{"slug":"baske","id":"georgian:titus:baske","title":"Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","author":"Bas.Caes.","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:15Z","cost_usd":0.001431},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:baske","work_id":"baske","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 28.10.2007. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"},"stats":{"passages":2,"english_words":284,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":11,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":2,"ambiguities":2,"work_notes":5,"external_links":1,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"baske","abstract":"The Old Georgian version of Basil of Caesarea's Hexaemeron, a set of nine homilies on the six days of creation, survives in several manuscripts, with the earliest complete witness being Sinai georg. 31 (10th century). The translation likely dates to the 9th–10th century and was produced in an Athonite or Palestinian monastic milieu. The TITUS edition provides a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus or facing Greek text. The work was widely used in Georgian monastic education and patristic florilegia, shaping Georgian theological vocabulary. The text contains lacunae marked by '######', and the Georgian term 'ჴელოვანსა' (xelovansa) translates Greek 'τεχνίτης' (technitēs), emphasizing the Creator as a skilled artisan.","historical_context":"Basil the Great delivered his nine homilies on the Hexaemeron in 378 CE in Caesarea, Cappadocia, as Lenten sermons to a Christian community. The work engages with Greek philosophical cosmology, notably adopting the Aristotelian fifth element (quinta essentia) for celestial matter while rejecting earlier four-element models. The Georgian translation emerged in the 9th–10th century, likely within the Athonite or Palestinian monastic circles, where Greek patristic texts were systematically translated into Georgian. The earliest complete manuscript, Sinai georg. 31 (10th c.), reflects the transmission through Georgian monastic centers on Mount Sinai. The Hexaemeron was integral to Georgian monastic education and was cited in later patristic florilegia, helping to develop Georgian theological vocabulary. The TITUS edition is a diplomatic transcription without collation of variants or critical apparatus, and lacks a facing Greek text for comparison.","significance":"The Old Georgian Hexaemeron is crucial for understanding the reception of Greek patristic cosmology in the Caucasus and the formation of Georgian theological language. It preserves Basil's arguments against earlier cosmological theories and adapts them for a Georgian audience, influencing later medieval Georgian thought. The work's use in monastic education and florilegia underscores its authority in shaping Georgian Christian identity.","timeline":[{"date":"378 CE","event":"Basil delivers the Hexaemeron homilies in Caesarea."},{"date":"9th–10th c.","event":"Georgian translation of the Hexaemeron produced, likely in Athonite or Palestinian monastic milieu."},{"date":"10th c.","event":"Earliest complete manuscript (Sinai georg. 31) copied."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"TITUS project publishes diplomatic transcription based on Sinai georg. 31."}],"relations":[{"work":"Basil of Caesarea, Hexaemeron (Greek original)","relation":"source text for the Georgian translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Genesis 1:1","relation":"foundational biblical text cited in the homilies","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Aristotelian cosmology (quinta essentia)","relation":"philosophical concept adopted by Basil","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian patristic florilegia","relation":"later works citing the Georgian Hexaemeron","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Sinai georg. 31","relation":"earliest complete manuscript witness","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"TITUS edition of Bas.Caes.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm","reason":"Source edition for the dossier."}],"cautions":["The exact date of the Georgian translation is uncertain; it is attributed to the 9th–10th century based on manuscript evidence.","The TITUS edition lacks a critical apparatus and does not collate variant readings from other Georgian manuscripts.","The text has lacunae marked by '######', making some passages uncertain in meaning.","The translation's attribution to a specific Athonite or Palestinian milieu is plausible but not definitively proven."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000491,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:22:28Z"},"checks":{"work":"baske","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":2,"translated":2,"commentary_passages":2,"commentary_units":11,"english_words":284,"source_letters":1264,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Old Georgian version of Basil’s Hexaemeron survives in several manuscripts; the edition by the TITUS project is based on the earliest complete witness, Sinai georg. 31 (10th c.).","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Basil’s nine homilies on the six days of creation were delivered in 378 CE. The Georgian translation is attributed to the 9th–10th century, likely within the Athonite or Palestinian monastic milieu.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Hexaemeron was widely used in Georgian monastic education and cited in later Georgian patristic florilegia, reflecting its authority in the formation of Georgian theological vocabulary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The TITUS edition presents a diplomatic transcription; it does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of variant readings from other Georgian manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition lacks a facing Greek text or translation; readers must consult the Greek original (PG 29) for comparison of technical terms and biblical quotations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 2 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"2 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 28.10.2007. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":2},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:baske":{"label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"[თქუმული ბასილისი] [თავი პირველი] .......................................................... იგი მძიმესა. ამისთჳს რაჟამს აღვიძრნით ჩუენ ზე აღმართ, დაგჳმძიმდის ქუეყანასა; ოდეს აღვიძრინით ქუე დამართ, ვაიძულით ცეცხლისასა ქუე დამართ შთამოზიდვად. ხოლო მოზიდვაჲ იგი ნივთთაჲ წინააღმდგომთა მისთა მიმართ მიზეზ არს განქარვებისა მათისა, რამეთუ იძულებით იგი გარეშე ბუნებისა არს. და ბუნებისა გარეშე წინააღდგომითა თჳსითა მსწრაფლ დაჰჴსნდის დამტკიცებისაგან თჳსისა, და კუალად იქცის იგი მისავე, რომლისაგანცა დამტკიცნა. და ამის იძულებისათჳს გონბი(!)ერისა (!) უარ-ყვეს თქუმული იგი პირველთაჲ მათ და მოაჴსენეს ბუნებაჲ მეხუთისა გუამისაჲ დამტკიცებასა შინა ცისა და ვარსკულავთასა, რომელნი არიან მას შინა. და სხუაჲ შეცთომილთაგან ######მენა სიტყუაჲ თჳსი, წინააღუდგა მათ, დაჰსჴსნნა თქუმულნი იგი მათნი და დაამტკიცა სიტყუაჲ თჳსი, რომელ-იგი უკუეთუ ჩუენ მიუთხრათ, გესწორნეთ #### დაუდგრომელობითა.","english":"[...] it to the heavy. For this reason, when we lift upward, it becomes heavy for the earth; when we draw downward, we compel the fire to be drawn downward. But that drawing of substances toward their opposites is the cause of their dissolution, for it is contrary to nature. And by the unnatural opposition, it quickly dissolves from its own consolidation and again turns into that from which it was consolidated. And because of this compulsion, the more prudent rejected that earlier statement and introduced the nature of the fifth body into the consolidation of the heaven and the stars that are in it. And another of the erring [...] his own word, opposed them, dissolved their statements, and confirmed his own word, which, if we recount to you, may set you right [...] by instability.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The fifth body (quinta essentia) is a standard Aristotelian element, adopted by Basil to explain celestial matter. The passage contrasts this with the four sublunary elements.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"გონბի(!)ერისა (!)","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian text has a scribal corruption: 'გონბի(!)ერისა (!)' likely intended 'გონიერისა' (prudent). The English draft renders it as 'more prudent'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of Basil's refutation of earlier cosmological theories, specifically the rejection of the four-element model for the heavens and the introduction of the fifth body.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian translation of Basil's Hexaemeron was influential in medieval Georgian theology, preserving and adapting Greek patristic cosmology for a Caucasian audience.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"######","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian text has lacunae marked by '######', indicating missing words. The English draft supplies 'mened' and 'by' but the original sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'another of the erring' is unclear; possibly a specific opponent of Basil. The lacunae obscure the exact argument about instability."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"არამედ ვაცადნეთ იგინი, და თჳთ აჰჴსნან თქუმული იგი ერთმანერთისაჲ და შევიწყნაროთ თქუმული იგი მოსესი, რომელ თქუა არსებისათჳს ცისა #### იგი აქა, ვითარმედ: \"ღმერთმან დაჰბადა ცაჲ და ქუეყანაჲ\" და ვადიდებდეთ [ჴელოვან]სა მას განმამზადებელსა, რომელმან-იგი დაჰბადა სიბრძნით და [გული]სჴმავყოთ შუენიერი იგი შუენიერისაგან ხილულისა #######დისაგან ამათ გუამთა საცნობელთაჲსა და საზღვართაჲსა: [განვი]ზრახო დაუსრულებელისა მისთჳს, რომელი უფროჲს გუა###### არს და უმაღლეს გულის-ზრახავთ სიდიდისათჳს ძ###### მისისა. რამეთუ დაღაცათუ ვერ გულისჴმა-ვყოთ მეცნიე#### დაბადებულთაჲსაჲ! არამედ რომელ-იგი ქუეშე არს ####ა ჩუენთა, საკჳრველ არს, ვიდრემდის გონებაჲცა მღჳძა##### ####ურდის გამოძიებისათჳს უმცირესისა ხილულ#####ისა და დიდებისა მიცემად შემოქმედისა თჳსისა, რომელი ############# უკუნითი უკუნისამდე, ამენ.","english":"But let us set them aside, and let them themselves explain their own mutual discourse, and let us accept that utterance of Moses, who said concerning the substance of the sky: \"God created the heaven and the earth,\" and let us praise that skillful Artificer, who created it with wisdom, and let us turn our gaze from the beauty of the visible to the beauty of the invisible, from the knowledge and boundaries of these bodies: let us contemplate the infinite, which is beyond body and higher, and let us think of the greatness of His power. For even if we cannot comprehend the knowledge of the created things! Yet that which is beneath our senses is wondrous, until even the mind marvels at the investigation of the smallest visible thing and at the giving of glory to its Creator, who is from eternity to eternity, amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ღმერთმან დაჰბადა ცაჲ და ქუეყანაჲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'God created the heaven and the earth' is a direct citation of Genesis 1:1, the foundational text for the Hexaemeron tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴელოვანსა","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian term 'ჴელოვანსა' (xelovansa) translates Greek 'τεχνίτης' (technitēs), meaning 'artificer' or 'craftsman', emphasizing the Creator as a skilled artisan in Basil's argument.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Basil contrasts Moses' account with pagan philosophical discourses, a common apologetic strategy in the Hexaemeron to assert biblical authority over natural philosophy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes Basil's argument by redirecting attention from visible creation to the invisible Creator, a rhetorical move typical of his homiletic style.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian translation of Basil's Hexaemeron was influential in medieval Georgian theology, preserving patristic exegesis for the Georgian Church.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Georgian text contains lacunae marked by '#'; the English draft fills these gaps conjecturally, so the precise wording of the original is uncertain in places.","cites":[{"key":"ed:baske","label":"source edition: Basilius Magnus, Hexaemeron","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/ageo/bascaes/baskes6d/baske.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Georgian text has several lacunae (marked by '#' in the transcription), making the exact wording uncertain in phrases like 'from the beauty of the visible to the beauty of the invisible' and 'the smallest visible thing'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}