'widows and orphans' is a standard topos in early Christian moral exhortation, reflecting the duty of the powerful to protect the vulnerable. This judge's failure to do so marks him as especially wicked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'and also I looked' marks a new vision within the narrative, shifting from the description of the punished judge to another damned soul in the river of fire. This is a typical structural cue in apocalyptic tours of hell.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉ ⲁⲩⲟⲙⲥ︦ϥ︦ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲁⲧ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲩⲟⲙⲥ︦ϥ︦ is ambiguous: it could mean 'he was burned' (passive) or 'they burned him' (active third plural). The English draft takes the passive, but the active is equally possible. The reading 'up to his feet' is also uncertain; ⲡⲁⲧ may mean 'foot' or 'sole'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'him' in the first sentence is not explicit in the Coptic; the English draft assumes it is the old man from the previous passage.","The verb ⲁⲩⲟⲙⲥ︦ϥ︦ could be read as passive or active; the extent of burning ('up to his feet') is also textually uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉϥϭⲓϫ ⲧⲟⲗⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲛⲟϥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϥⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲣⲱϥ ⲙⲛ̄ ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̄ • ⲉϥⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉϥⲣⲓ̈ⲙⲉ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ϯϫⲏⲩ ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛⲥ̄ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ\nⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ • ⲉϥⲡⲟⲣⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩϥ ⲁⲛ ⲛⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲛϥ̄ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ ϩ︦ⲛ︦ ⲟⲩⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲁⲧϩⲟⲧⲉ • ⲉϥⲃⲏⲗ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲥⲙⲟⲧ • ⲛⲓⲙ ⲙ̄ⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ⲁⲧϣⲁⲩ :\nⲙ̄ⲡ ϥ︦ⲣ︦ ϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲏⲏϩ ⲉ ϫⲱϥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥϭⲓϫ • ⲁϥⲧⲁⲕⲟ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ ϣⲁⲛⲧ ϥ̄ⲙⲟⲩ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁ[ⲓ] ⲉϥϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ ⲙⲏⲛ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ϩⲓ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲥⲁ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ϩⲓϫⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧϥ̄ ⲉⲩⲡⲏⲧ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁϥ • ⲁⲩⲟⲙⲥϥ̄ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ : ⲁϥⲉⲓ\nⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲁⲧ ⲛⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲟϭ | ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ • ⲁϥⲥⲱⲗⲡ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲗⲁⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲕⲟⲩⲓ̈ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲁ̄ϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲟⲩⲁⲛⲁⲅⲛⲱⲥⲧⲏⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲗⲁⲟⲥ • ⲛϥ̄ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲁⲛ\nⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧ ϥ̄ⲱϣ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ︦ⲛ︦ⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲙ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ :-Ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛϣⲓⲕϩ̄ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄\nⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ ⲟⲙⲥ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ : ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ϥ︦ⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲁ̄ϣⲁϩⲟⲙ\nⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩⲣⲓⲙⲉ •","english":"His hands are stained with blood. Streams of filth flow from his mouth and his nostrils. He groans and weeps, saying, \"I am more wretched than all those in the torments.\" I said to the angel, \"Who is this, my lord?\" He said to me, \"This is a deacon. He fornicated with women who were not his own, and he did not do what is right before God. He consumed the offerings without fear, being corrupt in form. Who is so shameless? He did not fear a day when a name would be placed upon him, and the blood of Christ is in his hands. He wasted his entire time; he did not repent until he died. Therefore, he is in these evil torments that continue forever.\"\n\nThen I also looked to my left, upon the river of fire. I saw that he was brought, running with him, and he was immersed in the river of fire up to his lips. An angel of punishment came with a rod of fire. He split open his tongue and his lips little by little. Then I groaned and wept. I said to the angel, \"Who is this, my lord?\" He said to me, \"This is a reader who taught the people. He did not do what he read, nor the commandments of God.\"\n\nThen I also looked and saw some pits upon the river of fire, in which there were men and women immersed, with serpents devouring them, groaning and weeping.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ is a loan from Greek διάκονος, rendered here as 'deacon' per the pinned glossary, indicating a clerical office rather than a generic servant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (Greek ἄγγελος) is consistently rendered 'angel' in this corpus, as per the pinned glossary, referring to a supernatural guide in the vision.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲛⲱⲥⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲛⲱⲥⲧⲏⲥ (Greek ἀναγνώστης) is translated 'reader', a minor clerical office responsible for reading scripture in the liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲗⲁⲟⲥ (Greek λαός) is rendered 'people' per the pinned glossary, here denoting the congregation taught by the reader.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The punishment of the deacon and reader reflects early Christian concerns about clerical morality, especially sexual misconduct and hypocrisy in teaching, common in apocryphal visions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the dialogue pattern of the vision, with Paul questioning the angel about each sinner, followed by a description of their crime and punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉϥⲃⲏⲗ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲥⲙⲟⲧ is obscure; the translation 'being corrupt in form' is tentative, possibly referring to moral or physical corruption.","The identity of the 'name' placed upon the deacon is ambiguous; it may refer to ordination or a title of office."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ → “deacon”. The office in liturgical texts; 'servant' only in citations of the New Testament."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","text":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ → “people”. Greek λαός. In liturgical description it is the congregation as distinct from the clergy, i.e. the laity."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","text":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (laity); this passage takes it as “people”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ\nϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉⲧ ϫⲓ ⲙⲏⲥⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲏⲥⲉ • ⲉⲩⲕⲱ ⲛ̄ϩⲧⲏⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲩⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲟ • ⲙⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲃⲟⲏ̄ⲑⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ϣⲁⲣⲃⲁ • ⲉϥⲟⲩⲏⲏⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉ︦ⲛ︦ ⲕⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛ ⲕⲉ ϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ : ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲟϭⲟⲩⲉϭ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲗⲁⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛⲉⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲕⲁⲧⲁⲗⲁⲗⲉⲓ ϩ︦ⲛ︦ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̄ :-ⲙⲉⲩϯ ϩⲧⲏⲩ\nⲉ̄ ⲡⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲩϯ ϭⲱⲛⲧ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ\nⲉⲥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲁⲗ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲓⲕ\nⲉⲥⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲛⲟϥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉ︦ⲓ︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ϩⲟⲥⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ | ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲟⲩⲟ ⲉⲓⲁⲃⲉ ⲉ̄\nⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ\nⲉⲩⲟ̄ⲙⲥ̄ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲡⲁⲧ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ\nⲉⲩⲟⲙ︦ⲥ︦ ϣⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲣ̄ ϩⲓϭⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϩⲓ̈ⲟⲙⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉⲩϩⲟⲥⲉ ϣⲁⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϫⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄\nⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉⲩⲟ̄ⲙⲥ̄ ϣⲁ ⲧⲉⲩⲡⲁϣⲉ • ⲉ ⲁⲩϭⲙⲟⲙ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲟ ⲉⲩϭⲟⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ ⲉⲩⲙⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲁ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ • ⲉⲩϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ •","english":"I wept and groaned. The angel said to me, \"Paul, the chosen one of God, you will see something.\" I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are the men who take usury upon usury, setting their hearts on their wealth. God did not give them helpers or hope.\" I, Paul, also saw another place of torment, very far away. There were other men and other women among them, gnashing their tongues. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are those who speak evil in the church. They do not heed the word of God, but they provoke the anger of God and his angels. Because of this, they will receive this punishment forever.\" I also saw a vat in the pit, full of blood and water. I said to the angel, \"My lord, what are these torments?\" He said to me, \"This is the place where punishments are sharper below than above.\" I saw men and women being devoured down to their feet, and others being devoured down to their knees. I said to the angel, \"What are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are the magicians who deceive men and women. They do not leave them in peace until death.\" I also looked and saw other men being devoured down to their chests, who had more strength than a rope of seven twists, hanging downward in a fiery vat, being in great torment.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The angel addresses Paul as 'the chosen one of God' (ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ). This epithet, not found in the canonical Paul, elevates his visionary authority in the apocryphon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magus) here denotes sorcerers who deceive people, consistent with the glossary's note that the singular is a sorcerer, often an antagonist of an apostle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲕⲱ ⲛ̄ϩⲧⲏⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲩⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The description of usurers 'setting their hearts on their wealth' echoes the condemnation of usury in the Old Testament (e.g., Exod 22:25, Deut 23:19–20) and early Christian moral teaching.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ (punishment) is used repeatedly for the torments of the afterlife, a common theme in Coptic apocryphal visions of hell, reflecting late antique Christian eschatology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a repetitive dialogue pattern: Paul asks 'Who are these?' and the angel explains the sin and punishment. This catechetical structure is typical of the Apocalypse of Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲟϭⲟⲩⲉϭ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲗⲁⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'gnashing their tongues' (ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲟϭⲟⲩⲉϭ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲗⲁⲥ) is ambiguous: it may mean they bite their tongues in agony or that they chatter uncontrollably. The English draft takes the former, but the Coptic verb ⲟⲩⲟϭⲟⲩⲉϭ can also mean 'to gnash' (of teeth).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲟϭⲟⲩⲉϭ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲗⲁⲥ: 'gnashing their tongues' is uncertain; the verb may imply biting or chattering.","The identity of the 'other men and other women' in the second torment is not specified beyond their sin of slander in church."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁ[ⲓ] ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲁⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁⲩ\nⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ\nⲉⲥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟⲓⲧⲉ ⲉⲩⲗⲁⲁⲙ ⲧⲟ\nϩⲓⲱⲟⲩ : ⲉⲣⲉ ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲗⲁⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲛⲧⲟⲟ̄ⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϯ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲕϩ̄ • ⲁⲩϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲁⲕⲉ • ⲉⲩⲁ̄ϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲉⲩⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ\nϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲩϫⲱϩⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲙⲛⲧⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲁⲓ̈ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲣⲧⲏ ⲙ̄\nⲡϫⲱϩⲙ̄ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲕⲉⲉⲓ|ⲟ̄ⲧⲉ ⲉⲓⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲉϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲩϭⲓϫ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲟⲩⲣⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲥⲟⲗⲡ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲉⲛ ϩⲣⲁⲓ","english":"I wept and groaned. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are those who commit fornication with others, and those who have their husbands, and also husbands who have their wives. Because of this, they will receive this punishment continually forever.\" I looked again and saw some young virgins, with garments of linen upon them, and four angels standing at their doors, with crowns of fire in their hands, giving them to their mouths. They were taken to places of darkness, weeping and groaning. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are those who defiled their virginity, who did not give themselves in marriage, who did not cease from defilement, nor did their parents know about them. Because of this, they will receive this punishment continually.\" I looked again and saw some men and women, with their hands and feet stretched out, and they were within.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (Greek παρθένος) is rendered 'virgin' in the technical sense, not 'young woman'. The context of defilement and marriage confirms the fixed Marian usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (Greek ἄγγελος) is consistently 'angel' in this vision, not 'messenger'. The four angels at the virgins' doors are punitive agents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a repetitive dialogue pattern: Paul weeps, asks the angel, receives an explanation, then sees another torment. This structural cue confirms the 'dialogue' classification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The punishment of virgins who defiled their virginity outside marriage reflects early Christian ascetic ideals, where virginity was a spiritual state. The four angels with fiery crowns echo apocalyptic imagery of judgment.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁ[ⲓ]","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲁ[ⲓ] is partially restored; the lacuna may affect the precise referent. The English draft reads 'these are those who commit fornication', but the Coptic could also mean 'these are the fornicators and others'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲁ[ⲓ] ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲁⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ is ambiguous: it may mean 'these are those who fornicate with others' or 'these are the fornicators and others'. The English draft takes the former.","The identity of the 'young virgins' (ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ) is not specified as male or female; the English draft assumes female, but the Coptic uses the masculine plural form."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ϫⲁϥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϥⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲟⲩ • ⲁⲓⲁ̄ϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓ̈ⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ : ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ\nϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲕⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛⲥ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲟⲣⲫⲁⲛⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ ϩⲓ ⲃⲟⲏ̄ⲑⲟⲥ : ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ̈ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ\nⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲥⲙⲏ̄ⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲟⲛ\nⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲉⲩⲣⲟⲕⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲃⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲁ ⲡⲉⲩⲗⲁⲥ ϣⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ϩⲁ ⲡⲉⲓⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ\nⲥⲱ ⲉⲩⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲉⲩⲕⲏ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲩⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲥⲱ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲃⲱⲗ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲛⲏⲥⲧⲉⲓⲁ\nⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ϥ︦ⲣ︦ ⲛⲁⲩ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ\nⲉⲥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • Ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄\nϩⲉⲛⲕⲉϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ ⲉⲩⲁϣⲉ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲡϥⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲁⲡⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲗⲁⲙⲡⲁⲥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲙⲟⲩϩ ϩⲁ ⲡⲉⲩϩⲟ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nϩⲉⲛⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲛ̄ϩⲟϥ ⲙⲏⲣ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ\nⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲉⲩϯ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ϩⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ :-ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲕⲟⲥⲙⲉⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ : |\nϩⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲥⲟϭⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ • ⲉⲩⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ\nⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲛⲟⲉⲓⲕ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲛⲉⲩϩⲁⲓ ⲁⲛ • ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ϫⲁϫⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲥⲟϭⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲡⲁⲧⲏ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ̈ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲥⲙⲏ̄ⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁ\nⲉⲛⲉϩ •","english":"in a place of bitterness, where serpents devour them. I wept and groaned. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are those who take the poor by force and the orphans. God did not give them hope or help. Because of this, they will receive this punishment continually forever.\" I looked again and saw others being burned outside on a fire of water, their tongues cut off up to the chin, and they were not allowed to drink, though there were fruits on trees hanging down before them outside. They were not allowed to eat any of them. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord? They are not allowed to eat or drink.\" He said to me, \"These are those who break the fasts before their time. Because of this, they will receive this punishment continually forever.\" I saw other men and women running after the fire of their heads, with great lamps of fire filled under their faces, and serpents and snakes bound inside their bodies, devouring them. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord? They are tormented in this way.\" The angel said to me, \"These are those who adorn themselves with the counsels of the devil, going to the churches for the sake of fornication and for the sake of their husbands who are not, making God an enemy to themselves because of deceitful counsels. Because of this, they will receive this punishment continually forever.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The definite article with ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ indicates the Christian God, not a generic deity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek loanword διάβολος; here personified as the adversary, not 'slanderer'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"Plural of ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ; context indicates church buildings, not congregations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲉⲛⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The image of unreachable fruit recalls the Tantalus motif, but also echoes the tree of life in Genesis 3, though not a direct citation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲛⲏⲥⲧⲉⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"Fasting discipline was central in Coptic monasticism; breaking fasts before the appointed time was a serious sin, as reflected in this punishment.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲣⲟⲕⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'burned on a fire of water' is paradoxical; the Coptic may be corrupt or deliberately oxymoronic, indicating a liminal punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲉⲩⲣⲟⲕⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ' is ambiguous: 'fire of water' may be a textual corruption or a deliberate paradox.","The identity of 'those who adorn themselves with the counsels of the devil' is unclear—whether they are women only or both sexes, and whether 'husbands who are not' means adulterous or unmarried."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Dialogue: the passage is carried by direct speech and the verbs that introduce it. Speech boundaries are the translator's punctuation, not the manuscript's."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ → “devil”. Greek διάβολος; the personified adversary in hagiography. 'Slanderer' is the etymological sense and is not used in this corpus."}]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄\nϩⲉⲛⲕⲉϩⲓⲟ̄ⲙⲉ • ⲉⲩⲟⲙⲥ̄ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟ[ⲃⲟ]ⲗⲓⲥⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nϩⲉⲛϩⲟⲓⲧⲉ ⲉⲩⲕⲏⲙ ⲧⲟ ϩⲓⲱⲟⲩ • ⲉⲩⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ⲃⲗ̄ⲗⲉ ⲉⲩⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ̄\nϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉⲩϣⲓⲕ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲉϥⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲁⲧⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲉ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲉⲛⲉϩ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲛ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲉϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ • ⲉⲩⲡⲟⲣϣ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟⲃⲟⲗⲓⲥⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ : ⲉⲣⲉ","english":"I also saw, I Paul, other men and other women being devoured by fiery asps, with snakes that were burning placed upon them, being blind and falling into a single pit filled with fire. I said to the angel, \"What are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are the godless nations who never knew God. Because of this they will receive this punishment continually.\" I also saw other men and other women stretched out upon fiery asps, with","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The plural ⲛ̄ϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ here refers to 'nations' or 'Gentiles', but the phrase ⲛ̄ⲁⲧⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (godless) specifies them as those who never knew God, aligning with the Greek ἔθνος in a negative theological sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (the angel) is the guide of Paul in the vision, consistent with the Greek ἄγγελος as a supernatural messenger; no human envoy is meant here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) appears with the definite article, naming the Christian God; the phrase ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲛⲉϩ (never knew God) underscores the nations' ignorance of the true God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage repeats the formula ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲛ (I also saw) twice, introducing two groups of sinners: first those devoured by fiery asps and falling into a pit, then others stretched out on fiery asps. This iterative structure is typical of apocryphal vision narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The punishment of being devoured by serpents or asps (ϩⲟⲃⲟⲗⲓⲥⲕⲟⲥ) and falling into a fiery pit echoes common motifs in early Christian apocalypses, such as the Apocalypse of Peter, where sinners suffer animal attacks and immersion in fire.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a lacuna in ⲉⲩⲟⲙⲥ̄ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟ[ⲃⲟ]ⲗⲓⲥⲕⲟⲥ; the reconstruction ϩⲟⲃⲟⲗⲓⲥⲕⲟⲥ (asps) is plausible but not certain. The English draft renders 'fiery asps' but the Coptic specifies 'asps of fire' (ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of the 'godless nations' (ⲛ̄ϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲁⲧⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) is ambiguous: they may be Gentiles who rejected God, or any people ignorant of God. The text does not specify whether they are non-Christians or apostates.","The phrase ⲉⲩⲡⲟⲣϣ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ (stretched out) could imply being spread-eagled or crucified on the asps, but the exact posture is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ → “nation”. Greek ἔθνος. In the plural, the Gentiles as a category over against Israel; in the singular, a nation like any other."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (Gentile, people); this passage takes it as “nation”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ϩⲉⲛⲑⲩⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲁⲙ ⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁϩⲧ̄ :\nⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ϫⲟⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲧⲓⲙⲉⲗⲟⲩⲭⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉ ⲉⲡⲓϯⲙⲁ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ\nⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄\nⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ :-ⲁⲩⲟϣⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ϫⲓ ⲥⲙⲏ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉ\nⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲙⲛ̄ ϫⲓⲛϭⲟⲛⲥ̄ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛⲉⲧⲛϩⲃⲏⲩⲉ̄ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ⲙⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲛⲧ\nⲁⲩⲉⲛ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ | ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ\nⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲗⲁⲥⲙⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉ\nⲁⲩⲑⲓⲉ ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲓ̈ⲁ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲕⲉ\nϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ︤ⲙ︥ⲙⲁⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ︦ⲙ︦ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉⲩⲕⲉϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧⲟⲩ\nⲛⲉⲩⲥⲙⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓ̈ⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲓ ⲡⲉⲛϩⲁⲡ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲟⲧⲉ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲡⲗⲁⲥⲙⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲗⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲉ ϫⲱⲟⲩ\nϫⲉ ⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁ̄ⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲕ̄ⲉⲛⲧⲟⲗⲏ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nⲁⲩⲣ̄ ⲡⲕⲉⲛⲟϫⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲣ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩ : ⲙ̄ⲡ\nⲟⲩⲕⲁⲁⲛ ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϩⲟⲧⲃⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲁⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲉϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟϣⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲉⲓⲟⲧⲉ ⲉⲩϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲩⲙⲏⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄\nϩⲉⲛⲕⲉϩⲓⲟ̄ⲙⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲡⲟⲟ̄ϭⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲧⲟ ϩⲓⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲩⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ⲑⲏⲛ ϩⲓ ⲗⲁⲙϫⲁⲧⲡ̄ •","english":"wild beasts devouring flesh, consuming their entrails. They were not allowed to say, \"Woe to us all.\" The angel who is over the punishments, who is the timelouchos, gave them a rebuke, saying, \"You knew the judgment of the Son of God. It was proclaimed to you, but you did not listen to it. It was read to you, but you did not heed its voice. Because of this, you are in the judgment of the Son of God because of your violence. For it is your own deeds that have brought you to this place of punishment.\" But I groaned and wept, and I said to the angel, \"Who are these?\" He said to me, \"These are the widows and the virgins who killed the creation of God, because they cast themselves down into fornication. And the other men who were with them are in this same punishment with them. And their children, whom they killed, are crying out to the angel who is over the judgment, 'Judge between us and our parents, because they destroyed the creation of God.' They raised their voice against them, saying, 'Christians, they did not keep the other commandments, but they committed the abomination of their neighbors and their husbands. They did not allow them to become righteous, to serve God.' But the small children whom they killed were given to the angel who is over the punishments, that he might take them to a place that is outside, that they might see their parents who are in the punishments, which are continuous outside forever.\" I looked again and I saw other men and other women, with pots of pitch placed on them, filled with fire and brimstone.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (Greek παρθένος) is rendered 'virgins' in the English draft. In this context it refers to women who have taken a vow of virginity, as the passage contrasts them with widows and accuses them of killing the 'creation of God' (i.e., through abortion or infanticide).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (Greek ἄγγελος) is consistently rendered 'angel' in this corpus. Here it refers to the angel 'over the punishments' (ⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ), a supervisory figure in the afterlife, not a human messenger.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) is the standard Sahidic term for God in Christian texts. In this passage it appears in 'Son of God' (ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) and 'creation of God' (ⲡⲉⲡⲗⲁⲥⲙⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ), both referring to the Christian God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'judgment of the Son of God' echoes New Testament themes of divine judgment (e.g., John 3:18, Romans 2:16) but is not a direct quotation. It reflects the apocalyptic emphasis on Christ as judge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲓⲙⲉⲗⲟⲩⲭⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲧⲓⲙⲉⲗⲟⲩⲭⲟⲥ (Greek τιμοῦχος) is a rare term meaning 'torturer' or 'executioner', here applied to the angel over punishments. It appears in other Coptic apocalyptic texts (e.g., Apocalypse of Paul) to designate a punitive angel.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative pattern of Paul's guided tour of hell, with a sequence of vision, question, angelic explanation, and emotional reaction (groaning, weeping). The structure is formulaic in Coptic apocryphal visions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲗⲁⲥⲙⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ is ambiguous: it could mean 'killed the creation of God' (i.e., aborted or exposed infants) or 'killed the creature of God' (i.e., committed infanticide). The context of widows and virgins suggests abortion or infanticide.","The phrase ⲁⲩⲑⲓⲉ ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲓ̈ⲁ is ambiguous: 'cast themselves down into fornication' could mean they committed sexual sin, or it could be a metaphor for moral downfall. The literal sense is taken here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟϥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄\nϭⲗⲙ̄ⲗⲱⲙ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲕϩ̄ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩϭⲓϫ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛⲉⲩⲟⲩⲣⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲁⲧⲛⲁ ⲥⲱⲕ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ : ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲁⲡ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲁⲡⲏⲩⲉ • ⲉⲩⲕⲱⲛⲥ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉⲩϫⲡⲓⲟ̄ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲩ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ϭⲟⲙ ⲙ̄ⲙⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲉ ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ","english":"...serpents of fire coiling inward into their bowels, and their hands and their feet. And angels of punishment dragging them. And heads of fire upon their heads, tormenting them, reproaching them, saying to them, \"If only you had the power to know God, you would have served him, but you did not serve.\" And I also said to the angel, \"What are these, my...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲁⲧⲛⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲁⲧⲛⲁ (angels of punishment) combines the Greek loanword ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ with the Coptic ⲁⲧⲛⲁ, meaning 'punishment' or 'torment'. This designates a class of punitive angels distinct from the messenger angel Paul addresses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) appears with the definite article, standard in Christian Coptic texts for the singular God. The reproach implies the damned failed to recognize and serve the one God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of punishments from the previous passage, with the angel's rebuke shifting to a direct address to the damned. Paul's interjection ('And I also said to the angel') marks a return to the dialogue frame.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲛⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ϭⲟⲙ ⲙ̄ⲙⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲉ ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The angel's conditional 'If only you had the power to know God' echoes themes of divine knowledge and service found in Wisdom of Solomon 13:1 and Romans 1:21, though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The image of serpents of fire coiling into the bowels and heads of fire on the damned is typical of late antique Christian apocryphal visions of hell, paralleling descriptions in the Apocalypse of Peter and the Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟϥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟϥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ is ambiguous: it could mean 'serpents of fire' or 'snakes of fire'. The English draft renders 'serpents', but the Coptic ϩⲟϥ can also mean 'snake' generically.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϩⲟϥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ could be read as 'serpents of fire' or 'snakes of fire'; the distinction is minor. The clause ⲉⲩϫⲡⲓⲟ̄ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲩ is ambiguous: it may mean 'reproaching them, saying to them' or 'reproaching them while saying to them'; the sense is the same. The final line ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ is cut off; the English draft supplies 'What are these, my...' but the Copti"],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲩⲁⲡⲟⲧⲁⲥⲥⲉ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲁ ⲑⲩⲗⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲟⲩϣ ⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ • ⲙ̄ⲡ\nⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙⲡ ⲟⲩⲛⲁ ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲭⲏⲣⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲣⲫⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ : ⲙ̄ⲡ\nⲟⲩϣⲱⲡ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙⲡ ⲟⲩⲛⲁ ⲙ\nⲡⲉⲧ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲉ ⲡⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϣⲁ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲟⲩ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ\nⲛⲉⲩⲣⲟⲟⲩϣ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩϩⲩⲗⲏⲕⲁ ⲁⲩⲉⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ\nⲛ̄ⲛⲁϩⲣⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ • ⲛⲉϥϫⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲥⲁ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛϭⲓ\nⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲉⲛ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓ̈ⲥ • ϫⲉ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲛϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ ϯ\nⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲛ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ ϩⲱⲧ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ︤ⲣ︥ ⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ̈ ⲙⲁ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲁϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲙⲁ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲟⲛ\nⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ\nϩⲉⲛⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲡⲣⲁⲛ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉ ϫⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲙⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ϩⲉ ⲁ ⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ • ⲉ\nⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ : ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲁⲓⲁ̄ϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲡⲟϥ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ̈\nⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ :-| ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ :\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁϩⲣⲟⲕ ⲕⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲙⲏ ⲛ̄ⲧⲕ̄ ⲟⲩϣⲁⲛϩ̄ⲧⲏϥ\nⲣⲱ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉⲡⲉⲓ ⲇⲏ ⲉϥⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲟⲟⲡ •","english":"...you had known, you would not have done these things.\" And I saw there many souls of monks who had renounced the world and taken the monastic habit, but the material of the world and their cares made them beasts. They did not perform a single agape in a day, nor did they show mercy to a widow or an orphan for a single day. They did not receive a stranger, nor did they have mercy on their neighbor. They did not offer a pure prayer that would go up to God, but they were bound by their cares and their material things, and they did not do what is right before God. And the one who is over the punishments takes them from this side and that, and all those in the punishments see them. Those in the punishments said to them, \"We are in the punishments because when we were in the world, Satan was with us. But you, you who are in this place, what have you done?