{"slug":"amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","title":"Hermit Paul","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"coptic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-14T04:23:17Z","cost_usd":0.010952},"source":{"registry_id":"coptic:coptic-ocr:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","work_id":"amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","edition":"coptic-ocr","license":"GNU GPL-3.0","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},"stats":{"passages":14,"english_words":2729,"coptic_letters":8248,"commentary_units":81,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":16,"ambiguities":29,"work_notes":4,"external_links":6,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","abstract":"The Life of Paul of Tamma is a Coptic hagiography celebrating the ascetic hermit Paul, who is presented as the first desert monk, preceding even Antony. The text follows conventional Coptic patterns: praising Paul's virtues, describing his withdrawal from the world, and recounting his miracles and death. It survives in a single damaged manuscript (Vatican Coptic 68) and was first edited and translated into French by Amélineau in 1888. The work argues for Paul's precedence among desert monks, citing testimony from Antony's disciples. The narrative opens during the Decian persecution (mid-3rd century) and includes the martyrdom of Cornelius in Rome. The Coptic is literary Sahidic with formulaic phrases and biblical allusions.","historical_context":"The text is undated but belongs to the Coptic hagiographic tradition, likely composed in Egypt between the 5th and 8th centuries, when such monastic lives flourished. It survives only in Coptic (Sahidic dialect), with no known Arabic or Ethiopic versions, suggesting limited circulation within the Coptic Orthodox Church. The sole manuscript, Vatican Coptic 68, is damaged with lacunae; Amélineau's edition supplies conjectural restorations. The work engages a known dispute among Egyptian monks about who first dwelt in the desert, arguing for Paul over Antony, Elijah, or John the Baptist. This reflects intra-monastic debates on eremitic origins. The narrative's setting in the Decian persecution (249–251 CE) anchors it in early Christian martyrdom traditions, though the text itself is later.","significance":"The Life of Paul of Tamma is significant for Coptic monastic studies as a rare witness to a local tradition asserting Paul's primacy among desert monks, challenging the more widely known Antony. Its survival in a single manuscript highlights the fragility of Coptic literary heritage. The work also illustrates how Coptic hagiography adapted biblical and martyrdom motifs to promote regional ascetic figures.","timeline":[{"date":"mid-3rd c.","event":"Decian persecution; narrative setting of the text"},{"date":"5th–8th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Life of Paul of Tamma (undated)"},{"date":"1888","event":"First French translation by Amélineau"},{"date":"19th–20th c.","event":"Manuscript Vatican Coptic 68 cataloged and edited"}],"relations":[{"work":"Life of Antony","relation":"Contrasted figure; text argues Paul preceded Antony as first desert monk","key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"},{"work":"Historia Monachorum in Aegypto","relation":"Related genre of Egyptian monastic hagiography","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Apophthegmata Patrum","relation":"Shares monastic desert tradition and sayings","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Amélineau's edition","relation":"Primary modern edition and translation","key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"},{"work":"Vatican Coptic 68","relation":"Sole surviving manuscript","key":"hollis:alma990098475950203941","label":"Words to live by : journeys in ancient and modern Egyptian monasticism","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990098475950203941"}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Coptic literature","label":"Coptic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_literature","reason":"Context for the genre and language"},{"key":"wikipedia:Paul of Thebes","label":"Paul of Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes","reason":"Related hermit saint; possible confusion or parallel"},{"key":"wikipedia:Anthony the Great","label":"Anthony the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Great","reason":"Key figure in the text's argument about desert primacy"},{"key":"wikipedia:Decian persecution","label":"Decian persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decian_persecution","reason":"Historical setting of the narrative"},{"key":"wikipedia:Sahidic Coptic","label":"Sahidic Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language","reason":"Dialect of the manuscript"},{"key":"wikipedia:Hagiography","label":"Hagiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography","reason":"Genre context"}],"cautions":["The date of composition is unknown; estimates range from the 5th to 8th centuries.","The sole manuscript (Vatican Coptic 68) is damaged with lacunae; Amélineau's restorations are conjectural.","The text's claim that Paul of Tamma preceded Antony as first desert monk is not historically corroborated and reflects a local tradition.","No Arabic or Ethiopic versions are known, indicating limited circulation."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000497,"generated":"2026-11-14T03:30:23Z"},"checks":{"work":"amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":14,"translated":14,"commentary_passages":14,"commentary_units":81,"english_words":2729,"coptic_letters":8248,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole surviving Coptic manuscript of the Life of Paul of Tamma is a parchment codex from the Monastery of St. Macarius, copied in the 10th–11th century. It was edited by Amélineau from a single witness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Amélineau 1888"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Paul of Tamma is commemorated in the Coptic Synaxarion on 2 Bashans. His Life was read liturgically in Upper Egyptian monasteries, but never translated into Ethiopic or Arabic, limiting its later influence.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":["Coptic Synaxarion"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text claims Paul lived under Diocletian (r. 284–305), but the earliest manuscript is at least six centuries later. No external evidence confirms a historical Paul of Tamma; the Life may be a literary construct.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis 2019"],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text contains lacunae and scribal corrections that obscure several passages. The present edition cannot reconstruct the missing folios or resolve all ambiguities in the ascetic dialogues.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Amélineau 1888"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Sahidic Coptic; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 11 narrative, 2 dialogue, 1 doxology."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","text":"9 glossary term(s) recorded at first occurrence from a curated list of 53; the term index below gives the rendering and the count."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: coptic-ocr — GNU GPL-3.0"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":11,"dialogue":2,"doxology":1},"term_index":[{"coptic":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","english":"Abba","count":30,"first_passage":1,"note":"The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲡⲁ","english":"Apa","count":4,"first_passage":11,"note":"A title of a monastic father. Left as 'Apa' because it is a form of address, and 'father' would collide with the biological sense in the same sentence."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","english":"body","count":3,"first_passage":10,"note":"In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"coptic":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","english":"bless","count":3,"first_passage":13,"note":"The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","english":"love","count":2,"first_passage":6,"note":"Greek ἀγάπη. The liturgical meal sense ('agape') is technical and should not be flattened to 'love'."},{"coptic":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","english":"grace","count":2,"first_passage":7,"note":"The unearned favour of God; 'favour' where a human patron is meant."},{"coptic":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","english":"amen","count":2,"first_passage":14,"note":"Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."},{"coptic":"ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ","english":"monk","count":1,"first_passage":10,"note":""},{"coptic":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","english":"worship","count":1,"first_passage":10,"note":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."}],"citations":{"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life":{"label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"},"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul":{"label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ⲡⲓϫⲓ ⲛⲱⲛϩ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲁⲭⲱⲣⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\n(-ⲡ︦ⲉ︦-) ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛⲥⲟⲡ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲕⲱϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲛⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ϩⲁⲣⲁ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓ ⲡϣⲁϥⲉ. ϩⲁⲛ\nⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲙⲉⲛ ⲁⲩⲉⲣ ⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲛⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϩⲏ ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nⲉⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡϣⲁϥⲉ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ\nⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲏⲗⲓⲁⲥ ⲡⲓⲑⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯ ⲱⲙⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nⲙⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ ⲏⲗⲓⲁⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲥⲁ ⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲛⲛⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ\nⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲙⲁⲥϥ ⲣⲱ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲉⲩⲉⲓⲛ. ϩⲁⲛ ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲟⲛ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲟⲩⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲩϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡϣⲁϥⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϫⲉ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲛϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲁϥⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ\nⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ. ⲉϣⲱⲡ ⲛⲧⲉⲛϩⲟⲧϩⲉⲧ ⲁⲕⲣⲓⲃⲱⲥ ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲉⲙⲥ ⲁⲛ ⲉⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ (-ⲡ︦︦ⲋ︦-) ϫⲉ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉⲙ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲙⲡϣⲁϥⲉ ⲛϣⲟⲣⲡ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ. ⲁⲛⲉⲣⲁⲡⲁⲛⲧⲁⲛ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲛⲓⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ\nⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲛⲉ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲟⲙⲥϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲧⲁⲙⲟⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙ\nⲣⲏⲥ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡϣⲁϥⲉ ⲛϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ ⲡⲉⲛϩⲏⲧ\nⲑⲱⲧ ϩⲱⲛ ϩⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ. ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲇⲏ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁⲓⲓⲏⲥ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲉⲥϩⲉ ϩⲁⲛ ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ\nⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲁⲭⲱⲣⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ\nϫⲉ ⲡⲱⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ.","english":"The Life of Apa Paul the Anchorite, the Holy\n\nMany times there occurred a disturbance and a turning among the holy monks who were in the land of Egypt, as they said, \"Who then was the first to dwell in the desert?\" Some called to mind those who had been from the beginning of the holy men, saying, \"The beginning of dwelling in the desert came through the blessed Elias the Thesbite and John the Baptist.\" But the matter is clear that Elias was above the monks, and John, who was not known, was a prophet. Others, however, according to their own opinion, used to say, \"Apa Antony was the first to dwell in the desert,\" and that he was the first to establish the work. If we examine accurately, we will not find that Apa Antony was the one who first began the desert, but the blessed Apa Paul. For we encountered the disciples of the blessed Apa Antony, those who buried him and informed us that Apa Paul the hermit was the one who preceded in dwelling in the desert, and our hearts were moved by these words. Since some say that Apa Antony was the first, for this reason I have taken it upon myself to write a little concerning the blessed Apa Paul the holy anchorite, how he preceded and completed his life.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek/Syriac honorific 'Abba' is retained in the Coptic text as a fixed form of address for holy figures, here applied to Paul and Antony.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲁⲛⲁⲭⲱⲣⲏⲧⲏⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek loanword ⲁⲛⲁⲭⲱⲣⲏⲧⲏⲥ (anachōrētēs) designates a hermit who withdraws from society; it is a technical term in Egyptian monasticism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens a hagiographical debate on the priority of desert monasticism, a common topos in Coptic literature. The reference to Elias (Elijah) and John the Baptist as precursors reflects a tradition that sees biblical figures as proto-monks.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Paul, not Antony, was the first hermit is a distinctive assertion of this Coptic Life, likely intended to elevate Paul's status within the monastic tradition. The text cites the testimony of Antony's disciples as its authority.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This narrative unit functions as a prologue, establishing the work's purpose: to correct a perceived error about the origins of desert monasticism by presenting Paul as the first anchorite.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲟⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲕⲱϯ (a disturbance and a turning) is ambiguous; it may refer to a historical controversy or a rhetorical device. The reading here follows the sense of 'debate' or 'dispute'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲟⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲕⲱϯ could denote either a literal disturbance among monks or a figurative intellectual debate; the context favors the latter.","The identity of 'John the Baptist' as a proto-monk is a traditional claim, but the text does not clarify the basis for this association."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","text":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ → “Abba”. The Greek/Syriac form of address, kept where the Coptic keeps it."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲇⲏⲕⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲇⲓⲱⲕⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲁⲗⲉⲣⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ\nⲁ ⲕⲟⲣⲛⲏⲗⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲱⲕ ⲙⲡⲓⲁⲅⲱⲛ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲉⲛ ⲣⲱⲙⲏ\nϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙⲡⲉⲛⲟ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦. ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲇⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁϥϣⲟⲡ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ\nⲛⲧⲁⲥ ⲉⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲟⲩⲓⲟϯ ⲁⲩⲭⲁ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙⲙⲉⲧⲣⲁⲙⲁⲟ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ. ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲓ︦︦ⲋ︦ ⲛⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲛⲁϥϭⲓ ⲥⲃⲱ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲛⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ","english":"It happened in the time of Decius the persecutor and Valerianus. Cornelius completed the contest of martyrdom in Rome, the metropolis, for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. The blessed Apa Paul was with his sister, and there was a man of their family. Their parents died, leaving them a great inheritance. Paul was fifteen years old, and he was being educated in letters.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲇⲏⲕⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲇⲓⲱⲕⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲁⲗⲉⲣⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic names Decius (249–251) and Valerian (253–260) as persecutors, placing Paul's youth in the mid-third century. This aligns with the traditional setting of the anchorite's flight.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic retains the Greek/Syriac address ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) for Paul, marking his status as a monastic elder. The English draft renders it as 'Abba' per the pinned glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲕⲟⲣⲛⲏⲗⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Cornelius is mentioned as a martyr in Rome; this figure is not widely attested in other sources and may be a local tradition. The name appears only here in the Life.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the general persecution setting to Paul's personal background, introducing his sister, inheritance, and education. It sets up the narrative of his flight.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲧⲁⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'a man of their family' (ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲧⲁⲥ) is ambiguous: it may mean a relative or a guardian. The English draft takes it as a family member.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Cornelius is unclear; he may be a local martyr not in standard calendars.","The phrase 'ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲧⲁⲥ' could mean a relative or a guardian; the draft opts for 'man of their family'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ⲛⲟⲩ- (-ⲡ︦ⲍ︦-)............................................\nⲉⲧ... ⲉⲡⲓⲫⲁϣ... ϭⲟϫⲓ ⲁ.. ⲉⲟⲩⲧⲱ.. ϫⲟⲣϫⲥ ⲛ.... ⲛⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣ....\nⲙⲡⲓϫⲓ ⲛϣ... ϥⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡ.... ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲟⲛ......(-ⲡ︦ⲏ︦-)............\nⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ.......ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ........ϥⲙⲟϣⲓ......ϩⲓ.........\nϫⲓ ⲛⲱⲛϩ......ⲛⲓϩⲱϥ ⲡⲉ.......ⲛⲁϥⲭⲏ....................\n(-ⲡ︦ⲑ︦-) ϩⲱϥ ⲡⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ϥ̄ ⲛⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ\nⲙⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲓϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲣⲁ ⲙⲡⲉ ⲕⲉⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ϣⲱⲡⲓ\nϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓϣⲁϥⲉ ⲉⲧⲥⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲁϩⲏⲧ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧ ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲇⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϭⲱⲣⲡ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲉⲧⲓ ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ\nⲥⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲙⲙⲟⲕ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓϣⲁϥⲉ ⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲉϩⲟⲧⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉ ⲡⲉⲧⲥϣⲉ\nⲡⲉ ⲛⲧⲉⲕⲓⲏⲥ ⲙⲙⲟⲕ ⲉⲉⲣⲁⲡⲁⲛⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲉϥⲟϣ.\nⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ\nⲁϥⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥϣⲃⲱⲧ ⲙⲃⲁⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩϥ ⲉϫⲱϥ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲙⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲛϥⲉⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ\nⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉⲑⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁϣ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ. ⲉⲧⲁ ⲙⲉⲣⲓ ⲇⲉ\nϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲣⲏ ϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲁ ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲩⲙⲁ ϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲟⲛ ⲙⲡⲉ","english":"...the blessed one was there...he walked...upon...taking refuge...he himself...was hidden...\n\nHe himself, at ninety years of age, told us once: \"I took counsel with my heart for a time, saying to myself, 'Surely no other monk has come to be in this desert that is within my reach.' And it happened, in that very night when I took counsel in my heart, alone by myself, that then, in that night, God revealed to me, saying to me thus: 'There is still another within your reach in this desert, better than you, and it is fitting that you go to meet him with great joy.'\n\nWhen the day came, the blessed Abba Antonius arose and went out walking, with his staff in his hand, having placed it upon himself, and he set out walking according to his own thought, without our knowing where he walked or what was the path of the saint. When evening came and the sun had grown strong, the heat also grew strong, but...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic retains the Greek-derived title ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) for Antony, consistent with the pinned glossary term. This marks the saint as a spiritual father and anchoritic authority.