{"slug":"bakar","id":"georgian:titus:bakar","title":"Bakar Bible (complete)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"bible","date":"","tradition":"georgian","coverage":"biblical-version","coverage_claim":{"status":"biblical-version","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:15Z","cost_usd":0.00245},"source":{"registry_id":"georgian:titus:bakar","work_id":"bakar","edition":"titus","language":"","license":"This text is part of the TITUS edition of Biblia Bacarii. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 20.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":709,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":22,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":7,"work_notes":6,"external_links":1,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"bakar","abstract":"The Bakar Bible is the first complete printed edition of the Georgian Bible, produced in Moscow in 1743 under the patronage of Prince Bakar, son of King Vakhtang VI. Based on earlier Georgian manuscript traditions, particularly the Gelati and Athos recensions, its precise textual lineage remains uncertain. The edition incorporates revisions from the Moscow edition of 1743, drawing on earlier Georgian and possibly Greek sources, and shows normalization toward contemporary ecclesiastical Georgian. It became the standard printed Bible for the Georgian Orthodox Church throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, influencing liturgical and scholarly use until the 20th century. The TITUS edition provides a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus.","historical_context":"The Bakar Bible was printed in Moscow in 1743 under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, with Prince Bakar (r. 1716–1739) as patron. Bakar, a descendant of Kings Archil, George, Levan, and Vakhtang, asserted royal authority for the project. The colophon reports that Georgian biblical books were scattered, lost, or corrupted by scribes, motivating Bakar's compilation and translation. The printer brought from Wallachia reflects the movement of printing technology into the Caucasus. The edition is based on earlier Georgian manuscript traditions, notably the Gelati and Athos recensions, but its precise textual lineage remains uncertain. It incorporates revisions from the Moscow edition of 1743, which itself drew on earlier Georgian and possibly Greek sources. The text shows signs of normalization toward contemporary ecclesiastical Georgian, reflecting 18th-century linguistic standards.","significance":"The Bakar Bible is the first complete printed Georgian Bible and became the standard text for the Georgian Orthodox Church for over two centuries. It represents a critical moment in the history of the Georgian biblical tradition, consolidating earlier manuscript traditions into a printed form that shaped liturgical and scholarly use until the 20th century. Its production in Moscow under royal patronage highlights the intersection of Georgian religious identity with Russian imperial politics.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Christianization of Georgia; earliest Georgian biblical translations likely begin."},{"date":"11th c.","event":"Gelati and Athos recensions of the Georgian Bible are produced."},{"date":"1716–1739","event":"Reign of Prince Bakar, patron of the Bakar Bible."},{"date":"1743","event":"Bakar Bible printed in Moscow under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna."},{"date":"18th–19th c.","event":"Bakar Bible becomes the standard printed Bible for the Georgian Orthodox Church."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"Bakar Bible remains influential until superseded by critical editions."}],"relations":[{"work":"Gelati recension","relation":"textual basis","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Athos recension","relation":"textual basis","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Moscow edition of 1743","relation":"source for revisions","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Georgian Orthodox Church","relation":"standard liturgical text","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"TITUS edition","relation":"diplomatic transcription","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"Bakar Bible edition (TITUS)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm","reason":"Primary source transcription"}],"cautions":["The precise textual lineage of the Bakar Bible remains uncertain; it is based on earlier manuscript traditions but the exact sources are not fully known.","The orthography and language reflect 18th-century Georgian, not the earliest recoverable text of the Georgian Bible.","The TITUS edition is a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus or variant readings from other manuscript traditions."