\" And again he brought them to another place. Those in the punishments also said to them, \"We know that we are sinners. But you, you took the name of God upon yourselves in vain. For this reason you will receive this punishment forever.\" And I groaned and wept, saying, \"Woe to the race of men! Woe to the sinner, that he was born into this world!\" The angel answered and said to me, \"Why, Paul, do you weep? Are you not compassionate like God? For God knows that judgment exists.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ here likely refers to the liturgical love-feast (agape meal), not general love; the context of monastic renunciation supports this technical sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Satan is named as the tempter of the damned in the world, contrasting with the monks who are punished for hypocrisy; the term is a Greek loanword (Σατανᾶς).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The accusation that the monks took God's name in vain echoes the third commandment (Exod 20:7; cf. Didache 4.3), a common trope in monastic discipline literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the habit of Christ' refers to the monastic schema, a standard term in Coptic monastic literature for the ascetic's garb, symbolizing renunciation of the world.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue within a vision: the angel explains the punishment of hypocritical monks, then the damned address them directly, and Paul reacts with lament, which the angel rebukes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲩⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ (they wore) is a Greek loanword (φορέω); the text may be corrupt here, as the subject shifts abruptly from 'souls of monks' to the verb without clear antecedent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛⲧⲁⲩⲁⲡⲟⲧⲁⲥⲥⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ could be read as 'who renounced the world' (perfective relative) or 'who had renounced the world' (pluperfect); the English draft takes the latter.","The identity of 'the one who is over the punishments' (ⲡⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ) is ambiguous—possibly an angel of punishment or a demonic figure; the text does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ","text":"ⲥⲁⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥ → “Satan”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ","text":"ϣⲗⲏⲗ → “pray”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲕⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄\nϣⲁⲛⲧ ϥ̄ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲉϩⲛⲁϥ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲁⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ ⲉⲓ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲓ̈ⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ : ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲣⲟⲕ ⲉⲕⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲣⲱ ⲉ ⲧⲛⲟϭ ⲛ ⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟⲩⲁ̄ϩⲕ̄\nⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ • ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥϫⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲙⲛⲧ̄ ⲛ︦ⲛ︦ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲧϣⲱⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ • ⲁⲓϩⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ\nⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲃⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲧϣⲱⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ\nϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧϣⲱⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲁⲁⲥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ\nϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧ ϥ̄ϣⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲟⲩ • ⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲥⲁϩⲱⲕ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲉ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲓ ϫⲉ\nⲙⲉⲕⲉϣϭⲙϭⲟⲙ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲁ ⲡⲉⲥϯ ⲃⲱⲛ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲛⲧⲁϥϭⲱⲗⲡ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲧϣⲱⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ • ⲁⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄\nⲕⲁⲡⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲥϯ ⲃⲱⲛ ⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧϣⲱⲧⲉ • ⲉϥⲛⲁϣⲧ\nⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲛⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ\nⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓϭⲛ̄ⲧⲥ̄ ⲉⲥⲣⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϭⲧⲁϭ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ̄ • ⲉⲩϫⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲙ • ⲙⲟⲅⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲉ | ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟϫϩⲉϫ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲛⲟⲩϫⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ\nⲧⲉⲓ ϣⲱⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲱⲃⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲱϥ • ⲙⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲡⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ̄ ⲉⲓ\nⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲡⲉⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ •","english":"...you had known, you would not have done these things.\" And I saw there many souls of monks who had renounced the world and taken the monastic habit, but the material of the world and their cares made them beasts. They  \nBecause of this, he left each one  \nuntil he did what he wanted on the earth, and  \ngreat grief and weeping came to me. The angel said to me, \"Why do you weep, O Paul?  \nYou have not yet seen the great judgment. But follow me,  \nand I will show you those who are more grievous than these, seven times  \nworse.\" Then he took me to the place of all the punishments.  \nHe brought me to the abyss of the deep. I saw a pit  \nthat was sealed with seven seals of fire. The angel who was walking with me said to the one who was over the abyss of the deep,  \n\"Open the abyss for Paul, the beloved of  \nGod, so that he may see it, for it has been given to him to see  \nall the things he seeks that are in the punishments.\" The angel said to me, \"Stand a little way off, for  \nyou will not be able to endure the stench of sulfur.\" Immediately  \nthe abyss of the deep was opened. A great  \nsmoke of sulfur came up from the pit, exceedingly  \nfoul, more than all the punishments. I looked down  \ninto the pit. I found it entirely filled with blazing fire,  \nwith flames on every side. Scarcely could a single man  \ngo down into it because of the heat. The angel said to me,  \n\"If a man is thrown down into this pit,  \nhis mouth is sealed, and his mind does not come  \nup before the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit,  \nand all the angels.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The angel (ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ) is Paul's guide through the underworld, a common figure in apocryphal apocalypses. The term is a Greek loanword (ἄγγελος) and here clearly denotes a supernatural being, not a human messenger.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) appears with the definite article, standard in Christian Coptic texts for the one God. Paul is called 'the beloved of God' (ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ), a formulaic epithet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ϣⲱⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The 'abyss of the deep' (ϣⲱⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ) is a standard feature in Coptic apocalypses, representing the deepest pit of hell. The seven seals of fire echo Revelation 20:1–3, where the abyss is sealed.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The triad 'Father, Son, and Holy Spirit' (ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ) is a standard Trinitarian formula, reflecting Nicene orthodoxy. Its inclusion here anchors the apocryphon in a Christian theological framework.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥϫⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Then he took me' (ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥϫⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ) marks a transition from the angel's speech to a new visionary journey, typical of the narrative structure in apocryphal apocalypses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϫⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁϥϫⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ contains a possible dittography (ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ repeated). The translation 'he took me' is standard, but the repetition may be a scribal error or an emphatic construction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁϥϫⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ may be a scribal dittography; the translation treats it as a single occurrence.","The identity of 'the one who was over the abyss of the deep' is not specified; it may be a guardian angel or a demonic figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ\nⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ ϣⲱⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧ\nϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓ︤ⲥ︥ ⲉⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣ︤ⲝ︥ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩϫⲡⲟϥ ϩⲙ̄ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̄ ⲧⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ϫⲱ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲟⲉⲓⲕ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲏⲣⲡ̄ ⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲁⲩⲉ̄ ⲡⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ϫⲱⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲛⲟϥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲁⲡⲁⲣⲛⲁ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲃⲁⲡϯⲥⲙⲁ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛⲧⲉⲩⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲛⲧⲇⲩⲣⲁⲛⲛⲟⲥ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲉ̄ ⲛⲧ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲉ̄ ⲛⲧ̄ ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲁϩⲉ ⲛ̄ ϣⲓⲏ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲉ\nⲛⲁ ⲡⲉⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲉϩⲓⲟ̄ⲙⲉ ⲉⲩϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲱϭⲃ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡϫⲁϥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϭⲁϩϭⲉϩ\nⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲟⲃϩⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲓⲙ\nⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲟⲥⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ ϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︤ⲥ︥ ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ ⲛⲁⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ :\nⲠⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϭⲁϩϭⲉϩ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲃϩⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲱϭⲃ̄\nⲛⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ̈ | ⲙⲁ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲛⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲙⲟⲙ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ ϩⲙ̄","english":"I said to the angel, \"Who are those who are thrown down into this pit?\" He said to me, \"All those who say that Jesus did not come in the flesh, nor was he born of Mary the holy virgin, and those who say that the bread and the wine over which the name of God is pronounced are not the flesh and blood of Christ, and all those who have denied their baptism, who destroy their seal in a tyrannical manner, this is their dwelling place forever, each one of them doing a measure of torment to the other.\" I saw some men and some women who were in the mud of the pit and the burning of fire. I said to the angel, \"My lord, who are these who are in these painful places?\" He said to me, \"These are those who say that Christ did not rise from the dead, and that this flesh does not rise.\" I said to the angel, \"The burning of fire and the mud, are these the only things in this place?","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̄ ⲧⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Mary the holy virgin' uses ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (Greek παρθένος) in its fixed Marian sense, not the generic 'young woman'. The epithet ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ('holy') reinforces the technical, devotional usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲥ (ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ) is the standard Coptic abbreviation for 'Christ'. The nomina sacra form indicates a fixed Christological title, not a personal name alone.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓ︤ⲥ︥ ⲉⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣ︤ⲝ︥ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩϫⲡⲟϥ ϩⲙ̄ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ̄","severity":"info","text":"The denial that Jesus 'came in the flesh' or was born of Mary echoes docetic and gnostic Christologies opposed by early catholic creeds (e.g., the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed's 'incarnatus est').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲟⲉⲓⲕ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲏⲣⲡ̄","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'bread and wine' over which the name of God is pronounced, identified as the flesh and blood of Christ, reflects the Eucharistic controversy of the 4th–5th centuries, particularly the anti-Docetic insistence on the real presence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue unit: Paul asks a question, the angel answers with a catalogue of heretics, then Paul asks again. The pattern (question–catalogue–question) structures the vision as a catechetical interrogation of false teachings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The punishment of heretics in a pit of mud and fire, with mutual torment, is a motif found in later Coptic apocalyptic literature, e.g., the Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli) and the homilies of Pseudo-Cyril of Jerusalem.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲉⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ (line 14) is obscure; it may mean 'each one of them' or 'each one of the others'. The reading 'each one of them doing a measure of torment to the other' follows the English draft.","The Coptic ⲡⲱϭⲃ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡϫⲁϥ (line 16) is rendered 'mud of the pit', but ⲡϫⲁϥ could also mean 'the abyss' or 'the deep'; the sense is inferential from context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","text":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ → “virgin”. Greek παρθένος. In Marian texts the technical sense is fixed; the non-technical 'young woman' belongs to Greek, not to the Coptic usage."}]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲛ • ⲡⲱϭⲃ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϫⲁϥ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲙ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲣⲏ ϣⲁ ⲉ ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϣⲙⲟⲙ ⲁⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲏ ϣⲁ ⲉ̄ ϫⲱⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲛⲁϩⲙⲟⲙ ⲁⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡϫⲁϥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓ ϫⲱⲟⲩ • Ⲧⲟⲧⲉ\nⲁⲓⲡⲱⲣϣ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁϭⲓϫ ⲁⲓⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ : ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ\nⲉⲓϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩϫⲡⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ\nⲉ̄ϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲟ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ ⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲡⲟϥ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲉⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ : ⲁⲩⲱ̄\nⲁⲩⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓ̈ⲥ • ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲓ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ\nϩⲓ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ\nⲉⲥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⁘ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲇⲓⲁⲑⲩⲕⲏ • ⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲉⲓⲁ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ̄ ⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲡⲁϩⲧⲟⲩ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩϩⲟ • ⲁ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲣⲓⲙⲉ :\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲇⲓⲁⲑⲩⲕⲏ • ⲡⲛⲁⲏⲧ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲧⲱⲃ︦ϩ︦ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ\nⲛⲓⲙ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲟⲧⲛ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲏⲏ̄ⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ • ⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲁⲛⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ : ⲉⲛⲉ\nⲟⲩⲛϭⲟⲙ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲉ ⲣ̄ ⲡⲁϩⲣⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲛ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ\nⲛ̄ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲉⲧ ⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲥⲉ • ⲁⲛⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ϫⲉ\nⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲣⲟⲟⲩϣ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲑⲩⲗⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲕⲁⲁⲛ ⲱ ⲙⲓ̈ⲭⲁⲏⲗ\nⲉ ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ : Ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲱ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ :- |\nⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲉϥϣⲁϫⲉ •","english":"This place. He said to me, \"No. The pit alone, and the cold, and those who are in this place.\" I said to the angel, \"If the sun reaches them, will they not burn?\" The angel said to me, \"If seven suns reached them, they would not burn because of the cold that is upon them.\" Then I spread out my hands, I groaned, and I wept, saying, \"It is better not to have been born impious on the earth than to have been born.\" At that moment when they saw me weeping, they all cried out, and those in the punishments wept, those within and those without. I, Paul, looked, and I saw the heaven opening. I saw Michael the archangel of the covenant. He came out from heaven with his entire host of angels. All the angels bowed down their faces. All those in the punishments saw them weeping. They said to him, \"Have mercy on us, archangel of the covenant, the merciful one who intercedes for humanity at all times. The world is at peace because of you, O Michael. We have seen your judgment. We have known the Son of God. If you had the power to bring us relief before we came to this place full of suffering, we have heard that your judgment exists before coming out of the body. Do not care for the world and its matter, O Michael, repent.\" Then Michael answered, saying, \"Listen to me, O those in the punishments. Listen to Michael speaking.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲇⲓⲁⲑⲩⲕⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'archangel of the covenant' (ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲇⲓⲁⲑⲩⲕⲏ) is unique to Michael in this corpus, linking him to the divine covenant (διαθήκη) rather than to a specific testament.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Son of God' (ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) echoes New Testament usage (e.g., Mark 1:1) and is a standard Christological title in Coptic literature, here invoked by the punished as a recognition of divine authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'your judgment' (ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ) existing before leaving the body reflects a theme in early Christian apocalyptic: the soul's pre-mortem judgment or awareness of its fate, paralleled in the Apocalypse of Peter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲓⲡⲱⲣϣ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁϭⲓϫ","severity":"info","text":"Paul's gesture of spreading his hands and weeping marks a shift from dialogue to lament, a structural cue that intensifies the emotional response of the punished and leads to Michael's intervention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Michael's role as intercessor for humanity (ⲡⲉⲧ ⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛⲧⲣⲱⲙⲉ) is consistent with his veneration in Coptic liturgy as a merciful archangel, a tradition that influenced later Ethiopian and Byzantine angelology.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲱϭⲃ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the pit alone' (ⲡⲱϭⲃ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ) is ambiguous: it may mean the pit is solitary or that only the pit (and cold) are present; the Coptic lacks a verb, so the sense depends on the preceding context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲱϭⲃ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ could be read as 'the pit alone' or 'only the pit'; the lack of a copula leaves the exact relation to the cold unclear.","The identity of 'those who are in this place' (ⲛⲉⲧ ⲙ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ) is not specified—whether they are distinct from the punished or a subset is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲁϩ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ\nⲛⲓⲙ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϥⲟⲛϩ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓ ⲉϯϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϥⲟⲛ︦ϩ︦ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉϯⲁⲁϩ\nⲉⲣⲁⲧ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉϥⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ϫⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲩϣⲏ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲉ • ⲉ ⲧⲙ̄ ⲧⲱⲃ︦ϩ︦ ⲉϫⲙ̄\nⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲉϥⲧⲱⲃϩ̄ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩϫⲏⲣ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛⲉⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲓⲁ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩϯ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ\nϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲱ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛⲣ̄ ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄","english":"This one who stands before God, God lives. This one who serves him, and the Lord lives, this one who stands before him, because there is not a single day or a single night that does not intercede for the race of men. Michael intercedes in heaven. Men themselves do their works on earth and their fornications. They do not give a hand to Michael, those who are on earth. O men, you have done all your time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲁϩ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'this one who stands before God' likely refers to the archangel Michael, who is named later as the intercessor in heaven.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) is rendered 'God' in Christian Coptic texts, as here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲧⲡⲉ is rendered 'heaven' as the abode of God, not 'sky', consistent with the cosmological usage in this apocryphon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Michael","severity":"info","text":"Michael is a prominent intercessor in Coptic tradition, often depicted as pleading for humanity before God.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲱ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The exclamation 'O men' marks a rhetorical shift, directly addressing the audience with a reproach for their sins.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩϯ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they do not give a hand to Michael' is ambiguous: it may mean they do not assist him in his intercession or do not heed his plea.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'this one who stands before God' is not explicitly stated but is inferred to be Michael from context.","The phrase 'they do not give a hand to Michael' could be interpreted as either failing to assist or failing to respond to his intercession."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ : ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ϣⲁⲓⲧⲱ︤ⲃ︦ϩ︦ ⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲥ̄\nϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ̈ⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ ϣⲁⲓⲧⲱⲃϩ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ\nⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲱϥ • ⲛϥ̄ϣⲟⲩⲟ̄ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲛϥ̄ϯ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ • ϯⲣ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲉ • ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ ϫⲉ ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ\nⲟⲩⲁ ⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ • ϣⲁⲓϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲁϣⲧⲉ\nϩⲓ ⲃⲟⲏ̄ⲑⲟⲥ : ϣⲁⲛⲧ ϥ̄ⲛⲟⲩϩⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲉⲩⲧⲱⲛ ϭⲉ\nⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲗⲏⲗ ⁘ ⲉⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ • ⲉⲩⲧⲱⲛ\nⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲁⲁⲩ • ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲁⲁϥ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲣⲓⲙⲉ ϭⲉ ⲱ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲓⲙⲉ ϩⲱⲱⲧ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲕⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϥⲛⲁⲣⲓⲙⲉ ϩⲱⲱϥ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲏⲧⲛ̄ • ⲙⲉϣⲁⲕ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡϣⲉⲛϩ̄ⲧⲏϥ ϯ ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲟⲧⲛⲉⲥ | ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ\nⲉⲩⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲙ\nⲙⲓ̈ⲭⲁⲏⲗ • ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲛϩ̄ :-Ⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲱⲱϥ ⲟⲛ ⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲓⲥ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲥ̄ ϣⲉⲛϩ̄ⲧⲏⲕ ϩⲁ\nⲡⲉⲕⲡⲗⲁⲥⲙⲁ • ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲁϥⲡⲁϩⲧϥ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ\nⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ϣⲉⲛϩ̄ⲧⲏⲕ ϩⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲡⲗⲁⲥⲙⲁ • ϣⲛ̄ϩⲧⲏⲕ ϩⲁ ⲧⲉⲕϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ • ϣⲉⲛ︦ϩ︦ⲧⲏⲕ ϩⲁ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲇⲁⲙ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲉⲥⲕⲓⲙ • ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϣⲏⲛ ⲉⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ϩⲓⲧⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲏⲩ :-ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲡⲁϩⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ •","english":"Without repentance. I am the one who prays to the Lord until he sends you this hour from heaven. I am also the one who prays to God until the abyss opens its mouth, and he pours water down upon the earth, and he gives his fruit. I bear witness to you that if someone does a small good deed, I become for him a helper and an assistant until he escapes from the punishments. Where then are your prayers? Where is your repentance? Where is your love that you have done? You have destroyed your time that you have spent on earth. Weep then, O men, that I may weep also with the angels. And the other Paul, the beloved of God, will also weep with you. Does not his compassion give you a little comfort? All those in the punishments cry out, weeping, and also they groan according to the command of Michael, saying, \"Have mercy on us, O Son of the living God.\" Paul himself also cries out, saying, \"My Lord Jesus Christ, have compassion on your creation.\" Then Michael prostrated himself with the angels before God, saying, \"Have compassion on your creation, have compassion on your image, have compassion on the children of Adam.\" I looked and saw the heaven moving like a tree shaken by the wind. And they all prostrated themselves before the throne of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","severity":"info","text":"Greek ἀγάπη; in this homiletic context the term likely refers to the virtue of love rather than the liturgical meal, though the latter sense is possible in a monastic setting.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek καρπός; in homiletic allegory the 'fruit' is a virtue or a work, here probably the beneficial outcome of divine mercy (rain) on earth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲛϩ̄","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Son of the living God' echoes New Testament titles for Christ (e.g., Mark 1:1) and is used here as an acclamation by the suffering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Michael the archangel appears as an intercessor and commander of the angels, a role well attested in Coptic apocrypha and liturgy (cf. Budge 1915).","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Budge 1915"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a first-person speaker (likely Paul) to a series of rhetorical questions, then to a collective weeping scene, culminating in a vision of heaven moving.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the other Paul, the beloved of God' is ambiguous: it may distinguish the apostle from a homonymous figure or simply emphasize his special status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the first-person speaker ('I am the one who prays') is not explicit; it could be Paul or another intercessor.","The phrase 'the other Paul' (ⲡⲕⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ) is unclear—possibly a scribal distinction or a reference to a different Paul (e.g., Paul of Tamma).","The 'abyss' (ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ) opening its mouth may be a cosmological or symbolic image; its precise referent is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","text":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ → “fruit”. Greek καρπός; in homiletic allegory the fruit is a virtue or a work, and the note should say so rather than leaving 'fruit' literal."}]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡϫⲟⲩⲧⲁϥⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲍⲱⲟⲛ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲡⲁϩⲧⲟⲩ : ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ ⲡⲉⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲡⲁϩⲧⲟⲩ • ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉⲩⲥⲙⲏ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲃϩ̄ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲛ̄ⲗⲩⲧⲟⲩⲣⲅⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲥⲙⲏ\nϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲛⲧⲱⲃϩ̄ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲉⲛϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲛⲁⲏⲧ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲉⲥⲟⲩⲏⲛ • ⲁ\nⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲉ̄ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϭⲣⲏⲡⲉ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲁⲡⲉ • ⲁ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ\nⲣⲟϥ • ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲛ : |","english":"I saw the prostration of the elder and his four living creatures, that they had fallen. I saw the altar and the covering, that they had fallen. I heard a voice saying, \"Why do you pray to me and to my angels, the ministers?\" A voice came saying, \"We pray for the sake of humanity; we look upon your mercy.\" I saw the sky open. The Son of God came out from the sky, with a crown upon his head. Those in the punishments saw him. They wished to come out, saying, \"Have mercy on us.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ is a loan from Greek πρεσβύτερος. Here it is rendered 'elder' because the context describes a prostration (ⲡϫⲟⲩⲧⲁϥⲧⲉ) and a group of four living creatures, suggesting a visionary figure of seniority rather than a clerical office.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲧⲡⲉ is rendered 'sky' here because the passage describes it opening (ⲉⲥⲟⲩⲏⲛ) for the Son of God to emerge, a cosmological rather than purely soteriological usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Son of God' (ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) is a standard Christological title in Coptic literature, echoing New Testament usage (e.g., Matthew 3:17, Mark 1:1). The crown (ⲟⲩϭⲣⲏⲡⲉ) on his head is an apocalyptic motif, possibly alluding to Revelation 14:14 or similar visionary imagery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲉⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ (altar) and ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ (covering) are Greek loanwords. Their falling (ⲁⲩⲡⲁϩⲧⲟⲩ) suggests a disruption of liturgical order, a common apocalyptic motif symbolizing divine judgment or cosmic upheaval.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit that shifts from a vision of fallen liturgical objects to a dialogue between a voice and the angels, then to the appearance of the Son of God. The repetition of ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ('I saw') marks three distinct visionary scenes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'elder' (ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ) is not specified; it may be a named figure from the wider narrative or a generic visionary. The 'four living creatures' (ⲍⲱⲟⲛ) could be angelic beings or apocalyptic beasts, but the text does not clarify. The voice that speaks ('Why do you pray to me...') is ambiguous: it may be the elder, the Son of God, or another divine figure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲛϩ̄ • ⲁⲕϯ ⲙ̄ⲧⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲁ ⲧⲡⲉ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ϯ ⲙⲟⲧⲛⲉⲥ ⲛⲁⲛ ϩⲱⲱ︦ⲛ︦ • ϫⲓⲛ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ ⲁ ⲧⲙⲟⲧⲛⲉⲥ ⲧⲁϩⲟⲛ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲁ ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁϣ ⲛ ϩⲱⲃ ⲉⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩϥ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲁⲁϥ • ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ̄ϯ ⲙ̄ⲧⲟⲛ ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ • ⲁⲩⲡⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ⲁⲩϯ\nⲕⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̄ϣⲟⲛⲧⲉ ⲉ ϫⲱⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ⲛ̄ϭⲓϫ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲡⲗⲁⲥⲥⲉ ⲙⲙⲱⲧⲛ̄ • ⲁⲩⲟϥⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓϥⲧ̄\nⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ⲁⲓⲁⲓⲧⲉⲓ ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲣⲁⲥⲱ • ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲥⲓϣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲙϫ̄ • ⲉⲓⲟ︤ϥ︦ⲧ︥ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥ⳨ⲟ︦ⲥ︥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ̄ • ⲁⲩⲕⲟⲛⲥⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲗⲟⲅⲭⲏ ⲉ ⲡⲁ ⲥⲡⲓⲣ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ\nⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ ⲛⲁⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ\nⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩϯ ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄\nⲁⲩⲱ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ ⁖-ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲡⲁ ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲛ̄ ϯⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲁⲛ ⲉ ⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩⲛ̄\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ϥⲓ ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ ϩⲁ ⲣⲱⲧⲛ̄ • ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥ[ⲛ]ⲏⲩ • ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲛⲁⲉⲛⲧⲟⲗⲏ : ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉ̄ | ⲧⲃⲉ ⲧⲁ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧ • ϯⲛⲁϯ ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁⲕⲏ\nⲛ̄ⲙⲧⲟⲛ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ\nⲙⲛ︦ⲛ︦ⲥⲁ ⲧⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ\nⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ •","english":"The son of the living God, you gave rest to those of heaven and those upon the earth. Give rest to us as well. For from the time we saw you, rest found us. And at that very hour, the voice of the son of God went out into all the punishments, saying, \"What good thing is it that you have done upon the earth, that I might give you rest?\" They poured out my blood for your sake, and you did not repent. They placed a crown of thorns upon me for your sake, and you did not repent. The hands that fashioned you, they pierced them with nails for your sake, and you did not repent. I asked for water to drink, and they brought me vinegar and gall, while I was nailed to the cross, and you did not repent. They thrust a lance into my right side for your sake, and you did not repent. The prophets and all the righteous were killed for your sake, and you did not repent. In all these things, repentance was given to you, and you did not repent. But on account of Michael and my beloved Paul, I do not wish to grieve them and those who bear the offering for you, your children and your brothers, for there is one among them who will fulfill the commandments. And on account of my goodness, because I arose from among the dead, I will give you the Lord's day of rest after the Sabbath, and the honored day after my resurrection, when I arose from among the dead.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) here names God, consistent with Christian usage in Sahidic Coptic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲧⲡⲉ is rendered 'heaven' as the abode of God; the cosmological sense 'sky' is not operative here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩϯ ⲕⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̄ϣⲟⲛⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The crown of thorns echoes the passion narratives (Matt 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲥⲓϣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲙϫ̄","severity":"info","text":"The request for water and the offer of vinegar and gall allude to the crucifixion (Matt 27:34, 48; Mark 15:36; Luke 23:36; John 19:29–30).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲕⲟⲛⲥⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲗⲟⲅⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The lance thrust into the side recalls the piercing of Christ's side (John 19:34).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Michael the archangel appears as an intercessor, a role common in Coptic apocrypha (cf. Budge Misc. Apoc. Paul).","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁⲩⲡⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲥⲛⲟϥ (they poured out my blood) could be read as a general reference to Christ's suffering or as a specific allusion to a non-canonical passion detail; the text does not specify.","The identity of 'the elder' in the previous passage is not clarified here; it may refer to a heavenly figure or a title for God."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ","text":"ⲁⲛⲁⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲥ → “resurrection”. Greek ἀνάστασις; the general resurrection and Christ's are distinguished by context, not by the word."