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from third-person narration to a first-person speech by the aged Paul (ⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲛ), framed as a recollection. The embedded dialogue with God introduces a divine revelation that motivates Antony's journey, advancing the narrative toward their encounter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a younger monk (Antony) being directed by God to an older, hidden ascetic (Paul) is a topos in early Egyptian monastic hagiography, paralleling the Life of Antony by Athanasius and later desert traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text is heavily lacunose in the first half of the passage (lines with multiple dots). The English draft reconstructs the sense from surviving fragments, but the exact wording of Paul's initial solitude and the divine response is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ⲁ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϭⲱⲣⲡ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ('God revealed to me') echoes biblical theophany language (e.g., LXX Genesis 35:7; Exodus 3:2), where divine revelation directs a patriarch or prophet. No specific verse is quoted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ (line 2) could refer to the desert or to a specific location; the English takes it as 'there' (the desert).","The phrase ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩϥ ⲉϫⲱϥ (he placed it upon himself) is ambiguous: it may mean Antony leaned on his staff or placed it on his shoulder; the English opts for 'placed it upon himself'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲣⲓⲕⲓ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉϥϫⲱ\nⲙⲙⲟⲥ (-ϥ̄-) ϫⲉ ϯⲛⲁϩϯ ϫⲉ ⲫϯ ⲛⲁⲭⲁⲧ ⲛⲥⲱϥ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉϥⲉⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ\nⲉⲡⲉϥⲃⲱⲕ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ. ϩⲱⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛⲣⲏϯ ⲃ︦ ⲧⲉϥⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲉⲥⲟⲓ ⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲧⲉϥⲕⲉⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩϩⲑⲟ\nⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲃⲉⲩ ϫⲉ ⲓⲡⲡⲟⲕⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ\nⲁϥⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ⲁⲓϭⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲑⲱⲛ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ.\nⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲱ ⲛⲁϥ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙⲙⲉⲧⲃⲁⲣⲃⲁⲣⲟⲥ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲣⲱϥ ϩⲓ ϩⲉⲗⲓ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ. ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲉϥⲕⲱϯ ⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ.\nⲉⲧⲁϥⲉⲣ ϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁ ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲫⲱⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲉϥϩⲏⲗ ⲉⲟⲩⲙⲁ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲉⲥⲑⲱⲛ ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ\nⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲁϥϣⲓⲃϯ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲥⲭⲏⲙⲁ ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲓⲡⲡⲟⲕⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ.\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲛϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲱⲥ\nⲁϥϣⲉⲃⲓⲏⲧϥ ⲉⲡⲁⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ. ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ\nⲉⲧϩⲏ ⲛⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲛⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛϫⲁⲃϫⲓⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲉϥⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛ ⲧⲁⲡ ϩⲓ ϫⲱϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲧⲉϩⲛⲓ.","english":"The blessed old man Abba Anthony went outside the road, saying, \"I believe that God will not abandon him, but he will inform me about his work, the one who spoke to me concerning him.\" While he was speaking, he looked and saw a man who was like a centaur; his upper half was human, his lower half was a horse. This is the one called by the wise \"Hippocentaurus.\" The blessed Abba Anthony called out to him and said, \"I have found you. Are you the man of God? Stop here on this road.\" He answered him with a barbaric utterance, his mouth foaming. The blessed old man walked, seeking the road. The blessed Abba Anthony marveled, and those beasts fled from before him, heading to a place where he was standing. The devil himself, having changed his form like a hippocentaurus, and Abba Anthony marveled, saying, \"How has he changed himself into this beast and revealed himself?\" It happened that when he went a little further, he saw a man carrying himself, being hairy and standing on a rock, with hair on his head and his beard.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic uses the Greek-derived title ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) for Anthony, consistent with monastic convention. The spelling ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ reflects the Greek form Antōnios.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓⲡⲡⲟⲕⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"ⲓⲡⲡⲟⲕⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ is a Greek loanword (ἱπποκένταυρος) meaning 'hippocentaur', a mythical creature half-human, half-horse. The Coptic text glosses it as a term used by 'the wise' (ⲛⲓⲥⲁⲃⲉⲩ).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The appearance of a hippocentaur and the devil's shape-shifting reflect the hagiographic topos of demonic illusions in the desert, common in the Life of Antony and later Coptic monastic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative from the previous section: Anthony's search for Paul is interrupted by a demonic apparition (hippocentaur), then a second figure (a hairy man on a rock), building suspense before Paul's eventual discovery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲛⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ (he saw a man carrying himself) is ambiguous: it may mean 'a man carrying himself' (i.e., walking with difficulty) or 'a man carrying something on himself'. The English draft reads 'carrying himself'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of the hippocentaur as a demonic disguise appears in later Coptic hagiography and was likely familiar to the audience from the Life of Antony (Athanasius). The text here adapts it to the Paul narrative.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲛⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ: 'a man carrying himself' or 'a man carrying something'? The English draft takes the former.","The phrase ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ ⲉⲧϩⲏ ⲛⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ: 'when he went a little further' is a plausible reading, but the Coptic could also mean 'when he took a little step forward'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϯ ϩⲓⲱⲧϥ ⲛϯϩⲉⲗⲗⲓⲃϣ ⲛⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϣⲉⲃϣⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲫⲏ\nⲉϯⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ. ⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲱ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲫⲏ ϫⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲉⲓϣⲟⲡ\nϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓϣⲁϥⲉ. ⲛⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲉⲛ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲁⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣ ϩⲁⲗ ⲛⲛⲓⲯⲩⲭⲏ\nⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲓⲛ ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲉⲣ ϣⲁⲙϣⲉ ⲓϩ. ϩⲱⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ϫⲱ ⲛⲛⲁⲓ\nⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲉⲣⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ\nϩⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉϥⲣⲁϣⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ\nⲙⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲉⲣ ϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁϥϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲉⲕⲁϯ ⲉϯϫⲓ\nⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲕⲱⲗϩ ⲙⲡⲉϥϣⲃⲱⲧ (-ϥⲁ-)\nⲉⲧϩⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲟⲩⲟⲓ\nⲛϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲑⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲇⲁⲓⲙⲱⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ\nⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲑⲟ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲉϫⲱⲕ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲛⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛϩⲏⲧϥ ⲉϥⲕⲱϯ ⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲃⲱⲕ\nⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲟⲕⲙⲉⲕ ⲛϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲛϩⲏⲧϥ ⲡⲉ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲟⲩ ⲓⲉ\nⲉϥⲛⲁⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉⲑⲱⲛ. ⲁϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲫⲟⲩⲟⲥⲧⲉⲛ ⲙⲡⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϩⲁⲛ\nⲙⲏϣ ⲛϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲥⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉⲁϥⲥⲓⲛⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ","english":"and when Abba Anthony saw him, he prostrated himself in the form of a supplication of faith and a prostration of truth, and said to him, \"Who are you, whom I see?\" He answered him, saying, \"I am a murderer who dwells in this desert. I am one of those whom the nations call satyrs. For these are the ones who have enslaved the souls of the pagans until they serve them.\" But while the beast was saying these words, the blessed old man walked on his way, with his tears falling upon the ground, rejoicing in the glory of Christ and in the destruction of the devil, and he was amazed that he had been able to endure the speech of that beast. And he struck his staff upon the ground and said, \"Woe to you, O city of the impious, which all the demons of this mountain have gathered against!\" And the blessed Anthony again walked, wishing to complete his journey, the one in which he walked, seeking the servant of Christ, and he was troubled within himself, saying, \"What shall I do, or where shall I go?\" He looked to the east of the mountain and saw many tracks of beasts. The day was declining, and","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic retains the Greek honorific ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) for Anthony, consistent with hagiographic convention. The form is kept in translation per the pinned glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ⲥⲁⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The creature identifies itself as a satyr (ⲥⲁⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ), a figure from Greco-Roman mythology. The text reinterprets it as a demonic enslaver of pagan souls, a common Christian polemical move.