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000466,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:23:18Z"},"checks":{"work":"bakar","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":22,"english_words":709,"source_letters":3034,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Bakar Bible is a complete Georgian Bible printed in 1743 under the patronage of Prince Bakar, son of King Vakhtang VI. It represents the first printed edition of the entire Georgian Bible.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition is based on earlier Georgian manuscript traditions, notably the Gelati and Athos recensions, but its precise textual lineage remains uncertain. The 1743 date is well established from the colophon.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Bakar Bible incorporates revisions from the Moscow edition of 1743, which itself drew on earlier Georgian and possibly Greek sources. The text shows signs of normalization toward contemporary ecclesiastical Georgian.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition became the standard printed Bible for the Georgian Orthodox Church throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, influencing later liturgical and scholarly use until the 20th century.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The TITUS edition presents a diplomatic transcription of the Bakar Bible but does not include critical apparatus or variant readings from other manuscript traditions. It reflects the printed text, not the earlier manuscript witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Bakar Bible's orthography and language reflect 18th-century Georgian, which differs from earlier Old Georgian forms. Readers should not assume it represents the earliest recoverable text of the Georgian Bible.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"This is a version of a biblical text. English Bibles exist; an English translation of this particular version was not searched for."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: bible in Old Georgian; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: titus — This text is part of the TITUS edition of Biblia Bacarii. Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 20.11.2023. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder."}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"ed:bakar":{"label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"სადიდებლად წმიდისა და ერთარისა, და ცხოველს მყოფელისა, და განუყოფელისა, სამებისა, მამისა, და ძისა, და სულისა, წმიდისა. ჟამსა ზეშთა ამაღლებულისა, და ზეშთა განბრწყინებულისა, იმპერატრიცას : და თვით მპყრობელისა, ყოვლისა რუსეთისა, ელისაბედ პეტრეს ასულისასა, და მემკვიდრისა მისისა დიდის მთავრისა პეტრეს : თეოდორისასა, ვიგულეთ და ვიგულმოდგინეთ, ჩუენ დავითიან სოლომონიან, პანკრატოვანმან, ძმისწულის წულმან და სახელოვანის მეფის არჩილისამან და მეფის გიორგისამან და ძემან სახელგანთქმულის ლევანის ძის მეფის ვახტანგისამან. მეფემან ქართველთამან ბაქარ . ამის სულთა და გონებათა განმანათლებელისა წმიდისა დაბადებისა დაბეჭდვად, რამეთუ პირველ ფრიადითა სასოებითა ნებელობა ნეტარ ჴსენებულსა მეფეს არჩილს. რათამცა შეეკრიბა და შეესრულებინა დაბადება: რამეთუ ქუეყანათა ჩუენთა არღარა იპოვებოდა ერთად შეკრებულნი, არამედ წიგნად წიგნად იყო, და რომელნიმე დაკარგულ და დაკლებულ. ვითარცა წიგნი ისო ზირაქი, და მაკაბელნი. ხოლო რომელნიცა დაშთომილ იყუნეს, და იპოვებოდეს: იგინიცა უთავოდ და უმუჴლოდ დამწერალთა მიერ განრყვნიანი. არამედ შეეკრიბა და შეეწყო ერთად და ნაკლულევანიცა იგი ეთარგმნა ძალისაებრ თვისისა, რომელიცა შემძლებელ ყოფილ იყო. ეგრეთვე ნეტარ ჴსენებულმან მამამან ჩემმან მეფემან ვახტანგ.","english":"For the praise of the holy and one, and life-giving, and indivisible Trinity, the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In the time of the most exalted and most radiant Empress, and the sovereign ruler of all Russia, Elizabeth, daughter of Peter, and of her heir, the Grand Duke Peter Feodorovich, we have considered and taken care, we, Davidian, Solomonian, Pancratovian, the nephew of the nephew of the renowned King Archil and of King George, and the son of the famous Levan, son of King Vakhtang. King of the Georgians, Bakar. For the printing of the holy Genesis, the enlightener of souls and minds, because first with great hope the will of the blessed-remembered King Archil was that he might gather and complete the Genesis: for in our lands it was no longer to be found gathered together, but was book by book, and some were lost and deficient. As the book of Jesus Sirach, and the Maccabees. But those which remained and were found, they too were without beginning and without end, corrupted by the scribes. But he gathered and joined them together, and the deficient parts he translated according to his own ability, which he was capable of. Likewise, the blessed-remembered my father, King Vakhtang.