}]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩ︦ⲛ︦ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓ̈ⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲱϣ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲟⲕ ⲓ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲛϩ̄ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲛ̄\nⲙ̄ⲧⲟⲛ • ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲡⲉⲛⲁϩⲉ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲁⲁϥ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲙⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ϣⲟⲟⲡ • ⲉⲛⲉ ⲛⲧ ⲁⲛⲉⲓⲙⲉ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ϫⲱⲛ • ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲁϯ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲁⲣ̄ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲱⲃ ⲁⲛ\nⲡⲉ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ :-ⲱ̄ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϣⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ϫⲡⲟⲛ ⲉ\nⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲁⲗⲏⲑⲱⲥ ⲉⲓⲥ ⲛ ⲉⲗϩⲱ[ⲃ] ⲉⲧ ⲛⲏⲩ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲛ̄","english":"Then all those in the torments cried out, saying, \"We bless you, Jesus, the son of the living God, for the day of rest is good for us, more than all the joy we had upon the earth. We did not know that these sufferings existed. If we had known that all these sufferings would come upon us, we would not have taken, nor would we have given, nor would we have done any work upon the earth. For our lot is to be born into the world. Truly, behold the things that are coming down from","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ϩ︦ⲛ︦ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓ̈ⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'all those in the torments' refers to the damned souls in hell, who now cry out collectively to Jesus, contrasting their earlier silence or suffering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ here means 'bless' (addressed to Jesus), consistent with the glossary rule: a person is blessed, God is praised.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ with the definite article names God, here 'the living God' (ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲛϩ̄), a standard epithet in Coptic Christian texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ('then'), marking a narrative transition: the damned respond to the son of God's question from the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲗϩⲱ[ⲃ]","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲗϩⲱ[ⲃ] is uncertain; the editor supplies a lacuna. It may mean 'things' or 'works', but the exact reading is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲗϩⲱ[ⲃ] is partially reconstructed; the intended noun is uncertain.","The final clause 'the things that are coming down from' is incomplete in the manuscript, leaving the object unspecified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ⲣⲱϥ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲛⲉⲣⲏⲩ • ⲑⲱ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲛ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲣⲉ. ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϥⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲉⲧ ϩⲁ ⲣⲟⲛ • ⲥⲉϩⲟⲥⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲛ\nⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲟ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ • ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲉⲡⲓϯⲙⲁ ⲛⲁⲩ • ϫⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲣⲓⲙⲉ\nⲁⲩⲱ ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲛ̄ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲱⲧⲛ̄ • ϫⲉ ⲙⲡⲉ ⲧⲛ̄ⲕⲁ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲃⲟⲏⲑⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲛⲁ ⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩϣⲏ ⲛ ⲧⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁⲕⲏ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧϥ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ̈\nⲙⲁ :-ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ : ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ\nⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ | ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁϩⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϫⲓⲧⲕ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲛⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲁϣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲉⲗⲏⲗ • ⲁⲩⲥⲃ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲟⲩ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲉ ⲧⲣⲉⲩⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲏⲧⲕ̄ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • Ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁϥⲧⲟⲣⲡⲧ̄ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ • ⲁϥϫⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ • ϫⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉ ϯⲛⲁϫⲓⲧⲕ̄\nⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ : ⲡⲙⲁ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲁⲇⲁⲙ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ • ⲛ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ\nⲓϩⲱⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲁ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲱⲣⲙ̄ ⲟⲩⲃⲏⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲓⲥⲱⲛ ⲉⲧ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ\nⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲗⲁⲧ • ⲅⲉⲱⲛ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩ\nⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϭⲟⲟϣⲉ • ⲧⲉⲅⲣⲓⲥ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲥⲥⲩⲣⲓⲟⲥ •","english":"...their mouth together, the weeping that they make, and the groans that are under them. They are more grievous for us than the judgment that is within us. The angels who are over the torments rebuked them, saying, \"Why do you weep and cry out, and your hearts are drawn inward to you? Because God has not given you a helper in hope, nor those in the judgment who have not done mercy. Only the mercy has reached you on the night of the Lord's Day, because of the beloved of God, Paul, for they have brought him to this place.\" The angel said to me, \"Paul, the chosen one of God, have you seen all these things?\" I said to him, \"Yes, my lord.\" He said to me, \"Follow me now, and I will take you to the paradise, so that all the righteous may see you with joy and gladness. For the righteous have prepared themselves to come out to meet you all.\" Then I walked with the angel, and he turned me in the spirit and took me to the paradise. The angel said to me, \"O Paul, you will see the place to which I will take you. The paradise is in that place, the place where Adam transgressed with his wife.\" When I drew near to the paradise, I saw the beginning of its river of four streams in that place. The angel showed me, saying, \"This is the Pishon which encircles the whole land of Evelat; the Geon which encircles the whole land of the Ethiopians; the Tigris which flows before the Assyrians.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) here names God, as is standard in Christian Coptic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ (Lord) is used by Paul to address the angel, reflecting the angel's authority; in this context it is a respectful title, not a divine name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ (paradise) is a Greek loanword (παράδεισος) referring to the Garden of Eden, here identified as the place of Adam's transgression.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The four rivers (Pishon, Geon, Tigris, and the implied Euphrates) are a standard feature of paradise in Jewish and Christian tradition, derived from Genesis 2:10–14.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the torments of the damned to Paul's guided tour of paradise, marking a shift from judgment to reward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul is called 'the chosen one of God' and 'the beloved of God', reflecting the high esteem for Paul in Coptic apocryphal tradition, as seen in the Coptic Life of Paul of Tamma.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲛⲁ ⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩϣⲏ ⲛ ⲧⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁⲕⲏ is ambiguous: it may mean 'only mercy has reached you on the night of the Lord's Day' or 'only the spirit has reached you...'; the English draft takes 'mercy' (ⲡⲛⲁ) as the subject, but ⲡⲛⲁ can also mean 'spirit'.","The phrase ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ could be read as 'so that all the righteous may see you' or 'so that all the righteous may see your face'; the Coptic ⲣⲟⲕ is 'your face' (literally 'your mouth'), but the English draft renders it as 'you'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ⲡⲉⲩⲫⲣⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲡⲁ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲉⲥⲟⲡⲟⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁ : ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲣ̄\nⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩϣⲏⲛ ⲉϥⲣⲏⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲧⲉϥⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲟ̄ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲩⲡⲩⲅⲏ • ⲉⲥϯ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ\nⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲧⲟⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ • ⲉ̄ⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϥⲉ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲛ ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲡⲛ︤ⲁ︥ • ⲱϣ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ\nⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ϣⲏⲛ ⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲩⲟ̄ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁϥⲟⲩ[ⲱ]ϣⲃ̄\nⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉ|ⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ϩⲁ ⲑⲏ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ","english":"...are you weeping? Why are you groaning? Do you not know that this is the judgment of God?\" Then I saw their tormentor, the one who draws them out before the face of the abyss. Immediately I entered into the paradise. I saw a tree that was planted, its root pouring forth water like a spring, giving water to its top, the beginning of its four rivers. The spirit of God was blowing upon the tree. When the water was drawn, the spirit would cry out. I said to the angel, \"My lord, what is this tree that pours forth water?\" The angel answered me, saying, \"For the one who has not...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrator enters the paradise and sees a tree whose root pours water like a spring, feeding four rivers. The spirit of God blows on the tree, and when the water is drawn, the spirit cries out.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is a Greek loanword (ἄγγελος). Here it refers to the angelic guide of the visionary, not a human messenger.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (the spirit of God) uses ⲡⲛⲁ (Greek πνεῦμα) and ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God with definite article). This is a standard Trinitarian phrase in Coptic Christian literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The four rivers (ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ) recall the four rivers of Eden in Genesis 2:10–14 (LXX). The tree and spring evoke the paradise geography common in apocryphal visions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The tree whose root pours water and feeds four rivers is a motif in Coptic apocrypha, possibly influenced by the Nile's four branches or the rivers of paradise in Jewish tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲩⲫⲣⲁⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"ⲡⲉⲩⲫⲣⲁⲧⲏⲥ (their tormentor) is a Greek loanword (φραστής?) but the Coptic is uncertain; the English draft reads 'tormentor' but the word may be corrupt or a hapax.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ⲡⲉⲩⲫⲣⲁⲧⲏⲥ: possibly a corruption of ⲫⲣⲁⲥⲧⲏⲥ (tormentor) or a scribal error; the reading 'tormentor' is adopted.","ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲉⲥⲟⲡⲟⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁ: 'before the face of the abyss' is a plausible rendering, but ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲡⲟⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁ (Mesopotamia?) is obscure; the English draft interprets it as 'abyss'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ\nⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲉϥⲛⲏⲩ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲧⲁⲙⲓ̈ⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲡⲉⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̄ϣⲟⲣ︦ⲡ︦ ⲡⲉ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ\nⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ ϩⲓ̈ϫⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲛ • ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲛⲓϥⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ • ϣⲁϥⲥⲱⲕ • ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲁⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁ\nϭⲓϫ ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲉ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ • ⲁϥⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲓ\nⲉ ⲡϣⲏⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩϥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲡⲉⲧ ⲑⲟⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲛϣⲏⲛ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲓ ϩⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲏⲏⲧϥ̄ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲧⲁ ⲁⲇⲁⲙ ⲟⲩⲱⲙ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲓ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ • ⲁϥⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ϣⲏⲛ ⲉϥⲣⲏⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡϣⲏⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲱⲛϩ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲉⲓⲛ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲥⲏϥⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ (sic) ⲕⲱⲧⲉ\nⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ⲉ ⲡⲕⲱⲧⲉ • ϩⲟⲥⲟⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲓⲁⲁϩⲉ (sic) ⲣⲁⲧ ⲉ ϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ\nⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲱⲛ︦ϩ︦ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲥⲉⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ ϣⲟⲙⲛⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲧⲉ\nⲧⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲧⲁⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲧⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲛϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲓ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲉⲥϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲥϩⲱⲛ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫ̇ⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ |\nⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲩⲣⲓⲝ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄\nⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲥⲉⲧⲱⲃϩ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϣⲏⲣⲉ • ⲓ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲉⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲉ •","english":"God created the sky and the earth, with no water at all. And the spirit of God was moving over the water. When God created the sky and the earth, the first spirit was over the water. It was also over the tree. When the spirit moves, the water draws it. But he took my hand and brought me to the middle of the paradise. He showed me the tree of knowledge of good and evil. He said to me, \"This is the tree through which death entered the world. This is the one from which Adam ate, so that death came upon every person.\" He also showed me another tree planted in the middle of the paradise. He said to me, \"This is the tree of life. A cherub with a sword of fire surrounds its entrance.\" While I stood looking at the glory of the tree of life, I looked and saw the virgin coming with three angels singing to her. I answered and said to the angel, \"Who is this, my lord?\" He said to me, \"This is Mary, the mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, in this great glory.\" And when she drew near to me, she said to me, \"Hail, Paul, beloved of God. Hail, Paul, beloved of angels and of people. Hail, Paul, who became a herald of truth in heaven and on earth. All the righteous pray for my son Jesus Christ, who is my lord.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (παρθένος) is used here in its technical Marian sense, designating Mary as the perpetual virgin, not merely a young woman.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (ἄγγελος) appears twice: three angels sing to Mary, and Paul addresses his guide as 'angel'. Both instances denote supernatural beings, not human messengers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase echoes Genesis 1:1 (LXX: 'In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth'), but the Coptic text adds a gloss about no water, then the spirit moving over water (Gen 1:2).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩϥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲡⲉⲧ ⲑⲟⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The 'tree of knowledge of good and evil' and the 'tree of life' are drawn from Genesis 2:9 and 3:22 (LXX). The cherub with a fiery sword guarding the tree of life is an expansion of Gen 3:24.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲧⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲛϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲓ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"Mary is identified as 'the mother of our Lord Jesus Christ' and appears in the paradise with three angels singing to her. This Marian vision is characteristic of Coptic apocryphal Paul traditions, where Mary intercedes for Paul.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Mary's triple greeting 'Hail, Paul' (ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ) echoes the angelic salutation to Mary in Luke 1:28, but here reversed: Mary acclaims Paul as 'beloved of God' and 'herald of truth', elevating his apostolic status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text has a scribal repetition: ⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ (sic) ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄, likely a dittography for 'sword of fire'.","The phrase ⲉⲓⲁⲁϩⲉ (sic) is a variant spelling of ⲁϩⲉⲣⲁⲧ (to stand), but the reading is clear from context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Dialogue: the passage is carried by direct speech and the verbs that introduce it. Speech boundaries are the translator's punctuation, not the manuscript's."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ","text":"ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ → “Mary”. The Theotokos in homilies and Marian apocrypha; the sister of Martha in other contexts."}]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ϫⲉ ⲕⲛⲁⲡⲓⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲛ • ⲛⲅ̄ⲉⲓⲛⲉ\nⲙ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϣⲁ ⲣⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ϩⲛ̄\nⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ϥ̄ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϣⲏⲣⲉ\nⲙⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ϩⲣⲟϣ ⲛ̄ ϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ • ϥⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲏⲧⲛ̄ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ • ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲛ ⲡⲉⲛϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ • ⲧⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲧⲣⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ • ⲉ ⲁϥϫⲓ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ϩⲉ • ⲉϥϥⲓ ϩⲁ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲛⲟϭ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲩⲓ • ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ","english":"...that you will not be persuaded, but you will bring Paul up to your gate so that we may see him in the flesh, before he has come out of the body. My beloved son said to them, \"Be patient for a little while; he will be with you forever.\" They all said with one voice, \"Do not grieve us, our lord; we wish to see him in the flesh, since he has received this great glory in this way, bearing these great and small things. If each one enters this...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) here refers to the physical body from which Paul has not yet departed, consistent with its use in ascetic and martyrdom contexts as the site of struggle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲁⲣⲝ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲥⲁⲣⲝ (flesh) appears twice, emphasizing the physical, visible form of Paul that the audience wishes to see before his death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit where the audience responds to a promise about Paul's future presence, using direct speech and a collective voice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of seeing a holy figure 'in the flesh' before death is common in Coptic martyrdom and hagiographic literature, reflecting a desire for tangible contact with sanctity.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ is incomplete in the manuscript; the English draft supplies a plausible continuation, but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'my beloved son' is not specified in the Coptic; it may refer to a divine figure or a disciple.","The phrase 'ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ' is fragmentary; the intended conclusion is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲉⲣⲟ • ϣⲁⲛϣⲓⲛⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲁⲓ̈ ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ\nⲟⲩ • ϣⲁⲩϫⲟⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁ̄ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲉϥⲧⲁϣⲉⲟⲉⲓϣ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥϣⲁϫⲉ ⲉⲧ ϩⲟⲗϭ̄ • ⲉϥⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲉϥϫⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲑⲓⲉⲗⲏ︦ⲙ︦ • Ⲉⲓⲥ\nⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲏⲏϩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲓ ϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲁⲡⲁⲛⲧⲁ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ • ϯⲱ̄ⲣⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ • | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲏⲩⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲛⲉ ϥϫⲓϯⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ • ⲉⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲧⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲧⲉⲩϭⲓⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲟ̄ϣⲥ̄ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ • ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲡⲱϩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲉⲓⲣⲟⲅⲣⲁⲫⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲛⲟⲃⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ ⲛϥ̄ϩⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̄ ⲛⲉⲛⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϣⲏⲣⲉ • ⲡⲁ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛϥ︦ⲣ︦ ⲟⲩⲛⲁ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲩϭⲙ̄ⲡϣⲓⲛⲉ • ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲁⲕ\nⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲓⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲏⲧⲕ̄ • ϯⲣ̄ ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ\nⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ ⲡⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁϣⲏⲣⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲡⲉ ⲡϣⲟⲣⲡ̄ ⲉϣⲁⲓⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ ⲉⲓⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉⲣ̄ ϩⲁⲛϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ • ϣⲁⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲡⲁⲛⲧⲁ ⲉ ⲡⲁ ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ • ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛⲙⲙⲁⲓ ⲉⲓⲥ\nⲕⲉ ϣⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲁⲩⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲉ ⲉⲛⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ •","english":"...with the gate. They will ask, \"Why has this one come to this place?\" They will say, \"One says that Paul is the one on the earth, who preaches Christ with his sweet words, drawing multitudes into Christ, bringing them into the city of Christ, Jerusalem. Behold, all the righteous are dwelling after me, that they will meet you. I swear by the right hand of my son, O chosen one of God, Paul, that what will be written in the words of this apocalypse, which you have seen in the heavens, none of the torments in the punishments you have seen in hell will be inflicted upon anyone, except this necessity alone of their coming out of the body, and what will be read in faith. They will erase the handwriting of their sins, and whoever hears it will keep the commandments of my son. My son will bless them in this world and will do good to them on the day of their inquiry. Blessed are you, O Paul, many times over. Do not think, O Paul, that you alone are the one for whom I have come forth. I bear witness to you that any man who does the will of my son—I am the first to come forth from them, leaving them as strangers, until they meet my beloved son in peace. As the virgin speaks with me, behold, three others have come, each with their sheep, only in their form, with their angels hymning to them. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲧⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (the virgin) here refers to Mary, consistent with the fixed Marian usage in Coptic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) appears twice: once in the plural (ⲛⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ) hymning to the three figures, and once in the singular (ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ) addressed by the speaker.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲟⲩⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ (faith) here likely means 'faithfulness' or 'assent' in the context of reading the apocalypse with devotion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ (peace) is used in the phrase 'in peace' (ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ), a formulaic expression for a harmonious meeting, not civil order.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) in the phrase 'coming out of the body' (ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ) refers to the body as the site of the soul's departure, consistent with ascetic usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from narrative to direct speech, with the speaker (likely Christ or a divine figure) addressing Paul and promising protection to those who read the apocalypse faithfully.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker is not explicitly named in the Coptic; the phrase 'my beloved son' suggests a divine speaker, possibly God or Christ, but the text does not clarify.","The phrase 'three others have come, each with their sheep' is obscure; it may refer to biblical patriarchs or apostles, but the Coptic does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ","text":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ → “faith”. Greek πίστις; 'faithfulness' where the sense is reliability rather than assent."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ","text":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ carries more than one sense (belief, faithfulness); this passage takes it as “faith”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ","text":"ⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ → “peace”. Greek εἰρήνη. ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ in a colophon is the liturgical formula 'in peace', not a comment on civil order."}]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄\nⲣⲟⲓ ⲁⲩⲣⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ̄ ⲙⲡ ⲕ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛⲟⲩ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ϫⲉ ⲙⲡⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲟⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲗⲁⲟⲥ • ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙ • | ⲙⲛ̄ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲓ̈ⲁⲕⲱⲃ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁϫⲓⲧϥ̄\nⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲁ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲓ̈ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉⲓⲥ","english":"...they saw me, they rejoiced with me. He said, \"I do not know them, Paul.\" I said, \"My Lord did not.\" He said to me, \"These are the fathers of the people: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.\" At that moment when they saw me, they greeted me. They said to me, \"Hail, Paul, beloved of God and of men. Blessed is the one who will be taken by force for the sake of God.\" Abraham said, \"This is my son Isaac, whom I offered up to God. Behold...","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ⲣⲟⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase 'they saw me' is ambiguous: the subject could be the patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) or the previously mentioned group at the gate. The context favors the patriarchs, as they immediately greet Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲗⲁⲟⲥ (Greek λαός) here means 'people' in a general sense, not the liturgical 'laity'. The patriarchs are called 'fathers of the people', i.e., ancestors of Israel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲓ̈ⲁⲕⲱⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The triad Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is a standard biblical grouping (e.g., Exod 3:6, Matt 22:32). Their appearance here as heavenly figures greeting Paul aligns with Jewish and Christian traditions of patriarchs as intercessors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'taken by force for the sake of God' likely refers to martyrdom or forceful conversion. In Coptic tradition, Paul is sometimes portrayed as a model of suffering for faith, echoing the martyrdom accounts of the period.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲓ̈ⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲧⲁⲗⲟϥ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"Abraham's statement about offering Isaac to God recalls the biblical binding of Isaac (Gen 22). In Coptic literature, this is often interpreted typologically as a prefiguration of Christ's sacrifice, and here it may parallel Paul's own offering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ̄ ⲙⲡ ⲕ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The line 'I do not know them, Paul' is ambiguous: the speaker could be Christ (the Lord) or another figure. The following 'My Lord did not' suggests Paul's response to Christ, but the Coptic does not clearly identify the interlocutor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker of 'I do not know them' is unclear; likely Christ, but not explicit.","The phrase 'My Lord did not' is elliptical; the object is implied from context.","The Coptic 'ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ⲣⲟⲓ' could refer to the patriarchs or a previous group; the reading assumes the patriarchs."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Dialogue: the passage is carried by direct speech and the verbs that introduce it. Speech boundaries are the translator's punctuation, not the manuscript's."}]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"ⲓⲁ̄ⲕⲱⲃ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲣⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ • ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ\nⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ̄ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉϩⲩⲡⲟⲙⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲉ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲛⲧ̄ⲙⲁⲓ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲙⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲧⲃ̄ⲃⲟ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲑⲃ̄ⲃⲓⲟ̄ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲙ̄ⲣⲁϣ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲛⲥⲙⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲇⲓⲁⲑⲩⲕⲏ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲉⲕⲕⲩⲣⲓⲥⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ\nⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ̄ • ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲉⲓ ⲛⲁⲩ : ϩⲟⲥⲟⲛ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲉ\nⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ • [ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ\nⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ¹ •] ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲡⲱϩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ |\nⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲛ ⲉ ⲁϥⲧⲣⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣ︦ⲝ︦ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲕ̄ⲉⲓ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲧⲁⲩⲟ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ\nⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ϫⲓ̄ⲛ ϩⲣⲟⲩⲃⲏⲛ ϣⲁ ⲃⲉⲛⲉⲁⲙⲉⲓⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲓ̈ⲱⲥⲏⲫ\nϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲁⲧ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ϯⲣ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲉ\nⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ϫⲓⲛϭⲟⲛⲥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲁⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓⲕⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲕⲓⲁ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲁ ϩⲏⲧ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ • ⲡⲉⲧⲛⲁϫⲓⲧϥ̄ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nϩⲱⲱϥ ⲁⲁⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ • ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ •","english":"...they saw me, they rejoiced with me. He said, \"I do not know them, Paul.\" I said, \"My Lord did not.\" He said to me, \"These are the fathers of the people: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.\" At that moment when they saw me, the\n\nJacob, the beloved of God. In knowing God in the world, God did not grieve us. Blessed are those people who will believe through you, for they will endure God with hardship and with philanthropy, and with purity and with humility, and with joy and with faith inward toward God. But we establish a covenant in this which is proclaimed: \"Those people who will believe through you, we are the ones who will serve them.\" As long as these words, I looked at each one. I saw also the twelve who had come. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"These are the patriarchs.\" At that moment they approached me and greeted me, and they said to me, \"Hail, Paul, the beloved of God and of people.\" God did not grieve us, for he caused us to see you in the flesh before you came out of the body. And each one announced his name to me, from Reuben to Benjamin. Joseph said, \"I am Joseph, the one who was sold. I bear witness to you, Paul, that all the sufferings I endured and the injustices they did to me, I did not keep any malice in my heart toward them for a single day. For whoever endures injustice for the sake of God, God himself does it for him many times over when he comes out of the body.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ (from Greek πίστις) is rendered 'faith' here, but the phrase ⲟⲩⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ suggests 'faithfulness inward toward God', aligning with the glossary's note on reliability.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (Greek σῶμα) appears twice: once in the phrase 'came out of the body' (ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ), referring to death, consistent with the glossary's note on the corpse in martyrdom contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓ̈ⲱⲥⲏⲫ","severity":"info","text":"Joseph's speech echoes Genesis 45:1-15, where Joseph reveals himself to his brothers and forgives them. The phrase 'I did not keep any malice' (ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓⲕⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲕⲓⲁ) parallels the biblical narrative of reconciliation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ (Greek πατριάρχης) refers to the biblical patriarchs, here listed from Reuben to Benjamin, the twelve sons of Jacob. This list is standard in Jewish and Christian tradition, but its inclusion in a vision of Paul is distinctive.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a dialogue with the angel to a catalogue of patriarchs, each announcing his name. This structural pattern—vision, question, list—is typical of apocryphal journeys, as seen in the Apocalypse of Paul.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Joseph's testimony about enduring injustice for God's sake and receiving reward 'many times over' after death reflects a theme of divine justice common in Coptic martyrdom literature, influencing later hagiographies.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ϥⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲛ (God did not grieve us) is ambiguous: it could mean God did not cause us grief, or that God did not grieve over us. The context of the patriarchs' joy suggests the former.","The repetition of ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ in the Coptic (lines 10-11) may be a scribal dittography; the English draft omits the duplicate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲉ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲟⲩⲁ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ\nⲣⲟϥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲕ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲡⲛⲟⲙⲟⲑⲉⲧⲏⲥ • ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲁ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϯ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ϥⲡⲱϩ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ\nⲁϥⲣⲓ̈ⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲉⲕⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄","english":"While he was speaking with me, I looked up and saw another one, with his angel singing hymns to him. I said to the angel, “Who is this, whose appearance is so glorious?” He said to me, “Do you not know this one?” I said to him, “My Lord did not.” He said to me, “This is Moses the lawgiver, to whom God gave the law.” And when he reached me, he greeted me and wept. I said to him, “Why are you weeping?” I heard","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The angel here is a guide in the otherworldly vision, a common role in apocryphal apocalypses. The Coptic term is a loan from Greek ἄγγελος.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul refers to his 'Lord' (ⲡⲁϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ), which in this context likely means Christ, consistent with the angelic guide's role in revealing figures to Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲡⲛⲟⲙⲟⲑⲉⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Moses is identified as 'the lawgiver' (ⲡⲛⲟⲙⲟⲑⲉⲧⲏⲥ, Greek νομοθέτης), to whom God gave the law. This echoes the biblical tradition of Moses receiving the Torah on Sinai (Exodus 24:12).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'whose appearance is so glorious' (ⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ) uses ϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ (Greek εἰκών) for 'form' or 'image', a term common in visionary literature for the radiant appearance of blessed figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the dialogue pattern of the vision, with Paul questioning the angel and receiving identifications of biblical figures, a typical structure in apocryphal apocalypses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The appearance of Moses weeping in the afterlife is a motif found in other Coptic apocrypha, such as the Apocalypse of Paul, where patriarchs lament the sins of humanity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Budge 1915"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'My Lord did not' (ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ) is elliptical; it is unclear whether Paul means his Lord did not know the figure or did not tell him. The English draft interprets it as 'did not know'.","The Coptic ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ at the end is cut off; the sense is 'I heard' but the object is lost in the passage break."