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the dialogue unit of the narrative, marked by direct speech between Anthony and the satyr. The exchange serves to contrast pagan delusion with Christian truth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of Anthony encountering hybrid creatures (centaur, satyr) appears in later Latin and Greek lives, notably in Jerome's Life of Paul of Thebes. This Coptic version may reflect an earlier stage of the tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲕⲱⲗϩ ⲙⲡⲉϥϣⲃⲱⲧ (-ϥⲁ-)","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic phrase ⲁϥⲕⲱⲗϩ ⲙⲡⲉϥϣⲃⲱⲧ (-ϥⲁ-) is partially corrupt or lacunose; the reading 'struck his staff' is conjectural. The parenthetical (-ϥⲁ-) may indicate a scribal correction or uncertain letter.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲙⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'destruction of the devil' echoes New Testament language of Christ's victory over demonic powers (e.g., 1 John 3:8). It reinforces the hagiographic theme of ascetic triumph.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'city of the impious' (ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ) is unclear; it may refer to Alexandria or a generic symbol of paganism.","The exact nature of the satyr's speech (whether it is a demonic test or a neutral encounter) is left open by the Coptic."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ⲛⲁϥⲙⲟⲕⲙⲉⲕ ⲛϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲛϩⲏⲧϥ ⲉϥϫⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲁⲧϫⲟⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥⲭⲁⲧ ⲛⲥⲱϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲫ︦ϯ︦. ⲛⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲡⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲉϥⲙⲏⲛ ⲉϯⲡⲣⲟⲥⲉⲩⲭⲏ. ⲉⲧⲁ ϣⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ\nⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛϩⲱⲓϯ ⲉⲥϭⲟϫⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲥⲛⲓϥⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲉⲥⲛⲁ\nⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲫⲉ ⲙⲡⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛⲥⲱⲥ. ⲉⲧⲁϥϩⲱⲛⲧ ⲇⲉ\nⲉⲡⲓⲃⲏⲃ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲡⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉϥϩⲏⲗ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ (-ϥ︦ⲃ︦-) ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ\nⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϯⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ⲉⲥϫⲏⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϩⲓ ϯϩⲟϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲛⲓ\nⲛϩⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲃⲏⲃ ⲁϥϣⲉ ⲛⲁϥ ⲁϥⲉⲗ ⲱⲛⲓ ⲁϥⲕⲱⲗϩ ⲉⲡⲓⲣⲟ.\nⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲉⲛⲥⲉⲛ ⲛⲧⲉ\nⲡⲓϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲛⲓ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛ ϩⲱϥ ⲁϥⲱⲗⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲱⲛⲓ ⲁϥϩⲓⲧϥ ϩⲓⲣⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲣⲟ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲥⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ. ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϩⲓⲧϥ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ\nⲙⲡⲓⲣⲟ ⲉϥϯ ϩⲟ ⲉⲡⲓϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛⲧⲉϥⲭⲁϥ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ\nϫⲉ ϯⲭⲏ ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲧⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲓⲧ\nⲉϥⲟⲩⲏⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲓ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ. ϯⲉⲙⲓ ⲇⲉ ϩⲱ ϫⲉ ϯⲙⲡϣⲁ\nⲙⲙⲟⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲉⲑⲣⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲕϣⲱⲡ ⲛⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲓⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ","english":"this world, and I am troubled in my heart, looking out, and I was saying, \"What a powerless thing this is, that God should abandon him.\" And he was walking in the evening, continuing in prayer. But when morning came, behold, he saw a great serpent crawling and hissing exceedingly, going up upon the head of the mountain, and he followed it. And when he reached the cave, he saw the beast entering into it, and when he had entered, he saw the love (agape) being fulfilled for the blessed old man Abba Paul. And he was afraid because of him, and he entered and saw a light within the cave, and he went to him, and he took the stone and placed it at the door. And it happened that when the blessed old man heard the sound of the stone, he also arose and took a great stone and placed it at the door from inside. Then Abba Anthony placed it upon his face outside the door, facing the old man, so that he might let him in, and he said to him, \"I am alone outside, for I have come from a distant road, and I have come to see you. But I also know that I am not worthy of you, that I should see you, whether you dwell among the beasts or for what reason.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ (Greek ἀγάπη) here refers to the liturgical love-meal (agape) shared by the hermits, not abstract love. The draft renders it as 'love (agape)', which is acceptable but could be clarified as 'agape meal'.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic retains ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) as a title for both Anthony and Paul, consistent with monastic usage. The draft keeps it untranslated, which is correct.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The hermit Paul is here called 'the blessed old man Abba Paul', but the Coptic text uses ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ (Paulos), not ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲉ (Paul). This is the standard Coptic form for the apostle Paul, but here it refers to the hermit Paul of Thebes.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from Anthony's interior monologue to a narrative sequence: morning arrival, serpent sighting, cave entry, and the mutual stone-placing ritual. The repetition of ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ('he saw') marks a series of visual discoveries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥϩⲓ ϯϩⲟϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁϥϩⲓ ϯϩⲟϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ is ambiguous: it could mean 'he was afraid because of him' (as in the draft) or 'he was afraid of him'. The context suggests Anthony's fear is awe before Paul's sanctity, not terror.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a serpent leading a saint to a cave is paralleled in other Coptic lives (e.g., Life of Hilaria). This detail may reflect a hagiographic topos of divine guidance through wild animals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁϥϩⲓ ϯϩⲟϯ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ could be read as 'he was afraid because of him' (awe) or 'he was afraid of him' (fear). The draft takes the former, which fits the hagiographic tone.","The Coptic ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ (line 5) is ambiguous: it could mean 'when he had entered' (as in the draft) or 'when he had approached'. The context of the cave entry supports the draft's reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","text":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ → “love”. Greek ἀγάπη. The liturgical meal sense ('agape') is technical and should not be flattened to 'love'."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","text":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ carries more than one sense (charity, agape (the meal)); this passage takes it as “love”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ⲕϣⲱⲡ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ. ⲁⲓⲕⲱϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ\nⲁⲓⲕⲱⲗϩ ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲑⲁⲣⲣⲉⲓⲛ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲟⲩⲁⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛⲏⲓ. ⲉϣⲱⲡ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲁⲥϣⲧⲉⲙϣⲁϣⲛⲓ ⲉⲡⲁⲓϩⲱⲃ ϯⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲣⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲟ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ\nⲛⲧⲉⲕⲑⲟⲙⲥϥ. (-ϥ︦ⲇ︦-) ⲉⲧⲁϥⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲛⲁⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲙⲟⲅⲓⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲱ ⲛⲁϥ. ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ\nⲙⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲉϥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲛ ϩⲗⲓ ⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥϯ\nϣⲑⲟⲩⲓⲧ. ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ϩⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛ ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲙⲡⲓⲣⲟ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩⲗϫ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲁⲩϯ ⲫⲓ ⲉⲛⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ϩⲉⲛ\nⲟⲩⲫⲓ ⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ\nⲙⲡⲉϥⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ.\nⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲉⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲁⲕϯ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲛⲓϣϯ\nⲛϩⲓⲥⲓ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕⲓ ⲉⲕⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲕⲕⲱϯ ⲛⲥⲁ ⲟⲩϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ ⲉⲁϥⲕⲏⲛ ⲉⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲭⲛⲁⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ\nⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲇⲏ ϯⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ ϣⲁⲥϣⲱⲡ ⲉⲣⲟⲥ ϩⲉⲛ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ\nϯϯ ϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲗⲟⲗ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲣ ⲟⲩ ϯⲛⲟⲩ. ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ ϫⲉ ⲉⲧⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲥⲉⲕⲱⲧ ⲛϩⲁⲛ ⲕⲱⲧ ϩⲉⲛ","english":"I am not for you, I am for the man. I turned around and I found. I cried out, \"I will be bold, that you may open for me. If it is that this matter does not trouble me, I will die at your door, so that if you see my body, you will bury it.\" (-ϥ︦ⲇ︦-) And he remained with him, saying these words to him. With difficulty, however, the blessed Paul answered him. He said to him, \"There is no one coming in anger, nor is there any man who gives offense.\" After he spoke with him in gracious words, he opened the door for him, and they embraced each other, they gave the kiss to each other in a holy kiss, and each one of them revealed his name to the other.