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Bakar Bible","severity":"info","text":"The colophon names King Bakar (r. 1716–1739) as the patron of this edition, printed in Moscow in 1743 under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"სადიდებლად","severity":"info","text":"The Georgian 'sadideblad' (for the praise) opens a doxological formula typical of Orthodox colophons, invoking the Trinity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Elizabeth Petrovna","severity":"info","text":"Empress Elizabeth (r. 1741–1762) and her heir Grand Duke Peter Feodorovich (later Peter III) are named, dating the colophon to her reign.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Bakar's lineage","severity":"info","text":"Bakar identifies himself as a descendant of Kings Archil, George, Levan, and Vakhtang, asserting royal authority for the biblical project.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"state of Georgian scriptures","severity":"info","text":"The colophon reports that Georgian biblical books were scattered, lost, or corrupted by scribes, motivating Bakar's compilation and translation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus Sirach and Maccabees","severity":"info","text":"The colophon mentions the books of Jesus Sirach and Maccabees as examples of texts that were missing or deficient in Georgian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The colophon's reference to 'Genesis' (დაბადება) may denote the entire Old Testament or specifically the book of Genesis; the reading taken is the whole Bible project."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ინება სამეფოსა თჳსსა ქალაქსა ტფილისასა წიგნისა ამის აღბეჭდვად. და მოიყვანა მესტამბე ვლახეთით. და გააკეთა სტაბა. იმუშაკა და დაშვრა და განაწყო ყოველივე ნეშთნი და მცირე რაჲმე საწინაწარმეტყუელონი აღბეჭდა. და არცაღა მას სცა ჟამმან და დრომან ამაომან დაქცევადმან და დაუშთა მასცა ეგრეთვე შეუსრულებლად, და ჟამსა ამას ქუეყანით ჩუენით მოვიწიენით დიდსა ამას საჴელმწიფოსა რუსეთს, ჩ̂ღკდ (1724). ჴელმწიფობასა პირველისა იმპერატორისა დიდის ჴელმწიფისა პეტრე ალექსის ძისასა სამეუფოსა ქალაქსა დიდსა მოსკოვს : შემდგომად ხანთა რაოდენთამე განვიხილე და ვინებე ორთა ამათ მეფეთა ნამუშაკევნი ცუდად მდებარე რომელთა სურვილნი ფრიად ყოფილ იყუნენ და ვერ მიმთხვევოდენ საწადელთა მათთა. ვითარცა მოსე და არონ ქუეყანასა აღთქმისასა. და მებანა მე ვითარცა ისოს, ვინებე და ვისურვე ვითარცა: ირემმან წყაროთა მიმართ ნამუშაკევისა ამის კეთილად წარმართებად. ხოლო სასოებითა და შეწევნითა საბაოთისა ღმრთისათა ჴელვყავ და აღვასრულე წადილი მათი. რამეთუ საქმენი ჴელთა ჩემთანი წარმართა ჩემ ზედა, და ქმნული ჴელთათანი წარგვიმართნა. და აღვბეჭდეთ სამეუფოსა ქალაქსა დიდსა მოსკოვს. შენდობითა და კურთხევითა წმიდათა მმართებელთა სინოდთათა .","english":"He desired to have this book printed in his royal city of Tbilisi. And he brought a printer from Wallachia. And he set up a press. He labored and toiled and arranged all the materials, and printed a few of the minor prophetic books. But time and vain circumstance did not allow him to complete it, and it remained unfinished as before. And at this time we arrived from our land in this great dominion of Russia, in the year 1724, during the reign of the first emperor, the great sovereign Peter Alexeevich, in the royal city of great Moscow. After some years, I examined and desired the works of these two kings, which lay useless, whose desires had been very great but could not attain their wishes. Like Moses and Aaron in the land of promise. And it seemed to me like Joshua; I wished and desired, like a deer toward springs, to bring this labor to a good completion. But with the hope and assistance of the God of Hosts, I took hold and fulfilled their desire. For the works of my hands were directed upon me, and the works of their hands were directed for us. And we printed it in the royal city of great Moscow, with the permission and blessing of the holy governing Synod.