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲕ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲙ̄ⲣⲁϣ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉϥϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ : ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲧⲱϭⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲧⲟϭⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩϫⲉ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ\nⲟⲩϯ ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⁖ ⲛⲁⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ϯ ⲙⲟⲟⲛⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ | ⲁⲩϫⲱⲱ̄ⲣⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ϣⲱⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲛⲁϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁⲓⲁⲁⲩ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ ⲡⲓ̈ⲏ︦ⲗ︦\nⲁⲩⲥⲱⲣⲙ̄ • ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲙ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁⲓⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ︦ⲙ︦ⲙⲁⲩ ϩ︦ⲛ︦\nⲧⲉⲣⲏⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉⲓⲣ̄ ϣⲡⲏⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲁⲗⲗⲟⲫⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲁⲧ ⲥⲃ̄ⲃⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲣⲉϥϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲉⲓⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ • ⲛⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲓⲥⲣⲁⲏ︦ⲗ︦ • ϯⲣ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲥ̄ⳁⲟ︥ⲩ\nⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛⲉⲣⲉ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏ︦ⲗ︦\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲩⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲡⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁϣⲉ ⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ • ⲛⲉⲩϫⲱⲣⲙ̄ ⲟⲩⲃⲏⲓ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ ϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ̄\nⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲣ̄ ⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛⲁⲓⲁ̄ⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ\nⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲕ • ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲧⲁϣⲉⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ :\nϨⲟⲥⲟⲛ ⲉ̄ⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲥ ⲕⲉ ⲙⲛⲧ̄ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲁⲩⲉⲓ\nⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲉ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲡⲱϩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲗⲏⲑⲱⲥ\nⲁⲕϫⲓ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ ⲛⲓⲙ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲁ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲏ̄ⲥⲁⲓⲁⲥ • ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲁ ⲙⲁⲛⲁⲥⲥⲏ ⲟⲩⲁⲥⲧϥ̄\nϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲗⲁⲛⲑⲉ ⲛ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ •","english":"You are more blessed than any man on earth.” Moses said to me, “I weep because I was unable to plant the root of salvation, nor did they give fruit. My sheep, whom I tended, have scattered like those who have no shepherd. All the sufferings I endured with the children of Israel have been in vain. All the strength I exerted with them in the wilderness has been of no use. I am amazed at the foreigners, the uncircumcised, and the idolaters who will enter into the inheritance of Israel. I bear witness to you, O Paul, that at the time they crucified the Son of God, Michael and Gabriel and the angels, and Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and all the righteous were weeping. The Son of God was raised on the wood of the cross. They were shouting against me, saying, ‘Moses, look at your people! What have they done to the Son of God?’ Blessed are you, O Paul, and blessed is the people who will listen to you, those who will believe in your proclamation.”\n\nWhile he was speaking, behold, twelve others came from the east, and they stood at the door. They said to me, “You are Paul, the beloved of God. Truly you have received glory in heaven and on earth.” I said to them, “Who are you?” They said, “We are the prophets.” One said, “I am Isaiah, whom Manasseh sawed in half with a wooden saw.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek καρπός; here in the homiletic allegory of Moses' ministry, 'fruit' signifies the spiritual yield of his labor, i.e., salvation or faithful followers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Son of God' (ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) refers to Jesus; the crucifixion account echoes the Gospel narratives (e.g., Matt 27:35, Mark 15:24).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲛⲁⲥⲥⲏ","severity":"info","text":"Manasseh (ⲙⲁⲛⲁⲥⲥⲏ) is the Judean king who, according to tradition (2 Kgs 21; 2 Chr 33), martyred Isaiah by sawing him in half; this detail appears in the Martyrdom of Isaiah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲟⲥⲟⲛ ⲉ̄ⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'While he was speaking' (ϩⲟⲥⲟⲛ ⲉ̄ⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ) marks a narrative transition, introducing a new visionary episode with the twelve prophets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul is addressed as 'beloved of God' (ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) and praised for his glory in heaven and on earth, reflecting the high esteem for Paul in Coptic apocryphal literature.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲧⲱϭⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲛⲁⲧⲱϭⲉ (I was unable) is a negative perfect; the phrase 'plant the root of salvation' is metaphorical, but the exact sense of 'root' (ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ) may be ambiguous—could mean 'foundation' or 'origin'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛⲁⲧⲱϭⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲧⲟϭⲟⲩ' is syntactically ambiguous: it could mean 'I was unable to plant them' (the sheep) or 'I was unable to plant' (the root). The translation takes the latter.","The identity of the 'twelve others' (ⲕⲉ ⲙⲛⲧ̄ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ) is not explicitly named as prophets until later; the text leaves open whether they are the twelve minor prophets or a different group."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","text":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ → “prophet”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ → “cross”. Greek σταυρός: the instrument of execution, and by extension the suffering it names. In martyrdom texts it is the mode of death, not a devotional object."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","text":"ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (crucifixion); this passage takes it as “cross”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ\nⲓ̈ⲉⲣⲉⲙⲓⲁⲥ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲛϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲗ︦ ⲛⲉϫ ⲱⲛⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ\nϣⲁⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧϥ̄ • | ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁ̄ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ\nⲓⲉⲍⲉⲕⲏⲓ̈ⲗ • ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲁ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲗ︦ ⲁⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ︦ϥ︦ⲟⲩⲣⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲥⲱⲕ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲭⲁⲗⲁⲝ ⲉⲧ ϫⲟⲟⲥⲉ\nϣⲁⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϩⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁ ⲁⲡⲉ • ⲛⲉⲓ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ • ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲧⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲏ︦ⲗ︦ ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ • ϯⲣ̄\nⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ϫⲉ ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩϯ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲓⲏ︦ⲗ︦ • ϣⲁⲓⲡⲁϩⲧ̄ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϩⲟ ⲧⲁⲧⲱ︦ⲃ︦ϩ︦ ⲉ ϫⲱⲟⲩ • ϫⲓⲛ","english":"The other one said, “I am Jeremiah, he whom the children of Israel stoned until they killed him.” The other one said, “I am Ezekiel, he whom the children of Israel seized by his feet and dragged him over the rocks that are high until his head was broken open. All these sufferings I endured, desiring that Israel might be saved. I bear witness to you that the children of Israel used to inflict sufferings on me. I would fall upon my face, praying for them, from","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the series of Old Testament prophets lamenting their treatment by Israel, now with Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Jeremiah claims he was stoned to death by the children of Israel, a detail not found in the biblical account.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲉⲣⲉⲙⲓⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Jeremiah's stoning is unattested in the canonical book of Jeremiah; tradition holds he was stoned by Jews in Egypt (e.g., Lives of the Prophets). The Coptic text adapts this tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲉⲍⲉⲕⲏⲓ̈ⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Ezekiel's death by being dragged over rocks until his head is broken open echoes the account in the Lives of the Prophets, where he is killed by a Jewish leader in Babylon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of prophets being rejected by their own people is common in Jewish and Christian apocryphal literature, serving to highlight Israel's ingratitude and the prophets' suffering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of self-introductions by prophets, each beginning with 'I am X, he whom the children of Israel...', creating a repetitive lament pattern.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the other one' is ambiguous; it may refer to a previously introduced speaker or a new figure. The Coptic does not specify which prophet is speaking first.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the other one' (ⲡⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁ) is unclear; it may be a new speaker or a continuation from the previous passage.","The Coptic text has a lacuna or unclear reading at the end of the passage ('ϫⲓⲛ'), which may indicate a break or continuation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"ⲡⲣⲁⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁⲕⲏ • ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄\nⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲉ • ⲉⲓⲡⲁϩⲧ̄ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϩⲟ • ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ ⲙⲓ̈ⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲉⲓ\nⲛϥ̄ⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ̄ ϩⲓ̈ϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲟ̄ⲧⲕ̄ • ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ̈ • ⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲟⲩⲁ̄\nⲉⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ ⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲣⲁϣⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲗⲱⲧ • ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲇⲱⲙⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲅⲟⲙⲟⲣⲣⲁ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ\nϥⲡⲱϩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ • ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉϥⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ϫⲉ\nⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲥ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲗⲱⲧ ⲡⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ\nⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϭⲁⲗⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ\nϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲣ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩ • ⲁⲓϥⲓ ⲛ ⲧⲁ ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ\nⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲥⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲁⲓⲧⲁⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲩ : | ϫⲉ ϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲭⲣⲱ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲉ̄ⲧⲉϩⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ • ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲣ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲓ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲁ ⲧⲁ ⲟⲩⲉϩⲥⲟⲓ • ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲛⲁⲁⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲧⲟⲟⲃⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ : ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ\nⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ̄ • ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣ︦ⲧ︦ ⲉ̄ ⲕⲉ\nⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲙ ⲡⲟⲩⲉ ⲉⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ ⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲣ̄\nⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓ︦ⲛ︦ ⲉϥⲛⲟⲧⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲃⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ\nⲣⲟϥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ •","english":"the rest of the Lord's Day, until the entire Sabbath\none image, I fell upon my face, until Michael came\nand raised me up upon the earth. Blessed are you, O Paul, and\nblessed is the nation that will believe through you, as if these words are with me. Another came,\nvery beautiful in his form. I said to the angel,\n\"Who is this, my Lord, that I saw rejoicing?\" The angel said to me,\n\"This is Lot. In the time of Sodom and Gomorrah,\nand when he reached me, he said to me, greeting me,\n'Blessed are you, O Paul, and blessed is your generation.' He said to me, 'I am Lot, who was in the city\nof the impious, with angels calling to me like\nthese strangers, when the people of the city rose up\nto do evil to them. I took my two daughters,\nvirgins whom no male had known, and\nI gave them to them, saying, \"Take them, and do with them as you wish; only do not do evil to these strangers\nwho came in under my roof.\" Now, each one who sees them in this world,\nGod will multiply them for himself many times. Blessed are you, O Paul, and blessed is the nation that will believe through you, as if this word is with me.' I looked at another\nwho came very beautiful, his face shining,\nsmiling, with angels hymning to him. I said to the angel,","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (παρθένος) is used here in the technical sense of 'virgin', referring to Lot's daughters who have not known a male. This aligns with the fixed Marian usage in Coptic, not the broader 'young woman'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (ἄγγελος) appears multiple times, consistently meaning 'angel' in the supernatural sense, as the beings who call to Lot and hymn the next figure. No human messenger is intended.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ (ἔθνος) in the phrase ⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ is singular, meaning 'the nation' that will believe through Paul. In context, it likely refers to the Gentiles as a category, though the singular form is used.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲗⲱⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The figure of Lot and the story of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19) are adapted: Lot offers his virgin daughters to the angelic strangers to protect them, a detail not in the biblical account. This reflects a haggadic expansion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul is presented as a visionary receiving revelations from biblical figures. The blessing formula 'Blessed are you, O Paul, and blessed is the nation that will believe through you' echoes the apostolic commissioning theme common in Coptic apocrypha.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue within a vision: Paul questions the angel, who identifies Lot, and Lot then speaks directly to Paul. The repeated blessing formula frames the encounter as a series of beatitudes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲣⲁⲥⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁⲕⲏ • ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ is obscure: it may mean 'the rest of the Lord's Day until the entire Sabbath' or refer to a period of fasting or vigil. The Coptic is ambiguous.","The identity of the 'other' who comes after Lot is not given in this passage; the text breaks off with Paul asking the angel. The figure may be a further biblical patriarch or saint."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲙⲟⲟ̄ϣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓ̈ⲟⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲙⲉⲩⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛⲓⲙ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ϥⲡⲱϩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ\nⲁϥⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲕⲧⲁⲓⲏⲩ ⲱ̄\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲡⲉ ⲓⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓϣⲉⲡ ⲛⲉⲓ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲡⲗⲩⲅⲏ • ⲉ\nⲁⲓⲣ̄ ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ • ⲡⲥⲁϣ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲏⲩ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲱⲱⲧ • ⲉϥⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲧϭⲟⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲃⲁ̄ⲃⲓⲗⲓ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲟ̄ • ϩⲓⲧⲛ̄","english":"...that an angel would walk with each of the righteous. He said to me, \"All the angels sing praises to them, and they are never separated from them at any time.\" And when he reached me, he greeted me. He said to me, \"You are honored, O Paul, the beloved of God and of men. I am Job, who endured all these sufferings in the plagues, for I spent forty years within it, the worm that comes forth from my body, which is as strong as a Babylonian measure of wheat, by...","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓ̈ⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek δίκαιος, 'righteous ones', here a substantive plural. In Coptic apocalyptic literature it often designates the blessed dead or saints.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲥⲁϣ","severity":"info","text":"Sahidic ⲥⲁϣ means 'worm' or 'maggot'. The reference is to the sores of Job, described in the Septuagint and later hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲱⲃ","severity":"info","text":"Job appears as a speaker, recounting his sufferings. The forty years and the worm are not in the canonical book but are found in the Testament of Job and Coptic Job traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲃⲁ̄ⲃⲓⲗⲓ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲟ̄","severity":"info","text":"A 'Babylonian measure of wheat' (ⲃⲁ̄ⲃⲓⲗⲓ) is a unit of capacity, likely the Greek μόδιος or artaba, used here as a simile for the worm's size.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a dialogue within the vision: the angel explains the angels' constant attendance on the righteous, then Job greets Paul and recounts his own ordeal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓϣⲉⲡ ⲛⲉⲓ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ could be read as 'who received all these sufferings' or 'who endured all these sufferings'; the latter is adopted.","The phrase ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ (line 8) is ambiguous: 'within it' (the body) or 'within him' (Job); context favours the body."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"ϣⲟⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲟⲩ • ϣⲁϥⲣ̄ ⲧϭⲟⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲡ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲱ̄• ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ϥⲛ̄ⲧ\nⲉϣⲁⲩⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲥⲁϣ • ⲛⲉϣⲁⲓϣⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲥⲉⲣ̄ ⲟⲩϣⲟⲡ\nⲛ̄ ϩⲓⲏ • ⲁ ⲡⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̄ ϣⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ :-[fifty-two pages wanting]|▨ⲕ ϩⲁ ⲧⲉⲥϩⲏ\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲱ ⲧⲧⲁⲗⲁⲓⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲯⲩⲭⲏ • ⲛ\nⲟⲩⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲣ̄ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϩⲟ[ⲟ]ⲩ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩϣⲏ • ϯϫⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲙⲏⲏⲛⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ\nⲡⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲁⲛ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉϥϩⲱⲛ\nⲉ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲗⲟ ⲉⲕⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲙⲉϣⲁⲕ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲁⲓⲣ̄ ϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲟ\nⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲟⲩ • ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁ\nⲡⲉⲥⲡⲛⲁ̄ ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲧⲧⲁⲗⲁⲓⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ [ⲙ̄] ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ϯ ⲙ̄ⲧ]ⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲕⲟⲩⲓ [ⲛⲟ]ⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁⲓⲁⲁϥ [ⲁⲓϯ]ϭⲁⲗⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲟ • ⲉⲓⲉ ⲙ̄▨▨ⲥⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ ⲱ̄\nⲧⲧⲁ[ⲗⲁⲓ]ⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ▨▨▨ⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲁ ⲛⲟⲩ▨▨▨\nⲱⲱⲛ • ⲏ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩϩⲏⲧ ⲕⲧⲟϥ • ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲛⲓϥⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲓϥⲉ ⲛ ⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄\nⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲉ • ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲙⲙⲉ • ⲛ̄ ϯⲛⲁⲕⲱ ⲁⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲓ̈ⲣ̄ ϣⲙ̄ⲙⲟ ⲉ ⲣⲟ ⲙⲡⲟⲟⲩ\nⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲣⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ • ⲁ ⲡⲉⲥⲡⲛ︦︦ⲁ︦ ϫⲡⲓⲟⲥ • ⲁ ⲡⲉⲥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲑⲗⲓⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲛⲉⲝⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲉⲩⲛⲁϫⲓⲧⲥ̄ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ • ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲁ ⲧⲉⲃϣⲉ ⲉⲓ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲕⲁⲧⲁⲗⲁⲗⲓⲁ̄ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲣⲡ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲝⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁⲕⲉ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟ̄ⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ\nϩⲉⲛϩⲱⲕ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ ⲉⲩⲙⲟⲩϩ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩ︤ⲧ︥ ⲧⲟ ϩⲓⲱⲟⲩ •","english":"...three days. He would take hold of a cup of wine, and bring it, and they would come out from the marshes. I would carry them, and they would make a path. The devil appeared to me three times, saying:—[fifty-two pages wanting]—...behind her, saying to her, \"O wretched soul, the evils that you do by day and by night, I take them continually to the feet of God, not because of your will, but because of the will of God.\" He reaches out his hand, saying, \"Do not cease to serve them. Perhaps they will turn back and repent. Behold, I have become a stranger to them today. Let us go to the feet of your true judge.\" And her spirit came out from her, saying, \"O wretched soul, do not give me rest for the little time that I have done. I have thrown a veil over you. Let... you, O wretched soul... arise under... or did your heart not turn? For there are breaths of life of God within. Let us go to the feet of your true judge. I will not leave you. I have become a stranger to them today, and you have done to me.\" Her spirit was silent. Her angel afflicted her. Immediately the authorities stood up, about to take her up into the sky. Suffering upon suffering, the shame came out from her, along with the slander, and the spirit of deceit, and the authorities of darkness. Some faces of mine, with lips filled with fire upon them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The devil appears three times, a motif of adversarial testing in apocalyptic visions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The soul is addressed as 'wretched' (ⲧⲧⲁⲗⲁⲓⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ), a common epithet in penitential contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"God is the recipient of the soul's evil deeds, brought to his feet by the devil.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The soul is taken up into heaven (ⲧⲡⲉ), the abode of God in this text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The passage contains a lacuna of fifty-two pages, marked by '▨', making the narrative discontinuous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a first-person narrative (Paul) to a dialogue between the devil and a soul, then to the soul's spirit and angel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'her' (ⲧⲉⲥϩⲏ) in the devil's speech is unclear; it may refer to a specific soul or a generic figure.","The phrase 'fifty-two pages wanting' indicates a major lacuna, leaving the context of the devil's appearance uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"ⲉⲣⲉ\nϩⲉⲛⲥⲏϥⲉ ⲛ̄ⲕⲱⲛⲥ̄ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩϭⲓϫ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲥⲉ\nⲉ̄ⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϭⲓϫ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲡ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲁⲡⲏⲩⲉ :-|ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲙⲉⲣⲉϩⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲕⲱⲛⲥ̄ ⲛ ⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟ ⲛ̄ⲁⲣⲝ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲃⲁⲗ ⲛⲉϫ ⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ\nⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲩ ⲥⲁ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲟⲣⲅⲏ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩϩⲟ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϭ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲟⲩ • ⲉⲩⲥⲃ̄ⲧⲱⲧ ⲉ ϩⲓⲧⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ (sic) ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲉⲩϯ ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲟⲩ : ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟ\nⲛ̄ⲇⲣⲁⲕⲟⲛ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲡⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲣⲱⲟⲩ : ⲙⲛ̄","english":"...three days. He would take hold of a cup of wine, and bring it, and they would come out from the marshes. I would carry them, and they would make a path. The devil appeared to me three times, saying:—[fifty-two pages w\n\nThere are swords of injustice in their hands. Some have the faces of calves. Their hands are like those of men. There are great heads of fire upon their heads. There are serpents in their hands, twisted around the souls of sinners among them. Some have faces of bears, their eyes casting fire outward to his side. Wrath is present in their face. There are great fangs of the canine in their hands, prepared to tear the body of the impious, who have not yet departed from the body. They inflict suffering upon them in the necessity of death. Some have faces of dragons, and a smoke comes forth from their mouths, and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ indicates that the impious have not yet died; the body is the site of ongoing punishment, consistent with the pinned term's ascetic sense.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ here refers to the body of the impious as the locus of torment before death, aligning with the ascetic literature sense rather than a corpse.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of hybrid tormentors (calf-faces, bear-faces, dragon-faces) and punitive instruments (swords, serpents, fire) is typical of Coptic apocryphal visions of hell, drawing on Egyptian and Jewish apocalyptic imagery.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲣⲅⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲟⲣⲅⲏ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩϩⲟ (wrath is present in their face) parallels descriptions of angelic punishers in the Apocalypse of Paul, where wrath is a visible attribute of divine agents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a catalogue of tormentors and their methods, each introduced by ⲉⲣⲉ (there are) or ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ (some), a repetitive structure typical of Coptic hell-scenes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲩ ⲥⲁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲩ ⲥⲁ (to his side) is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific sinner or to the devil mentioned in the previous passage; the antecedent is lost due to the lacuna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The antecedent of ⲡⲉϥ (his) in ⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲩ ⲥⲁ is unclear due to the preceding lacuna; it may refer to a specific sinner or to the devil.","The phrase ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲟⲩ (in their hands) in the serpent clause could be read as instrumental or possessive; the translation takes it as instrumental."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"ⲟⲩⲉⲗϩⲱ[ⲃ] ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲣⲁⲝ ⲉⲩⲟ̄ ⲛⲗⲁ (sic)\nⲛ̄ⲃⲁϣⲟⲩⲣ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩϭⲓϫ • ⲉⲩⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲓⲍⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ : ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟ ⲛ̄ϩⲃⲟⲩⲓ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲥⲁⲧ • ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ\nⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϩⲉ • ⲉⲩⲥⲃ̄ⲧⲱⲧ ⲉⲗⲱϭⲥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲯⲩ[ⲭⲏⲟⲟⲩⲉ •]\nⲉⲩⲃⲁⲍⲁⲛⲓⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲁⲧⲛⲁ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟ ⲛ̄\nⲉⲓⲱ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϩⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ⲕⲁⲕⲉ ⲧⲟ ϩⲓⲱ̄ⲟⲩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛϣⲗⲓϭ\nⲛ̄ ⲕⲱϩ︦ⲧ︦ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩϭⲓϫ • ⲉⲩϭⲱⲗϫ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲟⲟⲩⲉ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲟⲣⲅⲏ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟ ⲛⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲣⲧⲉ\nⲛⲧⲟⲟⲧⲟⲩ • ⲉⲩⲥⲱⲗ︦ⲡ︦ • ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲱⲡ • ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ⲛϩⲟ ⲛ̄ⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲗⲁⲥ ⲟ̄ ⲛ̄\nⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ • ⲉⲩⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲁϫ ⲙ̄ⲡ[ⲉ]ⲛⲓⲡⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ϣ[ⲁ]ⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁ[ⲩϩⲓ]ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̄ [ⲧⲉⲣ] ⲟⲩⲉϭⲟⲩϭⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ [ⲧⲉⲩ]ⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲟ[ⲙⲕⲟⲩ ?] ⲛ̄ⲁⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ • ⲙ[ⲛ︦ⲛ︦]ⲥⲱⲥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲕⲁⲃ[ⲱⲗ ⲙ‐]\nⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉ▨▨▨|▨▨▨ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲟⲩⲉϭ[ⲟ]ⲩϭⲟⲩ\nⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲟⲙⲕⲟⲩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲟⲓⲛⲉ ϯ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ • ⲉⲩⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲁⲧ ⲛⲁ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ • ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲝⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁⲕⲉ ⲁⲩϯ ⲡⲉⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ\nⲧⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲣⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲱ ⲧⲧⲁⲗⲁⲓⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ • ⲉⲣⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲉ • ϭⲱ ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ\nⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲉ • ⲙⲙⲟⲛ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲃⲟⲏⲑⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ\nⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲛ︦ⲙ︦ⲙⲉ • ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ ⲉⲩⲥⲙⲏ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲓⲥⲉ\nⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲓ̈[ⲛ]ⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲧⲁⲗⲁⲓⲡⲱⲣⲟⲥ\n[ⲛ̄] ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲥ▨▨ⲉⲓⲙⲉ ϫⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\n[ϣ]ⲟⲟⲡ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲛⲧⲁⲥⲕⲁⲧⲁ[ⲫ]ⲣⲟⲛⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩ[ⲛ]ⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲣ̄ ⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄[ⲧ]ⲡⲉ •","english":"...a work and a fire. There are ravens that are like...\n...with chains in their hands, tormenting these souls\namong them. Some have faces of beasts, with arrows\namong them like these reeds, prepared to tear the souls.\nThey torment them mercilessly. Some have faces of\ndonkeys, with hooks of darkness upon them, with torches\nof fire in their hands, burning the souls in\nanger. Some have faces of crocodiles, with great fangs\nin their hands, tearing apart the limbs of the soul\nin secret. Some have faces of wild beasts, whose tongues are of\nfire, outside their mouths, with their lips covering them.\nThose there seize the souls and chew them in their mouths.\nThey swallow them for an hour, then they release them\nin the... Others also chew\nthem, and they swallow them. Some give them to others,\nwho are without mercy towards the souls of sinners.\nThen the powers of darkness gave their attention to\nthe soul. They said to her, \"Where are you going, O wretched\nsoul? Where are you going to heaven? Stay, let us see\nif you have anything within you. There is no helper who is holy\nto walk with me.\" I heard a voice from above\nsaying, \"Bring this wretched\nsoul up, that she may know that God\nexists, whom she despised.\" Immediately she was brought into heaven.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ψυχή appears repeatedly, rendered 'soul' throughout. In this passage it denotes the post-mortem entity undergoing punishment, consistent with the glossary's sense of the soul that survives death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) names the Christian God, as in the voice from heaven: 'that she may know that God exists, whom she despised.'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲧⲡⲉ is rendered 'heaven' as the abode of God, consistent with the glossary. The soul is asked 'Where are you going to heaven?' and is ultimately brought up into heaven.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The catalogue of demonic torturers with animal faces (beasts, donkeys, crocodiles, wild beasts) and fiery weapons is typical of apocalyptic judgment scenes in Coptic apocrypha, drawing on Egyptian and Jewish traditions of the underworld.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a descriptive catalogue of punishments to a dramatic dialogue: the powers of darkness address the soul, and a voice from heaven intervenes, marking a narrative pivot from static torment to the soul's redemption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has several lacunae and uncertain readings (e.g., ⲛ̄ⲃⲁϣⲟⲩⲣ, ⲉⲩⲥⲃ̄ⲧⲱⲧ ⲉⲗⲱϭⲥ̄, and the broken line after ⲧⲉ▨▨▨|▨▨▨ⲉ). The English draft supplies plausible reconstructions, but the precise sequence of tortures remains uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛ̄ⲃⲁϣⲟⲩⲣ is unclear; the draft reads 'chains', but the Coptic may be corrupt. The lacuna after ⲧⲉ▨▨▨|▨▨▨ⲉ leaves the location of the release uncertain. The reading ⲉⲩⲥⲃ̄ⲧⲱⲧ ⲉⲗⲱϭⲥ̄ is conjectural; the draft renders 'prepared to tear'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛ[ⲁⲅⲅ]ⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙⲓⲱ̄ ⲁⲛ ⲱ̄ ⲧⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩϩⲃⲏⲩⲉ̄ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲁⲁⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲛⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲁ ⲣⲱⲥ ⲧⲱⲙ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲥⲉϣϫⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϣⲁϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲛ︦ⲙ︦ⲙⲁⲓ ⲱ̄ ⲛⲁϣⲃⲏⲣ\nⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̄ⲧⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉ ϯϭⲁⲗⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϥⲓⲧⲥ̄\nϥⲓⲧⲥ̄ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲛⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ϫⲉ ϫⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ","english":"I heard angels and archangels doing penance. They said, \"Woe to us, O soul, because of all the deeds we did in the world.\" At that moment, her mouth was sealed. They could not speak a word before God. Her angel said, \"Weep with me, O my fellow angels, because they did not give rest to the soul, for they cast her into the abyss.\" The angels answered, \"Take her, take her from among us, for from the time we saw","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛ[ⲁⲅⲅ]ⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'doing penance' (ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ) is a Coptic idiom for repentance or self-abasement, not a literal act of counting. The repetition intensifies the sense of repeated or severe penance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (soul) is a Greek loanword (ψυχή). In this passage it refers to the individual soul undergoing judgment, consistent with the afterlife context. The angels address the soul directly, personifying it.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) with the definite article is the standard Coptic Christian term for the one God. Here it appears in the phrase 'before God' (ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ), indicating the divine presence before which the angels cannot speak.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of angels and archangels doing penance for their deeds in the world is unusual in early Christian apocrypha. It may reflect a monastic or ascetic milieu where even celestial beings are subject to repentance.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲁⲁⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲣⲁⲁⲩ (we did) is a first-person plural perfect. The English draft renders it as 'we did', but the subject is ambiguous: it could be the angels speaking of their own deeds, or a generic 'we' including the soul. The context favors the angels' self-accusation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit within a longer vision of the afterlife. The sealing of the soul's mouth (ⲁ ⲣⲱⲥ ⲧⲱⲙ) and the angels' plea to remove her from their midst mark a dramatic turning point in the judgment scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker of 'I heard' (ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄) is not specified; it may be the apostle Paul or a visionary narrator.","The phrase 'her mouth was sealed' (ⲁ ⲣⲱⲥ ⲧⲱⲙ) could refer to the soul's inability to speak or to the angels' silence; the Coptic pronoun ⲥ (her) likely refers to the soul (ⲯⲩⲭⲏ, feminine).","The final clause 'from the time we saw' (ϫⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ) is incomplete in the surviving text; the object of 'saw' is lost."