\n\nIt happened, however, after these things, the blessed Paul sat once with Abba Anthony, and he said to him, \"Why did you take this great labor upon yourself, and you came walking this entire road, seeking an old man who has departed and is gone? And after a little while, you will see him as earth. But since love happens in all things, I yield to you, my brother Anthony. Tell me, what is the state of the human race now? Inform me, are they still building buildings in","structure":"dialogue","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ (Greek ἀγάπη) here refers to the Christian love that motivates Anthony's journey; the glossary notes that in liturgical contexts it can mean the agape meal, but here the general sense of love is appropriate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ϩⲁⲛ ⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛϩⲙⲟⲧ (gracious words) uses ϩⲙⲟⲧ (grace) in a human context, meaning favour or graciousness; the glossary distinguishes this from divine grace.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The address ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ (Abba Anthony) is kept in the Coptic; the glossary prescribes retaining the Greek/Syriac form where the Coptic does.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The holy kiss (ⲫⲓ ⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁⲃ) was a standard early Christian greeting among ascetics, symbolising unity and peace; it appears in other desert father narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the dialogue section of the hagiography, marked by direct speech and exchange between Paul and Anthony, culminating in mutual revelation of names and a kiss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"-ϥ︦ⲇ︦-","severity":"caution","text":"The notation -ϥ︦ⲇ︦- in the Coptic is a scribal insertion or marginal note, possibly indicating a variant reading or a correction; its exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲁⲓⲕⲱϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ (I turned around and I found) is ambiguous: what is found is not specified, possibly the cave or the serpent.","The scribal mark -ϥ︦ⲇ︦- is unclear; it may be a marginal gloss or a correction indicator."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"dialogue","text":"Classified as dialogue from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","text":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ → “grace”. The unearned favour of God; 'favour' where a human patron is meant."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ⲛⲓⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲣⲭⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲓ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ\n(-ϥ︦ⲉ︦-) ⲓⲉ ⲉⲧⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲥⲉⲉⲣⲁⲓⲭⲙⲁⲗⲱⲧⲉⲩⲉⲓⲛ ⲛⲛⲓⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ϯⲁⲡⲁⲧⲏ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲇⲁⲓⲙⲱⲛ. ϩⲱⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲁⲃⲱⲕ ⲛⲭⲁⲙⲉ ⲉϥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲁⲗ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲟⲩϣϣⲏⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁ ⲡⲓϩⲁⲗⲏⲧ ϩⲁⲗⲁⲓ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲕ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲟϫ ϩⲉⲛ ⲣⲱϥ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ\nⲧⲟⲩⲙⲏϯ ⲁϥⲭⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲙⲡⲃ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥϩⲱⲗ ⲛϫⲉ\nⲡⲓϩⲁⲗⲏⲧ ⲁⲩⲉⲣ ϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ. ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ\nϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲁ ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲙⲁⲓ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲛⲁⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲙⲡⲓⲁⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲛ\nⲛⲁⲛ ⲕⲁⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲓⲥ ⲝ̄ ⲛⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ϯϭⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲫⲁϣⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲕ ⲛⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓϩⲁⲗⲏⲧ ⲙⲙⲏⲛⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲓ ⲇⲉ ϣⲁⲣⲟⲓ ⲁ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲛⲧⲉⲛϩⲣⲉ ⲉⲥⲕⲏⲡ\nϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲏⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛ ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲛⲧⲁϥ. ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲉⲡ ϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ︦\nⲁⲩϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲙⲡⲃ︦ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲏⲅⲏ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϣϭⲛⲏⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ ϫⲉ\nⲛⲓⲙ ⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲫⲱϣ ⲙⲡⲓⲱⲓⲕ ⲛϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ\nⲁⲩⲥⲱⲟⲩⲧⲉⲛ ⲛⲛⲟⲩϫⲓϫ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲙⲁ ⲁⲩⲫⲱϣ ⲙⲡⲓⲱⲓⲕ ϩⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ\nⲙⲡⲉⲛⲟ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲙ ⲙⲡⲓ (-ϥ︦ⲋ︦-) ⲱⲓⲕ ⲁⲩⲉⲣ\nⲡⲓⲉϫⲱⲣϩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉⲩⲟⲓ ⲛϣⲣⲱⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲩϩⲱⲥ ⲉⲫ︦ϯ︦.","english":"The ancient cities of Egypt still have a ruler over the land, or still the archons are taken captive by the deception of the demons. While he was speaking with Abba Antony, he saw a black servant sitting on a branch of a tree, and immediately the beggar leaped, with a loaf of bread placed in his mouth, and he placed it in the middle, and he threw it down to them once, and when the beggar disappeared, they were amazed. Abba Paul said to Abba Antony, \"Truly, our beloved man of noble heart has sent the breakfast to us, for indeed, for sixty years I have been receiving a portion of bread from this beggar every day. But when you came to me, Christ sent us this meal that is spread out, for we are his soldiers. They received grace from God, and they sat once at the spring and conversed with each other, saying, 'Who among us will break the bread first?' And after this, they stretched out their hands from one place and broke the bread in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and it happened that when they had eaten the bread, they completed the entire evening, being joyful and praising God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ϩⲙⲟⲧ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ϩⲙⲟⲧ (grace) appears in the phrase 'they received grace from God' (ⲁⲩϣⲉⲡ ϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ︦). The term denotes unearned divine favour, consistent with its use in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The address ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (Abba) is used for both Antony and Paul, reflecting the Greek/Syriac honorific for monastic elders. The Coptic retains the form without translation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ' (ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲙⲡⲉⲛⲟ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦) echoes the liturgical formula for breaking bread, reminiscent of 1 Corinthians 11:23–25, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a raven (here a 'black servant') bringing bread to Paul of Thebes is a well-known hagiographic topos, first attested in Jerome's Vita Pauli. The Coptic version adapts this with local details.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms the climax of the narrative: the miraculous meal shared by Paul and Antony, followed by their conversation and prayer. The structural marker (-ϥ︦ⲉ︦-) and (-ϥ︦ⲋ︦-) indicate section breaks in the Coptic manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The story of Paul and Antony sharing bread brought by a raven became a popular subject in Coptic art and liturgy, symbolizing divine provision and monastic fellowship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'black servant' (ⲟⲩⲁⲃⲱⲕ ⲛⲭⲁⲙⲉ) is ambiguous: it may be a raven (as in Jerome's version) or a demonic figure; the text later calls it a 'beggar' (ϩⲁⲗⲏⲧ). The reading taken follows the hagiographic tradition of a raven.","The phrase 'the ancient cities of Egypt still have a ruler over the land' is obscure; it may refer to Roman or demonic rule, but the Coptic is corrupt here."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ⲉⲧⲁ ϣⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲡⲉϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲛⲁⲓⲉⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ϩⲁϫⲱϥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲕϣⲟⲡ ϩⲉⲛ ⲛⲁⲓⲑⲟϣ ⲁ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲧⲁⲙⲟⲓ\nϫⲉ ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲙⲃⲱⲕ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲇⲏ ⲡⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲃⲱⲗ\nⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲁϥϩⲱⲛⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲛⲁⲓⲕⲱϯ ⲛⲥⲱϥ ⲁⲓⲧⲁϩⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲡⲁⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ\nⲡⲉ ⲛⲧⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲁϥϫⲱⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ\nⲡⲉ ⲉϯⲛⲁϩϯ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ϥⲭⲏ ϩⲁϫⲱⲓ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲟⲩⲟⲣⲡⲕ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛⲧⲉⲕϩⲱⲃⲥ ⲙⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲟⲛ ⲇⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛⲧⲉⲕϯ ⲛⲁ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ. ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲁϥⲣⲓⲙⲓ ⲛϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϥⲓ\nⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲁϥϯ ϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲙⲡⲉⲣⲭⲁⲧ ⲛⲥⲱⲕ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ\nⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲛⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲉⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲉⲣⲟϥ. ⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲱ\nⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲥⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲁⲛ ⲉⲕⲱϯ ⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛⲟⲩⲕ\nⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁ ⲡⲉⲕϣⲫⲏⲣ. ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ ϩⲟⲣϣ ⲛⲧⲟⲧⲕ\nⲁⲛ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲕ (-ϥ︦ⲍ︦-) ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲙⲟⲛⲏ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ ⲁⲛⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲛϯⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ\nⲑⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲏⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲕ ⲛϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛⲧⲉⲕϩⲱⲃⲥ ⲙⲡⲁⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛϧⲏⲧⲥ. ⲛⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲉⲣ","english":"When the first had happened, Abba Paul said to Abba Antony, \"I would know concerning this time, that you are in these regions, for Christ told me that you are a fellow servant with me. But because the time of my departure has drawn near, and the one whom I sought, that is my departure, has come to pass with Christ, for my time was fulfilled. And thus I believe that the crown of truth is upon me. And God sent you so that you might cover my body in the earth, or rather so that you might give me to the earth from the earth.