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"მესტამბე ვლახეთით","severity":"info","text":"The printer brought from Wallachia (Vlachia) reflects the historical movement of printing technology into the Caucasus; Wallachian printers were active in the Ottoman and Russian spheres.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"1724","severity":"info","text":"The year 1724 is given in Georgian chronogram (ჩ̂ღკდ). This places the arrival in Moscow during the reign of Peter I, who died in 1725, aligning with the historical context of the Bakar Bible's production.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"მოსე და არონ ... ისოს","severity":"info","text":"The comparison to Moses, Aaron, and Joshua (Jesus) echoes Old Testament leadership typology, common in Georgian royal prefaces to frame the printing project as a divinely guided restoration.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"სინოდთათა","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the holy governing Synod indicates that the printing was authorized by the Russian Orthodox Church, reflecting the Bakar Bible's production under Russian ecclesiastical oversight.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ორთა ამათ მეფეთა","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'these two kings' likely points to earlier Georgian rulers (possibly Vakhtang VI and another) who attempted but failed to complete a Bible printing, framing the present work as their continuation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"საბაოთისა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Sabaoth' (Lord of Hosts) is a transliteration of the Hebrew צבאות, used in Georgian liturgical texts to denote God as commander of heavenly armies, here invoked for divine assistance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'two kings' is not explicitly named; likely Vakhtang VI and another Georgian ruler, but the text does not specify.","The phrase 'like a deer toward springs' is a poetic simile; its precise source or conventional meaning in Georgian is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"და აწ ნებითა ჩუენთა მიზეზ ექმნა სტანბისა ამის განმართვასა და გაკეთებასა არქიეფისკოპოზი იოსებ სამებელი, და ფრიად დაშვრა განზრახვითა და ნებითა ყოველთავე ჩუენთა სამღდელოთა, და აწ მოვიღევით მეფის არჩილის ნამუშაკევი დაბადება ჴელით წერილი, და შევამოწეთ დედანსა ფრიად კეთილსა, და სარწმუნოსა მრავალთა წმიდათა და ფილოსოფოსთა და ღმრთის მეტყველთა მიერ გამოძიებით თარგმნილსა და გამართულსა ბერძენთა სარწმუნოებასა ზედა. და განვმართეთ ახლად ყოველნივე სიტყვა მეტნაკლებნი თავად თავად და რიცხ-რიცხვად სამოწმითა ესრეთ უნაკლულოდ. რომელ არღარა უდარეს საგონებელ არს სხვათა ბიბლიათა, ანუ ებრაელთა, ანუ ელენთა, ანუ ასურთა, ანუ ბულღართა, ანუ სომეხთა, და სხვათა ყოველთა. საოხად და საჴსრად სულთა წინა თქმულთა მათ მეფეთა, მეფის არჩილისა, და ასულისა მისისა დარეჯანისათჳს. მამისა ჩემისა მეფის ვახტანგისა. და დედისა ჩემისა დედოფლის რუსუდანის სულის საოხად. და სულისა ჩუენისა და მეუღლისა ჩუენისა არაგვის ერისთავის ასულის ანნასათვის. ძისა ჩემისა ლევანისა და ალექსანდრესა. და ასულისა ჩემისა ელისაბედისათვის კეთილად აღზრდისა და დაცვისათჳს. და ძმისა ჩუენისა მეფის ძისა გიორგის მშვიდობით ცხორებისათჳს. რაჲთა უფალმან ღმერთმან ჩუენმან ყოვლისა კეთილისა მიზეზმან, ნამიზეზევი ესე ჩუენი შეიწიროს, და ღირს გვყოს მარჯვენით თჳსსა დგომასა.","english":"And now, by our will, cause was made for the ordering and preparation of this printing by Archbishop Ioseb Samebeli, and he labored greatly with the intention and will of all our clergy. And now we have brought forth the work of King Archil, the book of Genesis written by hand, and we have compared it with a very good and trustworthy copy, translated and corrected by many holy men, philosophers, and theologians through careful investigation, based on the trustworthy Greek text. And we have newly corrected every word, more or less, each in its own place and in order, with such comparison that it is in no way inferior in conception to other Bibles, whether Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Bulgarian, Armenian, or any others. For the benefit and salvation of the souls of the aforementioned kings, King Archil and his daughter Darejan; for the soul of my father, King Vakhtang, and of my mother, Queen Rusudan, for the salvation of their souls; and for the soul of our own and of our wife, Anna, daughter of the Eristavi of Aragvi; for my son Levan and Alexander; and for my daughter Elisabed, for their good upbringing and protection; and for the peaceful life of our brother, the king's son Giorgi. So that our Lord God, the cause of all good, may accept this our offering and deem us worthy to stand at His right hand.