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"ⲣⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲥϯ ⲃⲱⲛ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲛⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩϫⲓ̈ⲧⲥ̄\nⲉ ⲧⲣ︦ⲥ︦ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲧ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲁⲙⲓⲟⲥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ :-| ⲁ ⲡⲉⲥⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲩⲙⲁⲛⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϫ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲡⲡⲁⲛⲧⲱⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ • ⲉⲓⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲥϩⲃⲏⲩⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁ ⲧⲉⲩϣⲏ :\nⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲥϩⲁⲡ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲡⲛⲁ̄ • ϫⲉ\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ̄ ⲡⲛⲓϥⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲉⲧ ϭⲁⲗⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲥϩⲁⲡ • ⲁ ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲱⲟⲩ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁⲣⲁⲁⲩ • ⲙⲏ ⲁⲓⲡⲟⲣϫⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲛⲁⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲁ ⲣⲏ ϣⲁⲥϫⲱ ⲁⲛ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ : ⲁ ⲧⲉⲥⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲱⲙ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲥϭⲛ̄ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲉ ϫⲱ : ⲁ ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩ[ⲧⲉ]\nϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ϫⲓ ϩⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲩϩⲁⲡ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ ⲡⲉ ϣⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲉ • ⲡⲉϣⲁϥⲣ̄\nⲧⲙⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲣ ⲧⲙⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁϥ • ⲡⲉϣⲁϥⲣ̄ ⲡⲛⲁ ϣⲁⲩⲣ̄ ⲡⲛⲁ\nⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁϥ • ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲧⲁⲁⲥ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲁϥⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲟⲩⲭⲟⲥ\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲛϥ̄ⲛⲟϫⲥ̄ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲕⲁⲕⲉ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓ\nⲃⲟⲗ • ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϭⲁϩϭϩ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲃϩⲉ • ϣⲁ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓ̈ⲥ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ\nⲡⲉϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲉⲛⲁⲅ[ⲅⲉ]ⲗⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲁⲣⲭ[ⲁⲅ]ⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲉⲩϫⲱ [ⲙ]ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲕ̄ ⲟⲩⲇ[ⲓⲕⲁⲓ]ⲟⲥ ⲡϫⲥ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲉ[ⲛ]ⲙⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲕϩⲁⲡ • ⲙ[ⲛ̄]ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲥ ⲟⲛ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ [ⲁ]ⲛⲟⲕ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ | ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ •","english":"I heard angels and archangels doing penance. They said, \"Woe to us, O soul, because of all the deeds we did in the world.\" At that moment, her mouth was sealed. They could not speak a word before God. Her angel said, \"We\n\n...a great measure of shame occurred among us. They brought her to worship before God, who created her according to his image and his likeness. Her angel signified, saying, \"Lord God, the Pantocrator, I am the angel of this soul. I bring you her deeds of the day and of the night. Judge her according to her judgment.\" Her spirit said, \"I am the spirit, the breath of life that is poured out to the measure. Judge her according to her judgment.\" The voice of God came about, saying, \"All the good things that she did, did I separate them from the righteous for a single day? My sun does not set with the righteous and all the chosen ones.\" Her mouth was sealed; she could not find a word to say. The voice of God came about, saying, \"There is no shame before God, and a true judgment will come about. He does truth; they do truth with him. He does mercy; they do mercy with him. They will give her into the hand of the angel over the punishments. He will cast her into the outer darkness, the place where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth, until the day of the great judgment. But I heard the voice of angels and archangels saying, 'You are righteous, Lord, and your judgments are true.' After that, I also looked, I Paul, at another soul that was brought out of a body.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The definite article ⲡ- marks ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ as the Christian God, consistent with the monotheistic context of the judgment scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"Here ⲯⲩⲭⲏ refers to the disembodied soul undergoing judgment, not the living person, as it is brought out of the body (ⲥⲱⲙⲁ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϥⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'according to his image and his likeness' echoes Genesis 1:26 (LXX), a common topos in early Christian anthropology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲡⲁⲛⲧⲱⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'Pantocrator' (παντοκράτωρ) is a Greek epithet for God as all-ruler, frequent in liturgical and apocryphal texts from the 4th century onward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The first-person narrator identifies himself as Paul, framing the vision as an apostolic revelation, a common device in apocryphal apocalypses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲥϯ ⲃⲱⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a great measure of shame' is uncertain; ⲥϯ ⲃⲱⲛ may be a scribal error or a rare compound. The reading follows the English draft's sense of shame.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲥϯ ⲃⲱⲛ is obscure; it may be a corruption or a non-standard expression for 'shame' or 'disgrace'.","The sequence ⲁⲩϫⲓ̈ⲧⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲣ︦ⲥ︦ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲧ̄ could be read as 'they brought her to worship' or 'they brought her so that she might worship'; the Coptic infinitive is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"ⲉⲩⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ : ⲉⲥⲣⲓ̈ⲙⲉ ⲉⲥ (sic) ⲉⲥⲱϣ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ • ⲡⲁ\nⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲡⲟⲟⲩ ϫⲓⲛ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲁⲧ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲓ ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ : ⲁⲩϫⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲙⲁ ⲛ̄\nϯⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲣ̄ ⲟⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲱⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲧ ⲛⲁ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲁⲧ ⲛⲁ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲧ ⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ : [ⲙ̄]ⲡ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ [ⲥⲟ]ⲩⲧⲱⲛ ⲛ︦ⲙ︦ⲙⲉ • [ⲙ̄]ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲩⲁ̄ⲛ]ⲁⲅⲕⲏ • ϩⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟ[ⲅ]ⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲟⲃⲉ","english":"Two angels stood before her. She was weeping and crying out, saying, \"Woe to me, O my judge! It has been seven days since I died. They handed me over to this angel. They took me to places I do not know.\" The judge answered, \"What did you do in the world? Indeed, they handed you over to these angels because you did not do what is right. You did not do what is truly right. You did not consider the necessity. Confess your sins.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The soul addresses the judge directly as 'my judge' (ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ), a rare personal appeal in judgment scenes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ appears twice: first as two angels standing before the soul, then as a single angel to whom she is handed. The fixed rendering 'angel' is retained throughout.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the soul's lament to the judge's interrogation, marked by ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ (he answered). This dialogic structure is typical of judgment narratives in Coptic apocrypha.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is damaged: [ⲙ̄]ⲡ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ [ⲥⲟ]ⲩⲧⲱⲛ is a repeated phrase with lacunae; the English draft supplies 'you did not do what is right' but the exact wording is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The seven-day interval since death (ⲡⲟⲟⲩ ϫⲓⲛ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩ) reflects a common motif in early Christian and Jewish apocalyptic literature, where the soul's judgment occurs after a week.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the two angels (ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ) is unclear: they may be accusing or escorting angels. The judge's reference to 'these angels' (ϩⲉⲛⲁⲧ ⲛⲁ) suggests they are punitive, but the text does not specify.","The phrase ⲉⲥⲣⲓ̈ⲙⲉ ⲉⲥ (sic) ⲉⲥⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ may be a scribal duplication; the English draft reads 'weeping and crying out' but the Coptic has an extra ⲉⲥ."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"ⲛⲧⲁⲣ[ⲁ]ⲁⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲁⲥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ\nⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡϫⲥ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ : ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲥϫⲟⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲓⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲣⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ\nⲛⲉ ϫⲉ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ\nⲉϥϩⲱⲡ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲩⲱϥ • ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲉⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁ ⲧⲉⲥⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ ⲧⲱⲙ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ\nⲥϭⲛ̄ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲉ ϫⲱ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ\nⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉ\nⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ (sic) ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ\nⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲧⲙⲏⲏ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ : | ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲭⲉⲓ̈ⲣⲟⲅⲣⲁⲫⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫ︤ⲥ︥ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲧⲉ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲛ ⲧⲟⲟⲧ ϫⲓⲛ ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲛⲧⲕⲟⲩⲓ • ⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁ\nϫⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲣⲁⲧⲁⲩⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲥⲛⲟⲃⲉ ϫⲓⲛ ⲉⲥϩⲛ̄ ⲙⲏⲏ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲱ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄\nⲉⲓϫⲛⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲥⲛⲟⲃⲉ ϫⲓⲛ ⲉⲥϩⲛ̄ ⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ • ⲏ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲏ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲓϣⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲁⲁⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲥ̄ⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ • ϯⲱ̄ⲣⲕ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲁ ϭⲟⲙ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲛ ⲛⲧⲁⲥⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉ ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ • ⲛⲉⲓⲛⲁⲣ ⲡⲱⲃϣ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲁ ⲡⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ [ⲡⲛⲟⲩ]ⲧⲉ ⲉ̄\nⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲩ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉ\nⲧⲣⲉ ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ\nⲉ̄ⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩ •","english":"...I did them in the world. The soul answered, saying, \"My Lord, I did not sin.\" When she said, \"I did not sin,\" her judge said to her, \"Do you think that this world is such that each one sins while hiding his sin from his neighbor? But when they come before the throne of God, the sins of each one and his good deeds are revealed.\" At that moment her mouth was sealed; she could find no word to say. But I heard the true judge saying, \"Angel of the soul, come to the middle.\" At that moment the angel came to the middle, having a handwriting in his hand. He said, \"My Lord, the sins of the soul from her youth; do you wish, my Lord, that I recount her sins from when she was in the middle of her life?\" The judge said to him, \"O angel, I did not ask you about her sins from the middle of her life, nor about those from her youth. But I ask only you about the sins she did in this year in which she died. I swear by myself, and by my angels, and by my entire power, that if she repented in the year in which she died, I will blot out all her former sins which I had set aside for her.\" God called to Uriel and Souriel; he said to them, \"I wish you to bring these souls to the middle.\" At that moment they brought them.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ψυχή is rendered 'soul' throughout, as the context concerns the post-mortem judgment of the individual. The alternative sense 'life' (the living person) does not fit here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"With the definite article, ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ names the Christian God. The judge is distinct from God, who later summons the angels Uriel and Souriel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'throne of God' echoes biblical theophany scenes (e.g., Rev 4:2) and is a standard setting for judgment in apocalyptic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Uriel and Souriel are angelic figures known from Jewish and Christian apocalyptic traditions. Uriel appears in 1 Enoch; Souriel is less common but attested in Coptic magical and apocryphal texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the soul's dialogue with the judge to a narrated scene where the judge summons the angel of the soul, then God intervenes. This layered judgment (judge, then God) is a structural feature of the apocryphon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲭⲉⲓ̈ⲣⲟⲅⲣⲁⲫⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'having a handwriting in his hand' is ambiguous: it may refer to a written record of sins (a ledger) or a document of accusation. The Coptic ⲭⲉⲓ̈ⲣⲟⲅⲣⲁⲫⲟⲛ (Greek χειρόγραφον) typically means a hand-written document or bond.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲭⲉⲓ̈ⲣⲟⲅⲣⲁⲫⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄' could be read as 'having a handwriting in his hand' or 'holding a document'; the exact nature of the document (list of sins, legal writ) is not specified.","The judge's oath 'ϯⲱ̄ⲣⲕ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ' is a self-referential formula; it is unclear whether this is a standard judicial oath or a unique feature of this text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"ⲁⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲥⲥⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛⲟⲩ :\nⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲁⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ\nⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉ︦ⲓ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲣⲁⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲩ : ⲡⲉϫⲁⲥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ϫⲉ ⲱ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ\nⲟⲩⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ϫⲓ[ⲛ]ⲧ ⲁⲓϩⲱⲧⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ ⲁⲓⲡⲱϩ︤ⲧ︥ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲥⲛⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕ[ⲁϩ •] ⲁⲩⲱ ϯ ⲕⲉ ⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲁⲓϩⲱⲧⲃ̄\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲓⲁ • ⲁⲓϥⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩ[ϫⲓⲛ]|[ϭⲟ]ⲛⲥ • ⲁⲓⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲁϣⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ","english":"She saw them and recognized them. God, her judge, said to her, \"You have known these ones who were brought before you.\" She answered, \"Yes, my Lord.\" God said to her, \"What is it that you have done to them?\" The soul said, \"O my Lord, it has not been a year since I killed her. I poured out her blood upon the ground. And again, I killed her in fornication. I took everything that was hers by force. I did evil to her many times.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲥⲥⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The soul sees and recognizes the victims brought before her, a moment of confrontation that shifts the scene from denial to admission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"Here with the definite article, ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ designates God, consistent with the Christian context of the judgment scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The soul addresses the judge as ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ 'my Lord', using the social sense of 'master' appropriate to a subject addressing a superior.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲧⲉ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ refers to the soul as the speaking subject, the post-mortem entity that survives death and is judged.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲓϩⲱⲧⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The soul confesses killing 'her' (ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ), but the antecedent is unclear; it may refer to one of the victims seen earlier, or to a generic female figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The confession of murder, bloodshed, and fornication echoes themes in early Christian apocalyptic judgment scenes, such as the Apocalypse of Peter.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the victim(s) referred to by ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ is not specified; the soul may be confessing to multiple crimes against a single person or to separate acts.","The phrase ⲁⲓϩⲱⲧⲃ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲓⲁ could mean killing through fornication (e.g., abortion) or killing in a state of fornication; the Coptic is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"ⲉ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲁⲁⲩ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲕⲁⲛ ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲁ ϫⲓ\nⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛϥ̄ⲙⲟⲩ • ϣⲁⲩⲣⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ\nⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲧ ⲁϥⲣ̄ ⲡϫⲓⲛϭⲟⲛ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲁϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ϫⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ\nⲛⲉϥϩⲃⲏⲩⲉ • ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉⲩⲥⲙⲏ ⲉⲥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ϯ ⲛ̄\nⲧⲉ ⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲁⲣⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ • ⲙⲁⲣϥ̄ⲃⲁ[ⲍ]ⲁⲛⲓⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϣⲁ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄\nⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓ̈ⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲉⲩϩⲱⲥ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲕ̄ ⲟⲩⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲡϫ︤ⲥ︥ ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲉⲛⲙⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲕϩⲁⲡ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ : ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁϩⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲓ\nⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϫⲓⲧⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ • ⲉ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧ\nⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲓⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ϣⲁ ⲧⲙⲉϩ ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ • ⲁϥⲧⲁϩⲟⲓ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧ\nϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲡⲩⲗⲱⲛ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲱⲛ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲩ (sic)\nⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ̄ ⲧⲉ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲩⲃ\nϩⲓⲣⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲏ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲡⲗⲁⲝ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲩⲃ : | ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲙⲉϩ ⲛ̄ⲥ[ϩ]ⲁⲓ • ⲁϥⲕⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈\nⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛϫⲓⲧⲕ̄\nⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲡⲩⲗⲏ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲁⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉ\nⲧⲣϥ̄ⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ • ⲉⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲛⲁⲕⲁⲓⲣⲉⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲃⲁⲗϩⲏⲧ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩ ⲕⲁⲕⲓⲁ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲧⲏⲣ︦ϥ︦ •","english":"to the place of all the good things that she did with me. The judge answered, \"Even if someone commits a single act of violence and dies, they guard his mouth until the Spirit that committed the violence comes and they are set before the true judge, each one according to his deeds.\" I heard a voice saying, \"I give the soul into the hand of the Tartarouchos of Hades; let him torment her until the day of the great judgment.\" But I heard thousands upon thousands of angels, praising and blessing God, saying, \"You are righteous, Lord, and your judgments are true.\" The angel answered and said to me, \"Paul, the chosen one of God, you have seen all these things.\" I said, \"Yes, my Lord.\" He said to me, \"Follow me now, and I will take you and show you the dwelling place of all the saints.\" Then I walked with the angel; he took me to the third heaven and set me upon a gate. I saw that gate, entirely of gold. I saw two golden pillars at the gate, with golden plaques upon the pillars, filled with writing. The angel turned to me and said, \"Blessed are you, Paul, if you are brought inside this gate. It is not given to anyone to enter it except the innocent and the simple-hearted and those who have no evil at all.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲁⲣⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⲭⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek ταρταροῦχος, 'keeper of Tartarus'; a title for a demonic figure in the underworld, not a proper name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul is addressed as 'the chosen one of God' (ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ), a title that elevates his apostolic authority in the visionary narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a judgment scene to a guided tour: the angel leads Paul to the third heaven and a golden gate, marking a new topographical phase.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The golden gate with pillars and plaques echoes Jewish and early Christian heavenly-temple traditions, such as the gates of the celestial Jerusalem.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩ ⲕⲁⲕⲓⲁ̄","severity":"info","text":"The description of the innocent and simple-hearted who may enter the gate recalls Matthew 5:3 and the Beatitudes, though not a direct citation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩ (sic)","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic has ⲉⲩ (sic) after ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲱⲛ, likely a scribal error or dittography; the sense is 'that gate' without the extra word.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ is ambiguous: it may refer to the place of good deeds done with the speaker, or to the place of all good things; the translation takes the latter.","The identity of the 'Spirit that committed the violence' (ⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲧ ⲁϥⲣ̄ ⲡϫⲓⲛϭⲟⲛ︦ⲥ︦) is unclear; it may be a divine agent or a personification of the act."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲥⲏϩ ⲉ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲡⲗⲁⲝ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ\nϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲏⲣ︤ϥ︥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲣⲁⲛ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲉⲓ\nⲣⲱ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ : ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲩⲣⲁⲛ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲉⲧ ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩϩⲏⲧ\nⲧⲏⲣ︦ϥ︦ • ⲡⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲟⲛ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉⲧ ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","english":"I said to the angel, \"What are these that are written on these tablets?\" He said to me, \"These are the names of all the righteous who serve God with their whole heart.\" I said to the angel, \"My lord, are their names in heaven alone, or are they also outside in this world?\" The angel answered, he said to me, \"Not only are their names in heaven alone, but also those who serve God with their whole heart—their form is also in heaven, and the angels know him, saying, 'This is the man who serves God.'","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲗⲁⲝ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲗⲁⲝ (plax) is a Greek loanword (πλάξ) meaning 'tablet' or 'plaque', here referring to inscribed tablets in the heavenly realm. The term appears in biblical contexts for the tablets of the Law (e.g., Exod 31:18 LXX) but here denotes a celestial register of the righteous.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) is the standard Coptic designation for God in Christian texts, as per the pinned glossary. The phrase 'serve God with their whole heart' echoes a common ascetic ideal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲧⲡⲉ (heaven) is used here as the abode of God and the location of the righteous names and forms, consistent with the pinned glossary. The contrast with 'this world' (ⲡⲉⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ) reinforces a cosmological dualism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of heavenly tablets recording the names of the righteous is widespread in Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature (e.g., 1 Enoch 47:3; Rev 20:12). Here the angel adds that the righteous person's 'form' (ⲥⲙⲟⲧ) is also in heaven, implying a celestial archetype.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a dialogue unit (as per the structural classification) between the narrator and an angel. The question-and-answer format advances the revelation: the angel first identifies the tablets as a list of names, then expands the answer to include the form of the righteous in heaven.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲣⲱ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲣⲱ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ is ambiguous: it may mean 'or are they also outside' (as in the English draft) or 'or are they also revealed outside'. The reading 'outside in this world' is adopted, but the syntax is compressed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲣⲱ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ could be read as 'or are they also outside' or 'or are they also revealed outside'; the draft takes the former. The exact sense of ⲥⲙⲟⲧ ('form' or 'appearance') in the heavenly context is not further defined."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ :-ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ϥ̄ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲏ • ⲉⲓⲥ ⲟⲩϩⲗ̄ⲗⲟ\nⲛ̄ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ • ⲁϥϩⲱⲛ\nⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲱⲃⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲉϥϯ[ⲡⲉ] ⲉ\nⲣⲟⲓ • ⲙⲛ︦ⲛ︦ⲥⲱⲥ ⲁϥⲗⲟ ⲉϥⲥⲱⲃⲉ ⲁϥⲣⲓ̈ⲙⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓϣⲧⲟⲣⲧⲣ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲁϩⲣⲟⲕ\nⲉⲕⲣⲓ̈ⲙⲉ • | [ⲁϥ]ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲙⲟⲕϩ̄\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲣⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲉⲣⲏⲧ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲁϩ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲛⲁϣϫⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓ̈ⲥ̄ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉ̄ⲛⲱⲭ ⲡⲉⲅⲣⲁⲙⲙⲁⲧⲉⲩⲥ ⲛ̄\nⲧⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟ̄ⲥⲩⲛⲏ : ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁⲓ̈ⲣ̄ ⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲕⲉ ϩⲏⲗⲓⲁⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲁϥⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲁϥⲥⲱⲃⲉ • ⲙⲛ︦ⲛ︦ⲥⲱⲥ ⲟⲛ ⲁϥⲗⲟ ⲉϥⲥⲱⲃⲉ ⲁϥⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲛⲅ̄ⲛⲁⲩ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲓ\nⲛⲉⲕϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ̄ • ⲛⲁⲓ̈ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲉⲣⲏⲧ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲁϩ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲁϣϫⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ • ϩⲓⲧⲛ̄\nϩⲉⲛⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲭⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ϣⲁⲩ ⲉⲛ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁ\nⲟⲩⲁ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ\nⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣ︦ⲝ︦ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟⲩⲁϩⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲓ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁϥⲉⲛⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲡⲩⲗⲏ •","english":"with his whole heart. He had not yet gone out into the world, and immediately he opened the gate. Behold, an old man whose face was shining like the sun came in to me, saying, \"Hail, Paul, beloved of God.\" And he was laughing, and he gave me his hand. Afterward he stopped laughing and wept. But I, Paul, was troubled. I said to him, \"My father, why are you weeping?\" He answered, saying, \"I am grieved because of this name 'man,' for how many are the mercies of God and his good things, but there are many men who will be deprived of them.\" I said to the angel, \"Who is this, my lord?\" The angel answered me, saying, \"This is Enoch, the scribe of righteousness.\" Immediately I entered that place. I saw also Elijah. He came and greeted me. He laughed. Afterward again he stopped laughing and wept. He said to me, \"O Paul, come, see that your labors have been taken from your hands, these which you have done for humanity. For how many are the good things of God and his mercies, but there are many men who will be deprived of them. For through times and seasons, one by one they come into these places.\" The angel answered me, saying, \"Those whom you have seen in this place, do not reveal them in the flesh, but follow me so that I may show you what will be revealed.\" He brought me out through this gate.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The definite article in ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) marks the Christian deity, consistent with the glossary rule for Sahidic Coptic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲛⲱⲭ ⲡⲉⲅⲣⲁⲙⲙⲁⲧⲉⲩⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟ̄ⲥⲩⲛⲏ","severity":"info","text":"Enoch is titled 'scribe of righteousness,' echoing the Enochic tradition (1 Enoch 12:3; 15:1) where he records divine justice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲗⲓⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Elijah appears as a visionary guide, a role expanded in Coptic apocrypha (cf. Apocalypse of Elijah). His weeping and laughter mirror Enoch's reaction, emphasizing the theme of human loss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲥⲱⲃⲉ • ⲙⲛ︦ⲛ︦ⲥⲱⲥ ⲁϥⲗⲟ ⲉϥⲥⲱⲃⲉ ⲁϥⲣⲓⲙⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated pattern of laughter followed by weeping (for both Enoch and Elijah) creates a dialogic refrain, underscoring the tension between divine joy and human tragedy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϯ[ⲡⲉ] ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁϥϯ[ⲡⲉ] ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ is partially restored; the lacuna likely reads ⲧⲉ (hand), yielding 'he gave me his hand,' but the text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣ︦ⲝ︦","severity":"info","text":"The angel's command not to reveal visions 'in the flesh' reflects a common apocryphal trope (cf. 2 Esdras 14:5-6) and may have shaped later monastic prohibitions on divulging heavenly secrets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'old man whose face was shining like the sun' is ambiguous in the Coptic; the angel later identifies him as Enoch, but the initial description could evoke a solar deity motif.","The phrase ⲁϥϯ[ⲡⲉ] ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ is partially restored; the reading 'hand' is assumed but not certain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉ ⲧⲙⲉϩ ⲥ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲉ • ⲁϥⲉⲛⲧ̄ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲧⲉⲣⲉⲱⲙⲁ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲉⲙ̄ⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ϣⲁ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲣⲏ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ | ⲉⲛ̄ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ ⲉⲩϩⲓϫⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ\nⲧⲟⲓ̈ⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ\nϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ • ⲛⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧ ⲁⲓⲣ̄ ⲡⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓϭⲛ̄ⲧⲥ̄\nⲡⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ ⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ •","english":"He took me to the second heaven. He brought me out upon the firmament. He took me to the place of the sun. I looked and saw the two heavens resting upon a river of water, and that river of water encircled the whole inhabited world. I said to the angel, \"My lord, what is this river of water that encircles this whole world?\" He said to me, \"This is Ocean, the river.\" Immediately I went out beyond Ocean, and I found the light of the sun, which gives light to that land.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is used here for the guide who leads Paul through the heavens. The glossary notes that this term renders Greek ἄγγελος and is distinct from a human messenger.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul addresses the angel as ⲡⲁϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ (my lord). The glossary specifies that ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ can mean 'Lord' (divine) or 'master' (social); here it is a respectful address to a superior being, not a divine title.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲧⲡⲉ (heaven) appears in the phrase ⲛ̄ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ (the two heavens). The glossary notes that ⲧⲡⲉ denotes the abode of God in these texts, not the physical sky.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The river encircling the inhabited world is identified as ⲟⲩⲕⲉⲁⲛⲟⲥ (Ocean), a concept from Greek cosmology. In ancient geography, Ocean was a great river surrounding the earth, here adapted into a celestial setting.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Paul's heavenly ascent, moving from the second heaven to the firmament and the place of the sun. The sequence of locations (second heaven, firmament, sun) follows a structured cosmology typical of apocryphal apocalypses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲁⲓϭⲛ̄ⲧⲥ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ (I found the light of the sun) is ambiguous: it may mean Paul finds the sun's light after crossing Ocean, or that the light belongs to a different sun in the otherworldly land. The English draft opts for the latter reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁⲓϭⲛ̄ⲧⲥ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ could be read as 'I found the light of the sun' (the sun itself) or 'I found the light that belongs to the sun' (a separate light source). The English draft takes the latter, implying a distinct sun for the otherworldly land."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟⲃϣ̄ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲁⲧ :\nⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲕⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ⲣⲙ̄ⲣⲁϣ • ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲉⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲛⲉⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ • ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲛⲥⲉⲁⲡⲁⲧⲁ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϣⲁⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲁϩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲁϩ ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲛ︦ⲛ︦ⲥⲁ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ : ϫⲉ ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄\nⲧⲉϥⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲉⲣⲟ • ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲁϩ ϩⲱⲱϥ ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϥⲉ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ : ⲛϥ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲭⲥ̄ ⲣ̄ ⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲉ ϫⲱ (sic) ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲏ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ : | ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲉϥⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ\nϩⲓ̈ ⲉⲃⲓⲱ̄ • ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲥⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁⲓ̈ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ\nⲉⲛⲉϥⲣⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲉϥⲟ̄ⲧⲡ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄\nⲉ̄ ⲡⲥⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ̄ • ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲃⲛ̄ⲛⲉ ⲉⲩⲣⲏⲧ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲙⲁ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲟⲩⲉⲧ ⲧϭⲟⲧ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲣ̄ ⲙⲁⲁⲃ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲓⲏ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁⲣ̄ ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲣ̄ ⲙⲏⲧ : ⲡⲕⲁϩ\nⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲣⲏⲧ ϩⲓ ϫⲱⲥ ⲛⲉϥⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲃϣ̄ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲟ̄ ⲉ ⲡϩⲁⲧ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄\nⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ •","english":"And the earth there was white like silver, seven times brighter. I said to the angel, \"What is this place?\" He said to me, \"This is the land of inheritance. Have you not heard, 'Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth'? The souls of the righteous, when they come out of the body, they worship God, and they are placed in this land.\" I said to the angel, \"Will this land be revealed after a time?\" The angel answered me, saying, \"When Christ reveals himself from his kingdom, this land also will be revealed, like a cloud of smoke. God will reveal all his holy things. Christ will reign over a multitude of years. They will eat the good things of the land, which I will show you now.\" I looked out from that land. I saw a river flowing with honey and milk. On this side of the river, and on that side, there were trees bearing fruit. I looked to the south. I found various creations of God in that place. I saw buildings erected in that place, each one separate, with some having a measure of a hundred cubits, some having a measure of seventy, some having a measure of ten. The earth that was built upon was whiter than silver seven times.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲙ̄ⲣⲁϣ","severity":"info","text":"The angel quotes a beatitude: 'Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth.' This echoes Matt 5:5 (Greek: μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς) but with a different second clause, suggesting a variant tradition or a loose citation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ (Greek καρπός) is rendered 'fruit' here. In this visionary context, the fruit likely symbolizes the rewards of the righteous in the eschatological land, not literal produce.