\" When the blessed Paul said these words, Abba Antony wept with a great cry, and he bowed down to him, saying, \"Do not leave me, my beloved father, but take me with you to the place where you are going.\" The blessed Paul answered, \"It is not permitted for you to seek after those who are not your own, but after your fellow. Therefore, my beloved, if the matter is difficult for you, go to your monastery in haste, and bring me the stole which Abba Athanasius the archbishop gave you, so that you may cover my body with it.\" He said this, but he did not","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲁⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ","severity":"info","text":"Paul speaks of his 'departure' (ⲡⲁⲃⲱⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ) as imminent, a term for death in monastic literature. The phrase 'the time of my departure has drawn near' echoes a common hagiographic motif of the saint foreseeing his own end.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Greek/Syriac address 'Abba' is retained in the Coptic for both Paul and Antony, following the fixed rendering in the pinned glossary. It marks respect and spiritual authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ","severity":"info","text":"Paul's reference to 'the crown of truth' (ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ) may allude to the 'crown of life' or 'crown of righteousness' in early Christian martyrdom and ascetic literature, though no direct scriptural citation is evident.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲣⲭⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Abba Athanasius the archbishop is likely Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 296–373), a key figure in Coptic tradition. The stole (ⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ) given to Antony by Athanasius is a liturgical garment, underscoring the connection between the desert fathers and the episcopal hierarchy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲉⲧⲁ ϣⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'When the first had happened' (ⲉⲧⲁ ϣⲱⲣⲡ ⲇⲉ ϣⲱⲡⲓ) marks a narrative transition, referring back to the previous passage's miraculous event with the beggar. This signals a new speech act by Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲛⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲉⲣ","severity":"caution","text":"The final line is incomplete in the Coptic: 'He said this, but he did not' (ⲛⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲉⲣ). The text breaks off, likely due to a lacuna in the manuscript. The English draft supplies a conjectural completion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-paul-of-tamma-life","label":"gap dossier: Life of Paul of Tamma","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-paul-of-tamma-life"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic phrase ⲛⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲉⲣ is fragmentary; the intended conclusion is uncertain. The reading follows the English draft's completion.","The identity of the 'black servant' in the previous passage is not clarified here; it may be a demonic or symbolic figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ⲛⲭⲣⲉⲓⲁ ⲉϩⲱⲃⲥ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉϯ ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛⲧⲉϥϣⲧⲉⲙⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉϥⲭⲱ ⲙⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ. ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲧⲏⲓⲥ ⲛⲁϥ\nⲁϥⲉⲣ ϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲛⲁ ⲉⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲛϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲛϧⲏⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ\nⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲉⲣⲧⲟⲗⲙⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲱ ⲛⲁϥ ⲛϩⲗⲓ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ\nⲁϥⲣⲓⲙⲓ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲉϥϯ ⲫⲓ ⲉⲣⲱϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥⲃⲁⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲁϥϩⲱⲗ\nⲉⲧⲉϥⲙⲟⲛⲏ. ⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲃ︦ ⲛⲧⲁϥ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ϩⲁⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲥⲏⲟⲩ\nⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲡⲁⲛⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲁⲕⲑⲱⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ. ⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲱ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲱϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛⲏⲓ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ\nϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣ ⲛⲟⲃⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲧⲁⲗⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ϫⲉ ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲙⲡⲗⲁⲥⲧⲟⲛ. ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲏⲗⲓⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ϩⲓ (-ϥⲏ-) ⲡϣⲁϥⲉ ⲙⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲩ\nⲉⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲧⲁ ⲫⲙⲏⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲉⲓⲥⲟⲥ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ\nⲉϥⲕⲱⲗϩ ϩⲉⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲉⲥⲧⲉⲛϩⲏⲧ. ⲁϥⲱⲗⲓ ⲛϯⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲁϥⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲁϥⲭⲱ ⲛⲛⲓⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϯ ϩⲟ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛⲧⲉϥⲧⲁⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϩⲱⲃ\nⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲭⲁ\nⲣⲱϥ ⲡⲉ. ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲓ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲱⲗⲓ ⲛϩⲗⲓ ⲛϩⲣⲉ\nⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉⲡⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲓⲏⲥ ⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲧⲁϩⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲉⲣⲉⲡⲓⲑⲩⲙⲉⲓⲛ ⲉⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲁϥⲉⲣ ϩⲟϯ\nⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲏⲡⲱⲥ ⲉϥϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲧⲉϥϯ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲛⲉⲛϫⲓϫ ⲙⲡⲟ︦ⲥ︦. ⲉⲧⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁϥⲓ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ.","english":"not need to cover his body, but he wished to stretch out his hand so that he might not see him, as he was laying down the body. When Apa Antony heard about Apa Athanasius and the stole that he had sent to him, he marveled because he saw Jesus Christ within it, and he worshipped him, and he did not dare to do anything to him at all, but he wept greatly, giving praise with his eyes, and he arose and went to his cell. The two disciples who had been with him for a long time met him and said to him, \"Our father, you are the one for this entire time.\" He answered them, saying, \"Woe to me, the sinner, because I have taken a name for myself, calling myself a monk of the monastery. I have seen Elijah and John in the desert today; I have seen Paul in the truth of paradise. And he was speaking with them, rejoicing in his humility. He took the stole and went out, and he left the disciples, and they bowed to him so that he might teach them many things, and he said to them, 'There is a time for speaking and a time for silence.' Then he arose and walked on his way, taking nothing of food with him at all, and he was walking, wishing to reach the blessed Paul, desiring to see him again. For he was afraid lest he be on the road and give his spirit into the hands of the Lord. When he had walked on that day, he came to his mountain.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) here refers to the corpse of Abba Paul, consistent with its use in ascetic literature for the body as a site of struggle after death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","severity":"info","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (to worship) denotes a gesture of prostration, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. Antony's worship of the stole containing Christ reflects the gesture's significance in veneration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦","severity":"info","text":"The nomina sacra ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ (Jesus Christ) appear in the stole, echoing the incarnation motif common in Coptic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Apa Athanasius is likely Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 296–373), a key figure in Egyptian monasticism and opponent of Arianism, whose association with Antony is well-attested.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Amélineau 1888"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from Antony's emotional response to his departure, marked by the sequential verbs ⲁϥⲧⲱⲛϥ (he arose) and ⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ (he walked), typical of hagiographic travel sequences.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"Antony's self-reproach for calling himself a 'monk of the monastery' (ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲙⲡⲗⲁⲥⲧⲟⲛ) reflects a humility topos in Coptic monastic literature, contrasting with the idealized hermit Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ ⲉϯ ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ (he wished to stretch out his hand) is ambiguous: it may indicate Antony's desire to cover Paul's body or to prevent seeing it; the English draft takes the latter.","The identity of the 'two disciples' (ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲃ︦) is unspecified; they may be literary constructs to frame Antony's teaching.","The phrase ⲛⲁϥⲓⲏⲥ ⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ (he was walking) contains a possible scribal error or variant spelling of ⲛⲁϥⲓⲏⲥ (he was going)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ","text":"ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ → “monk”. Standard rendering; first occurrence is noted here, the term recurs below."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ → “worship”. ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ is to bow or prostrate in worship, distinct from ⲟⲩⲱϣ 'to wish'. The gesture matters in martyrdom scenes before an official."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ","text":"ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ carries more than one sense (bow down, prostrate); this passage takes it as “worship”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ → “body”. In martyrdom accounts ⲥⲱⲙⲁ after death is the corpse; in ascetic literature it is the body as the site of struggle."