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"არქიეფისკოპოზი იოსებ სამებელი","severity":"info","text":"Archbishop Ioseb Samebeli is a known figure in the Georgian church, associated with the Bakar Bible project. His role here as overseer of the printing aligns with the colophon's account of clerical support.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"მეფის არჩილის ნამუშაკევი დაბადება","severity":"info","text":"King Archil (1647–1713) was a Georgian ruler and patron of literature. His handwritten copy of Genesis, mentioned here, served as a base text for the Bakar Bible, indicating a direct manuscript lineage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴელით წერილი","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'handwritten' (ჴელით წერილი) confirms that the base manuscript was a physical codex, not a printed edition, underscoring the reliance on manuscript tradition for the Bakar Bible.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"სარწმუნოებასა ზედა","severity":"info","text":"The claim that the Greek text is 'trustworthy' (სარწმუნო) reflects the editors' apologetic stance, asserting the authority of their source against potential criticism, a common feature in early modern Georgian Bible prefaces.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"სამოწმითა","severity":"info","text":"The term 'comparison' (სამოწმითა) indicates a collation method, where the editors compared multiple manuscripts to establish the text, a philological practice typical of scholarly Bible editions of the period.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"მეტნაკლებნი","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'more or less' (მეტნაკლებნי) introduces ambiguity about the extent of editorial changes. It may imply minor adjustments or could be a rhetorical hedge; the exact degree of revision is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'more or less' (მეტნაკლებნი) leaves unclear whether the corrections were systematic or selective.","The identity of the 'many holy men, philosophers, and theologians' involved in the earlier translation is not specified.","The relationship between King Archil's manuscript and the Greek source is not fully detailed; it is unclear if it was a direct translation or a revision."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"რომელსა შვენის ყოველი დიდება და თაყვანისცემა, აწდა მარადის და უკუნითი უკუნისამდე ამინ :_ და_საბამითგან წელთა ვიდრე აქამომდე, ჴ̂სნა (7251). ქრისტეს აქეთ, ჩ̂ღნგ (1743). ქორონიკონსა, უ̂ლა (431), თვესა მაისსა, ა̂ (1)","english":"to whom all glory and worship is due, now and forever, unto the end of the ages. Amen. And from the beginning of the world to the present, year 7251; from Christ, year 1743; in the Chronicle, year 431; in the month of May, day 1.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ჴ̂სნა (7251). ქრისტეს აქეთ, ჩ̂ღნგ (1743). ქორონიკონსა, უ̂ლა (431)","severity":"info","text":"The colophon gives three dating systems: 7251 AM (Anno Mundi, from the Byzantine era), 1743 AD, and 431 in the Georgian chronicon (a 532-year cycle). The month and day (May 1) are also specified.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ამინ","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology and dating formula are typical of Georgian colophons in the Bakar Bible, reflecting the liturgical and historical framing of the printed edition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"რომელსა შვენის ყოველი დიდება და თაყვანისცემა","severity":"info","text":"This phrase attributes glory and worship to God, consistent with the devotional tone of the Bakar Bible's paratexts, which emphasize the authority and sanctity of the printed text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"და_საბამითგან წელთა ვიდრე აქამომდე","severity":"info","text":"The colophon marks the end of the biblical text and the beginning of the printer's or editor's closing statement, a standard structural feature in early printed Georgian Bibles.","cites":[{"key":"ed:bakar","label":"source edition: Bakar Bible (complete)","url":"https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcg/cauc/ageo/bakar/bakar.htm"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The year 7251 AM corresponds to 1743 AD only if the Byzantine era (creation in 5509 BC) is used; the chronicon year 431 is consistent with the Georgian cycle starting in 781 AD."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}