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The 'land of inheritance' (ⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ) is a celestial territory for the righteous, distinct from the earthly promised land. This concept appears in Jewish and Christian apocalyptic traditions, e.g., 1 Enoch and Revelation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a dialogue between Paul and the angel, with a question-answer pattern. The angel's explanation of the land's future revelation and the description of the river and buildings form a distinct visionary unit.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'seven times brighter' (ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ) is ambiguous: it may mean the earth is seven times brighter than silver, or that it is brighter than silver by a factor of seven. The Coptic syntax allows both readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ' could be interpreted as 'seven times brighter' or 'brighter by sevenfold'; the exact comparison is unclear.","The identity of the 'buildings' (ⲃⲛ̄ⲛⲉ) is not specified—they may be dwellings for the righteous or symbolic structures."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"ϫⲓⲛ ⲧⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲛⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ̈ ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ ϣⲁ ϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥϩⲏⲧ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ϩⲱⲡϣ̄ • ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲗⲱⲟⲩ : ⲉ̄ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲃⲁ\nⲛ̄ⲗⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲓ ⲡϩⲱⲡϣ̄ ⲡϩⲱⲡϣ̄ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲃⲛ̄ⲛⲉ\nϩⲓ ⲡⲗⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲗⲱⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲧⲃⲱ ⲛ ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲉⲓ\nϩⲉ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ϣⲗϩ̄ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲃⲱ ⲛ ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲙⲁϩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡϣⲉⲗϩ̄ ⲡϣⲗϩ̄ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲃⲗ̄ⲃⲓⲗⲉ\nϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲥⲙⲁϩ ⲡⲉⲥⲙⲁϩ • ⲛ̄ⲕⲉ ϣⲏⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ ⲛⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲉⲩⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲉⲓ ϩⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲟⲛ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ\nⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲏⲛ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ : ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄","english":"From the foundation, each one individually up to its front. There is a finger of jasper upon a finger of lead. There is a finger of lead upon the jasper, the jasper. There is a finger of beryl upon the lead, the lead. And the vine likewise. There is a finger of pomegranate in the vine. And the branches in the pomegranate, the pomegranate. There is a finger of olive in its branch, its branch. All the other trees are fingers, fingers. And their fruit likewise. Then I said to the angel, \"What, my lord, is the reason that these trees are fingers, fingers, and their fruit?\" He answered","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ϫⲓⲛ ⲧⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲛⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ̈ ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ ϣⲁ ϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥϩⲏⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic phrase is obscure; the English draft renders it as 'From the foundation, each one individually up to its front,' but the sense of a spatial or structural description is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ is rendered 'angel' per the pinned glossary; here it refers to Paul's angelic guide.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul addresses the angel as ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ, 'my lord,' a polite address; the glossary notes that 'master' is the everyday social sense, fitting here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲧⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated word ⲧⲃⲁ (finger) likely refers to a unit of measurement (finger-breadth) or a decorative element; the description of trees made of fingers of precious materials recalls apocalyptic visions of paradise.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲉⲓ ϣⲏⲛ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ ⲛⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'trees are fingers, fingers' is syntactically awkward; the Coptic may be corrupt or reflect a repetitive scribal style. The English draft follows the Coptic literally.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Paul's tour of the otherworldly land, with a repetitive descriptive pattern (finger of X upon Y) that builds a vision of a paradisiacal orchard.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ϫⲓⲛ ⲧⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲛⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ̈ ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓ ϣⲁ ϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥϩⲏⲧ is unclear; the reading 'From the foundation, each one individually up to its front' is tentative.","The repeated ⲧⲃⲁ may mean 'finger' as a unit or as a decorative element; the exact referent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϯ ⲙ̄ ⲡϥ̄ϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧ ⲏⲡ ⲉ ⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ :ϫⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲓ ⲧⲟⲩⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛ︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ\nⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡ[ⲁ] ϫⲥ̄\nⲛⲉⲣⲏⲧ ⲙ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲥⲃ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲟⲩ • | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϥⲡⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ • ϯⲣ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲛϥ̄ⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉ ⲛⲉⲣⲏⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲩⲥⲃ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩ • ϣⲁⲩⲁϣⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ϫⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲣⲱ ⲁⲩϣⲁϫⲉ\nⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ • ⲏ̄ ⲁⲓϭⲱⲛⲧ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲧ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲩⲱⲓ\nⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ • Ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄\nⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲉⲣⲏⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ⲣⲏⲧ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲛⲉ • ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϩⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲟⲣⲕ̄ ⲇⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ • ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲛⲉⲧ ⲧⲁⲓⲏⲩ ⲉ̄\nⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ • ⲛⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ̄ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲃϣ̄ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ : ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ\nⲧⲁⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉ̄ⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁ ⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧ\nⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲧⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲕⲟⲧⲥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲛ̄\nϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲓ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︤ⲥ︥ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲁⲥ ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉ ⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉ̄ⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁ ⲗⲩⲙⲛ̄ⲏ ϩⲓ ⲧⲉϩⲓⲏ̄ •","english":"He said to me, \"O Paul, beloved of Christ, God gives his whole heart to those who are destined to inherit them, because they have taken courage in the world for the sake of his name.\" I said again to the angel, \"My lord, these are the vines of God which he has prepared for his holy ones.\" He said to me, \"There are those which are more excellent than these, seven times seventy-seven. I bear witness to you, O Paul, that when a righteous one departs from the body, he will see the vines of God which have been prepared for them. They will groan and weep, saying, 'Why did we speak out of the mouth, or become angry at our neighbor on a single day?'\" I said to the angel, \"My lord, are there vines there more excellent than these?\" The angel said to me, \"These vines here are for the worldly ones who have preserved their holy marriage. But those who have sworn by them and by the virgins will receive those which are honored, seven times seventy-seven. As for those there, I will also show you all of them.\" He took me again to the east of the river of Agathon. I looked and saw the river, its water whiter than milk. I said again to the angel, \"My lord, what is this?\" He said to me, \"This is the Jerusalem of the heavenly, the city of the holy ones. This is the one which the Father built for his only-begotten son Jesus Christ, to the east of all these. He did not give it to anyone to enter into it. For this reason, the Jerusalem of the heavenly is on the path.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ (Greek παρθένος) is rendered 'virgins' in the English draft. In this context, it refers to those who have taken vows of virginity, consistent with the technical sense in Marian and ascetic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ is a Greek loan used as a title, rendered 'Christ' in the English draft. It is not a common noun and is never translated 'anointed one' in this corpus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) names God in Christian texts, as here. The English draft renders it 'God'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The 'river of Agathon' (ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ) is a toponym in the otherworldly geography of the Apocalypse of Paul, likely derived from the Greek ἀγαθόν ('good'). It appears in other Coptic apocrypha as a boundary in the afterlife.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉ̄ⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁ ⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Jerusalem of the heavenly' (ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉ̄ⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁ ⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ) echoes the heavenly Jerusalem of Revelation 21, but here it is a city built by the Father for Christ, not entered by anyone. This reflects a tradition of a celestial Jerusalem in Coptic apocalyptic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'seven times seventy-seven' (ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ) is a numerical expression of abundance. The Coptic is clear, but the English draft's rendering 'seven times seventy-seven' is literal; the sense is 'many times over'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ (line 6) is ambiguous: it could mean 'those which are more excellent than these' (as in the English draft) or 'those which are more numerous than these'. The context of comparison favors 'more excellent'.","The phrase ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϩⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ (line 10) is ambiguous: ⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ can mean 'marriage' or 'wedding'; the English draft takes it as 'holy marriage', but it may refer to a vow of chastity within marriage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Dialogue: the passage is carried by direct speech and the verbs that introduce it. Speech boundaries are the translator's punctuation, not the manuscript's."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ","text":"ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ → “Christ”. Greek loan used only as a title in Coptic; it is not a common noun and is never rendered 'anointed one' except when glossing the Greek."}]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲡⲟⲣⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲏ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲛϥ̄ⲕⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲛϥ̄ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ⲛϥ̄ϯ ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ\nⲉϥ|[ⲙ̄]ⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ̄ • ⲛϥ̄ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ϣⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲧ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲟⲣ︤ⲡ︥ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲁⲁϥ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄\nⲙ̄ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ • ⲛϥ̄ϫⲟⲕⲙ̄ⲉϥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲓⲉⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉϫⲓⲧϥ̄ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉ̄ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲣ̄\nⲛⲟⲃⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓⲣ̄ ϣⲡⲏⲣⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉϫⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ : Ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲁϩⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲓ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϫⲓ̈ⲧⲕ̄ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄","english":"If a man is a fornicator or a sinner, he turns, he repents, he gives fruit worthy of repentance, he comes out of the body, he first worships God, then he is given into the hand of Michael, he is immersed in the Archielumne, then he is brought into the city to the place of those who have not sinned. I, Paul, marveled and blessed God for what I saw. The angel said to me, \"Follow me, Paul, that I may bring you into","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"In this homiletic context, 'fruit' (ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ) is allegorical for the virtue or work of repentance, not literal produce.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"Here ⲥⲱⲙⲁ ('body') refers to the physical body as the site of moral struggle, from which the repentant soul departs at death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) names the Christian God, as is standard in this text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ('the angel') is the guide of Paul in the otherworldly journey, consistent with the apocalyptic genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲭⲓⲉⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲣⲭⲓⲉⲗⲩⲙⲛⲏ (Archielumne) is a Greek-derived term for a primordial pool or abyss, likely a baptismal or purificatory feature in the afterlife geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Budge 1915"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Paul's vision, shifting from angelic explanation to Paul's reaction and renewed angelic invitation, marking a transition to the next scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛϥ̄ϯ ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉϥ|[ⲙ̄]ⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ̄ is ambiguous: it may mean 'he gives fruit worthy of repentance' (as rendered) or 'he gives fruit, being worthy of repentance'. The reading taken follows the English draft.","The identity of 'those who have not sinned' (ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲣ̄ ⲛⲟⲃⲉ) is unclear: it may refer to the righteous dead or to a special class of sinless souls."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲛⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ϩⲓϫⲛ̄ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲗⲏⲙⲛⲏ • ⲁϥⲧⲁⲗⲟ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲉⲩϫⲟⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲉϥϫⲓ ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩϩⲧⲏ ⲛ̄ ϩⲁⲧ • ⲛⲉϥⲛⲟⲩϩ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲛⲉ • ⲧⲉϥⲗⲁⲱ\nⲟⲩϩⲁⲧ ⲧⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲱ̄ⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ ⲧⲟϭⲥ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄\nϣⲟⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ ⲛ̄ϣⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲁⲗⲏⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ : ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲩϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ • ⲁⲩϫⲓⲧ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲁ ⲛⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲏⲧ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲣⲁϣⲉ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲥⲣ̄\nⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ ⲛⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ :\nⲉⲥⲕⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ̄ ⲉⲩⲛ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲛ︦ⲱ︦ⲛⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲉ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲡⲩⲣⲅⲟⲥ ⲕⲏⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ : ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲩⲕⲱⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄\nⲟⲩⲏⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲇⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟ︦ⲛ︦ ⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲛⲏ • ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲇⲉ\nⲚ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ ⲡⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲩⲛ ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ | ⲡⲉⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦\nⲚ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲃⲓⲱ̄ ⲡⲉ • ⲡⲉⲧ ⲥⲁ ⲣⲏⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ\nⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲉ̄ⲣⲱⲧⲉ ⲡⲉ • ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄\nⲏ̄ⲣⲡ̄ ⲡⲉ • ⲡⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϩ ⲡⲉ • Ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲧ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲓ ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲉⲧ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ\nⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲉⲩⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲃⲓⲱ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲫⲓⲥⲱⲛ ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ •","english":"the city of Christ. I came down upon the Archielum. He lifted me onto a golden boat, its prow bearing a silver figurehead. Its oars were of gold, its rudder of silver. Precious stones were set at its gate. Three hundred angels were stationed at its gate. Then the angels sang hymns at my gate. They brought me inside the city of Christ. Those who were in the city came out to meet me with great joy. I saw the city of Christ shining brighter than the light of the sun seven times over. It was built entirely of gold. It had twelve walls of precious stone surrounding the city. There were towers built inside each wall. Each wall was a hundred stadia in circumference. I said to the angel, \"My lord, how great is the stadion of God?\" The angel said to me, \"The stadion is a single measure. Inside the city, however, there are as many as the sands of this world. And four rivers surround its gate.\" The south of the city is a river of honey. The north of the city is a river of milk. The east of the city is a river of wine. The west of the city is a river of oil. I said to the angel, \"What are these rivers that surround the city?\" The angel answered me, saying, \"These four rivers that surround this city correspond to the four rivers that are on the earth, the one that flows with honey corresponding to the Phison.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'city of Christ' designates the heavenly Jerusalem, a common topos in early Christian apocalyptic. The nomina sacra ⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ abbreviates ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲗⲏⲙⲛⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲗⲏⲙⲛⲏ (Archielumne) is a Greek loanword (ἀρχιέλμνη) meaning 'chief lake' or 'principal pool'. It likely refers to a celestial body of water in the afterlife geography.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"ⲥⲧⲁⲇⲓⲟⲛ (stadion) is a Greek measure of length (about 185 m). Here it is used metaphorically to describe the vastness of the divine realm, as the angel explains its size is immeasurable.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲫⲓⲥⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"ⲫⲓⲥⲱⲛ (Phison) is one of the four rivers of Paradise (Gen 2:10–14). The text identifies the earthly rivers as types of the celestial rivers, a common exegetical motif in early Christian and Jewish apocalyptic.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a pattern of ascent and guided tour: Paul descends from the Archielumne, enters a golden boat, passes through angelic gates, and views the city's walls, towers, and rivers. The angel's catechetical responses structure the revelation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the heavenly city with twelve walls and four rivers of honey, milk, wine, and oil parallels the 'Apocalypse of Peter' and the 'Testament of Abraham', where similar paradisiacal landscapes appear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲗⲏⲙⲛⲏ could be read as a proper name (Archielumne) or as a common noun ('the chief lake'); the translation adopts the proper name.","The phrase ⲉⲣⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ ⲡⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ is ambiguous: it may mean 'as many as the sands of this world' (as in the English draft) or 'as many as the sands of this world within it'; the sense is not materially different."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲉⲧ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ̄ⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲩⲫⲣⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ :\nⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ ⲏⲣ︦ⲡ︦ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲅⲉⲱⲛ ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ\nⲥⲱⲕ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲓⲕⲣⲓⲥ ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲡⲉⲓ ⲇⲏ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁ[ⲓ]ⲟⲥ ⲙⲡ ⲟⲩⲉϣ ⲣ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲡⲁⲣϩⲏⲥⲓⲁ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲉⲩϩⲕⲁⲉⲓⲧ ⲉⲩⲟ̄ⲃⲉ • ⲉⲩϫⲏⲩ ⲛ̄ϭⲟⲛ︤ⲥ︥ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲁⲩ\nⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ • ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲓⲃⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲉⲩⲣⲏⲧ\nⲟⲓⲣⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲏ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲉⲙⲛ̄ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ϩⲓⲱⲟⲩ","english":"This one that draws the rivers, with their Euphrates flowing to its mouth; this one that draws the wine, with Geon flowing to its mouth; this one that draws the oil, with the Tigris flowing to its mouth. For the righteous do not wish to make their boldness upon the earth, being humiliated, being enemies, being oppressed by violence because of God. Because of this, the good things that are in this city—God gives them a compensation of sevenfold. When I went into that city, I found great trees planted at the gate of the city, having no fruit upon them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"Sahidic ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) is the standard Christian term for God. Here it appears twice, once in the phrase 'because of God' and once as the subject of 'gives them a compensation'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek καρπός; in homiletic allegory the fruit is a virtue or a work. The trees at the gate bear no fruit, likely signifying that the righteous have not yet received their reward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The four rivers named (Euphrates, Geon, Tigris) and the mention of a sevenfold compensation echo Jewish and Christian apocalyptic traditions of paradise rivers and multiplied rewards for the righteous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a series of parallel clauses describing rivers (each introduced by ⲡⲁⲓ ⲉⲧ ⲥⲱⲕ) to a narrative of the visionary's entry into the city, marked by ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲓⲃⲱⲕ ⲇⲉ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲉⲩϩⲕⲁⲉⲓⲧ ⲉⲩⲟ̄ⲃⲉ is ambiguous: it may mean 'being humiliated, being enemies' or 'being humiliated, being hostile'. The English draft takes the former, but the latter is possible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'this one' (ⲡⲁⲓ) in the river clauses is unclear; it may refer to a personified figure or a cosmic feature.","The phrase ⲉⲩϩⲕⲁⲉⲓⲧ ⲉⲩⲟ̄ⲃⲉ could be read as 'being humiliated, being enemies' or 'being humiliated, being hostile'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"ⲉⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲱⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁ ⲟⲩⲁ̄\nⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ϩⲁ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ (sic) ϩⲁ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲉⲩⲕⲏ ⲕⲁ ϩⲏⲩ • ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ • ϣⲁⲩⲑⲃ̄ⲃⲓⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ\nⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲟⲛ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ\nⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲓⲣⲓⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲉ[ⲛ]ⲟⲩ |\nⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲉ\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ϣϣⲉ ⲁⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ\nⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ϥ︦ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ϩⲉⲛⲁⲡⲟⲧⲁⲕϯⲕⲟⲥ ⲛⲉ • ⲉⲩⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲉⲩⲉ\nⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩⲛⲏⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϩⲉⲛϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ\nⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ • ⲉⲩⲧⲙⲁⲓⲉⲓⲟ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲁⲩ • ⲉⲩⲥⲱϣ\nϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲟⲩ • ⲉϣϫⲉ ⲉϩⲛⲁⲩ ϣⲁⲩϯ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ\nⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉϩⲛⲁⲩ ⲁⲛ ⲙⲉⲩⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲗⲁⲁⲩ\nⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉϩⲛⲁⲩ ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ (sic) ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉϩⲛⲁⲩ ⲁⲛ ⲙⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ • ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲁ ⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲁ ⲣ̄ (sic) ⲟⲩⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲉ ϣⲁϥϫⲓⲥⲉ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲉ ϫⲱϥ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲛ[ⲟⲕ] ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲓⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ[ⲕ]\nϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲉⲛⲕⲁ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁ ϫ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲕ ⲟ[ⲩⲛ] ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲥⲥⲁϩⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ\nⲥⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲧⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ :\nⲙⲏ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲉⲓ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲑⲃ̄ⲃⲓⲟ : ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ\nⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲑⲃ̄ⲃⲓⲟ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲥⲉⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ : ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ\nⲉⲩϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲉⲩϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ •","english":"Is it not only the leaves? Each one of the men, one after another, at their doors, the trees are bent down. When the trees see a man, they bow down to the ground, then they rise up again. And when I saw them, I wept. I said to the angel, \"What are these who were not allowed to enter this city?\" The angel said to me, \"It is not fitting to weep for these more than for the whole world.\" I said to him, \"Who are these?\" He said to me, \"These are apostatics who live and fast, but they are arrogant beyond all men. They honor only themselves, they despise those who are before them. If they see someone, they greet the men. If they do not see anyone, they greet no man. If they see someone, they open, they open their door to the men. If they do not see anyone, they do not open. If someone does a good deed for a man, he exalts himself over him, saying, 'I am the one who saved you from your sins.' But I said to the angel, 'My Lord, is it not pride that has prevented them from entering the city of Christ?' He said to me, 'The root of all evil is pride. Did not these do to the Son of God that he came in humility?' But I said to the angel, 'Why do the trees bow down to them and then rise up again?' The angel answered, saying, 'At the time they are on the ground, they serve God.'","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲟⲧⲁⲕϯⲕⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek loanword ἀποτακτικός, 'apotactic' or 'renunciant', designating a class of ascetics who withdrew from society. The angel's description of them as arrogant (ϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ) critiques a perceived spiritual pride.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Son of God' (ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) echoes New Testament usage (e.g., Matt 3:17; John 1:34). The reference to Christ's humility (ⲟⲩⲑⲃ̄ⲃⲓⲟ) aligns with the passion narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ","severity":"info","text":"Pride (ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ) is identified as 'the root of all evil' (ⲧⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲙ), a moral trope common in early monastic literature (e.g., Evagrius, Cassian). The passage critiques ascetics who become self-righteous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a dialogue between Paul and the angel, with a repeated question-and-answer pattern. The angel's final explanation about the trees bowing to serve God (ⲉⲩϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ) provides a moral resolution to the vision.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a dittography: ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ (they open, they open). The English draft smooths this to 'they open, they open their door', but the repetition may be a scribal error or an emphatic doubling.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'trees' (ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ) is ambiguous: they may be symbolic figures (perhaps representing the apostatics themselves) or actual trees in a visionary landscape. The angel's explanation that they bow to serve God suggests a penitential or liturgical role.","The phrase ⲉⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲱⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ is syntactically difficult; the English draft renders it as a rhetorical question ('Is it not only the leaves?'), but the Coptic may be corrupt or elliptical."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"ϣⲁⲩⲑⲃⲃⲓⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ\nⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡϣⲓⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲉϣϥⲓ ⲙⲙⲁⲩ\nⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ϫⲁⲥⲓϩⲏⲧ ⲉⲧ ϩⲓ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ : | Ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲱⲥ ⲁⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ [ϩ]ⲓⲣⲛ̄ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲡⲉ[ϫⲁϥ]\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲕⲁⲁⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ • ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲉ̄ⲡⲉⲓ ⲇⲏ ⲧⲉϩⲓⲏ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲁⲓ̈ ⲉ ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ\nⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲧⲥ̄ (sic) • ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ\nⲛ ⲛ̄ⲁⲓⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲡⲁⲣⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ • ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϫⲓ ϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲉ ϫⲱⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ϣⲁ","english":"They are purified for a day because of the shame of the men. But they did not take there the pride that is within them. I said to the angel, \"How were they left at the gate of the city?\" He said to me, \"They were left in this place because of the lack of goodness of God, since this is the path by which the holy ones enter into the city. When Christ, the king of the ages, appears in his parousia, all the righteous will receive grace upon them, and they will be brought in to","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ϣⲁⲩⲑⲃⲃⲓⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they are purified for a day' likely refers to a temporary cleansing or penance, contrasting with the permanent state of the blessed in the city.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) is the standard Coptic term for God in Christian texts, here used in a phrase that may express divine absence or withholding.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ 'grace' denotes unearned divine favour; here the righteous will receive it at Christ's parousia, a key eschatological concept.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲓⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'Christ, the king of the ages' echoes New Testament and early Christian apocalyptic imagery (cf. Rev 17:14; 1 Cor 15:25), emphasizing Christ's eternal reign.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲁⲣⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ (Greek παρουσία) is a technical term for Christ's second coming, common in early Christian eschatology and Coptic apocrypha.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲧⲥ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The reading ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲧⲥ̄ is uncertain; it may be a scribal error for ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ 'through it' or a variant spelling. The sense 'into the city' is clear from context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲙ̄ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'lack of goodness of God' (i.e., God's goodness is absent) or 'lack of goodness toward God' (i.e., human ingratitude). The context of exclusion from the city favours the former reading.","The clause 'ⲛ̄ⲥⲉϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ϣⲁ' is incomplete in the manuscript; the final word or phrase is lost, likely indicating the destination (e.g., 'to the city' or 'to Christ')."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","text":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ → “grace”. The unearned favour of God; 'favour' where a human patron is meant."}]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲥⲉⲛⲁϣⲡⲁⲣϩⲏⲥⲓⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ • ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ\nⲛ︦ⲛ︦ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲣ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓ̈ϣ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ϥ︦ ⲉⲩϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ ⲙ ⲡⲛⲟⲩ[ⲧⲉ] ϩⲛ̄\nⲑⲃ̄ⲃⲓⲟ̄ ⲛⲓⲙ • ⲁ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲱⲕ ϩⲏⲧ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓⲉ̄ⲣⲟ ⲛ̄\nⲉⲃⲓⲱ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲏⲥⲁⲓⲁⲥ ⲛ̄\nϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲏ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲓⲉⲣⲉⲙⲓⲁⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲓⲉⲍⲉⲕⲓⲏⲗ • ⲙⲛ̄\nϩⲁⲙⲱⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲓⲁⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲛⲟϭ • ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲧⲁⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉϩⲓⲏ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ • ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ\nⲉϥⲛⲁⲥⲱⲣⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲯⲩⲭⲏ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲉϥⲉⲓⲣⲉ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲉϩⲛⲁϥ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲉⲓ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ̄\nⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛϥ̄ⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛϥ̄ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲧ̄ ⲛⲁϥ • ϣⲁϥⲧⲁⲁϥ ⲉ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ • ⲛϥ̄ϫⲓⲧϥ̄ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ • ⲉ\nⲧⲉⲓ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲩϫⲱ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲡⲉ • ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲣ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲁϥⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ | [thirty-four pages\nwanting] ▨▨ⲙⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲟⲧ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲉϣ ⲟⲩⲇⲓⲕⲁ[ⲓ]ⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲓ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡⲥⲡ̄ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉϥⲙⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ ϩⲱⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ • ϫⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ ⲧⲙ̄ ⲡⲓⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϩⲙ̄ϩⲁⲗ\nϩⲏⲗⲓⲁⲥ ⲛϥ̄ⲧⲱⲃ︤ϩ︥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲛ̄ ϯⲛⲁⲕⲁ ⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ\nⲉⲓ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ • ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲛⲁϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ\nⲉ̄ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲧⲟⲃⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲁⲡⲥ̄\nⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ ⲉⲩⲕⲏⲃ • ⲛⲁⲓⲁ̄ⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄\nⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ̄ •","english":"a time, but they will not be spared. Just as those who spent their entire time serving God in every humility, the angel drew my attention to the river of Abiō that is to the south of the city. I found Isaiah inside the gate, along with Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Amos, Micah, and the minor prophets, and the major ones. They greeted me inside the city. I said to the angel, \"Who are these, my lord?\" He said to me, \"This is the way of the prophets. Any person who directs his soul toward God, not doing what pleases him for the world, when he departs from the body, he goes to the feet of God and worships him. He is given into the hand of Michael, who takes him inside, to this city of the prophets, and they greet him, saying, 'He is our son, because he did the will of God on earth; he has inherited these.'\" [thirty-four pages wanting] ... and six months, because God desires a righteous one more than the whole world. The angels came beseeching him outside on account of their death. God said to them, \"Do not persuade my servant Elijah; he entreats me, that I will not allow their death to come upon the earth, the sufferings that each one will have for God's sake. God rewards them once for all in a vessel. Blessed are you, O Paul, and blessed is the race that will believe through you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ","severity":"info","text":"ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (soul) here denotes the directing of one's inner self toward God, consistent with the glossary sense of the soul that survives death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲏⲥⲁⲓⲁⲥ ⲛ̄ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲩⲗⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The list of prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Amos, Micah, minor and major) echoes the canonical ordering of the Old Testament prophetic books, though the grouping is conventional.