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","text":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ carries more than one sense (corpse); this passage takes it as “body”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉⲧⲁ ⲫⲛⲁⲩ\nⲛⲁϫⲡ ⲅ̄ϯ ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϯⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ϩⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲡⲓⲭⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲛⲓⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲡⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉϥϯ\nⲙⲟⲩⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲏϯ ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲭⲓⲱⲛ ⲉϥⲥⲱⲕ ⲛⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉⲧⲫⲉ. ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲁϥϩⲉⲓ ⲉ (-ϥ︦ⲑ︦-) ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϩⲟ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥϫⲱ\nⲙⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲉϥⲣⲓⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥϥⲓ ⲁϩⲟⲙ ϫⲉ ⲡⲱⲥ ⲁⲕⲭⲁⲧ ⲛⲥⲱⲕ ⲡⲁϣⲁⲙϣⲉ\nⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲓⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲉⲕϣⲉⲡ ⲡⲁⲧⲁⲓⲉⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ\nⲡⲁⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛϭⲟϫⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲁⲓϥ ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩϩⲁⲗⲏⲧ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲓ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ\nⲉⲡⲓⲃⲏⲃ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲉϥϩⲱⲟⲩⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲉϥⲕⲉⲗⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲧⲉⲥⲁⲫⲉ\nⲉⲥⲥⲟⲙⲥ ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ ⲉⲧⲫⲉ ⲉⲣⲉ ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲫⲟⲣϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲟⲕⲙⲉⲕ\nⲛϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲟⲛϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉϥⲧⲱⲃϩ. ⲁϥⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧϥ\nϩⲱϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣ ϣⲫⲏⲣ ⲛⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ. ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ\nⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲥⲓⲛⲓ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ ⲉⲥⲙⲏ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ϥⲓ ⲁϩⲟⲙ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ϯⲥⲩⲛⲏⲑⲉⲓⲁ\nⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ","english":"It happened that when the time of his death drew near, he saw the ranks of the angels on the path, and the chorus of the prophets, and the apostles, and Apa Paulos giving praise in their midst like a pillar drawing them upward to the sky. At that moment, he fell upon his face and began to weep and lament, saying, \"How have you left me behind, my beloved? O God, my father, why did you not accept my invitation to you after this great struggle that I undertook like a martyr?\" And when he entered the cave, he saw Abba Paulos lying upon his knees, with his face turned upward to the sky, his hands spread out, and Abba Antonios was troubled, wondering whether he was alive and praying. Abba Antonios also stood up and marveled at his prayer. But when the time came, he did not hear a voice nor any lamentation according to the custom of those who pray. Then he realized that it was only the body that was praying, and","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic uses ⲁⲡⲁ for Paul and Antony, a monastic title distinct from ⲁⲃⲃⲁ. The draft renders both as 'Abba' but the glossary requires 'Apa' for ⲁⲡⲁ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ","severity":"info","text":"ⲁⲃⲃⲁ appears for Paul and Antony in the second half of the passage. The glossary keeps this form, distinguishing it from ⲁⲡⲁ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲭⲓⲱⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic compares Paul to a ⲭⲓⲱⲛ (pillar), evoking the stylite tradition. This image is common in Coptic hagiography to depict a saint as a spiritual anchor.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Antony's vision of the heavenly procession to his discovery of Paul's body in prayer, then to the realization that only the corpse remains. This marks the climax of Paul's death scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ (whether) introduces Antony's doubt about Paul's state. The draft renders it as 'wondering whether', which is acceptable but the ambiguity of life/death is central.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲧⲁ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲩ ⲥⲓⲛⲓ is obscure; likely 'when the time came' but the verb ⲥⲓⲛⲓ is uncertain. The draft takes it as 'when the time came'.","The final clause ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲙⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧϥ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲧⲱⲃϩ could mean 'only the body was praying' or 'it was the body alone that prayed'; the draft chooses the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲡⲁ","text":"ⲁⲡⲁ → “Apa”. A title of a monastic father. Left as 'Apa' because it is a form of address, and 'father' would collide with the biological sense in the same sentence."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ⲁϥϯ ⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲫϯ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲟⲛϩ ⲛⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲕⲟⲩⲗⲱⲗ\nⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ ϩⲉⲛ ϯⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϥⲁⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲉⲑⲙⲏϯ\nⲁϥⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲗⲉⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲛⲓⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲟⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ. (-ⲣ︦-)\nⲁ ⲡϩⲏⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁⲡⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲙⲕⲁϩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲓⲛⲁⲉⲣ\nⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙⲡⲓⲉⲣ ⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲛⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲁⲙⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲛϭⲁⲗⲉ ϩⲓⲛⲁ\nⲛⲧⲁϣⲱⲕ ⲛⲧⲁⲑⲱⲙⲥ ⲙⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ. ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲙⲟⲕⲙⲉⲕ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ϫⲉ\nⲉⲓⲛⲁⲉⲣ ⲟⲩ ⲉϣⲱⲡ ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛϩⲱⲗ ⲉϯⲙⲟⲛⲏ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲓⲛⲓ ⲙⲟⲅⲓⲥ ⲛⲧⲁⲓ ⲙⲇ̄\nⲛⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲡⲁⲟ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲉⲓⲉⲙⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ\nⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲉϥϣⲉⲙϣⲓ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ. ϩⲱⲥ ⲇⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲛⲛⲁⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ\nⲓⲥ ⲙⲟⲩⲓ ⲃ︦ ⲁⲩⲓ ⲉⲩϭⲟϫⲓ ⲉⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁ ⲧⲉϥⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓ ϩⲓ\nⲉⲣⲁⲧⲥ. ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁϥⲧⲁϫⲣⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲉⲩⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲫϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϫⲉ\nⲉϥⲛⲁⲩ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧϩⲟϯ ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϩⲟ ⲛϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ\nⲉⲩϩⲏⲗ. ⲁⲩⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲟⲩⲓ ⲁⲩⲟϩⲓ ⲉⲣⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛⲁⲃⲃⲁ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲛⲛⲟⲩⲥⲁⲧ ⲉⲩⲟⲓ ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡⲥⲉⲡ ⲉⲁⲡⲁ\nⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲣⲁⲧϥ ⲉⲩϧⲣⲁϫⲣⲉϫ ⲛⲛⲟⲩⲛⲁϫϩⲓ ⲉⲩⲱϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ.","english":"He gave glory to God, from whom all things live, and he wrapped his body in the holy garment, and he laid himself down, and he brought him to the middle. He sang psalms over him according to the traditions of the Christians. But the heart of Apa Antonios was grieved, saying, \"What shall I do? I did not remember to bring with me a hoe and a mattock so that I might dig and bury the body.\" He was pondering, saying, \"What shall I do? If I go to the monastery, I will barely bring it in three days.\" And he said thus, \"My Lord Jesus Christ, let me die in this place with your good servant.\" And as he was saying these words, behold, two lions came running to the spot, and when he saw them, his fear stood at its place. After this, he strengthened his thought in God, and it happened that he saw them without fear, like one who sees two tame dogs. The lions also came and stood over the body of Apa Paulos, and they moved their tails, acting as if they were bidding farewell, while Apa Antonios drove them away from him, and they gnashed their teeth, crying out.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) here refers to the corpse of Apa Paulos, consistent with its use in ascetic literature as the site of struggle, now prepared for burial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲡⲁ (Apa) is retained for the monastic father Antonios, distinguishing him from biological fatherhood, as per the glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of a hoe (ⲟⲩⲁⲙⲉ) and mattock (ⲙⲁⲛϭⲁⲗⲉ) reflects the practical tools for grave-digging in the desert, a common concern in anchoritic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The scene of lions guarding or mourning a saint's body parallels the Life of Mary of Egypt and other desert narratives, where wild beasts show reverence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from Antonios' lament and indecision to a miraculous intervention by lions, resolving the burial dilemma and reinforcing divine providence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲉⲑⲙⲏϯ (he brought him to the middle) is ambiguous: it may mean Antonios moved Paul's body to a central location or that he placed himself in the middle of the scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ⲁϥⲉⲛϥ ⲉⲑⲙⲏϯ: unclear whether Antonios moved Paul's body to a central spot or positioned himself centrally.","ⲁⲩϩⲓⲧⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲣⲁⲧϥ: the subject of 'drove them away' could be Antonios or the lions themselves; the translation takes Antonios as subject."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲙⲓ ⲛϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲕⲱϯ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ\nⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩⲣⲓⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ (-ⲣ︦ⲁ︦-) ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲙⲧⲟⲛ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲛϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ. ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲁⲩⲉⲣ ϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛϣⲱⲕⲓ ⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲟⲩⲓ\nϩⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ϩⲉⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲓⲉⲃ ⲁⲩϣⲱⲕⲓ ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲛⲑⲙⲁⲓⲏ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲛⲛⲟⲩⲙⲁϣϫ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲟⲩⲑⲉⲃⲓⲟ ⲛϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲁⲡⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nⲛⲉϣⲁⲩⲗⲱϫϩ ⲛⲛⲉϥⲫⲁⲧ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲟⲩⲗⲁⲥ ϩⲱⲥⲧⲉ ⲛⲧⲉϥⲕⲁϯ\nϫⲉ ⲉⲩⲕⲱϯ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ϯϣⲫⲏⲣⲓ\nⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦ⲏ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉⲛⲟ︦ⲥ︦ ϫⲉ ⲡⲱⲥ ⲣⲱ ϯⲕⲉⲫⲩⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ\nⲥⲉⲉⲙⲓ ⲉⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲛⲁⲛⲉⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲫϯ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ϫⲉ ⲱ\nⲡⲟⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲛ ⲟⲩϫⲱⲃⲓ ⲛⲁϩⲉⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϣ\nⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲟⲩϭⲁϫ ⲛⲛⲉϥϩⲉⲓ ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲉⲕⲉⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲟⲛ\nⲧⲏⲣⲉⲛ. ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲑⲱϩⲥ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲕⲉⲗⲉⲩⲉⲓⲛ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲙⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲧⲉⲛ ⲉⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲙⲱⲓⲧ. ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ\nⲛϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲟⲩⲓ ⲁ ⲁⲡⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ϥⲁⲓ ⲙⲡⲓⲥⲱⲙⲁ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ\nⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲁϥ‐ (-ⲣ︦ⲃ︦-) ⲑⲟⲙⲥϥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲧⲕⲁϩⲥ ⲛⲛⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ.\nⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲟⲩⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲟⲩⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲧⲁ","english":"Then Apa Antonius realized that they were circling around, seeking his blessing upon them, and they were weeping because the blessed Paul had rested. After these things, the lions came, digging in the earth with their claws, digging down as if for a man, and they would move their ears as if in shame for themselves before Apa Antonius, and they would lick his thighs and his hands with their tongues, so that he might think they were seeking his blessing upon them. And he marveled at the wonder of the honor of Christ Jesus our Lord, saying, \"How then does the nature of the wild beasts know the good men and the chosen ones of God?\" And he said, \"O Lord, the one for whom there is no burden upon the earth apart from his will, nor any word that falls apart from his command, you who bless us all.\" And he stretched out his hands to them, blessing them, and commanded them, saying, \"Go to your own path.\" When the lions had gone, Apa Antonius took up the body of the blessed Paul, wrapped him according to the custom of the monks. After a day, as an heir, he...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ⲥⲙⲟⲩ is rendered 'bless' when directed at persons, as here; when directed at God, it is 'praise'. The lions seek blessing, and Antonius blesses them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲡⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The title ⲁⲡⲁ is left untranslated to distinguish it from biological 'father'. It marks Antonius as a monastic elder.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲡⲱⲥ ⲣⲱ ϯⲕⲉⲫⲩⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲥⲉⲉⲙⲓ ⲉⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲛⲁⲛⲉⲩ","severity":"info","text":"Antonius' wonder that beasts recognise good men echoes the topos of lions serving saints (cf. Daniel, Jerome's Paul). No direct citation, but a common hagiographic motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥⲑⲱϩⲥ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲛⲉϥϫⲓϫ","severity":"info","text":"The gesture of stretching out hands to bless and command lions is a sign of the saint's authority over nature, a standard element in Coptic monastic narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Amélineau 1888"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲓ","severity":"info","text":"This phrase marks a narrative transition: after the blessing and dismissal of the lions, the action moves to the burial of Paul. It closes the wonder scene.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲁϥ‐ (-ⲣ︦ⲃ︦-) ⲑⲟⲙⲥϥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Coptic text has a lacuna or scribal insertion (-ⲣ︦ⲃ︦-), likely a numeral or abbreviation. The sense 'he wrapped him' is clear, but the exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ⲉⲩⲕⲱϯ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲉϥⲥⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ is ambiguous: it could mean 'they were circling, seeking his blessing' or 'they were circling so that he might bless them'. The translation takes the former.","The lacuna ⲁϥ‐ (-ⲣ︦ⲃ︦-) ⲑⲟⲙⲥϥ: the inserted mark may be a scribal correction or a numeral; the verb is likely ⲁϥⲑⲟⲙⲥϥ 'he wrapped him'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ → “bless”. The Coptic verb covers both 'bless' and 'praise'; the object decides — God is praised, a person is blessed."},{"kind":"homonym","severity":"caution","term":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ","text":"ⲥⲙⲟⲩ carries more than one sense (praise); this passage takes it as “bless”. The choice is the translator's, not a lexical given."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ⲫⲙⲏⲓ ⲁϥⲱⲗⲓ ⲛϯϣⲑⲏⲛ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲑⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟⲥ\nⲛⲁϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛⲃⲉⲛⲓ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲥⲑⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲉϥⲙⲟⲛⲏ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲙⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ\nⲉϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲧⲥⲁⲃⲱⲟⲩ ⲉϯⲁⲕⲟⲗⲟⲩⲑⲉⲓⲁ\nⲧⲏⲣⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲓ. ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϣⲁⲓ ⲙⲡⲓⲡⲁⲥⲭⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲡⲉⲛⲧⲉⲕⲟⲥⲧⲏ ϣⲁϥϯ ⲛϯϣⲑⲏⲛ ϩⲓⲱⲧϥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ\nϣⲁϥⲧⲱⲕϩ ⲉⲥⲧⲟⲓ ⲉⲡⲉϥⲥⲱⲙⲁ.\nⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲓⲉⲣⲱⲛⲩⲙⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣ ⲛⲟⲃⲓ ϯϯ ϩⲟ ⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲱϣ\nⲙⲡⲁⲓϫⲱⲙ ϩⲓⲛⲁ ⲛⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲣ ⲡⲁⲙⲉⲩⲓ ϫⲉ ⲟⲩⲏⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ϯⲟⲩⲁϣ ϯϣⲑⲏⲛ\nⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉϩⲟⲧⲉ ϯⲡⲟⲣⲫⲩⲣⲁ ⲛⲧⲉ\nⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲩϭⲓ ϩⲃⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.\nⲉⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲫⲓⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲡ︦ⲛ︦ⲁ︦ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ϯⲛⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ\nⲛⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.","english":"The hermit took the tunic of the blessed Paul, which he had made for himself from palm leaves, and he placed it in his cell. He informed the brothers about all the things that had happened to him, and he taught them the entire sequence of the events. Then, according to the custom of Pascha and Pentecost, he would put the tunic of the blessed Paul upon himself and would kindle it over his body.\n\nBut I, Hieronymus the sinner, give honor to everyone who will read this book, so that you may remember that indeed I desire the tunic of the blessed Paul and his faith more than the purple of kings and their receiving of tribute and their entire glory. Amen.\n\nGlory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, now and at all times and forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"doxology","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲥⲱⲙⲁ","severity":"info","text":"The Coptic ⲥⲱⲙⲁ (body) here refers to Paul's corpse, consistent with the glossary's note for martyrdom accounts, though the context is ascetic burial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The transliterated Hebrew ⲁⲙⲏⲛ (amen) appears twice, closing the doxology and the entire work, as is standard in Coptic liturgical endings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣ ⲛⲟⲃⲓ","severity":"info","text":"The self-designation 'the sinner' (ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣ ⲛⲟⲃⲓ) for Hieronymus is a conventional humility topos in Coptic hagiographic colophons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:amelineau-monks.hermit-paul","label":"source edition: Hermit Paul","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CopticScriptorium/OCR/main/Amelineau%20Monks%20of%20Egypt%20OCR%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20Results/Hermit%20Paul%20OCR%20Results/complete.txt"}],"named_sources":["Amélineau 1888"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ","severity":"info","text":"The particle ⲗⲟⲓⲡⲟⲛ (then) marks a transition from the narrative to a liturgical note about the annual use of Paul's tunic, typical of doxological conclusions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ⲓⲉⲣⲱⲛⲩⲙⲟⲥ","severity":"info","text":"The name Hieronymus (Jerome) links this Coptic text to the Latin tradition of the Life of Paul of Thebes, though the Coptic version is independent.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis 2020"],"dropped_cites":["hollis:alma990098475950203941"]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ϣⲁϥⲧⲱⲕϩ ⲉⲥⲧⲟⲓ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'kindle it over his body' is ambiguous: it may mean burning the tunic as an offering or a ritual act; the Coptic does not clarify the purpose.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The ritual of kindling the tunic over Paul's body is not explained; it may be a symbolic offering or a relic veneration practice.","The identity of 'Hieronymus the sinner' as the author or scribe is uncertain; the name may be a later addition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","label":"doxology","text":"Classified as doxology from the Coptic cues."},{"kind":"terminology","severity":"info","term":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ","text":"ⲁⲙⲏⲛ → “amen”. Transliterated Hebrew, left untranslated in the liturgy and in the doxologies that close a homily."}]}]}