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The blessing of Paul and the race that will believe through him reflects the apocryphon's Pauline pseudepigraphy, positioning Paul as the apostolic authority for the vision.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"▨▨","severity":"caution","text":"The lacuna marker [thirty-four pages wanting] indicates a major break in the manuscript; the following text about six months and Elijah's intercession may be discontinuous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the race that will believe through you' (ⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ) uses ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ in the plural sense of Gentiles, here a collective of believers converted through Paul's mission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲣ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓ̈ϣ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ϥ︦","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase 'those who spent their entire time' is ambiguous: it may refer to the souls previously described or to a new group; the English draft assumes the former, but the syntax allows either.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'those who spent their entire time serving God' is unclear; it may be the same souls left at the gate or a new category.","The lacuna of thirty-four pages makes the transition to the Elijah episode uncertain.","The phrase 'once for all in a vessel' (ⲟⲩⲁⲡⲥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ ⲉⲩⲕⲏⲃ) is obscure; it may refer to a single reward or a container metaphor."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ\nϣⲁϫⲉ • ⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲕⲉ ⲉⲛⲱⲭ ⲁϥⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲁϣⲟⲡϥ̄ • ⲉ\nⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲙⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲗⲩⲡⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲉⲓ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ • ⲉⲓⲥ ⲕⲉ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲁⲩⲉⲓ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲩⲉⲣⲏⲩ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲟⲩⲁ̄ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ\nⲟⲓ ⲡⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲙⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ\nϩⲱⲱⲧ ⲧⲁⲉⲓ ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ :\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲥⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲉⲛⲉⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ⲉϯ ⲉϥϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ","english":"As this one was speaking, the other Enoch came and greeted me. He said to me, \"The suffering that a man will endure for the sake of God—God does not grieve him when he comes out of the world.\" As this one was speaking with me, behold, two others came together, with one walking behind them, calling to them, \"Stand at my door, all of you, so that I may see the beloved of God, Paul.\" They had chosen him for us, so that we might see his face while he is still in the body. I said to the angel, \"My lord, who are","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲕⲉ ⲉⲛⲱⲭ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the other Enoch' likely distinguishes this figure from the antediluvian patriarch Enoch, possibly referring to a different Enoch in the visionary tradition or a textual variant.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Enoch's speech asserts that God does not grieve a person who suffers for God's sake when they leave the world, implying a reward or comfort in the afterlife.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The title 'beloved of God, Paul' echoes New Testament language (e.g., Romans 1:7) and underscores Paul's privileged status in the apocryphon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The request to see Paul's face while he is still in the body reflects a common motif in apocryphal visions where the living are granted a preview of the afterlife or of holy figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Paul's guided tour of the otherworld, introducing new figures (Enoch and others) and building toward a climactic encounter with Paul himself.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄' (my lord) is ambiguous: it could refer to the angel or to a divine figure. Given the context, it is likely addressed to the angel, but the Coptic allows both readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the other Enoch' is unclear—whether a distinct figure or a textual corruption.","The phrase 'ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄' (my lord) could be addressed to the angel or to God; the context favors the angel."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"ⲛⲁⲓ̈ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲍⲁⲭⲁⲣⲓⲁⲥ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲓⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲉ\nⲡⲉⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲟⲩⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲡⲏⲧ ϩⲓ ⲡⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲃⲉⲗ ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲁ ⲕⲁⲉⲓⲛ ϩⲟⲧⲃⲉϥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ\nⲙⲙⲟⲓ̈ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲉⲧ ⲥⲟⲩⲧⲱⲛ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥϩⲃⲏⲩⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ :-|ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲓⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲩϥⲓ ⲛ ⲧⲁ ⲁⲡⲉ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϣⲧⲉⲕⲟ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ\nⲟⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲁⲥϭⲟⲥϭⲥ̄ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲇⲉⲓⲡⲛⲟⲛ • ⲡⲉ[ϫⲉ] ⲍⲁⲭⲁⲣⲓⲁⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲩⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ • ⲉⲓⲧⲁⲗⲟ ⲉ\nϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲧⲉⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ̄ • ⲁⲩϥⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ϩⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲁ ⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϫⲓⲧϥ̄ ⲉ ⲧⲱⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲉⲗ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲁ ⲕⲁⲉⲓⲛ ϩⲟⲧⲃⲉⲧ : ⲉⲓⲧⲁⲗⲉ\nⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛ̄ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϩⲉ︦ⲛ︦ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛⲉ • ⲛⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲛⲁⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲁⲛⲣ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲱ̄ⲃϣ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ • ⲉⲩⲣⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ • [ϫⲉ] ⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ\nⲣⲟⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣ︦ⲝ︦ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲕⲉ ⲟⲩⲁ ⲉϥϫⲟⲟⲥⲉ\nⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲉⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ ⲉ̄ⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫ︦ⲥ︦ : ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲁⲇⲁⲙ ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲧⲏⲣⲧⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ϥⲡⲱϩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲣⲁϣⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ϫⲣⲟ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲕ\nⲟ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲑⲉ\nϩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ •","english":"...these things. He said to me, \"This is Zacharias with John his son.\" I said to the angel, \"And who is this one running behind them?\" He said, \"This is Abel, whom Cain killed.\" And they greeted me. They said to me, \"Blessed are you, Paul, the man who is upright in all his works.\" John said, \"I am the one whose head was taken off in the prison because of a woman who danced in a banquet.\" Zacharias said, \"I am the one who was killed while I was offering up to God. When the angels came for the sacrifice, they took my body up to the feet of God, and no man saw my body, for they had taken it away.\" Abel said, \"I am the one whom Cain killed while I was offering a sacrifice to God. The sufferings we have endured for the sake of God are nothing. The things we have done for the sake of God have become our garment. And all the righteous and all the angels surround me, rejoicing with me, because they saw me in the flesh.\" I looked and saw another one standing above them all, shining exceedingly. I said to the angel, \"Who is this, my lord?\" He said to me, \"This is Adam, the father of us all.\" When he reached me, he greeted me with joy. He said to me, \"Be strong, O Paul, the beloved of God, who caused a multitude to believe in God and to repent, just as I also repented.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"In Zacharias' speech, ⲥⲱⲙⲁ refers to his corpse, consistent with the glossary's martyrdom usage: the body taken by angels after death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲉⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Abel's self-identification echoes Genesis 4:8, where Cain kills Abel; the motif of sacrifice (ⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁ) aligns with the LXX tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"John's claim of decapitation due to a woman dancing at a banquet is unattested in canonical Acts; it likely derives from later apocryphal traditions about John the Baptist's death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲍⲁⲭⲁⲣⲓⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Zacharias' body being taken by angels to God's feet parallels Enochic and Testamentary traditions of bodily assumption, e.g., in the Ascension of Isaiah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a dialogue with repeated speech formulas (ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ, ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ), typical of the apocryphon genre, introducing a series of biblical figures who address Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲁⲇⲁⲙ","severity":"info","text":"Adam's greeting and exhortation to Paul as 'beloved of God' reflects the Coptic tradition of Adam as a repentant proto-saint, seen in the Life of Paul of Tamma (dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'woman who danced in a banquet' in John's speech is unclear; the Coptic ⲟⲩⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ ⲉ ⲁⲥϭⲟⲥϭⲥ̄ may refer to Salome or a generic figure.","The phrase 'they saw me in the flesh' (ⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲥⲁⲣⲝ) is ambiguous: it may mean Abel's post-mortem appearance in a visionary body or a resurrection-like state."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"ⲁⲓϫⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲏⲧ ⲛ̄\nϣⲁⲛϩⲧⲏϥ : Ⲙⲛ︤ⲛ︥ⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲧⲟⲣⲡⲧ̄ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲕⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲓⲧ ϣⲁ ⲧⲙⲉϩ ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ | ⲁⲓⲣ̄ ϩⲟⲧⲉ ⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲁⲓ̈ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ\nⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ ⲁϥϣⲓ̈ⲃⲉ ϩⲱⲱϥ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ • ⲁϥϫⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲕⲱϩⲧ̄ : ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ\nⲁⲩⲥⲙⲏ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ϣⲁ ⲣⲟⲓ̈ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛⲉⲧ ⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄\nⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ϫⲉ ϩⲉⲛϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁϩⲟⲣⲁⲧⲟⲛ\nⲛⲉⲧ ⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲥ","english":"I received my glory through the merciful one of whole heart. After all these things, they snatched me up in a cloud and took me to the third heaven. I, Paul, was greatly afraid when I saw the angel who was walking with me; he himself changed in his form, and his face became like fire. And immediately a voice came to my mouth: \"Paul, the beloved of God, the things you will see in this place, do not reveal them to any person, for they are invisible words that you will see.\" I looked and saw a seal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲓϫⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ ϣⲁⲛϩⲧⲏϥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I received my glory through the merciful one of whole heart' likely refers to a divine reward for Paul's righteousness, but the Coptic is ambiguous: ⲡⲛⲁⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ ϣⲁⲛϩⲧⲏϥ may be a title for God or an angel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is a Greek loanword; here it refers to Paul's guide, who transforms into a fiery form, consistent with apocalyptic angelophanies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) with the definite article names the Christian God, as in 'Paul, the beloved of God'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲙⲉϩ ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The 'third heaven' (ⲧⲙⲉϩ ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ) echoes 2 Corinthians 12:2 (Paul's vision) and Jewish apocalyptic traditions of multiple heavens.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲓϭⲱϣⲧ̄ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲥ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'I looked and saw a seal' is abrupt; the Coptic ⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲥ (seal) may be a vision of a divine sign, but the text breaks off, possibly due to a lacuna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The command not to reveal visions (ϩⲉⲛϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁϩⲟⲣⲁⲧⲟⲛ) is a common motif in apocalyptic literature, emphasizing the secrecy of heavenly knowledge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ⲡⲛⲁⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ ϣⲁⲛϩⲧⲏϥ: possibly a divine epithet or an angelic title; the Coptic is syntactically unclear.","ⲁⲩⲥⲙⲏ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ϣⲁ ⲣⲟⲓ̈: 'a voice came to my mouth' may mean Paul heard a voice speaking to him, or the voice issued from his own mouth; the latter is unusual.","ⲉⲩⲥⲫⲣⲁⲅⲓⲥ: the seal is not described; it may be a vision of a heavenly object or a metaphor for a secret."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"ⲉⲥⲁϣⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲩⲭⲓ̈ⲁ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲛⲓⲁ̄ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲫⲱⲛⲏ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲉⲓⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ\nⲁⲁϩⲉ ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ • ⲉⲩϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲭⲟⲣⲟⲥ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ : ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲁⲁϩⲉ ⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉϥⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲉⲛϣⲟ ⲛ̄ϣⲟ ⲉⲩⲕⲱ[ⲧⲉ] ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ϥⲧⲁⲓⲏⲩ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϥϩⲁⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲕⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲡϫⲥ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲭⲉⲓⲣⲟⲩⲃⲉⲓⲛ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲣⲁⲫⲉⲓⲛ ϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ : ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ\nⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ⲁ̄ⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓⲥⲧⲱⲧ • ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓϩⲉ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ϩⲟ • ⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲉⲧ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ : ⲁϥϯ ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ̄ :\nⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ ⲣ̄ ϩⲟⲧⲉ • ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲅ̄ⲟⲩⲁϩⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲓ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ\nⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ\nⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ : | ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲙⲏⲏ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲉⲩⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ • ⲉⲩⲣⲟⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲩⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲉⲩⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲣⲙ̄ⲣⲁϣ ⲛⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲩⲟ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲩϩⲟ ⲣ̄ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ\nⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲏ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡϥⲱ ⲛ̄\nⲧⲉⲩⲁⲡⲉ ⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲃϣ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲩϩⲁⲉⲟⲟⲩ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲉⲧ ⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲁ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲡⲱϩ ϣⲁ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲕ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ̄ •","english":"I walked in silence, while mercy was present in a voice of light. Seven aeons of light stood to the right of the altar, and seven to its left, singing hymns in a chorus, blessing the Father. Thousands upon thousands of angels stood before him outside, and hundreds upon hundreds surrounded his door, saying, \"Your name is honored, and your glory is glorious, O Lord.\" The cherubim and seraphim said, \"Amen.\" When I saw them, I, Paul, trembled in all my limbs, and I fell upon my face. My angel who walks with me gave me his hand, raised me up, saying, \"Do not be afraid, Paul, beloved of God. Arise now and follow me, that I may show you your place.\" My angel who walks with me took me to the paradise. I saw a multitude of people walking, rejoicing, singing psalms, blessing God, full of joy for the most part. Their faces shone like the sun seven times over, and the hair of their heads was like white silk. There were many thrones in that place, glorified, each one's glory distinct. One surpassed another in glory at the time I reached them. They cried out, \"Blessed are you, O Paul! Blessed is the nation that will believe through you!","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (from Greek ἄγγελος) is rendered 'angel' throughout. The phrase 'my angel who walks with me' personalizes the guide, a motif in apocalyptic journeys.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (with definite article) names God in Christian context. The blessing and praise directed to ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ here is consistent with liturgical doxology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ (Greek ἔθνος) in the singular means 'the nation'. The exclamation 'Blessed is the nation that will believe through you' refers to the Gentiles as Paul's mission field.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲉⲓⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The 'seven aeons of light' flanking the altar evoke a celestial liturgy. Seven aeons appear in other Coptic apocrypha (e.g., Pistis Sophia) as cosmic spheres or emanations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'Paul, beloved of God' recurs in Coptic Pauline apocrypha. Budge's edition (1915) of this text notes the angel's reassurance as a standard element of the heavenly journey genre.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Budge 1915"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ is ambiguous: it could mean 'seven to its left' (as translated) or 'seven after its left side'. The sense of spatial arrangement is clear, but the exact syntax is loose.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ may be read as 'seven to its left' or 'seven after its left side'; the translation adopts the former.","The clause ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃ̄ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ is ambiguous: 'one surpassed another in glory' or 'one was distinct from another in glory'; the translation chooses the competitive sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","text":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ → “amen”. Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."}]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲣ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲉ ⲧⲣⲉⲩⲉⲛⲧⲕ̄\nⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲉⲕϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲥⲁⲣⲝ̄ • ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲓⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫ︤ⲥ︥ ⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉ̄ⲧ\nⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲥ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲁⲓ ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲉⲩⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ ϣⲁ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄\nⲡϩⲁⲡ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲧⲱⲗⲙ̄ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ ϩⲱⲱⲕ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ :","english":"that you are worthy to be brought to these places while you are in this flesh. They all greeted me, and I answered them, blessing God with them. Then I said to the angel, \"My Lord, what is this place, and who are these people?\" The angel said to me, \"This is the holy land of the Lord, and these are all the prophets, who will be in this place until the day of judgment, along with those who did not sin in the world. And your throne also will be in this place.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The angel identifies the location as the holy land of the Lord, a place reserved for the prophets and the sinless until judgment day, and promises Paul his own throne there.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ (prophet) is a Greek loanword. Here it refers to the Old Testament prophets, who await judgment day in this holy land.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (angel) is a Greek loanword. Paul addresses the angel as 'my Lord' (ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ), a deferential title for a divine guide.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (God) with the definite article refers to the Christian God. Paul blesses God together with the inhabitants of the place.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'holy land of the Lord' as an interim abode for prophets and the sinless until judgment day reflects a Jewish-Christian apocalyptic tradition, paralleling the 'bosom of Abraham' in Luke 16:22–23 and later Christian texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the angel's revelation of the holy land, transitioning from Paul's greeting of the inhabitants to a direct promise of his own throne, reinforcing Paul's privileged status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲥ̄ could be read as 'the holy land of the Lord' or 'the holy earth of the Lord'; the translation adopts 'holy land' as a standard apocalyptic term.","The phrase ⲛⲉⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡ ⲟⲩⲧⲱⲗⲙ̄ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ is ambiguous: it may mean 'those who did not sin in the world' or 'those who were not deceived in the world'; the translation chooses the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"ⲁⲩⲱ ϩⲁⲡⲥ̄ ⲡⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲣⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲡⲉⲕⲏⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲕⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲙⲁ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲕⲛⲁⲧⲁϣⲉⲟⲉⲓϣ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙ|ⲯⲓⲥ\nϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ϩⲁϩ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲙ̄ⲉⲓⲉ ⲛⲕⲟⲗⲁⲥⲓⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϯⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ ⲛⲧⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲣⲉ ⲓⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ̄ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲚ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫ︦ⲥ︦ • ϯⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲉ • ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ\nⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛ̄ ϯ[ⲛ]ⲁⲣ̄ ⲁⲧ ⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲁⲛ • ⲙⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲓ\nⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲁ ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲉϥϣⲟⲟⲡ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲙⲁ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲥⲕⲩⲛⲏ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ • ⲁϥⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲓ ⲉⲩⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ\nⲛ̄ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ : ⲉⲣⲉ ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲟϥ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ\nⲙ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ\nⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ\nⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ\nⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲱ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ\nⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ • ⲉⲩϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ̄ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ • ⲙⲏ ⲛⲅ̄ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲛ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲣ̄ ⲥⲟⲉⲓⲧ\nϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲛ︤ⲛ︥ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲩ ⲏⲡⲉ • ⲙⲏ ⲛⲅ̄ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ ϫⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲁϩⲓⲥⲉ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲉ\nϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︤ⲥ︥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲧⲱⲃⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲱⲃ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ ⲁⲩⲱ\nϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲣⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁϥ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ\nⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ • | ⲁϥⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲓ ⲉⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲉϥⲗⲉϩⲗⲱϩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ\nⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉⲛϣⲏⲛ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲩϩⲃ̄ⲥⲱ ⲡ̄ⲣⲉⲓⲱ̄ⲟⲩ :-ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ •","english":"and it is fitting that you see your throne and your house, without you going down into the world. And in what place will you proclaim this apocalypse in the whole world? For many will hear and repent; they will not think of the punishments and the torments that you have seen. But when I heard these things from the angel who was walking with me, I said to him, \"My Lord, I wish indeed to be in this place, but I cannot hear. Teach me now about my throne that is in this place.\" The angel who was walking with me took me to a tent of light and showed me a throne of glory, with two angels singing before it. I said to the angel, \"My Lord, whose is this throne that is in this great glory, and who are these angels who are singing before it?\" He said to me, \"This is your throne, O Paul, and these two angels are Uriel and Souriel, singing before your throne. Do you not know, O Paul, that your name has become famous among the angels who have no number? Do you not know that every person who will labor in the world for the name of Christ and for humanity, God will reward them seven times sevenfold, and all the angels will rejoice with him?\" The angel who was walking with me took me and showed me a multitude of trees that were burning, with a multitude of people surrounding the trees, their clothes shining. They cried out to me from all sides.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲯⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek loanword ἀποκάλυψις; here refers to the revelation Paul is to proclaim, not the book title.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲕⲩⲛⲏ","severity":"info","text":"Greek σκηνή; 'tent' or 'tabernacle', possibly evoking the wilderness tabernacle or a celestial dwelling.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Angels Uriel and Souriel; Uriel is well-known, Souriel (perhaps 'Sariel') appears in other apocrypha.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ ⲣ̄ ⲥⲟⲉⲓⲧ","severity":"info","text":"Paul's name is 'famous' among angels; this motif of apostolic fame in heaven appears in other Coptic apocrypha.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from dialogue to vision: Paul asks about his throne, is shown a tent of light, then a burning tree scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic is ambiguous: 'they cried out to me from all sides' or 'they cried out, and all my sides were opened'? The draft takes the former.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ: subject unclear — the people or the trees?","ⲡⲉⲕⲏⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧ ⲕⲃⲱⲕ: 'your house without you going down' — syntax ambiguous between 'house where you do not descend' and 'house, without your descending'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"ϫⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲁⲩⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲱϭⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲟϭⲟⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲣⲉⲕⲑⲉⲱ̄ⲣⲉⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲕⲗⲟⲙ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲩϣⲡⲏⲣⲉ ⲉⲙⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲡⲉ •","english":"Hail, Paul, the beloved of God and of men.” They all greeted me. I said to the angel, “My lord, who are these?” The angel said to me, “These are all those whom you planted in the world.” The angel took me. He said to me, “Come, let me show you the paradise of heaven, and your throne, and your crown.” I saw the paradise, and it was very wonderful.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The angel is the guide throughout the apocalypse; here he addresses Paul and shows him the heavenly paradise.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"With the definite article, ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ names God; Paul is called 'beloved of God and of men'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Greek loanword παράδεισος; here the paradise of heaven, distinct from the earthly paradise, shown to Paul as his reward.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the angel's explanation of the souls Paul planted to a direct invitation to view the heavenly paradise, throne, and crown.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a throne and crown reserved for a righteous person in heaven is common in early Christian apocalypses, e.g., the Apocalypse of Peter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Coptic version of the Apocalypse of Paul was known in Egypt; Budge published a translation from a manuscript in the British Museum.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲛ̄ⲧⲱϭⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲟϭⲟⲩ could be read as 'all those whom you planted' (i.e., converts) or 'all those whom you appointed'; the English draft takes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":72,"ref":"p72","source":"ⲉⲩⲛ̄ ϣⲟⲙⲛⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ ϩⲁⲧ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲏⲧⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ϩⲁⲧ : ⲟⲩⲁ ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲁ • ⲉ̄ⲣⲉ\nⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ ϫⲟⲩⲧ ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ ⲛ̄\nϫⲓⲥⲉ • ⲉⲩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϣⲏⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲧⲣⲟⲃⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲡⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ • ϫⲓⲛ ⲡⲓⲉ̄ⲃⲧ̄ ϣⲁ ⲡⲉⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ϫⲓⲛ ⲡⲙ̄ϩⲓⲧ ϣⲁ\nⲡⲣⲏⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲣ̄ ϫⲟⲩⲧⲁϥⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ • ⲙⲛ̄ ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲕⲁϣ ⲉ ⲧϫⲟ̄ • ⲉⲩⲛ̄ ϫⲟⲩⲧⲁϥⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ\nⲛ̄ⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ ⲉⲩⲧⲁϫⲣⲏⲩ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ |\nⲡⲉⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥϣϥⲉ ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁϩⲉ ⲛ̄ ϫⲓⲥⲉ • ⲉⲩⲛ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧϣⲙⲏⲛ ⲛ̄ ϣⲉ ⲙⲙⲓ̈ⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲩⲡⲱⲣⲁ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ • ⲉⲩⲛ̄ ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲃⲟⲧⲁⲛⲓ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ ⲉⲩⲧⲁⲓⲏⲩ : ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄\nϩⲙⲉ ⲧⲏ ⲙ̄ⲙⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥϯ ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲩⲡⲁⲣⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲃⲧ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲱ̄ⲛⲉ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ\nⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲏϭⲉ • ⲉ ⲟⲩⲛ̄ ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩⲥ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲗⲩⲭⲛⲓⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲉ ⲛ̄ⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ\nⲛ̄ϩⲁⲧ ϩⲓ ⲙⲁⲣⲙⲁⲣⲟⲛ ⲕⲱⲧⲉ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲟ̄ ⲟⲩⲑⲩⲛⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϣⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲛ̄ⲁⲉⲓⲧⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲟ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϣⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ϩⲓ ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲟ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ\nⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲟ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ\nⲙⲉⲉⲣⲉ ⲉⲙⲛ̄ ⲕⲁⲕⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧϥ̄ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲡⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛⲓⲙ • ⲉϥϯ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲉⲓⲛ ⲧⲏⲣ︦ϥ︦ • ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ ϣⲉϣ ⲥϯ ⲛϩⲩⲡⲱⲣⲁ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϣⲁϥϣⲉϣ ⲥϯ ⲛ̄ⲙⲣⲓⲥ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲉⲣⲉ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲣⲏ ϩⲱⲧⲡ̄ •","english":"There are three walls surrounding the paradise of heaven. Two of silver and one wall of gold in the middle of the two walls of silver. One within the other. Each wall is twelve cubits high. There is a small strobilus within each wall, from the east to the west, from the north to the south. And the paradise is adorned with twenty-four trees of cassia, and four hundred cubits of grass to the height. There are twenty-four pillars within it, firmly established. Each pillar is seventy-two cubits high. There are eighty kinds of produce within it. There are seven hundred kinds of plants within it, honored. There are one hundred kinds of fragrant scents within it. There are twelve cypress trees within it. A stone wall surrounds its gate on the east side of the river. There are twelve hundred lampstands of gold within it. Forty pillars of silver and marble surround its gate. And its gate is a thyne wood. Three eagles are on the right of the gate, and three on the left of the gate. And the entire paradise was full of light on the east side, like the time of summer, with no darkness within it. But the light of God is what exists within it at all times, giving light entirely. The paradise sends forth produce outside in the morning time, and it sends forth resin outside in the summer time. And when the sun sets...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲧⲡⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲧⲡⲉ is rendered 'heaven' per the pinned glossary, as the abode of God in this cosmological context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲥⲧⲣⲟⲃⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲥⲧⲣⲟⲃⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ (strobilos) likely refers to a pine cone or a spiral-shaped ornament, possibly a decorative element within the walls.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the paradise with walls of silver and gold, pillars, and lampstands echoes Jewish and early Christian apocalyptic traditions of the heavenly temple, as seen in 1 Enoch and Revelation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a detailed ekphrasis of the heavenly paradise, structured as a tour of its architecture and vegetation, typical of apocalyptic visions in Coptic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The elaborate measurements and materials (gold, silver, marble) reflect a late antique fascination with celestial geography, influencing later Coptic visions such as the Apocalypse of Paul.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲏϭⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'east side of the river' (ⲡⲁⲩⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲏϭⲉ) is ambiguous; the river may be a cosmic river (e.g., the river of paradise) or a local feature; the reading follows the English draft.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'river' (ⲡⲏϭⲉ) is not specified; it may be a cosmic river or a local feature.","The term ⲥⲧⲣⲟⲃⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ could refer to a pine cone or a spiral ornament; the exact object is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":73,"ref":"p73","source":"ϣⲁⲣⲉ\nⲡⲉⲥϯ ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ\nϣⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ • ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ ⲧⲉⲩϣⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲅⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲥⲧⲩⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲣⲏⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲗⲁⲃⲁⲑⲗⲟⲛ • ⲙⲛ̄\nⲡⲉⲥⲧⲩⲣⲁⲝ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉⲩⲕⲉⲫⲁⲗⲏⲥ ⲛⲉϫ ⲕⲗⲁⲇⲟⲥ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲁⲙⲉⲕⲇⲁⲗⲟⲛ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲧⲉⲩⲏ̄ⲡⲉ ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲃⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ :- | ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲱⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ ⲟϥⲧ̄\nⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ϣⲏⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ\nⲛⲉⲩϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩ︦ⲉ︦ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲏⲏⲛⲉ • ⲙ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲙⲉⲉⲣⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲛⲁⲩ","english":"The pinecone of every tree that is in the paradise withers outward until the night of the cosmos passes. The bases of the columns are made of malabathron, and the true pavement, and their capitals cast branches outward of amekdalon, and their fruit produces four hundred and eight cubits. Precious stones are set into their gates, and all the trees of the paradise hymn to God three times continually, at the morning hour, and at the midday hour, and at the hour","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲥϯ ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲡⲉⲥϯ ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ is rendered 'pinecone' but literally means 'the pine of the fruit' or 'the pine-fruit'; it likely refers to a pine cone as a decorative or symbolic element.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲗⲁⲃⲁⲑⲗⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲁⲗⲁⲃⲁⲑⲗⲟⲛ (malabathron) is a Greek loanword referring to an aromatic plant (Cinnamomum malabathrum) or its oil, used in luxury contexts; here it describes the material of column bases.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲉⲕⲇⲁⲗⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲙⲉⲕⲇⲁⲗⲟⲛ (amekdalon) is a rare Greek-derived term, possibly a variant of 'amygdalon' (almond) or a precious material; its exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of trees hymning God three times daily (morning, midday, and evening) echoes liturgical practice in Egyptian monasticism, where the hours of prayer were observed with psalmody.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the detailed description of the paradise of heaven, following the previous account of walls and trees; it shifts focus to the trees' actions and architectural features.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is fragmentary at the end; the English draft breaks off mid-sentence ('and at the hour'), and the original likely continued with the third hour of prayer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲉⲥϯ ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ may be interpreted as 'pinecone' or more generally 'fruit of the pine tree'; the exact botanical referent is uncertain.","The term ⲁⲙⲉⲕⲇⲁⲗⲟⲛ is obscure; it may be a corruption of 'amygdalon' (almond) or a distinct material.","The text breaks off before completing the third hour of hymnody; the missing portion is conjectured from context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":74,"ref":"p74","source":"ⲛ̄ ⲣⲟⲩϩⲉ ϣⲁⲩⲱϣ ⲉ̄ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ϥⲟⲩⲁ̄ⲁⲃ • ϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲛ̄ϣⲟⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ • ϥϫⲓ ⲧⲁⲓⲟ ϥϫⲓ ⲉ̄ⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ\nⲡⲡⲁⲛⲧⲱⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ • ⲁⲩⲱ ϣⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲱϣ ⲉ\nⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ\nⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ : ϫⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ\nⲛ̄ ⲧⲡⲉ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲉⲟⲟⲩ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲙⲡⲉ ⲗⲁⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉ̄ⲛⲉϩ\nϭⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲱⲕ ⲙ̄ ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲟ̄ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ϯⲣ̄ ϩⲟⲧⲉ ϫⲉ ⲙⲉϣⲁⲕ ⲁⲣⲏⲩ ⲛ̄ ϯⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲁⲛ\nⲛ̄ϭⲱ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲓ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ • ϫⲉ ϫⲣⲟ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁϫⲣⲟ • ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲕⲛⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲏⲅⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲏⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ • ⲉⲕⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲟ̄ ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛⲃⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ ⲉ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲕⲉ ⲥⲟⲡ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ\nⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲣⲱⲙⲉ • ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ϩⲁϩ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲱⲛϩ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ ϯⲛⲁϫⲓⲧⲕ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲕⲗⲟⲙ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲛⲏⲩ\nⲁ̄ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄|ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ • ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉⲩⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲡⲟⲣϣ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲩⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧⲡⲉ ⲙ\nⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ • ⲉⲥϩⲓⲣⲁϣⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ̄ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲥϯⲙⲏ • ⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛⲥⲙⲁⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲣⲙⲁⲣⲟⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧⲡⲉ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ • ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱ̄ϣⲃ̄ ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁ\nϫⲥ̄ ⲁϣ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲏⲩ ⲛⲁϣⲃⲏⲣ ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁϥϫⲓⲧ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ •","english":"The nights all wither outward, blessing God, saying, “He is holy, holy, holy, three times. He is honored, he is glorified, God the Pantocrator.” And the paradise withers outward, blessing God. The angel answered, he said to me, “O Paul, you have seen the paradise of heaven and its glory. No man has ever attained the fullness of its honor.” I said to him, “My Lord, but I fear that I am not worthy to remain in this paradise.” The angel answered, he said to me, “Endure what will endure, and you will endure the accuser who comes down in Amente. You will receive more glory if you go down to the cosmos once more. And if the whole race of men hears the words of this apocalypse, many souls will repent. And also I will take you to show you your throne and your crown, and that of your brother apostles.” The angel took me before the katapetasma, on the holy ground. I saw a throne spread out, and a stole of the heaven of the throne, rejoicing outward, like the word of its honor. There were marble steps of the heaven of the throne. I answered, I said to the angel, “My Lord, what is the place of my brothers, the fellow apostles?” The angel took me before the katapetasma. I saw a multitude of thrones.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲡⲁⲛⲧⲱⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword παντοκράτωρ (pantokratōr) is used here as a divine epithet, 'Pantocrator' or 'All-ruler'. In Coptic liturgical and apocryphal texts it emphasizes God's absolute sovereignty, distinct from the more common ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ (Amente) is the Coptic name for the underworld or realm of the dead, derived from Egyptian mythology. In this Christian context it is equated with Hell or the place of punishment, distinct from Hades in Greek tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword καταπέτασμα (katapetasma) means 'curtain' or 'veil', here referring to the veil of the heavenly sanctuary. In Jewish and Christian tradition it separates the holy of holies; in this apocalypse it marks the threshold of the divine throne room.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ϥⲟⲩⲁ̄ⲁⲃ • ϥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲛ̄ϣⲟⲙⲛ︤ⲧ︥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲡ","severity":"info","text":"The triple 'holy' echoes the Trisagion (Isaiah 6:3 LXX) and the Sanctus of Christian liturgy. The Coptic text adds 'three times' explicitly, reinforcing the liturgical formula common in Egyptian monastic and cathedral rites.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲕⲗⲟⲙ","severity":"info","text":"The promise of a personal throne and crown for Paul reflects the theme of apostolic reward in the heavenly court, paralleling the 'thrones' of the apostles in later Coptic tradition (e.g., the investiture of the apostles in the Apocalypse of Paul).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a hymnic description of paradise (previous passage) to a dialogue between Paul and an angel, marked by the angel's direct address and Paul's responses. The angel's speech includes a prophecy of Paul's future mission and a vision of thrones, structuring the narrative as a revelatory journey.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲉⲩⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ' could be read as 'blessing God' or 'praising God'; the verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ covers both, but the context of the Trisagion favors 'praising'.","The identity of 'the accuser who comes down in Amente' (ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲏⲅⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲏⲩ ⲉ̄ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ) is ambiguous: it may refer to Satan, a demonic prosecutor, or a personification of judgment; the Coptic term ⲕⲁⲧⲏⲅⲱⲣⲟⲥ (Greek κατήγορος) means 'accuser' in a legal sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ → “apostle”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":75,"ref":"p75","source":"ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲉⲩϯ ⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲃ̄ⲥⲱ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲕⲗⲟⲙ ⲉⲩⲕⲏ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲥϯ ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ ϣⲱϣ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉ̄ⲧ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ̈ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲛⲏⲩ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲃⲏⲣ ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲛ\nⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲩⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉϥⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩϩⲃ̄ⲥⲱ ⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲃϣ̄ ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲟⲩⲕⲓⲑⲁⲣⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲉϥⲁⲁϩⲉ ⲣⲁⲧϥ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ ⲙ̄","english":"And a multitude of angels were singing, giving glory to God. I saw a multitude of garments and a multitude of crowns placed before the throne. And a fragrance of incense was wafting outward from that place. The angel said to me, \"This is the place of your brothers, your fellow apostles.\" And again I saw a man wearing a white garment, with a kithara in his hand, standing on the right side.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (from Greek ἄγγελος) is rendered 'angel' throughout, as per the pinned glossary. In this passage it refers to the guide of Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ (from Greek ἀπόστολος) is rendered 'apostle'. The angel identifies the place as that of Paul's 'brothers, your fellow apostles', linking the vision to the apostolic college.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲕⲓⲑⲁⲣⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The kithara (ⲕⲓⲑⲁⲣⲁ) is a stringed instrument of Greek origin, often associated with heavenly music in early Christian and Jewish apocalyptic literature. Its presence here evokes the celestial liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Paul's guided tour of heaven. The angel's speech ('This is the place of your brothers, your fellow apostles') marks a shift from description of the throne room to a personal revelation about the apostles' location.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The image of garments and crowns placed before the throne echoes Revelation 4:4, where twenty-four elders have crowns and thrones. The Coptic text uses ⲕⲗⲟⲙ (crown) and ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ (throne), aligning with that apocalyptic imagery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲩⲕⲏ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ is rendered 'placed before the throne', but the Coptic ⲙ̄ⲡⲙ̄ⲧⲟ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ could also mean 'in front of' or 'outside the throne', leaving spatial ambiguity. The reading 'before the throne' is adopted for coherence with the visionary context.","The identity of the man with the kithara is not specified; he may be a figure such as David or an angelic musician, but the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":76,"ref":"p76","source":"ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ • ⲉϥⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉϥⲕⲓⲑⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉ ϩⲛ̄\nⲧⲉϥⲕⲓⲑⲁⲣⲁ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ϩⲙ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲱϥ • ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄\nⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ : ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲇⲁ︦ⲇ︦ ⲉϥⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓ̈ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ϩⲙ̄\nⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲉⲩⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲧⲟϭⲥ ⲛ̄ⲱⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲉ • ⲛ̄ⲥⲁⲡⲡⲉⲓⲣⲟⲛ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲟ̄ⲃϣ̄ ⲛ̄ⲑⲉ ⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲭⲓⲱⲛ̄ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣⲉ ⲛ ⲕⲗⲟⲙ : | ⲁⲩⲱ ⲟⲩⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ\nⲛ̄ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ • ⲉⲩⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ⲛ̄ϩⲉⲛϩⲓ̈ⲡⲟⲙⲓⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲕⲓⲇⲁⲣⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲛⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ • ⲉⲣⲉ\nⲟⲩⲙⲏϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲩⲙⲛⲉⲩⲉ ⲉ̄ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲓ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲧⲁⲩⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲉⲓ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ • ⲉ ⲧⲃⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲧⲁϣⲉⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲛⲉⲕⲥⲛⲏⲩ ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ • ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲟ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲩϯ ⲡⲉⲩⲟⲩⲟⲓ\nⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲓ ⲁⲩϯⲡⲓ ⲉ ⲣⲱⲓ • ⲡⲉϫⲁⲩ ⲛⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧⲕ̄\nⲙ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲣ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ\nϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲕⲣ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲛⲟϭ\nⲛ̄ϣⲡⲏⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲃⲁⲗ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ ⲙⲁⲁϫⲉ\nⲥⲟⲧⲙⲟⲩ • ⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲥⲱⲙⲁ • ⲉⲡⲉⲓ ⲇⲏ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ\nⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲉⲛⲕⲣⲁⲧⲉⲓⲁ̄ ⲉ̄ⲧ ⲉⲕϣⲟⲟⲡ ⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ • ⲙⲛ̄\nⲛ̄ϩⲓⲥⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲧⲁϣⲉⲟⲉⲓϣ ⲁϥⲧⲣⲉⲕⲣ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲓ ⲛⲟϭ\nⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲟ̄ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ\nⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲓϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ • ϫⲉ\nϯⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ •","english":"the kithara player, he was singing and playing on his kithara, and the angels were responding to him. I answered and said to the angel, \"Who is this, my lord?\" He said to me, \"This is David, singing.\" And I saw in the holy land a place built of genuine stone, beyond the river, and the land there was white like snow. There was a multitude of crowns and a multitude of thrones, all of them wearing garments and headdresses, those who were in that place. A multitude of angels were singing to them. I said to the angel, \"Who are these?\" He said to me, \"These are the martyrs who bore witness in the name of Christ, on account of your struggle and that of your brothers the apostles. They will receive great honors. But they turned their faces toward me and looked at me. They said to me, 'Blessed are you, Paul, for you have been deemed worthy of these places. And we together, and you have been deemed worthy to see these great wonders, which the eye has not seen, nor the ear heard. You have seen them in the body, since God has seen your self-control and the labors of your struggle, and he has made you worthy of these great honors.' I, Paul, walked in the holy spirit and blessed God, saying, 'I bless you, God of the universe.'","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ (from Greek μάρτυς) here carries the hagiographical sense 'martyr', as the context describes those who bore witness in Christ's name and suffered.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲁⲇ","severity":"info","text":"David the psalmist is identified as the kithara player, echoing the biblical tradition of David as musician and psalmist (e.g., 1 Sam 16:18–23; 2 Sam 6:5).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ","severity":"info","text":"The 'holy land' (ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ) likely refers to the heavenly realm or a purified earthly site, a common trope in apocalyptic visions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the dialogue pattern: Paul questions the angel, receives an answer, then the martyrs address Paul directly, reinforcing the revelatory structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The martyrs' address to Paul as 'blessed' and worthy of seeing wonders reflects the high esteem for Paul in Coptic tradition, as seen in the Life of Paul of Tamma.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ is ambiguous: it may be a title ('the kithara player') or a description; the Coptic lacks a clear subject marker.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲡⲕⲁⲧⲁⲡⲉⲧⲁⲥⲙⲁ could be read as a title or a descriptive clause; the translation takes it as a title.","The identity of the 'holy land' (ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ) is not specified—heavenly or earthly?","The phrase 'I, Paul, walked in the holy spirit' may refer to the Holy Spirit or a holy wind; the Coptic ⲡⲉⲡⲛⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":77,"ref":"p77","source":"ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ\nⲙⲁⲩⲁⲁϥ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲩⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ : ϥⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲁⲧ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ\nⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ : ⲡⲉⲧ ⲧⲁⲓⲏⲩ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲉⲧ ϣⲟⲟⲡ\nϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲛⲧ̄ⲛⲟϭ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲛ̄\nϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲓ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲉⲛϫⲥ̄ • ⲡⲉⲧ ⲁⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ ⲉϫⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ :ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ • ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲟⲉ︦ⲓ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲗⲟⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲓ ⲉϫⲙ̄\nⲡⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ︦ⲛ︦ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ • ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲓϩⲉ ⲉⲛⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲟⲩϩ ⲉⲛⲉⲩⲉ̄ⲣⲏⲩ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲓⲁⲥⲡⲁⲍⲉ\nⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ :- | ⲁⲓⲁⲡⲁⲛⲅⲉⲓⲗⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ : ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲟ ⲉⲧ","english":"the one who sees his face alone outside the mystery: blessed is the glory of your divinity. The one who is honored and exists in the honor of his greatness, and his only-begotten son Jesus Christ our Lord, the one who has grasped the whole, and the whole came into being through him. The angel of the Lord lifted me up and brought me to the mountain of the lords. Then I, Paul, found the apostles gathered together at one time, and I greeted them. I announced to them all the things that had happened to me and the things I had seen, and the honor that","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the angel of the Lord' (ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ) uses the fixed rendering of ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ as 'angel' and ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ as 'the Lord', a standard divine title in Coptic Christian texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ is an abstract noun formed from ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ('god') with the prefix ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦-, meaning 'divinity' or 'godhead'. The possessive ⲧⲉⲕ ('your') addresses God directly, a liturgical feature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲛ̄ ϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲓ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲉⲛϫⲥ̄","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'his only-begotten son Jesus Christ our Lord' echoes Johannine language (John 1:14, 3:16) and the Nicene Creed's 'only-begotten Son of God', affirming Christ's unique divine generation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The first-person formula 'Then I, Paul' (ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ) marks a shift from doxology to narrative, introducing Paul's encounter with the apostles. This is a typical structural marker in apocryphal acts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ︦ⲛ︦ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The 'mountain of the lords' (ⲡⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ︦ⲛ︦ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ) may refer to a celestial or eschatological location, possibly the Mount of Olives or a heavenly mountain, common in apocalyptic literature as a site of revelation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲓⲁⲡⲁⲛⲅⲉⲓⲗⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ","severity":"info","text":"Paul's announcement to the apostles of his visions (ⲁⲓⲁⲡⲁⲛⲅⲉⲓⲗⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ) parallels the narrative structure of the Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli), where Paul reports his otherworldly journey to the apostles, a motif widely received in Coptic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"},{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ⲙⲁⲩⲁⲁϥ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲩⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'the one who sees his face alone outside the mystery' (as in the English draft) or 'the one who sees his face, alone, outside the mystery', with 'alone' possibly modifying the seer or the face. The reading taken follows the draft.","The identity of 'the lords' (ⲛ︦ⲛ︦ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ) on the mountain is unclear; it may refer to angelic beings, Christ and God, or a group of saints. The draft renders it as 'the lords' without further specification."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":78,"ref":"p78","source":"ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϩⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡϣⲟⲣϣⲣ̄ ⲉⲧⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ • ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲣⲁϣⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ\nⲁⲩⲧⲉⲗⲏⲗ • ⲁⲩⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ • ⲁⲩⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲉ ⲛⲁⲛ ϩⲓ\nⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ • ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ϯⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ\nⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲡⲥⲁϩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓ̈ⲁ • ⲉ ⲧⲣ︦ⲛ︦ⲥϩⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲉⲩϩⲏⲩ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲟⲩⲱⲫⲉⲗⲉⲓⲁ̄ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ : ⲉϯ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲛ • ⲁ ⲡⲥ︦ⲏ︦ⲣ︦ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲱ̄ⲛϩ̄ ⲛⲁⲛ\nⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫⲙ̄ ⲡϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲭⲉⲣⲟⲩⲃⲉⲓⲛ • ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁⲛ\nϫⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲥⲟⲧⲡⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ • ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲁⲡⲟⲥ[ⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ] ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲓⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲁ ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲛⲁⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ • ϯⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ\nⲉⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲏⲧⲛ̄ • ⲉⲓⲧⲁ ⲁϥⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ\nⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲧⲁⲓⲏⲩ:\nⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲉⲥⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲇⲓⲁⲑⲩⲕⲏ • ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲗⲱⲃϣ̄ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲧⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓ̈ⲁ • ⲁⲣⲁⲁ\nⲡⲉⲕϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲱⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲕⲛⲁⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲣⲁ\nⲁⲕⲡⲗⲏⲣⲟⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ ⲉ̄ϫⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲛⲧ ⲁⲕⲥⲟⲧⲙⲟⲩ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄\nⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲉ ⲡⲁ ϫⲥ̄ • ⲁ ⲡⲉⲕϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ ϩⲉⲛⲛⲟϭ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩϥ • ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ̄ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲥⲏ︦ⲣ︦ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ • ϫⲉ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲙ̄\nⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ : ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ ϯϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲧⲛ̄ • ϫⲉ\nⲥⲉⲛⲁⲧⲁϣⲉⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ\nϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ̄ • ⲉⲩϩⲏⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲛⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲥ •","english":"the righteous will be, and the manner and the disturbance that will be for the impious. Then the apostles rejoiced and  \nrejoiced greatly; they blessed God. They commanded us together,  \nI, Mark, and Timothy, disciples  \nof the holy Paul, the scribe of the church, to write this holy apocalypse, which is useful and  \nbeneficial for those who will hear it. While the apostles were speaking with us, the Lord Christ revealed himself to us  \noutside, upon the chariot of the cherubim. He said to us,  \n“Hail, my holy disciples, whom I have chosen  \nfrom the world. Hail, Peter, the crown of the apostles. Hail, John, my beloved. Hail, all my apostles. The peace of my good father  \nwill be with you.” Then he turned to our father and said  \nto him, “Hail, Paul, the epistle-bearer who is honored.  \nHail, Paul, the mediator of the covenant. Hail,  \nPaul, the foundation and the structure of the church. Let  \nyour heart be steadfast in you concerning the things you have seen. Let  \nyou be fully assured concerning the things you have heard.” Paul answered,  \n“My Lord, your grace and your love have done great good with me.” The Lord answered and said,  \n“O beloved of  \nthe father, amen, amen, I say to you,  \nthe words of this apocalypse will be spread  \nthroughout the whole world, useful for those who will hear it.","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'apostle' is used here for the group that includes Peter and John, and also for Paul, who is later called 'epistle-bearer' and 'mediator of the covenant'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Mark and Timothy are called 'disciples' of Paul, distinguishing them from the apostles; the Lord addresses the apostles as 'my holy disciples'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Paul is called 'holy' (ⲡϩⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ), and the apocalypse is 'holy' (ⲧⲉⲓ ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from narrative (apostles rejoicing, commissioning Mark and Timothy) to a theophany: Christ appears on a chariot of cherubim and delivers greetings and a prophecy of the apocalypse's spread.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Mark and Timothy wrote the apocalypse under apostolic authority is a common pseudepigraphal device; the text was known in Coptic tradition and cited by Budge (1915).","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Budge 1915"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲁⲁ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲣⲁⲁ (twice) is ambiguous: it may be a variant of ⲁⲣⲁ 'let' (imperative) or a scribal error for ⲁⲣⲓ 'do'. The translation 'let' is adopted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁⲣⲁⲁ ⲡⲉⲕϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲱⲧ ⲉ ⲣⲟⲕ is syntactically difficult; ⲁⲣⲁⲁ may be a variant of ⲁⲣⲓ 'do' or a scribal error. The reading 'let your heart be steadfast' is adopted.","The identity of 'our father' (ⲡⲉⲛⲉⲓⲱⲧ) is ambiguous: it may refer to Paul (as spiritual father) or to God; context suggests Paul, as Christ turns to address him."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ → “holy”. Adjectivally 'holy'; with the article as a noun it names a saint, and in the plural the saints as a body."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ","text":"ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ carries more than one sense (saint); this passage takes it as “holy”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":79,"ref":"p79","source":"ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ ϯϫⲱ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲱ̄ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲧ\nⲛⲁϥⲓ ⲡⲣⲟⲟⲩϣ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ :- | ⲛϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ̈ⲥ\nⲛϥ̄ⲕⲁⲁⲥ ⲉ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉⲩⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲣⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲛ̄ⲅⲉ[ⲛⲉ]ⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲛⲏⲩ • ⲛ̄ ϯⲛⲁⲧⲥⲁⲃⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲓⲙⲉ ⲉⲧ ⲥⲁϣⲉ • ϣⲁ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ ⲧⲙⲉϩ ⲥ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲡⲉⲣⲙⲁ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲱϣ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϩⲛ̄ ⲟⲩⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ ϯⲛⲁⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ\nⲣⲟϥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲏⲓ • ⲡⲉⲧ ⲛⲁⲕⲱⲙϣ̄ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁ ⲛ̄ϣⲁϫⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲓ\nⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ ϯⲛⲁϫⲓⲕⲃⲁ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲟⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩⲱϣ\nⲛ̄ϩⲏⲧⲥ̄ ⲉⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲧⲉⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧ ⲧⲃ̄ⲃⲏⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲩⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲟⲛϩⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ\nⲉ̄ ⲣⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲱ̄ ⲛⲁ ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ ⲁⲓϣⲉⲣⲡ̄\nⲧⲁⲙⲱⲧⲛ̄ ⲉ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓ̈ⲙ • ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲃⲱⲕ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲁϣⲉⲟⲉⲓϣ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟ • ⲉ̄ⲡⲉⲓ ⲇⲏ ⲁϥϩⲱⲛ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉ ϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ϭⲓ ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲁⲅⲱⲛ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ • ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ϩⲱⲱⲕ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲁ ⲥⲱⲧⲡ̄\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ • ⲕⲛⲁϫⲱⲕ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲕⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲧⲟⲕ ⲙⲛ̄\nⲡⲁ ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ-ⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲩ ϯⲟⲩ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲉⲡ︦ⲏ︦ⲫ︦ ⲛⲅ̄\nϣⲱⲡⲉ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲁ ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ⲧⲁ ϭⲟⲙ ⲉⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ\nⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲏⲧⲛ̄ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲉⲕⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ⲉ̄\nⲧⲣⲉⲥⲧⲁⲗⲟ ⲛ︦ⲙ︦ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ • ⲛ︦ⲥ︦ϫⲓⲧⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲧⲉⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛⲧⲁϥⲧⲟϣⲥ̄ ⲛⲁⲩ • ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲁϣⲉⲟ̄ⲉⲓϣ ϩ︤ⲙ︥ ⲙⲁ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲏⲩⲉ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ϩⲓⲧⲛ̄\nⲧⲉⲭⲁⲣⲓⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲙⲁⲓ ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲉⲛϫⲥ̄ ⲓⲥ̄ ⲡⲉⲭⲣ︦ⲥ︦\nⲡⲉⲛⲥ︦ⲏ︦ⲣ︦ • ⲡⲁⲓ ⲡⲉⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉϥⲉⲓⲱⲧ ⲛ̄ ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲉⲡⲛ︦ⲁ︦ • ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̄ ⲉⲛⲉϩ •","english":"Amen, amen. I say it to you, O Paul: He who will take care of this apocalypse, he will write it, he will place it in a library for the generations that are coming. I will not show them to Amente and his bitter weeping, until the second generation in his seed. And he who will read it with faith, I will bless his mouth and his house. He who will seek after the words of this apocalypse, I will reward them. And they will not read it except in the holy days, because all the mysteries of my divinity I have revealed to you, O my holy members. Behold, I have prepared for you all things. Now go, depart, and preach the gospel of my kingdom. For your race and your holy contest have drawn near. But you, O my chosen Paul, you will complete your race, you and my beloved Peter, on the twenty-fourth of the month of Epiphi, and you will be in my kingdom forever. My power will be with you. And immediately he commanded the cloud to bring the disciples, to take them to the region he had assigned to them, and to preach everywhere the gospel of the kingdom of the heavens forever, through the grace and philanthropy of our Lord Jesus Christ, our Savior. This is the glory of him and his good Father and the Holy Spirit, forever and ever.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ (πίστις) here denotes 'faithfulness' or 'reliability' rather than doctrinal assent, as the context promises a blessing for the reader who approaches the text with fidelity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The double ⲁⲙⲏⲛ (amen) is a liturgical formula, transliterated from Hebrew, used to close doxologies and solemn pronouncements in Coptic Christian texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ (Amente) is the Coptic name for the underworld or realm of the dead, often personified as a place of punishment; its mention here contrasts with the revealed mysteries of the apocalypse.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲉⲡⲏⲫ","severity":"info","text":"The date 'twenty-fourth of Epiphi' (ⲡⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲉⲡⲏⲫ) corresponds to 18 July in the Julian calendar; this is traditionally associated with the martyrdom of Paul and Peter in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage functions as a closing commission: the Lord addresses Paul directly, commands the writing and preservation of the apocalypse, and dispatches the apostles to preach, forming a narrative conclusion to the revelation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to place the apocalypse in a library (ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲉ) and read it only on holy days reflects later monastic practices of controlled access to revelatory texts, as seen in Coptic manuscript traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛ̄ⲅⲉ[ⲛⲉ]ⲁ (generations) is partially restored; the Coptic text has a lacuna. The reading 'second generation' (ⲙⲉϩ ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲅⲉⲛⲉⲁ) is uncertain—it may refer to a specific future time or a symbolic period.","The identity of 'my holy members' (ⲛⲁ ⲙⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ) is ambiguous: it could refer to the apostles as a collective or to a specific group of initiates."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ","text":"ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ → “disciple”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."}]},{"i":80,"ref":"p80","source":"ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ :ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ ⲙ̄ ⲡⲙⲁⲓ\nⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ ⲥⲟⲛ • ⲉⲧ⳽ⲧ⳽ ⲯⲁⲧⲉ • ⲛ̄ ⲣⲙ̄ⲧⲙⲉⲕⲣⲁ • ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲟϣ\nⲛ̄ ⲣ̄ⲙⲟⲛ︦ⲧ︦ • ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡϫⲥ̄ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ\nⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ϩⲣⲁⲫⲁⲏⲗ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲡⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ • ⲛⲁⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ ⲯⲁⲧⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲉ • ⲙⲛ̄ ⲧϥ̄ϭⲓⲛ ⲣ̄ ϩⲱⲃ • ⲛϥ̄ⲁⲁϥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲩⲛⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲉⲣⲟ ⲉⲧ ϩⲛ̄\nⲙ̄ ⲙ̄ⲡⲏⲩⲉ • ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ • ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ •","english":"Amen. This good thing has come forth from the hand of the God-loving brother, Psate, the son of Mektra, in the district of Ermont. May the Lord God, the holy archangel Raphael, and the holy apostle Paul bless him, Psate, and his wife, and his children, and his entire household, and make him a co-heir with his holy ones in the kingdom that is in the heavens, forever. Amen.","structure":"doxology","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ ... ϩⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a doxology, closing the apocalypse with a blessing formula and a final Amen, typical of Coptic homiletic and apocryphal literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ϩⲣⲁⲫⲁⲏⲗ","severity":"info","text":"The holy archangel Raphael is invoked alongside the apostle Paul, reflecting the angel's role as a healer and guide in apocalyptic traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲯⲁⲧⲉ • ⲛ̄ ⲣⲙ̄ⲧⲙⲉⲕⲣⲁ • ϩⲙ̄ ⲡⲧⲟϣ ⲛ̄ ⲣ̄ⲙⲟⲛ︦ⲧ︦","severity":"info","text":"Psate, son of Mektra, from the district of Ermont (Armant, ancient Hermonthis) near Luxor, is named as the scribe or patron of the manuscript, a common colophonic detail.","cites":[{"key":"ed:budge-misc.apoc-paul","label":"source edition: Apoc Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Budge%20Miscellaneous%20OCR%20Output/Budge_Misc_ApocPaul/Apoc%20Paul%20Input/Apoc%20Paul%20Results/Apocalypse%20Paul%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛϥ̄ⲁⲁϥ ⲛ̄ⲥⲩⲛⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲛⲉϥⲡⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ϩⲛ̄ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲛ︦ⲧ︦ⲉⲣⲟ","severity":"info","text":"The blessing makes Psate a co-heir with the holy ones in the heavenly kingdom, a formula that aligns with Coptic monastic and liturgical hopes for the afterlife.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲧ⳽ⲧ⳽ ⲯⲁⲧⲉ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲉⲧ⳽ⲧ⳽ is a scribal abbreviation for ⲉⲧⲥϩⲁⲓ 'who wrote'; the reading 'Psate' as the scribe is secure, but the exact form of the abbreviation may vary in other manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ ⲡⲉⲓ ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉ ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ̄ could mean 'this good thing has come forth from his hand' (i.e., the scribe's) or 'through his hand'; the translation takes it as 'from the hand of' the God-loving brother."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"doxology","text":"Classified as doxology from the Coptic cues."}]}]}